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diff --git a/4032-8.txt b/4032-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 2eaf6ae..0000000 --- a/4032-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14983 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Atlantis, The Antediluvian World, by Ignatius Donnelly - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Atlantis, The Antediluvian World - -Author: Ignatius Donnelly - -Posting Date: September 15, 2013 [EBook #4032] -Release Date: May, 2003 -[This file was first posted on December 26, 2001] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ATLANTIS, THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD *** - - - - -Produced by Norm Walcott, walcott@kreative.net, source -from Mr. J.B. Hare. For an HTML text with the illustrations -from the original see his web site at -http://www.sacred-texts.com/atl/ataw/index.htm - - - - - - -ATLANTIS - -THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. - -BY - -IGNATIUS DONNELLY. - - The world has made such comet-like advance - Lately on science, we may almost hope, - Before we die of sheer decay, to learn - Something about our infancy; when lived - That great, original, broad-eyed, sunken race, - Whose knowledge, like the sea-sustaining rocks, - Hath formed the base of this world's fluctuous lore - FESTUS. - - Frontpiece: The Profile of Atlantis - -CONTENTS. - -PART I. - -THE HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. - -I. THE PURPOSE OF THE BOOK - -II. PLATO'S HISTORY OF ATLANTIS - -III. THE PROBABILITIES OF PLATO'S STORY - -IV. WAS SUCH A CATASTROPHE POSSIBLE? - -V. THE TESTIMONY OF THE SEA - -VI. THE TESTIMONY OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA - -PART II. - -THE DELUGE. - -I. THE DESTRUCTION OF ATLANTIS DESCRIBED IN THE DELUGE LEGENDS - -II. THE DELUGE OF THE BIBLE - -III. THE DELUGE OF THE CHALDEANS - -IV. THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF OTHER NATIONS - -V. THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICA - -VI. SOME CONSIDERATION OF THE DELUGE LEGENDS - -PART III - -THE CIVILIZATION OF THE OLD WORLD AND NEW COMPARED. - -I. CIVILIZATION AN INHERITANCE - -II. THE IDENTITY OF THE CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW - -III. AMERICAN EVIDENCES OF INTERCOURSE WITH EUROPE OR ATLANTIS - -IV. CORROBORATING CIRCUMSTANCES - -V. THE QUESTION OF COMPLEXION - -VI. GENESIS CONTAINS A HISTORY OF ATLANTIS - -VII. THE: ORIGIN OF OUR ALPHABET - -VIII. THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE - -IX. ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF THE SKULL - -PART IV. - -THE MYTHOLOGIES OF THE OLD WORLD A RECOLLECTION OF ATLANTIS. - -I. TRADITIONS OF ATLANTIS - -II. THE KINGS OF ATLANTIS BECOME THE GODS OF THE GREEKS - -III. THE GODS OF THE PHOENICIANS ALSO KINGS OF ATLANTIS - -IV. THE GOD ODIN, WODEN, OR WOTAN - -V. THE PYRAMID, THE CROSS, AND THE GARDEN OF EDEN - -VI. GOLD AND SILVER THE SACRED METALS OF ATLANTIS - -PART V. - -THE COLONIES OF ATLANTIS. - -I. THE CENTRAL AMERICAN AND MEXICAN COLONIES - -II. THE EGYPTIAN COLONY - -III. THE COLONIES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY - -IV. THE IBERIAN COLONIES OF ATLANTIS - -V. THE PERUVIAN COLONY - -VI. THE AFRICAN COLONIES - -VII. THE IRISH COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS - -VIII. THE OLDEST SON OF NOAH - -IX. THE ANTIQUITY OF SOME OF OUR GREAT INVENTIONS - -X. THE ARYAN COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS - -XI. ATLANTIS RECONSTRUCTED - -ATLANTIS: - -THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. - -PART I. THE HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. - -CHAPTER I. - -THE PURPOSE OF THE BOOK. - -This book is an attempt to demonstrate several distinct and novel -propositions. These are: - -1. That there once existed in the Atlantic Ocean, opposite the mouth of -the Mediterranean Sea, a large island, which was the remnant of an -Atlantic continent, and known to the ancient world as Atlantis. - -2. That the description of this island given by Plato is not, as has -been long supposed, fable, but veritable history. - -3. That Atlantis was the region where man first rose from a state of -barbarism to civilization. - -4. That it became, in the course of ages, a populous and mighty nation, -from whose overflowings the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, the -Mississippi River, the Amazon, the Pacific coast of South America, the -Mediterranean, the west coast of Europe and Africa, the Baltic, the -Black Sea, and the Caspian were populated by civilized nations. - -5. That it was the true Antediluvian world; the Garden of Eden; the -Gardens of the Hesperides; the Elysian Fields; the Gardens of Alcinous; -the Mesomphalos; the Olympos; the Asgard of the traditions of the -ancient nations; representing a universal memory of a great land, where -early mankind dwelt for ages in peace and happiness. - -6. That the gods and goddesses of the ancient Greeks, the Phoenicians, -the Hindoos, and the Scandinavians were simply the kings, queens, and -heroes of Atlantis; and the acts attributed to them in mythology are a -confused recollection of real historical events. - -7. That the mythology of Egypt and Peru represented the original -religion of Atlantis, which was sun-worship. - -8. That the oldest colony formed by the Atlanteans was probably in -Egypt, whose civilization was a reproduction of that of the Atlantic -island. - -9. That the implements of the "Bronze Age" of Europe were derived from -Atlantis. The Atlanteans were also the first manufacturers of iron. - -10. That the Phoenician alphabet, parent of all the European alphabets, -was derived from an Atlantis alphabet, which was also conveyed from -Atlantis to the Mayas of Central America. - -11. That Atlantis was the original seat of the Aryan or Indo-European -family of nations, as well as of the Semitic peoples, and possibly also -of the Turanian races. - -12. That Atlantis perished in a terrible convulsion of nature, in which -the whole island sunk into the ocean, with nearly all its inhabitants. - -13. That a few persons escaped in ships and on rafts, and, carried to -the nations east and west the tidings of the appalling catastrophe, -which has survived to our own time in the Flood and Deluge legends of -the different nations of the old and new worlds. - -If these propositions can be proved, they will solve many problems which -now perplex mankind; they will confirm in many respects the statements -in the opening chapters of Genesis; they will widen the area of human -history; they will explain the remarkable resemblances which exist -between the ancient civilizations found upon the opposite shores of the -Atlantic Ocean, in the old and new worlds; and they will aid us to -rehabilitate the fathers of our civilization, our blood, and our -fundamental ideas-the men who lived, loved, and labored ages before the -Aryans descended upon India, or the Phoenician had settled in Syria, or -the Goth had reached the shores of the Baltic. - -The fact that the story of Atlantis was for thousands of years regarded -as a fable proves nothing. There is an unbelief which grows out of -ignorance, as well as a scepticism which is born of intelligence. The -people nearest to the past are not always those who are best informed -concerning the past. - -For a thousand years it was believed that the legends of the buried -cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were myths: they were spoken of as -"the fabulous cities." For a thousand years the educated world did not -credit the accounts given by Herodotus of the wonders of the ancient -civilizations of the Nile and of Chaldea. He was called "the father of -liars." Even Plutarch sneered at him. Now, in the language of Frederick -Schlegel, "the deeper and more comprehensive the researches of the -moderns have been, the more their regard and esteem for Herodotus has -increased." Buckle says, "His minute information about Egypt and Asia -Minor is admitted by all geographers." - -There was a time when the expedition sent out by Pharaoh Necho to -circumnavigate Africa was doubted, because the explorers stated that -after they had progressed a certain distance the sun was north of them; -this circumstance, which then aroused suspicion, now proves to us that -the Egyptian navigators had really passed the equator, and anticipated -by 2100 years Vasquez de Gama in his discovery of the Cape of Good Hope. - -If I succeed in demonstrating the truth of the somewhat startling -propositions with which I commenced this chapter, it will only be by -bringing to bear upon the question of Atlantis a thousand converging -lines of light from a multitude of researches made by scholars in -different fields of modern thought. Further investigations and -discoveries will, I trust, confirm the correctness of the conclusions at -which I have arrived. - -CHAPTER II. - -PLATO'S HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. - -Plato has preserved for us the history of Atlantis. If our views are -correct, it is one of the most valuable records which have come down to -us from antiquity. - -Plato lived 400 years before the birth of Christ. His ancestor, Solon, -was the great law-giver of Athens 600 years before the Christian era. -Solon visited Egypt. Plutarch says, "Solon attempted in verse a large -description, or rather fabulous account of the Atlantic Island, which he -had learned from the wise men of Sais, and which particularly concerned -the Athenians; but by reason of his age, not want of leisure (as Plato -would have it), he was apprehensive the work would be too much for him, -and therefore did not go through with it. These verses are a proof that -business was not the hinderance: - - "'I grow in learning as I grow in age.' - -And again: - - "'Wine, wit, and beauty still their charms bestow, - Light all the shades of life, and cheer us as we go.' - -"Plato, ambitious to cultivate and adorn the subject of the Atlantic -Island, as a delightful spot in some fair field unoccupied, to which -also he had some claim by reason of his being related to Solon, laid out -magnificent courts and enclosures, and erected a grand entrance to it, -such as no other story, fable, or Poem ever had. But, as he began it -late, he ended his life before the work, so that the more the reader is -delighted with the part that is written, the more regret he has to find -it unfinished." - -There can be no question that Solon visited Egypt. The causes of his -departure from Athens, for a period of ten years, are fully explained by -Plutarch. He dwelt, he tells us, - - "On the Canopian shore, by Nile's deep mouth." - -There he conversed upon points of philosophy and history with the most -learned of the Egyptian priests. He was a man of extraordinary force and -penetration of mind, as his laws and his sayings, which have been -preserved to us, testify. There is no improbability in the statement -that he commenced in verse a history and description of Atlantis, which -he left unfinished at his death; and it requires no great stretch of the -imagination to believe that this manuscript reached the hands of his -successor and descendant, Plato; a scholar, thinker, and historian like -himself, and, like himself, one of the profoundest minds of the ancient -world. The Egyptian priest had said to Solon, "You have no antiquity of -history, and no history of antiquity;" and Solon doubtless realized -fully the vast importance of a record which carried human history back, -not only thousands of years before the era of Greek civilization, but -many thousands of years before even the establishment of the kingdom of -Egypt; and he was anxious to preserve for his half-civilized countrymen -this inestimable record of the past. - -We know of no better way to commence a book about Atlantis than by -giving in full the record preserved by Plato. It is as follows: - -Critias. Then listen, Socrates, to a strange tale, which is, however, -certainly true, as Solon, who was the wisest of the seven sages, -declared. He was a relative and great friend of my great-grandfather, -Dropidas, as he himself says in several of his poems; and Dropidas told -Critias, my grandfather, who remembered, and told us, that there were of -old great and marvellous actions of the Athenians, which have passed -into oblivion through time and the destruction of the human race and one -in particular, which was the greatest of them all, the recital of which -will be a suitable testimony of our gratitude to you.... - -Socrates. Very good; and what is this ancient famous action of which -Critias spoke, not as a mere legend, but as a veritable action of the -Athenian State, which Solon recounted! - -Critias. I will tell an old-world story which I heard from an aged man; -for Critias was, as he said, at that time nearly ninety years of age, -and I was about ten years of age. Now the day was that day of the -Apaturia which is called the registration of youth; at which, according -to custom, our parents gave prizes for recitations, and the poems of -several poets were recited by us boys, and many of us sung the poems of -Solon, which were new at the time. One of our tribe, either because this -was his real opinion, or because he thought that he would please -Critias, said that, in his judgment, Solon was not only the wisest of -men but the noblest of poets. The old man, I well remember, brightened -up at this, and said, smiling: "Yes, Amynander, if Solon had only, like -other poets, made poetry the business of his life, and had completed the -tale which he brought with him from Egypt, and had not been compelled, -by reason of the factions and troubles which he found stirring in this -country when he came home, to attend to other matters, in my opinion he -would have been as famous as Homer, or Hesiod, or any poet." - -"And what was that poem about, Critias?" said the person who addressed -him. - -"About the greatest action which the Athenians ever did, and which ought -to have been most famous, but which, through the lapse of time and the -destruction of the actors, has not come down to us." - -"Tell us," said the other, "the whole story, and how and from whom Solon -heard this veritable tradition." - -He replied: "At the head of the Egyptian Delta, where the river Nile -divides, there is a certain district which is called the district of -Sais, and the great city of the district is also called Sais, and is the -city from which Amasis the king was sprung. And the citizens have a -deity who is their foundress: she is called in the Egyptian tongue -Neith, which is asserted by them to be the same whom the Hellenes called -Athene. Now, the citizens of this city are great lovers of the -Athenians, and say that they are in some way related to them. Thither -came Solon, who was received by them with great honor; and he asked the -priests, who were most skilful in such matters, about antiquity, and -made the discovery that neither he nor any other Hellene knew anything -worth mentioning about the times of old. On one occasion, when he was -drawing them on to speak of antiquity, he began to tell about the most -ancient things in our part of the world--about Phoroneus, who is called -'the first,' and about Niobe; and, after the Deluge, to tell of the -lives of Deucalion and Pyrrha; and he traced the genealogy of their -descendants, and attempted to reckon how many years old were the events -of which he was speaking, and to give the dates. Thereupon, one of the -priests, who was of very great age; said, 'O Solon, Solon, you Hellenes -are but children, and there is never an old man who is an Hellene.' -Solon, bearing this, said, 'What do you mean?' 'I mean to say,' he -replied, 'that in mind you are all young; there is no old opinion handed -down among you by ancient tradition, nor any science which is hoary with -age. And I will tell you the reason of this: there have been, and there -will be again, many destructions of mankind arising out of many causes. -There is a story which even you have preserved, that once upon a time -Phaëthon, the son of Helios, having yoked the steeds in his father's -chariot, because he was not able to drive them in the path of his -father, burnt up all that was upon the earth, and was himself destroyed -by a thunderbolt. Now, this has the form of a myth, but really signifies -a declination of the bodies moving around the earth and in the heavens, -and a great conflagration of things upon the earth recurring at long -intervals of time: when this happens, those who live upon the mountains -and in dry and lofty places are more liable to destruction than those -who dwell by rivers or on the sea-shore; and from this calamity the -Nile, who is our never-failing savior, saves and delivers us. When, on -the other hand, the gods purge the earth with a deluge of water, among -you herdsmen and shepherds on the mountains are the survivors, whereas -those of you who live in cities are carried by the rivers into the sea; -but in this country neither at that time nor at any other does the water -come from above on the fields, having always a tendency to come up from -below, for which reason the things preserved here are said to be the -oldest. The fact is, that wherever the extremity of winter frost or of -summer sun does not prevent, the human race is always increasing at -times, and at other times diminishing in numbers. And whatever happened -either in your country or in ours, or in any other region of which we -are informed--if any action which is noble or great, or in any other way -remarkable has taken place, all that has been written down of old, and -is preserved in our temples; whereas you and other nations are just -being provided with letters and the other things which States require; -and then, at the usual period, the stream from heaven descends like a -pestilence, and leaves only those of you who are destitute of letters -and education; and thus you have to begin all over again as children, -and know nothing of what happened in ancient times, either among us or -among yourselves. As for those genealogies of yours which you have -recounted to us, Solon, they are no better than the tales of children; -for, in the first place, you remember one deluge only, whereas there -were many of them; and, in the next place, you do not know that there -dwelt in your land the fairest and noblest race of men which ever lived, -of whom you and your whole city are but a seed or remnant. And this was -unknown to you, because for many generations the survivors of that -destruction died and made no sign. For there was a time, Solon, before -that great deluge of all, when the city which now is Athens was first in -war, and was preeminent for the excellence of her laws, and is said to -have performed the noblest deeds, and to have had the fairest -constitution of any of which tradition tells, under the face of heaven.' -Solon marvelled at this, and earnestly requested the priest to inform -him exactly and in order about these former citizens. 'You are welcome -to hear about them, Solon,' said the priest, 'both for your own sake and -for that of the city; and, above all, for the sake of the goddess who is -the common patron and protector and educator of both our cities. She -founded your city a thousand years before ours, receiving from the Earth -and Hephæstus the seed of your race, and then she founded ours, the -constitution of which is set down in our sacred registers as 8000 years -old. As touching the citizens of 9000 years ago, I will briefly inform -you of their laws and of the noblest of their actions; and the exact -particulars of the whole we will hereafter go through at our leisure, in -the sacred registers themselves. If you compare these very laws with -your own, you will find that many of ours are the counterpart of yours, -as they were in the olden time. In the first place, there is the caste -of priests, which is separated from all the others; next there are the -artificers, who exercise their several crafts by themselves, and without -admixture of any other; and also there is the class of shepherds and -that of hunters, as well as that of husbandmen; and you will observe, -too, that the warriors in Egypt are separated from all the other -classes, and are commanded by the law only to engage in war; moreover, -the weapons with which they are equipped are shields and spears, and -this the goddess taught first among you, and then in Asiatic countries, -and we among the Asiatics first adopted. - -"'Then, as to wisdom, do you observe what care the law took from the -very first, searching out and comprehending the whole order of things -down to prophecy and medicine (the latter with a view to health); and -out of these divine elements drawing what was needful for human life, -and adding every sort of knowledge which was connected with them. All -this order and arrangement the goddess first imparted to you when -establishing your city; and she chose the spot of earth in which you -were born, because she saw that the happy temperament of the seasons in -that land would produce the wisest of men. Wherefore the goddess, who -was a lover both of war and of wisdom, selected, and first of all -settled that spot which was the most likely to produce men likest -herself. And there you dwelt, having such laws as these and still better -ones, and excelled all mankind in all virtue, as became the children and -disciples of the gods. Many great and wonderful deeds are recorded of -your State in our histories; but one of them exceeds all the rest in -greatness and valor; for these histories tell of a mighty power which -was aggressing wantonly against the whole of Europe and Asia, and to -which your city put an end. This power came forth out of the Atlantic -Ocean, for in those days the Atlantic was navigable; and there was an -island situated in front of the straits which you call the Columns of -Heracles: the island was larger than Libya and Asia put together, and -was the way to other islands, and from the islands you might pass -through the whole of the opposite continent which surrounded the true -ocean; for this sea which is within the Straits of Heracles is only a -harbor, having a narrow entrance, but that other is a real sea, and the -surrounding land may be most truly called a continent. Now, in the -island of Atlantis there was a great and wonderful empire, which had -rule over the whole island and several others, as well as over parts of -the continent; and, besides these, they subjected the parts of Libya -within the Columns of Heracles as far as Egypt, and of Europe as far as -Tyrrhenia. The vast power thus gathered into one, endeavored to subdue -at one blow our country and yours, and the whole of the land which was -within the straits; and then, Solon, your country shone forth, in the -excellence of her virtue and strength, among all mankind; for she was -the first in courage and military skill, and was the leader of the -Hellenes. And when the rest fell off from her, being compelled to stand -alone, after having undergone the very extremity of danger, she defeated -and triumphed over the invaders, and preserved from slavery those who -were not yet subjected, and freely liberated all the others who dwelt -within the limits of Heracles. But afterward there occurred violent -earthquakes and floods, and in a single day and night of rain all your -warlike men in a body sunk into the earth, and the island of Atlantis in -like manner disappeared, and was sunk beneath the sea. And that is the -reason why the sea in those parts is impassable and impenetrable, -because there is such a quantity of shallow mud in the way; and this was -caused by the subsidence of the island.' ("Plato's Dialogues," ii., 617, -Timæus.)... - -"But in addition to the gods whom you have mentioned, I would specially -invoke Mnemosyne; for all the important part of what I have to tell is -dependent on her favor, and if I can recollect and recite enough of what -was said by the priests, and brought hither by Solon, I doubt not that I -shall satisfy the requirements of this theatre. To that task, then, I -will at once address myself. - -"Let me begin by observing, first of all, that nine thousand was the sum -of years which had elapsed since the war which was said to have taken -place between all those who dwelt outside the Pillars of Heracles and -those who dwelt within them: this war I am now to describe. Of the -combatants on the one side the city of Athens was reported to have been -the ruler, and to have directed the contest; the combatants on the other -side were led by the kings of the islands of Atlantis, which, as I was -saying, once had an extent greater than that of Libya and Asia; and, -when afterward sunk by an earthquake, became an impassable barrier of -mud to voyagers sailing from hence to the ocean. The progress of the -history will unfold the various tribes of barbarians and Hellenes which -then existed, as they successively appear on the scene; but I must begin -by describing, first of all, the Athenians as they were in that day, and -their enemies who fought with them; and I shall have to tell of the -power and form of government of both of them. Let us give the precedence -to Athens.... - -"Many great deluges have taken place during the nine thousand years, for -that is the number of years which have elapsed since the time of which I -am speaking; and in all the ages and changes of things there has never -been any settlement of the earth flowing down from the mountains, as in -other places, which is worth speaking of; it has always been carried -round in a circle, and disappeared in the depths below. The consequence -is that, in comparison of what then was, there are remaining in small -islets only the bones of the wasted body, as they may be called, all the -richer and softer parts of the soil having fallen away, and the mere -skeleton of the country being left.... - -"And next, if I have not forgotten what I heard when I was a child, I -will impart to you the character and origin of their adversaries; for -friends should not keep their stories to themselves, but have them in -common. Yet, before proceeding farther in the narrative, I ought to warn -you that you must not be surprised if you should bear Hellenic names -given to foreigners. I will tell you the reason of this: Solon, who was -intending to use the tale for his poem, made an investigation into the -meaning of the names, and found that the early Egyptians, in writing -them down, had translated them into their own language, and he recovered -the meaning of the several names and retranslated them, and copied them -out again in our language. My great-grandfather, Dropidas, had the -original writing, which is still in my possession, and was carefully -studied by me when I was a child. Therefore, if you bear names such as -are used in this country, you must not be surprised, for I have told you -the reason of them. - -"The tale, which was of great length, began as follows: I have before -remarked, in speaking of the allotments of the gods, that they -distributed the whole earth into portions differing in extent, and made -themselves temples and sacrifices. And Poseidon, receiving for his lot -the island of Atlantis, begat children by a mortal woman, and settled -them in a part of the island which I will proceed to describe. On the -side toward the sea, and in the centre of the whole island, there was a -plain which is said to have been the fairest of all plains, and very -fertile. Near the plain again, and also in the centre of the island, at -a distance of about fifty stadia, there was a mountain, not very high on -any side. In this mountain there dwelt one of the earth-born primeval -men of that country, whose name was Evenor, and he had a wife named -Leucippe, and they had an only daughter, who was named Cleito. The -maiden was growing up to womanhood when her father and mother died; -Poseidon fell in love with her, and had intercourse with her; and, -breaking the ground, enclosed the hill in which she dwelt all round, -making alternate zones of sea and land, larger and smaller, encircling -one another; there were two of land and three of water, which he turned -as with a lathe out of the centre of the island, equidistant every way, -so that no man could get to the island, for ships and voyages were not -yet heard of. He himself, as he was a god, found no difficulty in making -special arrangements for the centre island, bringing two streams of -water under the earth, which he caused to ascend as springs, one of warm -water and the other of cold, and making every variety of food to spring -up abundantly in the earth. He also begat and brought up five pairs of -male children, dividing the island of Atlantis into ten portions: he -gave to the first-born of the eldest pair his mother's dwelling and the -surrounding allotment, which was the largest and best, and made him king -over the rest; the others he made princes, and gave them rule over many -men and a large territory. And he named them all: the eldest, who was -king, he named Atlas, and from him the whole island and the ocean -received the name of Atlantic. To his twin-brother, who was born after -him, and obtained as his lot the extremity of the island toward the -Pillars of Heracles, as far as the country which is still called the -region of Gades in that part of the world, he gave the name which in the -Hellenic language is Eumelus, in the language of the country which is -named after him, Gadeirus. Of the second pair of twins, he called one -Ampheres and the other Evæmon. To the third pair of twins he gave the -name Mneseus to the elder, and Autochthon to the one who followed him. -Of the fourth pair of twins he called the elder Elasippus and the -younger Mestor. And of the fifth pair he gave to the elder the name of -Azaes, and to the younger Diaprepes. All these and their descendants -were the inhabitants and rulers of divers islands in the open sea; and -also, as has been already said, they held sway in the other direction -over the country within the Pillars as far as Egypt and Tyrrhenia. Now -Atlas had a numerous and honorable family, and his eldest branch always -retained the kingdom, which the eldest son handed on to his eldest for -many generations; and they had such an amount of wealth as was never -before possessed by kings and potentates, and is not likely ever to be -again, and they were furnished with everything which they could have, -both in city and country. For, because of the greatness of their empire, -many things were brought to them from foreign countries, and the island -itself provided much of what was required by them for the uses of life. -In the first place, they dug out of the earth whatever was to be found -there, mineral as well as metal, and that which is now only a name, and -was then something more than a name--orichalcum--was dug out of the -earth in many parts of the island, and, with the exception of gold, was -esteemed the most precious of metals among the men of those days. There -was an abundance of wood for carpenters' work, and sufficient -maintenance for tame and wild animals. Moreover, there were a great -number of elephants in the island, and there was provision for animals -of every kind, both for those which live in lakes and marshes and -rivers, and also for those which live in mountains and on plains, and -therefore for the animal which is the largest and most voracious of -them. Also, whatever fragrant things there are in the earth, whether -roots, or herbage, or woods, or distilling drops of flowers or fruits, -grew and thrived in that land; and again, the cultivated fruit of the -earth, both the dry edible fruit and other species of food, which we -call by the general name of legumes, and the fruits having a hard rind, -affording drinks, and meats, and ointments, and good store of chestnuts -and the like, which may be used to play with, and are fruits which spoil -with keeping--and the pleasant kinds of dessert which console us after -dinner, when we are full and tired of eating--all these that sacred -island lying beneath the sun brought forth fair and wondrous in infinite -abundance. All these things they received from the earth, and they -employed themselves in constructing their temples, and palaces, and -harbors, and docks; and they arranged the whole country in the following -manner: First of all they bridged over the zones of sea which surrounded -the ancient metropolis, and made a passage into and out of they began to -build the palace in the royal palace; and then the habitation of the god -and of their ancestors. This they continued to ornament in successive -generations, every king surpassing the one who came before him to the -utmost of his power, until they made the building a marvel to behold for -size and for beauty. And, beginning from the sea, they dug a canal three -hundred feet in width and one hundred feet in depth, and fifty stadia in -length, which they carried through to the outermost zone, making a -passage from the sea up to this, which became a harbor, and leaving an -opening sufficient to enable the largest vessels to find ingress. -Moreover, they divided the zones of land which parted the zones of sea, -constructing bridges of such a width as would leave a passage for a -single trireme to pass out of one into another, and roofed them over; -and there was a way underneath for the ships, for the banks of the zones -were raised considerably above the water. Now the largest of the zones -into which a passage was cut from the sea was three stadia in breadth, -and the zone of land which came next of equal breadth; but the next two, -as well the zone of water as of land, were two stadia, and the one which -surrounded the central island was a stadium only in width. The island in -which the palace was situated had a diameter of five stadia. This, and -the zones and the bridge, which was the sixth part of a stadium in -width, they surrounded by a stone wall, on either side placing towers, -and gates on the bridges where the sea passed in. The stone which was -used in the work they quarried from underneath the centre island and -from underneath the zones, on the outer as well as the inner side. One -kind of stone was white, another black, and a third red; and, as they -quarried, they at the same time hollowed out docks double within, having -roofs formed out of the native rock. Some of their buildings were -simple, but in others they put together different stones, which they -intermingled for the sake of ornament, to be a natural source of -delight. The entire circuit of the wall which went round the outermost -one they covered with a coating of brass, and the circuit of the next -wall they coated with tin, and the third, which encompassed the citadel -flashed with the red light of orichalcum. The palaces in the interior of -the citadel were constructed in this wise: In the centre was a holy -temple dedicated to Cleito and Poseidon, which remained inaccessible, -and was surrounded by an enclosure of gold; this was the spot in which -they originally begat the race of the ten princes, and thither they -annually brought the fruits of the earth in their season from all the -ten portions, and performed sacrifices to each of them. Here, too, was -Poiseidon's own temple, of a stadium in length and half a stadium in -width, and of a proportionate height, having a sort of barbaric -splendor. All the outside of the temple, with the exception of the -pinnacles, they covered with silver, and the pinnacles with gold. In the -interior of the temple the roof was of ivory, adorned everywhere with -gold and silver and orichalcum; all the other parts of the walls and -pillars and floor they lined with orichalcum. In the temple they placed -statues of gold: there was the god himself standing in a chariot--the -charioteer of six winged horses--and of such a size that he touched the -roof of the building with his head; around him there were a hundred -Nereids riding on dolphins, for such was thought to be the number of -them in that day. There were also in the interior of the temple other -images which had been dedicated by private individuals. And around the -temple on the outside were placed statues of gold of all the ten kings -and of their wives; and there were many other great offerings, both of -kings and of private individuals, coming both from the city itself and -the foreign cities over which they held sway. There was an altar, too, -which in size and workmanship corresponded to the rest of the work, and -there were palaces in like manner which answered to the greatness of the -kingdom and the glory of the temple. - -"In the next place, they used fountains both of cold and hot springs; -these were very abundant, and both kinds wonderfully adapted to use by -reason of the sweetness and excellence of their waters. They constructed -buildings about them, and planted suitable trees; also cisterns, some -open to the heaven, other which they roofed over, to be used in winter -as warm baths, there were the king's baths, and the baths of private -persons, which were kept apart; also separate baths for women, and -others again for horses and cattle, and to them they gave as much -adornment as was suitable for them. The water which ran off they -carried, some to the grove of Poseidon, where were growing all manner of -trees of wonderful height and beauty, owing to the excellence of the -soil; the remainder was conveyed by aqueducts which passed over the -bridges to the outer circles: and there were many temples built and -dedicated to many gods; also gardens and places of exercise, some for -men, and some set apart for horses, in both of the two islands formed by -the zones; and in the centre of the larger of the two there was a -race-course of a stadium in width, and in length allowed to extend all -round the island, for horses to race in. Also there were guard-houses at -intervals for the body-guard, the more trusted of whom had their duties -appointed to them in the lesser zone, which was nearer the Acropolis; -while the most trusted of all had houses given them within the citadel, -and about the persons of the kings. The docks were full of triremes and -naval stores, and all things were quite ready for use. Enough of the -plan of the royal palace. Crossing the outer harbors, which were three -in number, you would come to a wall which began at the sea and went all -round: this was everywhere distant fifty stadia from the largest zone -and harbor, and enclosed the whole, meeting at the mouth of the channel -toward the sea. The entire area was densely crowded with habitations; -and the canal and the largest of the harbors were full of vessels and -merchants coming from all parts, who, from their numbers, kept up a -multitudinous sound of human voices and din of all sorts night and day. -I have repeated his descriptions of the city and the parts about the -ancient palace nearly as he gave them, and now I must endeavor to -describe the nature and arrangement of the rest of the country. The -whole country was described as being very lofty and precipitous on the -side of the sea, but the country immediately about and surrounding the -city was a level plain, itself surrounded by mountains which descended -toward the sea; it was smooth and even, but of an oblong shape, -extending in one direction three thousand stadia, and going up the -country from the sea through the centre of the island two thousand -stadia; the whole region of the island lies toward the south, and is -sheltered from the north. The surrounding mountains he celebrated for -their number and size and beauty, in which they exceeded all that are -now to be seen anywhere; having in them also many wealthy inhabited -villages, and rivers and lakes, and meadows supplying food enough for -every animal, wild or tame, and wood of various sorts, abundant for -every kind of work. I will now describe the plain, which had been -cultivated during many ages by many generations of kings. It was -rectangular, and for the most part straight and oblong; and what it -wanted of the straight line followed the line of the circular ditch. The -depth and width and length of this ditch were incredible and gave the -impression that such a work, in addition to so many other works, could -hardly have been wrought by the hand of man. But I must say what I have -heard. It was excavated to the depth of a hundred feet, and its breadth -was a stadium everywhere; it was carried round the whole of the plain, -and was ten thousand stadia in length. It received the streams which -came down from the mountains, and winding round the plain, and touching -the city at various points, was there let off into the sea. From above, -likewise, straight canals of a hundred feet in width were cut in the -plain, and again let off into the ditch, toward the sea; these canals -were at intervals of a hundred stadia, and by them they brought, down -the wood from the mountains to the city, and conveyed the fruits of the -earth in ships, cutting transverse passages from one canal into another, -and to the city. Twice in the year they gathered the fruits of the -earth--in winter having the benefit of the rains, and in summer -introducing the water of the canals. As to the population, each of the -lots in the plain had an appointed chief of men who were fit for -military service, and the size of the lot was to be a square of ten -stadia each way, and the total number of all the lots was sixty thousand. - -"And of the inhabitants of the mountains and of the rest of the country -there was also a vast multitude having leaders, to whom they were -assigned according to their dwellings and villages. The leader was -required to furnish for the war the sixth portion of a war-chariot, so -as to make up a total of ten thousand chariots; also two horses and -riders upon them, and a light chariot without a seat, accompanied by a -fighting man on foot carrying a small shield, and having a charioteer -mounted to guide the horses; also, he was bound to furnish two -heavy-armed men, two archers, two slingers, three stone-shooters, and -three javelin men, who were skirmishers, and four sailors to make up a -complement of twelve hundred ships. Such was the order of war in the -royal city--that of the other nine governments was different in each of -them, and would be wearisome to narrate. As to offices and honors, the -following was the arrangement from the first: Each of the ten kings, in -his own division and in his own city, had the absolute control of the -citizens, and in many cases of the laws, punishing and slaying -whomsoever he would. - -"Now the relations of their governments to one another were regulated by -the injunctions of Poseidon as the law had handed them down. These were -inscribed by the first men on a column of orichalcum, which was situated -in the middle of the island, at the temple of Poseidon, whither the -people were gathered together every fifth and sixth years alternately, -thus giving equal honor to the odd and to the even number. And when they -were gathered together they consulted about public affairs, and inquired -if any one had transgressed in anything, and passed judgment on him -accordingly--and before they passed judgment they gave their pledges to -one another in this wise: There were bulls who had the range of the -temple of Poseidon; and the ten who were left alone in the temple, after -they had offered prayers to the gods that they might take the sacrifices -which were acceptable to them, hunted the bulls without weapons, but -with staves and nooses; and the bull which they caught they led up to -the column; the victim was then struck on the head by them, and slain -over the sacred inscription. Now on the column, besides the law, there -was inscribed an oath invoking mighty curses on the disobedient. When, -therefore, after offering sacrifice according to their customs, they had -burnt the limbs of the bull, they mingled a cup and cast in a clot of -blood for each of them; the rest of the victim they took to the fire, -after having made a purification of the column all round. Then they drew -from the cup in golden vessels, and, pouring a libation on the fire, -they swore that they would judge according to the laws on the column, -and would punish any one who had previously transgressed, and that for -the future they would not, if they could help, transgress any of the -inscriptions, and would not command or obey any ruler who commanded them -to act otherwise than according to the laws of their father Poseidon. -This was the prayer which each of them offered up for himself and for -his family, at the same time drinking, and dedicating the vessel in the -temple of the god; and, after spending some necessary time at supper, -when darkness came on and the fire about the sacrifice was cool, all of -them put on most beautiful azure robes, and, sitting on the ground at -night near the embers of the sacrifices on which they had sworn, and -extinguishing all the fire about the temple, they received and gave -judgement, if any of them had any accusation to bring against any one; -and, when they had given judgment, at daybreak they wrote down their -sentences on a golden tablet, and deposited them as memorials with their -robes. There were many special laws which the several kings had -inscribed about the temples, but the most important was the following: -That they were not to take up arms against one another, and they were -all to come to the rescue if any one in any city attempted to over-throw -the royal house. Like their ancestors, they were to deliberate in -common about war and other matters, giving the supremacy to the family -of Atlas; and the king was not to have the power of life and death over -any of his kinsmen, unless he had the assent of the majority of the ten -kings. - -"Such was the vast power which the god settled in the lost island of -Atlantis; and this he afterward directed against our land on the -following pretext, as traditions tell: For many generations, as long as -the divine nature lasted in them, they were obedient to the laws, and -well-affectioned toward the gods, who were their kinsmen; for they -possessed true and in every way great spirits, practising gentleness and -wisdom in the various chances of life, and in their intercourse with one -another. They despised everything but virtue, not caring for their -present state of life, and thinking lightly on the possession of gold -and other property, which seemed only a burden to them; neither were -they intoxicated by luxury; nor did wealth deprive them of their -self-control; but they were sober, and saw clearly that all these goods -are increased by virtuous friendship with one another, and that by -excessive zeal for them, and honor of them, the good of them is lost, -and friendship perishes with them. - -"By such reflections, and by the continuance in them of a divine nature, -all that which we have described waxed and increased in them; but when -this divine portion began to fade away in them, and became diluted too -often, and with too much of the mortal admixture, and the human nature -got the upper-hand, then, they being unable to bear their fortune, -became unseemly, and to him who had an eye to see, they began to appear -base, and had lost the fairest of their precious gifts; but to those who -had no eye to see the true happiness, they still appeared glorious and -blessed at the very time when they were filled with unrighteous avarice -and power. Zeus, the god of gods, who rules with law, and is able to see -into such things, perceiving that an honorable race was in a most -wretched state, and wanting to inflict punishment on them, that they -might be chastened and improved, collected all the gods into his most -holy habitation, which, being placed in the centre of the world, sees -all things that partake of generation. And when he had called them -together he spake as follows:" - -[Here Plato's story abruptly ends.] - -CHAPTER III. - -THE PROBABILITIES OF PLATO'S STORY. - -There is nothing improbable in this narrative, so far as it describes a -great, rich, cultured, and educated people. Almost every part of Plato's -story can be paralleled by descriptions of the people of Egypt or Peru; -in fact, in some respects Plato's account of Atlantis falls short of -Herodotus's description of the grandeur of Egypt, or Prescott's picture -of the wealth and civilization of Peru. For instance, Prescott, in his -"Conquest of Peru" (vol. i., p. 95), says: - -"The most renowned of the Peruvian temples, the pride of the capital and -the wonder of the empire, was at Cuzco, where, under the munificence of -successive sovereigns, it had become so enriched that it received the -name of Coricancha, or 'the Place of Gold.'... The interior of the -temple was literally a mine of gold. On the western wall was emblazoned -a representation of the Deity, consisting of a human countenance looking -forth from amid innumerable rays of light, which emanated from it in -every direction, in the same manner as the sun is often personified with -us. The figure was engraved on a massive plate of gold, of enormous -dimensions, thickly powdered with emeralds and precious stones.... -The walls and ceilings were everywhere incrusted with golden ornaments; -every part of the interior of the temple glowed with burnished plates -and studs of the precious metal; the cornices were of the same material." - -There are in Plato's narrative no marvels; no myths; no tales of gods, -gorgons, hobgoblins, or giants. It is a plain and reasonable history of -a people who built temples, ships, and canals; who lived by agriculture -and commerce: who in pursuit of trade, reached out to all the countries -around them. The early history of most nations begins with gods and -demons, while here we have nothing of the kind; we see an immigrant -enter the country, marry one of the native women, and settle down; in -time a great nation grows up around him. It reminds one of the -information given by the Egyptian priests to Herodotus. "During the -space of eleven thousand three hundred and forty years they assert," says -Herodotus, "that no divinity has appeared in human shape, ... they -absolutely denied the possibility of a human being's descent from a -god." If Plato had sought to draw from his imagination a wonderful and -pleasing story, we should not have had so plain and reasonable a -narrative. He would have given us a history like the legends of Greek -mythology, full of the adventures of gods and goddesses, nymphs, fauns, -and satyrs. - -Neither is there any evidence on the face of this history that Plato -sought to convey in it a moral or political lesson, in the guise of a -fable, as did Bacon in the "New Atlantis," and More in the "Kingdom of -Nowhere." There is no ideal republic delineated here. It is a -straightforward, reasonable history of a people ruled over by their -kings, living and progressing as other nations have lived and progressed -since their day. - -Plato says that in Atlantis there was "a great and wonderful empire," -which "aggressed wantonly against the whole of Europe and Asia," thus -testifying to the extent of its dominion. It not only subjugated Africa -as far as Egypt, and Europe as far as Italy, but it ruled "as well over -parts of the continent," to wit, "the opposite continent" of America, -"which surrounded the true ocean." Those parts of America over which it -ruled were, as we will show hereafter, Central America, Peru, and the -Valley of the Mississippi, occupied by the "Mound Builders." - -Moreover, he tells us that "this vast power was gathered into one;" that -is to say, from Egypt to Peru it was one consolidated empire. We will -see hereafter that the legends of the Hindoos as to Deva Nahusha -distinctly refer to this vast empire, which covered the whole of the -known world. - -Another corroboration of the truth of Plato's narrative is found in the -fact that upon the Azores black lava rocks, and rocks red and white in -color, are now found. He says they built with white, red, and black -stone. Sir C. Wyville Thomson describes a narrow neck of land between -Fayal and Monte da Guia, called "Monte Queimada" (the burnt mountain), -as follows: "It is formed partly of stratified tufa of a dark chocolate -color, and partly of lumps of black lava, porous, and each with a large -cavity in the centre, which must have been ejected as volcanic bombs in -a glorious display of fireworks at some period beyond the records of -Acorean history, but late in the geological annals of the island." -("Voyage of the Challenger," vol. ii., p. 24). He also describes immense -walls of black volcanic rock in the island. - -The plain of Atlantis, Plato tells us, "had been cultivated during many -ages by many generations of kings." If, as we believe, agriculture, the -domestication of the horse, ox, sheep, goat, and hog, and the discovery -or development of wheat, oats, rye, and barley originated in this -region, then this language of Plato in reference to "the many ages, and -the successive generations of kings," accords with the great periods of -time which were necessary to bring man from a savage to a civilized -condition. - -In the great ditch surrounding the whole land like a circle, and into -which streams flowed down from the mountains, we probably see the -original of the four rivers of Paradise, and the emblem of the cross -surrounded by a circle, which, as we will show hereafter, was, from the -earliest pre-Christian ages, accepted as the emblem of the Garden of -Eden. - -We know that Plato did not invent the name of Poseidon, for the worship -of Poseidon was universal in the earliest ages of Europe; -"Poseidon-worship seems to have been a peculiarity of all the colonies -previous to the time of Sidon." ("Prehistoric Nations," p. 148.) This -worship "was carried to Spain, and to Northern Africa, but most -abundantly to Italy, to many of the islands, and to the regions around -the Ægean Sea; also to Thrace." (Ibid., p. 155.) - -Poseidon, or Neptune, is represented in Greek mythology as a sea-god; -but he is figured as standing in a war-chariot drawn by horses. The -association of the horse (a land animal) with a sea-god is inexplicable, -except with the light given by Plato. Poseidon was a sea-god because he -ruled over a great land in the sea, and was the national god of a -maritime people; he is associated with horses, because in Atlantis the -horse was first domesticated; and, as Plato shows, the Atlanteans had -great race-courses for the development of speed in horses; and Poseidon -is represented as standing in a war-chariot, because doubtless wheeled -vehicles were first invented by the same people who tamed the horse; and -they transmitted these war-chariots to their descendants from Egypt to -Britain. We know that horses were the favorite objects chosen for -sacrifice to Poseidon by the nations of antiquity within the Historical -Period; they were killed, and cast into the sea from high precipices. -The religious horse-feasts of the pagan Scandinavians were a survival of -this Poseidon-worship, which once prevailed along all the coasts of -Europe; they continued until the conversion of the people to -Christianity, and were then suppressed by the Church with great -difficulty. - -We find in Plato's narrative the names of some of the Phoenician deities -among the kings of Atlantis. Where did the Greek, Plato, get these names -if the story is a fable? - -Does Plato, in speaking of "the fruits having a hard rind, affording -drinks and meats and ointments," refer to the cocoa nut? - -Again: Plato tells us that Atlantis abounded in both cold and hot -springs. How did he come to hit upon the hot springs if he was drawing a -picture from his imagination? It is a singular confirmation of his story -that hot springs abound in the Azores, which are the surviving fragments -of Atlantis; and an experience wider than that possessed by Plato has -taught scientific men that hot springs are a common feature of regions -subject to volcanic convulsions. - -Plato tells us, "The whole country was very lofty and precipitous on the -side of the sea, but the country immediately about and surrounding the -city was a level plain, itself surrounded by mountains which descended -toward the sea." One has but to look at the profile of the "Dolphin's -Ridge," as revealed by the deep-sea soundings of the Challenger, given -as the frontispiece to this volume, to see that this is a faithful -description of that precipitous elevation. "The surrounding mountains," -which sheltered the plain from the north, are represented in the present -towering peaks of the Azores. - -Plato tells us that the destruction of Atlantis filled the sea with mud, -and interfered with navigation. For thousands of years the ancients -believed the Atlantic Ocean to be "a muddy, shallow, dark, and misty -sea, Mare tenebrosum." ("Cosmos," vol. ii., p. 151.) - -The three-pronged sceptre or trident of Poseidon reappears constantly in -ancient history. We find it in the hands of Hindoo gods, and at the base -of all the religious beliefs of antiquity. - -"Among the numerals the sacred three has ever been considered the mark -of perfection, and was therefore exclusively ascribed to the Supreme -Deity, or to its earthly representative--a king, emperor, or any -sovereign. For this reason triple emblems of various shapes are found on -the belts, neckties, or any encircling fixture, as can be seen on the -works of ancient art in Yucatan, Guatemala, Chiapas, Mexico, etc., -whenever the object has reference to divine supremacy." (Dr. Arthur -Schott, "Smith. Rep.," 1869, p. 391.) - -We are reminded of the "tiara," and the "triple round of sovereignty." - -In the same manner the ten kingdoms of Atlantis are perpetuated in all -the ancient traditions. - -"In the number given by the Bible for the Antediluvian patriarchs we -have the first instance of a striking agreement with the traditions of -various nations. Ten are mentioned in the Book of Genesis. Other -nations, to whatever epoch they carry back their ancestors, whether -before or after the Deluge, whether the mythical or historical character -prevail, they are constant to this sacred number ten, which some have -vainly attempted to connect with the speculations of later religious -philosophers on the mystical value of numbers. In Chaldea, Berosus -enumerates ten Antediluvian kings whose fabulous reign extended to -thousands of years. The legends of the Iranian race commence with the -reign of ten Peisdadien (Poseidon?) kings, 'men of the ancient law, who -lived on pure Homa (water of life)' (nectar?), 'and who preserved their -sanctity.' In India we meet with the nine Brahmadikas, who, with Brahma, -their founder, make ten, and who are called the Ten Petris, or Fathers. -The Chinese count ten emperors, partakers of the divine nature, before -the dawn of historical times. The Germans believed in the ten ancestors -of Odin, and the Arabs in the ten mythical kings of the Adites." -(Lenormant and Chevallier, "Anc. Hist. of the East," vol. i., p. 13.) - -The story of Plato finds confirmation from other sources. - -An extract preserved in Proclus, taken from a work now lost, which is -quoted by Boeckh in his commentary on Plato, mentions islands in the -exterior sea, beyond the Pillars of Hercules, and says it was known that -in one of these islands "the inhabitants preserved from their ancestors -a remembrance of Atlantis, an extremely large island, which for a long -time held dominion over all the islands of the Atlantic Ocean." - -Ælian, in his "Varia Historia" (book iii., chap. xviii.), tells us that -Theopompus (400 B.C.) related the particulars of an interview between -Midas, King of Phrygia, and Silenus, in which Silenus reported the -existence of a great continent beyond the Atlantic, "larger than Asia, -Europe, and Libya together." He stated that a race of men called Meropes -dwelt there, and had extensive cities. They were persuaded that their -country alone was a continent. Out of curiosity some of them crossed the -ocean and visited the Hyperboreans. - -"The Gauls possessed traditions upon the subject of Atlantis which were -collected by the Roman historian Timagenes, who lived in the first -century before Christ. He represents that three distinct people dwelt in -Gaul: 1. The indigenous population, which I suppose to be Mongoloids, -who had long dwelt in Europe; 2. The invaders from a distant island, -which I understand to be Atlantis; 3. The Aryan Gauls." ("Preadamites," -p. 380.) - -Marcellus, in a work on the Ethiopians, speaks of seven islands lying in -the Atlantic Ocean--probably the Canaries--and the inhabitants of these -islands, he says, preserve the memory of a much greater island, -Atlantis, "which had for a long time exercised dominion over the smaller -ones." (Didot Müller, "Fragmenta Historicorum Græcorum," vol. iv., p. -443.) - -Diodorus Siculus relates that the Phoenicians discovered "a large island -in the Atlantic Ocean, beyond the Pillars of Hercules, several days' -sail from the coast of Africa. This island abounded in all manner of -riches. The soil was exceedingly fertile; the scenery was diversified by -rivers, mountains, and forests. It was the custom of the inhabitants to -retire during the summer to magnificent country-houses, which stood in -the midst of beautiful gardens. Fish and game were found in great -abundance; the climate was delicious, and the trees bore fruit at all -seasons of the year." Homer, Plutarch, and other ancient writers mention -islands situated in the Atlantic, "several thousand stadia from the -Pillars of Hercules." Silenus tells Midas that there was another -continent besides Europe, Asia, and Africa--"a country where gold and -silver are so plentiful that they are esteemed no more than we esteem -iron." St. Clement, in his Epistle to the Corinthians, says that there -were other worlds beyond the ocean. - -Attention may here be called to the extraordinary number of instances in -which allusion is made in the Old Testament to the "islands of the sea," -especially in Isaiah and Ezekiel. What had an inland people, like the -Jews, to do with seas and islands? Did these references grow out of -vague traditions linking their race with "islands in the sea?" - -The Orphic Argonaut sings of the division of the ancient Lyktonia into -separate islands. He says, "When the dark-haired Poseidon, in anger with -Father Kronion, struck Lyktonia with the golden trident." - -Plato states that the Egyptians told Solon that the destruction of -Atlantis occurred 9000 years before that date, to wit, about 9600 years -before the Christian era. This looks like an extraordinarily long period -of time, but it must be remembered that geologists claim that the -remains of man found in the caves of Europe date back 500,000 years; and -the fossil Calaveras skull was found deep under the base of Table -Mountain, California, the whole mountain having been formed since the -man to whom it belonged lived and died. - -"M. Oppert read an essay at the Brussels Congress to show, from the -astronomical observations of the Egyptians and Assyrians, that 11,542 -years before our era man existed on the earth at such a stage of -civilization as to be able to take note of astronomical phenomena, and -to calculate with considerable accuracy the length of the year. The -Egyptians, says he, calculated by cycles of 1460 years--zodiacal cycles, -as they were called. Their year consisted of 365 days, which caused them -to lose one day in every four solar years, and, consequently, they would -attain their original starting-point again only after 1460 years (365 x -4). Therefore, the zodiacal cycle ending in the year 139 of our era -commenced in the year 1322 B.C. On the other hand, the Assyrian cycle -was 1805 years, or 22,325 lunations. An Assyrian cycle began 712 B.C. -The Chaldeans state that between the Deluge and their first historic -dynasty there was a period of 39,180 years. Now, what means, this -number? It stands for 12 Egyptian zodiacal cycles plus 12 Assyrian lunar -cycles. - - +--------------------+----------+ - | 12 X 1460 = 17,520 | | - +--------------------+----------+ - | | = 39,180 | - +--------------------+----------+ - | 12 X 1805 = 21,660 | | - +--------------------+----------+ - -"These two modes of calculating time are in agreement with each other, -and were known simultaneously to one people, the Chaldeans. Let us now -build up the series of both cycles, starting from our era, and the -result will be as follows: - - +-----------------+--------------+ - | Zodiacal Cycle. | Lunar Cycle. | - +-----------------+--------------+ - | 1,460 | 1,805 | - +-----------------+--------------+ - | 1,822 | 712 | - +-----------------+--------------+ - | _____ | _____ | - +-----------------+--------------+ - | 2,782 | 2,517 | - +-----------------+--------------+ - | 4,242 | 4,322 | - +-----------------+--------------+ - | 5,702 | 6,127 | - +-----------------+--------------+ - | 7,162 | 7,932 | - +-----------------+--------------+ - | 8,622 | 9,737 | - +-----------------+--------------+ - | 10,082 | 11,542 | - +-----------------+--------------+ - | 11,542 | | - +-----------------+--------------+ - -"At the year 11,542 B.C. the two cycles came together, and consequently -they had on that year their common origin in one and the same -astronomical observation." - -That observation was probably made in Atlantis. - -The wide divergence of languages which is found to exist among the -Atlanteans at the beginning of the Historical Period implies a vast -lapse of time. The fact that the nations of the Old World remembered so -little of Atlantis, except the colossal fact of its sudden and -overwhelming destruction, would also seem to remove that event into a -remote past. - -Herodotus tells us that he learned from the Egyptians that Hercules was -one of their most ancient deities, and that he was one of the twelve -produced from the eight gods, 17,000 years before the reign of Amasis. - -In short, I fail to see why this story of Plato, told as history, -derived from the Egyptians, a people who, it is known, preserved most -ancient records, and who were able to trace their existence back to a -vast antiquity, should have been contemptuously set aside as a fable by -Greeks, Romans, and the modern world. It can only be because our -predecessors, with their limited knowledge of the geological history of -the world, did not believe it possible that any large part of the -earth's surface could have been thus suddenly swallowed up by the sea. - -Let us then first address ourselves to that question. - -CHAPTER IV. - -WAS SUCH A CATASTROPHE POSSIBLE? - -All that is needed to answer this question is to briefly refer to some -of the facts revealed by the study of geology. - -In the first place, the earth's surface is a record of successive -risings and fallings of the land. The accompanying picture represents a -section of the anthracite coal-measures of Pennsylvania. Each of the -coal deposits here shown, indicated by the black lines, was created when -the land had risen sufficiently above the sea to maintain vegetation; -each of the strata of rock, many of them hundreds of feet in thickness, -was deposited under water. Here we have twenty-three different changes -of the level of the land during the formation of 2000 feet of rock and -coal; and these changes took place over vast areas, embracing thousands -of square miles. - -All the continents which now exist were, it is well understood, once, -under water, and the rocks of which they are composed were deposited -beneath the water; more than this, most of the rocks so deposited were -the detritus or washings of other continents, which then stood where the -oceans now roll, and whose mountains and plains were ground down by the -action of volcanoes and earthquakes, and frost, ice, wind, and rain, and -washed into the sea, to form the rocks upon which the nations now dwell; -so that we have changed the conditions of land and water: that which is -now continent was once sea, and that which is now sea was formerly -continent. There can be no question that the Australian Archipelago is -simply the mountain-tops of a drowned continent, which once reached from -India to South America. Science has gone so far as to even give it a -name; it is called "Lemuria," and here, it is claimed, the human race -originated. An examination of the geological formation of our Atlantic -States proves beyond a doubt, from the manner in which the sedimentary -rocks, the sand, gravel, and mud--aggregating a thickness of 45,000 -feet--are deposited, that they came from the north and east. "They -represent the detritus of pre-existing lands, the washings of rain, -rivers, coast-currents, and other agencies of erosion; and since the -areas supplying the waste could scarcely have been of less extent than -the new strata it formed, it is reasonably inferred that land masses of -continental magnitude must have occupied the region now covered by the -North Atlantic before America began to be, and onward at least through -the palæozoic ages of American history. The proof of this fact is that -the great strata of rocks are thicker the nearer we approach their -source in the east: the maximum thickness of the palæozoic rocks of the -Appalachian formation is 25,000 to 35,000 feet in Pennsylvania and -Virginia, while their minimum thickness in Illinois and Missouri is from -3000 to 4000 feet; the rougher and grosser-textured rocks predominate in -the east, while the farther west we go the finer the deposits were of -which the rocks are composed; the finer materials were carried farther -west by the water." ("New Amer. Cyclop.," art. Coal.) - - DESTRUCTION OF POMPEII - -The history of the growth of the European Continent, as recounted by -Professor Geikie, gives an instructive illustration of the relations of -geology to geography. The earliest European land, he says, appears to -have existed in the north and north-west, comprising Scandinavia, -Finland, and the northwest of the British area, and to have extended -thence through boreal and arctic latitudes into North America. Of the -height and mass of this primeval land some idea may be formed by -considering the enormous bulk of the material derived from its -disintegration. In the Silurian formations of the British Islands alone -there is a mass of rock, worn from the land, which would form a -mountain-chain extending from Marseilles to the North Cape (1800 miles), -with a mean breadth of over thirty-three miles, and an average height of -16,000 feet. - -As the great continent which stood where the Atlantic Ocean now is wore -away, the continents of America and Europe were formed; and there seems -to have been from remote times a continuous rising, still going on, of -the new lands, and a sinking of the old ones. Within five thousand -years, or since the age of the "polished stone," the shores of Sweden, -Denmark, and Norway have risen from 200 to 600 feet. - -Professor Winchell says ("The Preadamites," p. 437): - -"We are in the midst of great changes, and are scarcely conscious of -it. We have seen worlds in flames, and have felt a comet strike the -earth. We have seen the whole coast of South America lifted up bodily -ten or fifteen feet and let down again in an hour. We have seen the -Andes sink 220 feet in seventy years.... Vast transpositions have taken -place in the coast-line of China. The ancient capital, located, in all -probability, in an accessible position near the centre of the empire, -has now become nearly surrounded by water, and its site is on the -peninsula of Corea.... There was a time when the rocky barriers of -the Thracian Bosphorus gave way and the Black Sea subsided. It had -covered a vast area in the north and east. Now this area became drained, -and was known as the ancient Lectonia: it is now the prairie region of -Russia, and the granary of Europe." - -There is ample geological evidence that at one time the entire area of -Great Britain was submerged to the depth of at least seventeen hundred -feet. Over the face of the submerged land was strewn thick beds of sand, -gravel, and clay, termed by geologists "the Northern Drift." The British -Islands rose again from the sea, bearing these water-deposits on their -bosom. What is now Sicily once lay deep beneath the sea: It subsequently -rose 3000 feet above the sea-level. The Desert of Sahara was once under -water, and its now burning sands are a deposit of the sea. - -Geologically speaking, the submergence of Atlantis, within the -historical period, was simply the last of a number of vast changes, by -which the continent which once occupied the greater part of the Atlantic -had gradually sunk under the ocean, while the new lands were rising on -both sides of it. - -We come now to the second question, Is it possible that Atlantis could -have been suddenly destroyed by such a convulsion of nature as is -described by Plato? The ancients regarded this part of his story as a -fable. With the wider knowledge which scientific research has afforded -the modern world, we can affirm that such an event is not only possible, -but that the history of even the last two centuries has furnished us -with striking parallels for it. We now possess the record of numerous -islands lifted above the waters, and others sunk beneath the waves, -accompanied by storms and earthquakes similar to those which marked the -destruction of Atlantis. - -In 1783 Iceland was visited by convulsions more tremendous than any -recorded in the modern annals of that country. About a month previous to -the eruption on the main-land a submarine volcano burst forth in the -sea, at a distance of thirty miles from the shore. It ejected so much -pumice that the sea was covered with it for a distance of 150 miles, and -ships were considerably impeded in their course. A new island was thrown -up, consisting of high cliffs, which was claimed by his Danish Majesty, -and named "Nyöe," or the New Island; but before a year had elapsed it -sunk beneath the sea, leaving a reef of rocks thirty fathoms under water. - -The earthquake of 1783 in Iceland destroyed 9000 people out of a -population of 50,000; twenty villages were consumed by fire or inundated -by water, and a mass of lava thrown out "greater than the entire bulk of -Mont Blanc." - -On the 8th of October, 1822, a great earthquake occurred on the island -of Java, near the mountain of Galung Gung. "A loud explosion was heard, -the earth shook, and immense columns of hot water and boiling mud, mixed -with burning brimstone, ashes, and lapilli, of the size of nuts, were -projected from the mountain like a water-spout, with such prodigious -violence that large quantities fell beyond the river Tandoi, which is -forty miles distant.... The first eruption lasted nearly five hours; -and on the following days the rain fell in torrents, and the rivers, -densely charged with mud, deluged the country far and wide. At the end -of four days (October 12th), a second eruption occurred, more violent -than the first, in which hot water and mud were again vomited, and great -blocks of basalt were thrown to the distance of seven miles from the -volcano. There was at the same time a violent earthquake, the face of -the mountain was utterly changed, its summits broken down, and one side, -which had been covered with trees, became an enormous gulf in the form -of a semicircle. Over 4000 persons were killed and 114 villages -destroyed." (Lyell's "Principles of Geology," p. 430.) - -In 1831 a new island was born in the Mediterranean, near the coast of -Sicily. It was called Graham's Island. It came up with an earthquake, -and "a water-spout sixty feet high and eight hundred yards in -circumference rising from the sea." In about a month the island was two -hundred feet high and three miles in circumference; it soon, however, -sank beneath the sea. - -The Canary Islands were probably a part of the original empire of -Atlantis. On the 1st of September, 1730, the earth split open near Yaiza, -in the island of Lancerota. In one night a considerable hill of ejected -matter was thrown up; in a few days another vent opened and gave out a -lava stream which overran several villages. It flowed at first rapidly, -like water, but became afterward heavy and slow, like honey. On the 11th -of September more lava flowed out, covering up a village, and -precipitating itself with a horrible roar into the sea. Dead fish -floated on the waters in indescribable multitudes, or were thrown dying -on the shore; the cattle throughout the country dropped lifeless to the -ground, suffocated by putrid vapors, which condensed and fell down in -drops. These manifestations were accompanied by a storm such as the -people of the country had never known before. These dreadful commotions -lasted for five years. The lavas thrown out covered one-third of the -whole island of Lancerota. - - CALABRIAN PEASANTS INGULFED BY CREVASSES (1783). - -The Gulf of Santorin, in the Grecian Archipelago, has been for two -thousand years a scene of active volcanic operations. Pliny informs us -that in the year 186 B.C. the island of "Old Kaimeni," or the Sacred -Isle, was lifted up from the sea; and in A.D. 19 the island of "Thia" -(the Divine) made its appearance. In A.D. 1573 another island was -created, called "the small sunburnt island." In 1848 a volcanic -convulsion of three months' duration created a great shoal; an -earthquake destroyed many houses in Thera, and the sulphur and hydrogen -issuing from the sea killed 50 persons and 1000 domestic animals. A -recent examination of these islands shows that the whole mass of -Santorin has sunk, since its projection from the sea, over 1200 feet. - -The fort and village of Sindree, on the eastern arm of the Indus, above -Luckput, was submerged in 1819 by an earthquake, together with a tract -of country 2000 square miles in extent. - -"In 1828 Sir A. Burnes went in a boat to the ruins of Sindree, where a -single remaining tower was seen in the midst of a wide expanse of sea. -The tops of the ruined walls still rose two or three feet above the -level of the water; and, standing on one of these, he could behold -nothing in the horizon but water, except in one direction, where a blue -streak of land to the north indicated the Ullah Bund. This scene," says -Lyell ("Principles of Geology," p. 462), "presents to the imagination a -lively picture of the revolutions now in progress on the earth--a waste -of waters where a few years before all was land, and the only land -visible consisting of ground uplifted by a recent earthquake." - -We give from Lyell's great work the following curious pictures of the -appearance of the Fort of Sindree before and after the inundation. - - FORT OF SINDEE, ON THE EASTERN BRANCH OF THE INDUS, BEFORE IT WAS - SUBMERGED BY THE EARTHQUAKE OF 1819. - -In April, 1815, one of the most frightful eruptions recorded in history -occurred in the province of Tomboro, in the island of Sumbawa, about two -hundred miles from the eastern extremity of Java. It lasted from April -5th to July of that year; but was most violent on the 11th and 12th of -July. The sound of the explosions was heard for nearly one thousand -miles. Out of a population of 12,000, in the province of Tombora, only -twenty-six individuals escaped. "Violent whirlwinds carried up men, -horses, and cattle into the air, tore up the largest trees by the -roots, and covered the whole sea with floating timber." (Raffles's -"History of Java," vol. i., p. 28.) The ashes darkened the air; "the -floating cinders to the westward of Sumatra formed, on the 12th of -April, a mass two feet thick and several miles in extent, through which -ships with difficulty forced their way." The darkness in daytime was -more profound than the blackest night. "The town called Tomboro, on the -west side of Sumbawa, was overflowed by the sea, which encroached upon -the shore, so that the water remained permanently eighteen feet deep in -places where there was land before." The area covered by the convulsion -was 1000 English miles in circumference. "In the island of Amboyna, in -the same month and year, the ground opened, threw out water and then -closed again." (Raffles's "History of Java," vol. i., p. 25.) - - VIEW OF THE FORT OF SINDREE FROM THE WEST IN MARCH, 1839. - -But it is at that point of the European coast nearest to the site of -Atlantis at Lisbon that the most tremendous earthquake of modern times -has occurred. On the 1st of November, 1775, a sound of thunder was heard -underground, and immediately afterward a violent shock threw down the -greater part of the city. In six minutes 60,000 persons perished. A -great concourse of people had collected for safety upon a new quay, -built entirely of marble; but suddenly it sunk down with all the people -on it, and not one of the dead bodies ever floated to the surface. A -great number of small boats and vessels anchored near it, and, full of -people, were swallowed up as in a whirlpool. No fragments of these -wrecks ever rose again to the surface; the water where the quay went -down is now 600 feet deep. The area covered by this earthquake was very -great. Humboldt says that a portion of the earth's surface, four times -as great as the size of Europe, was simultaneously shaken. It extended -from the Baltic to the West Indies, and from Canada to Algiers. At eight -leagues from Morocco the ground opened and swallowed a village of 10,000 -inhabitants, and closed again over them. - -It is very probable that the centre of the convulsion was in the bed of -the Atlantic, at or near the buried island of Atlantis, and that it was -a successor of the great earth throe which, thousands of years before, -had brought destruction upon that land. - - ERUPTION OF VESUVIUS IN 1737. - -Ireland also lies near the axis of this great volcanic area, reaching -from the Canaries to Iceland, and it has been many times in the past the -seat of disturbance. The ancient annals contain numerous accounts of -eruptions, preceded by volcanic action. In 1490, at the Ox Mountains, -Sligo, one occurred by which one hundred persons and numbers of cattle -were destroyed; and a volcanic eruption in May, 1788, on the hill of -Knocklade, Antrim, poured a stream of lava sixty yards wide for -thirty-nine hours, and destroyed the village of Ballyowen and all the -inhabitants, save a man and his wife and two children. ("Amer. Cyclop.," -art. Ireland.) - -While we find Lisbon and Ireland, east of Atlantis, subjected to these -great earthquake shocks, the West India Islands, west of the same -centre, have been repeatedly visited in a similar manner. In 1692 -Jamaica suffered from a violent earthquake. The earth opened, and great -quantities of water were cast out; many people were swallowed up in -these rents; the earth caught some of them by the middle and squeezed -them to death; the heads of others only appeared above-ground. A tract -of land near the town of Port Royal, about a thousand acres in extent, -sunk down in less than one minute, and the sea immediately rolled in. - -The Azore Islands are undoubtedly the peaks of the mountains of -Atlantis. They are even yet the centre of great volcanic activity. They -have suffered severely from eruptions and earthquakes. In 1808 a volcano -rose suddenly in San Jorge to the height of 3500 feet, and burnt for six -days, desolating the entire island. In 1811 a volcano rose from the sea, -near San Miguel, creating an island 300 feet high, which was named -Sambrina, but which soon sunk beneath the sea. Similar volcanic -eruptions occurred in the Azores in 1691 and 1720. - -Along a great line, a mighty fracture in the surface of the globe, -stretching north and south through the Atlantic, we find a continuous -series of active or extinct volcanoes. In Iceland we have Oerafa, Hecla, -and Rauda Kamba; another in Pico, in the Azores; the peak of Teneriffe; -Fogo, in one of the Cape de Verde Islands: while of extinct volcanoes we -have several in Iceland, and two in Madeira; while Fernando de Noronha, -the island of Ascension, St. Helena, and Tristan d'Acunha are all of -volcanic origin. ("Cosmos," vol. v., p. 331.) - -The following singular passage we quote entire from Lyell's "Principles -of Geology," p. 436: - -"In the Nautical Magazine for 1835, p. 642, and for 1838, p. 361, and in -the Comptes Rendus, April, 1838, accounts are given of a series of -volcanic phenomena, earthquakes, troubled water, floating scoria, and -columns of smoke, which have been observed at intervals since the middle -of the last century, in a space of open sea between longitudes 20° and -22' W., about half a degree south of the equator. These facts, says Mr. -Darwin, seem to show that an island or archipelago is in process of -formation in the middle of the Atlantic. A line joining St. Helena and -Ascension would, if prolonged, intersect this slowly nascent focus of -volcanic action. Should land be eventually formed here, it will not be -the first that has been produced by igneous action in this ocean since -it was inhabited by the existing species of testacea. At Porto Praya, in -St. Jago, one of the Azores, a horizontal, calcareous stratum occurs, -containing shells of recent marine species, covered by a great sheet of -basalt eighty feet thick. It would be difficult to estimate too highly -the commercial and political importance which a group of islands might -acquire if, in the next two or three thousand years, they should rise in -mid-ocean between St. Helena and Ascension." - -These facts would seem to show that the great fires which destroyed -Atlantis are still smouldering in the depths of the ocean; that the vast -oscillations which carried Plato's continent beneath the sea may again -bring it, with all its buried treasures, to the light; and that even the -wild imagination of Jules Verne, when he described Captain Nemo, in his -diving armor, looking down upon the temples and towers of the lost -island, lit by the fires of submarine volcanoes, had some groundwork of -possibility to build upon. - -But who will say, in the presence of all the facts here enumerated, that -the submergence of Atlantis, in some great world-shaking cataclysm, is -either impossible or improbable? As will be shown hereafter, when we -come to discuss the Flood legends, every particular which has come down -to us of the destruction of Atlantis has been duplicated in some of the -accounts just given. - -We conclude, therefore: 1. That it is proven beyond question, by -geological evidence, that vast masses of land once existed in the region -where Atlantis is located by Plato, and that therefore such an island -must have existed; 2. That there is nothing improbable or impossible in -the statement that it was destroyed suddenly by an earthquake "in one -dreadful night and day." - -CHAPTER. V. - -THE TESTIMONY OF THE SEA. - -Suppose we were to find in mid-Atlantic, in front of the Mediterranean, -in the neighborhood of the Azores, the remains of an immense island, -sunk beneath the sea--one thousand miles in width, and two or three -thousand miles long--would it not go far to confirm the statement of -Plato that, "beyond the strait where you place the Pillars of Hercules, -there was an island larger than Asia (Minor) and Libya combined," called -Atlantis? And suppose we found that the Azores were the mountain peaks -of this drowned island, and were torn and rent by tremendous volcanic -convulsions; while around them, descending into the sea, were found -great strata of lava; and the whole face of the sunken land was covered -for thousands of miles with volcanic débris, would we not be obliged to -confess that these facts furnished strong corroborative proofs of the -truth of Plato's statement, that "in one day and one fatal night there -came mighty earthquakes and inundations which ingulfed that mighty -people? Atlantis disappeared beneath the sea; and then that sea became -inaccessible on account of the quantity of mud which the ingulfed island -left in its place." - - MAP OF ATLANTIS, WITH ITS ISLANDS AND CONNECTING RIDGES, FROM DEEP-SEA - SOUNDINGS - -And all these things recent investigation has proved conclusively. -Deep-sea soundings have been made by ships of different nations; the -United States ship Dolphin, the German frigate Gazelle, and the British -ships Hydra, Porcupine, and Challenger have mapped out the bottom of the -Atlantic, and the result is the revelation of a great elevation, -reaching from a point on the coast of the British Islands southwardly to -the coast of South America, at Cape Orange, thence south-eastwardly to -the coast of Africa, and thence southwardly to Tristan d'Acunha. I give -one map showing the profile of this elevation in the frontispiece, and -another map, showing the outlines of the submerged land, on page 47. It -rises about 9000 feet above the great Atlantic depths around it, and in -the Azores, St. Paul's Rocks, Ascension, and Tristan d'Acunha it reaches -the surface of the ocean. - -Evidence that this elevation was once dry land is found in the fact that -"the inequalities, the mountains and valleys of its surface, could never -have been produced in accordance with any laws for the deposition of -sediment, nor by submarine elevation; but, on the contrary, must have -been carved by agencies acting above the water level." (Scientific -American, July 28th, 1877.) - -Mr. J. Starke Gardner, the eminent English geologist, is of the opinion -that in the Eocene Period a great extension of land existed to the west -of Cornwall. Referring to the location of the "Dolphin" and "Challenger" -ridges, he asserts that "a great tract of land formerly existed where -the sea now is, and that Cornwall, the Scilly and Channel Islands, -Ireland and Brittany, are the remains of its highest summits." (Popular -Science Review, July, 1878.) - -Here, then, we have the backbone of the ancient continent which once -occupied the whole of the Atlantic Ocean, and from whose washings Europe -and America were constructed; the deepest parts of the ocean, 3500 -fathoms deep, represent those portions which sunk first, to wit, the -plains to the east and west of the central mountain range; some of the -loftiest peaks of this range--the Azores, St. Paul's, Ascension, Tristan -d'Acunba--are still above the ocean level; while the great body of -Atlantis lies a few hundred fathoms beneath the sea. In these -"connecting ridges" we see the pathway which once extended between the -New World and the Old, and by means of which the plants and animals of -one continent travelled to the other; and by the same avenues black men -found their way, as we will show hereafter, from Africa to America, and -red men from America to Africa. - -And, as I have shown, the same great law which gradually depressed the -Atlantic continent, and raised the lands east and west of it, is still -at work: the coast of Greenland, which may be regarded as the northern -extremity of the Atlantic continent, is still sinking "so rapidly that -ancient buildings on low rock-islands are now submerged, and the -Greenlander has learned by experience never to build near the water's -edge," ("North Amer. of Antiq.," p. 504.) The same subsidence is going -on along the shore of South Carolina and Georgia, while the north of -Europe and the Atlantic coast of South America are rising rapidly. Along -the latter raised beaches, 1180 miles long and from 100 to 1300 feet -high, have been traced. - -When these connecting ridges extended from America to Europe and Africa, -they shut off the flow of the tropical waters of the ocean to the north: -there was then no "Gulf Stream;" the land-locked ocean that laved the -shores of Northern Europe was then intensely cold; and the result was -the Glacial Period. When the barriers of Atlantis sunk sufficiently to -permit the natural expansion of the heated water of the tropics to the -north, the ice and snow which covered Europe gradually disappeared; the -Gulf Stream flowed around Atlantis, and it still retains the circular -motion first imparted to it by the presence of that island. - -The officers of the Challenger found the entire ridge of Atlantis -covered with volcanic deposits; these are the subsided mud which, as -Plato tells us, rendered the sea impassable after the destruction of the -island. - -It does not follow that, at the time Atlantis was finally ingulfed, the -ridges connecting it with America and Africa rose above the water-level; -these may have gradually subsided into the sea, or have gone down in -cataclysms such as are described in the Central American books. The -Atlantis of Plato may have been confined to the "Dolphin Ridge" of our -map. - - ANCIENT ISLANDS BETWEEN ATLANTIS AND THE MEDITERRANEAN, FROM DEEP-SEA - SOUNDINGS - -The United States sloop Gettysburg has also made some remarkable -discoveries in a neighboring field. I quote from John James Wild (in -Nature, March 1st, 1877, p. 377): - -"The recently announced discovery by Commander Gorringe, of the United -States sloop Gettysburg, of a bank of soundings bearing N. 85° W., and -distant 130 miles from Cape St. Vincent, during the last voyage of the -vessel across the Atlantic, taken in connection with previous soundings -obtained in the same region of the North Atlantic, suggests the probable -existence of a submarine ridge or plateau connecting the island of -Madeira with the coast of Portugal, and the probable subaerial -connection in prehistoric times of that island with the south-western -extremity of Europe."... "These soundings reveal the existence of a -channel of an average depth of from 2000 to 3000 fathoms, extending in a -northeasterly direction from its entrance between Madeira and the Canary -Islands toward Cape St. Vincent.... Commander Gorringe, when about -150 miles from the Strait of Gibraltar, found that the soundings -decreased from 2700 fathoms to 1600 fathoms in the distance of a few -miles. The subsequent soundings (five miles apart) gave 900, 500, 400, -and 100 fathoms; and eventually a depth of 32 fathoms was obtained, in -which the vessel anchored. The bottom was found to consist of live pink -coral, and the position of the bank in lat. 36° 29' N., long. 11° 33' W." - -The map on page 51 shows the position of these elevations. They must -have been originally islands;--stepping-stones, as it were, between -Atlantis and the coast of Europe. - -Sir C. Wyville Thomson found that the specimens of the fauna of the -coast of Brazil, brought up in his dredging-machine, are similar to -those of the western coast of Southern Europe. This is accounted for by -the connecting ridges reaching from Europe to South America. - -A member of the Challenger staff, in a lecture delivered in London, soon -after the termination of the expedition, gave it as his opinion that the -great submarine plateau is the remains of "the lost Atlantis." - -CHAPTER VI. - -THE TESTIMONY OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA. - -Proofs are abundant that there must have been at one time uninterrupted -land communication between Europe and America. In the words of a writer -upon this subject, - -"When the animals and plants of the Old and New World are compared, one -cannot but be struck with their identity; all or nearly all belong to -the same genera, while many, even of the species, are common to both -continents. This is most important in its bearing on our theory, as -indicating that they radiated from a common centre after the Glacial -Period.... The hairy mammoth, woolly-haired rhinoceros, the Irish -elk, the musk-ox, the reindeer, the glutton, the lemming, etc., more or -less accompanied this flora, and their remains are always found in the -post-glacial deposits of Europe as low down as the South of France. In -the New World beds of the same age contain similar remains, indicating -that they came from a common centre, and were spread out over both -continents alike." (Westminster Review, January, 1872, p. 19.) - -Recent discoveries in the fossil beds of the Bad Lands of Nebraska prove -that the horse originated in America. Professor Marsh, of Yale College, -has identified the several preceding forms from which it was developed, -rising, in the course of ages, from a creature not larger than a fox -until, by successive steps, it developed into the true horse. How did -the wild horse pass from America to Europe and Asia if there was not -continuous land communication between the two continents? He seems to -have existed in Europe in a wild state prior to his domestication by man. - -The fossil remains of the camel are found in India, Africa, South -America, and in Kansas. The existing alpacas and llamas of South America -are but varieties of the camel family. - -The cave bear, whose remains are found associated with the bones of the -mammoth and the bones and works of man in the caves of Europe, was -identical with the grizzly bear of our Rocky Mountains. The musk-ox, -whose relics are found in the same deposits, now roams the wilds of -Arctic America. The glutton of Northern Europe, in the Stone Age, is -identical with the wolverine of the United States. According to -Rutimeyer, the ancient bison (Bos priscus) of Europe was identical with -the existing American buffalo. "Every stage between the ancient cave -bison and the European aurochs can be traced." The Norway elk, now -nearly extinct, is identical with the American moose. The Cervus -Americanus found in Kentucky was as large as the Irish elk, which it -greatly resembled. The lagomys, or tailless hare, of the European caves, -is now found in the colder regions of North America. The reindeer, which -once occupied Europe as far down as France, was the same as the reindeer -of America. Remains of the cave lion of Europe (Felix speloæ), a larger -beast than the largest of the existing species, have been found at -Natchez, Mississippi. The European cave wolf was identical with the -American wolf. - -Cattle were domesticated among the people of Switzerland during the -earliest part of the Stone Period (Darwin's "Animals Under -Domestication," vol. i., p. 103), that is to say, before the Bronze Age -and the Age of Iron. Even at that remote period they had already, by -long-continued selection, been developed out of wild forms akin to the -American buffalo. M. Gervais ("Hist. Nat. des Mammifores," vol. xi., p. -191) concludes that the wild race from which our domestic sheep was -derived is now extinct. The remains of domestic sheep are found in the -debris of the Swiss lake-dwellings during the Stone Age. The domestic -horse, ass, lion, and goat also date back to a like great antiquity. We -have historical records 7000 years old, and during that time no similar -domestication of a wild animal has been made. This fact speaks volumes -as to the vast period, of time during which man must have lived in a -civilized state to effect the domestication of so many and such useful -animals. - -And when we turn from the fauna to the flora, we find the same state of -things. - -An examination of the fossil beds of Switzerland of the Miocene Age -reveals the remains of more than eight hundred different species of -flower-bearing plants, besides mosses, ferns, etc. The total number of -fossil plants catalogued from those beds, cryptogamous as well as -phænogamous, is upward of three thousand. The majority of these species -have migrated to America. There were others that passed into Asia, -Africa, and even to Australia. The American types are, however, in the -largest proportion. The analogues of the flora of the Miocene Age of -Europe now grow in the forests of Virginia, North and South Carolina, -and Florida; they include such familiar examples as magnolias, -tulip-trees, evergreen oaks, maples, plane-trees, robinas, sequoias, -etc. It would seem to be impossible that these trees could have migrated -from Switzerland to America unless there was unbroken land communication -between the two continents. - -It is a still more remarkable fact that a comparison of the flora of the -Old World and New goes to show that not only was there communication by -land, over which the plants of one continent could extend to another, -but that man must have existed, and have helped this transmigration, in -the case of certain plants that were incapable of making the journey -unaided. - -Otto Kuntze, a distinguished German botanist, who has spent many years -in the tropics, announces his conclusion that "In America and in Asia -the principal domesticated tropical plants are represented by the same -species." He instances the Manihot utilissima, whose roots yield a fine -flour; the tarro (Colocasia esculenta), the Spanish or red pepper, the -tomato, the bamboo, the guava, the mango-fruit, and especially the -banana. He denies that the American origin of tobacco, maize, and the -cocoa-nut is proved. He refers to the Paritium tiliaceum, a malvaceous -plant, hardly noticed by Europeans, but very highly prized by the -natives of the tropics, and cultivated everywhere in the East and West -Indies; it supplies to the natives of these regions so far apart their -ropes and cordage. It is always seedless in a cultivated state. It -existed in America before the arrival of Columbus. - -But Professor Kuntze pays especial attention to the banana, or plantain. -The banana is seedless. It is found throughout tropical Asia and Africa. -Professor Kuntze asks, "In what way was this plant, which cannot stand a -voyage through the temperate zone, carried to America?" And yet it was -generally cultivated in America before 1492. Says Professor Kuntze, "It -must be remembered that the plantain is a tree-like, herbaceous plant, -possessing no easily transportable bulbs, like the potato or the dahlia, -nor propagable by cuttings, like the willow or the poplar. It has only a -perennial root, which, once planted, needs hardly any care, and yet -produces the most abundant crop of any known tropical plant." He then -proceeds to discuss how it could have passed from Asia to America. He -admits that the roots must have been transported from one country to the -other by civilized man. He argues that it could not have crossed the -Pacific from Asia to America, because the Pacific is nearly thrice or -four times as wide as the Atlantic. The only way he can account for the -plantain reaching America is to suppose that it was carried there when -the North Pole had a tropical climate! Is there any proof that civilized -man existed at the North Pole when it possessed the climate of Africa? - -Is it not more reasonable to suppose that the plantain, or banana, was -cultivated by the people of Atlantis, and carried by their civilized -agricultural colonies to the east and the west? Do we not find a -confirmation of this view in the fact alluded to by Professor Kuntze in -these words: "A cultivated plant which does not possess seeds must have -been under culture for a very long period--we have not in Europe a -single exclusively seedless, berry-bearing, cultivated plant--and hence -it is perhaps fair to infer that these plants were cultivated as early -as the beginning of the middle of the Diluvial Period." - -Is it possible that a plant of this kind could have been cultivated for -this immense period of time in both Asia and America? Where are the two -nations, agricultural and highly civilized, on those continents by whom -it was so cultivated? What has become of them? Where are the traces of -their civilization? All the civilizations of Europe, Asia, and Africa -radiated from the Mediterranean; the Hindoo-Aryans advanced from the -north-west; they were kindred to the Persians, who were next-door -neighbors to the Arabians (cousins of the Phoenicians), and who lived -along-side of the Egyptians, who had in turn derived their civilization -from the Phoenicians. - -It would be a marvel of marvels if one nation, on one continent, had -cultivated the banana for such a vast period of time until it became -seedless; the nation retaining a peaceful, continuous, agricultural -civilization during all that time. But to suppose that two nations could -have cultivated the same plant, under the same circumstances, on two -different continents, for the same unparalleled lapse of time, is -supposing an impossibility. - -We find just such a civilization as was necessary, according to Plato, -and under just such a climate, in Atlantis and nowhere else. We have -found it reaching, by its contiguous islands, within one hundred and -fifty miles of the coast of Europe on the one side, and almost touching -the West India Islands on the other, while, by its connecting ridges, it -bound together Brazil and Africa. - -But it may be said these animals and plants may have passed from Asia to -America across the Pacific by the continent of Lemuria; or there may -have been continuous land communication at one time at Behring's Strait. -True; but an examination of the flora of the Pacific States shows that -very many of the trees and plants common to Europe and the Atlantic -States are not to be seen west of the Rocky Mountains. The magnificent -magnolias, the tulip-trees, the plane-trees, etc., which were found -existing in the Miocene Age in Switzerland, and are found at the present -day in the United States, are altogether lacking on the Pacific coast. -The sources of supply of that region seem to have been far inferior to -the sources of supply of the Atlantic States. Professor Asa Gray tells -us that, out of sixty-six genera and one hundred and fifty-five species -found in the forests cast of the Rocky Mountains, only thirty-one genera -and seventy-eight species are found west of the mountains. The Pacific -coast possesses no papaw, no linden or basswood, no locust-trees, no -cherry-tree large enough for a timber tree, no gum-trees, no -sorrel-tree, nor kalmia; no persimmon-trees, not a holly, only one ash -that may be called a timber tree, no catalpa or sassafras, not a single -elm or hackberry, not a mulberry, not a hickory, or a beech, or a true -chestnut. These facts would seem to indicate that the forest flora of -North America entered it from the east, and that the Pacific States -possess only those fragments of it that were able to struggle over or -around the great dividing mountain-chain. - -We thus see that the flora and fauna of America and Europe testify not -only to the existence of Atlantis, but to the fact that in an earlier -age it must have extended from the shores of one continent to those of -the other; and by this bridge of land the plants and animals of one -region passed to the other. - -The cultivation of the cotton-plant and the manufacture of its product -was known to both the Old and New World. Herodotus describes it (450 -B.C.) as the tree of India that bears a fleece more beautiful than that -of the sheep. Columbus found the natives of the West Indies using cotton -cloth. It was also found in Mexico and Peru. It is a significant fact -that the cotton-plant has been found growing wild in many parts of -America, but never in the Old World. This would seem to indicate that -the plant was a native of America; and this is confirmed by the -superiority of American cotton, and the further fact that the plants -taken from America to India constantly degenerate, while those taken -from India to America as constantly improve. - -There is a question whether the potato, maize, and tobacco were not -cultivated in China ages before Columbus discovered America. A recent -traveller says, "The interior of China, along the course of the -Yang-tse-Kiang, is a land full of wonders. In one place piscicultural -nurseries line the banks for nearly fifty miles. All sorts of -inventions, the cotton-gin included, claimed by Europeans and Americans, -are to be found there forty centuries old. Plants, yielding drugs of -great value, without number, the familiar tobacco and potato, maize, -white and yellow corn, and other plants believed to be indigenous to -America, have been cultivated there from time immemorial." - -Bonafous ("Histoire Naturelle du Mais," Paris, 1826) attributes a -European or Asiatic origin to maize. The word maize, (Indian corn) is -derived from mahiz or mahis, the name of the plant in the language of -the Island of Hayti. And yet, strange to say, in the Lettish and -Livonian languages, in the north of Europe, mayse signifies bread; in -Irish, maise is food, and in the Old High German, maz is meat. May not -likewise the Spanish maiz have antedated the time of Columbus, and borne -testimony to early intercommunication between the people of the Old and -New Worlds? - -It is to Atlantis we must look for the origin of nearly all our valuable -plants. Darwin says ("Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. i., -p. 374), "It has often been remarked that we do not owe a single useful -plant to Australia, or the Cape of Good Hope--countries abounding to an -unparalleled degree with endemic species--or to New Zealand, or to -America south of the Plata; and, according to some authors, not to -America north of Mexico." In other words, the domesticated plants are -only found within the limits of what I shall show hereafter was the -Empire of Atlantis and its colonies; for only here was to be found an -ancient, long-continuing civilization, capable of developing from a wild -state those plants which were valuable to man, including all the cereals -on which to-day civilized man depends for subsistence. M. Alphonse de -Candolle tells us that we owe 33 useful plants to Mexico, Peru, and -Chili. According to the same high authority, of 157 valuable cultivated -plants 85 can be traced back to their wild state; as to 40, there is -doubt as to their origin; while 32 are utterly unknown in their -aboriginal condition. ("Geograph. Botan. Raisonnée," 1855, pp. 810-991.) -Certain roses--the imperial lily, the tuberose and the lilac--are said -to have been cultivated from such a vast antiquity that they are not -known in their wild state. (Darwin, "Animals and Plants," vol. i., p. -370.) And these facts are the more remarkable because, as De Candolle -has shown, all the plants historically known to have been first -cultivated in Europe still exist there in the wild state. (Ibid.) The -inference is strong that the great cereals--wheat, oats, barley, rye, -and maize--must have been first domesticated in a vast antiquity, or in -some continent which has since disappeared, carrying the original wild -plants with it. - - CEREALS OF THE AGE OF STONE IN EUROPE - -Darwin quotes approvingly the opinion of Mr. Bentham ("Hist. Notes Cult. -Plants"), "as the result of all the most reliable evidence that none of -the Ceralia--wheat, rye, barley, and oats--exist or have existed truly -wild in their present state." In the Stone Age of Europe five varieties -of wheat and three of barley were cultivated. (Darwin, "Animals and -Plants," vol. i., p. 382.) He says that it may be inferred, from the -presence in the lake habitations of Switzerland of a variety of wheat -known as the Egyptian wheat, and from the nature of the weeds that grew -among their crops, "that the lake inhabitants either still kept up -commercial intercourse with some southern people, or had originally -proceeded as colonists from the south." I should argue that they were -colonists from the land where wheat and barley were first domesticated, -to wit, Atlantis. And when the Bronze Age came, we find oats and rye -making their appearance with the weapons of bronze, together with a -peculiar kind of pea. Darwin concludes (Ibid., vol. i., p. 385) that -wheat, barley, rye, and oats were either descended from ten or fifteen -distinct species, "most of which are now unknown or extinct," or from -four or eight species closely resembling our present forms, or so -"widely different as to escape identification;" in which latter case, he -says, "man must have cultivated the cereals at an enormously remote -period," and at that time practised "some degree of selection." - -Rawlinson ("Ancient Monarchies," vol. i., p. 578) expresses the opinion -that the ancient Assyrians possessed the pineapple. "The representation -on the monuments is so exact that I can scarcely doubt the pineapple -being intended." (See Layard's "Nineveh and Babylon," p. 338.) The -pineapple (Bromelia ananassa) is supposed to be of American origin, and -unknown to Europe before the time of Columbus; and yet, apart from the -revelations of the Assyrian monuments, there has been some dispute upon -this point. ("Amer. Cyclop.," vol. xiii., p. 528.) - - ANCIENT IRISH PIPES - -It is not even certain that the use of tobacco was not known to the -colonists from Atlantis settled in Ireland in an age long prior to Sir -Walter Raleigh. Great numbers of pipes have been found in the raths and -tumuli of Ireland, which, there is every reason to believe, were placed -there by men of the Prehistoric Period. The illustration on p. 63 -represents some of the so-called "Danes' pipes" now in the collection of -the Royal Irish Academy. The Danes entered Ireland many centuries before -the time of Columbus, and if the pipes are theirs, they must have used -tobacco, or some substitute for it, at that early period. It is -probable, however, that the tumuli of Ireland antedate the Danes -thousands of years. - - ANCIENT INDIAN PIPE, NEW JERSEY - -Compare these pipes from the ancient mounds of Ireland with the -accompanying picture of an Indian pipe of the Stone Age of New Jersey. -("Smithsonian Rep.," 1875, p. 342.) - -Recent Portuguese travellers have found the most remote tribes of savage -negroes in Africa, holding no commercial intercourse with Europeans, -using strangely shaped pipes, in which they smoked a plant of the -country. Investigations in America lead to the conclusion that tobacco -was first burnt as an incense to the gods, the priest alone using the -pipe; and from this beginning the extraordinary practice spread to the -people, and thence over all the world. It may have crossed the Atlantic -in a remote age, and have subsequently disappeared with the failure of -retrograding colonists to raise the tobacco-plant. - -PART II. THE DELUGE. - -CHAPTER I. - -THE DESTRUCTION OF ATLANTIS DESCRIBED IN THE DELUGE LEGENDS. - -Having demonstrated, as we think successfully, that there is no -improbability in the statement of Plato that a large island, almost a -continent, existed in the past in the Atlantic Ocean, nay, more, that it -is a geological certainty that it did exist; and having further shown -that it is not improbable but very possible that it may have sunk -beneath the sea in the manner described by Plato, we come now to the -next question, Is the memory of this gigantic catastrophe preserved -among the traditions of mankind? We think there can be no doubt that an -affirmative answer must be given to this question. - -An event, which in a few hours destroyed, amid horrible convulsions, an -entire country, with all its vast population--that Population the -ancestors of the great races of both continents, and they themselves the -custodians of the civilization of their age--could not fail to impress -with terrible force the minds of men, and to project its gloomy shadow -over all human history. And hence, whether we turn to the Hebrews, the -Aryans, the Phoenicians, the Greeks, the Cushites, or the inhabitants of -America, we find everywhere traditions of the Deluge; and we shall see -that all these traditions point unmistakably to the destruction of -Atlantis. - -François Lenormant says (Contemp. Rev., Nov., 1879): - -"The result authorizes us to affirm the story of the Deluge to be a -universal tradition among all branches of the human race, with the one -exception, however, of the black. Now, a recollection thus precise and -concordant cannot be a myth voluntarily invented. No religious or -cosmogonic myth presents this character of universality. It must arise -from the reminiscence of a real and terrible event, so powerfully -impressing the imagination of the first ancestors of our race as never -to have been forgotten by their descendants. This cataclysm must have -occurred near the first cradle of mankind, and before the dispersion of -the families from which the principal races were to spring; for it would -be at once improbable and uncritical to admit that, at as many different -points of the globe as we should have to assume in order to explain the -wide spread of these traditions, local phenomena so exactly alike should -have occurred, their memory having assumed an identical form, and -presenting circumstances that need not necessarily have occurred to the -mind in such cases. - -"Let us observe, however, that probably the diluvian tradition is not -primitive, but imported in America; that it undoubtedly wears the aspect -of an importation among the rare populations of the yellow race where it -is found; and lastly, that it is doubtful among the Polynesians of -Oceania. There will still remain three great races to which it is -undoubtedly peculiar, who have not borrowed it from each other, but -among whom the tradition is primitive, and goes back to the most ancient -times, and these three races are precisely the only ones of which the -Bible speaks as being descended from Noah--those of which it gives the -ethnic filiation in the tenth chapter of Genesis. This observation, -which I hold to be undeniable, attaches a singularly historic and exact -value to the tradition as recorded by the Sacred Book, even if, on the -other hand, it may lead to giving it a more limited geographical and -ethnological significance.... - -"But, as the case now stands, we do not hesitate to declare that, far -from being a myth, the Biblical Deluge is a real and historical fact, -having, to say the least, left its impress on the ancestors of three -races--Aryan, or Indo-European, Semitic, or Syro-Arabian, Chamitic, or -Cushite--that is to say, on the three great civilized races of the -ancient world, those which constitute the higher humanity--before the -ancestors of those races had as yet separated, and in the part of Asia -they together inhabited." - -Such profound scholars and sincere Christians as M. Schoebel (Paris, -1858), and M. Omalius d'Halloy (Bruxelles, 1866), deny the universality -of the Deluge, and claim that "it extended only to the principal centre -of humanity, to those who remained near its primitive cradle, without -reaching the scattered tribes who had already spread themselves far away -in almost desert regions. It is certain that the Bible narrative -commences by relating facts common to the whole human species, confining -itself subsequently to the annals of the race peculiarly chosen by the -designs of Providence." (Lenormant and Chevallier, "Anc. Hist. of the -East," p. 44.) This theory is supported by that eminent authority on -anthropology, M. de Quatrefages, as well as by Cuvier; the Rev. R. p. -Bellynck, S.J., admits that it has nothing expressly opposed to -orthodoxy. - -Plato identifies "the great deluge of all" with the destruction of -Atlantis. The priest of Sais told Solon that before "the great deluge of -all" Athens possessed a noble race, who performed many noble deeds, the -last and greatest of which was resisting the attempts of Atlantis to -subjugate them; and after this came the destruction of Atlantis, and the -same great convulsion which overwhelmed that island destroyed a number -of the Greeks. So that the Egyptians, who possessed the memory of many -partial deluges, regarded this as "the great deluge of all." - -CHAPTER II. - -THE DELUGE OF THE BIBLE - -We give first the Bible history of the Deluge, as found in Genesis -(chap. vi. to chap. viii.): - -"And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the -earth, and daughters were born unto them, that the sons of God saw the -daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all -which they chose. - -"And the Lord said, My Spirit shall not always strive with man, for that -he also is flesh: yet his days shall be a hundred and twenty years. - -"There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when -the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare -children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of -renown. - -"And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that -every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil -continually. And it repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth, -and it grieved him at his heart. And the Lord said, I will destroy man -whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and -the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I -have made them. But Noah found grace in the eyes of the Lord. - -["These are the generations of Noah: Noah was a just man and perfect in -his generations, and Noah walked with God. And Noah begat three sons, -Shem, Ham, and Japheth.] - -"The earth also was corrupt before God; and the earth was filled with -violence. And God looked upon the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt; -for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth. And God said unto -Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled -with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the -earth. Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the -ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch. And this is the -fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of the ark shall be -three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of -it thirty cubits. A window shalt thou make to the ark, and in a cubit -shalt thou finish it above; and the door of the ark shalt thou set in -the side thereof; with lower, second, and third stories shalt thou make -it. And, behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth, -to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven; -and everything that is in the earth shall die. But with thee will I -establish my covenant; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy -sons, and thy wife, and thy sons' wives with thee. And of every living -thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to -keep them alive with thee; they shall be male and female. Of fowls after -their kind, and of cattle after their kind, of every creeping thing of -the earth after his kind; two of every sort shall come unto thee, to -keep them alive. And take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten, and -thou shalt gather it to thee; and it shall be for food for thee, and for -them. - -"Thus did Noah; according to all that God commanded him, so did he. - -"And the Lord said unto Noah, Come thou and all thy house into the ark; -for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation. Of every -clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens, the male and his female: -and of beasts that are not clean by two, the male and his female. Of -fowls also of the air by sevens, the male and the female; to keep seed -alive upon the face of all the earth. For yet seven days, and I will -cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights; and every -living substance that I have made will I destroy from off the face of -the earth. - -"And Noah did according unto all that the Lord commanded him. And Noah -was six hundred years old when the flood of waters was upon the earth. - -"And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with -him, into the ark, because of the waters of the flood. Of clean beasts, -and of beasts that are not clean, and of fowls, and of everything that -creepeth upon the earth, there went in two and two unto Noah into the -ark, the male and the female, as God had commanded Noah. - -"And it came to pass after seven days, that the waters of the flood were -upon the earth. In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second -month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the -fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were -opened. And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights. In -the selfsame day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ham, and Japheth, the sons -of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons with them, -into the ark; they, and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle -after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth -after his kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird of every sort. -And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh, -wherein is the breath of life. And they that went in, went in male and -female of all flesh, as God had commanded him: and the Lord shut him in. - -"And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the waters increased, -and bare up the ark, and it was lifted up above the earth. And the -waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth; and the ark -went upon the face of the waters. And the waters prevailed exceedingly -upon the earth; and all the high hills, that were under the whole -heaven, were covered. Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and -the mountains were covered. And all flesh died that moved upon the -earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of beast, and of every creeping -thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man: all in whose nostrils -was the breath of life, of all that was in the dry land, died. And every -living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, -both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the -heaven; and they were destroyed from the earth: and Noah only remained -alive, and they that were with him in the ark. And the waters prevailed -upon the earth a hundred and fifty days. - -"And God remembered Noah, and every living thing, and all the cattle -that was with him in the ark: and God made a wind to pass over the -earth, and the waters assuaged. The fountains also of the deep and the -windows of heaven were stopped, and the rain from heaven was restrained. -And the waters returned from off the earth continually: and after the -end of the hundred and fifty days the waters were abated. And the ark -rested in the seventh mouth, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon -the mountains of Ararat. And the waters decreased continually until the -tenth month: in the tenth month, on the first day of the mouth, were the -tops of the mountains seen. - -"And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the -window of the ark which he had made: and he sent forth a raven, which -went forth to and fro, until the waters were dried up from off the -earth. Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were -abated from off the face of the ground. But the dove found no rest for -the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark; for the -waters were on the face of the whole earth. Then he put forth his hand, -and took her, and pulled her in unto him into the ark. And he stayed yet -other seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark. And -the dove came in to him in the evening, and, lo, in her mouth was an -olive leaf plucked off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from -off the earth. And he stayed yet other seven days, and sent forth the -dove, which returned not again unto him any more. - -"And it came to pass in the six hundredth and first year, in the first -month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up from off the -earth: and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and, -behold, the face of the ground was dry. And in the second month, on the -seven and twentieth day of the month, was the earth dried. - -"And God spake unto Noah, saying, Go forth of the ark, thou, and thy -wife, and thy sons, and thy sons' wives with thee. Bring forth with thee -every living thing that is with thee, of all flesh, both of fowl and of -cattle, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth; that -they may breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and multiply -upon the earth. - -"And Noah went forth, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives -with him: every beast, every creeping thing, and every fowl, and -whatsoever creepeth upon the earth, after their kinds, went forth out of -the ark. - -"And Noah builded an altar unto the Lord; and took of every clean beast, -and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. And -the Lord smelled a sweet savour; and the Lord said in his heart, I will -not again curse the ground any more for man's sake; for the imagination -of man's heart is evil from his youth: neither will I again smite any -more every thing living, as I have done. While the earth remaineth, -seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day -and night shall not cease." - -Let us briefly consider this record. - -It shows, taken in connection with the opening chapters of Genesis: - -1. That the land destroyed by water was the country in which the -civilization of the human race originated. Adam was at first naked -(Gen., chap. iii., 7); then he clothed himself in leaves; then in the -skins of animals (chap. iii., 21): he was the first that tilled the -earth, having emerged from a more primitive condition in which he lived -upon the fruits of the forest (chap. ii., 16); his son Abel was the -first of those that kept flocks of sheep (chap. iv., 2); his son Cain -was the builder of the first city (chap. iv., 17); his descendant, -Tubal-cain, was the first metallurgist (chap. iv., 22); Jabal was the -first that erected tents and kept cattle (chap. iv., 20); Jubal was the -first that made musical instruments. We have here the successive steps -by which a savage race advances to civilization. We will see hereafter -that the Atlanteans passed through precisely similar stages of -development. - -2. The Bible agrees with Plato in the statement that these Antediluvians -had reached great populousness and wickedness, and that it was on -account of their wickedness God resolved to destroy them. - -3. In both cases the inhabitants of the doomed land were destroyed in a -great catastrophe by the agency of water; they were drowned. - -4. The Bible tells us that in an earlier age, before their destruction, -mankind had dwelt in a happy, peaceful, sinless condition in a Garden of -Eden. Plato tells us the same thing of the earlier ages of the -Atlanteans. - -6. In both the Bible history and Plato's story the destruction of the -people was largely caused by the intermarriage of the superior or divine -race, "the sons of God," with an inferior stock, "the children of men," -whereby they were degraded and rendered wicked. - -We will see hereafter that the Hebrews and their Flood legend are -closely connected with the Phoenicians, whose connection with Atlantis is -established in many ways. - -It is now conceded by scholars that the genealogical table given in the -Bible (Gen., chap. x.) is not intended to include the true negro races, -or the Chinese, the Japanese, the Finns or Lapps, the Australians, or -the American red men. It refers altogether to the Mediterranean races, -the Aryans, the Cushites, the Phoenicians, the Hebrews, and the -Egyptians. "The sons of Ham" were not true negroes, but the dark-brown -races. (See Winchell's "Preadamites," chap. vii.) - -If these races (the Chinese, Australians, Americans, etc.) are not -descended from Noah they could not have been included in the Deluge. If -neither China, Japan, America, Northern Europe, nor Australia were -depopulated by the Deluge, the Deluge could not have been universal. But -as it is alleged that it did destroy a country, and drowned all the -people thereof except Noah and his family, the country so destroyed -could not have been Europe, Asia, Africa, America, or Australia, for -there has been no universal destruction of the people of those regions; -or, if there had been, how can we account for the existence to-day of -people on all of those continents whose descent Genesis does not trace -back to Noah, and, in fact, about whom the writer of Genesis seems to -have known nothing? - -We are thus driven to one of two alternative conclusions: either the -Deluge record of the Bible is altogether fabulous, or it relates to some -land other than Europe, Asia, Africa, or Australia, some land that was -destroyed by water. It is not fabulous; and the land it refers to is not -Europe, Asia, Africa, or Australia--but Atlantis. No other land is known -to history or tradition that was overthrown in a great catastrophe by -the agency of water; that was civilized, populous, powerful, and given -over to wickedness. - -That high and orthodox authority, François Lenormant, says ("Ancient -Hist. of the East," vol. i., p. 64), "The descendants of Shem, Ham, and -Japhet, so admirably catalogued by Moses, include one only of the races -of humanity, the white race, whose three chief divisions he gives us as -now recognized by anthropologists. The other three races--yellow, black, -and red--have no place in the Bible list of nations sprung from Noah." -As, therefore, the Deluge of the Bible destroyed only the land and -people of Noah, it could not have been universal. The religious world -does not pretend to fix the location of the Garden of Eden. The Rev. -George Leo Haydock says, "The precise situation cannot be ascertained; -how great might be its extent we do not know;" and we will see hereafter -that the unwritten traditions of the Church pointed to a region in the -west, beyond the ocean which bounds Europe in that direction, as the -locality in which "mankind dwelt before the Deluge." - -It will be more and more evident, as we proceed in the consideration of -the Flood legends of other nations, that the Antediluvian World was none -other than Atlantis. - -CHAPTER III. - -THE DELUGE OF THE CHALDEANS. - -We have two versions of the Chaldean story--unequally developed, indeed, -but exhibiting a remarkable agreement. The one most anciently known, and -also the shorter, is that which Berosus took from the sacred books of -Babylon, and introduced into the history that he wrote for the use of -the Greeks. After speaking of the last nine antediluvian kings, the -Chaldean priest continues thus. - -"Obartès Elbaratutu being dead, his son Xisuthros (Khasisatra) reigned -eighteen sares (64,800 years). It was under him that the Great Deluge -took place, the history of which is told in the sacred documents as -follows: Cronos (Ea) appeared to him in his sleep, and announced that on -the fifteenth of the month of Daisios (the Assyrian month Sivan--a -little before the summer solstice) all men should perish by a flood. He -therefore commanded him to take the beginning, the middle, and the end -of whatever was consigned to writing, and to bury it in the City of the -Sun, at Sippara; then to build a vessel, and to enter it with his family -and dearest friends; to place in this vessel provisions to eat and -drink, and to cause animals, birds, and quadrupeds to enter it; lastly, -to prepare everything for navigation. And when Xisuthros inquired in -what direction he should steer his bark, he was answered, 'toward the -gods,' and enjoined to pray that good might come of it for men. - -"Xisuthros obeyed, and constructed a vessel five stadia long and five -broad; he collected all that had been prescribed to him, and embarked -his wife, his children, and his intimate friends. - -"The Deluge having come, and soon going down, Xisuthros loosed some of -the birds. These, finding no food nor place to alight on, returned to -the ship. A few days later Xisuthros again let them free, but they -returned again to the vessel, their feet full of mud. Finally, loosed -the third time, the birds came no more back. Then Xisuthros understood -that the earth was bare. He made an opening in the roof of the ship, and -saw that it had grounded on the top of a mountain. He then descended -with his wife, his daughter, and his pilot, who worshipped the earth, -raised an altar, and there sacrificed to the gods; at the same moment he -vanished with those who accompanied him. - -"Meanwhile those who had remained in the vessel, not seeing Xisutbros -return, descended too, and began to seek him, calling him by his name. -They saw Xisuthros no more; but a voice from heaven was heard commanding -them piety toward the gods; that he, indeed, was receiving the reward of -his piety in being carried away to dwell thenceforth in the midst of the -gods, and that his wife, his daughter, and the pilot of the ship shared -the same honor. The voice further said that they were to return to -Babylon, and, conformably to the decrees of fate, disinter the writings -buried at Sippara in order to transmit them to men. It added that the -country in which they found themselves was Armenia. These, then, having -heard the voice, sacrificed to the gods and returned on foot to Babylon. -Of the vessel of Xisuthros, which had finally landed in Armenia, a -portion is still to be found in the Gordyan Mountains in Armenia, and -pilgrims bring thence asphalte that they have scraped from its -fragments. It is used to keep off the influence of witchcraft. As to the -companions of Xisuthros, they came to Babylon, disinterred the writings -left at Sippara, founded numerous cities, built temples, and restored -Babylon." - -"By the side of this version," says Lenormant, "which, interesting -though it be, is, after all, second-hand, we are now able to place an -original Chaldeo-Babylonian edition, which the lamented George Smith was -the first to decipher on the cuneiform tablets exhumed at Nineveh, and -now in the British Museum. Here the narrative of the Deluge appears as -an episode in the eleventh tablet, or eleventh chant of the great epic -of the town of Uruk. The hero of this poem, a kind of Hercules, whose -name has not as yet been made out with certainty, being attacked by -disease (a kind of leprosy), goes, with a view to its cure, to consult -the patriarch saved from the Deluge, Khasisatra, in the distant land to -which the gods have transported him, there to enjoy eternal felicity. He -asks Khasisatra to reveal the secret of the events which led to his -obtaining the privilege of immortality, and thus the patriarch is -induced to relate the cataclysm. - -"By a comparison of the three copies of the poem that the library of the -palace of Nineveh contained, it has been possible to restore the -narrative with hardly any breaks. These three copies were, by order of -the King of Assyria, Asshurbanabal, made in the eighth century B.C., -from a very ancient specimen in the sacerdotal library of the town of -Uruk, founded by the monarchs of the first Chaldean empire. It is -difficult precisely to fix the date of the original, copied by Assyrian -scribes, but it certainly goes back to the ancient empire, seventeen -centuries at least before our era, and even probably beyond; it was -therefore much anterior to Moses, and nearly contemporaneous with -Abraham. The variations presented by the three existing copies prove -that the original was in the primitive mode of writing called the -hieratic, a character which must have already become difficult to -decipher in the eighth century B.C., as the copyists have differed as to -the interpretation to be given to certain signs, and in other cases have -simply reproduced exactly the forms of such as they did not understand. -Finally, it results from a comparison of these variations, that the -original, transcribed by order of Asshurbanabal, must itself have been a -copy of some still more ancient manuscript, it, which the original text -had already received interlinear comments. Some of the copyists have -introduced these into their text, others have omitted them. With these -preliminary observations, I proceed to give integrally the narrative -ascribed in the poem to Khasisatra: - -"'I will reveal to thee, O Izdhubar, the history of my preservation--and -tell to thee the decision of the gods. - -"'The town of Shurippak, a town which thou knowest, is situated on the -Euphrates--it was ancient, and in it [men did not honor] the gods. [I -alone, I was] their servant, to the great gods--[The gods took counsel -on the appeal of] Ann--[a deluge was proposed by] Bel--[and approved by -Nabon, Nergal and] Adar. - -"'And the god [Ea], the immutable lord, repeated this command in a -dream.--I listened to the decree of fate that he announced, and he said -to me:--" Man of Shurippak, son of Ubaratutu--thou, build a vessel and -finish it [quickly].--[By a deluge] I will destroy substance and -life.--Cause thou to go up into the vessel the substance of all that has -life.--The vessel thou shall build--600 cubits shall be the measure of -its length--and 60 cubits the amount of its breadth and of its height. -[Launch it] thus on the ocean, and cover it with a roof."--I understood, -and I said to Ea, my lord:--"[The vessel] that thou commandest me to -build thus--[when] I shall do it,--young and old [shall laugh at -me.]"--[Ea opened his mouth and] spoke.--He said to me, his -servant:--"[If they laugh at thee] thou shalt say to them:--[shall be -punished] he who has insulted me, [for the protection of the gods] is -over me.-- ... like to caverns ... -- ... I will exercise my -judgment on that which is on high and that which is below ... -- ... -Close the vessel ... -- ... At a given moment that I shall cause -thee to know,--enter into it, and draw the door of the ship toward -thee.--Within it, thy grains, thy furniture, thy provisions, thy riches, -thy men-servants, and thy maid-servants, and thy young people--the -cattle of the field, and the wild beasts of the plain that I will -assemble--and that I will send thee, shall be kept behind thy -door."--Khasisatra opened his mouth and spoke;--he said to Ea, his -lord:--"No one has made [such a] ship.--On the prow I will fix ... --I -shall see ... and the vessel ... --the vessel thou commandest me to -build [thus] which in...." - -"'On the fifth day [the two sides of the bark] were raised.--In its -covering fourteen in all were its rafters--fourteen in all did it count -above.--I placed its roof, and I covered it.--I embarked in it on the -sixth day; I divided its floors on the seventh;--I divided the interior -compartments on the eighth. I stopped up the chinks through which the -water entered in;--I visited the chinks, and added what was wanting.--I -poured on the exterior three times 3600 measures of asphalte,--and three -times 3600 measures of asphalte within.--Three times 3600 men, porters, -brought on their heads the chests of provisions.--I kept 3600 chests for -the nourishment of my family,--and the mariners divided among themselves -twice 3600 chests.--For [provisioning] I had oxen slain;--I instituted -[rations] for each day.--In [anticipation of the need of] drinks, of -barrels, and of wine--[I collected in quantity] like to the waters of a -river, [of provisions] in quantity like to the dust of the earth.--[To -arrange them in] the chests I set my hand to.-- ... of the sun ... -the vessel was completed.-- ... strong and--I had carried above and -below the furniture of the ship.--[This lading filled the two-thirds.] - -"'All that I possessed I gathered together; all I possessed of silver I -gathered together; all that I possessed of gold I gathered--all that I -possessed of the substance of life of every kind I gathered together.--I -made all ascend into the vessel; my servants, male and female,--the -cattle of the fields, the wild beasts of the plains, and the sons of the -people, I made them all ascend. - -"'Shamash (the sun) made the moment determined, and he announced it in -these terms:--"In the evening I will cause it to rain abundantly from -heaven; enter into the vessel and close the door."--The fixed moment had -arrived, which he announced in these terms:--"In the evening I will -cause it to rain abundantly from heaven."--When the evening of that day -arrived, I was afraid,--I entered into the vessel and shut my door.--In -shutting the vessel, to Buzur-shadi-rabi, the pilot,--I confided this -dwelling, with all that it contained. - -"'Mu-sheri-ina-namari--rose from the foundations of heaven in a black -cloud;--Ramman thundered in the midst of the cloud,--and Nabon and -Sharru marched before;--they marched, devastating the mountain and the -plain;--Nergal the powerful dragged chastisements after him;--Adar -advanced, overthrowing;--before him;--the archangels of the abyss -brought destruction,--in their terrors they agitated the earth.--The -inundation of Ramman swelled up to the sky,--and [the earth] became -without lustre, was changed into a desert. - -"'They broke ... of the surface of the earth like...;--[they -destroyed] the living beings of the surface of the earth.--The terrible -[Deluge] on men swelled up to [heaven]. The brother no longer saw his -brother; men no longer knew each other. In heaven--the gods became -afraid of the water-spout, and--sought a refuge; they mounted up to the -heaven of Anu.--The gods were stretched out motionless, pressing one -against another like dogs.--Ishtar wailed like a child, the great -goddess pronounced her discourse:--"Here is humanity returned into mud, -and--this is the misfortune that I have announced in the presence of the -gods.--So I announced the misfortune in the presence of the gods,--for -the evil I announced the terrible [chastisement] of men who are mine.--I -am the mother who gave birth to men, and--like to the race of fishes, -there they are filling the sea;--and the gods, by reason of that--which -the archangels of the abyss are doing, weep with me."--The gods on their -seats were seated in tears,--and they held their lips closed, -[revolving] future things. - -"'Six days and as many nights passed; the wind, the water-spout, and the -diluvian rain were in all their strength. At the approach of the seventh -day the diluvian rain grew weaker, the terrible water-spout--which had -assailed after the fashion of an earthquake--grew calm, the sea inclined -to dry up, and the wind and the water-spout came to an end. I looked at -the sea, attentively observing--and the whole of humanity had returned -to mud; like unto sea-weeds the corpses floated. I opened the window, -and the light smote on my face. I was seized with sadness; I sat down -and I wept;-and my tears came over my face. - -"'I looked at the regions bounding the sea: toward the twelve points of -the horizon; not any continent.--The vessel was borne above the land of -Nizir,--the mountain of Nizir arrested the vessel, and did not permit it -to pass over.--A day and a second day the mountain of Nizir arrested the -vessel, and did not permit it to pass over;--the third and fourth day -the mountain of Nizir arrested the vessel, and did not permit it to pass -over;--the fifth and sixth day the mountain of Nizir arrested the -vessel, and did not permit it to pass over. At the approach of the -seventh day, I sent out and loosed a dove. The dove went, turned, -and--found no place to light on, and it came back. I sent out and loosed -a swallow; the swallow went, turned, and--found no place to light on, -and it came back. I sent out and loosed a raven; the raven went and saw -the corpses on the waters; it ate, rested, turned, and came not back. - -"'I then sent out (what was in the vessel) toward the four winds, and I -offered a sacrifice. I raised the pile of my burnt-offering on the peak -of the mountain; seven by seven I disposed the measured vases,--and -beneath I spread rushes, cedar, and juniper-wood. The gods were seized -with the desire of it--the gods were seized with a benevolent desire of -it;--and the gods assembled like flies above the master of the -sacrifice. From afar, in approaching, the great goddess raised the great -zones that Anu has made for their glory (the gods). These gods, luminous -crystal before me, I will never leave them; in that day I prayed that I -might never leave them. "Let the gods come to my sacrificial pile!--but -never may Bel come to my sacrificial pile! for he did not master -himself, and he has made the water-spout for the Deluge, and he has -numbered my men for the pit." - -"'From far, in drawing near, Bel--saw the vessel, and Bel stopped;--he -was filled with anger against the gods and the celestial archangels:-- - -"'"No one shall come out alive! No man shall be preserved from the -abyss!"--Adar opened his mouth and said; he said to the warrior -Bel:--"What other than Ea should have formed this resolution?--for Ea -possesses knowledge, and [he foresees] all."--Ea opened his mouth and -spake; he said to the warrior Bel:--"O thou, herald of the gods, -warrior,--as thou didst not master thyself, thou hast made the -water-spout of the Deluge.--Let the sinner carry the weight of his sins, -the blasphemer the weight of his blasphemy.--Please thyself with this -good pleasure, and it shall never be infringed; faith in it never [shall -be violated].--Instead of thy making a new deluge, let lions appear and -reduce the number of men;--instead of thy making a new deluge, let -hyenas appear and reduce the number of men;--instead of thy making a new -deluge, let there be famine, and let the earth be [devastated];--instead -of thy making a new deluge, let Dibbara appear, and let men be [mown -down]. I have not revealed the decision of the great gods;--it is -Khasisatra who interpreted a dream and comprehended what the gods had -decided." - -"'Then, when his resolve was arrested, Bel entered into the vessel.--He -took my hand and made me rise.--He made my wife rise, and made her place -herself at my side--He turned around us and stopped short; he -approached our group.--"Until now Khasisatra has made part of perishable -humanity;--but lo, now Khasisatra and his wife are going to be carried -away to live like the gods,--and Khasisatra will reside afar at the -mouth of the rivers."--They carried me away, and established me in a -remote place at the mouth of the streams.'" - -"This narrative," says Lenormant, "follows with great exactness the same -course as that, or, rather, as those of Genesis; and the analogies are, -on both sides, striking." - -When we consider these two forms of the same legend, we see many points -wherein the story points directly to Atlantis. - -1. In the first place, Berosus tells us that the god who gave warning of -the coming of the Deluge was Chronos. Chronos, it is well known, was the -same as Saturn. Saturn was an ancient king of Italy, who, far anterior -to the founding of Rome, introduced civilization from some other country -to the Italians. He established industry and social order, filled the -land with plenty, and created the golden age of Italy. He was suddenly -removed to the abodes of the gods. His name is connected, in the -mythological legends, with "a great Saturnian continent" in the Atlantic -Ocean, and a great kingdom which, in the remote ages, embraced Northern -Africa and the European coast of the Mediterranean as far as the -peninsula of Italy, and "certain islands in the sea;" agreeing, in this -respect, with the story of Plato as to the dominions of Atlantis. The -Romans called the Atlantic Ocean "Chronium Mare," the Sea of Chronos, -thus identifying Chronos with that ocean. The pillars of Hercules were -also called by the ancients "the pillars of Chronos." - -Here, then, we have convincing testimony that the country referred to in -the Chaldean legends was the land of Chronos, or Saturn--the ocean -world, the dominion of Atlantis. - -2. Hea or Ea, the god of the Nineveh tablets, was a fish-god: he was -represented in the Chaldean monuments as half man and half fish; he was -described as the god, not of the rivers and seas, but of "the abyss"--to -wit, the ocean. He it was who was said to have brought civilization and -letters to the ancestors of the Assyrians. He clearly represented an -ancient, maritime, civilized nation; he came from the ocean, and was -associated with some land and people that had been destroyed by rain and -inundations. The fact that the scene of the Deluge is located on the -Euphrates proves nothing, for we will see hereafter that almost every -nation had its especial mountain on which, according to its traditions, -the ark rested; just as every Greek tribe had its own particular -mountain of Olympos. The god Bel of the legend was the Baal of the -Phoenicians, who, as we shall show, were of Atlantean origin. Bel, or -Baal, was worshipped on the western and northern coasts of Europe, and -gave his name to the Baltic, the Great and Little Belt, Balesbaugen, -Balestranden, etc.; and to many localities, in the British Islands, as, -for instance, Belan and the Baal hills in Yorkshire. - -3. In those respects wherein the Chaldean legend, evidently the older -form of the tradition, differs from the Biblical record, we see that in -each instance we approach nearer to Atlantis. The account given in -Genesis is the form of the tradition that would be natural to an inland -people. Although there is an allusion to "the breaking up of the -fountains of the great deep" (about which I shall speak more fully -hereafter), the principal destruction seems to have been accomplished by -rain; hence the greater period allowed for the Deluge, to give time -enough for the rain to fall, and subsequently drain off from the land. A -people dwelling in the midst of a continent could not conceive the -possibility of a whole world sinking beneath the sea; they therefore -supposed the destruction to have been caused by a continuous down-pour -of rain for forty days and forty nights. - -In the Chaldean legend, on the contrary, the rain lasted but seven days; -and we see that the writer had a glimpse of the fact that the -destruction occurred in the midst of or near the sea. The ark of Genesis -(têbâh) was simply a chest, a coffer, a big box, such as might be -imagined by an inland people. The ark of the Chaldeans was a veritable -ship; it had a prow, a helm, and a pilot, and men to manage it; and it -navigated "the sea." - -4. The Chaldean legend represents not a mere rain-storm, but a -tremendous cataclysm. There was rain, it is true, but there was also -thunder, lightning, earthquakes, wind, a water-spout, and a devastation -of mountain and land by the war of the elements. All the dreadful forces -of nature were fighting together over the doomed land: "the archangel of -the abyss brought destruction," "the water rose to the sky," "the -brother no longer saw his brother; men no longer knew each other;" the -men "filled the sea like fishes;" the sea was filled with mud, and "the -corpses floated like sea-weed." When the storm abated the land had -totally disappeared-there was no longer "any continent." Does not all -this accord with "that dreadful day and night" described by Plato? - -5. In the original it appears that Izdhubar, when he started to find the -deified Khasisatra, travelled first, for nine days' journey, to the sea; -then secured the services of a boatman, and, entering a ship, sailed for -fifteen days before finding the Chaldean Noah. This would show that -Khasisatra dwelt in a far country, one only attainable by crossing the -water; and this, too, seems like a reminiscence of the real site of -Atlantis. The sea which a sailing-vessel required fifteen days to cross -must have been a very large body of water; in fact, an ocean. - -CHAPTER IV. - -THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF OTHER NATIONS. - -A collection of the Deluge legends of other nations will throw light -upon the Biblical and Chaldean records of that great event. - -The author of the treatise "On the Syrian Goddess" acquaints us with the -diluvian tradition of the Arameans, directly derived from that of -Chaldea, as it was narrated in the celebrated Sanctuary of Hierapolis, -or Bambyce. - -"The generality of people," he says, "tells us that the founder of the -temple was Deucalion Sisythes--that Deucalion in whose time the great -inundation occurred. I have also heard the account given by the Greeks -themselves of Deucalion; the myth runs thus: The actual race of men is -not the first, for there was a previous one, all the members of which -perished. We belong to a second race, descended from Deucalion, and -multiplied in the course of time. As to the former men, they are said to -have been full of insolence and pride, committing many crimes, -disregarding their oath, neglecting the rights of hospitality, unsparing -to suppliants; accordingly, they were punished by an immense disaster. -All on a sudden enormous volumes of water issued from the earth, and -rains of extraordinary abundance began to fall; the rivers left their -beds, and the sea overflowed its shores; the whole earth was covered -with water, and all men perished. Deucalion alone, because of his virtue -and piety, was preserved alive to give birth to a new race. This is how -he was saved: He placed himself, his children, and his wives in a great -coffer that he had, in which pigs, horses, lions, serpents, and all -other terrestrial animals came to seek refuge with him. He received them -all; and while they were in the coffer Zeus inspired them with -reciprocal amity, which prevented their devouring one another. In this -manner, shut up within one single coffer, they floated as long as the -waters remained in force. Such is the account given by the Greeks of -Deucalion. - -"But to this, which they equally tell, the people of Hierapolis add a -marvellous narrative: That in their country a great chasm opened, into -which all the waters of the Deluge poured. Then Deucalion raised an -altar, and dedicated a temple to Hera (Atargatis) close to this very -chasm. I have seen it; it is very narrow, and situated under the temple. -Whether it was once large, and has now shrunk, I do not know; but I have -seen it, and it is quite small. In memory of the event the following is -the rite accomplished: Twice a year sea-water is brought to the temple. -This is not only done by the priests, but numerous pilgrims come from -the whole of Syria and Arabia, and even from beyond the Euphrates, -bringing water. It is poured out in the temple and goes into the cleft, -which, narrow as it is, swallows up a considerable quantity. This is -said to be in virtue of a religious law instituted by Deucalion to -preserve the memory of the catastrophe, and of the benefits that he -received from the gods. Such is the ancient tradition of the temple." - -"It appears to me difficult," says Lenormant, "not to recognize an echo -of fables popular in all Semitic countries about this chasm of -Hierapolis, and the part it played in the Deluge, in the enigmatic -expressions of the Koran respecting the oven (tannur) which began to -bubble and disgorge water all around at the commencement of the Deluge. -We know that this tannur has been the occasion of most grotesque -imaginings of Mussulman commentators, who had lost the tradition of the -story to which Mohammed made allusion. And, moreover, the Koran formally -states that the waters of the Deluge were absorbed in the bosom of the -earth." - -Here the Xisuthros of Berosus becomes Deucalion-Sisythes. The animals -are not collected together by Deucalion, as in the case of Noah and -Khasisatra, but they crowded into the vessel of their own accord, driven -by the terror with which the storm had inspired them; as in great -calamities the creatures of the forest have been known to seek refuge in -the houses of men. - -India affords us an account of the Deluge which, by its poverty, -strikingly contrasts with that of the Bible and the Chaldeans. Its most -simple and ancient form is found in the Çatapatha Brâhmana of the -Rig-Veda. It has been translated for the first time by Max Müller. - -"One morning water for washing was brought to Mann, and when he had -washed himself a fish remained in his hands, and it addressed these -words to him: 'Protect me, and I will save thee.' 'From what wilt thou -save me?' 'A deluge will sweep all creatures away; it is from that I -will save thee.' 'How shall I protect thee?' The fish replied, 'While we -are small we run great dangers, for fish swallow fish. Keep me at first -in a vase; when I become too large for it, dig a basin to put me into. -When I shall have grown still more, throw me into the ocean; then I -shall be preserved from destruction.' Soon it grew a large fish. It said -to Mann, 'The very year I shall have reached my full growth the Deluge -will happen. Then build a vessel and worship me. When the waters rise, -enter the vessel, and I will save thee.' - -"After keeping him thus, Mann carried the fish to the sea. In the year -indicated Mann built a vessel and worshipped the fish. And when the -Deluge came he entered the vessel. Then the fish came swimming up to -him, and Mann fastened the cable of the ship to the horn of the fish, by -which means the latter made it pass over the Mountain of the North. The -fish said, 'I have saved thee; fasten the vessel to a tree, that the -water may not sweep it away while thou art on the mountain; and in -proportion as the waters decrease thou shalt descend.' Mann descended -with the waters, and this is what is called the descent of Mann on the -Mountain of the North. The Deluge had carried away all creatures, and -Mann remained alone." - -There is another form of the Hindoo legend in the Purânas. Lenormant -says: - -"We must also remark that in the Purânas it is no longer Mann Vaivasata -that the divine fish saves from the Deluge, but a different personage, -the King of the Dâstas--i. e., fisher--Satyravata, 'the man who loves -justice and truth,' strikingly corresponding to the Chaldean Khasisatra. -Nor is the Puranic version of the Legend of the Deluge to be despised, -though it be of recent date, and full of fantastic and often puerile -details. In certain aspects it is less Aryanized than that of Brâhmana -or than the Mahâbhârata; and, above all, it gives some circumstances -omitted in these earlier versions, which must yet have belonged to the -original foundation, since they appear in the Babylonian legend; a -circumstance preserved, no doubt, by the oral tradition--popular, and -not Brahmanic--with which the Purânas are so deeply imbued. This has -already been observed by Pictet, who lays due stress on the following -passage of the Bhâgavata-Purâna: 'In seven days,' said Vishnu to -Satyravata, 'the three worlds shall be submerged.' There is nothing like -this in the Brâhmana nor the Mahâbhârata, but in Genesis the Lord says -to Noah, 'Yet seven days and I will cause it to rain upon the earth;' -and a little farther we read, 'After seven days the waters of the flood -were upon the earth.'... Nor must we pay less attention to the -directions given by the fish-god to Satyravata for the placing of the -sacred Scriptures in a safe place, in order to preserve them from -Hayagriva, a marine horse dwelling in the abyss.... We recognize in -it, under an Indian garb, the very tradition of the interment of the -sacred writings at Sippara by Khasisatra, such as we have seen it in the -fragment of Berosus." - -The references to "the three worlds" and the "fish-god" in these legends -point to Atlantis. The "three worlds" probably refers to the great -empire of Atlantis, described by Plato, to wit, the western continent, -America, the eastern continent, Europe and Africa, considered as one, -and the island of Atlantis. As we have seen, Poseidon, the founder of -the civilization of Atlantis, is identical with Neptune, who is always -represented riding a dolphin, bearing a trident, or three-pronged -symbol, in his hand, emblematical probably of the triple kingdom. He is -thus a sea-god, or fish-god, and he comes to save the representative of -his country. - -And we have also a new and singular form of the legend in the following. -Lenormant says: - -"Among the Iranians, in the sacred books containing the fundamental -Zoroastrian doctrines, and dating very far back, we meet with a -tradition which must assuredly be looked upon as a variety of that of -the Deluge, though possessing a special character, and diverging in some -essential particulars from those we have been examining. It relates how -Yima, who, in the original and primitive conception, was the father of -the human race, was warned by Ahuramazda, the good deity, of the earth -being about to be devastated by a flood. The god ordered Yima to -construct a refuge, a square garden, vara, protected by an enclosure, -and to cause the germs of men, beasts, and plants to enter it, in order -to escape annihilation. Accordingly, when the inundation occurred, the -garden of Yima, with all that it contained, was alone spared, and the -message of safety was brought thither by the bird Karshipta, the envoy -of Ahuramazda." ("Vendûdid," vol. ii., p. 46.) - -This clearly signifies that, prior to the destruction of Atlantis, a -colony had been sent out to some neighboring country. These emigrants -built a walled town, and brought to it the grains and domestic animals -of the mother country; and when the island of Atlantis sunk in the -ocean, a messenger brought the terrible tidings to them in a ship. - -"The Greeks had two principal legends as to the cataclysm by which -primitive humanity was destroyed. The first was connected with the name -of Ogyges, the most ancient of the kings of Boeotia or Attica--a quite -mythical personage, lost in the night of ages, his very name seemingly -derived from one signifying deluge in Aryan idioms, in Sanscrit Angha. -It is said that in his time the whole land was covered by a flood, whose -waters reached the sky, and from which he, together with some -companions, escaped in a vessel. - -"The second tradition is the Thessalian legend of Deucalion. Zeus having -worked to destroy the men of the age of bronze, with whose crimes he was -wroth, Deucalion, by the advice of Prometheus, his father, constructed a -coffer, in which he took refuge with his wife, Pyrrha. The Deluge came; -the chest, or coffer, floated at the mercy of the waves for nine days -and nine nights, and was finally stranded on Mount Parnassus. Deucalion -and Pyrrha leave it, offer sacrifice, and, according to the command of -Zeus, repeople the world by throwing behind them 'the bones of the -earth'--namely, stones, which change into men. This Deluge of Deucalion -is, in Grecian tradition, what most resembles a universal deluge. Many -authors affirm that it extended to the whole earth, and that the whole -human race perished. At Athens, in memory of the event, and to appease -the manes of its victims, a ceremony called Hydrophoria was observed, -having so close a resemblance to that in use at Hierapolis, in Syria, -that we can hardly fail to look upon it as a Syro-Phoenician importation, -and the result of an assimilation established in remote antiquity -between the Deluge of Deucalion and that of Khasisatra, as described by -the author of the treatise 'On the Syrian Goddess.' Close to the temple -of the Olympian Zeus a fissure in the soil was shown, in length but one -cubit, through which it was said the waters of the Deluge had been -swallowed up. Thus, every year, on the third day of the festival of the -Anthestéria, a day of mourning consecrated to the dead--that is, on the -thirteenth of the month of Anthestérion, toward the beginning of -March--it was customary, as at Bambyce, to pour water into the fissure, -together with flour mixed with honey, poured also into the trench dug to -the west of the tomb, in the funeral sacrifices of the Athenians." - -In this legend, also, there are passages which point to Atlantis. We -will see hereafter that the Greek god Zeus was one of the kings of -Atlantis. "The men of the age of bronze" indicates the civilization of -the doomed people; they were the great metallurgists of their day, who, -as we will see, were probably the source of the great number of -implements and weapons of bronze found all over Europe. Here, also, -while no length of time is assigned to the duration of the storm, we -find that the ark floated but nine days and nights. Noah was one year -and ten days in the ark, Khasisatra was not half that time, while -Deucalion was afloat only nine days. - -At Megara, in Greece, it was the eponym of the city, Megaros, son of -Zeus and one of the nymphs, Sithnides, who, warned by the cry of cranes -of the imminence of the danger of the coming flood, took refuge on Mount -Geranien. Again, there was the Thessalian Cerambos, who was said to have -escaped the flood by rising into the air on wings given him by the -nymphs; and it was Perirrhoos, son of Eolus, that Zeus Naios had -preserved at Dodona. For the inhabitants of the Isle of Cos the hero of -the Deluge was Merops, son of Hyas, who there assembled under his rule -the remnant of humanity preserved with him. The traditions of Rhodes -only supposed the Telchines, those of Crete Sasion, to have escaped the -cataclysm. In Samothracia the same character was attributed to Saon, -said to be the son of Zeus or of Hermes. - -It will be observed that in all these legends the name of Zeus, King of -Atlantis, reappears. It would appear probable that many parties had -escaped from the catastrophe, and had landed at the different points -named in the traditions; or else that colonies had already been -established by the Atlanteans at those places. It would appear -impossible that a maritime people could be totally destroyed; doubtless -many were on shipboard in the harbors, and others going and coming on -distant voyages. - -"The invasion of the East," says Baldwin ('Prehistoric Nations,' p. -396), "to which the story of Atlantis refers, seems to have given rise -to the Panathenæ, the oldest, greatest, and most splendid festivals in -honor of Athena celebrated in Attica. These festivals are said to have -been established by Erichthonis in the most ancient times remembered by -the historical traditions of Athens. Boeckh says of them, in his -'Commentary on Plato:' - -"'In the greater Panathenæ there was carried in procession a peplum of -Minerva, representing the war with the giants and the victory of the -gods of Olympus. In the lesser Panathenæ they carried another peplum -(covered with symbolic devices), which showed how the Athenians, -supported by Minerva, had the advantage in the war with the Atlantes.' A -scholia quoted from Proclus by Humboldt and Boeckh says: 'The historians -who speak of the islands of the exterior sea tell us that in their time -there were seven islands consecrated to Proserpine, and three others of -immense extent, of which the first was consecrated to Pluto, the second -to Ammon, and the third to Neptune. The inhabitants of the latter had -preserved a recollection (transmitted to them by their ancestors) of the -island of Atlantis, which was extremely large, and for a long time held -sway over all the islands of the Atlantic Ocean. Atlantis was also -consecrated to Neptune."' (See Humboldt's "Histoire de la Géographie du -Nouveau Continent," vol. i.) - -No one can read these legends and doubt that the Flood was an -historical reality. It is impossible that in two different places in the -Old World, remote from each other, religious ceremonies should have been -established and perpetuated from age to age in memory of an event which -never occurred. We have seen that at Athens and at Hierapolis, in Syria, -pilgrims came from a distance to appease the god of the earthquake, by -pouring offerings into fissures of the earth said to have been made at -the time Atlantis was destroyed. - -More than this, we know from Plato's history that the Athenians long -preserved in their books the memory of a victory won over the Atlanteans -in the early ages, and celebrated it by national festivals, with -processions and religious ceremonies. - -It is too much to ask us to believe that Biblical history, Chaldean, -Iranian, and Greek legends signify nothing, and that even religious -pilgrimages and national festivities were based upon a myth. - -I would call attention to the farther fact that in the Deluge legend of -the Isle of Cos the hero of the affair was Merops. Now we have seen -that, according to Theopompus, one of the names of the people of -Atlantis was "Meropes." - -But we have not reached the end of our Flood legends. The Persian Magi -possessed a tradition in which the waters issued from the oven of an old -woman. Mohammed borrowed this story, and in the Koran he refers to the -Deluge as coming from an oven. "All men were drowned save Noah and his -family; and then God said, 'O earth, swallow up thy waters; and thou, O -heaven, withhold thy rain;' and immediately the waters abated." - -In the bardic poems of Wales we have a tradition of the Deluge which, -although recent, under the concise forms of the triads, is still -deserving of attention. As usual, the legend is localized in the -country, and the Deluge counts among three terrible catastrophes of the -island of Prydian, or Britain, the other two consisting of devastation -by fire and by drought. - -"The first of these events," it is said, "was the eruption of -Llyn-llion, or 'the lake of waves,' and the inundation (bawdd) of the -whole country, by which all mankind was drowned with the exception of -Dwyfam and Dwyfach, who saved themselves in a vessel without rigging, -and it was by them that the island of Prydian was repeopled." - -Pictet here observes: - -"Although the triads in their actual form hardly date farther than the -thirteenth or fourteenth century, some of them are undoubtedly connected -with very ancient traditions, and nothing here points to a borrowing -from Genesis. - -"But it is not so, perhaps, with another triad, speaking of the vessel -Nefyddnaf-Neifion, which at the time of the overflow of Llyon-llion, -bore a pair of all living creatures, and rather too much resembles the -ark of Noah. The very name of the patriarch may have suggested this -triple epithet, obscure as to its meaning, but evidently formed on the -principle of Cymric alliteration. In the same triad we have the -enigmatic story of the horned oxen (ychain banog) of Hu the mighty, who -drew out of Llyon-llion the avanc (beaver or crocodile?), in order that -the lake should not overflow. The meaning of these enigmas could only be -hoped from deciphering the chaos of barbaric monuments of the Welsh -middle age; but meanwhile we cannot doubt that the Cymri possessed an -indigenous tradition of the Deluge." - -We also find a vestige of the same tradition in the Scandinavian Edda. -Here the story is combined with a cosmogonic myth. The three sons of -Borr--Othin, Wili, and We--grandsons of Buri, the first man, slay Ymir, -the father of the Hrimthursar, or ice giants, and his body serves them -for the construction of the world. Blood flows from his wounds in such -abundance that all the race of giants is drowned in it except Bergelmir, -who saves himself, with his wife, in a boat, and reproduces the race. - -In the Edda of Soemund, "The Vala's Prophecy" (stz. 48-56, p. 9), we seem -to catch traditional glimpses of a terrible catastrophe, which reminds -us of the Chaldean legend: - -"Then trembles Yggdrasil's ash yet standing, groans that ancient tree, -and the Jötun Loki is loosed. The shadows groan on the ways of Hel (the -goddess of death), until the fire of Surt has consumed the tree. Hyrm -steers from the east, the waters rise, the mundane snake is coiled in -jötun-rage. The worm beats the water and the eagle screams; the pale of -beak tears carcasses; (the ship) Naglfar is loosed. Surt from the south -comes with flickering flame; shines from his sword the Valgod's sun. The -stony hills are dashed together, the giantesses totter; men tread the -path of Hel, and heaven is cloven. The sun darkens, earth in ocean -sinks, fall from heaven the bright stars, fire's breath assails the -all-nourishing, towering fire plays against heaven itself." - -Egypt does not contain a single allusion to the Flood. Lenormant says: - -"While the tradition of the Deluge holds so considerable a place in the -legendary memories of all branches of the Aryan race, the monuments and -original texts of Egypt, with their many cosmogonic speculations, have -not afforded one, even distant, allusion to this cataclysm. When the -Greeks told the Egyptian priests of the Deluge of Deucalion, their reply -was that they had been preserved from it as well as from the -conflagration produced by Phaëthon; they even added that the Hellenes -were childish in attaching so much importance to that event, as there -had been several other local catastrophes resembling it. According to a -passage in Manetho, much suspected, however, of being an interpolation, -Thoth, or Hermes Trismegistus, had himself, before the cataclysm, -inscribed on stelæ, in hieroglyphical and sacred language, the -principles of all knowledge. After it the second Thoth translated into -the vulgar tongue the contents of these stelæ. This would be the only -Egyptian mention of the Deluge, the same Manetho not speaking of it in -what remains to us of his 'Dynasties,' his only complete authentic work. -The silence of all other myths of the Pharaonic religion on this head -render it very likely that the above is merely a foreign tradition, -recently introduced, and no doubt of Asiatic and Chaldean origin." - -To my mind the explanation of this singular omission is very plain. The -Egyptians had preserved in their annals the precise history of the -destruction of Atlantis, out of which the Flood legends grew; and, as -they told the Greeks, there had been no universal flood, but only local -catastrophes. Possessing the real history of the local catastrophe which -destroyed Atlantis, they did not indulge in any myths about a universal -deluge covering the mountain-tops of all the world. They had no Ararat -in their neighborhood. - -The traditions of the early Christian ages touching the Deluge pointed -to the quarter of the world in which Atlantis was situated. - -There was a quaint old monk named Cosmos, who, about one thousand years -ago, published a book, "Topographia Christiana," accompanied by a map, -in which he gives his view of the world as it was then understood. It -was a body surrounded by water, and resting on nothing. "The earth," -says Cosmos, "presses downward, but the igneous parts tend upward," and -between the conflicting forces the earth hangs suspended, like -Mohammed's coffin in the old story. The accompanying illustration (page -95) represents the earth surrounded by the ocean, and beyond this ocean -was "the land where men dwelt before the Deluge." - -He then gives us a more accurate map, in detail, of the known world of -his day. - -I copy this map, not to show how much more we know than poor Cosmos, but -because he taught that all around this habitable world there was yet -another world, adhering closely on all sides to the circumscribing walls -of heaven. "Upon the eastern side of this transmarine land he judges man -was created; and that there the paradise of gladness was located, such -as here on the eastern edge is described, where it received our first -parents, driven out of Paradise to that extreme point of land on the -sea-shore. Hence, upon the coming of the Deluge, Noah and his sons were -borne by the ark to the earth we now inhabit. The four rivers he -supposes to be gushing up the spouts of Paradise." They are depicted on -the above map: O is the Mediterranean Sea; P, the Arabian Gulf; L, the -Caspian Sea; Q, the Tigris; M, the river Pison; "and J, the land where -men dwelt before the Flood." - -It will be observed that, while he locates Paradise in the east, he -places the scene of the Deluge in the west; and he supposes that Noah -came from the scene of the Deluge to Europe. - -This shows that the traditions in the time of Cosmos looked to the west -as the place of the Deluge, and that after the Deluge Noah came to the -shores of the Mediterranean. The fact, too, that there was land in the -west beyond the ocean is recognized by Cosmos, and is probably a dim -echo from Atlantean times. - - MAP OF EUROPE, AFTER COSMOS - -The following rude cut, from Cosmos, represents the high mountain in the -north behind which the sun hid himself at night, thus producing the -alternations of day and night. His solar majesty is just getting behind -the mountain, while Luna looks calmly on at the operation. The mountain -is as crooked as Culhuacan, the crooked mountain of Atzlan described by -the Aztecs. - - THE MOUNTAIN THE SUN GOES BEHIND AT NIGHT - -CHAPTER V - -THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICA. - -"It is a very remarkable fact," says Alfred Maury, "that we find in -America traditions of the Deluge coming infinitely nearer to that of the -Bible and the Chaldean religion than among any people of the Old World. -It is difficult to suppose that the emigration that certainly took place -from Asia into North America by the Kourile and Aleutian Islands, and -still does so in our day, should have brought in these memories, since -no trace is found of them among those Mongol or Siberian populations -which were fused with the natives of the New World.... The attempts -that have been made to trace the origin of Mexican civilization to Asia -have not as yet led to any sufficiently conclusive facts. Besides, had -Buddhism, which we doubt, made its way into America, it could not have -introduced a myth not found in its own scriptures. The cause of these -similarities between the diluvian traditions of the nations of the New -World and that of the Bible remains therefore unexplained." - -The cause of these similarities can be easily explained: the legends of -the Flood did not pass into America by way of the Aleutian Islands, or -through the Buddhists of Asia, but were derived from an actual knowledge -of Atlantis possessed by the people of America. - -Atlantis and the western continent had from an immemorial age held -intercourse with each other: the great nations of America were simply -colonies from Atlantis, sharing in its civilization, language, religion, -and blood. From Mexico to the peninsula of Yucatan, from the shores of -Brazil to the heights of Bolivia and Peru, from the Gulf of Mexico to -the head-waters of the Mississippi River, the colonies of Atlantis -extended; and therefore it is not strange to find, as Alfred Maury says, -American traditions of the Deluge coming nearer to that of the Bible and -the Chaldean record than those of any people of the Old World. - -"The most important among the American traditions are the Mexican, for -they appear to have been definitively fixed by symbolic and mnemonic -paintings before any contact with Europeans. According to these -documents, the Noah of the Mexican cataclysm was Coxcox, called by -certain peoples Teocipactli or Tezpi. He had saved himself, together -with his wife Xochiquetzal, in a bark, or, according to other -traditions, on a raft made of cypress-wood (Cupressus disticha). -Paintings retracing the deluge of Coxcox have been discovered among the -Aztecs, Miztecs, Zapotecs, Tlascaltecs, and Mechoacaneses. The tradition -of the latter is still more strikingly in conformity with the story as -we have it in Genesis, and in Chaldean sources. It tells how Tezpi -embarked in a spacious vessel with his wife, his children, and several -animals, and grain, whose preservation was essential to the subsistence -of the human race. When the great god Tezcatlipoca decreed that the -waters should retire, Tezpi sent a vulture from the bark. The bird, -feeding on the carcasses with which the earth was laden, did not return. -Tezpi sent out other birds, of which the humming-bird only came back -with a leafy branch in its beak. Then Tezpi, seeing that the country -began to vegetate, left his bark on the mountain of Colhuacan. - -"The document, however, that gives the most valuable information," says -Lenormant, "as to the cosmogony of the Mexicans is one known as 'Codex -Vaticanus,' from the library where it is preserved. It consists of four -symbolic pictures, representing the four ages of the world preceding the -actual one. They were copied at Chobula from a manuscript anterior to -the conquest, and accompanied by the explanatory commentary of Pedro de -los Rios, a Dominican monk, who, in 1566, less than fifty years after -the arrival of Cortez, devoted himself to the research of indigenous -traditions as being necessary to his missionary work." - -There were, according to this document, four ages of the world. The -first was an age of giants (the great mammalia?) who were destroyed by -famine; the second age ended in a conflagration; the third age was an -age of monkeys. - -"Then comes the fourth age, Atonatiuh, 'Sun of Water,' whose number is -10 X 400 + 8, or 4008. It ends by a great inundation, a veritable -deluge. All mankind are changed into fish, with the exception of one man -and his wife, who save themselves in a bark made of the trunk of a -cypress-tree. The picture represents Matlalcueye, goddess of waters, and -consort of Tlaloc, god of rain, as darting down toward earth. Coxcox and -Xochiquetzal, the two human beings preserved, are seen seated on a -tree-trunk and floating in the midst of the waters. This flood is -represented as the last cataclysm that devastates the earth." - -The learned Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg translates from the Aztec -language of the "Codex Chimalpopoca" the following Flood legend: - -"This is the sun called Nahui-atl, '4 water.' Now the water was tranquil -for forty years, plus twelve, and men lived for the third and fourth -times. When the sun Nahui-atl came there had passed away four hundred -years, plus two ages, plus seventy-six years. Then all mankind was lost -and drowned, and found themselves changed into fish. The sky came nearer -the water. In a single day all was lost, and the day Nahui-xochitl, '4 -flower,' destroyed all our flesh. - -"And that year was that of cé-calli, '1 house,' and the day Nahui-atl -all was lost. Even the mountains sunk into the water, and the water -remained tranquil for fifty-two springs. - -"Now at the end of the year the god Titlacahuan had warned Nata and his -spouse Nena, saying, 'Make no more wine of Agave, but begin to hollow -out a great cypress, and you will enter into it when in the month -Tozontli the water approaches the sky.' - -"Then they entered in, and when the god had closed the door, he said, -'Thou shalt eat but one ear of maize, and thy wife one also.' - -"But as soon as they had finished they went out, and the water remained -calm, for the wood no longer moved, and, on opening it, they began to -see fish. - -"Then they lit a fire, by rubbing together pieces of wood, and they -roasted fish. - -"The gods Citlallinicué and Citlalatonac, instantly looking down said: -'Divine Lord, what is that fire that is making there? Why do they thus -smoke the sky?' At once Titlacahuan-Tezcatlipoca descended. He began to -chide, saying, 'Who has made this fire here?' And, seizing hold of the -fish, he shaped their loins and heads, and they were transformed into -dogs (chichime)." - -Here we note a remarkable approximation to Plato's account of the -destruction of Atlantis. "In one day and one fatal night," says Plato, -"there came mighty earthquakes and inundations that ingulfed that -warlike people." "In a single day all was lost," says the Aztec legend. -And, instead of a rainfall of forty days and forty nights, as -represented in the Bible, here we see "in a single day ... even the -mountains sunk into the water;" not only the land on which the people -dwelt who were turned into fish, but the very mountains of that land -sunk into the water. Does not this describe the fate of Atlantis? In the -Chaldean legend "the great goddess Ishtar wailed like a child," saying, -"I am the mother who gave birth to men, and, like to the race of fishes, -they are filling the sea." - -In the account in Genesis, Noah "builded an altar unto the Lord, and -took of every clean beast, and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt -offerings on the altar. And the Lord smelled a sweet savor; and the Lord -said in his heart, 'I will not again curse the ground any more for man's -sake.'" In the Chaldean legend we are told that Khasisatra also offered -a sacrifice, a burnt offering, "and the gods assembled like flies above -the master of the sacrifice." But Bel came in a high state of -indignation, just as the Aztec god did, and was about to finish the work -of the Deluge, when the great god Ea took pity in his heart and -interfered to save the remnant of mankind. - -These resemblances cannot be accidental; neither can they be the -interpolations of Christian missionaries, for it will be observed the -Aztec legends differ from the Bible in points where they resemble on the -one hand Plato's record, and on the other the Chaldean legend. - -The name of the hero of the Aztec story, Nata, pronounced with the broad -sound of the a, is not far from the name of Noah or Noe. The Deluge of -Genesis is a Phoenician, Semitic, or Hebraic legend, and yet, strange to -say, the name of Noah, which occurs in it, bears no appropriate meaning -in those tongues, but is derived from Aryan sources; its fundamental -root is Na, to which in all the Aryan language is attached the meaning -of water--{Greek} na'ein, to flow; {Greek} na~ma, water; Nympha, -Neptunus, water deities. (Lenormant and Chevallier, "Anc. Hist. of the -East," vol. i., p. 15.) We find the root Na repeated in the name of this -Central American Noah, Na-ta, and probably in the word "Na-hui-atl"--the -age of water. - -But still more striking analogies exist between the Chaldean legend and -the story of the Deluge as told in the "Popul Vuh" (the Sacred Book) of -the Central Americans: - -"Then the waters were agitated by the will of the Heart of Heaven -(Hurakan), and a great inundation came upon the heads of these -creatures.... They were ingulfed, and a resinous thickness descended -from heaven; ... the face of the earth was obscured, and a heavy -darkening rain commenced--rain by day and rain by night.... There was -heard a great noise above their heads, as if produced by fire. Then were -men seen running, pushing each other, filled with despair; they wished -to climb upon their houses, and the houses, tumbling down, fell to the -ground; they wished to climb upon the trees, and the trees shook them -off; they wished to enter into the grottoes (caves), and the grottoes -closed themselves before them.... Water and fire contributed to the -universal ruin at the time of the last great cataclysm which preceded -the fourth creation." - -Observe the similarities here to the Chaldean legend. There is the same -graphic description of a terrible event. The "black cloud" is referred -to in both instances; also the dreadful noises, the rising water, the -earthquake rocking the trees, overthrowing the houses, and crushing even -the mountain caverns; "the men running and pushing each other, filled -with despair," says the "Popul Vuh;" "the brother no longer saw his -brother," says the Assyrian legend. - -And here I may note that this word hurakan--the spirit of the abyss, the -god of storm, the hurricane--is very suggestive, and testifies to an -early intercourse between the opposite shores of the Atlantic. We find -in Spanish the word huracan; in Portuguese, furacan; in French, ouragan; -in German, Danish, and Swedish, orcan--all of them signifying a storm; -while in Latin furo, or furio, means to rage. And are not the old -Swedish hurra, to be driven along; our own word hurried; the Icelandic -word hurra, to be rattled over frozen ground, all derived from the same -root from which the god of the abyss, Hurakan, obtained his name? The -last thing a people forgets is the name of their god; we retain to this -day, in the names of the days of the week, the designations of four -Scandinavian gods and one Roman deity. - -It seems to me certain the above are simply two versions of the same -event; that while ships from Atlantis carried terrified passengers to -tell the story of the dreadful catastrophe to the people of the -Mediterranean shores, other ships, flying from the tempest, bore similar -awful tidings to the civilized races around the Gulf of Mexico. - -The native Mexican historian, Ixtlilxochitl, gave this as the Toltec -legend of the Flood: - -It is found in the histories of the Toltecs that this age and first -world, as they call it, lasted 1716 years; that men were destroyed by -tremendous rains and lightning from the sky, and even all the land, -without the exception of anything, and the highest mountains, were -covered up and submerged in water fifteen cubits (caxtolmolatli); and -here they added other fables of how men came to multiply from the few -who escaped from this destruction in a "toptlipetlocali;" that this word -nearly signifies a close chest; and how, after men had multiplied, they -erected a very high "zacuali," which is to-day a tower of great height, -in order to take refuge in it should the second world (age) be -destroyed. Presently their languages were confused, and, not being able -to understand each other, they went to different parts of the earth. - -"The Toltecs, consisting of seven friends, with their wives, who -understood the same language, came to these parts, having first passed -great land and seas, having lived in caves, and having endured great -hardships in order to reach this land; ... they wandered 104 years -through different parts of the world before they reached Hue Hue -Tlapalan, which was in Ce Tecpatl, 520 years after the Flood." -("Ixtlilxochitl Relaciones," in Kingsborough's "Mex. Ant.," vol. ix., -pp. 321, 322.) - -It will of course be said that this account, in those particulars where -it agrees with the Bible, was derived from the teachings of the Spanish -priests; but it must be remembered that Ixtlilxochitl was an Indian, a -native of Tezeuco, a son of the queen, and that his "Relaciones" were -drawn from the archives of his family and the ancient writings of his -nation: he had no motive to falsify documents that were probably in the -hands of hundreds at that time. - -Here we see that the depth of the water over the earth, "fifteen -cubits," given in the Toltec legend, is precisely the same as that named -in the Bible: "fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail." (Gen., -chap. vii., 20.) - -In the two curious picture-histories of the Aztecs preserved in the -Boturini collection, and published by Gamelli Careri and others, there -is a record of their migrations from their original location through -various parts of the North American continent until their arrival in -Mexico. In both cases their starting-point is an island, from which they -pass in a boat; and the island contains in one case a mountain, and in -the other a high temple in the midst thereof. These things seem to be -reminiscences of their origin in Atlantis. - -In each case we see the crooked mountain of the Aztec legends, the -Calhuacan, looking not unlike the bent mountain of the monk, Cosmos. - -In the legends of the Chibchas of Bogota we seem to have distinct -reminiscences of Atlantis. Bochica was their leading divinity. During -two thousand years he employed himself in elevating his subjects. He -lived in the sun, while his wife Chia occupied the moon. This would -appear to be an allusion to the worship of the sun and moon. Beneath -Bochica in their mythology was Chibchacum. In an angry mood he brought a -deluge on the people of the table-land. Bochica punished him for this -act, and obliged him ever after, like Atlas, to bear the burden of the -earth on his back. Occasionally be shifts the earth from one shoulder to -another, and this causes earthquakes! - -Here we have allusions to an ancient people who, during thousands of -years, were elevated in the scale of civilization, and were destroyed by -a deluge; and with this is associated an Atlantean god bearing the world -on his back. We find even the rainbow appearing in connection with this -legend. When Bochica appeared in answer to prayer to quell the deluge he -is seated on a rainbow. He opened a breach in the earth at Tequendama, -through which the waters of the flood escaped, precisely as we have seen -them disappearing through the crevice in the earth near Bambyce, in -Greece. - -The Toltecs traced their migrations back to a starting-point called -"Aztlan," or "Atlan." This could be no other than, Atlantis. (Bancroft's -"Native Races," vol. v., p. 221.) "The original home of the Nahuatlacas -was Aztlan, the location of which has been the subject of much -discussion. The causes that led to their exodus from that country can -only be conjectured; but they may be supposed to have been driven out by -their enemies, for Aztlan is described as a land too fair and beautiful -to be left willingly in the mere hope of finding a better." (Bancroft's -"Native Races," vol. v., p. 306.) The Aztecs also claimed to have come -originally from Aztlan. (Ibid., p. 321.) Their very name, Aztecs, was -derived from Aztlan. (Ibid., vol. ii., p. 125). They were Atlanteans. - -The "Popul Vuh" tells us that after the migration from Aztlan three sons -of the King of the Quiches, upon the death of their father, "determined -to go as their fathers had ordered to the East, on the shores of the sea -whence their fathers had come, to receive the royalty, 'bidding adieu to -their brothers and friends, and promising to return.' Doubtless they -passed over the sea when they went to the East to receive the royalty. -Now this is the name of the lord, of the monarch of the people of the -East where they went. And when they arrived before the lord Nacxit, the -name of the great lord, the only judge, whose power was without limit, -behold he granted them the sign of royalty and all that represents -it ... and the insignia of royalty ... all the things, in fact, -which they brought on their return, and which they went to receive -from the other side of the sea--the art of painting from Tulan, a -system of writing, they said, for the things recorded in their -histories." (Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. v., p. 553 "Popul -Vuh," p. 294.) - -This legend not only points to the East as the place of origin of these -races, but also proves that this land of the East, this Aztlan, this -Atlantis, exercised dominion over the colonies in Central America, and -furnished them with the essentials of civilization. How completely does -this agree with the statement of Plato that the kings of Atlantis held -dominion over parts of "the great opposite continent!" - -Professor Valentini ("Maya Archæol.," p. 23) describes an Aztec picture -in the work of Gemelli ("Il giro del mondo," vol. vi.) of the migration -of the Aztecs from Aztlan: - -"Out of a sheet of water there projects the peak of a mountain; on it -stands a tree, and on the tree a bird spreads its wings. At the foot of -the mountain-peak there comes out of the water the heads of a man and a -woman. The one wears on his head the symbol of his name, Coxcox, a -pheasant. The other head bears that of a hand with a bouquet (xochitl, a -flower, and quetzal, shining in green gold). In the foreground is a -boat, out of which a naked man stretches out his hand imploringly to -heaven. Now turn to the sculpture in the Flood tablet (on the great -Calendar stone). There you will find represented the Flood, and with -great emphasis, by the accumulation of all those symbols with which the -ancient Mexicans conveyed the idea of water: a tub of standing water, -drops springing out--not two, as heretofore in the symbol for Atl, -water--but four drops; the picture for moisture, a snail; above, a -crocodile, the king of the rivers. In the midst of these symbols you -notice the profile of a man with a fillet, and a smaller one of a woman. -There can be no doubt these are the Mexican Noah, Coxcox, and his wife, -Xochiquetzal; and at the same time it is evident (the Calendar stone, we -know, was made in A.D., 1478) that the story of them, and the pictures -representing the story, have not been invented by the Catholic clergy, -but really existed among these nations long before the Conquest." - -The above figure represents the Flood tablet on the great Calendar stone. - -When we turn to the uncivilized Indians of America, while we still find -legends referring to the Deluge, they are, with one exception, in such -garbled and uncouth forms that we can only see glimpses of the truth -shining through a mass of fable. - -The following tradition was current among the Indians of the Great Lakes: - -"In former times the father of the Indian tribes dwelt toward the rising -sun. Having been warned in a dream that a deluge was coming upon the -earth, he built a raft, on which he saved himself, with his family and -all the animals. He floated thus for several months. The animals, who at -that time spoke, loudly complained and murmured against him. At last a -new earth appeared, on which he landed with all the animals, who from -that time lost the power of speech, as a punishment for their murmurs -against their deliverer." - -According to Father Charlevoix, the tribes of Canada and the valley of -the Mississippi relate in their rude legends that all mankind was -destroyed by a flood, and that the Good Spirit, to repeople the earth, -had changed animals into men. It is to J. S. Kohl we owe our -acquaintance with the version of the Chippeways--full of grotesque and -perplexing touches--in which the man saved from the Deluge is called -Menaboshu. To know if the earth be drying, he sends a bird, the diver, -out of his bark; then becomes the restorer of the human race and the -founder of existing society. - -A clergyman who visited the Indians north-west of the Ohio in 1764 met, -at a treaty, a party of Indians from the west of the Mississippi. - -"They informed him that one of their most ancient traditions was that, a -great while ago, they had a common father, who lived toward the rising -of the sun, and governed the whole world; that all the white people's -heads were under his feet; that he had twelve sons, by whom he -administered the government; that the twelve sons behaved very bad, and -tyrannized over the people, abusing their power; that the Great Spirit, -being thus angry with them, suffered the white people to introduce -spirituous liquors among them, made them drunk, stole the special gift -of the Great Spirit from them, and by this means usurped power over -them; and ever since the Indians' heads were under the white people's -feet." (Boudinot's "Star in the West," p. 111.) - -Here we note that they looked "toward the rising sun"--toward -Atlantis--for the original home of their race; that this region governed -"the whole world;" that it contained white people, who were at first a -subject race, but who subsequently rebelled, and acquired dominion over -the darker races. We will see reason hereafter to conclude that Atlantis -had a composite population, and that the rebellion of the Titans in -Greek mythology was the rising up of a subject population. - -In 1836 C. S. Rafinesque published in Philadelphia, Pa., a work called -"The American Nations," in which he gives the historical songs or chants -of the Lenni-Lenapi, or Delaware Indians, the tribe that originally -dwelt along the Delaware River. After describing a time "when there was -nothing but sea-water on top of the land," and the creation of sun, -moon, stars, earth, and man, the legend depicts the Golden Age and the -Fall in these words: "All were willingly pleased, all were -easy-thinking, and all were well-happified. But after a while a -snake-priest, Powako, brings on earth secretly the snake-worship -(Initako) of the god of the snakes, Wakon. And there came wickedness, -crime, and unhappiness. And bad weather was coming, distemper was -coming, with death was coming. All this happened very long ago, at the -first land, Netamaki, beyond the great ocean Kitahikau." Then follows -the Song of the Flood: - -"There was, long ago, a powerful snake, Maskanako, when the men had -become bad beings, Makowini. This strong snake had become the foe of the -Jins, and they became troubled, hating each other. Both were fighting, -both were spoiling, both were never peaceful. And they were fighting, -least man Mattapewi with dead-keeper Nihaulowit. And the strong snake -readily resolved to destroy or fight the beings or the men. The dark -snake he brought, the monster (Amanyam) he brought, snake-rushing water -he brought (it). Much water is rushing, much go to hills, much -penetrate, much destroying. Meanwhile at Tula (this is the same Tula -referred to in the Central American legends), at THAT ISLAND, Nana-Bush -(the great hare Nana) becomes the ancestor of beings and men. Being born -creeping, he is ready to move and dwell at Tula. The beings and men all -go forth from the flood creeping in shallow water or swimming afloat, -asking which is the way to the turtle-back, Tula-pin. But there are many -monsters in the way, and some men were devoured by them. But the -daughter of a spirit helped them in a boat, saying, 'Come, come;' they -were coming and were helped. The name of the boat or raft is Mokol.... -Water running off, it is drying; in the plains and the mountains, at -the path of the cave, elsewhere went the powerful action or motion." -Then follows Song 3, describing the condition of mankind after the -Flood. Like the Aryans, they moved into a cold country: "It freezes was -there; it snows was there; it is cold was there." They move to a milder -region to hunt cattle; they divided their forces into tillers and -hunters. "The good and the holy were the hunters; they spread -themselves north, south, east, and west." Meantime all the snakes were -afraid in their huts, and the Snake-priest Nakopowa said to all, 'Let us -go.' Eastwardly they go forth at Snakeland (Akhokink), and they went -away earnestly grieving." Afterward the fathers of the Delawares, who -"were always boating and navigating," find that the Snake-people have -taken possession of a fine country; and they collect together the people -from north, south, east, and west, and attempt "to pass over the waters -of the frozen sea to possess that land." They seem to travel in the dark -of an Arctic winter until they come to a gap of open sea. They can go no -farther; but some tarry at Firland, while the rest return to where they -started from, "the old turtle land." - -Here we find that the land that was destroyed was the "first land;" that -it was an island "beyond the great ocean." In an early age the people -were happy and peaceful; they became wicked; "snake worship" was -introduced, and was associated, as in Genesis, with the "fall of man;" -Nana-Bush became the ancestor of the new race; his name reminds us of -the Toltec Nata and the Hebrew Noah. After the flood came a dispersing -of the people, and a separation into hunters and tillers of the soil. - -Among the Mandan Indians we not only find flood legends, but, more -remarkable still, we find an image of the ark preserved from generation -to generation, and a religious ceremony performed which refers plainly -to the destruction of Atlantis, and to the arrival of one of those who -escaped from the Flood, bringing the dreadful tidings of the disaster. -It must be remembered, as we will show hereafter, that many of these -Mandan Indians were white men, with hazel, gray, and blue eyes, and all -shades of color of the hair from black to pure white; that they dwelt in -houses in fortified towns, and manufactured earthen-ware pots in which -they could boil water--an art unknown to the ordinary Indians, who -boiled water by putting heated stones into it. - -I quote the very interesting account of George Catlin, who visited the -Mandans nearly fifty years ago, lately republished in London in the -"North American Indians," a very curious and valuable work. He says -(vol. i., p. 88): - -"In the centre of the village is an open space, or public square, 150 -feet in diameter and circular in form, which is used for all public -games and festivals, shows and exhibitions. The lodges around this open -space front in, with their doors toward the centre; and in the middle -of this stands an object of great religious veneration, on account of -the importance it has in connection with the annual religious -ceremonies. This object is in the form of a large hogshead, some eight -or ten feet high, made of planks and hoops, containing within it some of -their choicest mysteries or medicines. They call it the 'Big Canoe.'" - -This is a representation of the ark; the ancient Jews venerated a -similar image, and some of the ancient Greek States followed in -processions a model of the ark of Deucalion. But it is indeed surprising -to find this practice perpetuated, even to our own times, by a race of -Indians in the heart of America. On page 158 of the first volume of the -same work Catlin describes the great annual mysteries and religious -ceremonials of which this image of the ark was the centre. He says: - -"On the day set apart for the commencement of the ceremonies a solitary -figure is seen approaching the village. - -"During the deafening din and confusion within the pickets of the -village the figure discovered on the prairie continued to approach with -a dignified step, and in a right line toward the village; all eyes were -upon him, and he at length made his appearance within the pickets, and -proceeded toward the centre of the village, where all the chiefs and -braves stood ready to receive him, which they did in a cordial manner by -shaking hands, recognizing him as an old acquaintance, and pronouncing -his name, Nu-mohk-muck-a-nah (the first or only man). The body of this -strange personage, which was chiefly naked, was painted with white clay, -so as to resemble at a distance a white man. He enters the medicine -lodge, and goes through certain mysterious ceremonies. - -"During the whole of this day Nu-mohk-muck-a-nah (the first or only man) -travelled through the village, stopping in front of each man's lodge, -and crying until the owner of the lodge came out and asked who he was, -and what was the matter? To which he replied by narrating the sad -catastrophe which had happened on the earth's surface by the overflowing -of the waters, saying that 'he was the only person saved from the -universal calamity; that he landed his big canoe on a high mountain in -the west, where he now resides; that he has come to open the medicine -lodge, which must needs receive a present of an edged tool from the -owner of every wigwam, that it may be sacrificed to the water; for,' he -says, 'if this is not done there will be another flood, and no one will -be saved, as it was with such tools that the big canoe was made.' - -"Having visited every lodge in the village during the day, and having -received such a present from each as a hatchet, a knife, etc. (which is -undoubtedly always prepared ready for the occasion), be places them in -the medicine lodge; and, on the last day of the ceremony, they are -thrown into a deep place in the river--'sacrificed to the Spirit of the -Waters."' - -Among the sacred articles kept in the great medicine lodge are four -sacks of water, called Eeh-teeh-ka, sewed together, each of them in the -form of a tortoise lying on its back, with a bunch of eagle feathers -attached to its tail. "These four tortoises," they told me, "contained -the waters from the four quarters of the world--that those waters had -been contained therein ever since the settling down of the waters," "I -did not," says Catlin, who knew nothing of an Atlantis theory, "think it -best to advance anything against such a ridiculous belief." Catlin tried -to purchase one of these water-sacks, but could not obtain it for any -price; he was told they were "a society property." - -He then describes a dance by twelve men around the ark: "They arrange -themselves according to the four cardinal points; two are painted -perfectly black, two are vermilion color, some were painted partially -white. They dance a dance called Bel-lohck-na-pie,'" with horns on their -heads, like those used in Europe as symbolical of Bel, or Baal. - -Could anything be more evident than the connection of these ceremonies -with the destruction of Atlantis? Here we have the image of the ark; -here we have a white man coming with the news that "the waters had -overflowed the land," and that all the people were destroyed except -himself; here we have the sacrifice to appease the spirit that caused -the Flood, just as we find the Flood terminating, in the Hebrew, -Chaldean, and Central American legends, with a sacrifice. Here, too, we -have the image of the tortoise, which we find in other flood legends of -the Indians, and which is a very natural symbol for an island. As one of -our own poets has expressed it, - - "Very fair and full of promise - Lay the island of St. Thomas; - Like a great green turtle slumbered - On the sea which it encumbered." - -Here we have, too, the four quarters of Atlantis, divided by its four -rivers, as we shall see a little farther on, represented in a dance, -where the dancers arrange themselves according to the four cardinal -points of the compass; the dancers are painted to represent the black -and red races, while "the first and only man" represents the white race; -and the name of the dance is a reminiscence of Baal, the ancient god of -the races derived from Atlantis. - -But this is not all. The Mandans were evidently of the race of Atlantis. -They have another singular legend, which we find in the account of Lewis -and Clarke: - -"Their belief in a future state is connected with this theory of their -origin: The whole nation resided in one large village, underground, near -a subterranean lake. A grape-vine extended its roots down to their -habitation, and gave them a view of the light. Some of the most -adventurous climbed up the vine, and were delighted with the sight of -the earth, which they found covered with buffalo, and rich with every -kind of fruit. Returning with the grapes they had gathered, their -countrymen were so pleased with the taste of them that the whole nation -resolved to leave their dull residence for the charms of the upper -region. Men, women, and children ascended by means of the vine, but, -when about half the nation had reached the surface of the earth, a -corpulent woman, who was clambering up the vine, broke it with her -weight, and closed upon herself and the rest of the nation the light of -the sun." - -This curious tradition means that the present nation dwelt in a large -settlement underground, that is, beyond the land, in the sea; the sea -being represented by "the subterranean lake." At one time the people had -free intercourse between this "large village" and the American -continent, and they founded extensive colonies on this continent; -whereupon some mishap cut them off from the mother country. This -explanation is confirmed by the fact that in the legends of the Iowa -Indians, who were a branch of the Dakotas, or Sioux Indians, and -relatives of the Mandans (according to Major James W. Lynd), "all the -tribes of Indians were formerly one, and all dwelt together on an -island, or at least across a large water toward the east or sunrise. -They crossed this water in skin canoes, or by swimming; but they know -not how long they were in crossing, or whether the water was salt or -fresh." While the Dakotas, according to Major Lynd, who lived among them -for nine years, possessed legends of "huge skiffs, in which the Dakotas -of old floated for weeks, finally gaining dry land"--a reminiscence of -ships and long sea-voyages. - -The Mandans celebrated their great religious festival above described in -the season when the willow is first in leaf, and a dove is mixed up in -the ceremonies; and they further relate a legend that "the world was -once a great tortoise, borne on the waters, and covered with earth, and -that when one day, in digging the soil, a tribe of white men, who had -made holes in the earth to a great depth digging for badgers, at length -pierced the shell of the tortoise, it sank, and the water covering it -drowned all men with the exception of one, who saved himself in a boat; -and when the earth re-emerged, sent out a dove, who returned with a -branch of willow in its beak." - -The holes dug to find badgers were a savage's recollection of mining -operations; and when the great disaster came, and the island sunk in the -sea amid volcanic convulsions, doubtless men said it was due to the deep -mines, which had opened the way to the central fires. But the recurrence -of "white men" as the miners, and of a white man as "the last and only -man," and the presence of white blood in the veins of the people, all -point to the same conclusion--that the Mandans were colonists from -Atlantis. - -And here I might add that Catlin found the following singular -resemblances between the Mandan tongue and the Welsh: - - +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ - | English. | Mandan. | Welsh. | Pronounced. | - +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ - | I | Me. | Mi. | Me. | - +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ - | You. | Ne. | Chwi. | Chwe. | - +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ - | He. | E. | A. | A. | - +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ - | She. | Ea. | E. | A. | - +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ - | It. | Ount. | Hwynt. | Hooynt. | - +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ - | We. | Noo. | Ni. | Ne. | - +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ - | They. | Eonah. | Hona, fem. | Hona. | - +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ - | No; or there is not. | Megosh. | Nagoes. | Nagosh. | - +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ - | No. | | Na. | | - +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ - | Head. | Pan. | Pen. | Pan. | - +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ - | The Great Spirit. | Maho Peneta. | Mawr | Mosoor | - | | | Penæthir. | Panæther. | - +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+ - -Major Lynd found the following resemblances between the Dakota tongue -and the languages of the Old World: - -COMPARISON OF DAKOTA, OR SIOUX, WITH OTHER LANGUAGES. - -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| Latin. | English. | Saxon | Sanscrit. | German. | Danish. | Sioux. | Other | Primary | -| | | | | | | | Languages. | Signification. | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| | See, | Seon | | Sehen | Sigt | Sin | | Appearing, | -| | seen | | | | | | | visible. | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| Pinso | Pound | Punian | | | | Pau | W., | Beating | -| | | | | | | | Pwynian | | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| Vado | Went | Wendan | | | | Winta | | Passage. | -| | Wend | | | | | | | | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| | Town | Tun | | Zaun | Tun | Tonwe | Gaelic, | | -| | | | | | | | Dun | | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| Qui | Who | Hwa | Kwas | Wir | | Tuwe | | | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| | Weapon | Wepn | | Wapen | Vaapen | Wipe | | Sioux dimin. | -| | | | | | | | | Wipena | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| Ego | I | Ic | Agam | Ich | Jeg | Mish | | | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| Cor | Core | | | | | Co | Gr., Kear | Centre, heart | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| | Eight | Achta | Aute | Acht | Otte | Shaktogan | Gr., Okto | | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| Canna | Cane | | | | | Can | Heb., Can | Reed, weed, | -| | | | | | | | W., Cawn | wood. | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| Pock | Pock | Poc | | Pocke | Pukkel | Poka | Dutch, | Swelling. | -| | | | | | | | Poca | | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| | With | With | | Wider | | Wita | Goth., | | -| | | | | | | | Gewithan. | | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| | Doughty | Dohtig | | Taugen | Digtig | Dita | | Hot, brave, | -| | | | | | | Ditaya | | daring. | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| | Tight | Tian | | Dicht | Digt | Titan | | Strain. | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| Tango | Touch | Taecan | | Ticken | Tekkan | Tan | | Touch, take. | -| Tactus | Take | | | | | Htaka | | | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| | Child | Cild | | Kind | Kuld | Cin | | Progeny. | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| | Work | Wercan | | | | Woccas | Dutch, | Labor, motion. | -| | | | | | | Hecon | Werk | | -| | | | | | | | Span., | | -| | | | | | | | Hecho | | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| | Shackle | Seoacul | | | | Shka | Ar., | to bind (a | -| | | | | | | | Schakala, | link). | -| | | | | | | | Dutch, | | -| | | | | | | | Schakel | | -| | | | | | | | Teton, | | -| | | | | | | | Shakalan | | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| Query | | | | | | Kuiva | | | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ -| Shabby | | | | Schabig | Schabbig | Shabya | | | -+--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+ - -According to Major Lynd, the Dakotas, or Sioux, belonged to the same -race as the Mandans; hence the interest which attaches to these verbal -similarities. - -"Among the Iroquois there is a tradition that the sea and waters -infringed upon the land, so that all human life was destroyed. The -Chickasaws assert that the world was once destroyed by water, but that -one family was saved, and two animals of every kind. The Sioux say there -was a time when there was no dry land, and all men had disappeared from -existence." (See Lynd's "MS. History of the Dakotas," Library of -Historical Society of Minnesota.) - -"The Okanagaus have a god, Skyappe, and also one called Chacha, who -appear to be endowed with omniscience; but their principal divinity is -their great mythical ruler and heroine, Scomalt. Long ago, when the sun -was no bigger than a star, this strong medicine-woman ruled over what -appears to have now become a lost island. At last the peace of the -island was destroyed by war, and the noise of battle was heard, with -which Scomalt was exceeding wroth, whereupon she rose up in her might -and drove her rebellious subjects to one end of the island, and broke -off the piece of land on which they were huddled and pushed it out to -sea, to drift whither it would. This floating island was tossed to and -fro and buffeted by the winds till all but two died. A man and woman -escaped in a canoe, and arrived on the main-land; and from these the -Okanagaus are descended." (Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. iii., p. 149.) - -Here we have the Flood legend clearly connected with a lost island. - -The Nicaraguans believed "that ages ago the world was destroyed by a -flood, in which the most part of mankind perished. Afterward the teotes, -or gods, restored the earth as at the beginning." (Ibid., p. 75.) The -wild Apaches, "wild from their natal hour," have a legend that "the -first days of the world were happy and peaceful days;" then came a great -flood, from which Montezuma and the coyote alone escaped. Montezuma -became then very wicked, and attempted to build a house that would reach -to heaven, but the Great Spirit destroyed it with thunderbolts. -(Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. iii., p. 76.) - -The Pimas, an Indian tribe allied to the Papagos, have a peculiar flood -legend. The son of the Creator was called Szeu-kha (Ze-us?). An eagle -prophesied the deluge to the prophet of the people three times in -succession, but his warning was despised; "then in the twinkling of an -eye there came a peal of thunder and an awful crash, and a green mound -of water reared itself over the plain. It seemed to stand upright for a -second, then, cut incessantly by the lightning, goaded on like a great -beast, it flung itself upon the prophet's hut. When the morning broke -there was nothing to be seen alive but one man--if indeed he were a man; -Szeu-kha, the son of the Creator, had saved himself by floating on a -ball of gum or resin." This instantaneous catastrophe reminds one -forcibly of the destruction of Atlantis. Szeu-kha killed the eagle, -restored its victims to life, and repeopled the earth with them, as -Deucalion repeopled the earth with the stones. - -CHAPTER VI. - -SOME CONSIDERATION OF THE DELUGE LEGENDS. - -The Fountains of the Great Deep.--As Atlantis perished in a volcanic -convulsion, it must have possessed volcanoes. This is rendered the more -probable when we remember that the ridge of land of which it was a part, -stretching from north to south, from Iceland to St. Helena, contains -even now great volcanoes--as in Iceland, the Azores, the Canaries, -etc.--and that the very sea-bed along the line of its original axis is, -to this day, as we have shown, the scene of great volcanic disturbances. - -If, then, the mountains of Atlantis contained volcanoes, of which the -peaks of the Azores are the surviving representatives, it is not -improbable that the convulsion which drowned it in the sea was -accompanied by great discharges of water. We have seen that such -discharges occurred in the island of Java, when four thousand people -perished. "Immense columns of hot water and boiling mud were thrown out" -of the volcano of Galung Gung; the water was projected from the mountain -"like a water-spout." When a volcanic island was created near Sicily in -1831, it was accompanied by "a waterspout sixty feet high." - -In the island of Dominica, one of the islands constituting the Leeward -group of the West Indies, and nearest to the site of Atlantis, on the -4th of January, 1880, occurred a series of convulsions which reminds us -forcibly of the destruction of Plato's island; and the similarity -extends to another particular: Dominica contains, like Atlantis, we are -told, numerous hot and sulphur springs. I abridge the account given by -the New York Herald of January 28th, 1880: - -"A little after 11 o'clock A.M., soon after high-mass in the Roman -Catholic cathedral, and while divine service was still going on in the -Anglican and Wesleyan chapels, all the indications of an approaching -thunder-storm suddenly showed themselves; the atmosphere, which just -previously had been cool and pleasant--slight showers falling since -early morning--became at once nearly stifling hot; the rumbling of -distant thunder was heard, and the light-blue and fleecy white of the -sky turned into a heavy and lowering black. Soon the thunder-peals came -near and loud, the lightning flashes, of a blue and red color, more -frequent and vivid; and the rain, first with a few heavy drops, -commenced to pour as if the floodgates of heaven were open. In a moment -it darkened, as if night had come; a strong, nearly overpowering smell -of sulphur announced itself; and people who happened to be out in the -streets felt the rain-drops falling on their heads, backs, and shoulders -like showers of hailstones. The cause of this was to be noted by looking -at the spouts, from which the water was rushing like so many cataracts -of molten lead, while the gutters below ran swollen streams of thick -gray mud, looking like nothing ever seen in them before. In the mean -time the Roseau River had worked itself into a state of mad fury, -overflowing its banks, carrying down rocks and large trees, and -threatening destruction to the bridges over it and the houses in its -neighborhood. When the storm ceased--it lasted till twelve, mid-day--the -roofs and walls of the buildings in town, the street pavement, the -door-steps and back-yards were found covered with a deposit of volcanic -débris, holding together like clay, dark-gray in color, and in some -places more than an inch thick, with small, shining metallic particles -on the surface, which could be easily identified as iron pyrites. -Scraping up some of the stuff, it required only a slight examination to -determine its main constituents--sandstone and magnesia, the pyrites -being slightly mixed, and silver showing itself in even smaller -quantity. This is, in fact, the composition of the volcanic mud thrown -up by the soufrières at Watton Waven and in the Boiling Lake country, -and it is found in solution as well in the lake water. The Devil's -Billiard-table, within half a mile of the Boiling Lake, is composed -wholly of this substance, which there assumes the character of stone in -formation. Inquiries instituted on Monday morning revealed the fact -that, except on the south-east, the mud shower had not extended beyond -the limits of the town. On the north-west, in the direction of Fond Colo -and Morne Daniel, nothing but pure rain-water had fallen, and neither -Loubière nor Pointe Michel had seen any signs of volcanic disturbance.... - -"But what happened at Pointe Mulâtre enables us to spot the locale of -the eruption. Pointe Mulâtre lies at the foot of the range of mountains -on the top of which the Boiling Lake frets and seethes. The only outlet -of the lake is a cascade which falls into one of the branches of the -Pointe Mulâtre River, the color and temperature of which, at one time -and another, shows the existence or otherwise of volcanic activity in -the lake-country. We may observe, en passant, that the fall of the water -from the lake is similar in appearance to the falls on the sides of -Roairama, in the interior of British Guiana; there, is no continuous -stream, but the water overleaps its basin like a kettle boiling over, -and comes down in detached cascades from the top. May there not be a -boiling lake on the unapproachable summit of Roairama? The phenomena -noted at Pointe Mulâtre on Sunday were similar to what we witnessed in -Roseau, but with every feature more strongly marked. The fall of mud was -heavier, covering all the fields; the atmospheric disturbance was -greater, and the change in the appearance of the running water about the -place more surprising. The Pointe Mulâtre River suddenly began to run -volcanic mud and water; then the mud predominated, and almost buried the -stream under its weight, and the odor of sulphur in the air became -positively oppressive. Soon the fish in the water--brochet, camoo, meye, -crocro, mullet, down to the eel, the crawfish, the loche, the tétar, and -the dormer--died, and were thrown on the banks. The mud carried down by -the river has formed a bank at the month which nearly dams up the -stream, and threatens to throw it back over the low-lying lands of the -Pointe Mulâtre estate. The reports from the Laudat section of the -Boiling Lake district are curious. The Bachelor and Admiral rivers, and -the numerous mineral springs which arise in that part of the island, are -all running a thick white flood, like cream milk. The face of the entire -country, from the Admiral River to the Solfatera Plain, has undergone -some portentous change, which the frightened peasants who bring the news -to Roseau seem unable clearly and connectedly to describe, and the -volcanic activity still continues." - -From this account it appears that the rain of water and mud came from a -boiling lake on the mountains; it must have risen to a great height, -"like a water-spout," and then fallen in showers over the face of the -country. We are reminded, in this Boiling Lake of Dominica, of the Welsh -legend of the eruption of the Llyn-llion, "the Lake of Waves," which -"inundated the whole country." On the top of a mountain in the county of -Kerry, Ireland, called Mangerton, there is a deep lake known as -Poulle-i-feron, which signifies Hell-hole; it frequently overflows, and -rolls down the mountain in frightful torrents. On Slieve-donart, in the -territory of Mourne, in the county of Down, Ireland, a lake occupies the -mountain-top, and its overflowings help to form rivers. - -If we suppose the destruction of Atlantis to have been, in like manner, -accompanied by a tremendous outpour of water from one or more of its -volcanoes, thrown to a great height, and deluging the land, we can -understand the description in the Chaldean legend of "the terrible -water-spout," which even "the gods grew afraid of," and which "rose to -the sky," and which seems to have been one of the chief causes, together -with the earthquake, of the destruction of the country. And in this view -we are confirmed by the Aramæan legend of the Deluge, probably derived -at an earlier age from the Chaldean tradition. In it we are told, "All -on a sudden enormous volumes of water issued from the earth, and rains -of extraordinary abundance began to fall; the rivers left their beds, -and the ocean overflowed its banks." The disturbance in Dominica -duplicates this description exactly: "In a moment" the water and mud -burst from the mountains, "the floodgates of heaven were opened," and -"the river overflowed its banks." - -And here, again, we are reminded of the expression in Genesis, "the same -day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up" (chap. vii., -11). That this does not refer to the rain is clear from the manner in -which it is stated: "The same day were all the fountains of the great -deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. And the rain was -upon the earth," etc. And when the work of destruction is finished, we -are told "the fountains also of the deep and the windows of heaven were -stopped." This is a reminiscence by an inland people, living where such -tremendous volcanic disturbances were nearly unknown, of the terrible -water-spout which "rose to the sky," of the Chaldean legend, and of "the -enormous volumes of water issuing from the earth" of the Aramæan -tradition. The Hindoo legend of the Flood speaks of "the marine god -Hayagriva, who dwelt in the abyss," who produced the cataclysm. This is -doubtless "the archangel of the abyss" spoken of in the Chaldean -tradition. - -The Mountains of the North.--We have in Plato the following reference to -the mountains of Atlantis: - -"The whole country was described as being very lofty and precipitous on -the side of the sea.... The whole region of the island lies toward -the south, and is sheltered from the north.... The surrounding -mountains exceeded all that are to be seen now anywhere." - -These mountains were the present Azores. One has but to contemplate -their present elevation, and remember the depth to which they descend in -the ocean, to realize their tremendous altitude and the correctness of -the description given by Plato. - -In the Hindoo legend we find the fish-god, who represents Poseidon, -father of Atlantis, helping Mann over "the Mountain of the North." In -the Chaldean legend Khasisatra's vessel is stopped by "the Mountain of -Nizir" until the sea goes down. - -The Mud which Stopped Navigation.--We are told by Plato, "Atlantis -disappeared beneath the sea, and then that sea became inaccessible, so -that navigation on it ceased, on account of the quantity of mud which -the ingulfed island left in its place." This is one of the points of -Plato's story which provoked the incredulity and ridicule of the -ancient, and even of the modern, world. We find in the Chaldean legend -something of the same kind: Khasisatra says, "I looked at the sea -attentively, observing, and the whole of humanity had returned to mud." -In the "Popol Vuh" we are told that a "resinous thickness descended from -heaven," even as in Dominica the rain was full of "thick gray mud," -accompanied by an "overpowering smell of sulphur." - -The explorations of the ship Challenger show that the whole of the -submerged ridge of which Atlantis is a part is to this day thickly -covered with volcanic débris. - -We have but to remember the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, which -were covered with such a mass of volcanic ashes from the eruption of -A.D. 79 that for seventeen centuries they remained buried at a depth of -from fifteen to thirty feet; a new population lived and labored above -them; an aqueduct was constructed over their heads; and it was only when -a farmer, in digging for a well, penetrated the roof of a house, that -they were once more brought to the light of day and the knowledge of -mankind. - -We have seen that, in 1783, the volcanic eruption in Iceland covered the -sea with pumice for a distance of one hundred and fifty miles, "and -ships were considerably impeded in their course." - -The eruption in the island of Sumbawa, in April, 1815, threw out such -masses of ashes as to darken the air. "The floating cinders to the west -of Sumatra formed, on the 12th of April, a mass two feet thick and -several miles in extent, through which ships with difficulty forced -their way." - -It thus appears that the very statement of Plato which has provoked the -ridicule of scholars is in itself one of the corroborating features of -his story. It is probable that the ships of the Atlanteans, when they -returned after the tempest to look for their country, found the sea -impassable from the masses of volcanic ashes and pumice. They returned -terrified to the shores of Europe; and the shock inflicted by the -destruction of Atlantis upon the civilization of the world probably led -to one of those retrograde periods in the history of our race in which -they lost all intercourse with the Western continent. - -The Preservation of a Record.--There is a singular coincidence in the -stories of the Deluge in another particular. - -The legends of the Phoenicians, preserved by Sanchoniathon, tell us that -Taautos, or Taut, was the inventor of the alphabet and of the art of -writing. - -Now, we find in the Egyptian legends a passage of Manetho, in which -Thoth (or Hermes Trismegistus), before the Deluge, inscribed on stelæ, -or tablets, in hieroglyphics, or sacred characters, the principles of -all knowledge. After the Deluge the second Thoth translated the contents -of these stelæ into the vulgar tongue. - -Josephus tells us that "The patriarch Seth, in order that wisdom and -astronomical knowledge should not perish, erected, in prevision of the -double destruction by fire and water predicted by Adam, two columns, one -of brick, the other of stone, on which this knowledge was engraved, and -which existed in the Siriadic country." - -In the Chaldean legends the god Ea ordered Khasisatra to inscribe the -divine learning, and the principles of all sciences, on tables of -terra-cotta, and bury them, before the Deluge, "in the City of the Sun -at Sippara." - -Berosus, in his version of the Chaldean flood, says: - -"The deity, Chronos, appeared to him (Xisuthros) in a vision, and warned -him that, upon the 15th day of the month Doesius, there would be a flood -by which mankind would be destroyed. He therefore enjoined him to write -a history of the beginning, procedure, and conclusion of all things, and -to bury it in the City of the Sun at Sippara, and to build a vessel," -etc. - -The Hindoo Bhâgavata-Purâna tells us that the fish-god, who warned -Satyravata of the coming of the Flood, directed him to place the sacred -Scriptures in a safe place, "in order to preserve them from Hayagriva, a -marine horse dwelling in the abyss." - -Are we to find the original of these legends in the following passage -from Plato's history of Atlantis? - -"Now, the relations of their governments to one another were regulated -by the injunctions of Poseidon, as the law had handed them down. These -were inscribed by the first then on a column of orichalcum, which was -situated in the middle of the island, at the Temple of Poseidon, whither -the people were gathered together.... They received and gave -judgments, and at daybreak they wrote down their sentences on a golden -tablet, and deposited them as memorials with their robes. There were -many special laws which the several kings had inscribed about the -temples." (Critias, p. 120.) - -A Succession of Disasters.--The Central American books, translated by De -Bourbourg, state that originally a part of the American continent -extended far into the Atlantic Ocean. This tradition is strikingly -confirmed by the explorations of the ship Challenger, which show that -the "Dolphin's Ridge" was connected with the shore of South America -north of the mouth of the Amazon. The Central American books tell us -that this region of the continent was destroyed by a succession of -frightful convulsions, probably at long intervals apart; three of these -catastrophes are constantly mentioned, and sometimes there is reference -to one or two more. - -"The land," in these convulsions, "was shaken by frightful earthquakes, -and the waves of the sea combined with volcanic fires to overwhelm and -ingulf it.... Each convulsion swept away portions of the land until -the whole disappeared, leaving the line of coast as it now is. Most of -the inhabitants, overtaken amid their regular employments, were -destroyed; but some escaped in ships, and some fled for safety to the -summits of high mountains, or to portions of the land which for a time -escaped immediate destruction." (Baldwin's "Ancient America," p. 176.) - -This accords precisely with the teachings of geology. We know that the -land from which America and Europe were formed once covered nearly or -quite the whole space now occupied by the Atlantic between the -continents; and it is reasonable to believe that it went down piecemeal, -and that Atlantis was but the stump of the ancient continent, which at -last perished from the same causes and in the same way. - -The fact that this tradition existed among the inhabitants of America is -proven by the existence of festivals, "especially one in the month -Izcalli, which were instituted to commemorate this frightful destruction -of land and people, and in which, say the sacred books, 'princes and -people humbled themselves before the divinity, and besought him to -withhold a return of such terrible calamities.'" - -Can we doubt the reality of events which we thus find confirmed by -religious ceremonies at Athens, in Syria, and on the shores of Central -America? - -And we find this succession of great destructions of the Atlantic -continent in the triads of Wales, where traditions are preserved of -"three terrible catastrophes." We are told by the explorations of the -ship Challenger that the higher lands reach in the direction of the -British Islands; and the Celts had traditions that a part of their -country once extended far out into the Atlantic, and was subsequently -destroyed. - -And the same succession of destructions is referred to in the Greek -legends, where a deluge of Ogyges--"the most ancient of the kings of -Boeotia or Attica, a quite mythical person, lost in the night of -ages"--preceded that of Deucalion. - -We will find hereafter the most ancient hymns of the Aryans praying God -to hold the land firm. The people of Atlantis, having seen their country -thus destroyed, section by section, and judging that their own time must -inevitably come, must have lived under a great and perpetual terror, -which will go far to explain the origin of primeval religion, and the -hold which it took upon the minds of men; and this condition of things -may furnish us a solution of the legends which have come down to us of -their efforts to perpetuate their learning on pillars, and also an -explanation of that other legend of the Tower of Babel, which, as I will -show hereafter, was common to both continents, and in which they sought -to build a tower high enough to escape the Deluge. - -All the legends of the preservation of a record prove that the united -voice of antiquity taught that the antediluvians had advanced so far in -civilization as to possess an alphabet and a system of writing; a -conclusion which, as we will see hereafter, finds confirmation in the -original identity of the alphabetical signs used in the old world and -the new. - -PART III - -THE CIVILIZATION OF THE OLD WORLD AND NEW COMPARED. - -CHAPTER I. - -CIVILIZATION AN INHERITANCE. - -Material civilization might be defined to be the result of a series of -inventions and discoveries, whereby man improves his condition, and -controls the forces of nature for his own advantage. - -The savage man is a pitiable creature; as Menabosbu says, in the -Chippeway legends, he is pursued by a "perpetual hunger;" he is exposed -unprotected to the blasts of winter and the heats of summer. A great -terror sits upon his soul; for every manifestation of nature--the storm, -the wind, the thunder, the lightning, the cold, the heat--all are -threatening and dangerous demons. The seasons bring him neither -seed-time nor harvest; pinched with hunger, appeasing in part the -everlasting craving of his stomach with seeds, berries, and creeping -things, he sees the animals of the forest dash by him, and he has no -means to arrest their flight. He is powerless and miserable in the midst -of plenty. Every step toward civilization is a step of conquest over -nature. The invention of the bow and arrow was, in its time, a far -greater stride forward for the human race than the steam-engine or the -telegraph. The savage could now reach his game--his insatiable hunger -could be satisfied; the very eagle, "towering in its pride of place," -was not beyond the reach of this new and wonderful weapon. The discovery -of fire and the art of cooking was another immense step forward. The -savage, having nothing but wooden vessels in which to cook, covered the -wood with clay; the day hardened in the fire. The savage gradually -learned that he could dispense with the wood, and thus pottery was -invented. Then some one (if we are to believe the Chippeway legends, on -the shores of Lake Superior) found fragments of the pure copper of that -region, beat them into shape, and the art of metallurgy was begun; iron -was first worked in the same way by shaping meteoric iron into -spear-heads. - -But it must not be supposed that these inventions followed one another -in rapid succession. Thousands, and perhaps tens of thousands, of years -intervened between each step; many savage races have not to this day -achieved some of these steps. Prof. Richard Owen says, "Unprepossessed -and sober experience teaches that arts, language, literature are of slow -growth, the results of gradual development." - -I shall undertake to show hereafter that nearly all the arts essential -to civilization which we possess date back to the time of -Atlantis--certainly to that ancient Egyptian civilization which was -coeval with, and an outgrowth from, Atlantis. - -In six thousand years the world made no advance on the civilization -which it received from Atlantis. - -Phoenicia, Egypt, Chaldea, India, Greece, and Rome passed the torch of -civilization from one to the other; but in all that lapse of time they -added nothing to the arts which existed at the earliest period of -Egyptian history. In architecture, sculpture, painting, engraving, -mining, metallurgy, navigation, pottery, glass-ware, the construction of -canals, roads, and aqueducts, the arts of Phoenicia and Egypt extended, -without material change or improvement, to a period but two or three -hundred years ago. The present age has entered upon a new era; it has -added a series of wonderful inventions to the Atlantean list; it has -subjugated steam and electricity to the uses of man. And its work has -but commenced: it will continue until it lifts man to a plane as much -higher than the present as the present is above the barbaric condition; -and in the future it will be said that between the birth of civilization -in Atlantis and the new civilization there stretches a period of many -thousands of years, during which mankind did not invent, but simply -perpetuated. - -Herodotus tells us ("Euterpe," cxlii.) that, according to the -information he received from the Egyptian priests, their written history -dated back 11,340 years before his era, or nearly 14,000 years prior to -this time. They introduced him into a spacious temple, and showed him -the statues of 341 high-priests who had in turn succeeded each other; -and yet the age of Columbus possessed no arts, except that of printing -(which was ancient in China), which was not known to the Egyptians; and -the civilization of Egypt at its first appearance was of a higher order -than at any subsequent period of its history, thus testifying that it -drew its greatness from a fountain higher than itself. It was in its -early days that Egypt worshipped one only God; in the later ages this -simple and sublime belief was buried under the corruptions of -polytheism. The greatest pyramids were built by the Fourth Dynasty, and -so universal was education at that time among the people that the stones -with which they were built retain to this day the writing of the -workmen. The first king was Menes. - -"At the epoch of Menes," says Winchell, "the Egyptians were already a -civilized and numerous people. Manetho tells us that Athotis, the son of -this first king, Menes, built the palace at Memphis; that he was a -physician, and left anatomical books. All these statements imply that -even at this early period the Egyptians were in a high state of -civilization." (Winchell's "Preadamites," p. 120.) "In the time of Menes -the Egyptians had long been architects, sculptors, painters, -mythologists, and theologians." Professor Richard Owen says, "Egypt is -recorded to have been a civilized and governed community before the time -of Menes. The pastoral community of a group of nomad families, as -portrayed in the Pentateuch, may be admitted as an early step in -civilization. But how far in advance of this stage is a nation -administered by a kingly government, consisting of grades of society, -with divisions of labor, of which one kind, assigned to the priesthood, -was to record or chronicle the names and dynasties of the kings, the -duration and chief events of their reigns!" Ernest Renan points out that -"Egypt at the beginning appears mature, old, and entirely without -mythical and heroic ages, as if the country had never known youth. Its -civilization has no infancy, and its art no archaic period. The -civilization of the Old Monarchy did not begin with infancy. It was -already mature." - -We shall attempt to show that it matured in Atlantis, and that the -Egyptian people were unable to maintain it at the high standard at which -they had received it, as depicted in the pages of Plato. What king of -Assyria, or Greece, or Rome, or even of these modern nations, has ever -devoted himself to the study of medicine and the writing of medical -books for the benefit of mankind? Their mission has been to kill, not to -heal the people; yet here, at the very dawn of Mediterranean history, we -find the son of the first king of Egypt recorded "as a physician, and as -having left anatomical books." - -I hold it to be incontestable that, in some region of the earth, -primitive mankind must have existed during vast spaces of time, and -under most favorable circumstances, to create, invent, and discover -those arts and things which constitute civilization. When we have it -before our eyes that for six thousand years mankind in Europe, Asia, and -Africa, even when led by great nations, and illuminated by marvellous -minds, did not advance one inch beyond the arts of Egypt, we may -conceive what lapses, what aeons, of time it must have required to bring -savage man to that condition of refinement and civilization possessed by -Egypt when it first comes within the purview of history. - -That illustrious Frenchman, H. A. Taine ("History of English -Literature," p. 23), sees the unity of the Indo-European races manifest -in their languages, literature, and philosophies, and argues that these -pre-eminent traits are "the great marks of an original model," and that -when we meet with them "fifteen, twenty, thirty centuries before our -era, in an Aryan, an Egyptian, a Chinese, they represent the work of a -great many ages, perhaps of several myriads of centuries.... Such is -the first and richest source of these master faculties from which -historical events take their rise; and one sees that if it be powerful -it is because this is no simple spring, but a kind of lake, a deep -reservoir, wherein other springs have, for a multitude of centuries, -discharged their several streams." In other words, the capacity of the -Egyptian, Aryan, Chaldean, Chinese, Saxon, and Celt to maintain -civilization is simply the result of civilized training during "myriads -of centuries" in some original home of the race. - -I cannot believe that the great inventions were duplicated -spontaneously, as some would have us believe, in different countries; -there is no truth in the theory that men pressed by necessity will -always hit upon the same invention to relieve their wants. If this were -so, all savages would have invented the boomerang; all savages would -possess pottery, bows and arrows, slings, tents, and canoes; in short, -all races would have risen to civilization, for certainly the comforts -of life are as agreeable to one people as another. - -Civilization is not communicable to all; many savage tribes are -incapable of it. There are two great divisions of mankind, the civilized -and the savage; and, as we shall show, every civilized race in the world -has had something of civilization from the earliest ages; and as "all -roads lead to Rome," so all the converging lines of civilization lead to -Atlantis. The abyss between the civilized man and the savage is simply -incalculable; it represents not alone a difference in arts and methods -of life, but in the mental constitution, the instincts, and the -predispositions of the soul. The child of the civilized races in his -sports manufactures water-wheels, wagons, and houses of cobs; the savage -boy amuses himself with bows and arrows: the one belongs to a building -and creating race; the other to a wild, hunting stock. This abyss -between savagery and civilization has never been passed by any nation -through its own original force, and without external influences, during -the Historic Period; those who were savages at the dawn of history are -savages still; barbarian slaves may have been taught something of the -arts of their masters, and conquered races have shared some of the -advantages possessed by their conquerors; but we will seek in vain for -any example of a savage people developing civilization of and among -themselves. I may be reminded of the Gauls, Goths, and Britons; but -these were not savages, they possessed written languages, poetry, -oratory, and history; they were controlled by religious ideas; they -believed in God and the immortality of the soul, and in a state of -rewards and punishments after death. Wherever the Romans came in contact -with Gauls, or Britons, or German tribes, they found them armed with -weapons of iron. The Scots, according to Tacitus, used chariots and iron -swords in the battle of the Grampians--"enormes gladii sine mucrone." -The Celts of Gaul are stated by Diodorus Siculus to have used -iron-headed spears and coats-of-mail, and the Gauls who encountered the -Roman arms in B.C. 222 were armed with soft iron swords, as well as at -the time when Cæsar conquered their country. Among the Gauls men would -lend money to be repaid in the next world, and, we need not add, that no -Christian people has yet reached that sublime height of faith; they -cultivated the ground, built houses and walled towns, wove cloth, and -employed wheeled vehicles; they possessed nearly all the cereals and -domestic animals we have, and they wrought in iron, bronze, and steel. -The Gauls had even invented a machine on wheels to cut their grain, thus -anticipating our reapers and mowers by two thousand years. The -difference between the civilization of the Romans under Julius Cæsar -and the Gauls under Vercingetorix was a difference in degree and not in -kind. The Roman civilization was simply a development and perfection of -the civilization possessed by all the European populations; it was drawn -from the common fountain of Atlantis. - -If we find on both sides of the Atlantic precisely the same arts, -sciences, religious beliefs, habits, customs, and traditions, it is -absurd to say that the peoples of the two continents arrived separately, -by precisely the same steps, at precisely the same ends. When we -consider the resemblance of the civilizations of the Mediterranean -nations to one another, no man is silly enough to pretend that Rome, -Greece, Egypt, Assyria, Phoenicia, each spontaneously and separately -invented the arts, sciences, habits, and opinions in which they agreed; -but we proceed to trace out the thread of descent or connection from one -to another. Why should a rule of interpretation prevail, as between the -two sides of the Atlantic, different from that which holds good as to -the two sides of the Mediterranean Sea? If, in the one case, similarity -of origin has unquestionably produced similarity of arts, customs, and -condition, why, in the other, should not similarity of arts, customs, -and condition prove similarity of origin? Is there any instance in the -world of two peoples, without knowledge of or intercourse with each -other, happening upon the same invention, whether that invention be an -arrow-head or a steam-engine? If it required of mankind a lapse of at -least six thousand years before it began anew the work of invention, and -took up the thread of original thought where Atlantis dropped it, what -probability is there of three or four separate nations all advancing at -the same speed to precisely the same arts and opinions? The proposition -is untenable. - -If, then, we prove that, on both sides of the Atlantic, civilizations -were found substantially identical, we have demonstrated that they must -have descended one from the other, or have radiated from some common -source. - -CHAPTER II - -THE IDENTITY OF THE CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW - - MOSAICS AT MITLA, MEXICO - -Architecture.--Plato tells us that the Atlanteans possessed -architecture; that they built walls, temples, and palaces. - -We need not add that this art was found in Egypt and all the civilized -countries of Europe, as well as in Peru, Mexico, and Central America. -Among both the Peruvians and Egyptians the walls receded inward, and the -doors were narrower at the top than at the threshold. - -The obelisks of Egypt, covered with hieroglyphics, are paralleled by the -round columns of Central America, and both are supposed to have -originated in Phallus-worship. "The usual symbol of the Phallus was an -erect stone, often in its rough state, sometimes sculptured." (Squier, -"Serpent Symbol," p. 49; Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. iii., p. 504.) -The worship of Priapus was found in Asia, Egypt, along the European -shore of the Mediterranean, and in the forests of Central America. - -The mounds of Europe and Asia were made in the same way and for the same -purposes as those of America. Herodotus describes the burial of a -Scythian king; he says, "After this they set to work to raise a vast -mound above the grave, all of them vying with each other, and seeking to -make it as tall as possible." "It must be confessed," says Foster -("Prehistoric Races," p. 193), "that these Scythic burial rites have a -strong resemblance to those of the Mound Builders." Homer describes the -erection of a great symmetrical mound over Achilles, also one over -Hector. Alexander the Great raised a great mound over his friend -Hephæstion, at a cost of more than a million dollars; and Semiramis -raised a similar mound over her husband. The pyramids of Egypt, Assyria, -and Phoenicia had their duplicates in Mexico and Central America. - - CARVING ON THE BUDDHIST TOWER, SARNATH, INDIA - -The grave-cists made of stone of the American mounds are exactly like -the stone chests, or kistvaen for the dead, found in the British mounds. -(Fosters "Prehistoric Races," p. 109.) Tumuli have been found in -Yorkshire enclosing wooden coffins, precisely as in the mounds of the -Mississippi Valley. (Ibid., p. 185.) The articles associated with the -dead are the same in both continents: arms, trinkets, food, clothes, and -funeral urns. In both the Mississippi Valley and among the Chaldeans -vases were constructed around the bones, the neck of the vase being too -small to permit the extraction of the skull. (Foster's "Prehistoric -Races," p. 200.) - -The use of cement was known alike to the European and American nations. - -The use of the arch was known on both sides of the Atlantic. - -The manufacture of bricks was known in both the Old and New Worlds. - -The style of ornamentation in architecture was much the same on both -hemispheres, as shown in the preceding designs, pages 137, 139. - -Metallurgy.--The Atlanteans mined ores, and worked in metals; they used -copper, tin, bronze, gold, and silver, and probably iron. - -The American nations possessed all these metals. The age of bronze, or -of copper combined with tin, was preceded in America, and nowhere else, -by a simpler age of copper; and, therefore, the working of metals -probably originated in America, or in some region to which it was -tributary. The Mexicans manufactured bronze, and the Incas mined iron -near Lake Titicaca; and the civilization of this latter region, as we -will show, probably dated back to Atlantean times. The Peruvians called -gold the tears of the sun: it was sacred to the sun, as silver was to -the moon. - -Sculpture.--The Atlanteans possessed this art; so did the American and -Mediterranean nations. - -Dr. Arthur Schott ("Smith. Rep.," 1869, p. 391), in describing the "Cara -Gigantesca," or gigantic face, a monument of Yzamal, in Yucatan, says, -"Behind and on both sides, from under the mitre, a short veil falls upon -the shoulders, so as to protect the back of the head and the neck. This -particular appendage vividly calls to mind the same feature in the -symbolic adornments of Egyptian and Hindoo priests, and even those of -the Hebrew hierarchy." Dr. Schott sees in the orbicular wheel-like -plates of this statue the wheel symbol of Kronos and Saturn; and, in -turn, it may be supposed that the wheel of Kronos was simply the cross -of Atlantis, surrounded by its encircling ring. - -Painting.--This art was known on both sides of the Atlantic. The -paintings upon the walls of some of the temples of Central America -reveal a state of the art as high as that of Egypt. - -Engraving.--Plato tells us that the Atlanteans engraved upon pillars. -The American nations also had this art in common with Egypt, Phoenicia, -and Assyria. - -Agriculture.--The people of Atlantis were pre-eminently an agricultural -people; so were the civilized nations of America and the Egyptians. In -Egypt the king put his hand to the plough at an annual festival, thus -dignifying and consecrating the occupation of husbandry. In Peru -precisely the same custom prevailed. In both the plough was known; in -Egypt it was drawn by oxen, and in Peru by men. It was drawn by men in -the North of Europe down to a comparatively recent period. - -Public Works.--The American nations built public works as great as or -greater than any known in Europe. The Peruvians had public roads, one -thousand five hundred to two thousand miles long, made so thoroughly as -to elicit the astonishment of the Spaniards. At every few miles taverns -or hotels were established for the accommodation of travellers. Humboldt -pronounced these Peruvian roads "among the most useful and stupendous -works ever executed by man." They built aqueducts for purposes of -irrigation some of which were five hundred miles long. They constructed -magnificent bridges of stone, and had even invented suspension bridges -thousands of years before they were introduced into Europe. They had, -both in Peru and Mexico, a system of posts, by means of which news was -transmitted hundreds of miles in a day, precisely like those known among -the Persians in the time of Herodotus, and subsequently among the -Romans. Stones similar to mile-stones were placed along the roads in -Peru. (See Prescott's "Peru,") - -Navigation.--Sailing vessels were known to the Peruvians and the Central -Americans. Columbus met, in 1502, at an island near Honduras, a party of -the Mayas in a large vessel, equipped with sails, and loaded with a -variety of textile fabrics of divers colors. - - ANCIENT IRISH VASE OF THE BRONZE AGE - -Mannfactures.--The American nations manufactured woollen and cotton -goods; they made pottery as beautiful as the wares of Egypt; they -manufactured glass; they engraved gems and precious stones. The -Peruvians had such immense numbers of vessels and ornaments of gold that -the Inca paid with them a ransom for himself to Pizarro of the value of -fifteen million dollars. - -Music.--It has been pointed out that there is great resemblance between -the five-toned music of the Highland Scotch and that of the Chinese and -other Eastern nations. ("Anthropology," p. 292.) - -Weapons.--The weapons of the New World were identically the same as -those of the Old World; they consisted of bows and arrows, spears, -darts, short swords, battle-axes, and slings; and both peoples used -shields or bucklers, and casques of wood or hide covered with metal. If -these weapons had been derived from separate sources of invention, one -country or the other would have possessed implements not known to the -other, like the blow-pipe, the boomerang, etc. Absolute identity in so -many weapons strongly argues identity of origin. - -Religion.--The religion of the Atlanteans, as Plato tells us, was pure -and simple; they made no regular sacrifices but fruits and flowers; they -worshipped the sun. - -In Peru a single deity was worshipped, and the sun, his most glorious -work, was honored as his representative. Quetzalcoatl, the founder of -the Aztecs, condemned all sacrifice but that of fruits and flowers. The -first religion of Egypt was pure and simple; its sacrifices were fruits -and flowers; temples were erected to the sun, Ra, throughout Egypt. In -Peru the great festival of the sun was called Ra-mi. The Phoenicians -worshipped Baal and Moloch; the one represented the beneficent, and the -other the injurious powers of the sun. - -Religious Beliefs.--The Guanches of the Canary Islands, who were -probably a fragment of the old Atlantean population, believed in the -immortality of the soul and the resurrection of the body, and preserved -their dead as mummies. The Egyptians believed in the immortality of the -soul and the resurrection of the body, and preserved the bodies of the -dead by embalming them. The Peruvians believed in the immortality of the -soul and the resurrection of the body, and they too preserved the bodies -of their dead by embalming them. "A few mummies in remarkable -preservation have been found among the Chinooks and Flatheads." -(Schoolcraft, vol. v., p. 693.) The embalmment of the body was also -practised in Central America and among the Aztecs. The Aztecs, like the -Egyptians, mummified their dead by taking out the bowels and replacing -them with aromatic substances. (Dorman, "Origin Prim. Superst.," p. -173.) The bodies of the kings of the Virginia Indians were preserved by -embalming. (Beverly, p. 47.) - -Here are different races, separated by immense distances of land and -ocean, uniting in the same beliefs, and in the same practical and -logical application of those beliefs. - -The use of confession and penance was known in the religious ceremonies -of some of the American nations. Baptism was a religious ceremony with -them, and the bodies of the dead were sprinkled with water. - -Vestal virgins were found in organized communities on both sides of the -Atlantic; they were in each case pledged to celibacy, and devoted to -death if they violated their vows. In both hemispheres the recreant were -destroyed by being buried alive. The Peruvians, Mexicans, Central -Americans, Egyptians, Phoenicians, and Hebrews each had a powerful -hereditary priesthood. - -The Phoenicians believed in an evil spirit called Zebub; the Peruvians -had a devil called Cupay. The Peruvians burnt incense in their temples. -The Peruvians, when they sacrificed animals, examined their entrails, -and from these prognosticated the future. - -I need not add that all these nations preserved traditions of the -Deluge; and all of them possessed systems of writing. - -The Egyptian priest of Sais told Solon that the myth of Phaëthon, the -son of Helios, having attempted to drive the chariot of the sun, and -thereby burning up the earth, referred to "a declination of the bodies -moving round the earth and in the heavens" (comets), which caused a -"great conflagration upon the earth," from which those only escaped who -lived near rivers and seas. The "Codex Chimalpopoca"--a Nahua, Central -American record--tells us that the third era of the world, or "third -sun," is called, Quia Tonatiuh, or sun of rain, "because in this age -there fell a rain of fire, all which existed burned, and there fell a -rain of gravel;" the rocks "boiled with tumult, and there also arose the -rocks of vermilion color." In other words, the traditions of these -people go back to a great cataclysm of fire, when the earth possibly -encountered, as in the Egyptian story, one of "the bodies moving round -the earth and in the heavens;" they had also memories of "the Drift -Period," and of the outburst of Plutonic rocks. If man has existed on -the earth as long as science asserts, he must have passed through many -of the great catastrophes which are written upon the face of the planet; -and it is very natural that in myths and legends he should preserve some -recollection of events so appalling and destructive. - -Among the early Greeks Pan was the ancient god; his wife was Maia. The -Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg calls attention to the fact that Pan was -adored in all parts of Mexico and Central America; and at Panuco, or -Panca, literally Panopolis, the Spaniards found, upon their entrance -into Mexico, superb temples and images of Pan. (Brasseur's Introduction -in Landa's "Relacion.") The names of both Pan and Maya enter extensively -into the Maya vocabulary, Maia being the same as Maya, the principal -name of the peninsula; and pan, added to Maya, makes the name of the -ancient capital Mayapan. In the Nahua language pan, or pani, signifies -"equality to that which is above," and Pentecatl was the progenitor of -all beings. ("North Americans of Antiquity," p. 467.) - -The ancient Mexicans believed that the sun-god would destroy the world -in the last night of the fifty-second year, and that he would never come -back. They offered sacrifices to him at that time to propitiate him; -they extinguished all the fires in the kingdom; they broke all their -household furniture; they bung black masks before their faces; they -prayed and fasted; and on the evening of the last night they formed a -great procession to a neighboring mountain. A human being was sacrificed -exactly at midnight; a block of wood was laid at once on the body, and -fire was then produced by rapidly revolving another piece of wood upon -it; a spark was carried to a funeral pile, whose rising flame proclaimed -to the anxious people the promise of the god not to destroy the world -for another fifty-two years. Precisely the same custom obtained among -the nations of Asia Minor and other parts of the continent of Asia, -wherever sun-worship prevailed, at the periodical reproduction of the -sacred fire, but not with the same bloody rites as in Mexico. -(Valentini, "Maya Archaeology," p. 21.) - -To this day the Brahman of India "churns" his sacred fire out of a board -by boring into it with a stick; the Romans renewed their sacred fire in -the same way; and in Sweden even now a "need-fire is kindled in this -manner when cholera or other pestilence is about." (Tylor's -"Anthropology," p. 262.) - -A belief in ghosts is found on both continents. The American Indians -think that the spirits of the dead retain the form and features which -they wore while living; that there is a hell and a heaven; that hell is -below the earth, and heaven above the clouds; that the souls of the -wicked sometimes wander the face of the earth, appearing occasionally to -mortals. The story of Tantalus is found among the Chippewayans, who -believed that bad souls stand up to their chins in water in sight of the -spirit-land, which they can never enter. The dead passed to heaven -across a stream of water by means of a narrow and slippery bridge, from -which many were lost. The Zuñis set apart a day in each year which they -spent among the graves of their dead, communing with their spirits, and -bringing them presents--a kind of All-souls-day. (Dorman, "Prim. -Superst.," p. 35.) The Stygian flood, and Scylla and Charybdis, are -found among the legends of the Caribs. (Ibid., p. 37.) Even the boat of -Charon reappears in the traditions of the Chippewayans. - -The Oriental belief in the transmigration of souls is found in every -American tribe. The souls of men passed into animals or other men. -(Schoolcraft, vol. i., p. 33.) The souls of the wicked passed into toads -and wild beasts. (Dorman, "Prim. Superst.," p. 50.) - -Among both the Germans and the American Indians lycanthropy, or the -metamorphosis of men into wolves, was believed in. In British Columbia -the men-wolves have often been seen seated around a fire, with their -wolf-hides hung upon sticks to dry! The Irish legend of hunters pursuing -an animal which suddenly disappears, whereupon a human being appears in -its place is found among all the American tribes. - -That timid and harmless animal, the hare, was, singularly enough, an -object of superstitious reverence and fear in Europe, Asia, and America. -The ancient Irish killed all the hares they found on May-day among their -cattle, believing them to be witches. Cæsar gives an account of the -horror in which this animal was held by the Britons. The Calmucks -regarded the rabbit with fear and reverence. Divine honors were paid to -the hare in Mexico. Wabasso was changed into a white rabbit, and -canonized in that form. - -The white bull, Apis, of the Egyptians, reappears in the Sacred white -buffalo of the Dakotas, which was supposed to possess supernatural -power, and after death became a god. The white doe of European legend -had its representative in the white deer of the Housatonic Valley, whose -death brought misery to the tribe. The transmission of spirits by the -laying on of hands, and the exorcism of demons, were part of the -religion of the American tribes. - -The witches of Scandinavia, who produced tempests by their incantations, -are duplicated in America. A Cree sorcerer sold three days of fair -weather for one pound of tobacco! The Indian sorcerers around Freshwater -Bay kept the winds in leather bags, and disposed of them as they pleased. - -Among the American Indians it is believed that those who are insane or -epileptic are "possessed of devils." (Tylor, "Prim. Cult.," vol. ii., -pp. 123-126.) Sickness is caused by evil spirits entering into the sick -person. (Eastman's "Sioux.") The spirits of animals are much feared, and -their departure out of the body of the invalid is a cause of -thanksgiving. Thus an Omaha, after an eructation, says, "Thank you, -animal." (Dorman, "Prim. Superst.," p. 55.) The confession of their sins -was with a view to satisfy the evil spirit and induce him to leave them. -(Ibid., p. 57.) - -In both continents burnt-offerings were sacrificed to the gods. In both -continents the priests divined the future from the condition of the -internal organs of the man or animal sacrificed. (Ibid., pp. 214, 226.) -In both continents the future was revealed by the flight of birds and by -dreams. In Peru and Mexico there were colleges of augurs, as in Rome, -who practised divination by watching the movements and songs of birds. -(Ibid., p. 261.) - -Animals were worshipped in Central America and on the banks of the Nile. -(Ibid., p. 259.) - -The Ojibbeways believed that the barking of a fox was ominous of ill. -(Ibid., p. 225). The peasantry of Western Europe have the same belief as -to the howling of a dog. - -The belief in satyrs, and other creatures half man and half animal, -survived in America. The Kickapoos are Darwinians. "They think their -ancestors had tails, and when they lost them the impudent fox sent every -morning to ask how their tails were, and the bear shook his fat sides at -the joke." (Ibid., p. 232.) Among the natives of Brazil the father cut a -stick at the wedding of his daughter; "this was done to cut off the -tails of any future grandchildren." (Tylor, vol. i., p. 384.) - -Jove, with the thunder-bolts in his hand, is duplicated in the Mexican -god of thunder, Mixcoatl, who is represented holding a bundle of arrows. -"He rode upon a tornado, and scattered the lightnings." (Dorman, "Prim. -Superst.," p. 98.) - -Dionysus, or Bacchus, is represented by the Mexican god Texcatzoncatl, -the god of wine. (Bancroft, vol. iii., p. 418.) - -Atlas reappears in Chibchacum, the deity of the Chibchas; he bears the -world on his shoulders, and when be shifts the burden from one shoulder -to another severe earthquakes are produced. (Bollært, pp. 12, 13.) - -Deucalion repeopling the world is repeated in Xololt, who, after the -destruction of the world, descended to Mictlan, the realm of the dead, -and brought thence a bone of the perished race. This, sprinkled with -blood, grew into a youth, the father of the present race. The Quiche -hero-gods, Hunaphu and Xblanque, died; their bodies were burnt, their -bones ground to powder and thrown into the waters, whereupon they -changed into handsome youths, with the same features as before. (Dorman, -"Prim. Superst.," p. 193.) - -Witches and warlocks, mermaids and mermen, are part of the mythology of -the American tribes, as they were of the European races. (Ibid., p. 79.) -The mermaid of the Ottawas was "woman to the waist and fair;" thence -fish-like. (Ibid., p. 278.) - -The snake-locks of Medusa are represented in the snake-locks of -At-otarho, an ancient culture-hero of the Iroquois. - -A belief in the incarnation of gods in men, and the physical translation -of heroes to heaven, is part of the mythology of the Hindoos and the -American races. Hiawatha, we are told, rose to heaven in the presence of -the multitude, and vanished from sight in the midst of sweet music. - -The vocal statues and oracles of Egypt and Greece were duplicated in -America. In Peru, in the valley of Rimac, there was an idol which -answered questions and became famous as an oracle. (Dorman, "Prim. -Superst.," p. 124.) - -The Peruvians believed that men were sometimes metamorphosed into stones. - -The Oneidas claimed descent from a stone, as the Greeks from the stones -of Deucalion. (Ibid., p. 132.) - -Witchcraft is an article of faith among all the American races. Among -the Illinois Indians "they made small images to represent those whose -days they have a mind to shorten, and which they stab to the heart," -whereupon the person represented is expected to die. (Charlevoix, vol. -ii., p. 166.) The witches of Europe made figures of wax of their -enemies, and gradually melted them at the fire, and as they diminished -the victim was supposed to sicken and die. - -A writer in the Popular Science Monthly (April, 1881, p. 828) points out -the fact that there is an absolute identity between the folk-lore of the -negroes on the plantations of the South and the myths and stories of -certain tribes of Indians in South America, as revealed by Mr. Herbert -Smith's "Brazil, the Amazons, and the Coast." (New York: Scribner, -1879.) Mr. Harris, the author of a work on the folk-lore of the negroes, -asks this question, "When did the negro or the North American Indian -come in contact with the tribes of South America?" - -Customs.--Both peoples manufactured a fermented, intoxicating drink, the -one deriving it from barley, the other from maize. Both drank toasts. -Both had the institution of marriage, an important part of the ceremony -consisting in the joining of hands; both recognized divorce, and the -Peruvians and Mexicans established special courts to decide cases of -this kind. Both the Americans and Europeans erected arches, and had -triumphal processions for their victorious kings, and both strewed the -ground before them with leaves and flowers. Both celebrated important -events with bonfires and illuminations; both used banners, both invoked -blessings. The Phoenicians, Hebrews, and Egyptians practised -circumcision. Palacio relates that at Azori, in Honduras, the natives -circumcised boys before an idol called Icelca. ("Carta," p. 84.) Lord -Kingsborough tells us the Central Americans used the same rite, and -McKenzie (quoted by Retzius) says he saw the ceremony performed by the -Chippeways. Both had bards and minstrels, who on great festivals sung -the deeds of kings and heroes. Both the Egyptians and the Peruvians held -agricultural fairs; both took a census of the people. Among both the -land was divided per capita among the people; in Judea a new division -was made every fifty years. The Peruvians renewed every year all the -fires of the kingdom from the Temple of the Sun, the new fire being -kindled from concave mirrors by the sun's rays. The Romans under Numa -had precisely the same custom. The Peruvians had theatrical plays. They -chewed the leaves of the coca mixed with lime, as the Hindoo to-day -chews the leaves of the betel mixed with lime. Both the American and -European nations were divided into castes; both practised -planet-worship; both used scales and weights and mirrors. The Peruvians, -Egyptians, and Chaldeans divided the year into twelve months, and the -months into lesser divisions of weeks. Both inserted additional days, so -as to give the year three hundred and sixty-five days. The Mexicans -added five intercalary days; and the Egyptians, in the time of Amunoph -I., had already the same practice. - -Humboldt, whose high authority cannot be questioned, by an elaborate -discussion ("Vues des Cordilleras," p. 148 et. seq., ed. 1870), has -shown the relative likeness of the Nahua calendar to that of Asia. He -cites the fact that the Chinese, Japanese, Calmucks, Mongols, Mantchou, -and other hordes of Tartars have cycles of sixty years' duration, -divided into five brief periods of twelve years each. The method of -citing a date by means of signs and numbers is quite similar with -Asiatics and Mexicans. He further shows satisfactorily that the majority -of the names of the twenty days employed by the Aztecs are those of a -zodiac used since the most remote antiquity among the peoples of Eastern -Asia. - -Cabera thinks he finds analogies between the Mexican and Egyptian -calendars. Adopting the view of several writers that the Mexican year -began on the 26th of February, he finds the date to correspond with the -beginning of the Egyptian year. - -The American nations believed in four great primeval ages, as the Hindoo -does to this day. - -"In the Greeks of Homer," says Volney, "I find the customs, discourse, -and manners of the Iroquois, Delawares, and Miamis. The tragedies of -Sophocles and Euripides paint to me almost literally the sentiments of -the red men respecting necessity, fatality, the miseries of human life, -and the rigor of blind destiny." (Volney's "View of the United States.") - -The Mexicans represent an eclipse of the moon as the moon being devoured -by a dragon; and the Hindoos have precisely the same figure; and both -nations continued to use this expression long after they had discovered -the real meaning of an eclipse. - -The Tartars believe that if they cut with an axe near a fire, or stick a -knife into a burning stick, or touch the fire with a knife, they will -"cut the top off the fire." The Sioux Indians will not stick an awl or a -needle into a stick of wood on the fire, or chop on it with an axe or a -knife. - -Cremation was extensively practised in the New World. The dead were -burnt, and their ashes collected and placed in vases and urns, as in -Europe. Wooden statues of the dead were made. - -There is a very curious and apparently inexplicable custom, called the -"Couvade," which extends from China to the Mississippi Valley; it -demands "that, when a child is born, the father must take to his bed, -while the mother attends to all the duties of the household." Marco Polo -found the custom among the Chinese in the thirteenth century. - -The widow tells Hudibras-- - - "Chineses thus are said - To lie-in in their ladies' stead." - -The practice remarked by Marco Polo continues to this day among the -hill-tribes of China. "The father of a new-born child, as soon as the -mother has become strong enough to leave her couch, gets into bed -himself, and there receives the congratulations of his acquaintances." -(Max Müller's "Chips from a German Workshop," vol. ii., p. 272.) Strabo -(vol. iii., pp. 4, 17) mentions that, among the Iberians of the North of -Spain, the women, after the birth of a child, tend their husbands, -putting them to bed instead of going themselves. The same custom existed -among the Basques only a few years ago. "In Biscay," says M. F. Michel, -"the women rise immediately after childbirth and attend to the duties of -the household, while the husband goes to bed, taking the baby with him, -and thus receives the neighbors' compliments." The same custom was found -in France, and is said to exist to this day in some cantons of Béarn. -Diodorus Siculus tells us that among the Corsicans the wife was -neglected, and the husband put to bed and treated as the patient. -Apollonius Rhodius says that among the Tibereni, at the south of the -Black Sea, "when a child was born the father lay groaning, with his head -tied up, while the mother tended him with food and prepared his baths." -The same absurd custom extends throughout the tribes of North and South -America. Among the Caribs in the West Indies (and the Caribs, Brasseur -de Bourbourg says, were the same as the ancient Carians of the -Mediterranean Sea) the man takes to his bed as soon as a child is born, -and kills no animals. And herein we find an explanation of a custom -otherwise inexplicable. Among the American Indians it is believed that, -if the father kills an animal during the infancy of the child, the -spirit of the animal will revenge itself by inflicting some disease upon -the helpless little one. "For six months the Carib father must not eat -birds or fish, for what ever animals he eats will impress their likeness -on the child, or produce disease by entering its body." (Dorman, "Prim. -Superst.," p. 58.) Among the Abipones the husband goes to bed, fasts a -number of days, "and you would think," says Dobrizboffer, "that it was -he that had had the child." The Brazilian father takes to his hammock -during and after the birth of the child, and for fifteen days eats no -meat and hunts no game. Among the Esquimaux the husbands forbear hunting -during the lying-in of their wives and for some time thereafter. - -Here, then, we have a very extraordinary and unnatural custom, existing -to this day on both sides of the Atlantic, reaching back to a vast -antiquity, and finding its explanation only in the superstition of the -American races. A practice so absurd could scarcely have originated -separately in the two continents; its existence is a very strong proof -of unity of origin of the races on the opposite sides of the Atlantic; -and the fact that the custom and the reason for it are both found in -America, while the custom remains in Europe without the reason, would -imply that the American population was the older of the two. - -The Indian practice of depositing weapons and food with the dead was -universal in ancient Europe, and in German villages nowadays a needle -and thread is placed in the coffin for the dead to mend their torn -clothes with; "while all over Europe the dead man had a piece of money -put in his hand to pay his way with." ("Anthropology," p. 347.) - -The American Indian leaves food with the dead; the Russian peasant puts -crumbs of bread behind the saints' pictures on the little iron shelf, -and believes that the souls of his forefathers creep in and out and eat -them. At the cemetery of Père-la-Chaise, Paris, on All-souls-day, they -"still put cakes and sweetmeats on the graves; and in Brittany the -peasants that night do not forget to make up the fire and leave the -fragments of the supper on the table for the souls of the dead." (Ibid., -p. 351.) - -The Indian prays to the spirits of his forefathers; the Chinese religion -is largely "ancestor-worship;" and the rites paid to the dead ancestors, -or lares, held the Roman family together." ("Anthropology," p. 351.) - -We find the Indian practice of burying the dead in a sitting posture in -use among the Nasamonians, tribe of Libyans. Herodotus, speaking of the -wandering tribes of Northern Africa, says, "They bury their dead -according to the fashion of the Greeks.... They bury them sitting, -and are right careful, when the sick man is at the point of giving up -the ghost, to make him sit, and not let him die lying down." - -The dead bodies of the caciques of Bogota were protected from -desecration by diverting the course of a river and making the grave in -its bed, and then letting the stream return to its natural course. -Alaric, the leader of the Goths, was secretly buried in the same way. -(Dorman, "Prim. Superst.," p. 195.) - -Among the American tribes no man is permitted to marry a wife of the -same clan-name or totem as himself. In India a Brahman is not allowed to -marry a wife whose clan-name (her "cow-stall," as they say) is the same -as his own; nor may a Chinaman take a wife of his own surname. -("Anthropology," p. 403.) "Throughout India the hill-tribes are divided -into septs or clans, and a man may not marry a woman belonging to his -own clan. The Calmucks of Tartary are divided into hordes, and a man may -not marry a girl of his own horde. The same custom prevails among the -Circassians and the Samoyeds of Siberia. The Ostyaks and Yakuts regard -it as a crime to marry a woman of the same family, or even of the same -name." (Sir John Lubbock, "Smith. Rep.," p. 347, 1869.) - -Sutteeism--the burning of the widow upon the funeral-pile of the -husband--was extensively practised in America (West's "Journal," p. -141); as was also the practice of sacrificing warriors, servants, and -animals at the funeral of a great chief (Dorman, pp. 210-211.) Beautiful -girls were sacrificed to appease the anger of the gods, as among the -Mediterranean races. (Bancroft, vol. iii., p. 471.) Fathers offered up -their children for a like purpose, as among the Carthaginians. - -The poisoned arrows of America had their representatives in Europe. -Odysseus went to Ephyra for the man-slaying drug with which to smear his -bronze-tipped arrows. (Tylor's "Anthropology," p. 237.) - -"The bark canoe of America was not unknown in Asia and Africa" (Ibid., -p. 254), while the skin canoes of our Indians and the Esquimaux were -found on the shores of the Thames and the Euphrates. In Peru and on the -Euphrates commerce was carried on upon rafts supported by inflated -skins. They are still used on the Tigris. - -The Indian boils his meat by dropping red-hot stones into a water-vessel -made of hide; and Linnæus found the Both land people brewing beer in -this way--"and to this day the rude Carinthian boor drinks such -stone-beer, as it is called." (Ibid., p. 266.) - -In the buffalo dance of the Mandan Indians the dancers covered their -heads with a mask made of the head and horns of the buffalo. To-day in -the temples of India, or among the lamas of Thibet, the priests dance -the demons out, or the new year in, arrayed in animal masks (Ibid., p. -297 ); and the "mummers" at Yule-tide, in England, are a survival of the -same custom. (Ibid., p. 298.) The North American dog and bear dances, -wherein the dancers acted the part of those animals, had their prototype -in the Greek dances at the festivals of Dionysia. (Ibid., p. 298.) - -Tattooing was practised in both continents. Among the Indians it was -fetichistic in its origin; "every Indian had the image of an animal -tattooed on his breast or arm, to charm away evil spirits." (Dorman, -"Prim. Superst.," p. 156.) The sailors of Europe and America preserve to -this day a custom which was once universal among the ancient races. -Banners, flags, and armorial bearings are supposed to be survivals of -the old totemic tattooing. The Arab woman still tattoos her face, arms, -and ankles. The war-paint of the American savage reappeared in the woad -with which the ancient Briton stained his body; and Tylor suggests that -the painted stripes on the circus clown are a survival of a custom once -universal. (Tylor's "Anthropology," p. 327.) - -In America, as in the Old World, the temples of worship were built over -the dead., (Dorman, "Prim. Superst.," p. 178.) Says Prudentius, the -Roman bard, "there were as many temples of gods as sepulchres." - -The Etruscan belief that evil spirits strove for the possession of the -dead was found among the Mosquito Indians. (Bancroft, "Native Races," -vol. i., p. 744.) - -The belief in fairies, which forms so large a part of the folklore of -Western Europe, is found among the American races. The Ojibbeways see -thousands of fairies dancing in a sunbeam; during a rain myriads of them -bide in the flowers. When disturbed they disappear underground. They -have their dances, like the Irish fairies; and, like them, they kill the -domestic animals of those who offend them. The Dakotas also believe in -fairies. The Otoes located the "little people" in a mound at the mouth -of Whitestone River; they were eighteen inches high, with very large -heads; they were armed with bows and arrows, and killed those who -approached their residence. (See Dorman's "Origin of Primitive -Superstitions," p. 23.) "The Shoshone legends people the mountains of -Montana with little imps, called Nirumbees, two feet long, naked, and -with a tail." They stole the children of the Indians, and left in their -stead the young of their own baneful race, who resembled the stolen -children so much that the mothers were deceived and suckled them, -whereupon they died. This greatly resembles the European belief in -"changelings." (Ibid., p. 24.) - -In both continents we find tree-worship. In Mexico and Central America -cypresses and palms were planted near the temples, generally in groups -of threes; they were tended with great care, and received offerings of -incense and gifts. The same custom prevailed among the Romans--the -cypress was dedicated to Pluto, and the palm to Victory. - -Not only infant baptism by water was found both in the old Babylonian -religion and among the Mexicans, but an offering of cakes, which is -recorded by the prophet Jeremiah as part of the worship of the -Babylonian goddess-mother, "the Queen of Heaven," was also found in the -ritual of the Aztecs. ("Builders of Babel," p. 78.) - -In Babylonia, China, and Mexico the caste at the bottom of the social -scale lived upon floating islands of reeds or rafts, covered with earth, -on the lakes and rivers. - -In Peru and Babylonia marriages were made but once a year, at a public -festival. - -Among the Romans, the Chinese, the Abyssinians, and the Indians of -Canada the singular custom prevails of lifting the bride over the -door-step of her husband's home. (Sir John Lubbock, "Smith. Rep.," 1869, -p. 352.) - -"The bride-cake which so invariably accompanies a wedding among -ourselves, and which must always be cut by the bride, may be traced back -to the old Roman form of marriage by 'conferreatio,' or eating together. -So, also, among the Iroquois the bride and bridegroom used to partake -together of a cake of sagamite, which the bride always offered to her -husband." (Ibid.) - -Among many American tribes, notably in Brazil, the husband captured the -wife by main force, as the men of Benjamin carried off the daughters of -Shiloh at the feast, and as the Romans captured the Sabine women. -"Within a few generations the same old habit was kept up in Wales, where -the bridegroom and his friends, mounted and armed as for war, carried -off the bride; and in Ireland they used even to hurl spears at the -bride's people, though at such a distance that no one was hurt, except -now and then by accident--as happened when one Lord Hoath lost an eye, -which mischance put an end to this curious relic of antiquity." (Tylor's -"Anthropology," p. 409.) - -Marriage in Mexico was performed by the priest. He exhorted them to -maintain peace and harmony, and tied the end of the man's mantle to the -dress of the woman; he perfumed them, and placed on each a shawl on -which was painted a skeleton, "as a symbol that only death could now -separate them from one another." (Dorman, "Prim. Superst.," p. 379.) - -The priesthood was thoroughly organized in Mexico and Peru. They were -prophets as well as priests. "They brought the newly-born infant into -the religious society; they directed their training and education; they -determined the entrance of the young men into the service of the state; -they consecrated marriage by their blessing; they comforted the sick and -assisted the dying." (Ibid., p. 374.) There were five thousand priests -in the temples of Mexico. They confessed and absolved the sinners, -arranged the festivals, and managed the choirs in the churches. They -lived in conventual discipline, but were allowed to marry; they -practised flagellation and fasting, and prayed at regular hours. There -were great preachers and exhorters among them. There were also convents -into which females were admitted. The novice had her hair cut off and -took vows of celibacy; they lived holy and pious lives. (Ibid., pp. 375, -376.) The king was the high-priest of the religious orders. A new king -ascended the temple naked, except his girdle; he was sprinkled four -times with water which had been blessed; he was then clothed in a -mantle, and on his knees took an oath to maintain the ancient religion. -The priests then instructed him in his royal duties. (Ibid., p. 378.) -Besides the regular priesthood there were monks who were confined in -cloisters. (Ibid., p. 390.) Cortes says the Mexican priests were very -strict in the practice of honesty and chastity, and any deviation was -punished with death. They wore long white robes and burned incense. -(Dorman, "Prim. Superst.," p. 379.) The first fruits of the earth were -devoted to the support of the priesthood. (Ibid., p. 383.) The priests -of the Isthmus were sworn to perpetual chastity. - -The American doctors practised phlebotomy. They bled the sick man -because they believed the evil spirit which afflicted him would come -away with the blood. In Europe phlebotomy only continued to a late -period, but the original superstition out of which it arose, in this -case as in many others, was forgotten. - -There is opportunity here for the philosopher to meditate upon the -perversity of human nature and the persistence of hereditary error. The -superstition of one age becomes the science of another; men were first -bled to withdraw the evil spirit, then to cure the disease; and a -practice whose origin is lost in the night of ages is continued into the -midst of civilization, and only overthrown after it has sent millions of -human beings to untimely graves. Dr. Sangrado could have found the -explanation of his profession only among the red men of America. - -Folk-lore.--Says Max Müller: "Not only do we find the same words and the -same terminations in Sanscrit and Gothic; not only do we find the same -name for Zeus in Sanscrit, Latin, and German; not only is the abstract -name for God the same in India, Greece, and Italy; but these very -stories, these 'Mährchen' which nurses still tell, with almost the same -words, in the Thuringian forest and in the Norwegian villages, and to -which crowds of children listen under the Pippal-trees of India--these -stories, too, belonged to the common heirloom of the Indo-European race, -and their origin carries us back to the same distant past, when no Greek -had set foot in Europe, no Hindoo had bathed in the sacred waters of the -Ganges." - -And we find that an identity of origin can be established between the -folk-lore or fairy tales of America and those of the Old World, -precisely such as exists between the, legends of Norway and India. - -Mr. Tylor tells us the story of the two brothers in Central America who, -starting on their dangerous journey to the land of Xibalba, where their -father had perished, plant each a cane in the middle of their -grandmother's house, that she may know by its flourishing or withering -whether they are alive or dead. Exactly the same conception occurs in -Grimm's "Mährchen," when the two gold-children wish to see the world and -to leave their father; and when their father is sad, and asks them how -he shall bear news of them, they tell him, "We leave you the two golden -lilies; from these you can see how we fare. If they are fresh, we are -well; if they fade, we are ill; if they fall, we are dead." Grimm traces -the same idea in Hindoo stories. "Now this," says Max Müller, "is -strange enough, and its occurrence in India, Germany, and Central -America is stranger still." - -Compare the following stories, which we print in parallel columns, one -from the Ojibbeway Indians, the other from Ireland: - -+----------------------------------+------------------------------------+ -| THE OJIBBEWAY STORY. | THE IRISH STORY. | -| | | -| The birds met together one day | The birds all met together one | -| to try which could fly the | day, and settled among themselves | -| highest. Some flew up very | that whichever of them could fly | -| swift, but soon got tired, and | highest was to be the king of | -| were passed by others of | all. Well, just as they were on | -| stronger wing. But the eagle | the hinges of being off, what | -| went up beyond them all, and | does the little rogue of a wren | -| was ready to claim the victory, | do but hop up and perch himself | -| when the gray linnet, a very | unbeknown on the eagle's tail. So | -| small bird, flew from the | they flew and flew ever so high, | -| eagle's back, where it had | till the eagle was miles above | -| perched unperceived, and, being | all the rest, and could not fly | -| fresh and unexhausted, | another stroke, he was so tired. | -| succeeded in going the highest. | "Then," says he, "I'm king of the | -| When the birds came down and | birds." "You lie!" says the wren, | -| met in council to award the | darting up a perch and a half | -| prize it was given to the | above the big fellow. Well, the | -| eagle, because that bird had | eagle was so mad to think how he | -| not only gone up nearer to the | was done, that when the wren was | -| sun than any of the larger | coming down he gave him a stroke | -| birds, but it had carried the | of his wing, and from that day to | -| linnet on its back. | this the wren was never able to | -| | fly farther than a hawthorn-bush. | -| For this reason the eagle's | | -| feathers became the most | | -| honorable marks of distinction | | -| a warrior could bear. | | -+----------------------------------+------------------------------------+ - -Compare the following stories: - -+------------------------------------+----------------------------------+ -| THE ASIATIC STORY. | THE AMERICAN STORY. | -| | | -| In Hindoo mythology Urvasi came | Wampee, a great hunter, once | -| down from heaven and became the | came to a strange prairie, | -| wife of the son of Buddha only on | where he heard faint sounds of | -| condition that two pet rams | music, and looking up saw a | -| should never be taken from her | speck in the sky, which proved | -| bedside, and that she should | itself to be a basket | -| never behold her lord undressed. | containing twelve most | -| The immortals, however, wishing | beautiful maidens, who, on | -| Urvasi back in heaven, contrived | reaching the earth, forthwith | -| to steal the rams; and, as the | set themselves to dance. He | -| king pursued the robbers with his | tried to catch the youngest, | -| sword in the dark, the lightning | but in vain; ultimately he | -| revealed his person, the compact | succeeded by assuming the | -| was broken, and Urvasi | disguise of a mouse. He was | -| disappeared. This same story is | very attentive to his new wife, | -| found in different forms among | who was really a daughter of | -| many people of Aryan and Turanian | one of the stars, but she | -| descent, the central idea being | wished to return home, so she | -| that of a man marrying some one | made a wicker basket secretly, | -| of an aerial or aquatic origin, | and, by help of a charm she | -| and living happily with her till | remembered, ascended to her | -| he breaks the condition on which | father. | -| her residence with him depends, | | -| stories exactly parallel to that | | -| of Raymond of Toulouse, who | | -| chances in the hunt upon the | | -| beautiful Melusina at a fountain, | | -| and lives with her happily until | | -| he discovers her fish-nature and | | -| she vanishes. | | -+------------------------------------+----------------------------------+ - -If the legend of Cadmus recovering Europa, after she has been carried -away by the white bull, the spotless cloud, means that "the sun must -journey westward until he sees again the beautiful tints which greeted -his eyes in the morning," it is curious to find a story current in North -America to the effect that a man once had a beautiful daughter, 'whom he -forbade to leave the lodge lest she should be carried off by the king of -the buffaloes; and that as she sat, notwithstanding, outside the house -combing her hair, "all of a sudden the king of the buffaloes came -dashing on, with his herd of followers, and, taking her between his -horns, away be cantered over plains, plunged into a river which bounded -his land, and carried her safely to his lodge on the other side," whence -she was finally recovered by her father. - -Games.--The same games and sports extended from India to the shores of -Lake Superior. The game of the Hindoos, called pachisi, is played upon a -cross-shaped board or cloth; it is a combination of checkers and -draughts, with the throwing of dice, the dice determining the number of -moves; when the Spaniards entered Mexico they found the Aztecs playing a -game called patolli, identical with the Hindoo pachisi, on a similar -cross-shaped board. The game of ball, which the Indians of America were -in the habit of playing at the time of the discovery of the country, -from California to the Atlantic, was identical with the European chueca, -crosse, or hockey. - -One may well pause, after reading this catalogue, and ask himself, -wherein do these peoples differ? It is absurd to pretend that all these -similarities could have been the result of accidental coincidences. - -These two peoples, separated by the great ocean, were baptized alike in -infancy with blessed water; they prayed alike to the gods; they -worshipped together the sun, moon, and stars; they confessed their sins -alike; they were instructed alike by an established priesthood; they -were married in the same way and by the joining of hands; they armed -themselves with the same weapons; when children came, the man, on both -continents, went to bed and left his wife to do the honors of the -household; they tattooed and painted themselves in the same fashion; -they became intoxicated on kindred drinks; their dresses were alike; -they cooked in the same manner; they used the same metals; they employed -the same exorcisms and bleedings for disease; they believed alike in -ghosts, demons, and fairies; they listened to the same stories; they -played the same games; they used the same musical instruments; they -danced the same dances, and when they died they were embalmed in the -same way and buried sitting; while over them were erected, on both -continents, the same mounds, pyramids, obelisks, and temples. And yet we -are asked to believe that there was no relationship between them, and -that they had never had any ante-Columbian intercourse with each other. - -If our knowledge of Atlantis was more thorough, it would no doubt appear -that, in every instance wherein the people of Europe accord with the -people of America, they were both in accord with the people of Atlantis; -and that Atlantis was the common centre from which both peoples derived -their arts, sciences, customs, and opinions. It will be seen that in -every case where Plato gives us any information in this respect as to -Atlantis, we find this agreement to exist. It existed in architecture, -sculpture, navigation, engraving, writing, an established priesthood, -the mode of worship, agriculture, the construction of roads and canals; -and it is reasonable to suppose that the same correspondence extended -down to all the minor details treated of in this chapter. - -CHAPTER III. - -AMERICAN EVIDENCES OF INTERCOURSE WITH EUROPE OR ATLANTIS. - -1. ON the monuments of Central America there are representations of -bearded men. How could the beardless American Indians have imagined a -bearded race? - -2. All the traditions of the civilized races of Central America point to -an Eastern origin. - -The leader and civilizer of the Nahua family was Quetzalcoatl. This is -the legend respecting him: - -"From the distant East, from the fabulous Hue Hue Tlapalan, this -mysterious person came to Tula, and became the patron god and -high-priest of the ancestors of the Toltecs. He is described as having -been a white man, with strong formation of body, broad forehead, large -eyes, and flowing beard. He wore a mitre on his head, and was dressed in -a long white robe reaching to his feet, and covered with red crosses. In -his hand he held a sickle. His habits were ascetic, he never married, -was most chaste and pure in life, and is said to have endured penance in -a neighboring mountain, not for its effects upon himself, but as a -warning to others. He condemned sacrifices, except of fruits and -flowers, and was known as the god of peace; for, when addressed on the -subject of war, he is reported to have stopped his ears with his -fingers." ("North Amer. of Antiq.," p. 268.) - -"He was skilled in many arts: he invented" (that is, imported) -"gem-cutting and metal-casting; he originated letters, and invented the -Mexican calendar. He finally returned to the land in the East from which -he came: leaving the American coast at Vera Cruz, he embarked in a canoe -made of serpent-skins, and 'sailed away into the east.'" (Ibid., p. 271.) - -Dr. Le Plongeon says of the columns at Chichen: - -"The base is formed by the head of Cukulcan, the shaft of the body of -the serpent, with its feathers beautifully carved to the very chapiter. -On the chapiters of the columns that support the portico, at the -entrance of the castle in Chichen Itza, may be seen the carved figures -of long-bearded men, with upraised hands, in the act of worshipping -sacred trees. They forcibly recall to mind the same worship in Assyria." - -In the accompanying cut of an ancient vase from Tula, we see a bearded -figure grasping a beardless man. - -In the cut given below we see a face that might be duplicated among the -old men of any part of Europe. - -The Cakchiquel MS. says: "Four persons came from Tulan, from the -direction of the rising sun--that is one Tulan. There is another Tulan -in Xibalbay, and another where the sun sets, and it is there that we -came; and in the direction of the setting sun there is another, where is -the god; so that there are four Tulans; and it is where the sun sets -that we came to Tulan, from the other side of the sea, where this Tulan -is; and it is there that we were conceived and begotten by our mothers -and fathers." - -That is to say, the birthplace of the race was in the East, across the -sea, at a place called Tulan and when they emigrated they called their -first stopping-place on the American continent Tulan also; and besides -this there were two other Tulans. - -"Of the Nahua predecessors of the Toltecs in Mexico the Olmecs and -Xicalaucans were the most important. They were the forerunners of the -great races that followed. According to Ixtlilxochitl, these -people--which are conceded to be the ones who occupied the world in the third age; -they came from the East in ships or barks to the land of Potonchan, -which they commenced to populate." - -3. The Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, in one of the notes of the -Introduction of the "Popol Vuh," presents a very remarkable analogy -between the kingdom of Xibalba, described in that work, and Atlantis. He -says: - -"Both countries are magnificent, exceedingly fertile, and abound in the -precious metals. The empire of Atlantis was divided into ten kingdoms, -governed by five couples of twin sons of Poseidon, the eldest being -supreme over the others; and the ten constituted a tribunal that managed -the affairs of the empire. Their descendants governed after them. The -ten kings of Xibalba, who reigned (in couples) under Hun-Came and -Vukub-Came (and who together constituted a grand council of the -kingdom), certainly furnish curious points of comparison. And there is -wanting neither a catastrophe--for Xibalba had a terrific -inundation--nor the name of Atlas, of which the etymology is found only -in the Nahuatl tongue: it comes from atl, water; and we know that a city -of Atlan (near the water) still existed on the Atlantic side of the -Isthmus of Panama at the time of the Conquest." - -"In Yucatan the traditions all point to an Eastern and foreign origin -for the race. The early writers report that the natives believe their -ancestors to have crossed the sea by a passage which was opened for -them." (Landa's "Relacion," p. 28.) - -"It was also believed that part of the population came into the country -from the West. Lizana says that the smaller portion, 'the little -descent,' came from the East, while the greater portion, 'the great -descent,' came from the West. Cogolluda considers the Eastern colony to -have been the larger.... The culture-hero Zamna, the author of all -civilization in Yucatan, is described as the teacher of letters, and the -leader of the people from their ancient home.... He was the leader of -a colony from the East." ("North Amer. of Antiq.," p. 229.) - -The ancient Mexican legends say that, after the Flood, Coxcox and his -wife, after wandering one hundred and four years, landed at Antlan, and -passed thence to Capultepec, and thence to Culhuacan, and lastly to -Mexico. - -Coming from Atlantis, they named their first landing-place Antlan. - -All the races that settled Mexico, we are told, traced their origin back -to an Aztlan (Atlan-tis). Duran describes Aztlan as "a most attractive -land." ("North Amer. of Antiq.," p. 257.) - -Samé, the great name of Brazilian legend, came across the ocean from the -rising sun. He had power over the elements and tempests; the trees of -the forests would recede to make room for him (cutting down the trees); -the animals used to crouch before him (domesticated animals); lakes and -rivers became solid for him (boats and bridges); and he taught the use -of agriculture and magic. Like him, Bochica, the great law-giver of the -Muyscas, and son of the sun--he who invented for them the calendar and -regulated their festivals--had a white beard, a detail in which all the -American culture-heroes agree. The "Samé" of Brazil was probably the -"Zamna" of Yucatan. - - ELEPHANT MOUND, WISCONSIN. - -4. We find in America numerous representations of the elephant. We are -forced to one of two conclusions: either the monuments date back to the -time of the mammoth in North America, or these people held intercourse -at some time in the past with races who possessed the elephant, and from -whom they obtained pictures of that singular animal. Plato tells us that -the Atlanteans possessed great numbers of elephants. - -There are in Wisconsin a number of mounds of earth representing -different animals--men, birds, and quadrupeds. - - ELEPHANT PIPE, LOISA COUNTY, IOWA. - -Among the latter is a mound representing an elephant, "so perfect in its -proportions, and complete in its representation of an elephant, that its -builders must have been well acquainted with all the physical -characteristics of the animal which they delineated." We copy the -representation of this mound on page 168. - -On a farm in Louisa County, Iowa, a pipe was ploughed up which also -represents an elephant. We are indebted to the valuable work of John T. -Short ("The North Americans of Antiquity," p. 530) for a picture of this -singular object. It was found in a section where the ancient mounds were -very abundant and rich in relics. The pipe is of sandstone, of the -ordinary Mound-Builder's type, and has every appearance of age and -usage. There can be no doubt of its genuineness. The finder had no -conception of its archæological value. - -In the ruined city of Palenque we find, in one of the palaces, a stucco -bass-relief of a priest. His elaborate head-dress or helmet represents -very faithfully the head of an elephant. The cut on page 169 is from a -drawing made by Waldeck. - -The decoration known as "elephant-trunks" is found in many parts of the -ancient ruins of Central America, projecting from above the door-ways of -the buildings. - -In Tylor's "Researches into the Early History of Mankind," p. 313, I -find a remarkable representation of an elephant, taken from an ancient -Mexican manuscript. It is as follows: - - MEXICAN REPRESENTATION OF ELEPHANT. - -CHAPTER IV. - -CORROBORATING CIRCUMSTANCES. - -1. Lenormant insists that the human race issued from Ups Merou, and adds -that some Greek traditions point to "this locality--particularly the -expression me'ropes a?'nðwpoi, which can only mean 'the men sprung from -Merou.'" ("Mannal," p. 21.) - -Theopompus tells us that the people who inhabited Atlantis were the -Meropes, the people of Merou. - -2. Whence comes the word Atlantic? The dictionaries tell us that the -ocean is named after the mountains of Atlas; but whence did the Atlas -mountains get their name? - -"The words Atlas and Atlantic have no satisfactory etymology in any -language known to Europe. They are not Greek, and cannot be referred to -any known language of the Old World. But in the Nahuatl language we find -immediately the radical a, atl, which signifies water, war, and the top -of the head. (Molina, "Vocab. en lengua Mexicana y Castellana.") From -this comes a series of words, such as atlan--on the border of or amid -the water--from which we have the adjective Atlantic. We have also -atlaça, to combat, or be in agony; it means likewise to hurl or dart -from the water, and in the preterit makes Atlaz. A city named Atlan -existed when the continent was discovered by Columbus, at the entrance -of the Gulf of Uraba, in Darien. With a good harbor, it is now reduced -to an unimportant pueblo named Acla." (Baldwin's "Ancient America," p. -179.) - -Plato tells us that Atlantis and the Atlantic Ocean were named after -Atlas, the eldest son of Poseidon, the founder of the kingdom. - -3. Upon that part of the African continent nearest to the site of -Atlantis we find a chain of mountains, known from the most ancient times -as the Atlas Mountains. Whence this name Atlas, if it be not from the -name of the great king of Atlantis? And if this be not its origin, how -comes it that we find it in the most north-western corner of Africa? And -how does it happen that in the time of Herodotus there dwelt near this -mountain-chain a people called the Atlantes, probably a remnant of a -colony from Solon's island? How comes it that the people of the Barbary -States were known to the Greeks, Romans, and Carthaginians as the -"Atlantes," this name being especially applied to the inhabitants of -Fezzan and Bilma? Where did they get the name from? There is no -etymology for it east of the Atlantic Ocean. (Lenormants "Anc. Hist. of -the East," p. 253.) - -Look at it! An "Atlas" mountain on the shore of Africa; an "Atlan" town -on the shore of America; the "Atlantes" living along the north and west -coast of Africa; an Aztec people from Aztlan, in Central America; an -ocean rolling between the two worlds called the "Atlantic;" a -mythological deity called "Atlas" holding the world on his shoulders; -and an immemorial tradition of an island of Atlantis. Can all these -things be the result of accident? - -4. Plato says that there was a "passage west from Atlantis to the rest -of the islands, as well as from these islands to the whole opposite -continent that surrounds that real sea." He calls it a real sea, as -contradistinguished from the Mediterranean, which, as he says, is not a -real sea (or ocean) but a landlocked body of water, like a harbor. - -Now, Plato might have created Atlantis out of his imagination; but how -could he have invented the islands beyond (the West India Islands), and -the whole continent (America) enclosing that real sea? If we look at the -map, we see that the continent of America does "surround" the ocean in a -great half-circle. Could Plato have guessed all this? If there had been -no Atlantis, and no series of voyages from it that revealed the -half-circle of the continent from Newfoundland to Cape St. Roche, how -could Plato have guessed it? And how could he have known that the -Mediterranean was only a harbor compared with the magnitude of the great -ocean surrounding Atlantis? Long sea-voyages were necessary to establish -that fact, and the Greeks, who kept close to the shores in their short -journeys, did not make such voyages. - -5. How can we, without Atlantis, explain the presence of the Basques in -Europe, who have no lingual affinities with any other race on the -continent of Europe, but whose language is similar to the languages of -America? - -Plato tells us that the dominion of Gadeirus, one of the kings of -Atlantis, extended "toward the pillars of Heracles (Hercules) as far as -the country which is still called the region of Gades in that part of -the world." Gades is the Cadiz of today, and the dominion of Gadeirus -embraced the land of the Iberians or Basques, their chief city taking -its name from a king of Atlantis, and they themselves being Atlanteans. - -Dr. Farrar, referring to the Basque language, says: - -"What is certain about it is, that its structure is polysynthetic, like -the languages of America. Like them, it forms its compounds by the -elimination of certain radicals in the simple words; so that ilhun, the -twilight, is contracted from hill, dead, and egun, day; and belhaur, the -knee, from belhar, front, and oin, leg.... The fact is indisputable, -and is eminently noteworthy, that while the affinities of the Basque -roots have never been conclusively elucidated, there has never been any -doubt that this isolated language, preserving its identity in a western -corner of Europe, between two mighty kingdoms, resembles, in its -grammatical structure, the aboriginal languages of the vast opposite -continent (America), and those alone." ("Families of Speech," p. 132.) - -If there was an Atlantis, forming, with its connecting ridges, a -continuous bridge of land from America to Africa, we can understand how -the Basques could have passed from one continent to another; but if the -wide Atlantic rolled at all times unbroken between the two continents, -it is difficult to conceive of such an emigration by an uncivilized -people. - -6. Without Atlantis, how can we explain the fact that the early -Egyptians were depicted by themselves as red men on their own monuments? -And, on the other hand, how can we account for the representations of -negroes on the monuments of Central America? - -Dêsirè Charnay, now engaged in exploring those monuments, has published -in the North American Review for December, 1880, photographs of a number -of idols exhumed at San Juan de Teotihuacan, from which I select the -following strikingly negroid faces: - - NEGRO IDOLS FOUND IN MEXICO. - -Dr. Le Plongeon says: - -"Besides the sculptures of long-bearded men seen by the explorer at -Chichen Itza, there were tall figures of people with small heads, thick -lips, and curly short hair or wool, regarded as negroes. 'We always see -them as standard or parasol bearers, but never engaged in actual -warfare.'" ("Maya Archæology," p. 62.) - -The following cut is from the court of the Palace of Palenque, figured -by Stephens. The face is strongly Ethiopian. - -The figure below represents a gigantic granite head, found near the -volcano of Tuxtla, in the Mexican State of Vera Cruz, at Caxapa. The -features are unmistakably negroid. - -As the negroes have never been a sea-going race, the presence of these -faces among the antiquities of Central America proves one of two things, -either the existence of a land connection between America and Africa via -Atlantis, as revealed by the deep-sea soundings of the Challenger, or -commercial relations between America and Africa through the ships of the -Atlanteans or some other civilized race, whereby the negroes were -brought to America as slaves at a very remote epoch. - -And we find some corroboration of the latter theory in that singular -book of the Quiches, the "Popol Vuh," in which, after describing the -creation of the first men "in the region of the rising sun" (Bancroft's -"Native Races," vol. v., p. 548), and enumerating their first -generations, we are told, "All seem to have spoken one language, and to -have lived in great peace, black men and white together. Here they -awaited the rising of the sun, and prayed to the Heart of Heaven." -(Bancroft's "Native Races," p. 547.) How did the red men of Central -America know anything about "black men and white men?" The conclusion -seems inevitable that these legends of a primitive, peaceful, and happy -land, an Aztlan in the East, inhabited by black and white men, to which -all the civilized nations of America traced their origin, could only -refer to Atlantis--that bridge of land where the white, dark, and red -races met. The "Popol Vuh" proceeds to tell how this first home of the -race became over-populous, and how the people under Balam-Quitze -migrated; how their language became "confounded," in other words, broken -up into dialects, in consequence of separation; and how some of the -people "went to the East, and many came hither to Guatemala." (Ibid., p. -547.) - -M. A. de Quatrefages ("Human Species," p. 200) says, "Black populations -have been found in America in very small numbers only, as isolated -tribes in the midst of very different populations. Such are the -Charruas, of Brazil, the Black Carribees of Saint Vincent, in the Gulf -of Mexico; the Jamassi of Florida, and the dark-complexioned -Californians.... Such, again, is the tribe that Balboa saw some -representatives of in his passage of the Isthmus of Darien in 1513; ... -they were true negroes." - -7. How comes it that all the civilizations of the Old World radiate from -the shores of the Mediterranean? The Mediterranean is a cul de sac, with -Atlantis opposite its mouth. Every civilization on its shores possesses -traditions that point to Atlantis. We hear of no civilization coming to -the Mediterranean from Asia, Africa, or Europe--from north, south, or -west; but north, south, east, and west we find civilization radiating -from the Mediterranean to other lands. We see the Aryans descending upon -Hindostan from the direction of the Mediterranean; and we find the -Chinese borrowing inventions from Hindostan, and claiming descent from a -region not far from the Mediterranean. - -The Mediterranean has been the centre of the modern world, because it -lay in the path of the extension of an older civilization, whose ships -colonized its shores, as they did also the shores of America. Plato -says, "the nations are gathered around the shores of the Mediterranean -like frogs around a marsh." - -Dr. McCausland says: - -"The obvious conclusion from these facts is, that at some time previous -to these migrations a people speaking a language of a superior and -complicated structure broke up their society, and, under some strong -impulse, poured out in different directions, and gradually established -themselves in all the lands now inhabited by the Caucasian race. Their -territories extend from the Atlantic to the Ganges, and from Iceland to -Ceylon, and are bordered on the north and east by the Asiatic Mongols, -and on the south by the negro tribes of Central Africa. They present all -the appearances of a later race, expanding itself between and into the -territories of two pre-existing neighboring races, and forcibly -appropriating the room required for its increasing population." -(McCausland's "Adam and the Adamites," p. 280.) - -Modern civilization is Atlantean. Without the thousands of years of -development which were had in Atlantis modern civilization could not -have existed. The inventive faculty of the present age is taking up the -great delegated work of creation where Atlantis left it thousands of -years ago. - -8. How are we to explain the existence of the Semitic race in Europe -without Atlantis? It is an intrusive race; a race colonized on -sea-coasts. Where are its Old World affinities? - -9. Why is it that the origin of wheat, barley, oats, maize, and rye--the -essential plants of civilization--is totally lost in the mists of a vast -antiquity? We have in the Greek mythology legends of the introduction of -most of these by Atlantean kings or gods into Europe; but no European -nation claims to have discovered or developed them, and it has been -impossible to trace them to their wild originals. Out of the whole flora -of the world mankind in the last seven thousand years has not developed -a single food-plant to compare in importance to the human family with -these. If a wise and scientific nation should propose nowadays to add to -this list, it would have to form great botanical gardens, and, by -systematic and long-continued experiments, develop useful plants from -the humble productions of the field and forest. Was this done in the -past on the island of Atlantis? - -10. Why is it that we find in Ptolemy's "Geography of Asia Minor," in a -list of cities in Armenia Major in A.D. 140, the names of five cities -which have their counterparts in the names of localities in Central -America? - - +------------------+------------------------------+ - | Armenian Cities. | Central American Localities. | - +------------------+------------------------------+ - | Chol. | Chol-ula | - +------------------+------------------------------+ - | Colua. | Colua-can. | - +------------------+------------------------------+ - | Zuivana. | Zuivan. | - +------------------+------------------------------+ - | Cholima. | Colima. | - +------------------+------------------------------+ - | Zalissa. | Xalisco. | - +------------------+------------------------------+ - -(Short's "North Americans of Antiquity," p. 497.) - -11. How comes it that the sandals upon the feet of the statue of -Chacmol, discovered at Chichen Itza, are "exact representations of those -found on the feet of the Guanches, the early inhabitants of the Canary -Islands, whose mummies are occasionally discovered in the caves of -Teneriffe?" Dr. Merritt deems the axe or chisel heads dug up at -Chiriqui, Central America, "almost identical in form as well as material -with specimens found in Suffolk County, England." (Bancroft's Native -Races," vol. iv., p. 20.) The rock-carvings of Chiriqui are pronounced -by Mr. Seemann to have a striking resemblance to the ancient incised -characters found on the rocks of Northumberland, England. (Ibid.) - -"Some stones have recently been discovered in Hierro and Las Palmas -(Canary Islands), bearing sculptured symbols similar to those found on -the shores of Lake Superior; and this has led M. Bertholet, the -historiographer of the Canary Islands, to conclude that the first -inhabitants of the Canaries and those of the great West were one in -race." (Benjamin, "The Atlantic Islands," p. 130.) - -12. How comes it that that very high authority, Professor Retzius -("Smithsonian Report," 1859, p. 266), declares, "With regard to the -primitive dolichocephalæ of America I entertain a hypothesis still more -bold, namely, that they are nearly related to the Guanches in the Canary -Islands, and to the Atlantic populations of Africa, the Moors, Tuaricks, -Copts, etc., which Latham comprises under the name of -Egyptian-Atlantidæ. We find one and the same form of skull in the Canary -Islands, in front of the African coast, and in the Carib Islands, on the -opposite coast, which faces Africa. The color of the skin on both sides -of the Atlantic is represented in these populations as being of a -reddish-brown." - -13. The Barbarians who are alluded to by Homer and Thucydides were a -race of ancient navigators and pirates called Cares, or Carians, who -occupied the isles of Greece before the Pelasgi, and antedated the -Phoenicians in the control of the sea. The Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg -claims that these Carians were identical with the Caribs of the West -Indies, the Caras of Honduras, and the Gurani of South America. (Landa's -"Relacion," pp. 52-65.) - -14. When we consider it closely, one of the most extraordinary customs -ever known to mankind is that to which I have already alluded in a -preceding chapter, to wit, the embalming of the body of the dead man, -with a purpose that the body itself may live again in a future state. To -arrive at this practice several things must coexist: - -a. The people must be highly religious, and possessed of an organized -and influential priesthood, to perpetuate so troublesome a custom from -age to age. - -b. They must believe implicitly in the immortality of the soul; and this -implies a belief in rewards and punishments after death; in a heaven and -a hell. - -c. They must believe in the immortality of the body, and its -resurrection from the grave on some day of judgment in the distant -future. - -d. But a belief in the immortality of the soul and the resurrection of -the body is not enough, for all Christian nations hold to these beliefs; -they must supplement these with a determination that the body shall not -perish; that the very flesh and blood in which the man died shall rise -with him on the last day, and not a merely spiritual body. - -Now all these four things must coexist before a people proceed to embalm -their dead for religious purposes. The probability that all these four -things should coexist by accident in several widely separated races is -slight indeed. The doctrine of chances is all against it. There is here -no common necessity driving men to the same expedient, with which so -many resemblances have been explained; the practice is a religious -ceremony, growing out of religious beliefs by no means common or -universal, to wit, that the man who is dead shall live again, and live -again in the very body in which he died. Not even all the Jews believed -in these things. - -If, then, it should appear that among the races which we claim were -descended from Atlantis this practice of embalming the dead is found, -and nowhere else, we have certainly furnished evidence which can only be -explained by admitting the existence of Atlantis, and of some great -religious race dwelling on Atlantis, who believed in the immortality of -soul and body, and who embalmed their dead. We find, as I have shown: - -First. That the Guanches of the Canary Islands, supposed to be a remnant -of the Atlantean population, preserved their dead as mummies. - -Second. That the Egyptians, the oldest colony of Atlantis, embalmed -their dead in such vast multitudes that they are now exported by the ton -to England, and ground up into manures to grow English turnips. - -Third. That the Assyrians, the Ethiopians, the Persians, the Greeks, and -even the Romans embalmed their dead. - -Fourth. On the American continents we find that the Peruvians, the -Central Americans, the Mexicans, and some of the Indian tribes, followed -the same practice. - -Is it possible to account for this singular custom, reaching through a -belt of nations, and completely around the habitable world, without -Atlantis? - -15. All the traditions of the Mediterranean races look to the ocean as -the source of men and gods. Homer sings of - - "Ocean, the origin of gods and Mother Tethys." - -Orpheus says, "The fair river of Ocean was the first to marry, and he -espoused his sister Tethys, who was his mothers daughter." (Plato's -"Dialogues," Cratylus, p. 402.) The ancients always alluded to the ocean -as a river encircling the earth, as in the map of Cosmos (see page 95 -ante); probably a reminiscence of the great canal described by Plato -which surrounded the plain of Atlantis. Homer (Iliad, book xviii.) -describes Tethys, "the mother goddess," coming to Achilles "from the -deep abysses of the main:" - - "The circling Nereids with their mistress weep, - And all the sea-green sisters of the deep." - -Plato surrounds the great statue of Poseidon in Atlantis with the images -of one hundred Nereids. - -16. In the Deluge legends of the Hindoos (as given on page 87 ante), we -have seen Mann saving a small fish, which subsequently grew to a great -size, and warned him of the coming of the Flood. In this legend all the -indications point to an ocean as the scene of the catastrophe. It says: -"At the close of the last calpa there was a general destruction, caused -by the sleep of Brahma, whence his creatures, in different worlds, were -drowned in a vast ocean.... A holy king, named Satyavrata, then -reigned, a servant of the spirit which moved on the waves" (Poseidon?), -"and so devout that water was his only sustenance.... In seven days -the three worlds" (remember Poseidon's trident) "shall be plunged in an -ocean of death."... "'Thou shalt enter the spacious ark, and continue -in it secure from the Flood on one immense ocean.'... The sea -overwhelmed its shores, deluged the whole earth, augmented by showers -from immense clouds." ("Asiatic Researches," vol. i., p. 230.) - -All this reminds us of "the fountains of the great deep and the -flood-gates of heaven," and seems to repeat precisely the story of Plato -as to the sinking of Atlantis in the ocean. - -17. While I do not attach much weight to verbal similarities in the -languages of the two continents, nevertheless there are some that are -very remarkable. We have seen the Pan and Maia of the Greeks reappearing -in the Pan and Maya of the Mayas of Central America. The god of the -Welsh triads, "Hu the mighty," is found in the Hu-nap-bu, the hero-god -of the Quiches; in Hu-napu, a hero-god; and in Hu-hu-nap-hu, in Hu-ncam, -in Hu-nbatz, semi-divine heroes of the Quiches. The Phoenician deity El -"was subdivided into a number of hypostases called the Baalim, secondary -divinities, emanating from the substance of the deity" ("Anc. Hist. -East," vol. ii., p. 219); and this word Baalim we find appearing in the -mythology of the Central Americans, applied to the semi-divine -progenitors of the human race, Balam-Quitze, Balam-Agab, and Iqui-Balam. - -CHAPTER V. - -THE QUESTION OF COMPLEXION. - -The tendency of scientific thought in ethnology is in the direction of -giving more and more importance to the race characteristics, such as -height, color of the hair, eyes and skin, and the formation of the skull -and body generally, than to language. The language possessed by a people -may be merely the result of conquest or migration. For instance, in the -United States to-day, white, black, and red men, the descendants of -French, Spanish, Italians, Mexicans, Irish, Germans, Scandinavians, -Africans, all speak the English language, and by the test of language -they are all Englishmen; and yet none of them are connected by birth or -descent with the country where that language was developed. - -There is a general misconception as to the color of the European and -American races. Europe is supposed to be peopled exclusively by white -men; but in reality every shade of color is represented on that -continent, from the fair complexion of the fairest of the Swedes to the -dark-skinned inhabitants of the Mediterranean coast, only a shade -lighter than the Berbers, or Moors, on the opposite side of that sea. -Tacitus spoke of the "Black Celts," and the term, so far as complexion -goes, might not inappropriately be applied to some of the Italians, -Spaniards, and Portuguese, while the Basques are represented as of a -still darker hue. Tylor says ("Anthropology," p. 67), "On the whole, it -seems that the distinction of color, from the fairest Englishman to the -darkest African, has no hard and fast lines, but varies gradually from -one tint to another." - -And when we turn to America we find that the popular opinion that all -Indians are "red men," and of the same hue from Patagonia to Hudson's -Bay, is a gross error. - -Prichard says ("Researches into the Physical History of Mankind," vol. -i., p. 269, 4th ed., 1841): - -"It will be easy to show that the American races show nearly as great a -variety in this respect as the nations of the old continent; there are -among them white races with a florid complexion, and tribes black or of -a very dark hue; that their stature, figure, and countenance are almost -equally diversified." - -John T. Short says ("North Americans of Antiquity," p. 189): - -"The Menominees, sometimes called the 'White Indians,' formerly occupied -the region bordering on Lake Michigan, around Green Bay. The whiteness -of these Indians, which is compared to that of white mulattoes, early -attracted the attention of the Jesuit missionaries, and has often been -commented on by travellers. While it is true that hybridy has done much -to lighten the color of many of the tribes, still the peculiarity of the -complexion of this people has been marked since the first time a -European encountered them. Almost every shade, from the ash-color of the -Menominees through the cinnamon-red, copper, and bronze tints, may be -found among the tribes formerly occupying the territory east of the -Mississippi, until we reach the dark-skinned Kaws of Kansas, who are -nearly as black as the negro. The variety of complexion is as great in -South America as among the tribes of the northern part of the continent." - -In foot-note of p. 107 of vol. iii. of "U. S. Explorations for a -Railroad Route to the Pacific Ocean," we are told, - -"Many of the Indians of Zuni (New Mexico) are white. They have a fair -skin, blue eyes, chestnut or auburn hair, and are quite good-looking. -They claim to be full-blooded Zunians, and have no tradition of -intermarriage with any foreign race. The circumstance creates no -surprise among this people, for from time immemorial a similar class of -people has existed among the tribe." - -Winchell says: - -"The ancient Indians of California, in the latitude of forty-two -degrees, were as black as the negroes of Guinea, while in Mexico were -tribes of an olive or reddish complexion, relatively light. Among the -black races of tropical regions we find, generally, some light-colored -tribes interspersed. These sometimes have light hair and blue eyes. This -is the case with the Tuareg of the Sahara, the Afghans of India, and the -aborigines of the banks of the Oronoco and the Amazon." (Winchell's -"Preadamites," p. 185.) - -William Penn said of the Indians of Pennsylvania, in his letter of -August, 1683: - -"The natives ... are generally tall, straight, well-built, and of -singular proportion; they tread strong and clever, and mostly walk with -a lofty chin.... Their eye is little and black, not unlike a -straight-looked Jew.... I have seen among them as comely -European-like faces of both sexes as on your side of the sea; and truly -an Italian complexion hath not much more of the white, and the noses of -several of them have as much of the Roman.... For their original, I -am ready to believe them to be of the Jewish race--I mean of the stock -of the ten tribes--and that for the following reasons: first, in the -next place, I find them to be of the like countenance, and their -children of so lively a resemblance that a man would think himself in -Duke's Place or Berry Street in London when he seeth them. But this is -not all: they agree in rites, they reckon by moons, they offer their -first-fruits, they have a kind of feast of tabernacles, they are said to -lay their altars upon twelve stones, their mourning a year, customs of -women, with many other things that do not now occur." - -Upon this question of complexion Catlin, in his "Indians of North -America," vol. i., p. 95, etc., gives us some curious information. We -have already seen that the Mandans preserved an image of the ark, and -possessed legends of a clearly Atlantean character. Catlin says: - -"A stranger in the Mandan village is first struck with the different -shades of complexion and various colors of hair which he sees in a crowd -about him, and is at once disposed to exclaim, 'These are not Indians.' -There are a great many of these people whose complexions appear as light -as half-breeds; and among the women particularly there are many whose -skins are almost white, with the most pleasing symmetry and proportion -of feature; with hazel, with gray, and with blue eyes; with mildness and -sweetness of expression and excessive modesty of demeanor, which render -them exceedingly pleasing and beautiful. Why this diversity of -complexion I cannot tell, nor can they themselves account for it. Their -traditions, so far as I can learn them, afford us no information of -their having had any knowledge of white men before the visit of Lewis -and Clarke, made to their village thirty-three years ago. Since that -time until now (1835) there have been very few visits of white men to -this place, and surely not enough to have changed the complexions and -customs of a nation. And I recollect perfectly well that Governor Clarke -told me, before I started for this place, that I would find the Mandans -a strange people and half white. - -"Among the females may be seen every shade and color of hair that can be -seen in our own country except red or auburn, which is not to be found.... -There are very many of both sexes, and of every age, from infancy -to manhood and old age, with hair of a bright silvery-gray, and in some -instances almost perfectly white. This unaccountable phenomenon is not -the result of disease or habit, but it is unquestionably an hereditary -characteristic which runs in families, and indicates no inequality in -disposition or intellect. And by passing this hair through my hands I -have found it uniformly to be as coarse and harsh as a horse's mane, -differing materially from the hair of other colors, which, among the -Mandans, is generally as fine and soft as silk. - -"The stature of the Mandans is rather below the ordinary size of man, -with beautiful symmetry of form and proportion, and wonderful suppleness -and elasticity." - -Catlin gives a group (54) showing this great diversity in complexion: -one of the figures is painted almost pure white, and with light hair. -The faces are European. - - GOVERNOR AND OTHER INDIANS OF THE PUEBLO OF SAN DOMINGO, NEW MEXICO. - -Major James W. Lynd, who lived among the Dakota Indians for nine years, -and was killed by them in the great outbreak of 1862, says (MS. "Hist. -of Dakotas," Library, Historical Society, Minnesota, p. 47), after -calling attention to the fact that the different tribes of the Sioux -nation represent several different degrees of darkness of color: - -"The Dakota child is of lighter complexion than the young brave; this -one lighter than the middle-aged man, and the middle-aged man lighter -than the superannuated homo, who, by smoke, paint, dirt, and a drying up -of the vital juices, appears to be the true copper-colored Dakota. The -color of the Dakotas varies with the nation, and also with the age and -condition of the individual. It may be set down, however, as a shade -lighter than olive; yet it becomes still lighter by change of condition -or mode of life, and nearly vanishes, even in the child, under constant -ablutions and avoiding of exposure. Those children in the Mission at -Hazlewood, who are taken very young, and not allowed to expose -themselves, lose almost entirely the olive shade, and become quite as -white as the American child. The Mandans are as light as the peasants of -Spain, while their brothers, the Crows, are as dark as the Arabs. Dr. -Goodrich, in the 'Universal Traveller,' p. 154, says that the modern -Peruvians, in the warmer regions of Peru, are as fair as the people of -the south of Europe." - -The Aymaras, the ancient inhabitants of the mountains of Peru and -Bolivia, are described as having an olive-brown complexion, with regular -features, large heads, and a thoughtful and melancholy cast of -countenance. They practised in early times the deformation of the skull. - -Professor Wilson describes the hair of the ancient Peruvians, as found -upon their mummies, as "a lightish brown, and of a fineness of texture -which equals that of the Anglo-Saxon race." "The ancient Peruvians," -says Short ("North Americans of Antiquity," p. 187), "appear, from -numerous examples of hair found in their tombs, to have been an -auburn-haired race." Garcilasso, who had an opportunity of seeing the -body of the king, Viracocha, describes the hair of that monarch as -snow-white. Haywood tells us of the discovery, at the beginning of this -century, of three mummies in a cave on the south side of the Cumberland -River (Tennessee), who were buried in baskets, as the Peruvians were -occasionally buried, and whose skin was fair and white, and their hair -auburn, and of a fine texture. ("Natural and Aboriginal History of -Tennessee," p. 191.) - - CHOCTAW. - -Neither is the common opinion correct which asserts all the American -Indians to be of the same type of features. The portraits on this page -and on pages 187 and 191, taken from the "Report of the U. S. Survey for -a Route for a Pacific Railroad," present features very much like those -of Europeans; in fact, every face here could be precisely matched among -the inhabitants of the southern part of the old continent. - - SHAWNEES. - -On the other hand, look at the portrait of the great Italian orator and -reformer, Savonarola, on page 193. It looks more like the hunting -Indians of North-western America than any of the preceding faces. In -fact, if it was dressed with a scalp-lock it would pass muster anywhere -as a portrait of the "Man-afraid-of-his-horses," or "Sitting Bull." - - SAVONAROLA. - -Adam was, it appears, a red man. Winchell tells us that Adam is derived -from the red earth. The radical letters ÂDâM are found in ADaMaH, -"something out of which vegetation was made to germinate," to wit, the -earth. ÂDôM and ÂDOM signifies red, ruddy, bay-colored, as of a horse, -the color of a red heifer. "ÂDâM, a man, a human being, male or female, -red, ruddy." ("Preadamites," p. 161.) - -"The Arabs distinguished mankind into two races, one red, ruddy, the -other black." (Ibid.) They classed themselves among the red men. - -Not only was Adam a red man, but there is evidence that, from the -highest antiquity, red was a sacred color; the gods of the ancients were -always painted red. The Wisdom of Solomon refers to this custom: "The -carpenter carved it elegantly, and formed it by the skill of his -understanding, and fashioned it to the shape of a man, or made it like -some vile beast, laying it over with vermilion, and with paint, coloring -it red, and covering every spot therein." - -The idols of the Indians were also painted red, and red was the -religious color. (Lynd's MS. "Hist. of Dakotas," Library, Hist. Society, -Minn.) - -The Cushites and Ethiopians, early branches of the Atlantean stock, took -their name from their "sunburnt" complexion; they were red men. - -The name of the Phoenicians signified red. Himyar, the prefix of the -Himyaritic Arabians, also means red, and the Arabs were painted red on -the Egyptian monuments. - -The ancient Egyptians were red men. They recognized four races of -men--the red, yellow, black, and white men. They themselves belonged to -the "Rot," or red men; the yellow men they called "Namu"--it included -the Asiatic races; the black men were called "Nahsu," and the white men -"Tamhu." The following figures are copied from Nott and Gliddon's "Types -of Mankind," p. 85, and were taken by them from the great works of -Belzoni, Champollion, and Lepsius. - -In later ages so desirous were the Egyptians of preserving the -aristocratic distinction of the color of their skin, that they -represented themselves on the monuments as of a crimson hue--an -exaggeration of their original race complexion. - -In the same way we find that the ancient Aryan writings divided mankind -into four races--the white, red, yellow, and black: the four castes of -India were founded upon these distinctions in color; in fact, the word -for color in Sanscrit (varna) means caste. The red men, according to the -Mahâbhârata, were the Kshatriyas--the warrior caste-who were afterward -engaged in a fierce contest with the whites--the Brahmans--and were -nearly exterminated, although some of them survived, and from their -stock Buddha was born. So that not only the Mohammedan and Christian but -the Buddhistic religion seem to be derived from branches of the Hamitic -or red stock. The great Mann was also of the red race. - - THE RACES OF MEN ACCORDING TO THE EGYPTIANS. - -The Egyptians, while they painted themselves red-brown, represented the -nations of Palestine as yellow-brown, and the Libyans yellow-white. The -present inhabitants of Egypt range from a yellow color in the north -parts to a deep bronze. Tylor is of opinion ("Anthropology," p. 95) that -the ancient Egyptians belonged to a brown race, which embraced the -Nubian tribes and, to some extent, the Berbers of Algiers and Tunis. He -groups the Assyrians, Phoenicians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Andalusians, -Bretons, dark Welshmen, and people of the Caucasus into one body, and -designates them as "dark whites." The Himyarite Arabs, as I have shown, -derived their name originally from their red color, and they were -constantly depicted on the Egyptian monuments as red or light brown. -Herodotus tells us that there was a nation of Libyans, called the -Maxyans, who claimed descent from the people of Troy (the walls of Troy, -we shall see, were built by Poseidon; that is to say, Troy was an -Atlantean colony). These Maxyans painted their whole bodies red. The -Zavecians, the ancestors of the Zuavas of Algiers (the tribe that gave -their name to the French Zouaves), also painted themselves red. Some of -the Ethiopians were "copper-colored." ("'Amer. Cyclop.," art. Egypt, p. -464.) Tylor says ("Anthropology," p. 160): "The language of the ancient -Egyptians, though it cannot be classed in the Semitic family with -Hebrew, has important points of correspondence, whether due to the long -intercourse between the two races in Egypt or to some deeper ancestral -connection; and such analogies also appear in the Berber languages of -North Africa." - -These last were called by the ancients the Atlanteans. - -"If a congregation of twelve representatives from Malacca, China, Japan, -Mongolia, Sandwich Islands, Chili, Peru, Brazil, Chickasaws, Comanches, -etc., were dressed alike, or undressed and unshaven, the most skilful -anatomist could not, from their appearance, separate them." (Fontaine's -"How the World was Peopled," pp. 147, 244.) - -Ferdinand Columbus, in his relation of his father's voyages, compares -the inhabitants of Guanaani to the Canary Islanders (an Atlantean race), -and describes the inhabitants of San Domingo as still more beautiful and -fair. In Peru the Charanzanis, studied by M. Angraud, also resemble the -Canary Islanders. L'Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg imagined himself -surrounded by Arabs when all his Indians of Rabinal were around him; for -they had, he said, their complexion, features, and beard. Pierre Martyr -speaks of the Indians of the Parian Gulf as having fair hair. ("The -Human Species," p. 201.) The same author believes that tribes belonging -to the Semitic type are also found in America. He refers to "certain -traditions of Guiana, and the use in the country of a weapon entirely -characteristic of the ancient Canary Islanders." - -When science is able to disabuse itself of the Mortonian theory that the -aborigines of America are all red men, and all belong to one race, we -may hope that the confluence upon the continent of widely different -races from different countries may come to be recognized and -intelligently studied. There can be no doubt that red, white, black, and -yellow men have united to form the original population of America. And -there can be as little doubt that the entire population of Europe and -the south shore of the Mediterranean is a mongrel race--a combination, -in varying proportions, of a dark-brown or red race with a white race; -the characteristics of the different nations depending upon the -proportions in which the dark and light races are mingled, for peculiar -mental and moral characteristics go with these complexions. The -red-haired people are a distinct variety of the white stock; there were -once whole tribes and nations with this color of hair; their blood is -now intermingled with all the races of men, from Palestine to Iceland. -Everything in Europe speaks of vast periods of time and long, continued -and constant interfusion of bloods, until there is not a fair-skinned -man on the Continent that has not the blood of the dark-haired race in -his veins; nor scarcely a dark-skinned man that is not lighter in hue -from intermixture with the white stock. - -CHAPTER VI. - -GENESIS CONTAINS A HISTORY OF ATLANTIS - -The Hebrews are a branch of the great family of which that powerful -commercial race, the Phoenicians, who were the merchants of the world -fifteen hundred years before the time of Christ, were a part. The -Hebrews carried out from the common storehouse of their race a mass of -traditions, many of which have come down to us in that oldest and most -venerable of human compositions, the Book of Genesis. I have shown that -the story of the Deluge plainly refers to the destruction of Atlantis, -and that it agrees in many important particulars with the account given -by Plato. The people destroyed were, in both instances, the ancient race -that had created civilization; they had formerly been in a happy and -sinless condition; they had become great and wicked; they were destroyed -for their sins--they were destroyed by water. - -But we can go farther, and it can be asserted that there is scarcely a -prominent fact in the opening chapters of the Book of Genesis that -cannot be duplicated from the legends of the American nations, and -scarcely a custom known to the Jews that does not find its counterpart -among the people of the New World. - -Even in the history of the Creation we find these similarities: - -The Bible tells us (Gen. i., 2) that in the beginning the earth was -without form and void, and covered with water. In the Quiche legends we -are told, "at first all was sea--no man, animal, bird, or green -herb--there was nothing to be seen but the sea and the heavens." - -The Bible says (Gen. i., 2), "And the Spirit of God moved upon the face -of the waters." The Quiche legend says, "The Creator--the Former, the -Dominator--the feathered serpent--those that give life, moved upon the -waters like a glowing light." - -The Bible says (Gen. i., 9), "And God said, Let the waters under the -heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: -and it was so." The Quiche legend says, "The creative spirits cried out -'Earth!' and in an instant it was formed, and rose like a vapor-cloud; -immediately the plains and the mountains arose, and the cypress and pine -appeared." - -The Bible tells us, "And God saw that it was good." The Quiche legend -says, "Then Gucumatz was filled with joy, and cried out, 'Blessed be thy -coming, O Heart of Heaven, Hurakan, thunder-bolt.'" - -The order in which the vegetables, animals, and man were formed is the -same in both records. - -In Genesis (chap. ii., 7) we are told, "And the Lord God formed man of -the dust of the ground." The Quiche legend says. "The first man was made -of clay; but he had no intelligence, and was consumed in the water." - -In Genesis the first man is represented as naked. The Aztec legend says, -"The sun was much nearer the earth then than now, and his grateful -warmth rendered clothing unnecessary." - -Even the temptation of Eve reappears in the American legends. Lord -Kingsborough says: "The Toltecs had paintings of a garden, with a single -tree standing in the midst; round the root of the tree is entwined a -serpent, whose head appearing above the foliage displays the face of a -woman. Torquemada admits the existence of this tradition among them, and -agrees with the Indian historians, who affirm that this was the first -woman in the world, who bore children, and from whom all mankind are -descended." ("Mexican Antiquities," vol. viii., p. 19.) There is also a -legend of Suchiquecal, who disobediently gathered roses from a tree, and -thereby disgraced and injured herself and all her posterity. ("Mexican -Antiquities," vol. vi., p. 401.) - -The legends of the Old World which underlie Genesis, and were used by -Milton in the "Paradise Lost," appear in the Mexican legends of a war of -angels in heaven, and the fall of Zou-tem-que (Soutem, Satan--Arabic, -Shatana?) and the other rebellious spirits. - -We have seen that the Central Americans possessed striking parallels to -the account of the Deluge in Genesis. - -There is also a clearly established legend which singularly resembles -the Bible record of the Tower of Babel. - -Father Duran, in his MS. "Historia Antiqua de la Nueva Espana," A.D. -1585, quotes from the lips of a native of Cholula, over one hundred -years old, a version of the legend as to the building of the great -pyramid of Cholula. It is as follows: - -"In the beginning, before the light of the sun had been created, this -land (Cholula) was in obscurity and darkness, and void of any created -thing; all was a plain, without hill or elevation, encircled in every -part by water, without tree or created thing; and immediately after the -light and the sun arose in the east there appeared gigantic men of -deformed stature and possessed the land, and desiring to see the -nativity of the sun, as well as his occident, proposed to go and seek -them. Dividing themselves into two parties, some journeyed to the west -and others toward the east; these travelled; until the sea cut off their -road, whereupon they determined to return to the place from which they -started, and arriving at this place (Cholula), not finding the means of -reaching the sun, enamored of his light and beauty, they determined to -build a tower so high that its summit should reach the sky. Having -collected materials for the purpose, they found a very adhesive clay and -bitumen, with which they speedily commenced to build the tower; and -having reared it to the greatest possible altitude, so that they say it -reached to the sky, the Lord of the Heavens, enraged, said to the -inhabitants of the sky, 'Have you observed how they of the earth have -built a high and haughty tower to mount hither, being enamored of the -light of the sun and his beauty? Come and confound them, because it is -not right that they of the earth, living in the flesh, should mingle -with us.' Immediately the inhabitants of the sky sallied forth like -flashes of lightning; they destroyed the edifice, and divided and -scattered its builders to all parts of the earth." - - RUINS OF THE TEMPLE OF CHOLULA. - -One can recognize in this legend the recollection, by a ruder race, of a -highly civilized people; for only a highly civilized people would have -attempted such a vast work. Their mental superiority and command of the -arts gave them the character of giants who arrived from the East; who -had divided into two great emigrations, one moving eastward (toward -Europe), the other westward (toward America). They were sun-worshippers; -for we are told "they were enamored of the light and beauty of the sun," -and they built a high place for his worship. - -The pyramid of Cholula is one of the greatest constructions ever erected -by human hands. It is even now, in its ruined condition, 160 feet high, -1400 feet square at the base, and covers forty-five acres; we have only -to remember that the greatest pyramid of Egypt, Cheops, covers but -twelve or thirteen acres, to form some conception of the magnitude of -this American structure. - -It must not be forgotten that this legend was taken down by a Catholic -priest, shortly after the conquest of Mexico, from the lips of an old -Indian who was born before Columbus sailed from Spain. - -Observe the resemblances between this legend and the Bible account of -the building of the Tower of Babel: - -"All was a plain without hill or elevation," says the Indian legend. -"They found a plain in the land of Shinar, and they dwelt there," says -the Bible. They built of brick in both cases. "Let us build us a tower -whose top may reach unto heaven," says the Bible. "They determined to -build a tower so high that its summit should reach the sky," says the -Indian legend. "And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower -which the children of men had builded. And the Lord said, Behold ... -nothing will be restrained from them which they have imagined to do. Go -to, let us go down and confound them," says the Bible record. "The Lord -of the Heavens, enraged, said to the inhabitants of the sky, 'Have you -observed,' etc. Come and confound them," says the Indian record. "And -the Lord scattered them abroad from thence on all the face of the -earth," says the Bible. "They scattered its builders to all parts of the -earth," says the Mexican legend. - -Can any one doubt that these two legends must have sprung in some way -from one another, or from some common source? There are enough points of -difference to show that the American is not a servile copy of the Hebrew -legend. In the former the story comes from a native of Cholula: it is -told under the shadow of the mighty pyramid it commemorates; it is a -local legend which he repeats. The men who built it, according to his -account, were foreigners. They built it to reach the sun--that is to -say, as a sun-temple; while in the Bible record Babel was built to -perpetuate the glory of its architects. In the Indian legend the gods -stop the work by a great storm, in the Bible account by confounding the -speech of the people. - -Both legends were probably derived from Atlantis, and referred to some -gigantic structure of great height built by that people; and when the -story emigrated to the east and west, it was in the one case affixed to -the tower of the Chaldeans, and in the other to the pyramid of Cholula, -precisely as we find the ark of the Deluge resting upon separate -mountain-chains all the way from Greece to Armenia. In one form of the -Tower of Babel legend, that of the Toltecs, we are told that the pyramid -of Cholula was erected "as a means of escape from a second flood, should -another occur." - -But the resemblances between Genesis and the American legends do not -stop here. - -We are told (Gen. ii., 21) that "the Lord God caused a deep sleep to -fall upon Adam," and while he slept God made Eve out of one of his ribs. -According to the Quiche tradition, there were four men from whom the -races of the world descended (probably a recollection of the red, black, -yellow, and white races); and these men were without wives, and the -Creator made wives for them "while they slept." - -Some wicked misanthrope referred to these traditions when he said, "And -man's first sleep became his last repose." - -In Genesis (chap. iii., 22), "And the Lord God said, Behold, the man is -become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now, lest he put forth -his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live forever:" -therefore God drove him out of the garden. In the Quiche legends we are -told, "The gods feared that they had made men too perfect, and they -breathed a cloud of mist over their vision." - -When the ancestors of the Quiches migrated to America the Divinity -parted the sea for their passage, as the Red Sea was parted for the -Israelites. - -The story of Samson is paralleled in the history of a hero named -Zipanca, told of in the "Popol Vuh," who, being captured by his enemies -and placed in a pit, pulled down the building in which his captors had -assembled, and killed four hundred of them. - -"There were giants in those days," says the Bible. A great deal of the -Central American history is taken up with the doings of an ancient race -of giants called Quinames. - -This parallelism runs through a hundred particulars: - -Both the Jews and Mexicans worshipped toward the east. - -Both called the south "the right hand of the world." - -Both burnt incense toward the four corners of the earth. - -Confession of sin and sacrifice of atonement were common to both peoples. - -Both were punctilious about washings and ablutions. - -Both believed in devils, and both were afflicted with leprosy. - -Both considered women who died in childbirth as worthy of honor as -soldiers who fell in battle. - -Both punished adultery with stoning to death. - -As David leaped and danced before the ark of the Lord, so did the -Mexican monarchs before their idols. - -Both had an ark, the abiding-place of an invisible god. - -Both had a species of serpent-worship. - - GREAT SERPENT MOUND, OHIO. - -Compare our representation of the great serpent-mound in Adams County, -Ohio, with the following description of a great serpent-mound in -Scotland: - -"Serpent-worship in the West.--Some additional light appears to have -been thrown upon ancient serpent-worship in the West by the recent -archæological explorations of Mr. John S. Phené, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., in -Scotland. Mr. Phené has just investigated a curious earthen mound in -Glen Feechan, Argyleshire, referred to by him, at the late meeting of -the British Association in Edinburgh, as being in the form of a serpent -or saurian. The mound, says the Scotsman, is a most perfect one. The -head is a large cairn, and the body of the earthen reptile 300 feet -long; and in the centre of the head there were evidences, when Mr. Phené -first visited it, of an altar having been placed there. The position -with regard to Ben Cruachan is most remarkable. The three peaks are seen -over the length of the reptile when a person is standing on the head, or -cairn. The shape can only be seen so as to be understood when looked -down upon from an elevation, as the outline cannot be understood unless -the whole of it can be seen. This is most perfect when the spectator is -on the head of the animal form, or on the lofty rock to the west of it. -This mound corresponds almost entirely with one 700 feet long in -America, an account of which was lately published, after careful survey, -by Mr. Squier. The altar toward the head in each case agrees. In the -American mound three rivers (also objects of worship with the ancients) -were evidently identified. The number three was a sacred number in all -ancient mythologies. The sinuous winding and articulations of the -vertebral spinal arrangement are anatomically perfect in the Argyleshire -mound. The gentlemen present with Mr. Phené during his investigation -state that beneath the cairn forming the head of the animal was found a -megalithic chamber, in which was a quantity of charcoal and burnt earth -and charred nutshells, a flint instrument, beautifully and minutely -serrated at the edge, and burnt bones. The back or spine of the serpent, -which, as already stated, is 300 feet long, was found, beneath the peat -moss, to be formed by a careful adjustment of stones, the formation of -which probably prevented the structure from being obliterated by time -and weather." (Pall Mall Gazette.) - - STONE IMPLEMENTS OF EUROPE AND AMERICA - -We find a striking likeness between the works of the Stone Age in -America and Europe, as shown in the figures here given. - -The same singular custom which is found among the Jews and the Hindoos, -for "a man to raise up seed for his deceased brother by marrying his -widow," was found among the Central American nations. (Las Casas, MS. -"Hist. Apoloq.," cap. ccxiii., ccxv. Torquemada, "Monarq. Ind.," tom. -ii., 377-8.) - -No one but the Jewish high-priest might enter the Holy of Holies. A -similar custom obtained in Peru. Both ate the flesh of the sacrifices of -atonement; both poured the blood of the sacrifice on the earth; they -sprinkled it, they marked persons with it, they smeared it upon walls -and stones. The Mexican temple, like the Jewish, faced the east. "As -among the Jews the ark was a sort of portable temple, in which the Deity -was supposed to be continually present, so among the Mexicans, the -Cherokees, and the Indians of Michoacan and Honduras, an ark was held in -the highest veneration, and was considered an object too sacred to be -touched by any but the priests." (Kingsborough, "Mex. Antiq., "vol. -viii., p. 258.) - -The Peruvians believed that the rainbow was a sign that the earth would -not be again destroyed by a deluge. (Ibid., p. 25.) - -The Jewish custom of laying the sins of the people upon the head of an -animal, and turning him out into the wilderness, had its counterpart -among the Mexicans, who, to cure a fever, formed a dog of maize paste -and left it by the roadside, saying the first passer-by would carry away -the illness. (Dorman, "Prim. Super.," p. 59.) Jacob's ladder had its -duplicate in the vine or tree of the Ojibbeways, which led from the -earth to heaven, up and down which the spirits passed. (Ibid., p. 67.) - -Both Jews and Mexicans offered water to a stranger that he might wash -his feet; both ate dust in token of humility; both anointed with oil; -both sacrificed prisoners; both periodically separated the women, and -both agreed in the strong and universal idea of uncleanness connected -with that period. - -Both believed in the occult power of water, and both practised baptism. - -"Then the Mexican midwife gave the child to taste of the water, putting -her moistened fingers in its mouth, and said, 'Take this; by this thou -hast to live on the earth, to grow and to flourish; through this we get -all things that support existence on the earth; receive it.' Then with -moistened fingers she touched the breast of the child, and said, 'Behold -the pure water that washes and cleanses thy heart, that removes all -filthiness; receive it: may the goddess see good to purify and cleanse -thine heart.' Then the midwife poured water upon the head of the child, -saying, 'O my grandson--my son--take this water of the Lord of the -world, which is thy life, invigorating and refreshing, washing and -cleansing. I pray that this celestial water, blue and light blue, may -enter into thy body, and there live; I pray that it may destroy in thee -and put away from thee all the things evil and adverse that were given -thee before the beginning of the world.... Wheresoever thou art in -this child, O thou hurtful thing, begone! leave it, put thyself apart; -for now does it live anew, and anew is it born; now again is it purified -and cleansed; now again is it shaped and engendered by our mother, the -goddess of water." (Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. iii., p. 372.) - -Here we find many resemblances to the Christian ordinance of baptism: -the pouring of the water on the head, the putting of the fingers in the -mouth, the touching of the breast, the new birth, and the washing away -of the original sin. The Christian rite, we know, was not a Christian -invention, but was borrowed from ancient times, from the great -storehouse of Asiatic traditions and beliefs. - -The Mexicans hung up the heads of their sacrificed enemies; this was -also a Jewish custom: - -"And the Lord said unto Moses, Take all the heads of the people, and -hang them up before the Lord against the sun, that the fierce anger of -the Lord may be turned away from Israel. And Moses said unto the judges -of Israel, Slay ye every one his men that were joined unto Baal-peor." -(Numb., xxv., 4, 5.) - -The Scythians, Herodotus tells us, scalped their enemies, and carried -the scalp at the pommel of their saddles; the Jews probably scalped -their enemies: - -"But God shall wound the head of his enemies, and the hairy scalp of -such a one as goeth on still in his trespasses." (Psa., lxviii., 21.) - -The ancient Scandinavians practised scalping. When Harold Harefoot -seized his rival, Alfred, with six hundred followers, he "had them -maimed, blinded, hamstrung, scalped, or embowelled." (Taine's "Hist. -Eng. Lit.," p. 35.) - -Herodotus describes the Scythian mode of taking the scalp: "He makes a -cut round the head near the ears, and shakes the skull out." This is -precisely the Indian custom. "The more scalps a man has," says -Herodotus, "the more highly he is esteemed among them." - -The Indian scalp-lock is found on the Egyptian monuments as one of the -characteristics of the Japhetic Libyans, who shaved all the head except -one lock in the middle. - -The Mantchoos of Tartary wear a scalp-lock, as do the modern Chinese. - -Byron describes the heads of the dead Tartars under the walls of -Corinth, devoured by the wild dogs: - - "Crimson and green were the shawls of their wear, - And each scalp had a single long tuft of hair, - All the rest was shaven and bare." - -These resemblances are so striking and so numerous that repeated -attempts have been made to prove that the inhabitants of America are the -descendants of the Jews; some have claimed that they represented "the -lost tribes" of that people. But the Jews were never a maritime or -emigrating people; they formed no colonies; and it is impossible to -believe (as has been asserted) that they left their flocks and herds, -marched across the whole face of Asia, took ships and sailed across the -greatest of the oceans to a continent of the existence of which they had -no knowledge. - -If we seek the origin of these extraordinary coincidences in opinions -and habits, we must go far back to the time of the lost tribes. We must -seek it in the relationship of the Jews to the family of Noah, and in -the identity of the Noachic race destroyed in the Deluge with the people -of the drowned Atlantis. - -Nor need it surprise us to find traditions perpetuated for thousands -upon thousands of years, especially among a people having a religious -priesthood. - -The essence of religion is conservatism; little is invented; nothing -perishes; change comes from without; and even when one religion is -supplanted by another its gods live on as the demons of the new faith, -or they pass into the folk-lore and fairy stories of the people. We see -Votan, a hero in America, become the god Odin or Woden in Scandinavia; -and when his worship as a god dies out Odin survives (as Dr. Dasent has -proved) in the Wild Huntsman of the Hartz, and in the Robin Hood (Oodin) -of popular legend. The Hellequin of France becomes the Harlequin of our -pantomimes. William Tell never existed; he is a myth; a survival of the -sun-god Apollo, Indra, who was worshipped on the altars of Atlantis. - - "Nothing here but it doth change into something rich and - strange." - -The rite of circumcision dates back to the first days of Phoenicia, -Egypt, and the Cushites. It, too, was probably an Atlantean custom, -invented in the Stone Age. Tens of thousands of years have passed since -the Stone Age; the ages of copper, bronze, and iron have intervened; and -yet to this day the Hebrew rabbi performs the ceremony of circumcision -with a stone knife. - -Frothingham says, speaking of St. Peter's Cathedral, in Rome: - -"Into what depths of antiquity the ceremonies carried me back! To the -mysteries of Eleusis; to the sacrificial rites of Phoenicia. The boys -swung the censors as censors had been swung in the adoration of Bacchus. -The girdle and cassock of the priests came from Persia; the veil and -tonsure were from Egypt; the alb and chasuble were prescribed by Numa -Pompilius; the stole was borrowed from the official who used to throw it -on the back of the victim that was to be sacrificed; the white surplice -was the same as described by Juvenal and Ovid." - -Although it is evident that many thousands of years must have passed -since the men who wrote in Sanscrit, in Northwestern India, could have -dwelt in Europe, yet to this day they preserve among their ancient books -maps and descriptions of the western coast of Europe, and even of -England and Ireland; and we find among them a fuller knowledge of the -vexed question of the sources of the Nile than was possessed by any -nation in the world twenty-five years ago. - -This perpetuation of forms and beliefs is illustrated in the fact that -the formulas used in the Middle Ages in Europe to exorcise evil spirits -were Assyrian words, imported probably thousands of years before from -the magicians of Chaldea. When the European conjurer cried out to the -demon, "Hilka, hilka, besha, besha," he had no idea that he was -repeating the very words of a people who had perished ages before, and -that they signified Go away, go away, evil one, evil one. (Lenormant, -"Anc. Hist. East," vol. i., p. 448.) - -Our circle of 360 degrees; the division of a chord of the circle equal -to the radius into 60 equal parts, called degrees: the division of these -into 60 minutes, of the minute into 60 seconds, and the second into 60 -thirds; the division of the day into 24 hours, each hour into 60 -minutes, each minute into 60 seconds; the division of the week into -seven days, and the very order of the days--all have come down to us -from the Chaldeo-Assyrians; and these things will probably be -perpetuated among our posterity "to the last syllable of recorded time." - -We need not be surprised, therefore, to find the same legends and -beliefs cropping out among the nations of Central America and the people -of Israel. Nay, it should teach us to regard the Book of Genesis with -increased veneration, as a relic dating from the most ancient days of -man's history on earth; its roots cross the great ocean; every line is -valuable; a word, a letter, an accent may throw light upon the gravest -problems of the birth of civilization. - -The vital conviction which, during thousands of years, at all times -pressed home upon the Israelites, was that they were a "chosen people," -selected out of all the multitude of the earth, to perpetuate the great -truth that there was but one God--an illimitable, omnipotent, paternal -spirit, who rewarded the good and punished the wicked--in -contradistinction from the multifarious, subordinate, animal and bestial -demi-gods of the other nations of the earth. This sublime monotheism -could only have been the outgrowth of a high civilization, for man's -first religion is necessarily a worship of "stocks and stones," and -history teaches us that the gods decrease in number as man increases in -intelligence. It was probably in Atlantis that monotheism was first -preached. The proverbs of "Ptah-hotep," the oldest book of the -Egyptians, show that this most ancient colony from Atlantis received the -pure faith from the mother-land at the very dawn of history: this book -preached the doctrine of one God, "the rewarder of the good and the -punisher of the wicked." (Reginald S. Poole, Contemporary Rev., Aug., -1881, p. 38.) "In the early days the Egyptians worshipped one only God, -the maker of all things, without beginning and without end. To the last -the priests preserved this doctrine and taught it privately to a select -few." ("Amer. Encycl.," vol. vi., p. 463.) The Jews took up this great -truth where the Egyptians dropped it, and over the heads and over the -ruins of Egypt, Chaldea, Phoenicia, Greece, Rome, and India this handful -of poor shepherds--ignorant, debased, and despised--have carried down to -our own times a conception which could only have originated in the -highest possible state of human society. - -And even skepticism must pause before the miracle of the continued -existence of this strange people, wading through the ages, bearing on -their shoulders the burden of their great trust, and pressing forward -under the force of a perpetual and irresistible impulse. The speech that -may be heard to-day in the synagogues of Chicago and Melbourne resounded -two thousand years ago in the streets of Rome; and, at a still earlier -period, it could be heard in the palaces of Babylon and the shops of -Thebes--in Tyre, in Sidon, in Gades, in Palmyra, in Nineveh. How many -nations have perished, how many languages have ceased to exist, how many -splendid civilizations have crumbled into ruin, how many temples and -towers and towns have gone down to dust since the sublime frenzy of -monotheism first seized this extraordinary people! All their kindred -nomadic tribes are gone; their land of promise is in the hands of -strangers; but Judaism, with its offspring, Christianity, is taking -possession of the habitable world; and the continuous life of one -people--one poor, obscure, and wretched people--spans the tremendous -gulf between "Ptah-hotep" and this nineteenth century. - -If the Spirit of which the universe is but an expression--of whose frame -the stars are the infinite molecules--can be supposed ever to interfere -with the laws of matter and reach down into the doings of men, would it -not be to save from the wreck and waste of time the most sublime fruit -of the civilization of the drowned Atlantis--a belief in the one, only, -just God, the father of all life, the imposer of all moral obligations? - -CHAPTER VII. - -THE ORIGIN OF OUR ALPHABET - -One of the most marvellous inventions for the advancement of mankind is -the phonetic alphabet, or a system of signs representing the sounds of -human speech. Without it our present civilization could scarcely have -been possible. - -No solution of the origin of our European alphabet has yet been -obtained: we can trace it back from nation to nation, and form to form, -until we reach the Egyptians, and the archaic forms of the Phoenicians, -Hebrews, and Cushites, but beyond this the light fails us. - -The Egyptians spoke of their hieroglyphic system of writing not as their -own invention, but as "the language of the gods." (Lenormant and Cheval, -"Anc. Hist. of the East," vol. ii., p. 208.) "The gods" were, doubtless, -their highly civilized ancestors--the people of Atlantis--who, as we -shall hereafter see, became the gods of many of the Mediterranean races. - -"According to the Phoenicians, the art of writing was invented by -Taautus, or Taut, 'whom the Egyptians call Thouth,' and the Egyptians -said it was invented by Thouth, or Thoth, otherwise called 'the first -Hermes,' in which we clearly see that both the Phoenicians and Egyptians -referred the invention to a period older than their own separate -political existence, and to an older nation, from which both peoples -received it." (Baldwin's "Prehistoric Nations," p. 91.) - -The "first Hermes," here referred to (afterward called Mercury by the -Romans), was a son of Zeus and Maia, a daughter of Atlas. This is the -same Maia whom the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg identifies with the Maya -of Central America. - -Sir William Drummond, in his "Origines," said: - -"There seems to be no way of accounting either for the early use of -letters among so many different nations, or for the resemblance which -existed between some of the graphic systems employed by those nations, -than by supposing hieroglyphical writing, if I may be allowed the term, -to have been in use among the Tsabaists in the first ages after the -Flood, when Tsabaisin (planet-worship) was the religion of almost every -country that was yet inhabited." - -Sir Henry Rawlinson says: - -"So great is the analogy between the first principles of the Science of -writing, as it appears to have been pursued in Chaldea, and as we can -actually trace its progress in Egypt, that we can hardly hesitate to -assign the original invention to a period before the Hamitic race had -broken up and divided." - -It is not to be believed that such an extraordinary system of -sound-signs could have been the invention of any one man or even of any -one age. Like all our other acquisitions, it must have been the slow -growth and accretion of ages; it must have risen step by step from -picture-writing through an intermediate condition like that of the -Chinese, where each word or thing was represented by a separate sign. -The fact that so old and enlightened a people as the Chinese have never -reached a phonetic alphabet, gives us some indication of the greatness -of the people among whom it was invented, and the lapse of time before -they attained to it. - -Humboldt says: - -"According to the views which, since Champollion's great discovery, have -been gradually adopted regarding the earlier condition of the -development of alphabetical writing, the Phoenician as well as the -Semitic characters are to be regarded as a phonetic alphabet that has -originated from pictorial writing; as one in which the ideal -signification of the symbols is wholly disregarded, and the characters -are regarded as mere signs for sounds." ("Cosmos," vol. ii., p. 129.) - -Baldwin says ("Prehistoric Nations," p. 93): - -"The nation that became mistress of the seas, established communication -with every shore, and monopolized the commerce of the known world, must -have substituted a phonetic alphabet for the hieroglyphics as it -gradually grew to this eminence; while isolated Egypt, less affected by -the practical wants and tendencies of commercial enterprise, retained -the hieroglyphic system, and carried it to a marvellous height of -perfection." - -It must be remembered that some of the letters of our alphabet are -inventions of the later nations. In the oldest alphabets there was no c, -the g taking its place. The Romans converted the g into c; and then, -finding the necessity for a g Sign, made one by adding a tail-piece to -the c (C, G). The Greeks added to the ancient alphabet the upsilon, -shaped like our V or Y, the two forms being used at first indifferently: -they added the X sign; they converted the t of the Phoenicians into th, -or theta; z and s into signs for double consonants; they turned the -Phoenician y (yod) into i (iota). The Greeks converted the Phoenician -alphabet, which was partly consonantal, into one purely phonetic--"a -perfect instrument for the expression of spoken language." The w was -also added to the Phoenician alphabet. The Romans added the y. At first i -and j were both indicated by the same sound; a sign for j was afterward -added. We have also, in common with other European languages, added a -double U, that is, VV, or W, to represent the w sound. - -The letters, then, which we owe to the Phoenicians, are A, B, C, D, E, H, -I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, Z. If we are to trace out resemblances -with the alphabet of any other country, it must be with these signs. - -Is there any other country to which we can turn which possessed a -phonetic alphabet in any respect kindred to this Phoenician alphabet? It -cannot be the Chinese alphabet, which has more signs than words; it -cannot be the cuneiform alphabet of Assyria, with its seven hundred -arrow-shaped characters, none of which bear the slightest affinity to -the Phoenician letters. - -It is a surprising fact that we find in Central America a phonetic -alphabet. This is in the alphabet of the Mayas, the ancient people of -the peninsula of Yucatan, who claim that their civilization came to them -across the sea in ships from the east, that is, from the direction of -Atlantis. The Mayas succeeded to the Colhuas, whose era terminated one -thousand years before the time of Christ; from them they received their -alphabet. It has come to us through Bishop Landa, one of the early -missionary bishops, who confesses to having burnt a great number of Maya -books because they contained nothing but the works of the devil. He -fortunately, however, preserved for posterity the alphabet of this -people. We present it herewith. - - ### - - LANDA'S ALPHABET (From "North Amer. of Antiquity," p. 434.) - -Diego de Landa was the first bishop of Yucatan. He wrote a history of -the Mayas and their country, which was preserved in manuscript at Madrid -in the library of the Royal Academy of History.... It contains a -description and explanation of the phonetic alphabet of the Mayas. -Landa's manuscript seems to have lain neglected in the library, for -little or nothing was heard of it until it was discovered by the French -priest Brasseur de Bourbourg, who, by means of it, has deciphered some -of the old American writings. He says, 'the alphabet and signs explained -by Landa have been to me a Rosetta stone.' (Baldwin's "Ancient -America," p. 191.) - -When we observe, in the table of alphabets of different European nations -which I give herewith, how greatly the forms of the Phoenician letters -have been modified, it would surprise us to find any resemblance between -the Maya alphabet of two or three centuries since and the ancient -European forms. It must, however, be remembered that the Mayas are one -of the most conservative peoples in the world. They still adhere with -striking pertinacity to the language they spoke when Columbus landed on -San Salvador; and it is believed that that language is the same as the -one inscribed on the most ancient monuments of their country. Señor -Pimental says of them, "The Indians have preserved this idiom with such -tenacity that they will speak no other; it is necessary for the whites -to address them in their own language to communicate with them." It is -therefore probable, as their alphabet did not pass from nation to -nation, as did the Phoenician, that it has not departed so widely from -the original forms received from the Colhuas. - - ### - - The Alphabet - -But when we consider the vast extent of time which has elapsed, and the -fact that we are probably without the intermediate stages of the -alphabet which preceded the archaic Phoenician, it will be astonishing if -we find resemblances between any of the Maya letters and the European -forms, even though we concede that they are related. If we find decided -affinities between two or three letters, we may reasonably presume that -similar coincidences existed as to many others which have disappeared -under the attrition of centuries. - -The first thought that occurs to us on examining the Landa alphabet is -the complex and ornate character of the letters. Instead of the two or -three strokes with which we indicate a sign for a sound, we have here -rude pictures of objects. And we find that these are themselves -simplifications of older forms of a still more complex character. Take, -for instance, the letter pp in Landa's alphabet, ### : here are -evidently the traces of a face. The same appear, but not so plainly, in -the sign for x, which is ### . Now, if we turn to the ancient -hieroglyphics upon the monuments of Central America, we will find the -human face appearing in a great many of them, as in the following, which -we copy from the Tablet of the Cross at Palenque. We take the -hieroglyphs from the left-hand side of the inscription. Here it will be -seen that, out of seven hieroglyphical figures, six contain human faces. -And we find that in the whole inscription of the Tablet of the Cross -there are 33 figures out of 108 that are made up in part of the human -countenance. - -### - -We can see, therefore, in the Landa alphabet a tendency to -simplification. And this is what we would naturally expect. When the -emblems--which were probably first intended for religious inscriptions, -where they could be slowly and carefully elaborated--were placed in the -hands of a busy, active, commercial people, such as were the Atlanteans, -and afterward the Phoenicians, men with whom time was valuable, the -natural tendency would be to simplify and condense them; and when the -original meaning of the picture was lost, they would naturally slur it, -as we find in the letters pp and x of the Maya alphabet, where the -figure of the human face remains only in rude lines. - -The same tendency is plainly shown in the two forms of the letter h, as -given in Landa's alphabet; the original form is more elaborate than the -variation of it. The original form is ### The variation is given as ### -. Now let us suppose this simplification to be carried a step farther: -we have seen the upper and lower parts of the first form shrink into a -smaller and less elaborate shape; let us imagine that the same tendency -does away with them altogether; we would then have the letter H of the -Maya alphabet represented by this figure, ### ; now, as it takes less -time to make a single stroke than a double one, this would become in -time ### . We turn now to the archaic Greek and the old Hebrew, and we -find the letter h indicated by this sign, ### , precisely the Maya -letter h simplified. We turn to the archaic Hebrew, and we find ### . -Now it is known that the Phoenicians wrote from right to left, and just -as we in writing from left to right slope our letters to the right, so -did the Phoenicians slope their letters to the left. Hence the Maya sign -becomes in the archaic Phoenician this, ### . In some of the Phoenician -alphabets we even find the letter h made with the double strokes above -and below, as in the Maya h. The Egyptian hieroglyph for h is ### while -ch is ### . In time the Greeks carried the work of simplification still -farther, and eliminated the top lines, as we have supposed the -Atlanteans to have eliminated the double strokes, and they left the -letter as it has come down to us, H. - -Now it may be said that all this is coincidence. If it is, it is -certainly remarkable. But let us go a step farther: - -We have seen in Landa's alphabet that there are two forms of the letter -m. The first is ### . But we find also an m combined with the letter o, -a, or e, says Landa, in this form, ### . The m here is certainly -indicated by the central part of this combination, the figure ### ; -where does that come from? It is clearly taken from the heart of the -original figure wherein it appears. What does this prove? That the -Atlanteans, or Mayas, when they sought to simplify their letters and -combine them with others, took from the centre of the ornate -hieroglyphical figure some characteristic mark with which they -represented the whole figure. Now let us apply this rule: - -We have seen in the table of alphabets that in every language, from our -own day to the time of the Phoenicians, o has been represented by a -circle or a circle within a circle. Now where did the Phoenicians get it? -Clearly from the Mayas. There are two figures for o in the Maya -alphabet; they are ### and ### ; now, if we apply the rule which we have -seen to exist in the case of the Maya m to these figures, the essential -characteristic found in each is the circle, in the first case pendant -from the hieroglyph; in the other, in the centre of the lower part of -it. And that this circle was withdrawn from the hieroglyph, and used -alone, as in the case of the m, is proved by the very sign used at the -foot of Landa's alphabet, which is, ### Landa calls this ma, me, or mo; -it is probably the latter, and in it we have the circle detached from -the hieroglyph. - -We find the precise Maya o a circle in a circle, or a dot within a -circle, repeated in the Phoenician forms for o, thus, ### and ### , and -by exactly the same forms in the Egyptian hieroglyphics; in the Runic we -have the circle in the circle; in one form of the Greek o the dot was -placed along-side of the circle instead of below it, as in the Maya. - -Are these another set of coincidences? - -Take another letter: - -The letter n of the Maya alphabet is represented by this sign, itself -probably a simplification of some more ornate form, ### . This is -something like our letter S, but quite unlike our N. But let us examine -into the pedigree of our n. We find in the archaic Ethiopian, a language -as old as the Egyptian, and which represents the Cushite branch of the -Atlantean stock, the sign for n (na) is ### ; in archaic Phoenician it -comes still closer to the S shape, thus, ### , or in this form, ### ; we -have but to curve these angles to approximate it very closely to the -Maya n; in Troy this form was found, ### . The Samaritan makes it ### ; -the old Hebrew ### ; the Moab stone inscription gives it ### ; the later -Phoenicians simplified the archaic form still further, until it became -### ; then it passed into ### : the archaic Greek form is ### ; the -later Greeks made ### , from which it passed into the present form, N. -All these forms seem to be representations of a serpent; we turn to the -valley of the Nile, and we find that the Egyptian hieroglyphic for n was -the serpent, ### ; the Pelasgian n was ### ; the Arcadian, ### ; the -Etruscan, ### . - -Can anything be more significant than to find the serpent the sign for n -in Central America, and in all these Old World languages? - -Now turn to the letter k. The Maya sign for k is ### . This does not -look much like our letter K; but let us examine it. Following the -precedent established for us by the Mayas in the case of the letter m, -let us see what is the distinguishing feature here; it is clearly the -figure of a serpent standing erect, with its tail doubled around its -middle, forming a circle. It has already been remarked by Savolini that -this erect serpent is very much like the Egyptian Uræus, an erect -serpent with an enlarged body--a sacred emblem found in the hair of -their deities. We turn again to the valley of the Nile, and we find that -the Egyptian hieroglyphic for k was a serpent with a convolution or -protuberance in the middle, precisely as in the Maya, thus, ### ; this -was transformed into the Egyptian letter ### ; the serpent and the -protuberance reappear in one of the Phoenician forms of k, to wit, ### ; -while in the Punic we have these forms, ### and ### . Now suppose a busy -people trying to give this sign: instead of drawing the serpent in all -its details they would abbreviate it into something like this, ### ; now -we turn to the ancient Ethiopian sign for k (ka), and we have ### , or -the Himyaritic Arabian ### ; while in the Phoenician it becomes ### ; in -the archaic Greek, ### ; and in the later Greek, when they changed the -writing from left to right, ### . So that the two lines projecting from -the upright stroke of our English K are a reminiscence of the -convolution of the serpent in the Maya original and the Egyptian copy. - -Turn now to the Maya sign for t: it is ### , . What is the distinctive -mark about this figure? It is the cross composed of two curved lines, -thus, ### . It is probable that in the Maya sign the cross is united at -the bottom, like a figure 8. Here again we turn to the valley of the -Nile, and we find that the Egyptian hieroglyph for t is ### and ### ; -and in the Syriac t it is ### . We even find the curved lines of the -Maya t which give it something of the appearance of the numeral 8, -repeated accurately in the Mediterranean alphabets; thus the Punic t -repeats the Maya form almost exactly as ### and ### . Now suppose a busy -people compelled to make this mark every day for a thousand years, and -generally in a hurry, and the cross would soon be made without curving -the lines; it would become X. But before it reached even that simplified -form it had crossed the Atlantic, and appeared in the archaic Ethiopian -sign for tsa, thus, ### . In the archaic Phoenician the sign for ### is -### and ### ; the oldest Greek form is ### or ### and the later Greeks -gave it to the Romans ### , and modified this into ### ; the old Hebrew -gave it as ### and ### ; the Moab stone as ### ; this became in time ### -and ### . - -Take the letter a. In the Maya there are three forms given for this -letter. The first is ### ; the third is ### . The first looks very much -like the foot of a lion or tiger; the third is plainly a foot or boot. -If one were required to give hurriedly a rude outline of either of -these, would he not represent it thus, ### ; and can we not conceive -that this could have been in time modified into the Phoenician a, which -was ### ? The hieratic Egyptian a was ### ; the ancient Hebrew, which -was ### or ### ; the ancient Greek was the foot reversed, ### ; the -later Greek became our A. - -Turn next to the Maya sign for q (ku): it is ### . Now what is the -peculiarity of this hieroglyph? The circle below is not significant, for -there are many circular figures in the Maya alphabet. Clearly, if one -was called upon to simplify this, he would retain the two small circles -joined side by side at the top, and would indicate the lower circle with -a line or dash. And when we turn to the Egyptian q we find it in this -shape, ### ; we turn to the Ethiopian q (khua), and we find it ### , as -qua, ### ; while the Phoenician comes still nearer the supposed Maya form -in ### ; the Moab stone was ### ; the Himyaritic Arabian form became ### ; -the Greek form was ### , which graduated into the Roman Q. But a still -more striking proof of the descent of the Phoenician alphabet from the -Maya is found in the other form of the q, the Maya cu, which is ### . -Now, if we apply the Maya rule to this, and discard the outside circle, -we have this left, ### . In time the curved line would be made straight, -and the figure would assume this form, ### ; the next step would be to -make the cross on the straight line, thus, ### . One of the ancient -Phoenician forms is ### . Can all this be accident? - -The letter c or g (for the two probably gave the same sound as in the -Phoenician) is given in the Maya alphabet as follows, ### . This would in -time be simplified into a figure representing the two sides of a -triangle with the apex upward, thus, ### . This is precisely the form -found by Dr. Schliemann in the ruins of Troy, ### . What is the -Phoenician form for g as found on the Moab stone? It is ### . The -Carthaginian Phoenicians gave it more of a rounded form, thus, ### . The -hieratic Egyptian figure for g was ### ; in the earlier Greek form the -left limb of the figure was shortened, thus, ### ; the later Greeks -reversed it, and wrote it ### ; the Romans, changed this into ### and it -finally became C. - -In the Maya we have one sign for p, and another for pp. The first -contains a curious figure, precisely like our r laid on its back ### . -There is, apparently, no r in the Maya alphabet; and the Roman r grew -out of the later Phoenician r formed thus, ### ; it would appear that the -earliest Phoenician alphabet did not contain the letter r. But if we now -turn to the Phoenician alphabet, we will find one of the curious forms of -the p given thus, ### , a very fair representation of an r lying upon -its face. Is it not another remarkable coincidence that the p, in both -Maya and Phoenician, should contain this singular sign? - -The form of pp in the Maya alphabet is this, ### . If we are asked, on -the principle already indicated, to reduce this to its elements, we -would use a figure like this, ### ; in time the tendency would be to -shorten one of these perpendicular lines, thus, and this we find is very -much like the Phoenician p, ### . The Greek ph is ### . - -The letter l in the Maya is in two forms; one of these is ### , the -other is ### . Now, if we again apply the rule which we observed to hold -good with the letter m--that is, draw from the inside of the hieroglyph -some symbol that will briefly indicate the whole letter--we will have -one of two forms, either a right-angled figure formed thus, ### , or an -acute angle formed by joining the two lines which are unconnected, thus, -### ; and either of these forms brings us quite close to the letter l of -the Old World. We find l on the Moab stone thus formed, ### . The -archaic Phoenician form of l was ### , or ### ; the archaic Hebrew was -### and ### ; the hieratic Egyptian was ### ; the Greek form was ### ---the Roman L. - -The Maya letter b is shaped thus, ### . Now, if we turn to the -Phoenician, we find that b is represented by the same crescent-like -figure which we find in the middle of this hieroglyph, but reversed in -the direction of the writing, thus, ### ; while in the archaic Hebrew we -have the same crescent figure as in the Maya, turned in the same -direction, but accompanied by a line drawn downward, and to the left, -thus, ### ; a similar form is also found in the Phoenician ### , and this -in the earliest Greek changed into ### , and in the later Greek into B. -One of the Etruscan signs for b was ### , while the Pelasgian b was -represented thus, ### ; the Chaldaic b was ### ; the Syriac sign for b -was ### ; the Illyrian b was ### . - -The Maya e is ### ; this became in time ### ; then ### (we see this form -on the Maya monuments); the dots in time were indicated by strokes, and -we reach the hieratic Egyptian form, ### : we even find in some of the -ancient Phoenician inscriptions the original Maya circles preserved in -making the letter e, thus, ### ; then we find the old Greek form, ### ; -the old Hebrew, ### ; and the later Phoenician, ### : when the direction -of the writing was changed this became ### . Dr. Schliemann found a form -like this on inscriptions deep in the ruins of Troy, ### . This is -exactly the form found on the American monuments. - -The Maya i is ### ; this became in time ### ; this developed into a -still simpler form, ### ; and this passed into the Phoenician form, ### . -The Samaritan i was formed thus, ### ; the Egyptian letter i is ### : -gradually in all these the left-hand line was dropped, and we come to -the figure used on the stone of Moab, ### and ### ; this in time became -the old Hebrew ### , or ### ; and this developed into the Greek ### . - -We have seen the complicated symbol for m reduced by the Mayas -themselves into this figure, ### : if we attempt to write this rapidly, -we find it very difficult to always keep the base lines horizontal; -naturally we form something like this, ### : the distinctive figure -within the sign for m in the Maya is ### or ### . We see this repeated -in the Egyptian hieroglyphics for m, ### , and ### , and ### ; and in -the Chaldaic m, ### ; and in the Ethiopic ### . We find one form of the -Phoenician where the m is made thus, ### ; and in the Punic it appears -thus, ### ; and this is not unlike the m on the stone of Moab, ### , or -the ancient Phoenician forms ### , ### , and the old Greek ### , or the -ancient Hebrew ### , ### . - -The ### , x, of the Maya alphabet is a hand pointing downward ### , -this, reduced to its elements, would be expressed some thing like this, -### or ### ; and this is very much like the x of the archaic Phoenician, -### ; or the Moab stone, ### ; or the later Phoenician ### or the Hebrew -### , ### , or the old Greek, ### : the later Greek form was ### . - -The Maya alphabet contains no sign for the letter s; there is, however, -a symbol called ca immediately above the letter k; it is probable that -the sign ca stands for the soft sound of c, as, in our words citron, -circle, civil, circus, etc. As it is written in the Maya alphabet ca, -and not k, it evidently represents a different sound. The sign ca is -this, ### . A somewhat similar sign is found in the body of the symbol -for k, thus, ### , this would appear to be a simplification of ca, but -turned downward. If now we turn to the Egyptian letters we find the sign -k represented by this figure ### , simplified again into ### ; while the -sign for k in the Phoenician inscription on the stone of Moab is ### . If -now we turn to the s sound, indicated by the Maya sign ca, ### , we find -the resemblance still more striking to kindred European letters. The -Phoenician s is ### ; in the Greek this becomes ### ### ; the Hebrew is -### ### ; the Samaritan, ### . The Egyptian hieroglyph for s is ### ; -the Egyptian letter s is ### ; the Ethiopic, ### ; the Chaldaic, ### ; -and the Illyrian s c is ### . - -We have thus traced back the forms of eighteen of the ancient letters to -the Maya alphabet. In some cases the pedigree, is so plain as to be -indisputable. - -For instance, take the h: - -Maya, ### ; old Greek, ### ; old Hebrew, ### ; Phoenician, ### . - -Or take the letter o: - -Maya, ### ; old Greek, ### ; old Hebrew, ### ; Phoenician, ### . - -Or take the letter t: - -Maya, ### ; old Greek, ### ; old Phoenician, ### and ### . - -Or take the letter q: - -Maya, ### ; old Phoenician, ### and ### ; Greek, ### . - -Or take the letter k: - -Maya, ### ; Egyptian, ### ; Ethiopian, ### ; Phoenician, ### . - -Or take the letter n: - -Maya, ### ; Egyptian, ### ; Pelasgian ### , Arcadian, ### ; Phoenician, -### . - -Surely all this cannot be accident! - -But we find another singular proof of the truth of this theory: It will -be seen that the Maya alphabet lacks the letter d and the letter r. The -Mexican alphabet possessed a d. The sounds d and t were probably -indicated in the Maya tongue by the same sign, called t in the Landa -alphabet. The Finns and Lapps do not distinguish between these two -sounds. In the oldest known form of the Phoenician alphabet, that found -on the Moab stone, we find in the same way but one sign to express the d -and t. D does not occur on the Etruscan monuments, t being used in its -place. It would, therefore, appear that after the Maya alphabet passed -to the Phoenicians they added two new signs for the letters d and r; and -it is a singular fact that their poverty of invention seems to have been -such that they used to express both d and r, the same sign, with very -little modification, which they had already obtained from the Maya -alphabet as the symbol for b. To illustrate this we place the signs side -by side: - - ### - -It thus appears that the very signs d and r, in the Phoenician, early -Greek, and ancient Hebrew, which are lacking in the Maya, were supplied -by imitating the Maya sign for b; and it is a curious fact that while -the Phoenician legends claim that Taaut invented the art of writing, yet -they tell us that Taaut made records, and "delivered them to his -successors and to foreigners, of whom one was Isiris (Osiris, the -Egyptian god), the inventor of the three letters." Did these three -letters include the d and r, which they did not receive from the -Atlantean alphabet, as represented to us by the Maya alphabet? - -In the alphabetical table which we herewith append we have represented -the sign V, or vau, or f, by the Maya sign for U. "In the present -so-called Hebrew, as in the Syriac, Sabæic, Palmyrenic, and some other -kindred writings, the vau takes the place of F, and indicates the sounds -of v and u. F occurs in the same place also on the Idalian tablet of -Cyprus, in Lycian, also in Tuarik (Berber), and some other writings." -("American Cyclopædia," art. F.) - -Since writing the above, I find in the "Proceedings of the American -Philosophical Society" for December, 1880, p. 154, an interesting -article pointing out other resemblances between the Maya alphabet and -the Egyptian. I quote: - -It is astonishing to notice that while Landa's first B is, according to -Valentini, represented by a footprint, and that path and footprint are -pronounced Be in the Maya dictionary, the Egyptian sign for B was the -human leg. - -"Still more surprising is it that the H of Landa's alphabet is a tie of -cord, while the Egyptian H is a twisted cord.... But the most -striking coincidence of all occurs in the coiled or curled line -representing Landa's U; for it is absolutely identical with the Egyptian -curled U. The Mayan word for to wind or bend is Uuc; but why should -Egyptians, confined as they were to the valley of the Nile, and -abhorring as they did the sea and sailors, write their U precisely like -Landa's alphabet U in Central America? There is one other remarkable -coincidence between Landa's and the Egyptian alphabets; and, by-the-way, -the English and other Teutonic dialects have a curious share in it. -Landa's D (T) is a disk with lines inside the four quarters, the allowed -Mexican symbol for a day or sun. So far as sound is concerned, the -English day represents it; so far as the form is concerned, the Egyptian -'cake,' ideograph for (1) country and (2) the sun's orbit is essentially -the same." - -It would appear as if both the Phoenicians and Egyptians drew their -alphabet from a common source, of which the Maya is a survival, but did -not borrow from one another. They followed out different characteristics -in the same original hieroglyph, as, for instance, in the letter b. And -yet I have shown that the closest resemblances exist between the Maya -alphabet and the Egyptian signs--in the c, h, t, i, k, m, n, o, q, and -s--eleven letters in all; in some cases, as in the n and k, the signs -are identical; the k, in both alphabets, is not only a serpent, but a -serpent with a protuberance or convolution in the middle! If we add to -the above the b and u, referred to in the "Proceedings of the American -Philosophical Society," we have thirteen letters out of sixteen in the -Maya and Egyptian related to each other. Can any theory of accidental -coincidences account for all this? And it must be remembered that these -resemblances are found between the only two phonetic systems of alphabet -in the world. - -Let us suppose that two men agree that each shall construct apart from -the other a phonetic alphabet of sixteen letters; that they shall employ -only simple forms--combinations of straight or curved lines--and that -their signs shall not in anywise resemble the letters now in use. They -go to work apart; they have a multitudinous array of forms to draw from -the thousand possible combinations of lines, angles, circles, and -curves; when they have finished, they bring their alphabets together for -comparison. Under such circumstances it is possible that out of the -sixteen signs one sign might appear in both alphabets; there is one -chance in one hundred that such might be the case; but there is not one -chance in five hundred that this sign should in both cases represent the -same sound. It is barely possible that two men working thus apart should -hit upon two or three identical forms, but altogether impossible that -these forms should have the same significance; and by no stretch of the -imagination can it be supposed that in these alphabets so created, -without correspondence, thirteen out of sixteen signs should be the same -in form and the same in meaning. - -It is probable that a full study of the Central American monuments may -throw stronger light upon the connection between the Maya and the -European alphabets, and that further discoveries of inscriptions in -Europe may approximate the alphabets of the New and Old World still more -closely by supplying intermediate forms. - -We find in the American hieroglyphs peculiar signs which take the place -of pictures, and which probably, like the hieratic symbols mingled with -the hieroglyphics of Egypt, represent alphabetical sounds. For instance, -we find this sign on the walls of the palace of Palenque, ### ; this is -not unlike the form of the Phoenician t used in writing, ### and ### ; we -find also upon these monuments the letter o represented by a small -circle, and entering into many of the hieroglyphs; we also find the tau -sign (thus ### ) often repeated; also the sign which we have supposed to -represent b, ### ; also this sign, ### , which we think is the -simplification of the letter k; also this sign, which we suppose to -represent e, ### ; also this figure, ### ; and this ### . There is an -evident tendency to reduce the complex figures to simple signs whenever -the writers proceed to form words. - -Although it has so far been found difficult, if not impossible, to -translate the compound words formed from the Maya alphabet, yet we can -go far enough to see that they used the system of simpler sounds for the -whole hieroglyph to which we have referred. - -Bishop Landa gives us, in addition to the alphabet, the signs which -represent the days and months, and which are evidently compounds of the -Maya letters. For instance, we have this figure as the representative of -the month Mol ### . Here we see very plainly the letter ### for m, the -sign ### for o; and we will possibly find the sign for l in the right -angle to the right of the m sign, and which is derived from the figure -in the second sign for l in the Maya alphabet. - -One of the most ancient races of Central America is the Chiapenec, a -branch of the Mayas. They claim to be the first settlers of the country. -They came, their legends tell us, from the East, from beyond the sea. - -And even after the lapse of so many thousand years most remarkable -resemblances have been found to exist between the Chiapenec language and -the Hebrew, the living representative of the Phoenician tongue. - -The Mexican scholar, Señor Melgar ("North Americans of Antiquity," p. -475) gives the following list of words taken from the Chiapenec and the -Hebrew: - - +----------------------+------------+-----------+ - | English. | Chiapenec. | Hebrew. | - +----------------------+------------+-----------+ - | Son | Been | Ben. | - +----------------------+------------+-----------+ - | Daughter | Batz | Bath. | - +----------------------+------------+-----------+ - | Father | Abagh | Abba. | - +----------------------+------------+-----------+ - | Star in Zodiac | Chimax | Chimah. | - +----------------------+------------+-----------+ - | King | Molo | Maloc. | - +----------------------+------------+-----------+ - | Name applied to Adam | Abagh | Abah. | - +----------------------+------------+-----------+ - | Afflicted | Chanam | Chanan. | - +----------------------+------------+-----------+ - | God | Elab | Elab. | - +----------------------+------------+-----------+ - | September | Tsiquin | Tischiri. | - +----------------------+------------+-----------+ - | More | Chic | Chi. | - +----------------------+------------+-----------+ - | Rich | Chabin | Chabic. | - +----------------------+------------+-----------+ - | Son of Seth | Enot | Enos. | - +----------------------+------------+-----------+ - | To give | Votan | Votan. | - +----------------------+------------+-----------+ - -Thus, while we find such extraordinary resemblances between the Maya -alphabet and the Phoenician alphabet, we find equally surprising -coincidences between the Chiapenec tongue, a branch of the Mayas, and -the Hebrew, a branch of the Phoenician. - -Attempts have been repeatedly made by European scholars to trace the -letters of the Phoenician alphabet back to the elaborate hieroglyphics -from which all authorities agree they must have been developed, but all -such attempts have been failures. But here, in the Maya alphabet, we are -not only able to extract from the heart of the hieroglyphic the typical -sign for the sound, but we are able to go a step farther, and, by means -of the inscriptions upon the monuments of Copan and Palenque, deduce the -alphabetical hieroglyph itself from an older and more ornate figure; we -thus not only discover the relationship of the European alphabet to the -American, but we trace its descent in the very mode in which reason -tells us it must have been developed. All this proves that the -similarities in question did not come from Phoenicians having -accidentally visited the shores of America, but that we have before us -the origin, the source, the very matrix in which the Phoenician alphabet -was formed. In the light of such a discovery the inscriptions upon the -monuments of Central America assume incalculable importance; they take -us back to a civilization far anterior to the oldest known in Europe; -they represent the language of antediluvian times. - -It may be said that it is improbable that the use of an alphabet could -have ascended to antediluvian times, or to that prehistoric age when -intercourse existed between ancient Europe and America; but it must be -remembered that if the Flood legends of Europe and Asia are worth -anything they prove that the art of writing existed at the date of the -Deluge, and that records of antediluvian learning were preserved by -those who escaped the Flood; while Plato tells us that the people of -Atlantis engraved their laws upon columns of bronze and plates of gold. - -There was a general belief among the ancient nations that the art of -writing was known to the antediluvians. The Druids believed in books -more ancient than the Flood. They styled them "the books of Pheryllt," -and "the writings of Pridian or Hu." "Ceridwen consults them before she -prepares the mysterious caldron which shadows out the awful catastrophe -of the Deluge." (Faber's "Pagan Idolatry," vol. ii., pp. 150, 151.) In -the first Avatar of Vishnu we are told that "the divine ordinances were -stolen by the demon Haya-Griva. Vishnu became a fish; and after the -Deluge, when the waters had subsided, he recovered the holy books from -the bottom of the ocean." Berosus, speaking of the time before the -Deluge, says: "Oannes wrote concerning the generations of mankind and -their civil polity." The Hebrew commentators on Genesis say, "Our -rabbins assert that Adam, our father of blessed memory, composed a book -of precepts, which were delivered to him by God in Paradise." (Smith's -"Sacred Annals," p. 49.) That is to say, the Hebrews preserved a -tradition that the Ad-ami, the people of Ad, or Adlantis, possessed, -while yet dwelling in Paradise, the art of writing. It has been -suggested that without the use of letters it would have been impossible -to preserve the many details as to dates, ages, and measurements, as of -the ark, handed down to us in Genesis. Josephus, quoting Jewish -traditions, says, "The births and deaths of illustrious men, between -Adam and Noah, were noted down at the time with great accuracy." (Ant., -lib. 1, cap. iii., see. 3.) Suidas, a Greek lexicographer of the -eleventh century, expresses tradition when he says, "Adam was the author -of arts and letters." The Egyptians said that their god Anubis was an -antediluvian, and it "wrote annals before the Flood." The Chinese have -traditions that the earliest race of their nation, prior to history, -"taught all the arts of life and wrote books." "The Goths always had the -use of letters;" and Le Grand affirms that before or soon after the -Flood "there were found the acts of great men engraved in letters on -large stones." (Fosbroke's "Encyclopædia of Antiquity," vol. i., p. -355.) Pliny says, "Letters were always in use." Strabo says, "The -inhabitants of Spain possessed records written before the Deluge." -(Jackson's "Chronicles of Antiquity," vol. iii., p. 85.) Mitford -("History of Greece," vol. i, p. 121) says, "Nothing appears to us so -probable as that it (the alphabet) was derived from the antediluvian -world." - -CHAPTER VIII. - -THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE. - -There exist in Europe the evidences of three different ages of human -development: - -1. The Stone Age, which dates back to a vast antiquity. It is subdivided -into two periods: an age of rough stone implements; and a later age, -when these implements were ground smooth and made in improved forms. - -2. The Bronze Age, when the great mass of implements were manufactured -of a compound metal, consisting of about nine parts of copper and one -part of tin. - -3. An age when iron superseded bronze for weapons and cutting tools, -although bronze still remained in use for ornaments. This age continued -down to what we call the Historical Period, and embraces our present -civilization; its more ancient remains are mixed with coins of the -Gauls, Greeks, and Romans. - -The Bronze Period has been one of the perplexing problems of European -scientists. Articles of bronze are found over nearly all that continent, -but in especial abundance in Ireland and Scandinavia. They indicate very -considerable refinement and civilization upon the part of the people who -made them; and a wide diversity of opinion has prevailed as to who that -people were and where they dwelt. - -In the first place, it was observed that the age of bronze (a compound -of copper and tin) must, in the natural order of things, have been -preceded by an age when copper and tin were used separately, before the -ancient metallurgists had discovered the art of combining them, and yet -in Europe the remains of no such age have been found. Sir John Lubbock -says ("Prehistoric Times," p. 59), "The absence of implements made -either of copper or tin seems to me to indicate that the art of making -bronze was introduced into, not invented in, Europe." The absence of -articles of copper is especially marked, nearly all the European -specimens of copper implements have been found in Ireland; and yet out -of twelve hundred and eighty-three articles of the Bronze Age, in the -great museum at Dublin, only thirty celts and one sword-blade are said -to be made of pure copper; and even as to some of these there seems to -be a question. - -Where on the face of the earth are we to find a Copper Age? Is it in the -barbaric depths of that Asia out of whose uncivilized tribes all -civilization is said to have issued? By no means. Again we are compelled -to turn to the West. In America, from Bolivia to Lake Superior, we find -everywhere the traces of a long-enduring Copper Age; bronze existed, it -is true, in Mexico, but it held the same relation to the copper as the -copper held to the bronze in Europe--it was the exception as against the -rule. And among the Chippeways of the shores of Lake Superior, and among -them alone, we find any traditions of the origin of the manufacture of -copper implements; and on the shores of that lake we find pure copper, -out of which the first metal tools were probably hammered before man had -learned to reduce the ore or run the metal into moulds. And on the -shores of this same American lake we find the ancient mines from which -some people, thousands of years ago, derived their supplies of copper. - - IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS OF THE BRONZE AGE - -Sir W. R. Wilde says, "It is remarkable that so few antique copper -implements have been found (in Europe), although a knowledge of that -metal must have been the preliminary stage in the manufacture of -bronze." He thinks that this may be accounted for by supposing that "but -a short time elapsed between the knowledge of smelting and casting -copper ore and the introduction of tin, and the subsequent manufacture -and use of bronze." - -But here we have in America the evidence that thousands of years must -have elapsed during which copper was used alone, before it was -discovered that by adding one-tenth part of tin it gave a harder edge, -and produced a superior metal. - -The Bronze Age cannot be attributed to the Roman civilization. Sir John -Lubbock shows ("Prehistoric Times," p. 21) that bronze weapons have -never been found associated with Roman coins or pottery, or other -remains of the Roman Period; that bronze articles have been found in the -greatest abundance in countries like Ireland and Denmark, which were -never invaded by Roman armies; and that the character of the -ornamentation of the works of bronze is not Roman in character, and that -the Roman bronze contained a large proportion of lead, which is never -the case in that of the Bronze Age. - -It has been customary to assume that the Bronze Age was due to the -Phoenicians, but of late the highest authorities have taken issue with -this opinion. Sir John Lubbock (Ibid., p. 73) gives the following -reasons why the Phoenicians could not have been the authors of the Bronze -Age: First, the ornamentation is different. In the Bronze Age "this -always consists of geometrical figures, and we rarely, if ever, find -upon them representations of animals and plants, while on the ornamented -shields, etc., described by Homer, as well as in the decoration of -Solomon's Temple, animals and plants were abundantly represented." The -cuts on p. 242 will show the character of the ornamentation of the -Bronze Age. In the next place, the form of burial is different in the -Bronze Age from that of the Phoenicians. "In the third place, the -Phoenicians, so far as we know them, were well acquainted with the use of -iron; in Homer we find the warriors already armed with iron weapons, and -the tools used in preparing the materials for Solomon's Temple were of -this metal." - -This view is also held by M. de Fallenberg, in the "Bulletin de la -Société des Sciences" of Berne. (See "Smithsonian Rep.," 1865-66, p. -383.) He says, - - ORNAMENTS OF THE BRONZE AGE - -"It seems surprising that the nearest neighbors of the Phoenicians--the -Greeks, the Egyptians, the Etruscans, and the Romans--should have -manufactured plumbiferous bronzes, while the Phoenicians carried to the -people of the North only pure bronzes without the alloy of lead. If the -civilized people of the Mediterranean added lead to their bronzes, it -can scarcely be doubted that the calculating Phoenicians would have done -as much, and, at least, with distant and half-civilized tribes, have -replaced the more costly tin by the cheaper metal.... On the whole, -then, I consider that the first knowledge of bronze may have been -conveyed to the populations of the period under review not only by the -Phoenicians, but by other civilized people dwelling more to the -south-east." - -Professor E. Desor, in his work on the "Lacustrian Constructions of the -Lake of Neuchatel," says, - -"The Phoenicians certainly knew the use of iron, and it can scarcely be -conceived why they should have excluded it from their commerce on the -Scandinavian coasts.... The Etruscans, moreover, were acquainted with -the use of iron as well as the Phoenicians, and it has already been seen -that the composition of their bronzes is different, since it contains -lead, which is entirely a stranger to our bronze epoch.... We must -look, then, beyond both the Etruscans and Phoenicians in attempting to -identify the commerce of the Bronze Age of our palafittes. It will be -the province of the historian to inquire whether, exclusive of -Phoenicians and Carthaginians, there may not have been some maritime and -commercial people who carried on a traffic through the ports of Liguria -with the populations of the age of bronze of the lakes of Italy before -the discovery of iron. We may remark, in passing, that there is nothing -to prove that the Phoenicians were the first navigators. History, on the -contrary, positively mentions prisoners, under the name of Tokhari, who -were vanquished in a naval battle fought by Rhamses III. in the -thirteenth century before our era, and whose physiognomy, according to -Morton, would indicate the Celtic type. Now there is room to suppose -that if these Tokhari were energetic enough to measure their strength on -the sea with one of the powerful kings of Egypt, they must, with -stronger reason, have been in a condition to carry on a commerce along -the coasts of the Mediterranean, and perhaps of the Atlantic. If such a -commerce really existed before the time of the Phoenicians, it would not -be limited to the southern slope of the Alps; it would have extended -also to the people of the age of bronze in Switzerland. The introduction -of bronze would thus ascend to a very high antiquity, doubtless beyond -the limits of the most ancient European races." - -For the merchants of the Bronze Age we must look beyond even the -Tokhari, who were contemporaries of the Phoenicians. - -The Tokhari, we have seen, are represented as taken prisoners, in a -sea-fight with Rhamses III., of the twentieth dynasty, about the -thirteenth century B.C. They are probably the Tochari of Strabo. The -accompanying figure represents one of these people as they appear upon -the Egyptian monuments. (See Nott and Gliddon's "Types of Mankind," p. -108.) Here we have, not an inhabitant of Atlantis, but probably a -representative of one of the mixed races that sprung from its colonies. - -Dr. Morton thinks these people, as painted on the Egyptian monuments, to -have "strong Celtic features. Those familiar with the Scotch Highlanders -may recognize a speaking likeness." - -It is at least interesting to have a portrait of one of the daring race -who more than three thousand years ago left the west of Europe in their -ships to attack the mighty power of Egypt. - -They were troublesome to the nations of the East for many centuries; for -in 700 B.C. we find them depicted on the Assyrian monuments. This figure -represents one of the Tokhari of the time of Sennacherib. It will be -observed that the headdress (apparently of feathers) is the same in both -portraits, al, though separated by a period of six hundred years. - -It is more reasonable to suppose that the authors of the Bronze Age of -Europe were the people described by Plato, who were workers in metal, -who were highly civilized, who preceded in time all the nations which we -call ancient. It was this people who passed through an age of copper -before they reached the age of bronze, and whose colonies in America -represented this older form of metallurgy as it existed for many -generations. - -Professor Desor says: - -"We are asked if the preparation of bronze was not an indigenous -invention which had originated on the slopes of the Alps?... In this -idea we acquiesced for a moment. But we are met by the objection that, -if this were so, the natives, like the ancient tribes of America, would -have commenced by manufacturing utensils of copper; yet thus far no -utensils of this metal have been found except a few in the strand of -Lake Garda. The great majority of metallic objects is of bronze, which -necessitated the employment of tin, and this could not be obtained -except by commerce, inasmuch as it is a stranger to the Alps. It would -appear, therefore, more natural to admit that the art of combining tin -with copper--in other words, that the manufacture of bronze--was of -foreign importation." He then shows that, although copper ores are found -in the Alps, the probability is that even "the copper also was of -foreign importation. Now, in view of the prodigious quantity of bronze -manufactured at that epoch, this single branch of commerce must itself -have necessitated the most incessant commercial communications." - -And as this commerce could not, as we have seen, have been carried on by -the Romans, Greeks, Etruscans, or Phoenicians, because their -civilizations flourished during the Iron Age, to which this age of -bronze was anterior, where then are we to look for a great maritime and -commercial people, who carried vast quantities of copper, tin, and -bronze (unalloyed by the lead of the south of Europe) to Denmark, -Norway, Sweden, Ireland, England, France, Spain, Switzerland, and Italy? -Where can we find them save in that people of Atlantis, whose ships, -docks, canals, and commerce provoked the astonishment of the ancient -Egyptians, as recorded by Plato. The Toltec root for water is Atl; the -Peruvian word for copper is Anti (from which, probably, the Andes -derived their name, as there was a province of Anti on their slopes): -may it not be that the name of Atlantis is derived from these originals, -and signified the copper island, or the copper mountains in the sea? And -from these came the thousands of tons of copper and tin that must, -during the Bronze Age, have been introduced into Europe? There are no -ancient works to indicate that the tin mines of Cornwall were worked for -any length of time in the early days (see "Prehistoric Times," p. 74). -Morlot has pointed out that the bronze implements of Hallstadt, in -Austria, were of foreign origin, because they contain no lead or silver. - -Or, if we are to seek for the source of the vast amount of copper -brought into Europe somewhere else than in Atlantis, may it not be that -these supplies were drawn in large part from the shores of Lake Superior -in America? The mining operations of some ancient people were there -carried on upon a gigantic scale, not only along the shores of the lake -but even far out upon its islands. At Isle Royale vast works were found, -reaching to a depth of sixty feet; great intelligence was shown in -following up the richest veins even when interrupted; the excavations -were drained by underground drains. On three sections of land on this -island the amount of mining exceeded that mined in twenty years in one -of our largest mines, with a numerous force constantly employed. In one -place the excavations extended in a nearly continuous line for two -miles. No remains of the dead and no mounds are found near these mines: -it would seem, therefore, that the miners came from a distance, and -carried their dead back with them. Henry Gillman ("Smithsonian Rep.," -1873, p. 387) supposes that the curious so-called "Garden Beds" of -Michigan were the fields from which they drew their supplies of food. He -adds, - -"The discoveries in Isle Royale throw a new light on the character of -the 'Mound Builders,' giving us a totally distinct conception of them, -and dignifying them with something of the prowess and spirit of -adventure which we associate with the higher races. The copper, the -result of their mining, to be available, must, in all probability, have -been conveyed in vessels, great or small, across a treacherous and -stormy sea, whose dangers are formidable to us now, being dreaded even -by our largest craft, and often proving their destruction. Leaving their -homes, those men dared to face the unknown, to brave the hardships and -perils of the deep and of the wilderness, actuated by an ambition which -we to-day would not be ashamed to acknowledge." - -Such vast works in so remote a land must have been inspired by the -commercial necessities of some great civilization; and why not by that -ancient and mighty people who covered Europe, Asia, and Africa with -their manufactures of bronze--and who possessed, as Plato tells us, -enormous fleets trading to all parts of the inhabited world--whose cities -roared with the continual tumult of traffic, whose dominion extended to -Italy and Egypt, and who held parts of "the great opposite continent" of -America under their control? A continuous water-way led, from the island -of Atlantis to the Gulf of Mexico, and thence up the Mississippi River -and its tributaries almost to these very mines of Lake Superior. - -Arthur Mitchell says ("The Past in the Present," p. 132), - -"The discovery of bronze, and the knowledge of how to make it, may, as a -mere intellectual effort, be regarded as rather above than below the -effort which is involved in the discovery and use of iron. As regards -bronze, there is first the discovery of copper, and the way of getting -it from its ore; then the discovery of tin, and the way to get it from -its ore; and then the further discovery that, by an admixture of tin -with copper in proper proportions, an alloy with the qualities of a hard -metal can be produced. It is surely no mistake to say that there goes -quite as much thinking to this as to the getting of iron from its ore, -and the conversion of that iron into steel. There is a considerable leap -from stone to bronze, but the leap from bronze to iron is comparatively -small.... It seems highly improbable, if not altogether absurd, that -the human mind, at some particular stage of its development, should -here, there, and everywhere--independently, and as the result of -reaching that stage--discover that an alloy of copper and tin yields a -hard metal useful in the manufacture of tools and weapons. There is -nothing analogous to such an occurrence in the known history of human -progress. It is infinitely more probable that bronze was discovered in -one or more centres by one or more men, and that its first use was -solely in such centre or centres. That the invention should then be -perfected, and its various applications found out, and that it should -thereafter spread more or less broadly over the face of the earth, is a -thing easily understood." - -We will find the knowledge of bronze wherever the colonies of Atlantis -extended, and nowhere else; and Plato tells us that the people of -Atlantis possessed and used that metal. - -The indications are that the Bronze Age represents the coming in of a -new people--a civilized people. With that era, it is believed, appears -in Europe for the first time the domesticated animals--the horse, the ox, -the sheep, the goat, and the hog. (Morlot, "Smithsonian Rep.," 1860, p. -311.) It was a small race, with very small hands; this is shown in the -size of the sword-hilts: they are not large enough to be used by the -present races of Europe. They were a race with long skulls, as -contradistinguished from the round heads of the Stone Period. The -drawings on the following page represent the types of the two races. - - SKULLS OF THE AGE OF STONE, DENMARK - -This people must have sent out colonies to the shores of France, Spain, -Italy, Ireland, Denmark, and Norway, who bore with them the arts and -implements of civilized life. They raised crops of grain, as is proved -by the bronze sickles found in different parts of Europe. - -It is not even certain that their explorations did not reach to Iceland. -Says Humboldt, - -"When the Northmen first landed in Iceland (A.D. 875), although the -country was uninhabited, they found there Irish books, mass-bells, and -other objects which had been left behind by earlier visitors, called -Papar; these papæ (fathers) were the clerici of Dicuil. If, then, as we -may suppose from the testimony here referred to, these objects belonged -to Irish monks (papar), who had come from the Faroe Islands, why should -they have been termed in the native sagas 'West men' (Vestmen), 'who had -come over the sea from the westward' (kommer til vestan um haf)?" -(Humboldt's "Cosmos," vol. ii., 238.) - -If they came "from the West" they could not have come from Ireland; and -the Scandinavians may easily have mistaken Atlantean books and bells for -Irish books and mass-bells. They do not say that there were any -evidences that these relics belonged to a people who had recently -visited the island; and, as they found the island uninhabited, it would -be impossible for them to tell how many years or centuries had elapsed -since the books and bells were left there. - -The fact that the implements of the Bronze Age came from some common -centre, and did not originate independently in different countries, is -proved by the striking similarity which exists between the bronze -implements of regions as widely separated as Switzerland, Ireland, -Denmark, and Africa. It is not to be supposed that any overland -communication existed in that early age between these countries; and the -coincidence of design which we find to exist can only be accounted for -by the fact that the articles of bronze were obtained from some -sea-going people, who carried on a commerce at the same time with all -these regions. - - CELTS - -Compare, for instance, these two decorated bronze celts, the first from -Ireland, the second from Denmark; and then compare both these with a -stone celt found in a mound in Tennessee, given below. Here we have the -same form precisely. - - LEAF SHAPED BRONZE SWORDS - -Compare the bronze swords in the four preceding illustrations--from -Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland, and Denmark-and then observe the same very -peculiar shape--the leaf-shape, as it is called--in the stone sword from -Big Harpeth River, Tennessee. - -We shall find, as we proceed, that the Phoenicians were unquestionably -identified with Atlantis, and that it was probably from Atlantis they -derived their god Baal, or Bel, or El, whose name crops out in the Bel -of the Babylonians, the Elohim, and the Beelzebub of the Jews, and the -Allah of the Arabians. And we find that this great deity, whose worship -extended so widely among the Mediterranean races, was known and adored -also upon the northern and western coasts of Europe. Professor Nilsson -finds traces of Baal worship in Scandinavia; he tells us that the -festival of Baal, or Balder, was celebrated on midsummer's night in -Scania, and far up into Norway, almost to the Loffoden Islands, until -within the last fifty years. The feast of Baal, or Beltinne, was -celebrated in Ireland to a late period. I argue from these facts, not -that the worship of Baal came to Ireland and Norway from Assyria or -Arabia, but that the same great parent-race which carried the knowledge -of Baal to the Mediterranean brought it also to the western coasts of -Europe, and with the adoration of Baal they imported also the implements -of bronze now found in such abundance in those regions. - -The same similarity of form exists in the bronze knives from Denmark and -Switzerland, as represented in the illustrations on p. 254. - -In the central figure we have a representation of an Egyptian-looking -man holding a cup before him. We shall see, as we proceed, that the -magnetic needle, or "mariner's compass," dates back to the days of -Hercules, and that it consisted of a bar of magnetized iron floating -upon a piece of wood in a cup. It is possible that in this ancient relic -of the Bronze Age we have a representation of the magnetic cup. The -magnetic needle must certainly have been an object of great interest to -a people who, through its agency, were able to carry on commerce on all -the shores of Europe, from the Mediterranean to the Baltic. The second -knife represented above has upon its handle a wheel, or cross surrounded -by a ring, which, we shall see here after, was pre-eminently the symbol -of Atlantis. - -If we are satisfied that these implements of bronze were the work of the -artisans of Atlantis--of the antediluvians--they must acquire additional -and extraordinary interest in our eyes, and we turn to them to learn -something of the habits and customs of "that great, original, -broad-eyed, sunken race." - -We find among the relics of the Bronze Age an urn, which probably gives -us some idea of the houses of the Atlanteans: it is evidently made to -represent a house, and shows us even the rude fashion in which they -fastened their doors. The Mandan Indians built round houses very much of -this appearance. - -The museum at Munich contains a very interesting piece of pottery, which -is supposed to represent one of the lake villages or hamlets of the era -when the people of Switzerland dwelt in houses erected on piles driven -into the bottom of the lakes of that country. The accompanying -illustration represents it. The double spiral ornament upon it shows -that it belongs to the Bronze Age. - -Among the curious relics of the Bronze Age are a number of razor-like -knives; from which we may conclude that the habit of shaving the whole -or some part of the face or head dates back to a great antiquity. The -illustrations below represent them. - -These knives were found in Denmark. The figures upon them represent -ships, and it is not impossible that their curious appendages may have -been a primitive kind of sails. - - BRONZE RAZOR-KNIVES. - -An examination of the second of these bronze knives reveals a singular -feature: Upon the handle of the razor there are ten series of lines; the -stars in the sky are ten in number; and there were probably ten rings at -the left-hand side of the figure, two being obliterated. There were, we -are told, ten sub-kingdoms in Atlantis; and precisely as the thirteen -stripes on the American flag symbolize the thirteen original States of -the Union, so the recurrence of the figure ten in the emblems upon this -bronze implement may have reference to the ten subdivisions of Atlantis. -The large object in the middle of this ship may be intended to represent -a palm-tree--the symbol, as we shall see, in America, of Aztlan, or -Atlantis. We have but to compare the pictures of the ships upon these -ancient razor-knives with the accompanying representations of a Roman -galley and a ship of William the Conqueror's time, to see that there can -be no question that they represented the galleys of that remote age. -They are doubtless faithful portraits of the great vessels which Plato -described as filling the harbors of Atlantis. - - SHIP OF WILLIAM THE CONQUERER. - -We give on page 258 a representation of a bronze dagger found in -Ireland, a strongly-made weapon. The cut below it represents the only -implement of the Bronze Age yet found containing an inscription. It has -been impossible to decipher it, or even to tell to what group of -languages its alphabet belongs. - -It is proper to note, in connection with a discussion of the Bronze Age, -that our word bronze is derived from the Basque, or Iberian broncea, -from which the Spanish derive bronce, and the Italians bronzo. The -copper mines of the Basques were extensively worked at a very early age -of the world, either by the people of Atlantis or by the Basques -themselves, a colony from Atlantis. The probabilities are that the name -for bronze, as well as the metal itself, dates back to Plato's island. - -I give some illustrations on pages 239 and 242 of ornaments and -implements of the Bronze Age, which may serve to throw light upon the -habits of the ancient people. It will be seen that they had reached a -considerable degree of civilization; that they raised crops of grain, -and cut them with sickles; that their women ornamented themselves with -bracelets, armlets, earrings, finger-rings, hair-pins, and amulets; that -their mechanics used hammers, adzes, and chisels; and that they -possessed very fair specimens of pottery. Sir John Lubbock argues -("Prehistoric Times," pp. 14, 16, etc.): - -"A new civilization is indicated not only by the mere presence of bronze -but by the beauty and variety of the articles made from it. We find not -only, as before, during the Stone Age, axes, arrows, and knives, but, in -addition, swords, lances, sickles, fish-hooks, ear-rings, bracelets, -pins, rings, and a variety of other articles." - -If the bronze implements of Europe had been derived from the Phoenicians, -Greeks, Etruscans, or Romans, the nearer we approached the site of those -nations the greater should be the number of bronze weapons we would -find; but the reverse is the case. Sir John Lubbock ("Prehistoric -Times," p. 20) shows that more than three hundred and fifty bronze -swords have been found in Denmark, and that the Dublin Museum contains -twelve hundred and eighty-three bronze weapons found in Ireland; -"while," he says, "I have only been able to hear of six bronze swords in -all Italy." This state of things is inexplicable unless we suppose that -Ireland and Denmark received their bronze implements directly from some -maritime nation whose site was practically as near their shores as it -was to the shores of the Mediterranean. We have but to look at our map -on page 43, ante, to see that Atlantis was considerably nearer to -Ireland than it was to Italy. - -The striking resemblance between the bronze implements found in the -different portions of Europe is another proof that they were derived -from one and the same source--from some great mercantile people who -carried on their commerce at the same time with Denmark, Norway, -Ireland, Spain, Greece, Italy, Egypt, Switzerland, and Hungary. Mr. -Wright ("Essays on Archæology," p. 120) says, "Whenever we find the -bronze swords or celts, - - VASES FROM MOUNDS IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. - -whether in Ireland, in the far west, in Scotland, in distant -Scandinavia, in Germany, or still farther east, in the Sclavonic -countries, they are the same--not similar in character, but identical." -Says Sir John Lubbock ("Prehistoric Times," p. 59), "Not only are the -several varieties of celts found throughout Europe alike, but some of -the swords, knives, daggers, etc., are so similar that they seem as if -they must have been cast by the same maker." - -What race was there, other than the people of Atlantis, that existed -before the Iron Age--before the Greek, Roman, Etruscan, and -Phoenician--that was civilized, that worked in metals, that carried on a -commerce with all parts of Europe? Does history or tradition make -mention of any such? - -We find a great resemblance between the pottery of the Bronze Age in -Europe and the pottery of the ancient inhabitants of America. The two -figures on page 260 represent vases from one of the mounds of the -Mississippi Valley. Compare them with the following from the lake -dwellings of Switzerland: - - VASES FROM SWITZERLAND. - -It will be seen that these vases could scarcely stand upright -unsupported; and we find that the ancient inhabitants of Switzerland had -circles or rings of baked earth in which they placed them when in use, -as in the annexed figure. The Mound Builders used the same contrivance. - -The illustrations of discoidal stones on page 263 are from the "North -Americans of Antiquity," p. 77. The objects represented were taken from -an ancient mound in Illinois. It would be indeed surprising if two -distinct peoples, living in two different continents, thousands of miles -apart, should, without any intercourse with each other, not only form -their vases in the same inconvenient form, but should hit upon the same -expedient as a remedy. - -We observe, in the American spear-head and the Swiss hatchets, on the -opposite page, the same overlapping of the metal around the staff, or -handle--a very peculiar mode of uniting them together, which has now -passed out of use. - -A favorite design of the men of the Bronze Age in Europe is the spiral -or double-spiral form. It appears on the face of the urn in the shape of -a lake dwelling, which is given on p. 255; it also appears in the rock -sculptures of Argyleshire, Scotland, here shown. - -We find the same figure in an ancient fragment of pottery from the -Little Colorado, as given in the "United States Pacific Railroad Survey -Report," vol. iii., p. 49, art. Pottery. It was part of a large vessel. -The annexed illustration represents this. - - DISCOIDAL STONES, ILLINOIS. - - COPPER SPEAR-HEAD, LAKE SUPERIOR. - - BRONZE HATCHETS, SWITZERLAND. - -The same design is also found in ancient rock etchings of the Zuñis of -New Mexico, of which the cut on p. 265 is an illustration. - -We also find this figure repeated upon vase from a Mississippi Valley -mound, which we give elsewhere. (See p. 260.) - -It is found upon many of the monuments of Central America. In the -Treasure House of Atreus, at Mycenæ, Greece, a fragment of a pillar was -found which is literally covered with this double spiral design. (See -"Rosengarten's Architectural Styles," p. 59.) - -This Treasure House of Atreus is one of the oldest buildings in Greece. - -We find the double-spiral figure upon a shell ornament found on the -breast of a skeleton, in a carefully constructed stone coffin, in a -mound near Nashville, Tennessee. - -Lenormant remarks ("Anc. Civil.," vol. ii., p. 158) that the bronze -implements found in Egypt, near Memphis, had been buried for six -thousand years; and that at that time, as the Egyptians had a horror of -the sea, some commercial nation must have brought the tin, of which the -bronze was in part composed, from India, the Caucasus, or Spain, the -nearest points to Egypt in which tin is found. - -Heer has shown that the civilized plants of the lake dwellings are not -of Asiatic, but of African, and, to a great extent, of Egyptian origin. -Their stone axes are made largely of jade or nephrite, "a mineral which, -strange to say, geologists have not found in place on the continent of -Europe." (Foster's "Prehistoric Races," p. 44.) - -Compare this picture of a copper axe from a mound near Laporte, Indiana, -with this representation of a copper axe of the Bronze Age, found near -Waterford, Ireland. Professor Foster pronounces them almost identical. - -Compare this specimen of pottery from the lake dwellings of Switzerland -with the following specimen from San José, Mexico. Professor Foster -calls attention to the striking resemblance in the designs of these two -widely separated works of art, one belonging to the Bronze Age of -Europe, the other to the Copper Age of America. - -+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+ -| FRAGMENT OF POTTERY, LAKE | FRAGMENT OF POTTERY, SAN JOSÉ, | -| NEUFCHATEL, SWITZERLAND. | MEXICO. | -+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+ - -These, then, in conclusion, are our reasons for believing that the -Bronze Age of Europe has relation to Atlantis: - -1. The admitted fact that it is anterior in time to the Iron Age -relegates it to a great antiquity. - -2. The fact that it is anterior in time to the Iron Age is conclusive -that it is not due to any of the known European or Asiatic nations, all -of which belong to the Iron Age. - -3. The fact that there was in Europe, Asia, or Africa no copper or tin -age prior to the Bronze Age, is conclusive testimony that the -manufacture of bronze was an importation into those continents from some -foreign country. - -4. The fact that in America alone of all the world is found the Copper -Age, which must necessarily have preceded the Bronze Age, teaches us to -look to the westward of Europe and beyond the sea for that foreign -country. - -5. We find many similarities in forms of implements between the Bronze -Age of Europe and the Copper Age of America. - -6. if Plato told the truth, the Atlanteans were a great commercial -nation, trading to America and Europe, and, at the same time, they -possessed bronze, and were great workers in the other metals. - -7. We shall see hereafter that the mythological traditions of Greece -referred to a Bronze Age which preceded an Iron Age, and placed this in -the land of the gods, which was an island in the Atlantic Ocean, beyond -the Pillars of Hercules; and this land was, as we shall see, clearly -Atlantis. - -8. As we find but a small development of the Bronze Age in America, it -is reasonable to suppose that there must have been some intermediate -station between America and Europe, where, during a long period of time, -the Bronze Age was developed out of the Copper Age, and immense -quantities of bronze implements were manufactured and carried to Europe. - -CHAPTER IX. - -ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF THE SKULL. - -An examination of the American monuments shows (see figure on page 269) -that the people represented were in the habit of flattening the skull by -artificial means. The Greek and Roman writers had mentioned this -practice, but it was long totally forgotten by the civilized world, -until it was discovered, as an unheard-of wonder, to be the usage among -the Carib Islanders, and several Indian tribes in North America. It was -afterward found that the ancient Peruvians and Mexicans practised this -art: several flattened Peruvian skulls are depicted in Morton's "Crania -Americana." It is still in use among the Flat-head Indians of the -north-western part of the United States. - -In 1849 a remarkable memoir appeared from the pen of M. Rathke, showing -that similar skulls had been found near Kertsch, in the Crimea, and -calling attention to the book of Hippocrates, "De Aeris, Aquis et Locu," -lib. iv., and a passage of Strabo, which speaks of the practice among -the Scythians. In 1854 Dr. Fitzinger published a learned memoir on the -skulls of the Avars, a branch of the Uralian race of Turks. He shows -that the practice of flattening the head had existed from an early date -throughout the East, and described an ancient skull, greatly distorted -by artificial means, which had lately been found in Lower Austria. -Skulls similarly flattened have been found in Switzerland and Savoy. The -Huns under Attila had the same practice of flattening the heads. -Professor Anders Retzius proved (see "Smithsonian Report," 1859) that -the custom still exists in the south of France, and in parts of Turkey. -"Not long since a French physician surprised the world by the fact that -nurses in Normandy were still giving the children's heads a sugar-loaf -shape by bandages and a tight cap, - - STUCCO BAS-RELIEF IN THE PALACE OF PALENQUE. - -while in Brittany they preferred to press it round. No doubt they are -doing so to this day." (Tylor's "Anthropology," p. 241.) - -Professor Wilson remarks: - -"Trifling as it may appear, it is not without interest to have the fact -brought under our notice, by the disclosures of ancient barrows and -cysts, that the same practice of nursing the child and carrying it -about, bound to a flat cradle-board, prevailed in Britain and the north -of Europe long before the first notices of written history reveal the -presence of man beyond the Baltic or the English Channel, and that in -all probability the same custom prevailed continuously from the shores -of the German Ocean to Behring's Strait." ("Smithsonian Report," 1862, -p. 286.) - -Dr. L. A. Gosse testifies to the prevalence of the same custom among the -Caledonians and Scandinavians in the earliest times; and Dr. Thurman has -treated of the same peculiarity among the Anglo-Saxons. ("Crania -Britannica," chap. iv., p. 38.) - - PERUVIAN SKULL. - - CHINOOK (FLAT-HEAD), AFTER CATLIN. - -Here, then, is an extraordinary and unnatural practice which has existed -from the highest antiquity, over vast regions of country, on both sides -of the Atlantic, and which is perpetuated unto this day in races as -widely separated as the Turks, the French, and the Flat-head Indians. Is -it possible to explain this except by supposing that it originated from -some common centre? - -The annexed cut represents an ancient Swiss skull, from a cemetery near -Lausanne, from a drawing of Frederick Troyon. Compare this with the -illustration given on page 271, which represents a Peruvian flat-head, -copied from Morton's "Ethnography and Archæology of the American -Aborigines," 1846. This skull is shockingly distorted. The dotted lines -indicate the course of the bandages by which the skull was deformed. - -The following heads are from Del Rio's "Account of Palenque," copied -into Nott and Gliddon's "Types of Mankind," p. 440. They show that the -receding forehead was a natural characteristic of the ancient people of -Central America. The same form of head has been found even in fossil -skulls. We may therefore conclude that the skull-flattening, which we -find to have been practised in both the Old and New Worlds, was an -attempt of other races to imitate the form of skull of a people whose -likenesses are found on the monuments of Egypt and of America. It has -been shown that this peculiar form of the head was present even in the -foetus of the Peruvian mummies. - -Hippocrates tells us that the practice among the Scythians was for the -purpose of giving a certain aristocratic distinction. - - HEADS FROM PALENQUE. - -Amedée Thierry, in his "History of Attila," says the Huns used it for -the same reason; and the same purpose influences the Indians of Oregon. - -Dr. Lund, a Swedish naturalist, found in the bone caves of Minas-Geraes, -Brazil, ancient human bones associated with the remains of extinct -quadrupeds. "These skulls," says Lund, "show not only the peculiarity of -the American race but in an excessive degree, even to the entire -disappearance of the forehead." Sir Robert Schomburgh found on some of -the affluents of the Orinoco a tribe known as Frog Indians, whose heads -were flattened by Nature, as shown in newly-born children. - -In the accompanying plate we show the difference in the conformation of -the forehead in various races. The upper dotted line, A, represents the -shape of the European forehead; the next line, B, that of the -Australian; the next, C, that of the Mound Builder of the United States; -the next, D, that of the Guanche of the Canary Islands; and the next, E, -that of a skull from the Inca cemetery of Peru. We have but to compare -these lines with the skulls of the Egyptians, Kurds, and the heroic type -of heads in the statues of the gods of Greece, to see that there was -formerly an ancient race marked by a receding forehead; and that the -practice of flattening the skull was probably an attempt to approximate -the shape of the head to this standard of an early civilized and -dominant people. - -Not only do we find the same receding forehead in the skulls of the -ancient races of Europe and America, and the same attempt to imitate -this natural and peculiar conformation by artificial flattening of the -head, but it has been found (see Henry Gillman's "Ancient Man in -Michigan," "Smithsonian Report," 1875, p. 242) that the Mound Builders -and Peruvians of America, and the Neolithic people of France and the -Canary Islands, had alike an extraordinary custom of boring a circular -bole in the top of the skulls of their dead, so that the soul might -readily pass in and out. More than this, it has been found that in all -these ancient populations the skeletons exhibit a remarkable degree of -platicnemism, or flattening of the tibiæ or leg bones. (Ibid., 1873, -p. 367.) In this respect the Mound Builders of Michigan were identical -with the man of Cro Magnon and the ancient inhabitants of Wales. - -The annexed ancient Egyptian heads, copied from the monuments, indicate -either that the people of the Nile deformed their heads by pressure upon -the front of the skull, or that - - EGYPTIAN HEADS. - -there was some race characteristic which gave this appearance to their -heads. These heads are all the heads of priests, and therefore -represented the aristocratic class. - -The first illustration below is taken from a stucco relief found in a -temple at Palenque, Central America. The second is from an Egyptian -monument of the time of Rameses IV. - -The outline drawing on the following page shows the form of the skull of -the royal Inca line: the receding forehead here seems to be natural, and -not the result of artificial compression. - -Both illustrations at the bottom of the preceding page show the same -receding form of the forehead, due to either artificial deformation of -the skull or to a common race characteristic. - -We must add the fact that the extraordinary practice of deforming the -skull was found all over Europe and America to the catalogue of other -proofs that the people of both continents were originally united in -blood and race. With the couvade, the practice of circumcision, unity of -religious beliefs and customs, folk-lore, and alphabetical signs, -language and flood legends, we array together a mass of unanswerable -proofs of prehistoric identity of race. - -PART IV. - -THE MYTHOLOGIES OF THE OLD WORLD A RECOLLECTION OF ATLANTIS. - -CHAPTER I. TRADITIONS OF ATLANTIS. - -We find allusions to the Atlanteans in the most ancient traditions of -many different races. - -The great antediluvian king of the Mussulman was Shedd-Ad-Ben-Ad, or -Shed-Ad, the son of Ad, or Atlantis. - -Among the Arabians the first inhabitants of that country are known as -the Adites, from their progenitor, who is called Ad, the grandson of -Ham. These Adites were probably the people of Atlantis or Ad-lantis. -"They are personified by a monarch to whom everything is ascribed, and -to whom is assigned several centuries of life." ("Ancient History of the -East," Lenormant and Chevallier, vol. ii., p. 295.), Ad came from the -northeast. "He married a thousand wives, had four thousand sons, and -lived twelve hundred years. His descendants multiplied considerably. -After his death his sons Shadid and Shedad reigned in succession over -the Adites. In the time of the latter the people of Ad were a thousand -tribes, each composed of several thousands of men. Great conquests are -attributed to Shedad; he subdued, it is said, all Arabia and Irak. The -migration of the Canaanites, their establishment in Syria, and the -Shepherd invasion of Egypt are, by many Arab writers, attributed to an -expedition of Shedad." (Ibid., p. 296.) - -Shedad built a palace ornamented with superb columns, and surrounded by -a magnificent garden. It was called Irem. "It was a paradise that Shedad -had built in imitation of the celestial Paradise, of whose delights he -had heard." ("Ancient History of the East," p. 296.) In other words, an -ancient, sun-worshipping, powerful, and conquering race overran Arabia -at the very dawn of history; they were the sons of Adlantis: their king -tried to create a palace and garden of Eden like that of Atlantis. - -The Adites are remembered by the Arabians as a great and civilized race. -"They are depicted as men of gigantic stature; their strength was equal -to their size, and they easily moved enormous blocks of stone." (Ibid.) -They were architects and builders. They raised many monuments of their -power; and hence, among the Arabs, arose the custom of calling great -ruins "buildings of the Adites." To this day the Arabs say "as old as -Ad." In the Koran allusion is made to the edifices they built on "high -places for vain uses;" expressions proving that their "idolatry was -considered to have been tainted with Sabæism or star-worship." (Ibid.) -"In these legends," says Lenormant, "we find traces of a wealthy nation, -constructors of great buildings, with an advanced civilization, -analogous to that of Chaldea, professing a religion similar to the -Babylonian; a nation, in short, with whom material progress was allied -to great moral depravity and obscene rites. These facts must be true and -strictly historical, for they are everywhere met with among the -Cushites, as among the Canaanites, their brothers by origin." - -Nor is there wanting a great catastrophe which destroys the whole Adite -nation, except a very few who escape because they had renounced -idolatry. A black cloud assails their country, from which proceeds a -terrible hurricane (the water-spout?) which sweeps away everything. - -The first Adites were followed by a second Adite race; probably the -colonists who had escaped the Deluge. The centre of its power was the -country of Sheba proper. This empire endured for a thousand years. The -Adites are represented upon the Egyptian monuments as very much like the -Egyptians themselves; in other words, they were a red or sunburnt race: -their great temples were pyramidal, surmounted by buildings. ("Ancient -History of the East," p. 321.) "The Sabæans," says Agatharchides ("De -Mari Erythræo," p. 102), "have in their houses an incredible number of -vases, and utensils of all sorts, of gold and silver, beds and tripods -of silver, and all the furniture of astonishing richness. Their -buildings have porticos with columns sheathed with gold, or surmounted -by capitals of silver. On the friezes, ornaments, and the framework of -the doors they place plates of gold incrusted with precious stones." - -All this reminds one of the descriptions given by the Spaniards of the -temples of the sun in Peru. - -The Adites worshipped the gods of the Phoenicians under names but -slightly changed; "their religion was especially solar... It was -originally a religion without images, without idolatry, and without a -priesthood." (Ibid., p. 325.) They "worshipped the sun from the tops of -pyramids." (Ibid.) They believed in the immortality of the soul. - -In all these things we see resemblances to the Atlanteans. - -The great Ethiopian or Cushite Empire, which in the earliest ages -prevailed, as Mr. Rawlinson says, "from the Caucasus to the Indian -Ocean, from the shores of the Mediterranean to the mouth of the Ganges," -was the empire of Dionysos, the empire of "Ad," the empire of Atlantis. -El Eldrisi called the language spoken to this day by the Arabs of -Mahrah, in Eastern Arabia, "the language of the people of Ad," and Dr. -J. H. Carter, in the Bombay Journal of July, 1847, says, "It is the -softest and sweetest language I have ever heard." It would be -interesting to compare this primitive tongue with the languages of -Central America. - -The god Thoth of the Egyptians, who was the god of a foreign country, -and who invented letters, was called At-hothes. - -We turn now to another ancient race, the Indo-European family--the Aryan -race. - -In Sanscrit Adim, means first. Among the Hindoos the first man was -Ad-ima, his wife was Heva. They dwelt upon an island, said to be Ceylon; -they left the island and reached the main-land, when, by a great -convulsion of nature, their communication with the parent land was -forever cut off. (See "Bible in India.") - -Here we seem to have a recollection of the destruction of Atlantis. - -Mr. Bryant says, "Ad and Ada signify the first." The Persians called the -first man "Ad-amah." "Adon" was one of the names of the Supreme God of -the Phoenicians; from it was derived the name of the Greek god "Ad-onis." -The Arv-ad of Genesis was the Ar-Ad of the Cushites; it is now known as -Ru-Ad. It is a series of connected cities twelve miles in length, along -the coast, full of the most massive and gigantic ruins. - -Sir William Jones gives the tradition of the Persians as to the earliest -ages. He says: "Moshan assures us that in the opinion of the best -informed Persians the first monarch of Iran, and of the whole earth, was -Mashab-Ad; that he received from the Creator, and promulgated among men -a sacred book, in a heavenly language, to which the Mussulman author -gives the Arabic title of 'Desatir,' or 'Regulations.' Mashab-Ad was, in -the opinion of the ancient Persians, the person left at the end of the -last great cycle, and consequently the father of the present world. He -and his wife having survived the former cycle, were blessed with a -numerous progeny; he planted gardens, invented ornaments, forged -weapons, taught men to take the fleece from sheep and make clothing; he -built cities, constructed palaces, fortified towns, and introduced arts -and commerce." - -We have already seen that the primal gods of this people are identical -with the gods of the Greek mythology, and were originally kings of -Atlantis. But it seems that these ancient divinities are grouped -together as "the Aditya;" and in this name "Ad-itya" we find a strong -likeness to the Semitic "Adites," and another reminiscence of Atlantis, -or Adlantis. In corroboration of this view we find, - -1. The gods who are grouped together as the Aditya are the most ancient -in the Hindoo mythology. - -2. They are all gods of light, or solar gods. (Whitney's Oriental and -Linguistic Studies," p. 39.) - -3. There are twelve of them. (Ibid.) - -4. These twelve gods presided over twelve months in the year. - -5. They are a dim recollection of a very remote past. Says Whitney, "It -seems as if here was an attempt on the part of the Indian religion to -take a new development in a moral direction, which a change in the -character and circumstances of the people has caused to fail in the -midst, and fall back again into forgetfulness, while yet half finished -and indistinct." (Ibid.) - -6. These gods are called "the sons of Aditi," just as in the Bible we -have allusions to "the sons of Adab," who were the first metallurgists -and musicians. "Aditi is not a goddess. She is addressed as a queen's -daughter, she of fair children." - -7. The Aditya "are elevated above all imperfections; they do not sleep -or wink." The Greeks represented their gods as equally wakeful and -omniscient. "Their character is all truth; they hate and punish guilt." -We have seen the same traits ascribed by the Greeks to the Atlantean -kings. - -8. The sun is sometimes addressed as an Aditya. - -9. Among the Aditya is Varuna, the equivalent of Uranos, whose -identification with Atlantis I have shown. In the vedas Varuna is "the -god of the ocean." - -10. The Aditya represent an earlier and purer form of religion: "While -in hymns to the other deities long life, wealth, power, are the objects -commonly prayed for, of the Aditya is craved purity, forgiveness of sin, -freedom from guilt, and repentance." ("Oriental and Linguistic Studies," -p. 43.) - -11. The Aditya, like the Adites, are identified with the doctrine of the -immortality of the soul. Yama is the god of the abode beyond the grave. -In the Persian story he appears as Yima, and "is made ruler of the -golden age and founder of the Paradise." (Ibid., p. 45.) (See "Zamna," -p. 167 ante.) - -In view of all these facts, one cannot doubt that the legends of the -"sons of Ad," "the Adites," and "the Aditya," all refer to Atlantis. - -Mr. George Smith, in the Chaldean account of the Creation (p. 78), -deciphered from the Babylonian tablets, shows that there was an original -race of men at the beginning of Chaldean history, a dark race, the -Zalmat-qaqadi, who were called Ad-mi, or Ad-ami; they were the race "who -had fallen," and were contradistinguished from "the Sarku, or light -race." The "fall" probably refers to their destruction by a deluge, in -consequence of their moral degradation and the indignation of the gods. -The name Adam is used in these legends, but as the name of a race, not -of a man. - -Genesis (chap. v., 2) distinctly says that God created man male and -female, and "called their name Adam." That is to say, the people were -the Ad-ami, the people of "Ad," or Atlantis. "The author of the Book of -Genesis," says M. Schoebel, "in speaking of the men who were swallowed up -by the Deluge, always describes them as 'Haadam,' 'Adamite humanity.'" -The race of Cain lived and multiplied far away from the land of Seth; in -other words, far from the land destroyed by the Deluge. Josephus, who -gives us the primitive traditions of the Jews, tells us (chap. ii., p. -42) that "Cain travelled over many countries" before he came to the land -of Nod. The Bible does not tell us that the race of Cain perished in the -Deluge. "Cain went out from the presence of Jehovah;" he did not call on -his name; the people that were destroyed were the "sons of Jehovah." All -this indicates that large colonies had been sent out by the mother-land -before it sunk in the sea. - -Across the ocean we find the people of Guatemala claiming their descent -from a goddess called At-tit, or grandmother, who lived for four hundred -years, and first taught the worship of the true God, which they -afterward forgot. (Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. iii., p. 75.) While -the famous Mexican calendar stone shows that the sun was commonly called -tonatiuh but when it was referred to as the god of the Deluge it was -then called Atl-tona-ti-uh, or At-onatiuh. (Valentini's "Mexican -Calendar Stone," art. Maya Archæology, p. 15.) - -We thus find the sons of Ad at the base of all the most ancient races of -men, to wit, the Hebrews, the Arabians, the Chaldeans, the Hindoos, the -Persians, the Egyptians, the Ethiopians, the Mexicans, and the Central -Americans; testimony that all these races traced their beginning back to -a dimly remembered Ad-lantis. - -CHAPTER II - -THE KINGS OF ATLANTIS BECOME THE GODS OF THE GREEKS. - -Lord Bacon said: - -"The mythology of the Greeks, which their oldest writers do not pretend -to have invented, was no more than a light air, which had passed from a -more ancient people into the flutes of the Greeks, which they modulated -to such descants as best suited their fancies." - -This profoundly wise and great man, who has illuminated every subject -which he has touched, guessed very close to the truth in this utterance. - -The Hon. W. E. Gladstone has had quite a debate of late with Mr. Cox as -to whether the Greek mythology was underlaid by a nature worship, or a -planetary or solar worship. - -Peru, worshipping the sun and moon and planets, probably represents very -closely the simple and primitive religion of Atlantis, with its -sacrifices of fruits and flowers. This passed directly to their colony -in Egypt. We find the Egyptians in their early ages sun and planet -worshippers. Ptah was the object of their highest adoration. He is the -father of the god of the sun, the ruler of the region of light. Ra was -the sun-god. He was the supreme divinity at On, or Heliopolis, near -Memphis. His symbol was the solar disk, supported by two rings. He -created all that exists below the heavens. - -The Babylonian trinity was composed of Idea, Anu, and Bel. Bel -represented the sun, and was the favorite god. Sin was the goddess of -the moon. - -The Phoenicians were also sun-worshippers. The sun was represented by -Baal-Samin, the great god, the god of light and the heavens, the creator -and rejuvenator. - -"The attributes of both Baal and Moloch (the good and bad powers of the -sun) were united in the Phoenician god Melkart, "king of the city," whom -the inhabitants of Tyre considered their special patron. The Greeks -called him "Melicertes," and identified him with Hercules. By his great -strength and power he turned evil into good, brought life out of -destruction, pulled back the sun to the earth at the time of the -solstices, lessened excessive heat and cold, and rectified the evil -signs of the zodiac. In Phoenician legends he conquers the savage races -of distant coasts, founds the ancient settlements on the Mediterranean, -and plants the rocks in the Straits of Gibraltar." ("American -Cyclopædia," art. Mythology.) - -The Egyptians worshipped the sun under the name of Ra; the Hindoos -worshipped the sun under the name of Rama; while the great festival of -the sun, of the Peruvians, was called Ray-mi. - -Sun-worship, as the ancient religion of Atlantis, underlies all the -superstitions of the colonies of that country. The Samoyed woman says to -the sun, "When thou, god, risest, I too rise from my bed." Every morning -even now the Brahmans stand on one foot, with their hands held out -before them and their faces turned to the east, adoring the sun. "In -Germany or France one may still see the peasant take off his hat to the -rising sun." ("Anthropology," p. 361.) The Romans, even, in later times, -worshipped the sun at Emesa, under the name of Elagabalus, "typified in -the form of a black conical stone, which it was believed had fallen from -heaven." The conical stone was the emblem of Bel. Did it have relation -to the mounds and pyramids? - -Sun-worship was the primitive religion of the red men of America. It was -found among all the tribes. (Dorman, "Origin of Primitive Superstitions," -p. 338.) The Chichimecs called the sun their father. The Comanches have -a similar belief. - -But, compared with such ancient nations as the Egyptians and -Babylonians, the Greeks were children. A priest of Sais said to Solon, - -"You Greeks are novices in knowledge of antiquity. You are ignorant of -what passed either here or among yourselves in days of old. The history -of eight thousand years is deposited in our sacred books; but I can -ascend to a much higher antiquity, and tell you what our fathers have -done for nine thousand years; I mean their institutions, their laws, and -their most brilliant achievements." - -The Greeks, too young to have shared in the religion of Atlantis, but -preserving some memory of that great country and its history, proceeded -to convert its kings into gods, and to depict Atlantis itself as the -heaven of the human race. Thus we find a great solar or nature worship -in the elder nations, while Greece has nothing but an incongruous jumble -of gods and goddesses, who are born and eat and drink and make love and -ravish and steal and die; and who are worshipped as immortal in presence -of the very monuments that testify to their death. - -"These deities, to whom the affairs of the world were intrusted, were, -it is believed, immortal, though not eternal in their existence. In -Crete there was even a story of the death of Zeus, his tomb being -pointed out." (Murray's "Mythology," p. 2.) - -The history of Atlantis is the key of the Greek mythology. There can be -no question that these gods of Greece were human beings. The tendency to -attach divine attributes to great earthly rulers is one deeply implanted -in human nature. The savages who killed Captain Cook firmly believed -that he was immortal, that he was yet alive, and would return to punish -them. The highly civilized Romans made gods out of their dead emperors. -Dr. Livingstone mentions that on one occasion, after talking to a -Bushman for some time about the Deity, he found that the savage thought -he was speaking of Sekomi, the principal chief of the district. - -We find the barbarians of the coast of the Mediterranean regarding the -civilized people of Atlantis with awe and wonder: "Their physical -strength was extraordinary, the earth shaking sometimes under their -tread. Whatever they did was done speedily. They moved through space -almost without the loss of a moment of time." This probably alluded to -the rapid motion of their sailing-vessels. "They were wise, and -communicated their wisdom to men." That is to say, they civilized the -people they came in contact with. They had a strict sense of justice, -and punished crime rigorously, and rewarded noble actions, though it is -true they were less conspicuous for the latter." (Murray's "Mythology," -p. 4.) We should understand this to mean that where they colonized they -established a government of law, as contradistinguished from the anarchy -of barbarism. - -"There were tales of personal visits and adventures of the gods among -men, taking part in battles and appearing in dreams. They were conceived -to possess the form of human beings, and to be, like men, subject to -love and pain, but always characterized by the highest qualities and -grandest forms that could be imagined." (Ibid.) - -Another proof that the gods of the Greeks were but the deified kings of -Atlantis is found in the fact that "the gods were not looked upon as -having created the world." They succeeded to the management of a world -already in existence. - -The gods dwelt on Olympus. They lived together like human beings; they -possessed palaces, storehouses, stables, horses, etc.; "they dwelt in a -social state which was but a magnified reflection of the social system -on earth. Quarrels, love passages, mutual assistance, and such instances -as characterize human life, were ascribed to them." (Ibid., p. 10.) - -Where was Olympus? It was in Atlantis. "The ocean encircled the earth -with a great stream, and was a region of wonders of all kinds." (Ibid., -p. 23.) It was a great island, the then civilized world. The encircling -ocean "was spoken of in all the ancient legends. Okeanos lived there -with his wife Tethys: these were the Islands of the Blessed, the garden -of the gods, the sources of the nectar and ambrosia on which the gods -lived." (Murray's "Mythology," p. 23.) Nectar was probably a fermented -intoxicating liquor, and ambrosia bread made from wheat. Soma was a kind -of whiskey, and the Hindoos deified it. "The gods lived on nectar and -ambrosia" simply meant that the inhabitants of these blessed islands -were civilized, and possessed a liquor of some kind and a species of -food superior to anything in use among the barbarous tribes with whom -they came in contact. - -This blessed land answers to the description of Atlantis. It was an -island full of wonders. It lay spread out in the ocean "like a disk, -with the mountains rising from it." (Ibid.) On the highest point of this -mountain dwelt Zeus (the king), "while the mansions of the other deities -were arranged upon plateaus, or in ravines lower down the mountain. -These deities, including Zeus, were twelve in number: Zeus (or Jupiter), -Hera (or Juno), Poseidon (or Neptune), Demeter (or Ceres), Apollo, -Artemis (or Diana), Hephæstos (or Vulcan), Pallas Athena (or Minerva), -Ares (or Mars), Aphrodite (or Venus), Hermes (or Mercury), and Hestia -(or Vesta)." These were doubtless the twelve gods from whom the -Egyptians derived their kings. Where two names are given to a deity in -the above list, the first name is that bestowed by the Greeks, the last -that given by the Romans. - -It is not impossible that our division of the year into twelve parts is -a reminiscence of the twelve gods of Atlantis. Diodorus Siculus tells us -that among the Babylonians there were twelve gods of the heavens, each -personified by one of the signs of the zodiac, and worshipped in a -certain month of the year. The Hindoos had twelve primal gods, "the -Aditya." Moses erected twelve pillars at Sinai. The Mandan Indians -celebrated the Flood with twelve typical characters, who danced around -the ark. The Scandinavians believed in the twelve gods, the Aesir, who -dwelt on Asgard, the Norse Olympus. Diligent investigation may yet -reveal that the number of a modern jury, twelve, is a survival of the -ancient council of Asgard. - -"According to the traditions of the Phoenicians, the Gardens of the -Hesperides were in the remote west." (Murray's "Mannal of Mythology," p. -258.) Atlas lived in these gardens. (Ibid., p. 259.) Atlas, we have -seen, was king of Atlantis. "The Elysian Fields (the happy islands) were -commonly placed in the remote west. They were ruled over by Chronos." -(Ibid., p. 60.) Tartarus, the region of Hades, the gloomy home of the -dead, was also located "under the mountains of an island in the midst of -the ocean in the remote west." (Ibid., p. 58.) Atlas was described in -Greek mythology as "an enormous giant, who stood upon the western -confines of the earth, and supported the heavens on his shoulders, in a -region of the west where the sun continued to shine after he had set -upon Greece." (Ibid., p. 156.) - -Greek tradition located the island in which Olympus was situated "in the -far west," "in the ocean beyond Africa," "on the western boundary of the -known world," "where the sun shone when it had ceased to shine on -Greece," and where the mighty Atlas "held up the heavens." And Plato -tells us that the land where Poseidon and Atlas ruled was Atlantis. - -"The Garden of the Hesperides" (another name for the dwelling-place of -the gods) "was situated at the extreme limit of Africa. Atlas was said -to have surrounded it on every side with high mountains." (Smith's -"Sacred Annals, Patriarchal Age," p. 131.) Here were found the golden -apples. - -This is very much like the description which Plato gives of the great -plain of Atlantis, covered with fruit of every kind, and surrounded by -precipitous mountains descending to the sea. - -The Greek mythology, in speaking of the Garden of the Hesperides, tells -us that "the outer edge of the garden was slightly raised, so that the -water might not run in and overflow the land." Another reminiscence of -the surrounding mountains of Atlantis as described by Plato, and as -revealed by the deep-sea soundings of modern times. - -Chronos, or Saturn, Dionysos, Hyperion, Atlas, Hercules, were all -connected with "a great Saturnian continent;" they were kings that ruled -over countries on the western shores of the Mediterranean, Africa and -Spain. One account says: - -"Hyperion, Atlas, and Saturn, or Chronos, were sons of Uranos, who -reigned over a great kingdom composed of countries around the western -part of the Mediterranean, with certain islands in the Atlantic. -Hyperion succeeded his father, and was then killed by the Titans. The -kingdom was then divided between Atlas and Saturn--Atlas taking Northern -Africa, with the Atlantic islands, and Saturn the countries on the -opposite shore of the Mediterranean to Italy and Sicily." (Baldwin's -"Prehistoric Nations," p. 357.) - -Plato says, speaking of the traditions of the Greeks ("Dialogues, Laws," -c. iv., p. 713), "There is a tradition of the happy life of mankind in -the days when all things were spontaneous and abundant.... In like -manner God in his love of mankind placed over us the demons, who are a -superior race, and they, with great care and pleasure to themselves and -no less to us, taking care of us and giving us place and reverence and -order and justice never failing, made the tribes of men happy and -peaceful ... for Cronos knew that no human nature, invested with -supreme power, is able to order human affairs and not overflow with -insolence and wrong." - -In other words, this tradition refers to an ancient time when the -forefathers of the Greeks were governed by Chronos, of the Cronian Sea -(the Atlantic), king of Atlantis, through civilized Atlantean governors, -who by their wisdom preserved peace and created a golden age for all the -populations under their control--they were the demons, that is, "the -knowing ones," the civilized. - -Plato puts into the mouth of Socrates these words ("Dialogues, -Cratylus," p. 397): "My notion would be that the sun, moon, and stars, -earth, and heaven, which are still the gods of many barbarians, were the -only gods known to the aboriginal Hellenes.... What shall follow the -gods? Must not demons and heroes and men come next?... Consider the -real meaning of the word demons. You know Hesiod uses the word. He -speaks of 'a golden race of men' who came first. He says of them, - - But now that fate has closed over this race, - They are holy demons upon earth, - Beneficent averters of ills, guardians of mortal men.' - -He means by the golden men not men literally made of gold, but good and -noble men; he says we are of the 'age of iron.' He called them demons -because they were dah'mones (knowing or wise)." - -This is made the more evident when we read that this region of the gods, -of Chronos and Uranos and Zeus, passed through, first, a Golden Age, -then a Silver Age--these constituting a great period of peace and -happiness; then it reached a Bronze Age; then an Iron Age, and finally -perished by a great flood, sent upon these people by Zeus as a -punishment for their sins. We read: - -"Men were rich then (in the Silver Age), as in the Golden Age of -Chronos, and lived in plenty; but still they wanted the innocence and -contentment which were the true sources of human happiness in the -former age; and accordingly, while living in luxury and delicacy, they -became overbearing in their manners to the highest degree, were never -satisfied, and forgot the gods, to whom, in their confidence of -prosperity and comfort, they denied the reverence they owed.... Then -followed the Bronze Age, a period of constant quarrelling and deeds of -violence. Instead of cultivated lands, and a life of peaceful -occupations and orderly habits, there came a day when every where might -was right, and men, big and powerful as they were, became physically -worn out.... Finally came the Iron Age, in which enfeebled mankind -had to toil for bread with their hands, and, bent on gain, did their -best to overreach each other. Dike, or Astræa, the goddess of justice -and good faith, modesty and truth, turned her back on such scenes, and -retired to Olympus, while Zeus determined to destroy the human race by a -great flood. The whole of Greece lay under water, and none but Deucalion -and his wife Pyrrha were saved." (Murray's "Mythology" p. 44.) - -It is remarkable that we find here the same succession of the Iron Age -after the Bronze Age that has been revealed to scientific men by the -patient examination of the relics of antiquity in Europe. And this -identification of the land that was destroyed by a flood--the land of -Chronos and Poseidon and Zeus--with the Bronze Age, confirms the view -expressed in Chapter VIII. (page 237, ante), that the bronze implements -and weapons of Europe were mainly imported from Atlantis. - -And here we find that the Flood that destroyed this land of the gods was -the Flood of Deucalion, and the Flood of Deucalion was the Flood of the -Bible, and this, as we have shown, was "the last great Deluge of all," -according to the Egyptians, which destroyed Atlantis. - -The foregoing description of the Golden Age of Chronos, when "men were -rich and lived in plenty," reminds us of Plato's description of the -happy age of Atlantis, when "men despised everything but virtue, not -caring for their present state of life, and thinking lightly of the -possession of gold and other property;" a time when, as the chants of -the Delaware Indians stated it (page 109, ante), "all were willingly -pleased, all were well-happified." While the description given by Murray -in the above extract of the degeneracy of mankind in the land of the -gods, "a period of constant quarrelling and deeds of violence, when -might was right," agrees with Plato's account of the Atlanteans, when -they became "aggressive," "unable to bear their fortune," "unseemly," -"base," "filled with unrighteous avarice and power,"--and "in a most -wretched state." And here again I might quote from the chant of the -Delaware Indians--"they became troubled, hating each other; both were -fighting, both were spoiling, both were never peaceful." And in all -three instances the gods punished the depravity of mankind by a great -deluge. Can all these precise coincidences be the result of accident? - -May we not even suppose that the very word "Olympus" is a transformation -from "Atlantis" in accordance with the laws that regulate the changes of -letters of the same class into each other? Olympus was written by the -Greeks "Olumpos." The letter a in Atlantis was sounded by the ancient -world broad and full, like the a in our words all or altar; in these -words it approximates very closely to the sound of o. It is not far to -go to convert Otlontis into Oluntos, and this into Olumpos. We may, -therefore, suppose that when the Greeks said that their gods dwelt in -"Olympus," it was the same as if they said that they dwelt in "Atlantis." - -Nearly all the gods of Greece are connected with Atlantis. We have seen -the twelve principal gods all dwelling on the mountain of Olympus, in -the midst of an island in the ocean in the far west, which was -subsequently destroyed by a deluge on account of the wickedness of its -people. And when we turn to Plato's description of Atlantis (p. 13, -ante) we find that Poseidon and Atlas dwelt upon a mountain in the midst -of the island; and on this mountain were their magnificent temples and -palaces, where they lived, separated by great walls from their subjects. - -It may be urged that Mount Olympus could not have referred to any -mountain in Atlantis, because the Greeks gave that name to a group of -mountains partly in Macedonia and partly in Thessaly. But in Mysia, -Lycia, Cyprus, and elsewhere there were mountains called Olympus; and on -the plain of Olympia, in Elis, there was an eminence bearing the same -designation. There is a natural tendency among uncivilized peoples to -give a "local habitation" to every general tradition. - -"Many of the oldest myths," says Baldwin ("Prehistoric Nations," p. -376), "relate to Spain, North-western Africa, and other regions on the -Atlantic, such as those concerning Hercules, the Cronidæ, the -Hyperboreans, the Hesperides, and the Islands of the Blessed. Homer -described the Atlantic region of Europe in his account of the wanderings -of Ulysses.... In the ages previous to the decline of Phoenician -influence in Greece and around the Ægean Sea, the people of those -regions must have had a much better knowledge of Western Europe than -prevailed there during the Ionian or Hellenic period." - -The mythology of Greece is really a history of the kings of Atlantis. -The Greek heaven was Atlantis. Hence the references to statues, swords, -etc., that fell from heaven, and were preserved in the temples of the -different states along the shores of the Mediterranean from a vast -antiquity, and which were regarded as the most precious possessions of -the people. They were relics of the lost race received in the early -ages. Thus we read of the brazen or bronze anvil that was preserved in -one city, which fell from heaven, and was nine days and nine nights in -falling; in other words, it took nine days and nights of a -sailing-voyage to bring it from Atlantis. - -The modern theory that the gods of Greece never had any personal -existence, but represented atmospheric and meteorological myths, the -movements of clouds, planets, and the sun, is absurd. Rude nations -repeat, they do not invent; to suppose a barbarous people creating their -deities out of clouds and sunsets is to reverse nature. Men first -worship stones, then other men, then spirits. Resemblances of names -prove nothing; it is as if one would show that the name of the great -Napoleon meant "the lion of the desert" (Napo-leon), and should thence -argue that Napoleon never existed, that he was a myth, that he -represented power in solitude, or some such stuff. When we read that -Jove whipped his wife, and threw her son out of the window, the -inference is that Jove was a man, and actually did something like the -thing described; certainly gods, sublimated spirits, aerial sprites, do -not act after this fashion; and it would puzzle the mythmakers to prove -that the sun, moon, or stars whipped their wives or flung recalcitrant -young men out of windows. The history of Atlantis could be in part -reconstructed out of the mythology of Greece; it is a history of kings, -queens, and princes; of love-making, adulteries, rebellions, wars, -murders, sea-voyages, and colonizations; of palaces, temples, workshops, -and forges; of sword-making, engraving and metallurgy; of wine, barley, -wheat, cattle, sheep, horses, and agriculture generally. Who can doubt -that it represents the history of a real people? - -Uranos was the first god; that is to say, the first king of the great -race. As he was at the commencement of all things, his symbol was the -sky. He probably represented the race previous even to the settlement of -Atlantis. He was a son of Gæa (the earth). He seems to have been the -parent of three races--the Titans, the Hekatoncheires, and the Kyklopes -or Cyclops. - -I incline to the belief that these were civilized races, and that the -peculiarities ascribed to the last two refer to the vessels in which -they visited the shores of the barbarians. - - THE EMPIRE OF ATLANTIS. - -The empire of the Titans was clearly the empire of Atlantis. "The most -judicious among our mythologists" (says Dr. Rees, "New British -Cyclopædia," art. Titans)--"such as Gerard Vossius, Marsham, Bochart, -and Father Thomassin--are of opinion that the partition of the world -among the sons of Noah--Shem, Ham, and Japheth--was the original of the -tradition of the same partition among Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto," upon -the breaking up of the great empire of the Titans. "The learned Pezron -contends that the division which was made of this vast empire came, in -after-times, to be taken for the partition of the whole world; that Asia -remaining in the hands of Jupiter (Zeus), the most potent of the three -brothers, made him looked upon as the god of Olympus; that the sea and -islands which fell to Neptune occasioned their giving him the title of -'god of the sea;' and that Spain, the extremity of the then known world, -thought to be a very low country in respect of Asia, and famous for its -excellent mines of gold and silver, failing to Pluto, occasioned him to -be taken for the 'god of the infernal regions.'" We should suppose that -Pluto possibly ruled over the transatlantic possessions of Atlantis in -America, over those "portions of the opposite continent" which Plato -tells us were dominated by Atlas and his posterity, and which, being far -beyond or below sunset, were the "under-world" of the ancients; while -Atlantis, the Canaries, etc., constituted the island division with -Western Africa and Spain. Murray tells us ("Mythology," p. 58) that -Pluto's share of the kingdom was supposed to lie "in the remote west." -The under-world of the dead was simply the world below the western -horizon; "the home of the dead has to do with that far west region where -the sun dies at night." ("Anthropology," p. 350.) "On the coast of -Brittany, where Cape Raz stands out westward into the ocean, there is -'the Bay of Souls,' the launching-place where the departed spirits sail -off across the sea." (Ibid.) In like manner, Odysseus found the land of -the dead in the ocean beyond the Pillars of Hercules. There, indeed, was -the land of the mighty dead, the grave of the drowned Atlanteans. - -"However this be," continues F. Pezron, "the empire of the Titans, -according to the ancients, was very extensive; they possessed Phrygia, -Thrace, a part of Greece, the island of Crete, and several other -provinces to the inmost recesses of Spain. To these Sanchoniathon seems -to join Syria; and Diodorus adds a part of Africa, and the kingdoms of -Mauritania." The kingdoms of Mauritania embraced all that north-western -region of Africa nearest to Atlantis in which are the Atlas Mountains, -and in which, in the days of Herodotus, dwelt the Atlantes. - -Neptune, or Poseidon, says, in answer to a message from Jupiter, - - No vassal god, nor of his train am I. - Three brothers, deities, from Saturn came, - And ancient Rhea, earth's immortal dame; - Assigned by lot our triple rule we know; - Infernal Pluto sways the shades below: - O'er the wide clouds, and o'er the starry plain - Ethereal Jove extends his high domain; - My court beneath the hoary waves I keep, - And hush the roaring of the sacred deep. - - Iliad, book xviii. - -Homer alludes to Poseidon as - - "The god whose liquid arms are hurled - Around the globe, whose earthquakes rock the world." - -Mythology tells us that when the Titans were defeated by Saturn they -retreated into the interior of Spain; Jupiter followed them up, and beat -them for the last time near Tartessus, and thus terminated a ten-years' -war. Here we have a real battle on an actual battle-field. - -If we needed any further proof that the empire of the Titans was the -empire of Atlantis, we would find it in the names of the Titans: among -these were Oceanus, Saturn or Chronos, and Atlas; they were all the sons -of Uranos. Oceanus was at the base of the Greek mythology. Plato says -("Dialogues," Timæus, vol. ii., p. 533): "Oceanus and Tethys were the -children of Earth and Heaven, and from these sprung Phorcys, and -Chronos, and Rhea, and many more with them; and from Chronos and Rhea -sprung Zeus and Hera, and all those whom we know as their brethren, and -others who were their children." In other words, all their gods came out -of the ocean; they were rulers over some ocean realm; Chronos was the -son of Oceanus, and Chronos was an Atlantean god, and from him the -Atlantic Ocean was called by the ancients "the Chronian Sea." The elder -Minos was called "the Son of the Ocean:" he first gave civilization to -the Cretans; he engraved his laws on brass, precisely as Plato tells us -the laws of Atlantis were engraved on pillars of brass. - -The wanderings of Ulysses, as detailed in the "Odyssey" of Homer, are -strangely connected with the Atlantic Ocean. The islands of the -Phoenicians were apparently in mid-ocean: - - We dwell apart, afar - Within the unmeasured deep, amid its waves - The most remote of men; no other race - Hath commerce with us.--Odyssey, book vi. - -The description of the Phæacian walls, harbors, cities, palaces, ships, -etc., seems like a recollection of Atlantis. The island of Calypso -appears also to have been in the Atlantic Ocean, twenty days' sail from -the Phæacian isles; and when Ulysses goes to the land of Pluto, "the -under-world," the home of the dead, he - - "Reached the far confines of Oceanus," - -beyond the Pillars of Hercules. It would be curious to inquire how far -the poems of Homer are Atlantean in their relations and inspiration. -Ulysses's wanderings were a prolonged struggle with Poseidon, the -founder and god of Atlantis. - -"The Hekatoncheires, or Cetimæni, beings each with a hundred hands, were -three in number--Kottos, Gyges or Gyes, and Briareus--and represented -the frightful crashing of waves, and its resemblance to the convulsions -of earthquakes." (Murray's "Mythology," p. 26.) Are not these hundred -arms the oars of the galleys, and the frightful crashing of the waves -their movements in the water? - -"The Kyklopes also were three in number--Brontes, with his thunder; -Steropes, with his lightning; and Arges, with his stream of light. They -were represented as having only one eye, which was placed at the -juncture between the nose and brow. It was, however, a large, flashing -eye, as became beings who were personifications of the storm-cloud, with -its flashes of destructive lightning and peals of thunder." - -We shall show hereafter that the invention of gunpowder dates back to -the days of the Phoenicians, and may have been derived by them from -Atlantis. It is not impossible that in this picture of the Kyklopes we -see a tradition of sea-going ships, with a light burning at the prow, -and armed with some explosive preparation, which, with a roar like -thunder, and a flash like lightning, destroyed those against whom it was -employed? It at least requires less strain upon our credulity to suppose -these monsters were a barbarian's memory of great ships than to believe -that human beings ever existed with a hundred arms, and with one eye in -the middle of the forehead, and giving out thunder and lightning. - -The natives of the West India Islands regarded the ships of Columbus as -living creatures, and that their sails were wings. - -Berosus tells us, speaking of the ancient days of Chaldea, "In the first -year there appeared, from that part of the Erythræan Sea which borders -upon Babylonia, an animal endowed with reason, by name Oannes, whose -whole body (according to the account of Apollodorus) was that of a fish; -that under the fish's head he had another head, with feet also below, -similar to those of a man, subjoined to the fish's tail. His voice too -and language was articulate and human, and a representation of him is -preserved even unto this day. This being was accustomed to pass the day -among men, but took no food at that season, and he gave them an insight -into letters and arts of all kinds. He taught them to construct cities, -to found temples, to compile laws, and explained to them the principles -of geometrical knowledge. He made them distinguish the seeds of the -earth, and showed them how to collect the fruits; in short, he -instructed them in everything which could tend to soften manners and -humanize their laws. From that time nothing material has been added by -way of improvement to his instructions. And when the sun set, this -being, Oannes, retired again into the sea, and passed the night in the -deep, for he was amphibious. After this there appeared other animals -like Oannes." - -This is clearly the tradition preserved by a barbarous people of the -great ships of a civilized nation, who colonized their coast and -introduced the arts and sciences among them. And here we see the same -tendency to represent the ship as a living thing, which converted the -war-vessels of the Atlanteans (the Kyklopes) into men with one blazing -eye in the middle of the forehead. - -Uranos was deposed from the throne, and succeeded by his son Chronos. He -was called "the ripener, the harvest-god," and was probably identified -with the beginning of the Agricultural Period. He married his sister -Rhea, who bore him Pluto, Poseidon, Zeus, Hestia, Demeter, and Hera. He -anticipated that his sons would dethrone him, as he had dethroned his -father, Uranos, and he swallowed his first five children, and would have -swallowed the sixth child, Zeus, but that his wife Rhea deceived him -with a stone image of the child; and Zeus was conveyed to the island of -Crete, and there concealed in a cave and raised to manhood. Subsequently -Chronos "yielded back to the light the children he had swallowed." This -myth probably means that Chronos had his children raised in some secret -place, where they could not be used by his enemies as the instruments of -a rebellion against his throne; and the stone image of Zeus, palmed off -upon him by Rhea, was probably some other child substituted for his own. -His precautions seem to have been wise; for as soon as the children -returned to the light they commenced a rebellion, and drove the old -gentleman from his throne. A rebellion of the Titans followed. The -struggle was a tremendous one, and seems to have been decided at last by -the use of gunpowder, as I shall show farther on. - -We have seen Chronos identified with the Atlantic, called by the Romans -the "Chronian Sea." He was known to the Romans under the name of Saturn, -and ruled over "a great Saturnian continent" in the Western Ocean. -Saturn, or Chronos, came to Italy: he presented himself to the king, -Janus, "and proceeded to instruct the subjects of the latter in -agriculture, gardening, and many other arts then quite unknown to them; -as, for example, how to tend and cultivate the vine. By such means he at -length raised the people from a rude and comparatively barbarous -condition to one of order and peaceful occupations, in consequence of -which he was everywhere held in high esteem, and, in course of time, was -selected by Janus to share with him the government of the country, which -thereupon assumed the name of Saturnia--'a land of seed and fruit.' The -period of Saturn's government was sung in later days by poets as a happy -time, when sorrows were unknown, when innocence, freedom, and gladness -reigned throughout the land in such a degree as to deserve the title of -the Golden Age." (Murray's "Mythology," p. 32.) - -All this accords with Plato's story. He tells us that the rule of the -Atlanteans extended to Italy; that they were a civilized, agricultural, -and commercial people. The civilization of Rome was therefore an -outgrowth directly from the civilization of Atlantis. - -The Roman Saturnalia was a remembrance of the Atlantean colonization. It -was a period of joy and festivity; master and slave met as equals; the -distinctions of poverty and wealth were forgotten; no punishments for -crime were inflicted; servants and slaves went about dressed in the -clothes of their masters; and children received presents from their -parents or relatives. It was a time of jollity and mirth, a recollection -of the Golden Age. We find a reminiscence of it in the Roman "Carnival." - -The third and last on the throne of the highest god was Zeus. We shall -see him, a little farther on, by the aid of some mysterious engine -overthrowing the rebels, the Titans, who rose against his power, amid -the flash of lightning and the roar of thunder. He was called "the -thunderer," and "the mighty thunderer." He was represented with -thunder-bolts in his hand and an eagle at his feet. - -During the time of Zeus Atlantis seems to have reached its greatest -height of power. He was recognized as the father of the whole world; he -everywhere rewarded uprightness, truth, faithfulness, and kindness; he -was merciful to the poor, and punished the cruel. To illustrate his rule -on earth the following story is told: - -"Philemon and Baukis, an aged couple of the poorer class, were living -peacefully and full of piety toward the gods in their cottage in -Phrygia, when Zeus, who often visited the earth, disguised, to inquire -into the behavior of men, paid a visit, in passing through Phrygia on -such a journey, to these poor old people, and was received by them very -kindly as a weary traveller, which he pretended to be. Bidding him -welcome to the house, they set about preparing for their guest, who was -accompanied by Hermes, as excellent a meal as they could afford, and for -this purpose were about to kill the only goose they had left, when Zeus -interfered; for he was touched by their kindliness and genuine piety, -and that all the more because he had observed among the other -inhabitants of the district nothing but cruelty of disposition and a -habit of reproaching and despising the gods. To punish this conduct he -determined to visit the country with a flood, but to save from it -Philemon and Baukis, the good aged couple, and to reward them in a -striking manner. To this end he revealed himself to them before opening -the gates of the great flood, transformed their poor cottage on the hill -into a splendid temple, installed the aged pair as his priest and -priestess, and granted their prayer that they might both die together. -When, after many years, death overtook them, they were changed into two -trees, that grew side by side in the neighborhood--an oak and a linden." -(Murray's "Mythology," p. 38.) - -Here we have another reference to the Flood, and another identification -with Atlantis. - -Zeus was a kind of Henry VIII., and took to himself a number of wives. -By Demeter (Ceres) he had Persephone (Proserpine); by Leto, Apollo and -Artemis (Diana); by Dione, Aphrodite (Venus); by Semele, Dionysos -(Bacchus); by Maia, Hermes (Mercury); by Alkmene, Hercules, etc., etc. - -We have thus the whole family of gods and goddesses traced back to -Atlantis. - -Hera, or Juno, was the first and principal wife of Zeus. There were -numerous conjugal rows between the royal pair, in which, say the poets, -Juno was generally to blame. She was naturally jealous of the other -wives of Zeus. Zeus on one occasion beat her, and threw her son -Hephæstos out of Olympus; on another occasion he hung her out of Olympus -with her arms tied and two great weights attached to her feet--a very -brutal and ungentlemanly trick--but the Greeks transposed this into a -beautiful symbol: the two weights, they say, represent the earth and -sea, "an illustration of how all the phenomena of the visible sky were -supposed to hang dependent on the highest god of heaven!" (Ibid., p. -47.) Juno probably regarded the transaction in an altogether different -light; and she therefore united with Poseidon, the king's brother, and -his daughter Athena, in a rebellion to put the old fellow in a -strait-jacket, "and would have succeeded had not Thetis brought to his -aid the sea-giant Ægæon," probably a war-ship. She seems in the main, -however, to have been a good wife, and was the type of all the womanly -virtues. - -Poseidon, the first king of Atlantis, according to Plato, was, according -to Greek mythology, a brother of Zeus, and a son of Chronos. In the -division of the kingdom he fell heir to the ocean and its islands, and -to the navigable rivers; in other words, he was king of a maritime and -commercial people. His symbol was the horse. "He was the first to train -and employ horses;" that is to say, his people first domesticated the -horse. This agrees with what Plato tells us of the importance attached -to the horse in Atlantis, and of the baths and race-courses provided for -him. He was worshipped in the island of Tenos "in the character of a -physician," showing that he represented an advanced civilization. He was -also master of an agricultural people; "the ram with the golden fleece -for which the Argonauts sailed was the offspring of Poseidon." He -carried in his hand a three-pronged symbol, the trident, doubtless an -emblem of the three continents that were embraced in the empire of -Atlantis. He founded many colonies along the shores of the -Mediterranean; "he helped to build the walls of Troy;" the tradition -thus tracing the Trojan civilization to an Atlantean source. He settled -Attica and founded Athens, named after his niece Athena, daughter of -Zeus, who had no mother, but had sprung from the head of Zeus, which -probably signified that her mother's name was not known--she was a -foundling. Athena caused the first olive-tree to grow on the Acropolis -of Athens, parent of all the olive-trees of Greece. Poseidon seems to -have had settlements at Corinth, Ægina, Naxos, and Delphi. Temples were -erected to his honor in nearly all the seaport towns of Greece. He sent -a sea-monster, to wit, a slip, to ravage part of the Trojan territory. - -In the "Iliad" Poseidon appears "as ruler of the sea, inhabiting a -brilliant palace in its depths, traversing its surface in a chariot, or -stirring the powerful billows until the earth shakes as they crash upon -the shores.... He is also associated with well-watered plains and -valleys." (Murray's "Mythology," p. 51.) The palace in the depths of the -sea was the palace upon Olympus in Atlantis; the traversing of the sea -referred to the movements of a mercantile race; the shaking of - - POSEIDON, OR NEPTUNE. - -the earth was an association with earthquakes; the "well-watered plains -and valleys" remind us of the great plain of Atlantis described by Plato. - -All the traditions of the coming of civilization into Europe point to -Atlantis. - -For instance, Keleos, who lived at Eleusis, near Athens, hospitably -received Demeter, the Greek Ceres, the daughter of Poseidon, when she -landed; and in return she taught him the use of the plough, and -presented his son with the seed of barley, and sent him out to teach -mankind how to sow and utilize that grain. Dionysos, grandson of -Poseidon, travelled "through all the known world, even into the remotest -parts of India, instructing the people, as he proceeded, how to tend the -vine, and how to practise many other arts of peace, besides teaching -them the value of just and honorable dealings." (Murray's "Mythology," -p. 119.) The Greeks celebrated great festivals in his honor down to the -coming of Christianity. - -"The Nymphs of Grecian mythology were a kind of middle beings between -the gods and men, communicating with both, loved and respected by both; -... living like the gods on ambrosia. In extraordinary cases they were -summoned, it was believed, to the councils of the Olympian gods; but -they usually remained in their particular spheres, in secluded grottoes -and peaceful valleys, occupied in spinning, weaving, bathing, singing -sweet songs, dancing, sporting, or accompanying deities who passed -through their territories--hunting with Artemis (Diana), rushing about -with Dionysos (Bacchus), making merry with Apollo or Hermes (Mercury), -but always in a hostile attitude toward the wanton and excited Satyrs." - -The Nymphs were plainly the female inhabitants of Atlantis dwelling on -the plains, while the aristocracy lived on the higher lands. And this is -confirmed by the fact that part of them were called Atlantids, offspring -of Atlantis. The Hesperides were also "daughters of Atlas;" their mother -was Hesperis, a personification of "the region of the West." Their home -was "an island in the ocean," Off the north or west coast of Africa. - -And here we find a tradition which not only points to Atlantis, but also -shows some kinship to the legend in Genesis of the tree and the serpent. - -Titæa, "a goddess of the earth," gave Zeus a tree bearing golden apples -on it. This tree was put in the care of the Hesperides, but they could -not resist the temptation to pluck and eat its fruit; thereupon a -serpent named Ladon was put to watch the tree. Hercules slew the -serpent, and gave the apples to the Hesperides. - -Heracles (Hercules), we have seen, was a son of Zeus, king of Atlantis. -One of his twelve labors (the tenth) was the carrying off the cattle of -Geryon. The meaning of Geryon is "the red glow of the sunset." He dwelt -on the island of "Erythea, in the remote west, beyond the Pillars of -Hercules." Hercules took a ship, and after encountering a storm, reached -the island and placed himself on Mount Abas. Hercules killed Geryon, -stole the cattle, put them on the ship, and landed them safely, driving -them "through Iberia, Gaul, and over the Alps down into Italy." -(Murray's "Mythology," p. 257.) This was simply the memory of a cattle -raid made by an uncivilized race upon the civilized, cattle-raising -people of Atlantis. - -It is not necessary to pursue the study of the gods of Greece any -farther. They were simply barbarian recollections of the rulers of a -great civilized people who in early days visited their shores, and -brought with them the arts of peace. - -Here then, in conclusion, are the proofs of our proposition that the -gods of Greece had been the kings of Atlantis: - -1. They were not the makers, but the rulers of the world. - -2. They were human in their attributes; they loved, sinned, and fought -battles, the very sites of which are given; they founded cities, and -civilized the people of the shores of the Mediterranean. - -3. They dwelt upon an island in the Atlantic," in the remote west.... -where the sun shines after it has ceased to shine on Greece." - -4. Their land was destroyed in a deluge. - -5. They were ruled over by Poseidon and Atlas. - -6. Their empire extended to Egypt and Italy and the shores of Africa, -precisely as stated by Plato. - -7. They existed during the Bronze Age and at the beginning of the Iron -Age. - -The entire Greek mythology is the recollection, by a degenerate race, of -a vast, mighty, and highly civilized empire, which in a remote past -covered large parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. - -CHAPTER III. - -THE GODS OF THE PHOENICIANS ALSO KINGS OF ATLANTIS. - -Not alone were the gods of the Greeks the deified kings of Atlantis, but -we find that the mythology of the Phoenicians was drawn from the same -source. - -For instance, we find in the Phoenician cosmogony that the Titans -(Rephaim) derive their origin from the Phoenician gods Agrus and Agrotus. -This connects the Phoenicians with that island in the remote west, in the -midst of ocean, where, according to the Greeks, the Titans dwelt. - -According to Sanchoniathon, Ouranos was the son of Autochthon, and, -according to Plato, Autochthon was one of the ten kings of Atlantis. He -married his sister Ge. He is the Uranos of the Greeks, who was the son -of Gæa (the earth), whom he married. The Phoenicians tell us, "Ouranos -had by Ge four sons: Ilus (El), who is called Chronos, and Betylus -(Beth-El), and Dagon, which signifies bread-corn, and Atlas (Tammuz?)." -Here, again, we have the names of two other kings of Atlantis. These -four sons probably represented four races, the offspring of the earth. -The Greek Uranos was the father of Chronos, and the ancestor of Atlas. -The Phoenician god Ouranos had a great many other wives: his wife Ge was -jealous; they quarrelled, and he attempted to kill the children he had -by her. This is the legend which the Greeks told of Zeus and Juno. In -the Phoenician mythology Chronos raised a rebellion against Ouranos, and, -after a great battle, dethroned him. In the Greek legends it is Zeus who -attacks and overthrows his father, Chronos. Ouranos had a daughter -called Astarte (Ashtoreth), another called Rhea. "And Dagon, after he -had found out bread-corn and the plough, was called Zeus-Arotrius." - -We find also, in the Phoenician legends, mention made of Poseidon, -founder and king of Atlantis. - -Chronos gave Attica to his daughter Athena, as in the Greek legends. In -a time of plague he sacrificed his son to Ouranos, and "circumcised -himself, and compelled his allies to do the same thing." It would thus -appear that this singular rite, practised as we have seen by the -Atlantidæ of the Old and New Worlds, the Egyptians, the Phoenicians, the -Hebrews, the Ethiopians, the Mexicans, and the red men of America, dates -back, as we might have expected, to Atlantis. - -"Chronos visits the different regions of the habitable world." - -He gave Egypt as a kingdom to the god Taaut, who had invented the -alphabet. The Egyptians called him Thoth, and he was represented among -them as "the god of letters, the clerk of the under-world," bearing a -tablet, pen, and palm-branch. - -This not only connects the Phoenicians with Atlantis, but shows the -relations of Egyptian civilization to both Atlantis and the Phoenicians. - -There can be no doubt that the royal personages who formed the gods of -Greece were also the gods of the Phoenicians. We have seen the Autochthon -of Plato reappearing in the Autochthon of the Phoenicians; the Atlas of -Plato in the Atlas of the Phoenicians; the Poseidon of Plato in the -Poseidon of the Phoenicians; while the kings Mestor and Mneseus of Plato -are probably the gods Misor and Amynus of the Phoenicians. - -Sanchoniathon tells us, after narrating all the discoveries by which the -people advanced to civilization, that the Cabiri set down their records -of the past by the command of the god Taaut, "and they delivered them to -their successors and to foreigners, of whom one was Isiris (Osiris), the -inventor of the three letters, the brother of Chua, who is called the -first Phoenician." (Lenormant and Chevallier, "Ancient History of the -East," vol. ii., p. 228.) - -This would show that the first Phoenician came long after this line of -the kings or gods, and that he was a foreigner, as compared with them; -and, therefore, that it could not have been the Phoenicians proper who -made the several inventions narrated by Sanchoniathon, but some other -race, from whom the Phoenicians might have been descended. - -And in the delivery of their records to the foreigner Osiris, the god of -Egypt, we have another evidence that Egypt derived her civilization from -Atlantis. - -Max Müller says: - -"The Semitic languages also are all varieties of one form of speech. -Though we do not know that primitive language from which the Semitic -dialects diverged, yet we know that at one time such language must have -existed.... We cannot derive Hebrew from Sanscrit, or Sanscrit from -Hebrew; but we can well understand how both may have proceeded from one -common source. They are both channels supplied from one river, and they -carry, though not always on the surface, floating materials of language -which challenge comparison, and have already yielded satisfactory -results to careful analyzers." ("Outlines of Philosophy of History," -vol. i., p. 475.) - -There was an ancient tradition among the Persians that the Phoenicians -migrated from the shores of the Erythræan Sea, and this has been -supposed to mean the Persian Gulf; but there was a very old city of -Erythia, in utter ruin in the time of Strabo, which was built in some -ancient age, long before the founding of Gades, near the site of that -town, on the Atlantic coast of Spain. May not this town of Erythia have -given its name to the adjacent sea? And this may have been the -starting-point of the Phoenicians in their European migrations. It would -even appear that there was an island of Erythea. In the Greek mythology -the tenth labor of Hercules consisted in driving away the cattle of -Geryon, who lived in the island of Erythea, "an island somewhere in the -remote west, beyond the Pillars of Hercules." (Murray's "Mythology," p. -257.) Hercules stole the cattle from this remote oceanic island, and, -returning drove them "through Iberia, Gaul, over the Alps, and through -Italy." (Ibid.) It is probable that a people emigrating from the -Erythræan Sea, that is, from the Atlantic, first gave their name to a -town on the coast of Spain, and at a later date to the Persian Gulf--as -we have seen the name of York carried from England to the banks of the -Hudson, and then to the Arctic Circle. - -The builders of the Central American cities are reported to have been a -bearded race. The Phoenicians, in common with the Indians, practised -human sacrifices to a great extent; they worshipped fire and water, -adopted the names of the animals whose skins they wore--that is to say, -they had the totemic system--telegraphed by means of fires, poisoned -their arrows, offered peace before beginning battle, and used drums. -(Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. v., p. 77.) - -The extent of country covered by the commerce of the Phoenicians -represents to some degree the area of the old Atlantean Empire. Their -colonies and trading-posts extended east and west from the shores of the -Black Sea, through the Mediterranean to the west coast of Africa and of -Spain, and around to Ireland and England; while from north to south they -ranged from the Baltic to the Persian Gulf. They touched every point -where civilization in later ages made its appearance. Strabo estimated -that they had three hundred cities along the west coast of Africa. When -Columbus sailed to discover a new world, or re-discover an old one, he -took his departure from a Phoenician seaport, founded by that great race -two thousand five hundred years previously. This Atlantean sailor, with -his Phoenician features, sailing from an Atlantean port, simply re-opened -the path of commerce and colonization which had been closed when Plato's -island sunk in the sea. And it is a curious fact that Columbus had the -antediluvian world in his mind's eye even then, for when he reached the -mouth of the Orinoco he thought it was the river Gihon, that flowed out -of Paradise, and he wrote home to Spain, "There are here great -indications suggesting the proximity of the earthly Paradise, for not -only does it correspond in mathematical position with the opinions of -the holy and learned theologians, but all other signs concur to make it -probable." - -Sanchoniathon claims that the learning of Egypt, Greece, and Judæa was -derived from the Phoenicians. It would appear probable that, while other -races represent the conquests or colonizations of Atlantis, the -Phoenicians succeeded to their arts, sciences, and especially their -commercial supremacy; and hence the close resemblances which we have -found to exist between the Hebrews, a branch of the Phoenician stock, and -the people of America. - - Upon the Syrian sea the people live - Who style themselves Phoenicians.... - These were the first great founders of the world-- - Founders of cities and of mighty states-- - Who showed a path through seas before unknown. - In the first ages, when the sons of men - Knew not which way to turn them, they assigned - To each his first department; they bestowed - Of land a portion and of sea a lot, - And sent each wandering tribe far off to share - A different soil and climate. Hence arose - The great diversity, so plainly seen, - 'Mid nations widely severed. - - Dyonysius of Susiana, A.D. 3. - -CHAPTER IV. - -THE GOD ODIN, WODEN, OR WOTAN. - -In the Scandinavian mythology the chief god was Odin, the Woden, Wotan, -or Wuotan of the Germans. He is represented with many of the attributes -of the Greek god Zeus, and is supposed by some to be identical with him. -He dwelt with the twelve Æsir, or gods, upon Asgard, the Norse Olympus, -which arose out of Midgard, a land half-way between the regions of frost -and fire (to wit, in a temperate climate). The Scandinavian Olympus was -probably Atlantis. Odin is represented as a grave-looking elderly man -with a long beard, carrying in his hand a spear, and accompanied by two -dogs and two ravens. He was the father of poetry, and the inventor of -Runic writing. - -The Chiapenese of Central America (the people whose language we have -seen furnishing such remarkable resemblances to Hebrew) claim to have -been the first people of the New World. Clavigero tells us ("Hist. -Antiq. del Messico," Eng. trans., 1807, vol. i.) that according to the -traditions of the Chiapenese there was a Votan who was the grandson of -the man who built the ark to save himself and family from the Deluge; he -was one of those who undertook to build the tower that should reach to -heaven. The Lord ordered him to people America. "He came from the -East." He brought seven families with him. He had been preceded in -America by two others, Igh and Imox. He built a great city in America -called "Nachan," City of the Serpents (the serpent that tempted Eve was -Nahash), from his own race, which was named Chan, a serpent. This Nachan -is supposed to have been Palenque. The date of his journey is placed in -the legends in the year 3000 of the world, and in the tenth century B.C. -He also founded three tributary monarchies, whose capitals were Tulan, -Mayapan, and Chiquimala. He wrote a book containing a history of his -deeds, and proofs that he belonged to the tribe of Chanes (serpents). He -states that "he is the third of the Votans; that he conducted seven -families from Valum-Votan to this continent, and assigned lands to them; -that he determined to travel until he came to the root of heaven and -found his relations, the Culebres, and made himself known to them; that -he accordingly made four voyages to Chivim; that he arrived in Spain; -that he went to Rome; that he saw the house of God building; that he -went by the road which his brethren, the Culebres, had bored; that he -marked it, and that he passed by the houses of the thirteen Culebres. He -relates that, in returning from one of his voyages, he found seven other -families of the Tzequil nation who had joined the first inhabitants, and -recognized in them the same origin as his own, that is, of the Culebres; -he speaks of the place where they built the first town, which from its -founders received the name of Tzequil; he affirms that, having taught -them the refinement of manners in the use of the table, table-cloths, -dishes, basins, cups, and napkins, they taught him the knowledge of God -and his worship; his first ideas of a king, and obedience to him; that -he was chosen captain of all these united families." - -It is probable that Spain and Rome are interpolations. Cabrera claims -that the Votanites were Carthaginians. He thinks the Chivim of Votan -were the Hivim, or Givim, who were descended of Heth, son of Canaan, -Phoenicians; they were the builders of Accaron, Azotus, Ascalon, and -Gaza. The Scriptures refer to them as Hivites (Givim) in Deuteronomy -(chap. ii., verse 32), and Joshua (chap. xiii., verse 4). He claims that -Cadmus and his wife Hermione were of this stock; and according to Ovid -they were metamorphosed into snakes (Culebres). The name Hivites in -Phoenician signifies a snake. - -Votan may not, possibly, have passed into Europe; he may have travelled -altogether in Africa. His singular allusion to "a way which the Culebres -had bored" seems at first inexplicable; but Dr. Livingstone's last -letters, published 8th November, 1869, in the "Proceedings of the Royal -Geographical Society," mention that "tribes live in underground houses -in Rua. Some excavations are said to be thirty miles long, and have -running rills in them; a whole district can stand a siege in them. The -'writings' therein, I have been told by some of the people, are drawings -of animals, and not letters; otherwise I should have gone to see them. -People very dark, well made, and outer angle of eyes slanting inward." - -And Captain Grant, who accompanied Captain Speke in his famous -exploration of the sources of the Nile, tells of a tunnel or subway -under the river Kaoma, on the highway between Loowemba and Marunga, near -Lake Tanganyika. His guide Manna describes it to him: - -"I asked Manna if he had ever seen any country resembling it. His reply -was, 'This country reminds me of what I saw in the country to the south -of the Lake Tanganyika, when travelling with an Arab's caravan from -Unjanyembeh. There is a river there called the Kaoma, running into the -lake, the sides of which are similar in precipitousness to the rocks -before us.' I then asked, 'Do the people cross this river in boats?' -'No; they have no boats; and even if they had, the people could not -land, as the sides are too steep: they pass underneath the river by a -natural tunnel, or subway.' He and all his party went through it on -their way from Loowemba to Ooroongoo, and returned by it. He described -its length as having taken them from sunrise till noon to pass through -it, and so high that, if mounted upon camels, they could not touch the -top. Tall reeds, the thickness of a walking-stick, grew inside, the road -was strewed with white pebbles, and so wide--four hundred yards--that -they could see their way tolerably well while passing through it. The -rocks looked as if they had been planed by artificial means. Water never -came through from the river overhead; it was procured by digging wells. -Manna added that the people of Wambweh take shelter in this tunnel, and -live there with their families and cattle, when molested by the Watuta, -a warlike race, descended from the Zooloo Kafirs." - -But it is interesting to find in this book of Votan, however little -reliance we may place in its dates or details, evidence that there was -actual intercourse between the Old World and the New in remote ages. - -Humboldt remarks: - -"We have fixed the special attention of our readers upon this Votan, or -Wodan, an American who appears of the same family with the Wods or Odins -of the Goths and of the people of Celtic origin. Since, according to the -learned researches of Sir William Jones, Odin and Buddha are probably -the same person, it is curious to see the names of Bondvar, Wodansday, -and Votan designating in India, Scandinavia, and in Mexico the day of a -brief period." ("Vues des Cordilleras," p. 148, ed. 1810.) - -There are many things to connect the mythology of the Gothic nations -with Atlantis; they had, as we have seen, flood legends; their gods -Krodo and Satar were the Chronos and Saturn of Atlantis; their Baal was -the Bel of the Phoenicians, who were closely connected with Poseidon and -Atlas; and, as we shall see hereafter, their language has a distinct -relationship with the tongues of the Arabians, Cushites, Chaldeans, and -Phoenicians. - -CHAPTER V. - -THE PYRAMID, THE CROSS, AND THE GARDEN OF EDEN. - -No fact is better established than the reverence shown to the sign of -the Cross in all the ages prior to Christianity. We cannot do better -than quote from an able article in the Edinburgh Review of July, 1870, -upon this question: - -"From the dawn of organized Paganism in the Eastern world to the final -establishment of Christianity in the Western, the Cross was undoubtedly -one of the commonest and most sacred of symbolical monuments; and, to a -remarkable extent, it is so still in almost every land where that of -Calvary is unrecognized or unknown. Apart from any distinctions of -social or intellectual superiority, of caste, color, nationality, or -location in either hemisphere, it appears to have been the aboriginal -possession of every people in antiquity--the elastic girdle, so to say, -which embraced the most widely separated heathen communities--the most -significant token of a universal brotherhood, to which all the families -of mankind were severally and irresistibly drawn, and by which their -common descent was emphatically expressed, or by means of which each and -all preserved, amid every vicissitude of fortune, a knowledge of the -primeval happiness and dignity of their species. Where authentic history -is silent on the subject, the material relics of past and long since -forgotten races are not wanting to confirm and strengthen this -supposition. Diversified forms of the symbol are delineated more or less -artistically, according to the progress achieved in civilization at the -period, on the ruined walls of temples and palaces, on natural rocks and -sepulchral galleries, on the hoariest monoliths and the rudest statuary; -on coins, medals, and vases of every description; and, in not a few -instances, are preserved in the architectural proportions of -subterranean as well as superterranean structures, of tumuli as well as -fanes. The extraordinary sanctity attaching to the symbol, in every age -and under every variety of circumstance, justified any expenditure -incurred in its fabrication or embellishment; hence the most persistent -labor, the most consummate ingenuity, were lavished upon it. Populations -of essentially different culture, tastes, and pursuits--the -highly-civilized and the demi-civilized, the settled and nomadic--vied -with each other in their efforts to extend the knowledge of its -exceptional import and virtue among their latest posterities. The -marvellous rock-hewn caves of Elephanta and Ellora, and the stately -temples of Mathura and Terputty, in the East, may be cited as -characteristic examples of one laborious method of exhibiting it; and -the megalithic structures of Callernish and Newgrange, in the West, of -another; while a third may be instanced in the great temple at Mitzla, -'the City of the Moon,' in Ojaaca, Central America, also excavated in -the living rock, and manifesting the same stupendous labor and ingenuity -as are observable in the cognate caverns of Salsette--of endeavors, we -repeat, made by peoples as intellectually as geographically distinct, -and followers withal of independent and unassociated deities, to magnify -and perpetuate some grand primeval symbol.... - -"Of the several varieties of the Cross still in vogue, as national or -ecclesiastical emblems, in this and other European states, and -distinguished by the familiar appellations of St. George, St. Andrew, -the Maltese, the Greek, the Latin, etc., etc., there is not one among -them the existence of which may not be traced to the remotest antiquity. -They were the common property of the Eastern nations. No revolution or -other casualty has wrought any perceptible difference in their several -forms or delineations; they have passed from one hemisphere to the other -intact; have survived dynasties, empires, and races; have been borne on -the crest of each successive wave of Aryan population in its course -toward the West; and, having been reconsecrated in later times by their -lineal descendants, are still recognized as military and national badges -of distinction.... - -"Among the earliest known types is the crux ansata, vulgarly called 'the -key of the Nile,' because of its being found sculptured or otherwise -represented so frequently upon Egyptian and Coptic monuments. It has, -however, a very much older and more sacred signification than this. It -was the symbol of symbols, the mystical Tau, 'the hidden wisdom,' not -only of the ancient Egyptians but also of the Chaldeans, Phoenicians, -Mexicans, Peruvians, and of every other ancient people commemorated in -history, in either hemisphere, and is formed very similarly to our -letter T, with a roundlet, or oval, placed immediately above it. Thus it -was figured on the gigantic emerald or glass statue of Serapis, which -was transported (293 B.C.) by order of Ptolemy Soter from Sinope, on the -southern shores of the Black Sea, re-erected within that famous -labyrinth which encompassed the banks of Lake Moeris, and destroyed by -the victorious army of Theodosius (A.D. 389), despite the earnest -entreaties of the Egyptian priesthood to spare it, because it was the -emblem of their god and of 'the life to come.' Sometimes, as may be seen -on the breast of an Egyptian mummy in the museum of the London -University, the simple T only is planted on the frustum of a cone; and -sometimes it is represented as springing from a heart; in the first -instance signifying goodness; in the second, hope or expectation of -reward. As in the oldest temples and catacombs of Egypt, so this type -likewise abounds in the ruined cities of Mexico and Central America, -graven as well upon the most ancient cyclopean and polygonal walls as -upon the more modern and perfect examples of masonry; and is displayed -in an equally conspicuous manner upon the breasts of innumerable bronze -statuettes which have been recently disinterred from the cemetery of -Juigalpa (of unknown antiquity) in Nicaragua." - -When the Spanish missionaries first set foot upon the soil of America, -in the fifteenth century, they were amazed to find the Cross was as -devoutly worshipped by the red Indians as by themselves, and were in -doubt whether to ascribe the fact to the pious labors of St. Thomas or -to the cunning device of the Evil One. The hallowed symbol challenged -their attention on every hand and in almost every variety of form. It -appeared on the bass-reliefs of ruined and deserted as well as on those -of inhabited palaces, and was the most conspicuous ornament in the great -temple of Gozumel, off the coast of Yucatan. According to the particular -locality, and the purpose which it served, it was formed of various -materials--of marble and gypsum in the open spaces of cities and by the -way-side; of wood in the teocallis or chapels on pyramidal summits and -in subterranean sanctuaries; and of emerald or jasper in the palaces of -kings and nobles. - -When we ask the question how it comes that the sign of the Cross has -thus been reverenced from the highest antiquity by the races of the Old -and New Worlds, we learn that it is a reminiscence of the Garden of -Eden, in other words, of Atlantis. - -Professor Hardwicke says: - -"All these and similar traditions are but mocking satires of the old -Hebrew story--jarred and broken notes of the same strain; but with all -their exaggerations they intimate how in the background of man's vision -lay a paradise of holy joy--a paradise secured from every kind of -profanation, and made inaccessible to the guilty; a paradise full of -objects that were calculated to delight the senses and to elevate the -mind, a paradise that granted to its tenant rich and rare immunities, and -that fed with its perennial streams the tree of life and immortality." - -To quote again from the writer in the Edinburgh Review, already cited; - -"Its undoubted antiquity, no less than its extraordinary diffusion, -evidences that it must have been, as it may be said to be still in -unchristianized lands, emblematical of some fundamental doctrine or -mystery. The reader will not have failed to observe that it is most -usually associated with water; it was 'the key of the Nile,' that -mystical instrument by means of which, in the popular judgment of his -Egyptian devotees, Osiris produced the annual revivifying inundations of -the sacred stream; it is discernible in that mysterious pitcher or vase -portrayed on the brazen table of Bembus, before-mentioned, with its four -lips discharging as many streams of water in opposite directions; it was -the emblem of the water-deities of the Babylonians in the East and of -the Gothic nations in the West, as well as that of the rain-deities -respectively of the mixed population in America. We have seen with what -peculiar rites the symbol was honored by those widely separated races in -the western hemisphere; and the monumental slabs of Nineveh, now in the -museums of London and Paris, show us how it was similarly honored by the -successors of the Chaldees in the eastern.... - - ANCIENT IRISH CROSS--PRE-CHRISTIAN--KILNABOY. - -"In Egypt, Assyria, and Britain it was emblematical of creative power -and eternity; in India, China, and Scandinavia, of heaven and -immortality; in the two Americas, of rejuvenescence and freedom from -physical suffering; while in both hemispheres it was the common symbol -of the resurrection, or 'the sign of the life to come;' and, finally, in -all heathen communities, without exception, it was the emphatic type, -the sole enduring evidence, of the Divine Unity. This circumstance alone -determines its extreme antiquity--an antiquity, in all likelihood, long -antecedent to the foundation of either of the three great systems of -religion in the East. And, lastly, we have seen how, as a rule, it is -found in conjunction with a stream or streams of water, with exuberant -vegetation, and with a hill or a mountainous region--in a word, with a -land of beauty, fertility, and joy. Thus it was expressed upon those -circular and sacred cakes of the Egyptians, composed of the richest -materials--of flour, of honey, of milk--and with which the serpent and -bull, as well as other reptiles and beasts consecrated to the service of -Isis and their higher divinities, were daily fed; and upon certain -festivals were eaten with extraordinary ceremony by the people and their -priests. 'The cross-cake,' says Sir Gardner Wilkinson, 'was their -hieroglyph for civilized land;' obviously a land superior to their own, -as it was, indeed, to all other mundane territories; for it was that -distant, traditional country of sempiternal contentment and repose, of -exquisite delight and serenity, where Nature, unassisted by man, -produces all that is necessary for his sustentation." - -And this land was the Garden of Eden of our race. This was the Olympus -of the Greeks, where - - "This same mild season gives the blooms to blow, - The buds to harden and the fruits to grow." - -In the midst of it was a sacred and glorious eminence--the umbilicus -orbis terrarum--"toward which the heathen in all parts of the world, and -in all ages, turned a wistful gaze in every act of devotion, and to -which they hoped to be admitted, or, rather, to be restored, at the -close of this transitory scene." - -In this "glorious eminence" do we not see Plato's mountain in the middle -of Atlantis, as he describes it: - -"Near the plain and in the centre of the island there was a mountain, -not very high on any side. In this mountain there dwelt one of the -earth-born primeval men of that country, whose name was Evenor, and he -had a wife named Leucippe, and they had an only daughter, who was named -Cleito. Poseidon married her. He enclosed the hill in which she dwelt -all around, making alternate zones of sea and land, larger and smaller, -encircling one another; there were two of land and three of water ... -so that no man could get to the island.... He brought streams of -water under the earth to this mountain-island, and made all manner of -food to grow upon it. This island became the seat of Atlas, the -over-king of the whole island; upon it they built the great temple of -their nation; they continued to ornament it in successive generations, -every king surpassing the one who came before him to the utmost of his -power, until they made the building a marvel to behold for size and -beauty.... And they had such an amount of wealth as was never before -possessed by kings and potentates--as is not likely ever to be again." - -The gardens of Alcinous and Laertes, of which we read in Homeric song, -and those of Babylon, were probably transcripts of Atlantis. "The sacred -eminence in the midst of a superabundant, happy region figures more or -less distinctly in almost every mythology, ancient or modern. It was the -Mesomphalos of the earlier Greeks, and the Omphalium of the Cretans, -dominating the Elysian fields, upon whose tops, bathed in pure, -brilliant, incomparable light, the gods passed their days in ceaseless -joys." - -"The Buddhists and Brahmans, who together constitute nearly half the -population of the world, tell us that the decussated figure (the cross), -whether in a simple or a complex form, symbolizes the traditional happy -abode of their primeval ancestors--that 'Paradise of Eden toward the -East,' as we find expressed in the Hebrew. And, let us ask, what better -picture, or more significant characters, in the complicated alphabet of -symbolism, could have been selected for the purpose than a circle and a -cross: the one to denote a region of absolute purity and perpetual -felicity; the other, those four perennial streams that divided and -watered the several quarters of it?" (Edinburgh Review, January, 1870.) - -And when we turn to the mythology of the Greeks, we find that the origin -of the world was ascribed to Okeanos, the ocean. The world was at first -an island surrounded by the ocean, as by a great stream: - -"It was a region of wonders of all kinds; Okeanos lived there with his -wife Tethys: these were the Islands of the Blessed, the gardens of the -gods, the sources of nectar and ambrosia, on which the gods lived. -Within this circle of water the earth lay spread out like a disk, with -mountains rising from it, and the vault of heaven appearing to rest upon -its outer edge all around." (Murray's "Mannal of Mythology," pp. 23, 24, -et seq.) - -On the mountains dwelt the gods; they had palaces on these mountains, -with store-rooms, stabling, etc. - -"The Gardens of the Hesperides, with their golden apples, were believed -to exist in some island of the ocean, or, as it was sometimes thought, -in the islands off the north or west coast of Africa. They were far -famed in antiquity; for it was there that springs of nectar flowed by -the couch of Zeus, and there that the earth displayed the rarest -blessings of the gods; it was another Eden." (Ibid., p. 156.) - -Homer described it in these words: - - "Stern winter smiles on that auspicious clime, - The fields are florid with unfading prime, - From the bleak pole no winds inclement blow. - Mould the round hail, or flake the fleecy snow; - But from the breezy deep the blessed inhale - The fragrant murmurs of the western gale." - -"It was the sacred Asgard of the Scandinavians, springing from the -centre of a fruitful land, which was watered by four primeval rivers of -milk, severally flowing in the direction of the cardinal points, 'the -abode of happiness, and the height of bliss.' It is the Tien-Chan, 'the -celestial mountain-land, ... the enchanted gardens' of the Chinese and -Tartars, watered by the four perennial fountains of Tychin, or -Immortality; it is the hill-encompassed Ilá of the Singhalese and -Thibetians, 'the everlasting dwelling-place of the wise and just.' It is -the Sineru of the Buddhist, on the summit of which is Tawrutisa, the -habitation of Sekrá, the supreme god, from which proceed the four sacred -streams, running in as many contrary directions. - -It is the Slávratta, 'the celestial earth,' of the Hindoo, the summit of -his golden mountain Meru, the city of Brahma, in the centre of -Jambadwípa, and from the four sides of which gush forth the four -primeval rivers, reflecting in their passage the colorific glories of -their source, and severally flowing northward, southward, eastward, and -westward." - -It is the Garden of Eden of the Hebrews: - -"And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put -the man whom he had formed. And out of the ground made the Lord God to -grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the -tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge -of good and evil. And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and -from thence it was parted, and became into four heads. The name of the -first is Pison; that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, -where there is gold; and the gold of that land is good: there is -bdellium and the onyx stone. And the name of the second river is Gihon: -the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia. And the name -of the third river is Hiddekel: that is it which goeth toward the east -of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates. And the Lord God took the -man and put him into the Garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it." -(Gen. ii., 8-1-5.) - -As the four rivers named in Genesis are not branches of any one stream, -and head in very different regions, it is evident that there was an -attempt, on the part of the writer of the Book, to adapt an ancient -tradition concerning another country to the known features of the region -in which he dwelt. - -Josephus tells us (chap. i., p. 41), "Now the garden (of Eden) was -watered by one river, which ran round about the whole earth, and was -parted into four parts." Here in the four parts we see the origin of the -Cross, while in the river running around the whole earth we have the -wonderful canal of Atlantis, described by Plato, which was "carried -around the whole of the plain," and received the streams which came down -from the mountains. The streams named by Josephus would seem to -represent the migrations of people from Atlantis to its colonies. -"Phison," he tells us, "denotes a multitude; it ran into India; the -Euphrates and Tigris go down into the Red Sea while the Geon runs -through Egypt." - -We are further told (chap. ii., p. 42) that when Cain, after the murder -of Abel, left the land of Adam, "he travelled over many countries" -before he reached the land of Nod; and the land of Nod was to the -eastward of Adam's home. In other words, the original seat of mankind -was in the West, that is to say, in the direction of Atlantis. Wilson -tells us that the Aryans of India believed that they originally came -"from the West." Thus the nations on the west of the Atlantic look to -the east for their place of origin; while on the east of the Atlantic -they look to the west: thus all the lines of tradition converge upon -Atlantis. - -But here is the same testimony that in the Garden of Eden there were -four rivers radiating from one parent stream. And these four rivers, as -we have seen, we find in the Scandinavian traditions, and in the legends -of the Chinese, the Tartars, the Singhalese, the Thibetians, the -Buddhists, the Hebrews, and the Brahmans. - -And not only do we find this tradition of the Garden of Eden in the Old -World, but it meets us also among the civilized races of America. The -elder Montezuma said to Cortez, "Our fathers dwelt in that happy and -prosperous place which they called Aztlan, which means whiteness.... -In this place there is a great mountain in the middle of the water which -is called Culhuacan, because it has the point somewhat turned over -toward the bottom; and for this cause it is called Culhuacan, which -means 'crooked mountain.'" He then proceeds to describe the charms of -this favored land, abounding in birds, game, fish, trees, "fountains -enclosed with elders and junipers, and alder-trees both large and -beautiful." The people planted "maize, red peppers, tomatoes, beans, and -all kinds of plants, in furrows." - -Here we have the same mountain in the midst of the water which Plato -describes--the same mountain to which all the legends of the most -ancient races of Europe refer. - -The inhabitants of Aztlan were boatmen. (Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. -v., p. 325.) E. G. Squier, in his "Notes on Central America," p. 349, -says, "It is a significant fact that in the map of their migrations, -presented by Gemelli, the place of the origin of the Aztecs is -designated by the sign of water, Atl standing for Atzlan, a pyramidal -temple with grades, and near these a palm-tree." This circumstance did -not escape the attention of Humboldt, who says, "I am astonished at -finding a palm-tree near this teocalli. This tree certainly does not -indicate a northern origin.... The possibility that an unskilful -artist should unintentionally represent a tree of which he had no -knowledge is so great, that any argument dependent on it hangs upon a -slender thread." ("North Americans of Antiquity," p. 266.) - -The Miztecs, a tribe dwelling on the outskirts of Mexico, had a -tradition that the gods, "in the day of obscurity and darkness," built -"a sumptuous palace, a masterpiece of skill, in which they made their -abode upon a mountain. The rock was called 'The Place of Heaven;' there -the gods first abode on earth, living many years in great rest and -content, as in a happy and delicious land, though the world still lay in -obscurity and darkness. The children of these gods made to themselves a -garden, in which they put many trees, and fruit-trees, and flowers, and -roses, and odorous herbs. Subsequently there came a great deluge, in -which many of the sons and daughters of the gods perished." (Bancroft's -"Native Races," vol. iii., p. 71.) Here we have a distinct reference to -Olympus, the Garden of Plato, and the destruction of Atlantis. - -And in Plato's account of Atlantis we have another description of the -Garden of Eden and the Golden Age of the world: - -"Also, whatever fragrant things there are in the earth, whether roots, -or herbage, or woods, or distilling drops of flowers and fruits, grew -and thrived in that land; and again the cultivated fruits of the earth, -both the edible fruits and other species of food which we call by the -name of legumes, and the fruits having a hard rind, affording drinks and -meats and ointments ... all these that sacred island, lying beneath -the sun, brought forth in abundance.... For many generations, as long -as the divine nature lasted in them, they were obedient to the laws, and -well affectioned toward the gods, who were their kinsmen; for they -possessed true and in every way great spirits, practising gentleness and -wisdom in the various chances of life, and in their intercourse with one -another. They despised everything but virtue, not caring for their -present state of life, and thinking lightly of the possession of gold -and other property, which seemed only a burden to them; neither were -they intoxicated by luxury; nor did wealth deprive them of their -self-control; but they were sober, and saw clearly that all these goods -were increased by virtuous friendship with one another, and that by -excessive zeal for them, and honor of them, the good of them is lost, -and friendship perishes with them." - -All this cannot be a mere coincidence; it points to a common tradition -of a veritable land, where four rivers flowed down in opposite -directions from a central mountain-peak. And these four rivers, flowing -to the north, south, east, and west, constitute the origin of that sign -of the Cross which we have seen meeting us at every point among the -races who were either descended from the people of Atlantis, or who, by -commerce and colonization, received their opinions and civilization from -them. - -Let us look at the question of the identity of the Garden of Eden with -Atlantis from another point of view: - -If the alphabet of the Phoenicians is kindred with the Maya alphabet, as -I think is clear, then the Phoenicians were of the same race, or of some -race with which the Mayas were connected; in other words, they were from -Atlantis. - -Now we know that the Phoenicians and Hebrews were of the same stock, used -the same alphabet, and spoke almost precisely the same language. - -The Phoenicians preserved traditions, which have come down to us in the -writings, of Sanchoniathon, of all the great essential inventions or -discoveries which underlie civilization. The first two human beings, -they tell us, were Protogonos and Aion (Adam and 'Havath), who produce -Genos and Genea (Qên and Qênath), from whom again are descended three -brothers, named Phos, Phur, and Phlox (Light, Fire, and Flame), because -they "have discovered how to produce fire by the friction of two pieces -of wood, and have taught the use of this element." In another fragment, -at the origin of the human race we see in succession the fraternal -couples of Autochthon and Technites (Adam and Quen--Cain?), inventors of -the manufacture of bricks; Agros and Agrotes (Sade and Cêd), fathers of -the agriculturists and hunters; then Amynos and Magos, "who taught to -dwell in villages and rear flocks." - -The connection between these Atlantean traditions and the Bible record -is shown in many things. For instance, "the Greek text, in expressing -the invention of Amynos, uses the words kw'mas kai` poi'mnas, which are -precisely the same as the terms ôhel umiqneh, which the Bible uses in -speaking of the dwellings of the descendants of Jabal (Gen., chap. iv., -v. 20). In like manner Lamech, both in the signification of his name and -also in the savage character attributed to him by the legend attached to -his memory, is a true synonyme of Agrotes." - -"And the title of A?lh~tai, given to Agros and Agrotes in the Greek of -the Phoenician history, fits in wonderfully with the physiognomy of the -race of the Cainites in the Bible narrative, whether we take a?lh~tai -simply as a Hellenized transcription of the Semitic Elim, 'the strong, -the mighty,' or whether we take it in its Greek acceptation, 'the -wanderers;' for such is the destiny of Cain and his race according to -the very terms of the condemnation which was inflicted upon him after -his crime (Gen. iv., 14), and this is what is signified by the name of -his grandson 'Yirad. Only, in Sanchoniathon the genealogy does not end -with Amynos and Magos, as that of the Cainites in the Bible does with -the three sons of Lamech. These two personages are succeeded by Misôr -and Sydyk, 'the released and the just,' as Sanchoniathon translates -them, but rather the 'upright and the just' (Mishôr and Çüdüq), 'who -invent the use of salt.' To Misôr is born Taautos (Taût), to whom we owe -letters; and to Sydyk the Cabiri or Corybantes, the institutors of -navigation." (Lenormant, "Genealogies between Adam and the Deluge." -Contemporary Review, April, 1880.) - -We have, also, the fact that the Phoenician name for their goddess -Astynome (Ashtar No'emâ), whom the Greeks called Nemaun, was the same as -the name of the sister of the three sons of Lamech, as given in -Genesis--Na'emah, or Na'amah. - -If, then, the original seat of the Hebrews and Phoenicians was the Garden -of Eden, to the west of Europe, and if the Phoenicians are shown to be -connected, through their alphabets, with the Central Americans, who -looked to an island in the sea, to the eastward, as their -starting-point, the conclusion becomes irresistible that Atlantis and -the Garden of Eden were one and the same. - -The Pyramid.--Not only are the Cross and the Garden of Eden identified -with Atlantis, but in Atlantis, the habitation of the gods, we find the -original model of all those pyramids which extend from India to Peru. - -This singular architectural construction dates back far beyond the birth -of history. In the Purânas of the Hindoos we read of pyramids long -anterior in time to any which have survived to our day. Cheops was -preceded by a countless host of similar erections which have long since -mouldered into ruins. - -If the reader will turn to page 104 of this work he will see, in the -midst of the picture of Aztlan, the starting-point of the Aztecs, -according to the Botturini pictured writing, a pyramid with worshippers -kneeling before it. - -Fifty years ago Mr. Faber, in his "Origin of Pagan Idolatry," placed -artificial tumuli, pyramids, and pagodas in the same category, -conceiving that all were transcripts of the holy mountain which was -generally supposed to have stood in the centre of Eden; or, rather, as -intimated in more than one place by the Psalmist, the garden itself was -situated on an eminence. (Psalms, chap. iii., v. 4, and chap. lxviii., -vs. 15, 16, 18.) - -The pyramid is one of the marvellous features of that problem which -confronts us everywhere, and which is insoluble without Atlantis. - -The Arabian traditions linked the pyramid with the Flood. In a -manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, and translated by Dr. -Sprenger, Abou Balkhi says: - -"The wise men, previous to the Flood, foreseeing an impending Judgment -from heaven, either by submersion or fire, which would destroy every -created thing, built upon the tops of the mountains in Upper Egypt many -pyramids of stone, in order to have some refuge against the approaching -calamity. Two of these buildings exceeded the rest in height, being four -hundred cubits high and as many broad and as many long. They were built -with large blocks of marble, and they were so well put together that the -joints were scarcely perceptible. Upon the exterior of the building -every charm and wonder of physic was inscribed." - -This tradition locates these monster structures upon the mountains of -Upper Egypt, but there are no buildings of such dimensions to be found -anywhere in Egypt. Is it not probable that we have here another -reference to the great record preserved in the land of the Deluge? Were -not the pyramids of Egypt and America imitations of similar structures -in Atlantis? Might not the building of such a gigantic edifice have -given rise to the legends existing on both continents in regard to a -Tower of Babel? - -How did the human mind hit upon this singular edifice--the pyramid? By -what process of development did it reach it? Why should these -extraordinary structures crop out on the banks of the Nile, and amid the -forests and plains of America? And why, in both countries, should they -stand with their sides square to the four cardinal points of the -compass? Are they in this, too, a reminiscence of the Cross, and of the -four rivers of Atlantis that ran to the north, south, east, and west? - -"There is yet a third combination that demands a specific notice. The -decussated symbol is not unfrequently planted upon what Christian -archæologists designate 'a calvary,' that is, upon a mount or a cone. -Thus it is represented in both hemispheres. The megalithic structure of -Callernish, in the island of Lewis before mentioned, is the most perfect -example of the practice extant in Europe. The mount is preserved to this -day. This, to be brief, was the recognized conventional mode of -expressing a particular primitive truth or mystery from the days of the -Chaldeans to those of the Gnostics, or from one extremity of the -civilized world to the other. It is seen in the treatment of the ash -Yggdrasill of the Scandinavians, as well as in that of the Bo-tree of -the Buddhists. The prototype was not the Egyptian, but the Babylonian -crux ansata, the lower member of which constitutes a conical support for -the oval or sphere above it. With the Gnostics, who occupied the -debatable ground between primitive Christianity and philosophic -paganism, and who inscribed it upon their tombs, the cone symbolized -death as well as life. In every heathen mythology it was the universal -emblem of the goddess or mother of heaven, by whatsoever name she was -addressed--whether as Mylitta, Astarte, Aphrodite, Isis, Mata, or Venus; -and the several eminences consecrated to her worship were, like those -upon which Jupiter was originally adored, of a conical or pyramidal -shape. This, too, is the ordinary form of the altars dedicated to the -Assyrian god of fertility. In exceptional instances the cone is -introduced upon one or the other of the sides, or is distinguishable in -the always accompanying mystical tree." (Edinburgh Review, July, 1870.) - -If the reader will again turn to page 104 of this work he will see that -the tree appears on the top of the pyramid or mountain in both the Aztec -representations of Aztlan, the original island-home of the Central -American races. - -The writer just quoted believes that Mr. Faber is correct in his opinion -that the pyramid is a transcript of the sacred mountain which stood in -the midst of Eden, the Olympus of Atlantis. He adds: - -"Thomas Maurice, who is no mean authority, held the same view. He -conceived the use to which pyramids in particular were anciently applied -to have been threefold--namely, as tombs, temples, and observatories; and -this view he labors to establish in the third volume of his 'Indian -Antiquities.' Now, whatever may be their actual date, or with whatsoever -people they may have originated, whether in Africa or Asia, in the lower -valley of the Nile or in the plains of Chaldea, the pyramids of Egypt -were unquestionably destined to very opposite purposes. According to -Herodotus, they were introduced by the Hyksos; and Proclus, the Platonic -philosopher, connects them with the science of astronomy--a science -which, he adds, the Egyptians derived from the Chaldeans. Hence we may -reasonably infer that they served as well for temples for planetary -worship as for observatories. Subsequently to the descent of the -shepherds, their hallowed precincts were invaded by royalty, from -motives of pride and superstition; and the principal chamber in each was -used as tombs." - -The pyramidal imitations, dear to the hearts of colonists of the sacred -mountain upon which their gods dwelt, was devoted, as perhaps the -mountain itself was, to sun and fire worship. The same writer says: - -"That Sabian worship once extensively prevailed in the New World is a -well-authenticated fact; it is yet practised to some extent by the -wandering tribes on the Northern continent, and was the national -religion of the Peruvians at the time of the Conquest. That it was also -the religion of their more highly civilized predecessors on the soil, -south of the equator more especially, is evidenced by the remains of -fire-altars, both round and square, scattered about the shores of lakes -Umayu and Titicaca, and which are the counterparts of the Gueber dokh -mehs overhanging the Caspian Sea. Accordingly, we find, among these and -other vestiges of antiquity that indissolubly connected those long-since -extinct populations in the New with the races of the Old World, the -well-defined symbol of the Maltese Cross. On the Mexican feroher before -alluded to, and which is most elaborately carved in bass-relief on a -massive piece of polygonous granite, constituting a portion of a -cyclopean wall, the cross is enclosed within the ring, and accompanying -it are four tassel-like ornaments, graved equally well. Those -accompaniments, however, are disposed without any particular regard to -order, but the four arms of the cross, nevertheless, severally and -accurately point to the cardinal quarters. The same regularity is -observable on a much smaller but not less curious monument, which was -discovered some time since in an ancient Peruvian huaca or -catacomb--namely, a syrinx or pandean pipe, cut out of a solid mass of -lapis ollaris, the sides of which are profusely ornamented, not only -with Maltese crosses, but also with other symbols very similar in style -to those inscribed on the obelisks of Egypt and on the monoliths of this -country. The like figure occurs on the equally ancient Otrusco black -pottery. But by far the most remarkable example of this form of the -Cross in the New World is that which appears on a second type of the -Mexican feroher, engraved on a tablet of gypsum, and which is described -at length by its discoverer, Captain du Paix, and depicted by his -friend, M. Baradère. Here the accompaniments--a shield, a hamlet, and a -couple of bead-annulets or rosaries--are, with a single exception, -identical in even the minutest particular with an Assyrian monument -emblematical of the Deity.... - -"No country in the world can compare with India for the exposition of -the pyramidal cross. There the stupendous labors of Egypt are rivalled, -and sometimes surpassed. Indeed, but for the fact of such monuments of -patient industry and unexampled skill being still in existence, the -accounts of some others which have long since disappeared, having -succumbed to the ravages of time and the fury of the bigoted Mussulman, -would sound in our ears as incredible as the story of Porsenna's tomb, -which 'o'ertopped old Pelion,' and made 'Ossa like a wart.' Yet -something not very dissimilar in character to it was formerly the boast -of the ancient city of Benares, on the banks of the Ganges. We allude to -the great temple of Bindh Madhu, which was demolished in the seventeenth -century by the Emperor Aurungzebe. Tavernier, the French baron, who -travelled thither about the year 1680, has preserved a brief description -of it. The body of the temple was constructed in the figure of a -colossal cross (i. e., a St. Andrew's Cross), with a lofty dome at the -centre, above which rose a massive structure of a pyramidal form. At the -four extremities of the cross there were four other pyramids of -proportionate dimensions, and which were ascended from the outside by -steps, with balconies at stated distances for places of rest, reminding -us of the temple of Belus, as described in the pages of Herodotus. The -remains of a similar building are found at Mhuttra, on the banks of the -Jumna. This and many others, including the subterranean temple at -Elephanta and the caverns of Ellora and Salsette, are described at -length in the well-known work by Maurice; who adds that, besides these, -there was yet another device in which the Hindoo displayed the -all-pervading sign; this was by pyramidal towers placed crosswise. At -the famous temple of Chillambrum, on the Coromandel coast, there were -seven lofty walls, one within the other, round the central quadrangle, -and as many pyramidal gate-ways in the midst of each side which forms -the limbs of a vast cross." - -In Mexico pyramids were found everywhere. Cortez, in a letter to Charles -V., states that he counted four hundred of them at Cholula. Their -temples were on those "high-places." The most ancient pyramids in Mexico -are at Teotihuacan, eight leagues from the city of Mexico; the two -largest were dedicated to the sun and moon respectively, each built of -cut stone, with a level area at the summit, and four stages leading up -to it. The larger one is 680 feet square at the base, about 200 feet -high, and covers an area of eleven acres. The Pyramid of Cholula, -measured by Humboldt, is 160 feet high, 1400 feet square at the base, -and covers forty five acres! The great pyramid of Egypt, Cheops, is 746 -feet square, 450 feet high, and covers between twelve and thirteen -acres. So that it appears that the base of the Teotihuacan structure is -nearly as large as that of Cheops, while that of Cholula covers nearly -four times as much space. The Cheops pyramid, however, exceeds very much -in height both the American structures. - -Señor Garcia y Cubas thinks the pyramids of Teotihuacan (Mexico) were -built for the same purpose as those of Egypt. He considers the analogy -established in eleven particulars, as follows: 1, the site chosen is the -same; 2, the structures are orientated with slight variation; 3, the -line through the centres of the structures is in the astronomical -meridian; 4, the construction in grades and steps is the same; 5, in -both cases the larger pyramids are dedicated to the sun; 6, the Nile has -"a valley of the dead," as in Teotihuacan there is "a street of the -dead;" 7, some monuments in each class have the nature of -fortifications; 8, the smaller mounds are of the same nature and for the -same purpose; 9, both pyramids have a small mound joined to one of their -faces; 10, the openings discovered in the Pyramid of the Moon are also -found in some Egyptian pyramids; 11, the interior arrangements of the -pyramids are analogous. ("Ensayo de un Estudio.") - -It is objected that the American edifices are different in form from the -Egyptian, in that they are truncated, or flattened at the top; but this -is not an universal rule. - -"In many of the ruined cities of Yucatan one or more pyramids have been -found upon the summit of which no traces of any building could be -discovered, although upon surrounding pyramids such structures could be -found. There is also some reason to believe that perfect pyramids have -been found in America. Waldeck found near Palenque two pyramids in a -state of perfect preservation, square at the base, pointed at the top, -and thirty-one feet high, their sides forming equilateral triangles." -(Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. v., p. 58.) - -Bradford thinks that "some of the Egyptian pyramids, and those which -with some reason it has been supposed are the most ancient, are -precisely similar to the Mexican teocalli." ("North Americans of -Antiquity" p. 423.) - -And there is in Egypt another form of pyramid called the mastaba, which, -like the Mexican, was flattened on the top; while in Assyria structures -flattened like the Mexican are found. "In fact," says one writer, "this -form of temple (the flat-topped) has been found from Mesopotamia to the -Pacific Ocean." The Phoenicians also built pyramids. In the thirteenth -century the Dominican Brocard visited the ruins of the Phoenician city of -Mrith or Marathos, and speaks in the strongest terms of admiration of -those pyramids of surprising grandeur, constructed of blocks of stone -from twenty-six to twenty eight feet long, whose thickness exceeded the -stature of a tall man. ("Prehistoric Nations," p. 144.) - -"If," says Ferguson, "we still hesitate to pronounce that there was any -connection between the builders of the pyramids of Suku and Oajaca, or -the temples of Xochialco and Boro Buddor, we must at least allow that -the likeness is startling, and difficult to account for on the theory of -mere accidental coincidence." - - PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT. - -The Egyptian pyramids all stand with their sides to the cardinal points, -while many of the Mexican pyramids do likewise. The Egyptian pyramids -were penetrated by small passage-ways; so were the Mexican. The Pyramid -of Teotihuacan, according to Almarez, has, at a point sixty-nine feet -from the base, a gallery large enough to admit a man crawling on hands -and knees, which extends, inward, on an incline, a distance of twenty -feet, and terminates in two square wells or chambers, each five feet -square and one of them fifteen feet deep. Mr. Löwenstern states, - - PYRAMIDS OF TEOTIHUACAN. - -according to Mr. Bancroft ("Native Races," vol. iv., p. 533), that "the -gallery is one hundred and fifty-seven feet long, increasing in height -to over six feet and a half as it penetrates the pyramid; that the well -is over six feet square, extending (apparently) down to the base and up -to the summit; and that other cross-galleries are blocked up by débris." -In the Pyramid of Cheops there is a similar opening or passage-way -forty-nine feet above the base; it is three feet eleven inches high, and -three feet five and a half inches wide; it leads down a slope to a -sepulchral chamber or well, and connects with other passage-ways leading -up into the body of the pyramid. - - THE GREAT MOUND, NEAR MIAMISBURG, OHIO. - -In both the Egyptian the American pyramids the outside of the structures -was covered with a thick coating of smooth, shining cement. - -Humboldt considered the Pyramid of Cholula of the same type as the -Temple of Jupiter Belus, the pyramids of Meidoun Dachhour, and the group -of Sakkarah, in Egypt. - - GREAT PYRAMID OF XCOCH. - -In both America and Egypt the pyramids were used as places of sepulture; -and it is a remarkable fact that the system of earthworks and mounds, -kindred to the pyramids, is found even in England. Silsbury Hill, at -Avebury, is an artificial mound one hundred and seventy feet high. It is -connected with ramparts, avenues (fourteen hundred and eighty yards -long), circular ditches, and stone circles, almost identical with those -found in the valley of the Mississippi. In Ireland the dead were buried -in vaults of stone, and the earth raised over them in pyramids flattened -on the top. They were called "moats" by the people. We have found the -stone vaults at the base of similar truncated pyramids in Ohio. There -can be no doubt that the pyramid was a developed and perfected mound, -and that the parent form of these curious structures is to be found in -Silsbury Hill, and in the mounds of earth of Central America and the -Mississippi Valley. - -We find the emblem of the Cross in pre-Christian times venerated as a -holy symbol on both sides of the Atlantic; and we find it explained as a -type of the four rivers of the happy island where the civilization of -the race originated. - -We find everywhere among the European and American nations the memory of -an Eden of the race, where the first men dwelt in primeval peace and -happiness, and which was afterward destroyed by water. - -We find the pyramid on both sides of the Atlantic, with its four sides -pointing, like the arms of the Cross, to the four cardinal points--a -reminiscence of Olympus; and in the Aztec representation of Olympos -(Aztlan) we find the pyramid as the central and typical figure. - -Is it possible to suppose all these extraordinary coincidences to be the -result of accident? We might just as well say that the similarities -between the American and English forms of government were not the result -of relationship or descent, but that men placed in similar circumstances -had spontaneously and necessarily reached the same results. - -CHAPTER VI. - -GOLD AND SILVER THE SACRED METALS OF ATLANTIS. - -Money is the instrumentality by which man is lifted above the -limitations of barter. Baron Storch terms it "the marvellous instrument -to which we are indebted for our wealth and civilization." - -It is interesting to inquire into the various articles which have been -used in different countries and ages as money. The following is a table -of some of them: - -Articles of Utility. - - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | India | Cakes of tea. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | China | Pieces of silk. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | Abyssinia | Salt. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | Iceland and Newfoundland | Codfish. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | Illinois (in early days) | Coon-skins. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | Bornoo (Africa) | Cotton shirts. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | Ancient Russia | Skins of wild animals. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | West India Islands (1500) | Cocoa-nuts. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | Massachusetts Indians | Wampum and musket-balls. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | Virginia (1700) | Tobacco. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | British West India Islands | Pins, snuff, and whiskey. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | Central South America | Soap, chocolate, and eggs. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | Ancient Romans | Cattle. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | Ancient Greece | Nails of copper and iron. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | The Lacedemonians | Iron. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | The Burman Empire | Lead. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | Russia (1828 to 1845) | Platinum. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | Rome (under Numa Pompilius) | Wood and leather. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | Rome (under the Cæsars) | Land. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | Carthaginians | Leather. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | Ancient Britons Cattle, | slaves, brass, and iron. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | England (under James II.) | Tin, gun-metal, and pewter. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - | South Sea Islands | Axes and hammers. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ - -Articles of Ornament. - - +-------------------------------+----------------+ - | Ancient Jews | Jewels. | - +-------------------------------+----------------+ - | The Indian Islands and Africa | Cowrie shells, | - +-------------------------------+----------------+ - -Conventional Signs. - - +----------------+----------------------------+ - | Holland (1574) | Pieces of pasteboard. | - +----------------+----------------------------+ - | China (1200) | Bark of the mulberry-tree. | - +----------------+----------------------------+ - -It is evident that every primitive people uses as money those articles -upon which they set the highest value--as cattle, jewels, slaves, salt, -musket-balls, pins, snuff, whiskey, cotton shirts, leather, axes, and -hammers; or those articles for which there was a foreign demand, and -which they could trade off to the merchants for articles of -necessity--as tea, silk, codfish, coonskins, cocoa-nuts, and tobacco. -Then there is a later stage, when the stamp of the government is -impressed upon paper, wood, pasteboard, or the bark of trees, and these -articles are given a legal-tender character. - -When a civilized nation comes in contact with a barbarous people they -seek to trade with them for those things which they need; a -metal-working people, manufacturing weapons of iron or copper, will seek -for the useful metals, and hence we find iron, copper, tin, and lead -coming into use as a standard of values--as money; for they can always -be converted into articles of use and weapons of war. But when we ask -how it chanced that gold and silver came to be used as money, and why it -is that gold is regarded as so much more valuable than silver, no answer -presents itself. It was impossible to make either of them into pots or -pans, swords or spears; they were not necessarily more beautiful than -glass or the combinations of tin and copper. Nothing astonished the -American races more than the extraordinary value set upon gold and -silver by the Spaniards; they could not understand it. A West Indian -savage traded a handful of gold-dust with one of the sailors -accompanying Columbus for some tool, and then ran for his life to the -woods lest the sailor should repent his bargain and call him back. The -Mexicans had coins of tin shaped like a letter T. We can understand -this, for tin was necessary to them in hardening their bronze -implements, and it may have been the highest type of metallic value -among them. A round copper coin with a serpent stamped on it was found -at Palenque, and T-shaped copper coins are very abundant in the ruins of -Central America. This too we can understand, for copper was necessary in -every work of art or utility. - -All these nations were familiar with gold and silver, but they used them -as sacred metals for the adornment of the temples of the sun and moon. -The color of gold was something of the color of the sun's rays, while -the color of silver resembled the pale light of the moon, and hence they -were respectively sacred to the gods of the sun and moon. And this is -probably the origin of the comparative value of these metals: they -became the precious metals because they were the sacred metals, and gold -was more valuable than silver--just as the sun-god was the great god of -the nations, while the mild moon was simply an attendant upon the sun. - -The Peruvians called gold "the tears wept by the sun." It was not used -among the people for ornament or money. The great temple of the sun at -Cuzco was called the "Place of Gold." It was, as I have shown, literally -a mine of gold. Walls, cornices, statuary, plate, ornaments, all were of -gold; the very ewers, pipes, and aqueducts--even the agricultural -implements used in the garden of the temple--were of gold and silver. -The value of the jewels which adorned the temple was equal to one -hundred and eighty millions of dollars! The riches of the kingdom can be -conceived when we remember that from a pyramid in Chimu a Spanish -explorer named Toledo took, in 1577, $4,450,284 in gold and silver. -("New American Cyclopædia," art. American Antiquities.) The gold and -silver of Peru largely contributed to form the metallic currency upon -which Europe has carried on her commerce during the last three hundred -years. - -Gold and silver were not valued in Peru for any intrinsic usefulness; -they were regarded as sacred because reserved for the two great gods of -the nation. As we find gold and silver mined and worked on both sides of -the Atlantic at the earliest periods of recorded history, we may fairly -conclude that they were known to the Atlanteans; and this view is -confirmed by the statements of Plato, who represents a condition of -things in Atlantis exactly like that which Pizarro found in Peru. -Doubtless the vast accumulations of gold and silver in both countries -were due to the fact that these metals were not permitted to be used by -the people. In Peru the annual taxes of the people were paid to the Inca -in part in gold and silver from the mines, and they were used to -ornament the temples; and thus the work of accumulating the sacred -metals went on from generation to generation. The same process doubtless -led to the vast accumulations in the temples of Atlantis, as described -by Plato. - -Now, as the Atlanteans carried on an immense commerce with all the -countries of Europe and Western Asia, they doubtless inquired and traded -for gold and silver for the adornment of their temples, and they thus -produced a demand for and gave a value to the two metals otherwise -comparatively useless to man--a value higher than any other commodity -which the people could offer their civilized customers; and as the -reverence for the great burning orb of the sun, master of all the -manifestations of nature, was tenfold as great as the veneration for the -smaller, weaker, and variable goddess of the night, so was the demand -for the metal sacred to the sun ten times as great as for the metal -sacred to the moon. This view is confirmed by the fact that the root of -the word by which the Celts, the Greeks, and the Romans designated gold -was the Sanscrit word karat, which means, "the color of the sun." Among -the Assyrians gold and silver were respectively consecrated to the sun and -moon precisely as they were in Peru. A pyramid belonging to the palace -of Nineveh is referred to repeatedly in the inscriptions. It was -composed of seven stages, equal in height, and each one smaller in area -than the one beneath it; each stage was covered with stucco of different -colors, "a different color representing each of the heavenly bodies, the -least important being at the base: white (Venus); black (Saturn); purple -(Jupiter); blue (Mercury); vermillion (Mars); silver (the Moon); and -gold (the Sun)." (Lenormant's "Ancient History of the East," vol. i., p. -463.) "In England, to this day the new moon is saluted with a bow or a -courtesy, as well as the curious practice of 'turning one's silver,' -which seems a relic of the offering of the moon's proper metal." -(Tylor's "Anthropology", p. 361.) The custom of wishing, when one first -sees the new moon, is probably a survival of moon-worship; the wish -taking the place of the prayer. - -And thus has it come to pass that, precisely as the physicians of -Europe, fifty years ago, practised bleeding, because for thousands of -years their savage ancestors had used it to draw away the evil spirits -out of the man, so the business of our modern civilization is dependent -upon the superstition of a past civilization, and the bankers of the -world are to-day perpetuating the adoration of "the tears wept by the -sun" which was commenced ages since on the island of Atlantis. - -And it becomes a grave question--when we remember that the rapidly -increasing business of the world, consequent upon an increasing -population, and a civilization advancing with giant steps, is measured -by the standard of a currency limited by natural laws, decreasing -annually in production, and incapable of expanding proportionately to -the growth of the world--whether this Atlantean superstition may not yet -inflict more incalculable injuries on mankind than those which resulted -from the practice of phlebotomy. - -PART V. - -THE COLONIES OF ATLANTIS. - -CHAPTER I. - -THE CENTRAL AMERICAN AND MEXICAN COLONIES. - -The western shores of Atlantis were not far distant from the West India -Islands; a people possessed of ships could readily pass from island to -island until they reached the continent. Columbus found the natives -making such voyages in open canoes. If, then, we will suppose that there -was no original connection between the inhabitants of the main-land and -of Atlantis, the commercial activity of the Atlanteans would soon reveal -to them the shores of the Gulf. Commerce implies the plantation of -colonies; the trading-post is always the nucleus of a settlement; we -have seen this illustrated in modern times in the case of the English -East India Company and the Hudson Bay Company. We can therefore readily -believe that commercial intercourse between Atlantis and Yucatan, -Honduras and Mexico, created colonies along the shores of the Gulf which -gradually spread into the interior, and to the high table-lands of -Mexico. And, accordingly, we find, as I have already shown, that all the -traditions of Central America and Mexico point to some country in the -East, and beyond the sea, as the source of their first civilized people; -and this region, known among them as "Aztlan," lived in the memory of -the people as a beautiful and happy land, where their ancestors had -dwelt in peace for many generations. - -Dr. Le Plongeon, who spent four years exploring Yucatan, says: - -"One-third of this tongue (the Maya) is pure Greek. Who brought the -dialect of Homer to America? or who took to Greece that of the Mayas? -Greek is the offspring of the Sanscrit. Is Maya? or are they coeval?... -The Maya is not devoid of words from the Assyrian." - -That the population of Central America (and in this term I include -Mexico) was at one time very dense, and had attained to a high degree of -civilization, higher even than that of Europe in the time of Columbus, -there can be no question; and it is also probable, as I have shown, that -they originally belonged to the white race. Dêsirè Charnay, who is now -exploring the ruins of Central America, says (North American Review, -January, 1881, p. 48), "The Toltecs were fair, robust, and bearded. I -have often seen Indians of pure blood with blue eyes." Quetzalcoatl was -represented as large, "with a big head and a heavy beard." The same -author speaks (page 44) of "the ocean of ruins all around, not inferior -in size to those of Egypt." At Teotihuacan he measured one building two -thousand feet wide on each side, and fifteen pyramids, each nearly as -large in the base as Cheops. "The city is indeed of vast extent ... -the whole ground, over a space of five or six miles in diameter, is -covered with heaps of ruins--ruins which at first make no impression, so -complete is their dilapidation." He asserts the great antiquity of these -ruins, because he found the very highways of the ancient city to be -composed of broken bricks and pottery, the débris left by earlier -populations. "This continent," he says (page 43), "is the land of -mysteries; we here enter an infinity whose limits we cannot estimate.... -I shall soon have to quit work in this place. The long avenue on -which it stands is lined with ruins of public buildings and palaces, -forming continuous lines, as in the streets of modern cities. Still, all -these edifices and halls were as nothing compared with the vast -substructures which strengthened their foundations." - -We find the strongest resemblances to the works of the ancient European -races: the masonry is similar; the cement is the same; the sculptures -are alike; both peoples used the arch; in both continents we find -bricks, glassware, and even porcelain (North American Review, December, -1880, pp. 524, 525), "with blue figures on a white ground;" also bronze -composed of the same elements of copper and tin in like proportions; -coins made of copper, round and T-shaped, and even metallic candlesticks. - -Dêsirè Charnay believes that he has found in the ruins of Tula the bones -of swine, sheep, oxen, and horses, in a fossil state, indicating an -immense antiquity. The Toltecs possessed a pure and simple religion, -like that of Atlantis, as described by Plato, with the same sacrifices -of fruits and flowers; they were farmers; they raised and wove cotton; -they cultivated fruits; they used the sign of the Cross extensively; -they cut and engraved precious stones; among their carvings have been -found representations of the elephant and the lion, both animals not -known in America. The forms of sepulture were the same as among the -ancient races of the Old World; they burnt the bodies of their great -men, and enclosed the dust in funeral urns; some of their dead were -buried in a sitting position, others reclined at full length, and many -were embalmed like the Egyptian mummies. - -When we turn to Mexico, the same resemblances present themselves. - -The government was an elective monarchy, like that of Poland, the king -being selected from the royal family by the votes of the nobles of the -kingdom. There was a royal family, an aristocracy, a privileged -priesthood, a judiciary, and a common people. Here we have all the -several estates into which society in Europe is divided. - -There were thirty grand nobles in the kingdom, and the vastness of the -realm may be judged by the fact that each of these could muster one -hundred thousand vassals from their own estates, or a total of three -millions. And we have only to read of the vast hordes brought into the -field against Cortez to know that this was not an exaggeration. - -They even possessed that which has been considered the crowning feature -of European society, the feudal system. The nobles held their lands upon -the tenure of military service. - -But the most striking feature was the organization of the judiciary. The -judges were independent even of the king, and held their offices for -life. There were supreme judges for the larger divisions of the kingdom, -district judges in each of the provinces, and magistrates chosen by the -people throughout the country. - -There was also a general legislative assembly, congress, or parliament, -held every eighty days, presided over by the king, consisting of all the -judges of the realm, to which the last appeal lay - -"The rites of marriage," says Prescott, "were celebrated with as much -formality as in any Christian country; and the institution was held in -such reverence that a tribunal was instituted for the sole purpose of -determining questions relating to it. Divorces could not be obtained -until authorized by a sentence of the court, after a patient hearing of -the parties." - -Slavery was tolerated, but the labors of the slave were light, his -rights carefully guarded, and his children were free. The slave could -own property, and even other slaves. - -Their religion possessed so many features similar to those of the Old -World, that the Spanish priests declared the devil had given them a -bogus imitation of Christianity to destroy their souls. "The devil," -said they, "stole all he could." - -They had confessions, absolution of sins, and baptism. When their -children were named, they sprinkled their lips and bosoms with water, -and "the Lord was implored to permit the holy drops to wash away the sin -that was given it before the foundation of the world." - -The priests were numerous and powerful. They practised fasts, vigils, -flagellations, and many of them lived in monastic seclusion. - -The Aztecs, like the Egyptians, had progressed through all the three -different modes of writing--the picture-writing, the symbolical, and the -phonetic. They recorded all their laws, their tribute-rolls specifying -the various imposts, their mythology, astronomical calendars, and -rituals, their political annals and their chronology. They wrote on -cotton-cloth, on skins prepared like parchment, on a composition of silk -and gum, and on a species of paper, soft and beautiful, made from the -aloe. Their books were about the size and shape of our own, but the -leaves were long strips folded together in many folds. - -They wrote poetry and cultivated oratory, and paid much attention to -rhetoric. They also had a species of theatrical performances. - -Their proficiency in astronomy is thus spoken of by Prescott: - -"That they should be capable of accurately adjusting their festivals by -the movements of the heavenly bodies, and should fix the true length of -the tropical year with a precision unknown to the great philosophers of -antiquity, could be the result only of a long series of nice and patient -observations, evincing no slight progress in civilization." - -"Their women," says the same author, "are described by the Spaniards as -pretty, though with a serious and rather melancholy cast of countenance. -Their long, black hair might generally be seen wreathed with flowers, -or, among the richer people, with strings of precious stones and pearls -from the Gulf of California. They appear to have been treated with much -consideration by their husbands; and passed their time in indolent -tranquillity, or in such feminine occupations as spinning, embroidery, -and the like; while their maidens beguiled the hours by the rehearsal of -traditionary tales and ballads. - -"Numerous attendants of both sexes waited at the banquets. The balls -were scented with perfumes, and the courts strewed with odoriferous -herbs and flowers, which were distributed in profusion among the guests -as they arrived. Cotton napkins and ewers of water were placed before -them as they took their seats at the board. Tobacco was then offered, in -pipes, mixed with aromatic substances, or in the form of cigars inserted -in tubes of tortoise-shell or silver. It is a curious fact that the -Aztecs also took the dried tobacco leaf in the pulverized form of snuff. - -"The table was well supplied with substantial meats, especially game, -among which the most conspicuous was the turkey. Also, there were found -very delicious vegetables and fruits of every variety native to the -continent. Their palate was still further regaled by confections and -pastry, for which their maize-flower and sugar furnished them ample -materials. The meats were kept warm with chafing-dishes. The table was -ornamented with vases of silver and sometimes gold of delicate -workmanship. The favorite beverage was chocolatl, flavored with vanilla -and different spices. The fermented juice of the maguey, with a mixture -of sweets and acids, supplied various agreeable drinks of different -degrees of strength." - -It is not necessary to describe their great public works, their floating -gardens, their aqueducts, bridges, forts, temples, - - COMMON FORM OF ARCH, CENTRAL AMERICA. - -palaces, and gigantic pyramids, all ornamented with wonderful statuary. - - SECTION OF THE TREASURE-HOUSE OF ATREUS AT MYCENAE - -We find a strong resemblance between the form of arch used in the -architecture of Central America and that of the oldest buildings of -Greece. The Palenque arch is made by the gradual overlapping of the -strata of the building, as shown in the accompanying cut from Baldwin's -"Ancient America," page 100. It was the custom of these ancient -architects to fill in the arch itself with masonry, as shown in the -picture - - ARCH OF LAS MONJAS, PALENQUE, CENTRAL AMERICA - -on page 355 of the Arch of Las Monjas, Palenque. If now we look at the -representation of the "Treasure-house of Atreus" at Mycenæ, on page -354--one of the oldest structures in Greece--we find precisely the same -form of arch, filled in in the same way. - -Rosengarten ("Architectural Styles," p. 59) says: - -"The base of these treasure-houses is circular, and the covering of a -dome shape; it does not, however, form an arch, but courses of stone are -laid horizontally over one another in such a way that each course -projects beyond the one below it, till the space at the highest course -becomes so narrow that a single stone covers it. Of all those that have -survived to the present day the treasure-house at Atreus is the most -venerable." - -The same form of arch is found among the ruins of that interesting -people, the Etruscans. - -"Etruscan vaults are of two kinds. The more curious and probably the -most ancient are false arches, formed of horizontal courses of stone, -each a little overlapping the other, and carried on until the aperture -at the top could be closed by a single superincumbent slab. Such is the -construction of the Regulini-Galassi vault, at Cervetere, the ancient -Cære." (Rawlinson's "Origin of Nations," p. 117.) - -It is sufficient to say, in conclusion, that Mexico, under European -rule, or under her own leaders, has never again risen to her former -standard of refinement, wealth, prosperity, or civilization. - -CHAPTER II. - -THE EGYPTIAN COLONY. - -What proofs have we that the Egyptians were a colony from Atlantis? - -1. They claimed descent from "the twelve great gods," which must have -meant the twelve gods of Atlantis, to wit, Poseidon and Cleito and their -ten sons. - -2. According to the traditions of the Phoenicians, the Egyptians derived -their civilization from them; and as the Egyptians far antedated the -rise of the Phoenician nations proper, this must have meant that Egypt -derived its civilization from the same country to which the Phoenicians -owed their own origin. The Phoenician legends show that Misor, from whom -the Egyptians were descended, was the child of the Phoenician gods Amynus -and Magus. Misor gave birth to Taaut, the god of letters, the inventor -of the alphabet, and Taaut became Thoth, the god of history of the -Egyptians. Sanchoniathon tells us that "Chronos (king of Atlantis) -visited the South, and gave all Egypt to the god Taaut, that it might be -his kingdom." "Misor" is probably the king "Mestor" named by Plato. - -3. According to the Bible, the Egyptians were descendants of Ham, who -was one of the three sons of Noah who escaped from the Deluge, to wit, -the destruction of Atlantis. - -4. The great similarity between the Egyptian civilization and that of -the American nations. - -5. The fact that the Egyptians claimed to be red men. - -6. The religion of Egypt was pre-eminently sun-worship, and Ra was the -sun-god of Egypt, Rama, the sun of the Hindoos, Rana, a god of the -Toltecs, Raymi, the great festival of the sun of the Peruvians, and -Rayam, a god of Yemen. - -7. The presence of pyramids in Egypt and America. - -8. The Egyptians were the only people of antiquity who were -well-informed as to the history of Atlantis. The Egyptians were never a -maritime people, and the Atlanteans must have brought that knowledge to -them. They were not likely to send ships to Atlantis. - -9. We find another proof of the descent of the Egyptians from Atlantis -in their belief as to the "under-world." This land of the dead was -situated in the West--hence the tombs were all placed, whenever -possible, on the west bank of the Nile. The constant cry of the mourners -as the funeral procession moved forward was, "To the west; to the west." -This under-world was beyond the water, hence the funeral procession -always crossed a body of water. "Where the tombs were, as in most cases, -on the west bank of the Nile, the Nile was crossed; where they were on -the eastern shore the procession passed over a sacred lake." (R. S. -Poole, Contemporary Review, August, 1881, p. 17.) In the procession was -"a sacred ark of the sun." - -All this is very plain: the under-world in the West, the land of the -dead, was Atlantis, the drowned world, the world beneath the horizon, -beneath the sea, to which the peasants of Brittany looked from Cape Raz, -the most western cape projecting into the Atlantic. It was only to be -reached from Egypt by crossing the water, and it was associated with the -ark, the emblem of Atlantis in all lands. - -The soul of the dead man was supposed to journey to the under-world by -"a water progress" (Ibid., p. 18), his destination was the Elysian -Fields, where mighty corn grew, and where he was expected to cultivate -the earth; "this task was of supreme importance." (Ibid., p. 19.) The -Elysian Fields were the "Elysion" of the Greeks, the abode of the -blessed, which we have seen was an island in the remote west. The -Egyptian belief referred to a real country; they described its cities, -mountains, and rivers; one of the latter was called Uranes, a name which -reminds us of the Atlantean god Uranos. In connection with all this we -must not forget that Plato described Atlantis as "that sacred island -lying beneath the sun." Everywhere in the ancient world we find the -minds of men looking to the west for the land of the dead. Poole says, -"How then can we account for this strong conviction? Surely it must be a -survival of an ancient belief which flowed in the very veins of the -race." (Contemporary Review, 1881, p. 19.) It was based on an universal -tradition that under "an immense ocean," in "the far west," there was an -"under-world," a world comprising millions of the dead, a mighty race, -that had been suddenly swallowed up in the greatest catastrophe known to -man since he had inhabited the globe. - -10. There is no evidence that the civilization of Egypt was developed in -Egypt itself; it must have been transported there from some other -country. To use the words of a recent writer in Blackwood, - -"Till lately it was believed that the use of the papyrus for writing was -introduced about the time of Alexander the Great; then Lepsius found the -hieroglyphic sign of the papyrus-roll on monuments of the twelfth -dynasty; afterward he found the same sign on monuments of the fourth -dynasty, which is getting back pretty close to Menes, the protomonarch; -and, indeed, little doubt is entertained that the art of writing on -papyrus was understood as early as the days of Menes himself. The fruits -of investigation in this, as in many other subjects, are truly most -marvellous. Instead of exhibiting the rise and progress of any branches -of knowledge, they tend to prove that nothing had any rise or progress, -but that everything is referable to the very earliest dates. The -experience of the Egyptologist must teach him to reverse the observation -of Topsy, and to '`spect that nothing growed,' but that as soon as men -were planted on the banks of the Nile they were already the cleverest -men that ever lived, endowed with more knowledge and more power than -their successors for centuries and centuries could attain to. Their -system of writing, also, is found to have been complete from the very -first.... - -"But what are we to think when the antiquary, grubbing in the dust and -silt of five thousand years ago to discover some traces of infant -effort--some rude specimens of the ages of Magog and Mizraim, in which -we may admire the germ that has since developed into a wonderful -art--breaks his shins against an article so perfect that it equals if it -does not excel the supreme stretch of modern ability? How shall we -support the theory if it come to our knowledge that, before Noah was -cold in his grave, his descendants were adepts in construction and in -the fine arts, and that their achievements were for magnitude such as, -if we possess the requisite skill, we never attempt to emulate?... - -"As we have not yet discovered any trace of the rude, savage Egypt, but -have seen her in her very earliest manifestations already skilful, -erudite, and strong, it is impossible to determine the order of her -inventions. Light may yet be thrown upon her rise and progress, but our -deepest researches have hitherto shown her to us as only the mother of a -most accomplished race. How they came by their knowledge is matter for -speculation; that they possessed it is matter of fact. We never find -them without the ability to organize labor, or shrinking from the very -boldest efforts in digging canals and irrigating, in quarrying rock, in -building, and in sculpture." - -The explanation is simple: the waters of the Atlantic now flow over the -country where all this magnificence and power were developed by slow -stages from the rude beginnings of barbarism. - -And how mighty must have been the parent nation of which this Egypt was -a colony! - -Egypt was the magnificent, the golden bridge, ten thousand years long, -glorious with temples and pyramids, illuminated and illustrated by the -most complete and continuous records of human history, along which the -civilization of Atlantis, in a great procession of kings and priests, -philosophers and astronomers, artists and artisans, streamed forward to -Greece, to Rome, to Europe, to America. As far back in the ages as the -eye can penetrate, even where the perspective dwindles almost to a -point, we can still see the swarming multitudes, possessed of all the -arts of the highest civilization, pressing forward from out that other -and greater empire of which even this wonderworking Nile-land is but a -faint and imperfect copy. - -Look at the record of Egyptian greatness as preserved in her works: The -pyramids, still in their ruins, are the marvel of mankind. The river -Nile was diverted from its course by monstrous embankments to make a -place for the city of Memphis. The artificial lake of Moeris was created -as a reservoir for the waters of the Nile: it was four hundred and fifty -miles in circumference and three hundred and fifty feet deep, with -subterranean channels, flood-gates, locks, and dams, by which the -wilderness was redeemed from sterility. Look at the magnificent -mason-work of this ancient people! Mr. Kenrick, speaking of the casing -of the Great Pyramid, says, "The joints are scarcely perceptible, and -not wider than the thickness of silver-paper, and the cement so -tenacious that fragments of the casing-stones still remain in their -original position, notwithstanding the lapse of so many centuries, and -the violence by which they were detached." Look at the ruins of the -Labyrinth, which aroused the astonishment of Herodotus; it had three -thousand chambers, half of them above ground and half below--a -combination of courts, chambers, colonnades, statues, and pyramids. Look -at the Temple of Karnac, covering a square each side of which is -eighteen hundred feet. Says a recent writer, "Travellers one and all -appear to have been unable to find words to express the feelings with -which these sublime remains inspired them. They have been astounded and -overcome by the magnificence and the prodigality of workmanship here to -be admired. Courts, halls, gate-ways, pillars, obelisks, monolithic -figures, sculptures, rows of sphinxes, are massed in such profusion that -the sight is too much for modern comprehension." Denon says, "It is -hardly possible to believe, after having seen it, in the reality of the -existence of so many buildings collected on a single point--in their -dimensions, in the resolute perseverance which their construction -required, and in the incalculable expense of so much magnificence." And -again, "It is necessary that the reader should fancy what is before him -to be a dream, as he who views the objects themselves occasionally -yields to the doubt whether he be perfectly awake." There were lakes and -mountains within the periphery of the sanctuary. "The cathedral of Notre -Dame at Paris could be set inside one of the halls of Karnac, and not -touch the walls!... The whole valley and delta of the Nile, from the -Catacombs to the sea, was covered with temples, palaces, tombs, -pyramids, and pillars." Every stone was covered with inscriptions. - -The state of society in the early days of Egypt approximated very -closely to our modern civilization. Religion consisted in the worship of -one God and the practice of virtue; forty-two commandments prescribed -the duties of men to themselves, their neighbors, their country, and the -Deity; a heaven awaited the good and a hell the vicious; there was a -judgment-day when the hearts of men were weighed: - - "He is sifting out the hearts of men - Before his judgment-seat." - -Monogamy was the strict rule; not even the kings, in the early days, -were allowed to have more than one wife. The wife's rights of separate -property and her dower were protected by law; she was "the lady of the -house;" she could "buy, sell, and trade on her own account;" in case of -divorce her dowry was to be repaid to her, with interest at a high rate. -The marriage-ceremony embraced an oath not to contract any other -matrimonial alliance. The wife's status was as high in the earliest days -of Egypt as it is now in the most civilized nations of Europe or America. - -Slavery was permitted, but the slaves were treated with the greatest -humanity. In the confessions, buried with the dead, the soul is made to -declare that "I have not incriminated the slave to his master," There -was also a clause in the commandments "which protected the laboring man -against the exaction of more than his day's labor." They were merciful -to the captives made in war; no picture represents torture inflicted -upon them; while the representation of a sea-fight shows them saving -their drowning enemies. Reginald Stuart Poole says (Contemporary Review, -August, 1881, p. 43): - -"When we consider the high ideal of the Egyptians, as proved by their -portrayals of a just life, the principles they laid down as the basis of -ethics, the elevation of women among them, their humanity in war, we -must admit that their moral place ranks very high among the nations of -antiquity. - -"The true comparison of Egyptian life is with that of modern nations. -This is far too difficult a task to be here undertaken. Enough has been -said, however, to show that we need not think that in all respects they -were far behind us." - -Then look at the proficiency in art of this ancient people. - -They were the first mathematicians of the Old World. Those Greeks whom -we regard as the fathers of mathematics were simply pupils of Egypt. -They were the first land-surveyors. They were the first astronomers, -calculating eclipses, and watching the periods of planets and -constellations. They knew the rotundity of the earth, which it was -supposed Columbus had discovered! - -"The signs of the zodiac were certainly in use among the Egyptians 1722 -years before Christ. One of the learned men of our day, who for fifty -years labored to decipher the hieroglyphics of the ancients, found upon -a mummy-case in the British Museum a delineation of the signs of the -zodiac, and the position of the planets; the date to which they pointed -was the autumnal equinox of the year 1722 B.C. Professor Mitchell, to -whom the fact was communicated, employed his assistants to ascertain the -exact position of the heavenly bodies belonging to our solar system on -the equinox of that year. This was done, and a diagram furnished by -parties ignorant of his object, which showed that on the 7th of October, -1722 B.C. the moon and planets occupied the exact point in the heavens -marked upon the coffin in the British Museum." (Goodrich's "Columbus," -p. 22.) - -They had clocks and dials for measuring time. They possessed gold and -silver money. They were the first agriculturists of the Old World, -raising all the cereals, cattle, horses, sheep, etc. They manufactured -linen of so fine a quality that in the days of King Amasis (600 years -B.C.) a single thread of a garment was composed of three hundred and -sixty-five minor threads. They worked in gold, silver, copper, bronze, -and iron; they tempered iron to the hardness of steel. They were the -first chemists. The word "chemistry" comes from chemi, and chemi means -Egypt. They manufactured glass and all kinds of pottery; they made boats -out of earthenware; and, precisely as we are now making railroad -car-wheels of paper, they manufactured vessels of paper. Their dentists -filled teeth with gold; their farmers hatched poultry by artificial -heat. They were the first musicians; they possessed guitars, single and -double pipes, cymbals, drums, lyres, harps, flutes, the sambric, ashur, -etc.; they had even castanets, such as are now used in Spain. In -medicine and surgery they had reached such a degree of perfection that -several hundred years B.C. the operation for the removal of cataract -from the eye was performed among them; one of the most delicate and -difficult feats of surgery, only attempted by us in the most recent -times. "The papyrus of Berlin" states that it was discovered, rolled up -in a case, under the feet of an Anubis in the town of Sekhem, in the -days of Tet (or Thoth), after whose death it was transmitted to King -Sent, and was then restored to the feet of the statue. King Sent -belonged to the second dynasty, which flourished 4751 B.C., and the -papyrus was old in his day. This papyrus is a medical treatise; there -are in it no incantations or charms; but it deals in reasonable -remedies, draughts, unguents and injections. The later medical papyri -contain a great deal of magic and incantations. - -"Great and splendid as are the things which we know about oldest Egypt, -she is made a thousand times more sublime by our uncertainty as to the -limits of her accomplishments. She presents not a great, definite idea, -which, though hard to receive, is, when once acquired, comprehensible -and clear. Under the soil of the modern country are hid away thousands -and thousands of relics which may astonish the world for ages to come, -and change continually its conception of what Egypt was. The effect of -research seems to be to prove the objects of it to be much older than we -thought them to be--some things thought to be wholly modern having been -proved to be repetitions of things Egyptian, and other things known to -have been Egyptian being by every advance in knowledge carried back more -and more toward the very beginning of things. She shakes our most rooted -ideas concerning the world's history; she has not ceased to be a puzzle -and a lure: there is a spell over her still." - -Renan says, "It has no archaic epoch." Osborn says, "It bursts upon us -at once in the flower of its highest perfection." Seiss says ("A, -Miracle in Stone," p. 40), "It suddenly takes its place in the world in -all its matchless magnificence, without father, without mother, and as -clean apart from all evolution as if it had dropped from the unknown -heavens." It had dropped from Atlantis. - -Rawlinson says ("Origin of Nations," p. 13): - -"Now, in Egypt, it is notorious that there is no indication of any early -period of savagery or barbarism. All the authorities agree that, however -far back we go, we find in Egypt no rude or uncivilized time out of -which civilization is developed. Menes, the first king, changes the -course of the Nile, makes a great reservoir, and builds the temple of -Phthah at Memphis.... We see no barbarous customs, not even the -habit, so slowly abandoned by all people, of wearing arms when not on -military service." - -Tylor says ("Anthropology," p. 192): - -"Among the ancient cultured nations of Egypt and Assyria handicrafts had -already come to a stage which could only have been reached by thousands -of years of progress. In museums still may be examined the work of their -joiners, stone-cutters, goldsmiths, wonderful in skill and finish, and -in putting to shame the modern artificer.... To see gold jewellery of -the highest order, the student should examine that of the ancients, such -as the Egyptian, Greek, and Etruscan." - -The carpenters' and masons' tools of the ancient Egyptians were almost -identical with those used among us to-day. - -There is a plate showing an Aztec priestess in Delafield's "Antiquities -of America," p. 61, which presents a head-dress strikingly Egyptian. In -the celebrated "tablet of the cross," at Palenque, we see a cross with a -bird perched upon it, to which (or to the cross) two priests are -offering sacrifice. In Mr. Stephens's representation from the Vocal -Memnon we find almost the same thing, the difference being that, instead -of an ornamented Latin cross, we have a crux commissa, and instead of -one bird there are two, not on the cross, but immediately above it. In -both cases the hieroglyphics, though the characters are of course -different, are disposed upon the stone in much the same manner. -(Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. v., p. 61.) - -Even the obelisks of Egypt have their counterpart in America. - -Quoting from Molina ("History of Chili," tom. i., p. 169), McCullough -writes, "Between the hills of Mendoza and La Punta is a pillar of stone -one hundred and fifty feet high, and twelve feet in diameter." -("Researches," pp. 171, 172.) The columns of Copan stand detached and -solitary, so do the obelisks of Egypt; both are square or four-sided, -and covered with sculpture. (Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. v., p. 60.) - -In a letter by Jomard, quoted by Delafield, we read, - -"I have recognized in your memoir on the division of time among the -Mexican nations, compared with those of Asia, some very striking -analogies between the Toltec characters and institutions observed on the -banks of the Nile. Among these analogies there is one which is worthy of -attention--it is the use of the vague year of three hundred and -sixty-five days, composed of equal months, and of five complementary -days, equally employed at Thebes and Mexico--a distance of three -thousand leagues.... In reality, the intercalation of the Mexicans -being thirteen days on each cycle of fifty-two years, comes to the same -thing as that of the Julian calendar, which is one day in four years; -and consequently supposes the duration of the year to be three hundred -and sixty-five days six hours. Now such was the length of the year among -the Egyptians--they intercalated an entire year of three hundred and -seventy-five days every one thousand four hundred and sixty years.... -The fact of the intercalation (by the Mexicans) of thirteen days every -cycle that is, the use of a year of three hundred and sixty-five days -and a quarter--is a proof that it was borrowed from the Egyptians, or -that they had a common origin." ("Antiquities of America," pp. 52, 53.) - -The Mexican century began on the 26th of February, and the 26th of -February was celebrated from the time of Nabonassor, 747 B.C., because -the Egyptian priests, conformably to their astronomical observations, -had fixed the beginning of the month Toth, and the commencement of their -year, at noon on that day. The five intercalated days to make up the -three hundred and sixty-five days were called by the Mexicans Nemontemi, -or useless, and on them they transacted no business; while the -Egyptians, during that epoch, celebrated the festival of the birth of -their gods, as attested by Plutarch and others. - -It will be conceded that a considerable degree of astronomical knowledge -must have been necessary to reach the conclusion that the true year -consisted of three hundred and sixty-five days and six hours (modern -science has demonstrated that it consists of three hundred and -sixty-five days and five hours, less ten seconds); and a high degree of -civilization was requisite to insist that the year must be brought -around, by the intercalation of a certain number of days in a certain -period of time, to its true relation to the seasons. Both were the -outgrowth of a vast, ancient civilization of the highest order, which -transmitted some part of its astronomical knowledge to its colonies -through their respective priesthoods. - -Can we, in the presence of such facts, doubt the statements of the -Egyptian priests to Solon, as to the glory and greatness of Atlantis, -its monuments, its sculpture, its laws, its religion, its civilization? - -In Egypt we have the oldest of the Old World children of Atlantis; in -her magnificence we have a testimony to the development attained by the -parent country; by that country whose kings were the gods of succeeding -nations, and whose kingdom extended to the uttermost ends of the earth. - -The Egyptian historian, Manetho, referred to a period of thirteen -thousand nine hundred years as "the reign of the gods," and placed this -period at the very beginning of Egyptian history. These thirteen -thousand nine hundred years were probably a recollection of Atlantis. -Such a lapse of time, vast as it may appear, is but as a day compared -with some of our recognized geological epochs. - -CHAPTER III. - -THE COLONIES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY - -If we will suppose a civilized, maritime people to have planted -colonies, in the remote past, along the headlands and shores of the Gulf -of Mexico, spreading thence, in time, to the tablelands of Mexico and to -the plains and mountains of New Mexico and Colorado, what would be more -natural than that these adventurous navigators, passing around the -shores of the Gulf, should, sooner or later, discover the mouth of the -Mississippi River; and what more certain than that they would enter it, -explore it, and plant colonies along its shores, wherever they found a -fertile soil and a salubrious climate. Their outlying provinces would -penetrate even into regions where the severity of the climate would -prevent great density of population or development of civilization. - -The results we have presupposed are precisely those which we find to -have existed at one time in the Mississippi Valley. - -The Mound Builders of the United States were pre-eminently a river -people. Their densest settlements and greatest works were near the -Mississippi and its tributaries. Says Foster ("Prehistoric Races," p. -110), "The navigable streams were the great highways of the Mound -Builders." - -Mr. Fontaine claims ("How the World was Peopled") that this ancient -people constructed "levees" to control and utilize the bayous of the -Mississippi for the purpose of agriculture and commerce. The Yazoo River -is called Yazoo-okhinnah--the River of Ancient Ruins. "There is no -evidence that they had reached the Atlantic coast; no authentic remains -of the Mound Builders are found in the New England States, nor even in -the State of New York." ("North Americans of Antiquity," p. 28.) This -would indicate that the civilization of this people advanced up the -Mississippi River and spread out over its tributaries, but did not cross -the Alleghany {sic} Mountains. They reached, however, far up the -Missouri and Yellowstone rivers, and thence into Oregon. The head-waters -of the Missouri became one of their great centres of population; but -their chief sites were upon the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. In -Wisconsin we find the northern central limit of their work; they seem to -have occupied the southern counties of the State, and the western shores -of Lake Michigan. Their circular mounds are found in Minnesota and Iowa, -and some very large ones in Dakota. Illinois and Indiana were densely -populated by them: it is believed that the vital centre of their -colonies was near the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. - -The chief characteristic of the Mound Builders was that from which they -derived their name--the creation of great structures of earth or stone, -not unlike the pyramids of Mexico and Egypt. Between Alton and East St. -Louis is the great mound of Cahokia, which may be selected as a type of -their works: it rises ninety-seven feet high, while its square sides are -700 and 500 feet respectively. There was a terrace on the south side 160 -by 300 feet, reached by a graded way; the summit of the pyramid is -flattened, affording a platform 200 by 450 feet. It will thus be seen -that the area covered by the mound of Cahokia is about as large as that -of the greatest pyramid of Egypt, Cheops, although its height is much -less. - -The number of monuments left by the Mound Builders is extraordinarily -great. In Ohio alone there are more than ten thousand tumuli, and from -one thousand to fifteen hundred enclosures. Their mounds were not cones -but four-sided pyramids--their sides, like those of the Egyptian -pyramids, corresponding with the cardinal points. (Foster's "Prehistoric -Races," p. 112.) - -The Mound Builders had attained a considerable degree of civilization; -they were able to form, in the construction of their works, perfect -circles and perfect squares of great accuracy, carried over the varying -surface of the country. One large enclosure comprises exactly forty -acres. At Hopetown, Ohio, are two walled figures--one a square, the -other a circle--each containing precisely twenty acres. They must have -possessed regular scales of measurement, and the means of determining -angles and of computing the area to be enclosed by the square and the -circle, so that the space enclosed by each might exactly correspond. - -"The most skilful engineer of this day would find it difficult," says -Mr. Squier, "without the aid of instruments, to lay down an accurate -square of the great dimensions above represented, measuring, as they do, -more than four-fifths of a mile in circumference.... But we not only -find accurate squares and perfect circles, but also, as we have seen, -octagons of great dimensions." - -They also possessed an accurate system of weights; bracelets of copper -on the arms of a skeleton have been found to be of uniform size, -measuring each two and nine-tenth inches, and each weighing precisely -four ounces. - -They built great military works surrounded by walls and ditches, with -artificial lakes in the centre to supply water. One work, Fort Ancient, -on the Little Miami River, Ohio, has a circuit of between four and five -miles; the embankment was twenty feet high; the fort could have held a -garrison of sixty thousand men with their families and provisions. - -Not only do we find pyramidal structures of earth in the Mississippi -Valley very much like the pyramids of Egypt, Mexico, and Peru, but a -very singular structure is repeated in Ohio and Peru: I refer to the -double walls or prolonged pyramids, if I may coin an expression, shown -in the cut page 375. - - GRAND WAY NEAR PIKETON, OHIO. - -The Mound Builders possessed chains of fortifications reaching from the -southern line of New York diagonally across the country, through Central -and Northern Ohio to the Wabash. It would appear probable, therefore, -that while they - - WALLS AT GRAN-CHIMU, PERU. - -advanced from the south it was from the north-east the savage races came -who drove them south or exterminated them. - -At Marietta, Ohio, we find a combination of the cross and pyramid. (See -p. 334, ante.) At Newark, Ohio, are extensive - - CROSS AND PYRAMID MOUND, OHIO. - -and intricate works: they occupy an area two miles square, embraced -within embankments twelve miles long. One of the mounds is a threefold -symbol, like a bird's foot; the central mound is 155 feet long, and the -other two each 110 feet it length. Is this curious design a reminiscence -of Atlantis and the three-pronged trident of Poseidon? (See 4th fig., p. -242, ante.) - -The Mound Builders made sun-dried brick mixed with rushes, as the -Egyptians made sun-dried bricks mixed with straw; they worked in copper, -silver, lead, and there are evidences, as we shall see, that they -wrought even in iron. - -Copper implements are very numerous in the mounds. Copper axes, -spear-heads, hollow buttons, bosses for ornaments, bracelets, rings, -etc., are found in very many of them strikingly similar to those of the -Bronze Age in Europe. In one in Butler County, Ohio, was found a copper -fillet around the head of a skeleton, with strange devices marked upon -it. - -Silver ornaments have also been found, but not in such great numbers. -They seem to have attached a high value to silver, and it is often found -in thin sheets, no thicker than paper, wrapped over copper or stone -ornaments so neatly as almost to escape detection. The great esteem in -which they held a metal so intrinsically valueless as silver, is another -evidence that they must have drawn their superstitions from the same -source as the European nations. - -Copper is also often found in this manner plated over stone pipes, -presenting an unbroken metallic lustre, the overlapping edges so well -polished as to be scarcely discoverable. Beads and stars made of shells -have sometimes been found doubly plated, first with copper then with -silver. - -The Mound Builders also understood the art of casting metals, or they -held intercourse with some race who did; a copper axe it "cast" has been -found in the State of New York. (See Lubbock's "Prehistoric Times," p. -254, note.) Professor Foster ("Prehistoric Races," p. 259) also proves -that the ancient people of the Mississippi Valley possessed this art, -and he gives us representations of various articles plainly showing the -marks of the mould upon them. - -A rude article in the shape of an axe, composed of pure lead, weighing -about half a pound, was found in sinking a well within the trench of the -ancient works at Circleville. There can be no doubt it was the -production of the Mound Builders, as galena has often been found on the -altars in the mounds. - -It has been generally thought, by Mr. Squier and others, that there were -no evidences that the Mound Builders were acquainted with the use of -iron, or that their plating was more than a simple overlaying of one -metal on another, or on some foreign substance. - -Some years since, however, a mound was opened at Marietta, Ohio, which -seems to have refuted these opinions. Dr. S. P. Hildreth, in a letter to -the American Antiquarian Society, thus speaks of it: - -"Lying immediately over or on the forehead of the body were found three -large circular bosses, or ornaments for a sword-belt or buckler; they -are composed of copper overlaid with a thick plate of silver. The fronts -are slightly convex, with a depression like a cup in the centre, and -they measure two inches and a quarter across the face of each. On the -back side, opposite the depressed portion, is a copper rivet or nail, -around which are two separate plates by which they were fastened to the -leather. Two small pieces of leather were found lying between the plates -of one of the bosses; they resemble the skin of a mummy, and seem to -have been preserved by the salts of copper. Near the side of the body -was found a plate of silver, which appears to have been the upper part -of a sword scabbard; it is six inches in length, two in breadth, and -weighs one ounce. It seems to have been fastened to the scabbard by -three or four rivets, the holes of which remain in the silver. - -"Two or three pieces of copper tube were also found, filled with iron -rust. These pieces, from their appearance, composed the lower end of the -scabbard, near the point of the sword. No signs of the sword itself were -discovered, except the rust above mentioned. - -"The mound had every appearance of being as old as any in the -neighborhood, and was at the first settlement of Marietta covered with -large trees. It seems to have been made for this single personage, as -this skeleton alone was discovered. The bones were very much decayed, -and many of them crumbled to dust upon exposure to the air." - -Mr. Squier says, "These articles have been critically examined, and it -is beyond doubt that the copper bosses were absolutely plated, not -simply overlaid, with silver. Between the copper and the silver exists a -connection such as, it seems to me, could only be produced by heat; and -if it is admitted that these are genuine relics of the Mound Builders, -it must, at the same time, be admitted that they possessed the difficult -art of plating one metal upon another. There is but one alternative, -viz., that they had occasional or constant intercourse with a people -advanced in the arts, from whom these articles were obtained. Again, if -Dr. Hildreth is not mistaken, oxydized iron or steel was also discovered -in connection with the above remains, from which also follows the -extraordinary conclusion that the Mound Builders were acquainted with -the use of iron, the conclusion being, of course, subject to the -improbable alternative already mentioned." - -In connection with this subject, we would refer to the interesting -evidences that the copper mines of the shore of Lake Superior had been -at some very remote period worked by the Mound Builders. There were -found deep excavations, with rude ladders, huge masses of rock broken -off, also numerous stone tools, and all the evidences of extensive and -long-continued labor. It is even said that the great Ontonagon mass of -pure copper which is now in Washington was excavated by these ancient -miners, and that when first found its surface showed numerous marks of -their tools. - -There seems to be no doubt, then, that the Mound Builders were familiar -with the use of copper, silver, and lead, and in all probability of -iron. They possessed various mechanical contrivances. They were very -probably acquainted with the lathe. Beads of shell have been found -looking very much like ivory, and showing the circular striæ, identical -with those produced by turning in a lathe. - -In a mound on the Scioto River was found around the neck of a skeleton -triple rows of beads, made of marine shells and the tusks of some -animal. "Several of these," says Squier, "still retain their polish, and -bear marks which seem to indicate that they were turned in some machine, -instead of being carved or rubbed into shape by hand." - -"Not among the least interesting and remarkable relics," continues the -same author, "obtained from the mounds are the stone tubes. They are all -carved from fine-grained materials, capable of receiving a polish, and -being made ornamental as well as useful. The finest specimen yet -discovered, and which can scarcely be surpassed in the delicacy of its -workmanship, was found in a mound in the immediate vicinity of -Chillicothe. It is composed of a compact variety of slate. This stone -cuts with great clearness, and receives a fine though not glaring -polish. The tube under notice is thirteen inches long by one and -one-tenth in diameter; one end swells slightly, and the other terminates -in a broad, flattened, triangular mouth-piece of fine proportions, which -is carved with mathematical precision. It is drilled throughout; the -bore is seven-tenths of an inch in diameter at the cylindrical end of -the tube, and retains that calibre until it reaches the point where the -cylinder subsides into the mouth-piece, when it contracts gradually to -one-tenth of an inch. The inner surface of the tube is perfectly smooth -till within a short distance of the point of contraction. For the -remaining distance the circular striæ, formed by the drill in boring, -are distinctly marked. The carving upon it is very fine." - -That they possessed saws is proved by the fact that on some fossil teeth -found in one of the mounds the striæ of the teeth of the saw could be -distinctly perceived. - -When we consider that some of their porphyry carvings will turn the edge -of the best-tempered knife, we are forced to conclude that they -possessed that singular process, known to the Mexicans and Peruvians of -tempering copper to the hardness of steel. - -We find in the mounds adzes similar in shape to our own, with the edges -bevelled from the inside. - -Drills and gravers of copper have also been found, with chisel-shaped -edges or sharp points. - -"It is not impossible," says Squier, "but, on the contrary, very -probable, from a close inspection of the mound pottery, that the ancient -people possessed the simple approximation toward the potter's wheel; and -the polish which some of the finer vessels possess is due to other -causes than vitrification." - -Their sculptures show a considerable degree of progress. They consist of -figures of birds, animals, reptiles, and the faces of men, carved from -various kinds of stones, upon the bowls of pipes, upon toys, upon rings, -and in distinct and separate figures. We give the opinions of those who -have examined them. - -Mr. Squier observes: "Various though not abundant specimens of their -skill have been recovered, which in elegance of model, delicacy, and -finish, as also in fineness of material, come fully up to the best -Peruvian specimens, to which they bear, in many respects, a close -resemblance. The bowls of most of the stone pipes are carved in -miniature figures of animals, birds, reptiles, etc. All of them are -executed with strict fidelity to nature, and with exquisite skill. Not -only are the features of the objects faithfully represented, but their -peculiarities and habits are in some degree exhibited.... The two -heads here presented, intended to represent the eagle, are far superior -in point of finish, spirit, and truthfulness, to any miniature carvings, -ancient or modern, which have fallen under the notice of the authors. -The peculiar defiant expression of the king of birds is admirably -preserved in the carving, which in this respect, more than any other, -displays the skill of the artist." - - FROM THE MOUNDS OF THE OHIO VALLEY - -Traces of cloth with "doubled and twisted fibre" have been found in the -mounds; also matting; also shuttle-like tablets, used in weaving. There -have also been found numerous musical pipes, with mouth-pieces and -stops; lovers' pipes, curiously and delicately carved, reminding us of -Bryant's lines-- - - "Till twilight came, and lovers walked and wooed - In a forgotten language; and old tunes, - From instruments of unremembered forms, - Gave the soft winds a voice." - -There is evidence which goes to prove that the Mound Builders had -relations with the people of a semi-tropical region in the direction of -Atlantis. Among their sculptures, in Ohio, we find accurate -representations of the lamantine, manatee, or sea-cow--found to-day on -the shores of Florida, Brazil, and Central America--and of the toucan, a -tropical and almost exclusively South American bird. Sea-shells from the -Gulf, pearls from the Atlantic, and obsidian from Mexico, have also been -found side by side in their mounds. - -The antiquity of their works is now generally conceded. "From the ruins -of Nineveh and Babylon," says Mr. Gliddon, "we have bones of at least -two thousand five hundred years old; from the pyramids and the catacombs -of Egypt both mummied and unmummied crania have been taken, of still -higher antiquity, in perfect preservation; nevertheless, the skeletons -deposited in our Indian mounds, from the Lakes to the Gulf, are -crumbling into dust through age alone." - -All the evidence points to the conclusion that civilized or -semi-civilized man has dwelt on the western continent from a vast -antiquity. Maize, tobacco, quinoa, and the mandico plants have been -cultivated so long that their wild originals have quite disappeared. - -"The only species of palm cultivated by the South American Indians, that -known as the Gulielma speciosa, has lost through that culture its -original nut-like seed, and is dependent on the hands of its cultivators -for its life. Alluding to the above-named plants Dr. Brinton ("Myths of -the New World," p. 37) remarks, 'Several are sure to perish unless -fostered by human care. What numberless ages does this suggest? How many -centuries elapsed ere man thought of cultivating Indian corn? How many -more ere it had spread over nearly a hundred degrees of latitude and -lost all resemblance to its original form?' In the animal kingdom -certain animals were domesticated by the aborigines from so remote a -period that scarcely any of their species, as in the case of the lama of -Peru, were to be found in a state of unrestrained freedom at the advent -of the Spaniards." (Short's "North Americans of Antiquity," p. 11.) - -The most ancient remains of man found in Europe are distinguished by a -flattening of the tibia; and this peculiarity is found to be present in -an exaggerated form in some of the American mounds. This also points to -a high antiquity. - -"None of the works, mounds, or enclosures are found on the lowest formed -of the river terraces which mark the subsidence of the streams, and as -there is no good reason why their builders should have avoided erecting -them on that terrace while they raised them promiscuously on all the -others, it follows, not unreasonably, that this terrace has been formed -since the works were erected." (Baldwin's "Ancient America," p. 47.) - -We have given some illustrations showing the similarity between the -works of the Mound Builders and those of the Stone and Bronze Age in -Europe. (See pp. 251, 260, 261, 262, 265, 266, ante.) - -The Mound Builders retreated southward toward Mexico, and probably -arrived there some time between A.D. 29 and A.D. 231, under the name of -Nahuas. They called the region they left in the Mississippi Valley "Hue -Hue Tlapalan"--the old, old red land--in allusion, probably, to the -red-clay soil of part of the country. - -In the mounds we find many works of copper but none of bronze. This may -indicate one of two things: either the colonies which settled the -Mississippi Valley may have left Atlantis prior to the discovery of the -art of manufacturing bronze, by mixing one part of tin with nine parts -of copper, or, which is more probable, the manufactures of the Mound -Builders may have been made on the spot; and as they had no tin within -their territory they used copper alone, except, it may be, for such -tools as were needed to carve stone, and these, perhaps, were hardened -with tin. It is known that the Mexicans possessed the art of -manufacturing true bronze; and the intercourse which evidently existed -between Mexico and the Mississippi Valley, as proved by the presence of -implements of obsidian in the mounds of Ohio, renders it probable that -the same commerce which brought them obsidian brought them also small -quantities of tin, or tin-hardened copper implements necessary for their -sculptures. - -The proofs, then, of the connection of the Mound Builders with Atlantis -are: - -1. Their race identity with the nations of Central America who possessed -Flood legends, and whose traditions all point to an eastern, over-sea -origin; while the many evidences of their race identity with the ancient -Peruvians indicate that they were part of one great movement of the -human race, extending from the Andes to Lake Superior, and, as I -believe, from Atlantis to India. - -2. The similarity of their civilization, and their works of stone and -bronze, with the civilization of the Bronze Age in Europe. - -3. The presence of great truncated mounds, kindred to the pyramids of -Central America, Mexico, Egypt, and India. - -4. The representation of tropical animals, which point to an intercourse -with the regions around the Gulf of Mexico, where the Atlanteans were -colonized. - -5. The fact that the settlements of the Mound Builders were confined to -the valley of the Mississippi, and were apparently densest at those -points where a population advancing up that, stream would first reach -high, healthy, and fertile lands. - -6. The hostile nations which attacked them came from the north; and when -the Mound Builders could no longer hold the country, or when Atlantis -sank in the sea, they retreated in the direction whence they came, and -fell back upon their kindred races in Central America, as the Roman -troops in Gaul and Britain drew southward upon the destruction of Rome. - -7. The Natchez Indians, who are supposed to have descended from the -Mound Builders, kept a perpetual fire burning before an altar, watched -by old men who were a sort of priesthood, as in Europe. - -8. If the tablet said to have been found in a mound near Davenport, -Iowa, is genuine, which appears probable, the Mound Builders must either -have possessed an alphabet, or have held intercourse with some people -who did. (See "North Americans of Antiquity," p. 38.) This singular -relic exhibits what appears to be a sacrificial mound with a fire upon -it; over it are the sun, moon, and stars, and above these a mass of -hieroglyphics which bear some resemblance to the letters of European -alphabets, and especially to that unknown alphabet which appears upon -the inscribed bronze celt found near Rome. (See p. 258 of this work.) -For instance, one of the letters on the celt is this, ###; on the -Davenport tablet we find this sign, ###; on the celt we have ###; on the -tablet, ###; on the celt we have ###; on the tablet, ###. - -CHAPTER IV. - -THE IBERIAN COLONIES OF ATLANTIS - -At the farthest point in the past to which human knowledge extends a -race called Iberian inhabited the entire peninsula of Spain, from the -Mediterranean to the Pyrenees. They also extended over the southern part -of Gaul as far as the Rhone. - -"It is thought that the Iberians from Atlantis and the north-west part -of Africa," says Winchell, "settled in the south-west of Europe at a -period earlier than the settlement of the Egyptians in the north-east of -Africa. The Iberians spread themselves over Spain, Gaul, and the British -Islands as early as 4000 or 5000 B.C.... The fourth dynasty (of the -Egyptians), according to Brugsch, dates from about 3500 B.C. At this -time the Iberians had become sufficiently powerful to attempt the -conquest of the known world." ("Preadamites," p. 443.) - -"The Libyan-Amazons of Diodorus--that is to say, the Libyans of the -Iberian race--must be identified with the Libyans with brown and grizzly -skin, of whom Brugsch has already pointed out the representations -figured on the Egyptian monuments of the fourth dynasty." (Ibid.) - -The Iberians, known as Sicanes, colonized Sicily in the ancient days. -They were the original settlers in Italy and Sardinia. They are probably -the source of the dark-haired stock in Norway and Sweden. Bodichon -claims that the Iberians embraced the Ligurians, Cantabrians, Asturians, -and Aquitanians. Strabo says, speaking of the Turduli and Turdetani, -"they are the most cultivated of all the Iberians; they employ the art -of writing, and have written books containing memorials of ancient -times, and also poems and laws set in verse, for which they claim an -antiquity of six thousand years." (Strabo, lib. iii., p. 139.) - -The Iberians are represented to-day by the Basques. - -The Basque are "of middle size, compactly built, robust and agile, of a -darker complexion than the Spaniards, with gray eyes and black hair. -They are simple but proud, impetuous, merry, and hospitable. The women -are beautiful, skilful in performing men's work, and remarkable for -their vivacity and grace. The Basques are much attached to dancing, and -are very fond of the music of the bagpipe." ("New American Cyclopædia," -art. Basques.) - -"According to Paul Broca their language stands quite alone, or has mere -analogies with the American type. Of all Europeans, we must -provisionally hold the Basques to be the oldest inhabitants of our -quarter of the world." (Peschel, "Races of Men," p. 501.) - -The Basque language--the Euscara--"has some common traits with the -Magyar, Osmanli, and other dialects of the Altai family, as, for -instance, with the Finnic on the old continent, as well as the -Algonquin-Lenape language and some others in America." ("New American -Cyclopædia," art. Basques.) - -Duponceau says of the Basque tongue: - -"This language, preserved in a corner of Europe by a few thousand -mountaineers, is the sole remaining fragment of, perhaps, a hundred -dialects constructed on the same plan, which probably existed and were -universally spoken at a remote period in that quarter of the world. Like -the bones of the mammoth, it remains a monument of the destruction -produced by a succession of ages. It stands single and alone of its -kind, surrounded by idioms that have no affinity with it." - -We have seen them settling, in the earliest ages, in Ireland. They also -formed the base of the dark-haired population of England and Scotland. -They seem to have race affinities with the Berbers, on the Mediterranean -coast of Africa. - -Dr. Bodichon, for fifteen years a surgeon in Algiers, says: - -"Persons who have inhabited Brittany, and then go to Algeria, are struck -with the resemblance between the ancient Armoricans (the Brètons) and -the Cabyles (of Algiers). In fact, the moral and physical character is -identical. The Breton of pure blood has a long head, light yellow -complexion of bistre tinge, eyes black or brown, stature short, and the -black hair of the Cabyle. Like him, he instinctively hates strangers; in -both are the same perverseness and obstinacy, same endurance of fatigue, -same love of independence, same inflexion of the voice, same expression -of feelings. Listen to a Cabyle speaking his native tongue, and you will -think you bear a Breton talking Celtic." - -The Bretons, he tells us, form a strong contrast to the people around -them, who are "Celts of tall stature, with blue eyes, white skins, and -blond hair: they are communicative, impetuous, versatile; they pass -rapidly from courage to despair. The Bretons are entirely different: -they are taciturn, hold strongly to their ideas and usages, are -persevering and melancholic; in a word, both in morale and physique they -present the type of a southern race--of the Atlanteans." - -By Atlanteans Dr. Bodichon refers to the inhabitants of the Barbary -States--that being one of the names by which they were known to the -Greeks and Romans. He adds: - -"The Atlanteans, among the ancients, passed for the favorite children of -Neptune; they made known the worship of this god to other nations--to the -Egyptians, for example. In other words, the Atlanteans were the first -known navigators. Like all navigators, they must have planted colonies -at a distance. The Bretons, in our opinion, sprung from one of them." - -Neptune was Poseidon, according to Plato, founder of Atlantis. - -I could multiply proofs of the close relationship between the people of -the Bronze Age of Europe and the ancient inhabitants of Northern Africa, -which should be read remembering that "connecting ridge" which, -according to the deep-sea soundings, united Africa and Atlantis. - -CHAPTER V. - -THE PERUVIAN COLONY. - -If we look at the map of Atlantis, as revealed by the deep sea -soundings, we will find that it approaches at one point, by its -connecting ridge, quite closely to the shore of South America, above -the mouth of the Amazon, and that probably it was originally connected -with it. - -If the population of Atlantis expanded westwardly, it naturally found -its way in its ships up the magnificent valley of the Amazon and its -tributaries; and, passing by the low and fever-stricken lands of Brazil, -it rested not until it had reached the high, fertile, beautiful, and -healthful regions of Bolivia, from which it would eventually cross the -mountains into Peru. - -Here it would establish its outlying colonies at the terminus of its -western line of advance, arrested only by the Pacific Ocean, precisely -as we have seen it advancing up the valley of the Mississippi, and -carrying on its mining operations on the shores of Lake Superior; -precisely as we have seen it going eastward up the Mediterranean, past -the Dardanelles, and founding Aryan, Hamitic, and probably Turanian -colonies on the farther shores of the Black Sea and on the Caspian. This -is the universal empire over which, the Hindoo books tell us, Deva -Nahusha was ruler; this was "the great and aggressive empire" to which -Plato alludes; this was the mighty kingdom, embracing the whole of the -then known world, from which the Greeks obtained their conception of the -universal father of all men in King Zeus. And in this universal empire -Señor Lopez must find an explanation of the similarity which, as we -shall show, exists between the speech of the South American Pacific -coast on the one hand, and the speech of Gaul, Ireland, England, Italy, -Greece, Bactria, and Hindostan on the other. - -Montesino tells us that at some time near the date of the Deluge, in -other words, in the highest antiquity, America was invaded by a people -with four leaders, named Ayar-manco-topa, Ayar-chaki, Ayar-aucca, and -Ayar-uyssu. "Ayar," says Señor Lopez, "is the Sanscrit Ajar, or aje, and -means primitive chief; and manco, chaki, aucca, and uyssu, mean -believers, wanderers, soldiers, husbandmen. We have here a tradition of -castes like that preserved in the four tribal names of Athens." The -laboring class (naturally enough in a new colony) obtained the -supremacy, and its leader was named Pirhua-manco, revealer of Pir, light -(p[~u]r, Umbrian pir). Do the laws which control the changes of language, -by which a labial succeeds a labial, indicate that the Mero or Merou of -Theopompus, the name of Atlantis, was carried by the colonists of -Atlantis to South America (as the name of old York was transplanted in a -later age to New York), and became in time Pérou or Peru? Was not the -Nubian "Island of Merou," with its pyramids built by "red men," a -similar transplantation? And when the Hindoo priest points to his sacred -emblem with five projecting points upon it, and tells us that they -typify "Mero and the four quarters of the world," does he not refer to -Atlantis and its ancient universal empire? - -Manco, in the names of the Peruvian colonists, it has been urged, was -the same as Mannus, Mann, and the Santhal Maniko. It reminds us of -Menes, Minos, etc., who are found at the beginning of so many of the Old -World traditions. - -The Quichuas--this invading people--were originally a fair skinned race, -with blue eyes and light and even auburn hair; they had regular -features, large heads, and large bodies. Their descendants are to this -day an olive-skinned people, much lighter in color than the Indian -tribes subjugated by them. - -They were a great race. Peru, as it was known to the Spaniards, held -very much the same relation to the ancient Quichua civilization as -England in the sixteenth century held to the civilization of the empire -of the Cæsars. The Incas were simply an offshoot, who, descending from -the mountains, subdued the rude races of the sea-coast, and imposed -their ancient civilization upon them. - -The Quichua nation extended at one time over a region of country more -than two thousand miles long. This whole region, when the Spaniards -arrived, "was a populous and prosperous empire, complete in its civil -organization, supported by an efficient system of industry, and -presenting a notable development of some of the more important arts of -civilized life." (Baldwin's "Ancient America," p. 222.) - -The companions of Pizarro found everywhere the evidences of a -civilization of vast antiquity. Cieça de Leon mentions "great edifices" -that were in ruins at Tiahuanaca, "an artificial hill raised on a -groundwork of stone," and "two stone idols, apparently made by skilful -artificers," ten or twelve feet high, clothed in long robes. "In this -place, also," says De Leon, "there are stones so large and so overgrown -that our wonder is excited, it being incomprehensible how the power of -man could have placed them where we see them. They are variously -wrought, and some of them, having the form of men, must have been idols. -Near the walls are many caves and excavations under the earth; but in -another place, farther west, are other and greater monuments, such as -large gate-ways with hinges, platforms, and porches, each made of a -single stone. It surprised me to see these enormous gate-ways, made of -great masses of stone, some of which were thirty feet long, fifteen -high, and six thick." - -The capital of the Chimus of Northern Peru at Gran-Chimu was conquered -by the Incas after a long and bloody struggle, and the capital was given -up to barbaric ravage and spoliation. But its remains exist to-day, the -marvel of the Southern Continent, covering not less than twenty square -miles. Tombs, temples, and palaces arise on every hand, ruined but still -traceable. Immense pyramidal structures, some of them half a mile in -circuit; vast areas shut in by massive walls, each containing its -water-tank, its shops, municipal edifices, and the dwellings of its -inhabitants, and each a branch of a larger organization; prisons, -furnaces for smelting metals, and almost every concomitant of -civilization, existed in the ancient Chimu capital. One of the great -pyramids, called the "Temple of the Sun," is 812 feet long by 470 wide, -and 150 high. These vast structures have been ruined for centuries, but -still the work of excavation is going on. - -One of the centres of the ancient Quichua civilization was around Lake -Titicaca. The buildings here, as throughout Peru, were all constructed -of hewn stone, and had doors and windows with posts, sills, and -thresholds of stone. - -At Cuelap, in Northern Peru, remarkable ruins were found. "They consist -of a wall of wrought stones 3600 feet long, 560 broad, and 150 high, -constituting a solid mass with a level summit. On this mass was another -600 feet long, 500 broad, and 150 high," making an aggregate height of -three hundred feet! In it were rooms and cells which were used as tombs. - -Very ancient ruins, showing remains of large and remarkable edifices, -were found near Huamanga, and described by Cieça de Leon. The native -traditions said this city was built "by bearded white men, who came -there long before the time of the Incas, and established a settlement." - -"The Peruvians made large use of aqueducts, which they built with -notable skill, using hewn stones and cement, and making them very -substantial." One extended four hundred and fifty miles across sierras -and over rivers. Think of a stone aqueduct reaching from the city of New -York to the State of North Carolina! - -The public roads of the Peruvians were most remarkable; they were built -on masonry. One of these roads ran along the mountains through the -whole length of the empire, from Quito to Chili; another, starting from -this at Cuzco, went down to the coast, and extended northward to the -equator. These roads were from twenty to twenty-five feet wide, were -macadamized with pulverized stone mixed with lime and bituminous cement, -and were walled in by strong walls "more than a fathom in thickness." In -many places these roads were cut for leagues through the rock; great -ravines were filled up with solid masonry; rivers were crossed by -suspension bridges, used here ages before their introduction into -Europe. Says Baldwin, "The builders of our Pacific Railroad, with their -superior engineering skill and mechanical appliances, might reasonably -shrink from the cost and the difficulties of such a work as this. -Extending from one degree north of Quito to Cuzco, and from Cuzco to -Chili, it was quite as long as the two Pacific railroads, and its wild -route among the mountains was far more difficult." Sarmiento, describing -it, said, "It seems to me that if the emperor (Charles V.) should see -fit to order the construction of another road like that which leads from -Quito to Cuzco, or that which from Cuzco goes toward Chili, I certainly -think he would not be able to make it, with all his power." Humboldt -said, "This road was marvellous; none of the Roman roads I had seen in -Italy, in the south of France, or in Spain, appeared to me more imposing -than this work of the ancient Peruvians." - -Along these great roads caravansaries were established for the -accommodation of travellers. - -These roads were ancient in the time of the Incas. They were the work of -the white, auburn-haired, bearded men from Atlantis, thousands of years -before the time of the Incas. When Huayna Capac marched his army over -the main road to invade Quito, it was so old and decayed "that he found -great difficulties in the passage," and he immediately ordered the -necessary reconstructions. - -It is not necessary, in a work of this kind, to give a detailed -description of the arts and civilization of the Peruvians. They were -simply marvellous. Their works in cotton and wool exceeded in fineness -anything known in Europe at that time. They had carried irrigation, -agriculture, and the cutting of gems to a point equal to that of the Old -World. Their accumulations of the precious metals exceeded anything -previously known in the history of the world. In the course of -twenty-five years after the Conquest the Spaniards sent from Peru to -Spain more than eight hundred millions of dollars of gold, nearly all of -it taken from the Peruvians as "booty." In one of their palaces "they -had an artificial garden, the soil of which was made of small pieces of -fine gold, and this was artificially planted with different kinds of -maize, which were of gold, their stems, leaves, and ears. Besides this, -they had more than twenty sheep (llamas) with their lambs, attended by -shepherds, all made of gold." In a description of one lot of golden -articles, sent to Spain in 1534 by Pizarro, there is mention of "four -llamas, ten statues of women of full size, and a cistern of gold, so -curious that it excited the wonder of all." - -Can any one read these details and declare Plato's description of -Atlantis to be fabulous, simply because he tells us of the enormous -quantities of gold and silver possessed by the people? Atlantis was the -older country, the parent country, the more civilized country; and, -doubtless, like the Peruvians, its people regarded the precious metals -as sacred to their gods; and they had been accumulating them from all -parts of the world for countless ages. If the story of Plato is true, -there now lies beneath the waters of the Atlantic, covered, doubtless, -by hundreds of feet of volcanic débris, an amount of gold and silver -exceeding many times that brought to Europe from Peru, Mexico, and -Central America since the time of Columbus; a treasure which, if brought -to light, would revolutionize the financial values of the world. - -I have already shown, in the chapter upon the similarities between the -civilizations of the Old and New Worlds, some of the remarkable -coincidences which existed between the Peruvians and the ancient -European races; I will again briefly, refer to a few of them: - -1. They worshipped the sun, moon, and planets. - -2. They believed in the immortality of the soul. - -3. They believed in the resurrection of the body, and accordingly -embalmed their dead. - -4. The priest examined the entrails of the animals offered in sacrifice, -and, like the Roman augurs, divined the future from their appearance. - -5. They had an order of women vowed to celibacy--vestal virgins-nuns; and -a violation of their vow was punished, in both continents, by their -being buried alive. - -6. They divided the year into twelve months. - -7. Their enumeration was by tens; the people were divided into decades -and hundreds, like the Anglo-Saxons; and the whole nation into bodies of -500, 1000, and 10,000, with a governor over each. - -8. They possessed castes; and the trade of the father descended to the -son, as in India. - -9. They had bards and minstrels, who sung at the great festivals. - -10. Their weapons were the same as those of the Old World, and made -after the same pattern. - -11. They drank toasts and invoked blessings. - -12. They built triumphal arches for their returning heroes, and strewed -the road before them with leaves and flowers. - -13. They used sedan-chairs. - -14. They regarded agriculture as the principal interest of the nation, -and held great agricultural fairs and festivals for the interchange of -the productions of the farmers. - -15. The king opened the agricultural season by a great celebration, and, -like the kings of Egypt, he put his hand to the plough, and ploughed the -first furrow. - -16. They had an order of knighthood, in which the candidate knelt before -the king; his sandals were put on by a nobleman, very much as the spurs -were buckled on the European knight; he was then allowed to use the -girdle or sash around the loins, corresponding to the toga virilis of -the Romans; he was then crowned with flowers. According to Fernandez, -the candidates wore white shirts, like the knights of the Middle Ages, -with a cross embroidered in front. - -17. There was a striking resemblance between the architecture of the -Peruvians and that of some of the nations of the Old World. It is enough -for me to quote Mr. Ferguson's words, that the coincidence between the -buildings of the Incas and the Cyclopean remains attributed to the -Pelasgians in Italy and Greece "is the most remarkable in the history -of architecture." - - OWL-HEADED VASES, TROY AND PERU - -The illustrations on page 397 strikingly confirm Mr. Ferguson's views. - -"The sloping jambs, the window cornice, the polygonal masonry, and other -forms so closely resemble what is found in the old Pelasgic cities of -Greece and Italy, that it is difficult to resist the conclusion that -there may be some relation between them." - -Even the mode of decorating their palaces and temples finds a parallel -in the Old World. A recent writer says: - -"We may end by observing, what seems to have escaped Señor Lopez, that -the interior of an Inca palace, with its walls covered with gold, as -described by Spaniards, with its artificial golden flowers and golden -beasts, must have been exactly like the interior of the house of -Alkinous or Menelaus-- - - "'The doors were framed of gold, - Where underneath the brazen floor doth glass - Silver pilasters, which with grace uphold - Lintel of silver framed; the ring was burnished gold, - And dogs on each side of the door there stand, - Silver and golden.'" - -"I can personally testify" (says Winchell, "Preadamites," p. 387) "that -a study of ancient Peruvian pottery has constantly reminded me of forms -with which we are familiar in Egyptian archæology." - -Dr. Schliemann, in his excavations of the ruins of Troy, found a number -of what he calls "owl-headed idols" and vases. I give specimens on page -398 and page 400. - -In Peru we find vases with very much the same style of face. - -I might pursue those parallels much farther; but it seems to me that -these extraordinary coincidences must have arisen either from identity -of origin or long-continued ancient intercourse. There can be little -doubt that a fair-skinned, light-haired, bearded race, holding the -religion which Plato says prevailed in Atlantis, carried an Atlantean -civilization at an early day up the valley of the Amazon to the heights -of Bolivia and Peru, precisely as a similar emigration of Aryans went -westward to the shores of the Mediterranean and Caspian, and it is very -likely that these diverse migrations habitually spoke the same language. - -Señor Vincente Lopez, a Spanish gentleman of Montevideo, in 1872 -published a work entitled "Les Races Aryennes in Pérou," in which he -attempts to prove that the great Quichua language, which the Incas -imposed on their subjects over a vast extent of territory, and which is -still a living tongue in Peru and Bolivia, is really a branch of the -great Aryan or Indo-European speech. I quote Andrew Lang's summary of -the proofs on this point: - - OWL-HEADED VASE, TROY - -"Señor Lopez's view, that the Peruvians were Aryans who left the parent -stock long before the Teutonic or Hellenic races entered Europe, is -supported by arguments drawn from language, from the traces of -institutions, from religious beliefs, from legendary records, and -artistic remains. The evidence from language is treated scientifically, -and not as a kind of ingenious guessing. Señor Lopez first combats the -idea that the living dialect of Peru is barbarous and fluctuating. It is -not one of the casual and shifting forms of speech produced by nomad -races. To which of the stages of language does this belong--the -agglutinative, in which one root is fastened on to another, and a word -is formed in which the constitutive elements are obviously distinct, or -the inflexional, where the auxiliary roots get worn down and are only -distinguishable by the philologist? As all known Aryan tongues are -inflexional, Señor Lopez may appear to contradict himself when he says -that Quichua is an agglutinative Aryan language. But he quotes Mr. Max -Müller's opinion that there must have been a time when the germs of -Aryan tongues had not yet reached the inflexional stage, and shows that -while the form of Quichua is agglutinative, as in Turanian, the roots of -words are Aryan. If this be so, Quichua may be a linguistic missing link. - -"When we first look at Quichua, with its multitude of words, beginning -with hu, and its great preponderance of q's, it seems almost as odd as -Mexican. But many of these forms are due to a scanty alphabet, and -really express familiar sounds; and many, again, result from the casual -spelling of the Spaniards. We must now examine some of the forms which -Aryan roots are supposed to take in Quichua. In the first place, Quichua -abhors the shock of two consonants. Thus, a word like ple'w in Greek -would be unpleasant to the Peruvian's ear, and he says pillui, 'I sail.' -The plu, again, in pluma, a feather, is said to be found in pillu, 'to -fly.' Quichua has no v, any more than Greek has, and just as the Greeks -had to spell Roman words beginning with V with Ou, like -Valerius--Ou?ale'rios--so, where Sanscrit has v, Quichua has sometimes -hu. Here is a list of words in hu: - - +----------------------+----------------------------+ - | QUICHUA. | SANSCRIT. | - +----------------------+----------------------------+ - | Huakia, to call. | Vacc, to speak. | - +----------------------+----------------------------+ - | Huasi, a house. | Vas, to inhabit. | - +----------------------+----------------------------+ - | Huayra, air, au?'ra. | Vâ, to breathe. | - +----------------------+----------------------------+ - | Huasa, the back. | Vas, to be able (pouvoir). | - +----------------------+----------------------------+ - -"There is a Sanscrit root, kr, to act, to do: this root is found in more -than three hundred names of peoples and places in Southern America. Thus -there are the Caribs, whose name may have the same origin as that of our -old friends the Carians, and mean the Braves, and their land the home of -the Braves, like Kaleva-la, in Finnish. The same root gives kara, the -hand, the Greek xei'r, and kkalli, brave, which a person of fancy may -connect with kalo's. Again, Quichua has an 'alpha privative'--thus -A-stani means 'I change a thing's place;' for ni or mi is the first -person singular, and, added to the root of a verb, is the sign of the -first person of the present indicative. For instance, can means being, -and Can-mi, or Cani, is 'I am.' In the same way Munanmi, or Munani, is -'I love,' and Apanmi, or Apani, 'I carry.' So Lord Strangford was wrong -when he supposed that the last verb in mi lived with the last patriot in -Lithuania. Peru has stores of a grammatical form which has happily -perished in Europe. It is impossible to do more than refer to the -supposed Aryan roots contained in the glossary, but it may be noticed -that the future of the Quichuan verb is formed in s--I love, Munani; I -shall love, Munasa--and that the affixes denoting cases in the noun are -curiously like the Greek prepositions." - -The resemblance between the Quichua and Mandan words for I or -me--mi--will here be observed. - -Very recently Dr. Rudolf Falb has announced (Neue Freie Presse, of -Vienna) that he has discovered that the relation of the Quichua and -Aimara languages to the Aryan and Semitic tongues is very close; that, -in fact, they "exhibit the most astounding affinities with the Semitic -tongue, and particularly the Arabic," in which tongue Dr. Falb has been -skilled from his boyhood. Following up the lines of this discovery, Dr. -Falb has found (1) a connecting link with the Aryan roots, and (2) has -ultimately arrived face to face with the surprising revelation that "the -Semitic roots are universally Aryan." The common stems of all the -variants are found in their purest condition in Quichua and Aimara, from -which fact Dr. Falb derives the conclusion that the high plains of Peru -and Bolivia must be regarded as the point of exit of the present human -race. - -[Since the above was written I have received a letter from Dr. Falb, -dated Leipsic, April 5th, 1881. Scholars will be glad to learn that Dr. -Falb's great work on the relationship of the Aryan and Semitic languages -to the Quichua and Aimara tongues will be published in a year or two; -the manuscript contains over two thousand pages, and Dr. Falb has -devoted to it ten years of study. A work from such a source, upon so -curious and important a subject, will be looked for with great interest.] - -But it is impossible that the Quichuas and Aimaras could have passed -across the wide Atlantic to Europe if there had been no stepping-stone -in the shape of Atlantis with its bridge-like ridges connecting the two -continents. - -It is, however, more reasonable to suppose that the Quichuas and Aimaras -were a race of emigrants from Plato's island than to think that Atlantis -was populated from South America. The very traditions to which we have -referred as existing among the Peruvians, that the civilized race were -white and bearded, and that they entered or invaded the country, would -show that civilization did not originate in Peru, but was a -transplantation from abroad, and only in the direction of Atlantis can -we look for a white and bearded race. - -In fact, kindred races, with the same arts, and speaking the same tongue -in an early age of the world, separated in Atlantis and went east and -west--the one to repeat the civilization of the mother-country along the -shores of the Mediterranean Sea, which, like a great river, may be said -to flow out from the Black Sea, with the Nile as one of its tributaries, -and along the shores of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf; while the -other emigration advanced up the Amazon, and created mighty nations upon -its head-waters in the valleys of the Andes and on the shores of the -Pacific. - -CHAPTER VI. - -THE AFRICAN COLONIES. - -Africa, like Europe and America, evidences a commingling of different -stocks: the blacks are not all black, nor all woolly-haired; the -Africans pass through all shades, from that of a light Berber, no darker -than the Spaniard, to the deep black of the Iolofs, between Senegal and -Gambia. - -The traces of red men or copper-colored races are found in many parts of -the continent. Prichard divides the true negroes into four classes; his -second class is thus described: - -"2. Other tribes have forms and features like the European; their -complexion is black, or a deep olive, or a copper color approaching to -black, while their hair, though often crisp and frizzled, is not in the -least woolly. Such are the Bishari and Danekil and Hazorta, and the -darkest of the Abyssinians. - -"The complexion and hair of the Abyssinians vary very much, their -complexion ranging from almost white to dark brown or black, and their -hair from straight to crisp, frizzled, and almost woolly." (Nott and -Gliddon, "Types of Mankind," p. 194.) - -"Some of the Nubians are copper-colored or black, with a tinge of red." -(Ibid., p. 198.) - -Speaking of the Barbary States, these authors further say (Ibid., p. -204): - -"On the northern coast of Africa, between the Mediterranean and the -Great Desert, including Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Benzazi, -there is a continuous system of highlands, which have been included -under the general term Atlas--anciently Atlantis, now the Barbary -States.... Throughout Barbary we encounter a peculiar group of races, -subdivided into many tribes of various shades, now spread over a vast -area, but which formerly had its principal and perhaps aboriginal abode -along the mountain slopes of Atlas.... The real name of the Berbers -is Mazirgh, with the article prefixed or suffixed--T-amazirgh or -Amazirgh-T--meaning free, dominant, or 'noble race.'... We have every -reason to believe the Berbers existed in the remotest times, with all -their essential moral and physical peculiarities.... They existed in -the time of Menes in the same condition in which they were discovered by -Phoenician navigators previously to the foundation of Carthage. They are -an indomitable, nomadic people, who, since the introduction of camels, -have penetrated in considerable numbers into the Desert, and even as far -as Nigritia.... Some of these clans are white, others black, with -woolly hair." - -Speaking of the Barbary Moors, Prichard says: - -"Their figure and stature are nearly the same as those of the southern -Europeans, and their complexion, if darker, is only so in proportion to -the higher temperature of the country. It displays great varieties." - -Jackson says: - -"The men of Temsena and Showiah are of a strong, robust make, and of a -copper color; the women are beautiful. The women of Fez are fair as the -Europeans, but hair and eyes always dark. The women of Mequinas are very -beautiful, and have the red-and-white complexion of English women." - -Spix and Martins, the German travellers, depict the Moors as follows: - -"A high forehead, an oval countenance, large, speaking, black eyes, -shaded by arched and strong eyebrows, a thin, rather long, but not too -pointed nose, rather broad lips, meeting in an acute angle, -brownish-yellow complexion, thick, smooth, and black hair, and a stature -greater than the middle height." - -Hodgson states: - -"The Tuarycks are a white people, of the Berber race; the Mozabiaks are -a remarkably white people, and mixed with the Bedouin Arabs. The -Wadreagans and Wurgelans are of a dark bronze, with woolly hair." - -The Foolahs, Fulbe (sing. Pullo), Fellani, or Fellatah, are a people of -West and Central Africa. It is the opinion of modern travellers that the -Foolahs are destined to become the dominant people of Negro-land. In -language, appearance, and history they present striking differences from -the neighboring tribes, to whom they are superior in intelligence, but -inferior, according to Garth, in physical development. Golbery describes -them as "robust and courageous, of a reddish-black color, with regular -features, hair longer and less woolly than that of the common negroes, -and high mental capacity." Dr. Barth found great local differences in -their physical characteristics, as Bowen describes the Foolahs of Bomba -as being some black, some almost white, and many of a mulatto color, -varying from dark to very bright. Their features and skulls were cast in -the European mould. They have a tradition that their ancestors were -whites, and certain tribes call themselves white men. They came from -Timbuctoo, which lies to the north of their present location. - -The Nubians and Foolahs are classed as Mediterraneans. They are not -black, but yellowish-brown, or red-brown. The hair is not woolly but -curly, and sometimes quite straight; it is either dark-brown or black, -with a fuller growth of beard than the negroes. The oval face gives them -a Mediterranean type. Their noses are prominent, their lips not puffy, -and their languages have no connection with the tongues of the negroes -proper. ("American Cyclopædia," art. Ethnology, p. 759.) - -"The Cromlechs (dolmens) of Algeria" was the subject of an address made -by General Faidherbe at the Brussels International Congress. He -considers these structures to be simply sepulchral monuments, and, after -examining five or six thousand of them, maintains that the dolmens of -Africa and of Europe were all constructed by the same race, during their -emigration from the shores of the Baltic to the southern coast of the -Mediterranean. The author does not, however, attempt to explain the -existence of these monuments in other countries--Hindostan, for -instance, and America. "In Africa," he says, "cromlechs are called tombs -of the idolaters"--the idolaters being neither Romans, nor Christians, -nor Phoenicians, but some antique race. He regards the Berbers as the -descendants of the primitive dolmen-builders. Certain Egyptian monuments -tell of invasions of Lower Egypt one thousand five hundred years before -our era by blond tribes from the West. The bones found in the cromlechs -are those of a large and dolichocephalous race. General Faidherbe gives -the average stature (including the women) at 1.65 or 1.74 metre, while -the average stature of French carabineers is only 1.65 metre. He did not -find a single brachycephalous skull. The profiles indicated great -intelligence. The Egyptian documents already referred to call the -invaders Tamahu, which must have come from the invaders' own language, -as it is not Egyptian. The Tuaregs of the present day may be regarded as -the best representatives of the Tamahus. They are of lofty stature, have -blue eyes, and cling to the custom of bearing long swords, to be wielded -by both hands. In Soudan, on the banks of the Niger, dwells a negro -tribe ruled by a royal family (Masas), who are of rather fair -complexion, and claim descent from white men. Masas is perhaps the same -as Mashash, which occurs in the Egyptian documents applied to the -Tamahus. The Masas wear the hair in the same fashion as the Tamahus, and -General Faidherbe is inclined to think that they too are the descendants -of the dolmen-builders. - -These people, according to my theory, were colonists from -Atlantis--colonists of three different races--white, yellow, and -sunburnt or red. - -CHAPTER VII. - -THE IRISH COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS. - -We have seen that beyond question Spain and France owed a great part of -their population to Atlantis. Let us turn now to Ireland. - -We would naturally expect, in view of the geographical position of the -country, to find Ireland colonized at an early day by the overflowing -population of Atlantis. And, in fact, the Irish annals tell us that -their island was settled prior to the Flood. In their oldest legends an -account is given of three Spanish fishermen who were driven by contrary -winds on the coast of Ireland before the Deluge. After these came the -Formorians, who were led into the country prior to the Deluge by the -Lady Banbha, or Kesair; her maiden name was h'Erni, or Berba; she was -accompanied by fifty maidens and three men--Bith, Ladhra, and Fintain. -Ladhra was their conductor, who was the first buried in Hibernia. That -ancient book, the "Cin of Drom-Snechta," is quoted in the "Book of -Ballymote" as authority for this legend. - -The Irish annals speak of the Formorians as a warlike race, who, -according to the "Annals of Clonmacnois," "were a sept descended from -Cham, the son of Noeh, and lived by pyracie and spoile of other nations, -and were in those days very troublesome to the whole world." - -Were not these the inhabitants of Atlantis, who, according to Plato, -carried their arms to Egypt and Athens, and whose subsequent destruction -has been attributed to divine vengeance invoked by their arrogance and -oppressions? - -The Formorians were from Atlantis. They were called Fomhoraicc, -F'omoraig Afraic, and Formoragh, which has been rendered into English as -Formorians. They possessed ships, and the uniform representation is that -they came, as the name F'omoraig Afraic indicated, from Africa. But in -that day Africa did not mean the continent of Africa, as we now -understand it. Major Wilford, in the eighth volume of the "Asiatic -Researches," has pointed out that Africa comes from Apar, Aphar, Apara, -or Aparica, terms used to signify "the West," just as we now speak of -the Asiatic world as "the East." When, therefore, the Formorians claimed -to come from Africa, they simply meant that they came from the West--in -other words, from Atlantis--for there was no other country except -America west of them. - -They possessed Ireland from so early a period that by some of the -historians they are spoken of as the aborigines of the country. - -The first invasion of Ireland, subsequent to the coming of the -Formorians, was led by a chief called Partholan: his people are known in -the Irish annals as "Partholan's people." They were also probably -Atlanteans. They were from Spain. A British prince, Gulguntius, or -Gurmund, encountered off the Hebrides a fleet of thirty ships, filled -with men and women, led by one Partholyan, who told him they were from -Spain, and seeking some place to colonize. The British prince directed -him to Ireland. ("De Antiq. et Orig. Cantab.") - -Spain in that day was the land of the Iberians, the Basques; that is to -say, the Atlanteans. - -The Formorians defeated Partholan's people, killed Partholan, and drove -the invaders out of the country. - -The Formorians were a civilized race; they had "a fleet of sixty ships -and a strong army." - -The next invader of their dominions was Neimhidh; he captured one of -their fortifications, but it was retaken by the Formorians under "Morc." -Neimhidh was driven out of the country, and the Atlanteans continued in -undisturbed possession of the island for four hundred years more. Then -came the Fir-Bolgs. They conquered the whole island, and divided it into -five provinces. They held possession of the country for only -thirty-seven years, when they were overthrown by the Tuatha-de-Dananns, -a people more advanced in civilization; so much so that when their king, -Nuadha, lost his hand in battle, "Creidne, the artificer," we are told, -"put a silver hand upon him, the fingers of which were capable of -motion." This great race ruled the country for one hundred and -ninety-seven years: they were overthrown by an immigration from Spain, -probably of Basques, or Iberians, or Atlanteans, "the sons of Milidh," -or Milesius, who "possessed a large fleet and a strong army." This last -invasion took place about the year 1700 B.C.; so that the invasion of -Neimhidh must have occurred about the year 2334 B.C.; while we will have -to assign a still earlier date for the coming of Partholan's people, and -an earlier still for the occupation of the country by the Formorians -from the West. - -In the Irish historic tales called "Catha; or Battles," as given by the -learned O'Curry, a record is preserved of a real battle which was fought -between the Tuatha-de-Dananns and the Fir Bolgs, from which it appears -that these two races spoke the same language, and that they were -intimately connected with the Formorians. As the armies drew near -together the Fir-Bolgs sent out Breas, one of their great chiefs, to -reconnoitre the camp of the strangers; the Tuatha-de-Dananns appointed -one of their champions, named Sreng, to meet the emissary of the enemy; -the two warriors met and talked to one another over the tops of their -shields, and each was delighted to find that the other spoke the same -language. A battle followed, in which Nunda, king of the Fir-Bolgs, was -slain; Breas succeeded him; he encountered the hostility of the bards, -and was compelled to resign the crown. He went to the court of his -father-in-law, Elathe, a Formorian sea-king or pirate; not being well -received, he repaired to the camp of Balor of the Evil Eye, a Formorian -chief. The Formorian head-quarters seem to have been in the Hebrides. -Breas and Balor collected a vast army and navy and invaded Ireland, but -were defeated in a great battle by the Tuatha-de-Dananns. - -These particulars would show the race-identity of the Fir-Bolg and -Tuatha-de-Dananns; and also their intimate connection, if not identity -with, the Formorians. - -The Tuatha-de-Dananns seem to have been a civilized people; besides -possessing ships and armies and working in the metals, they had an -organized body of surgeons, whose duty it was to attend upon the wounded -in battle; and they had also a bardic or Druid class, to preserve the -history of the country and the deeds of kings and heroes. - -According to the ancient books of Ireland the race known as "Partholan's -people," the Nemedians, the Fir-Bolgs, the Tuatha-de-Dananns, and the -Milesians were all descended from two brothers, sons of Magog, son of -Japheth, son of Noah, who escaped from the catastrophe which destroyed -his country. Thus all these races were Atlantean. They were connected -with the African colonies of Atlantis, the Berbers, and with the -Egyptians. The Milesians lived in Egypt: they were expelled thence; they -stopped a while in Crete, then in Scythia, then they settled in Africa -(See MacGeoghegan's "History of Ireland," p. 57), at a place called -Gæthulighe or Getulia, and lived there during eight generations, say two -hundred and fifty years; "then they entered Spain, where they built -Brigantia, or Briganza, named after their king Breogan: they dwelt in -Spain a considerable time. Milesius, a descendant of Breogan, went on an -expedition to Egypt, took part in a war against the Ethiopians, married -the king's daughter, Scota: he died in Spain, but his people soon after -conquered Ireland. On landing on the coast they offered sacrifices to -Neptune or Poseidon"--the god of Atlantis. (Ibid., p. 58.) - -The Book of Genesis (chap. x.) gives us the descendants of Noah's three -sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth. We are told that the sons of Japheth were -Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and -Tiras. We are then given the names of the descendants of Gomer and -Javan, but not of Magog. Josephus says the sons of Magog were the -Scythians. The Irish annals take up the genealogy of Magog's family -where the Bible leaves it. The Book of Invasions, the "Cin of -Drom-Snechta," claims that these Scythians were the Phoenicians; and we -are told that a branch of this family were driven out of Egypt in the -time of Moses: "He wandered through Africa for forty-two years, and -passed by the lake of Salivæ to the altars of the Philistines, and -between Rusicada and the mountains Azure, and he came by the river -Monlon, and by the sea to the Pillars of Hercules, and through the -Tuscan sea, and he made for Spain, and dwelt there many years, and he -increased and multiplied, and his people were multiplied." - -From all these facts it appears that the population of Ireland came from -the West, and not from Asia--that it was one of the many waves of -population flowing out from the Island of Atlantis--and herein we find -the explanation of that problem which has puzzled the Aryan scholars. As -Ireland is farther from the Punjab than Persia, Greece, Rome, or -Scandinavia, it would follow that the Celtic wave of migration must have -been the earliest sent out from the Sanscrit centre; but it is now -asserted by Professor Schleicher and others that the Celtic tongue shows -that it separated from the Sanscrit original tongue later than the -others, and that it is more closely allied to the Latin than any other -Aryan tongue. This is entirely inexplicable upon any theory of an -Eastern origin of the Indo-European races, but very easily understood if -we recognize the Aryan and Celtic migrations as going out about the same -time from the Atlantean fountain-head. - -There are many points confirmatory of this belief. In the first place, -the civilization of the Irish dates back to a vast antiquity. We have -seen their annals laying claim to an immigration from the direction of -Atlantis prior to the Deluge, with no record that the people of Ireland -were subsequently destroyed by the Deluge. From the Formorians, who came -before the Deluge, to the Milesians, who came from Spain in the Historic -Period, the island was continuously inhabited. This demonstrates (1) -that these legends did not come from Christian sources, as the Bible -record was understood in the old time to imply a destruction of all who -lived before the Flood except Noah and his family; (2) it confirms our -view that the Deluge was a local catastrophe, and did not drown the -whole human family; (3) that the coming of the Formorians having been -before the Deluge, that great cataclysm was of comparatively recent -date, to wit, since the settlement of Ireland; and (4) that as the -Deluge was a local catastrophe, it must have occurred somewhere not far -from Ireland to have come to their knowledge. A rude people could -scarcely have heard in that day of a local catastrophe occurring in the -heart of Asia. - -There are many evidences that the Old World recognized Ireland as -possessing a very ancient civilization. In the Sanscrit books it is -referred to as Hiranya, the "Island of the Sun," to wit, of sun-worship; -in other words, as pre-eminently the centre of that religion which was -shared by all the ancient races of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. It -is believed that Ireland was the "Garden of Phoebus" of the Western -mythologists. - -The Greeks called Ireland the "Sacred Isle" and "Ogygia." - -"Nor can any one," says Camden, "conceive why they should call it -Ogygia, unless, perhaps, from its antiquity; for the Greeks called -nothing Ogygia unless what was extremely ancient." We have seen that -Ogyges was connected by the Greek legends with a first deluge, and that -Ogyges was "a quite mythical personage, lost in the night of ages." - -It appears, as another confirmation of the theory of the Atlantis origin -of these colonies, that their original religion was sun-worship; this, -as was the case in other countries, became subsequently overlaid with -idol-worship. In the reign of King Tighernmas the worship of idols was -introduced. The priests constituted the Order of Druids. Naturally many -analogies have been found to exist between the beliefs and customs of -the Druids and the other religions which were drawn from Atlantis. We -have seen in the chapter on sun-worship how extensive this form of -religion was in the Atlantean days, both in Europe and America. - -It would appear probable that the religion of the Druids passed from -Ireland to England and France. The metempsychosis or transmigration of -souls was one of the articles of their belief long before the time of -Pythagoras; it had probably been drawn from the storehouse of Atlantis, -whence it passed to the Druids, the Greeks, and the Hindoos. The Druids -had a pontifex maximus to whom they yielded entire obedience. Here again -we see a practice which extended to the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Hindoos, -Peruvians, and Mexicans. - -The Druids of Gaul and Britain offered human sacrifices, while it is -claimed that the Irish Druids did not. This would appear to have been a -corrupt after-growth imposed upon the earlier and purer sacrifice of -fruits and flowers known in Atlantis, and due in part to greater cruelty -and barbarism in their descendants. Hence we find it practised in -degenerate ages on both sides of the Atlantic. - -The Irish Druidical rites manifested themselves principally in sun -worship. Their chief god was Bel or Baal--the same worshipped by the -Phoenicians--the god of the sun. The Irish name for the sun, Grian, is, -according to Virgil, one of the names of Apollo--another sun-god, -Gryneus. Sun-worship continued in Ireland down to the time of St. -Patrick, and some of its customs exist among the peasantry of that -country to this day. We have seen that among the Peruvians, Romans, and -other nations, on a certain day all fires were extinguished throughout -the kingdom, and a new fire kindled at the chief temple by the sun's -rays, from which the people obtained their fire for the coming year. In -Ireland the same practice was found to exist. A piece of land was set -apart, where the four provinces met, in the present county of Meath; -here, at a palace called Tlachta, the divine fire was kindled. Upon the -night of what is now All-Saints-day the Druids assembled at this place -to offer sacrifice, and it was established, under heavy penalties, that -no fire should be kindled except from this source. On the first of May a -convocation of Druids was held in the royal palace of the King of -Connaught, and two fires were lit, between which cattle were driven, as -a preventive of murrain and other pestilential disorders. This was -called Beltinne, or the day of Bel's fire. And unto this day the Irish -call the first day of May "Lha-Beul-tinne," which signifies "the day of -Bel's fire." The celebration in Ireland of St. John's-eve by watch-fires -is a relic of the ancient sun-worship of Atlantis. The practice of -driving cattle through the fire continued for a longtime, and Kelly -mentions in his "Folk-lore" that in Northamptonshire, in England, a calf -was sacrificed in one of these fires to "stop the murrain" during the -present century. Fires are still lighted in England and Scotland as well -as Ireland for superstitious purposes; so that the people of Great -Britain, it may be said, are still in some sense in the midst of the -ancient sun-worship of Atlantis. - -We find among the Irish of to-day many Oriental customs. The game of -"jacks," or throwing up five pebbles and catching them on the back of -the hand, was known in Rome. "The Irish keen (caoine), or the lament -over the dead, may still be heard in Algeria and Upper Egypt, even as -Herodotus heard it chanted by the Libyan women." The same practice -existed among the Egyptians, Etruscans, and Romans. The Irish wakes are -identical with the funeral feasts of the Greeks, Etruscans, and Romans. -(Cusack's "History of Ireland," p. 141.) The Irish custom of saying "God -bless you!" when one sneezes, is a very ancient practice; it was known -to the Romans, and referred, it is said, to a plague in the remote past, -whose first symptom was sneezing. - -We find many points of resemblance between the customs of the Irish and -those of the Hindoo. The practice of the creditor fasting at the -door-step of his debtor until he is paid, is known to both countries; -the kindly "God save you!" is the same as the Eastern "God be gracious -to you, my son!" The reverence for the wren in Ireland and Scotland -reminds us of the Oriental and Greek respect for that bird. The practice -of pilgrimages, fasting, bodily macerations, and devotion to holy wells -and particular places, extends from Ireland to India. - -All these things speak of a common origin; this fact has been generally -recognized, but it has always been interpreted that the Irish came from -the East, and were in fact a migration of Hindoos. There is not the -slightest evidence to sustain this theory. The Hindoos have never within -the knowledge of man sent out colonies or fleets for exploration; but -there is abundant evidence, on the other hand, of migrations from -Atlantis eastward. And how could the Sanscrit writings have preserved -maps of Ireland, England, and Spain, giving the shape and outline of -their coasts, and their very names, and yet have preserved no memory of -the expeditions or colonizations by which they acquired that knowledge? - -Another proof of our theory is found in "the round-towers" of Ireland. -Attempts have been made to show, by Dr. Petrie and others, that these -extraordinary structures are of modern origin, and were built by the -Christian priests, in which to keep their church-plate. But it is shown -that the "Annals of Ulster" mention the destruction of fifty-seven of -them by an earthquake in A.D. 448; and Giraldus Cambrensis shows that -Lough Neagh was created by an inundation, or sinking of the land, in -A.D. 65, and that in his day the fishermen could - - "See the round-towers of other days - In the waves beneath them shining." - -Moreover, we find Diodorus Siculus, in a well-known passage, referring -to Ireland, and describing it as "an island in the ocean over against -Gaul, to the north, and not inferior in size to Sicily, the soil of -which is so fruitful that they mow there twice in the year." He mentions -the skill of their harpers, their sacred groves, and their singular -temples of round form. - - THE BURGH OF MOUSSA, IN THE SHETLANDS - -We find similar structures in America, Sardinia, and India. The remains -of similar round-towers are very abundant in the Orkneys and Shetlands. -"They have been supposed by some," says Sir John Lubbock, "to be -Scandinavian, but no similar buildings exist in Norway, Sweden, or -Denmark, so that this style of architecture is no doubt anterior to the -arrival of the Northmen." I give above a picture of the Burgh or Broch -of the little island of Moussa, in the Shetlands. It is circular in -form, forty-one feet in height. Open at the top; the central space is -twenty feet in diameter, the walls about fourteen feet thick at the -base, and eight feet at the top. They contain a staircase, which leads -to the top of the building. Similar structures are found in the Island -of Sardinia. - - ROUND-TOWER OF THE CANYON OF THE MANCOS, COLORADO, U.S. - -In New Mexico and Colorado the remains of round-towers are very -abundant. The illustration below represents one of these in the valley -of the Mancos, in the south-western corner of Colorado. A model of it is -to be found in the Smithsonian collection at Washington. The tower -stands at present, in its ruined condition, twenty feet high. It will be -seen that it resembles the towers of Ireland, not only in its circular -form but also in the fact that its door-way is situated at some distance -from the ground. - -It will not do to say that the resemblance between these prehistoric and -singular towers, in countries so far apart as Sardinia, Ireland, -Colorado, and India, is due to an accidental coincidence. It might as -well be argued that the resemblance between the roots of the various -Indo-European languages was also due to accidental coincidence, and did -not establish any similarity of origin. In fact, we might just as well -go back to the theory of the philosophers of one hundred and fifty years -ago, and say that the resemblance between the fossil forms in the rocks -and the living forms upon them did not indicate relationship, or prove -that the fossils were the remains of creatures that had once lived, but -that it was simply a way nature had of working out extraordinary -coincidences in a kind of joke; a sort of "plastic power in nature," as -it was called. - -We find another proof that Ireland was settled by the people of Atlantis -in the fact that traditions long existed among the Irish peasantry of a -land in the "Far West," and that this belief was especially found among -the posterity of the Tuatha-de-Dananns, whose connection with the -Formorians we have shown. - -The Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, in a note to his translation of the -"Popol Vuh," says: - -"There is an abundance of legends and traditions concerning the passage -of the Irish into America, and their habitual communication with that -continent many centuries before the time of Columbus. We should bear in -mind that Ireland was colonized by the Phoenicians (or by people of that -race). An Irish Saint named Vigile, who lived in the eighth century, was -accused to Pope Zachary of having taught heresies on the subject of the -antipodes. At first he wrote to the pope in reply to the charge, but -afterward he went to Rome in person to justify himself, and there he -proved to the pope that the Irish had been accustomed to communicate -with a transatlantic world." - -"This fact," says Baldwin, "seems to have been preserved in the records -of the Vatican." - -The Irish annals preserve the memory of St. Brendan of Clonfert, and his -remarkable voyage to a land in the West, made A.D. 545. His early youth -was passed under the care of St. Ita, a lady of the princely family of -the Desii. When he was five years old he was placed under the care of -Bishop Ercus. Kerry was his native home; the blue waves of the Atlantic -washed its shores; the coast was full of traditions of a wonderful land -in the West. He went to see the venerable St. Enda, the first abbot of -Arran, for counsel. He was probably encouraged in the plan he had formed -of carrying the Gospel to this distant land. "He proceeded along the -coast of Mayo, inquiring as he went for traditions of the Western -continent. On his return to Kerry he decided to set out on the important -expedition. St. Brendan's Hill still bears his name; and from the bay at -the foot of this lofty eminence be sailed for the 'Far West.' Directing -his course toward the southwest, with a few faithful companions, in a -well-provisioned bark, he came, after some rough and dangerous -navigation, to calm seas, where, without aid of oar or sail, he was -borne along for many weeks." He had probably entered upon the same great -current which Columbus travelled nearly one thousand years later, and -which extends from the shores of Africa and Europe to America. He -finally reached land; he proceeded inland until he came to a large river -flowing from east to west, supposed by some to be the Ohio. "After an -absence of seven years he returned to Ireland, and lived not only to -tell of the marvels he had seen, but to found a college of three -thousand monks at Clonfert." There are eleven Latin MSS. in the -Bibliothèque Impériale at Paris of this legend, the dates of which vary -from the eleventh to the fourteenth century, but all of them anterior to -the time of Columbus. - -The fact that St. Brendan sailed in search of a country in the west -cannot be doubted; and the legends which guided him were probably the -traditions of Atlantis among a people whose ancestors had been derived -directly or at second-hand from that country. - -This land was associated in the minds of the peasantry with traditions -of Edenic happiness and beauty. Miss Eleanor C. Donnelly, of -Philadelphia, has referred to it in her poem, "The Sleeper's Sail," -where the starving boy dreams of the pleasant and plentiful land: - - "'Mother, I've been on the cliffs out yonder, - Straining my eyes o'er the breakers free - To the lovely spot where the sun was setting, - Setting and sinking into the sea. - - "'The sky was full of the fairest colors - Pink and purple and paly green, - With great soft masses of gray and amber, - And great bright rifts of gold between. - - "'And all the birds that way were flying, - Heron and curlew overhead, - With a mighty eagle westward floating, - Every plume in their pinions red. - - "'And then I saw it, the fairy city, - Far away o'er the waters deep; - Towers and castles and chapels glowing - Like blesséd dreams that we see in sleep. - - "'What is its name?' 'Be still, acushla - (Thy hair is wet with the mists, my boy); - Thou hast looked perchance on the Tir-na-n'oge, - Land of eternal youth and joy! - - "'Out of the sea, when the sun is setting, - It rises, golden and fair to view; - No trace of ruin, or change of sorrow, - No sign of age where all is new. - - "'Forever sunny, forever blooming, - Nor cloud nor frost can touch that spot, - Where the happy people are ever roaming, - The bitter pangs of the past forgot.' - -This is the Greek story of Elysion; these are the Elysian Fields of the -Egyptians; these are the Gardens of the Hesperides; this is the region -in the West to which the peasant of Brittany looks from the shores of -Cape Raz; this is Atlantis. - -The starving child seeks to reach this blessed land in a boat and is -drowned. - - "High on the cliffs the light-house keeper - Caught the sound of a piercing scream; - Low in her hut the lonely widow - Moaned in the maze of a troubled dream; - - "And saw in her sleep a seaman ghostly, - With sea-weeds clinging in his hair, - Into her room, all wet and dripping, - A drownéd boy on his bosom bear. - - "Over Death Sea on a bridge of silver - The child to his Father's arms had passed! - Heaven was nearer than Tir-na-n'oge, - And the golden city was reached at last." - -CHAPTER VIII. - -THE OLDEST SON OF NOAH. - -That eminent authority, Dr. Max Müller, says, in his "Lectures on the -Science of Religion," - -"If we confine ourselves to the Asiatic continent, with its important -peninsula of Europe, we find that in the vast desert of drifting human -speech three, and only three, oases have been formed in which, before -the beginning of all history, language became permanent and -traditional--assumed, in fact, a new character, a character totally -different from the original character of the floating and constantly -varying speech of human beings. These three oases of language are known -by the name of Turanian, Aryan, and Semitic. In these three centres, -more particularly in the Aryan and Semitic, language ceased to be -natural; its growth was arrested, and it became permanent, solid, -petrified, or, if you like, historical speech. I have always maintained -that this centralization and traditional conservation of language could -only have been the result of religious and political influences, and I -now mean to show that we really have clear evidence of three independent -settlements of religion--the Turanian, the Aryan, and the -Semitic--concomitantly with the three great settlements of language." - -There can be no doubt that the Aryan and another branch, which Müller -calls Semitic, but which may more properly be called Hamitic, radiated -from Noah; it is a question yet to be decided whether the Turanian or -Mongolian is also a branch of the Noachic or Atlantean stock. - -To quote again from Max Müller: - -"If it can only be proved that the religions of the Aryan nations are -united by the same bonds of a real relationship which have enabled us to -treat their languages as so many varieties of the same type--and so also -of the Semitic--the field thus opened is vast enough, and its careful -clearing, and cultivation will occupy several generations of scholars. -And this original relationship, I believe, can be proved. Names of the -principal deities, words also expressive of the most essential elements -of religion, such as prayer, sacrifice, altar, spirit, law, and faith, -have been preserved among the Aryan and among the Semitic nations, and -these relics admit of one explanation only. After that, a comparative -study of the Turanian religions may be approached with better hope of -success; for that there was not only a primitive Aryan and a primitive -Semitic religion, but likewise a primitive Turanian religion, before -each of these primeval races was broken up and became separated in -language, worship and national sentiment, admits, I believe, of little -doubt.... There was a period during which the ancestors of the -Semitic family had not yet been divided, whether in language or in -religion. That period transcends the recollection of every one of the -Semitic races, in the same way as neither Hindoos, Greeks, nor Romans -have any recollection of the time when they spoke a common language, and -worshipped their Father in heaven by a name that was as yet neither -Sanscrit, nor Greek, nor Latin. But I do not hesitate to call this -Prehistoric Period historical in the best sense of the word. It was a -real period, because, unless it was real, all the realities of the -Semitic languages and the Semitic religions, such as we find them after -their separation, would be unintelligible. Hebrew, Syriac, and Arabic -point to a common source as much as Sanscrit, Greek, and Latin; and -unless we can bring ourselves to doubt that the Hindoos, the Greeks, the -Romans, and the Teutons derived the worship of their principal deity -from their common Aryan sanctuary, we shall not be able to deny that -there was likewise a primitive religion of the whole Semitic race, and -that El, the Strong One in heaven, was invoked by the ancestors of all -the Semitic races before there were Babylonians in Babylon, Phoenicians -in Sidon and Tyrus--before there were Jews in Mesopotamia or Jerusalem. -The evidence of the Semitic is the same as that of the Aryan languages: -the conclusion cannot be different.... - -"These three classes of religion are not to be mistaken--as little as the -three classes of language, the Turanian, the Semitic, and the Aryan. -They mark three events in the most ancient history of the world, events -which have determined the whole fate of the human race, and of which we -ourselves still feel the consequences in our language, in our thoughts, -and in our religion." - -We have seen that all the evidence points to the fact that this original -seat of the Phoenician-Hebrew family was in Atlantis. - -The great god of the so-called Semites was El, the Strong One, from -whose name comes the Biblical names Beth-el, the house of God; Ha-el, -the strong one; El-ohim, the gods; El-oah, God; and from the same name -is derived the Arabian name of God, Al-lah. - -Another evidence of the connection between the Greeks, Phoenicians, -Hebrews, and Atlanteans is shown in the name of Adonis. - -The Greeks tell us that Adonis was the lover of Aphrodite, or Venus, who -was the offspring of Uranus--"she came out of the sea;" Uranus was the -father of Chronos, and the grandfather of Poseidon, king of Atlantis. - -Now we find Adonâi in the Old Testament used exclusively as the name of -Jehovah, while among the Phoenicians Adonâi was the supreme deity. In -both cases the root Ad is probably a reminiscence of Ad-lantis. - -There seem to exist similar connections between the Egyptian and the -Turanian mythology. The great god of Egypt was Neph or Num; the chief -god of the Samoyedes is Num; and Max Müller established an identity -between the Num of the Samoyedes and the god Yum-ala of the Finns, and -probably with the name of the god Nam of the Thibetians. - -That mysterious people, the Etruscans, who inhabited part of Italy, and -whose bronze implements agreed exactly in style and workmanship with -those which we think were derived from Atlantis, were, it is now -claimed, a branch of the Turanian family. - -"At a recent meeting of the English Philological Society great interest -was excited by a paper on Etruscan Numerals, by the Rev. Isaac Taylor. -He stated that the long-sought key to the Etruscan language had at last -been discovered. Two dice had been found in a tomb, with their six faces -marked with words instead of pips. He showed that these words were -identical with the first six digits in the Altaic branch of the Turanian -family of speech. Guided by this clew, it was easy to prove that the -grammar and vocabulary of the 3000 Etruscan inscriptions were also -Altaic. The words denoting kindred, the pronouns, the conjugations, and -the declensions, corresponded closely to those of the Tartar tribes of -Siberia. The Etruscan mythology proved to be essentially the same as -that of the Kalevala, the great Finnic epic." - -According to Lenormant ("Ancient History of the East," vol. i., p. 62; -vol. ii., p. 23), the early contests between the Aryans and the -Turanians are represented in the Iranian traditions as "contests between -hostile brothers ... the Ugro-Finnish races must, according to all -appearances, be looked upon as a branch, earlier detached than the -others from the Japhetic stem." - -If it be true that the first branch originating from Atlantis was the -Turanian, which includes the Chinese and Japanese, then we have derived -from Atlantis all the building and metalworking races of men who have -proved themselves capable of civilization; and we may, therefore, divide -mankind into two great classes: those capable of civilization, derived -from Atlantis, and those essentially and at all times barbarian, who -hold no blood relationship with the people of Atlantis. - -Humboldt is sure "that some connection existed between ancient Ethiopia -and the elevated plain of Central Asia." There were invasions which -reached from the shores of Arabia into China. "An Arabian sovereign, -Schamar-Iarasch (Abou Karib), is described by Hamza, Nuwayri, and others -as a powerful ruler and conqueror, who carried his arms successfully far -into Central Asia; he occupied Samarcand and invaded China. He erected -an edifice at Samarcand, bearing an inscription, in Himyarite or Cushite -characters, 'In the name of God, Schamar-Iarasch has erected this -edifice to the sun, his Lord." (Baldwin's "Prehistoric Nations," p. -110.) These invasions must have been prior to 1518 B.C. - -Charles Walcott Brooks read a paper before the California Academy of -Sciences, in which he says: - -"According to Chinese annals, Tai-Ko-Fokee, the great stranger king, -ruled the kingdom of China. In pictures he is represented with two small -horns, like those associated with the representations of Moses. He and -his successor are said to have introduced into China 'picture-writing,' -like that in use in Central America at the time of the Spanish conquest. -He taught the motions of the heavenly bodies, and divided time into -years and months; he also introduced many other useful arts and sciences. - -"Now, there has been found at Copan, in Central America, a figure -strikingly like the Chinese symbol of Fokee, with his two horns; and, in -like manner, there is a close resemblance between the Central American -and the Chinese figures representing earth and heaven. Either one people -learned from the other, or both acquired these forms from a common -source. Many physico-geographical facts favor the hypothesis that they -were derived in very remote ages from America, and that from China they -passed to Egypt. Chinese records say that the progenitors of the Chinese -race came from across the sea." - -The two small horns of Tai-Ko-Fokee and Moses are probably a -reminiscence of Baal. We find the horns of Baal represented in the -remains of the Bronze Age of Europe. Bel sometimes wore a tiara with his -bull's horns; the tiara was the crown subsequently worn by the Persian -kings, and it became, in time, the symbol of Papal authority. The -Atlanteans having domesticated cattle, and discovered their vast -importance to humanity, associated the bull and cow with religious -ideas, as revealed in the oldest hymns of the Aryans and the cow-headed -idols of Troy, a representation of one of which is shown on the -preceding page. Upon the head of their great god Baal they placed the -horns of the bull; and these have descended in popular imagination to -the spirit of evil of our day. Burns says: - - "O thou! whatever title suit thee, - Auld Hornie, Satan, Nick, or Clootie." - -"Clootie" is derived from the cleft hoof of a cow; while the Scotch name -for a bull is Bill, a corruption, probably, of Bel. Less than two -hundred years ago it was customary to sacrifice a bull on the 25th of -August to the "God Mowrie" and "his devilans" on the island of Inis -Maree, Scotland. ("The Past in the Present," p. 165.) The trident of -Poseidon has degenerated into the pitchfork of Beelzebub! - -And when we cross the Atlantic, we find in America the horns of Baal -reappearing in a singular manner. The first cut on page 429 represents -an idol of the Moquis of New Mexico: the head is very bull-like. In the -next figure we have a representation of the war-god of the Dakotas, with -something like a trident in his hand; while the next illustration is -taken from Zarate's "Peru," and depicts "the god of a degrading -worship." He is very much like the traditional conception of the -European devil-horns, pointed ears, wings, and poker. Compare this last -figure, from Peru, with the representation on page 430 of a Greek siren, -one of those cruel monsters who, according to Grecian mythology, sat in -the midst of bones and blood, tempting men to ruin by their sweet music. -Here we have the same bird-like legs and claws as in the Peruvian demon. - -Heeren shows that a great overland commerce extended in ancient times -between the Black Sea and "Great Mongolia;" he mentions a "Temple of the -Sun," and a great caravansary in the desert of Gobi. Arminius Vámbéry, -in his "Travels in Central Asia," describes very important ruins near -the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea, at a place called Gömüshtepe; and -connected with these are the remains of a great wall which he followed -"ten geographical miles." He found a vast aqueduct one hundred and fifty -miles long, extending to the Persian mountains. He reports abundant -ruins in all that country, extending even to China. - -The early history of China indicates contact with a superior race. -"Fuh-hi, who is regarded as a demi-god, founded the Chinese Empire 2852 -B.C. He introduced cattle, taught the people how to raise them, and -taught the art of writing." ("American Cyclopædia," art. China.) He -might have invented his alphabet, but he did not invent the cattle; he -must have got them from some nation who, during many centuries of -civilization, had domesticated them; and from what nation was he more -likely to have obtained them than from the Atlanteans, whose colonies we -have seen reached his borders, and whose armies invaded his territory! -"He instituted the ceremony of marriage." (Ibid.) This also was an -importation from a civilized land. "His successor, Shin-nung, during a -reign of one hundred and forty years, introduced agriculture and medical -science. The next emperor, Hwang-ti, is believed to have invented -weapons, wagons, ships, clocks, and musical instruments, and to have -introduced coins, weights, and measures." (Ibid.) As these various -inventions in all other countries have been the result of slow -development, running through many centuries, or are borrowed from some -other more civilized people, it is certain that no emperor of China ever -invented them all during a period of one hundred and sixty-four years. -These, then, were also importations from the West. In fact, the Chinese -themselves claim to have invaded China in the early days from the -north-west; and their first location is placed by Winchell near Lake -Balkat, a short distance east of the Caspian, where we have already seen -Aryan Atlantean colonies planted at an early day. "The third successor -of Fuh-hi, Ti-ku, established schools, and was the first to practise -polygamy. In 2357 his son Yau ascended the throne, and it is from his -reign that the regular historical records begin. A great flood, which -occurred in his reign, has been considered synchronous and identical -with the Noachic Deluge, and to Yau is attributed the merit of having -successfully battled against the waters." - -There can be no question that the Chinese themselves, in their early -legends, connected their origin with a people who were destroyed by -water in a tremendous convulsion of the earth. Associated with this -event was a divine personage called Niu-va (Noah?). - -Sir William Jones says: - -"The Chinese believe the earth to have been wholly covered with water, -which, in works of undisputed authenticity, they describe as flowing -abundantly, then subsiding and separating the higher from the lower ages -of mankind; that this division of time, from which their poetical -history begins, just preceded the appearance of Fo-hi on the mountains -of Chin." ("Discourse on the Chinese; Asiatic Researches," vol. ii., p. -376.) - -The following history of this destruction of their ancestors vividly -recalls to us the convulsion depicted in the Chaldean and American -legends: - -"The pillars of heaven were broken; the earth shook to its very -foundations; the heavens sunk lower toward the north; the sun, the moon, -and the stars changed their motions; the earth fell to pieces, and the -waters enclosed within its bosom burst forth with violence and -overflowed it. Man having rebelled against Heaven, the system of the -universe was totally disordered. The sun was eclipsed, the planets -altered their course, and the grand harmony of nature was disturbed." - -A learned Frenchman, M. Terrien de la Couperie, member of the Asiatic -Society of Paris, has just published a work (1880) in which he -demonstrates the astonishing fact that the Chinese language is clearly -related to the Chaldean, and that both the Chinese characters and the -cuneiform alphabet are degenerate descendants of an original -hieroglyphical alphabet. The same signs exist for many words, while -numerous words are very much alike. M. de la Couperie gives a table of -some of these similarities, from which I quote as follows: - - +------------+----------+----------+ - | English. | Chinese. | Chaldee. | - +------------+----------+----------+ - | To shine | Mut | Mul. | - +------------+----------+----------+ - | To die | Mut | Mit. | - +------------+----------+----------+ - | Book | King | Kin. | - +------------+----------+----------+ - | Cloth | Sik | Sik. | - +------------+----------+----------+ - | Right hand | Dzek | Zag. | - +------------+----------+----------+ - | Hero | Tan | Dun. | - +------------+----------+----------+ - | Earth | Kien-kai | Kiengi. | - +------------+----------+----------+ - | Cow | Lub | Lu, lup. | - +------------+----------+----------+ - | Brick | Ku | Ku. | - +------------+----------+----------+ - -This surprising discovery brings the Chinese civilization still nearer -to the Mediterranean head-quarters of the races, and increases the -probability that the arts of China were of Atlantean origin; and that -the name of Nai Hoang-ti, or Nai Korti, the founder of Chinese -civilization, may be a reminiscence of Nakhunta, the chief of the gods, -as recorded in the Susian texts, and this, in turn, a recollection of -the Deva-Nahusha of the Hindoos, the Dionysos of the Greeks, the king of -Atlantis, whose great empire reached to the "farther parts of India," -and embraced, according to Plato, "parts of the continent of America." - -Linguistic science achieved a great discovery when it established the -fact that there was a continuous belt of languages from Iceland to -Ceylon which were the variant forms of one mother-tongue, the -Indo-European; but it must prepare itself for a still wider -generalization. There is abundant proof--proof with which pages might be -filled--that there was a still older mother-tongue, from which Aryan, -Semitic, and Hamitic were all derived--the language of Noah, the -language of Atlantis, the language of the great "aggressive empire" of -Plato, the language of the empire of the Titans. - -The Arabic word bin, within, becomes, when it means interval, space, -binnon; this is the German and Dutch binnen and Saxon binnon, signifying -within. The Ethiopian word aorf, to fall asleep, is the root of the word -Morpheus, the god of sleep. The Hebrew word chanah, to dwell, is the -parent of the Anglo-Saxon inne and Icelandic inni, a house, and of our -word inn, a hotel. The Hebrew word naval or nafal signifies to fall; -from it is derived our word fall and fool (one who falls); the Chaldee -word is nabal, to make foul, and the Arabic word nabala means to die, -that is, to fall. From the last syllable of the Chaldee nasar, to saw, -we can derive the Latin serra, the High German sagen, the Danish sauga, -and our word to saw. The Arabic nafida, to fade, is the same as the -Italian fado, the Latin fatuus (foolish, tasteless), the Dutch vadden, -and our to fade. The Ethiopic word gaber, to make, to do, and the Arabic -word jabara, to make strong, becomes the Welsh word goberu, to work, to -operate, the Latin operor, and the English operate. The Arabic word -abara signifies to prick, to sting; we see this root in the Welsh bar, a -summit, and pâr, a spear, and per, a spit; whence our word spear. In the -Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic zug means to join, to couple; from this the -Greeks obtained zugos, the Romans jugum, and we the word yoke; while the -Germans obtained jok or jog, the Dutch juk, the Swedes ok. The Sanscrit -is juga. The Arabic sanna, to be old, reappears in the Latin senex, the -Welsh hen, and our senile. The Hebrew banah, to build, is the Irish bun, -foundation, and the Latin fundo, fundare, to found. The Arabic baraka, -to bend the knee, to fall on the breast, is probably the Saxon brecau, -the Danish bräkke, the Swedish bräcka, Welsh bregu, and our word to -break. The Arabic baraka also signifies to rain violently; and from this -we get the Saxon roegn, to rain, Dutch regen, to rain, Cimbric roekia, -rain, Welsh rheg, rain. The Chaldee word braic, a branch, is the Irish -braic or raigh, an arm, the Welsh braic, the Latin brachium, and the -English brace, something which supports like an arm. The Chaldee frak, -to rub, to tread out grain, is the same as the Latin frico, frio, and -our word rake. The Arabic word to rub is fraka. The Chaldee rag, ragag, -means to desire, to long for; it is the same as the Greek oregw, the -Latin porrigere, the Saxon roeccan, the Icelandic rakna, the German -reichen, and our to reach, to rage. The Arabic rauka, to strain or -purify, as wine, is precisely our English word rack, to rack wine. The -Hebrew word bara, to create, is our word to bear, as to bear children: a -great number of words in all the European languages contain this root in -its various modifications. The Hebrew word kafar, to cover, is our word -to cover, and coffer, something which covers, and covert, a secret -place; from this root also comes the Latin cooperio and the French -couvrir, to cover. The Arabic word shakala, to bind under the belly, is -our word to shackle. From the Arabic walada and Ethiopian walad, to -beget, to bring forth, we get the Welsh llawd, a shooting out; and hence -our word lad. Our word matter, or pus, is from the Arabic madda; our -word mature is originally from the Chaldee mita. The Arabic word amida -signifies to end, and from this comes the noun, a limit, a termination, -Latin meta, and our words meet and mete. - -I might continue this list, but I have given enough to show that all the -Atlantean races once spoke the same language, and that the dispersion on -the plains of Shinar signifies that breaking up of the tongues of one -people under the operation of vast spaces of time. Philology is yet in -its infancy, and the time is not far distant when the identity of the -languages of all the Noachic races will be as clearly established and as -universally acknowledged as is now the identity of the languages of the -Aryan family of nations. - -And precisely as recent research has demonstrated the relationship -between Pekin and Babylon, so investigation in Central America has -proved that there is a mysterious bond of union connecting the Chinese -and one of the races of Mexico. The resemblances are so great that Mr. -Short ("North Americans of Antiquity," p. 494) says, "There is no doubt -that strong analogies exist between the Otomi and the Chinese." Señor -Najera ("Dissertacion Sobre la lingua Othomi, Mexico," pp. 87, 88) gives -a list of words from which I quote the following: - - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - | Chinese. | Othomi. | English. | Chinese. | Othomi | English. | - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - | Cho | To | The, that. | Pa | Da | To give. | - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - | Y | N-y | A wound. | Tsun | Nsu | Honor. | - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - | Ten | Gu, mu | Head. | Hu | Hmu | Sir, Lord. | - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - | Siao | Sui | Night | Na | Na | That. | - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - | Tien | Tsi | Tooth | Hu | He | Cold. | - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - | Ye | Yo | Shining | Ye | He | And. | - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - | Ky | Hy (ji) | Happiness. | Hoa | Hia | Word. | - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - | Ku | Du | Death | Nugo | Nga | I | - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - | Po | Yo | No | Ni | Nuy | Thou. | - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - | Na | Ta | Man | Hao | Nho | The good. | - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - | Nin | Nsu | Female | Ta | Da | The great. | - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - | Tseu | Tsi, ti | Son | Li | Ti | Gain. | - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - | Tso | Tsa | To perfect | Ho | To | Who. | - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - | Kuan | Khuani | True | Pa | Pa | To leave. | - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - | Siao | Sa | To mock | Mu, mo | Me | Mother. | - +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+ - -Recently Herr Forchhammer, of Leipsic, has published a truly scientific -comparison of the grammatical structure of the Choctaw, Chickasaw, -Muscogee, and Seminole languages with the Ural-Altaic tongues, in which -he has developed many interesting points of resemblance. - -It has been the custom to ascribe the recognized similarities between -the Indians of America and the Chinese and Japanese to a migration by -way of Behring's Strait from Asia into America; but when we find that -the Chinese themselves only reached the Pacific coast within the -Historical Period, and that they came to it from the direction of the -Mediterranean and Atlantis, and when we find so many and such distinct -recollections of the destruction of Atlantis in the Flood legends of the -American races, it seems more reasonable to conclude that the -resemblances between the Othomi and the Chinese are to be accounted for -by intercourse through Atlantis. - -We find a confirmation in all these facts of the order in which Genesis -names the sons of Noah: - -"Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah: Shem, Ham, and -Japheth, and unto them were sons born after the flood." - -Can we not suppose that those three sons represent three great races in -the order of their precedence? - -The record of Genesis claims that the Phoenicians were descended from -Ham, while the Hebrews were descended from Shem; yet we find the Hebrews -and Phoenicians united by the ties of a common language, common -traditions, and common race characteristics. The Jews are the great -merchants of the world eighteen centuries after Christ, just as the -Phoenicians were the great merchants of the world fifteen centuries -before Christ. - -Moreover, the Arabians, who are popularly classed as Semites, or sons of -Shem, admit in their traditions that they are descended from "Ad, the -son of Ham;" and the tenth chapter of Genesis classes them among the -descendants of Ham, calling them Seba, Havilah, Raamah, etc. If the two -great so-called Semitic stocks--the Phoenicians and Arabians--are -Hamites, surely the third member of the group belongs to the same -"sunburnt" race. - -If we concede that the Jews were also a branch of the Hamitic stock, -then we have, firstly, a Semitic stock, the Turanian, embracing the -Etruscans, the Finns, the Tartars, the Mongols, the Chinese, and -Japanese; secondly, a Hamitic family, "the sunburnt" race--a red -race--including the Cushites, Phoenicians, Egyptians, Hebrews, Berbers, -etc.; and, thirdly, a Japhetic or whiter stock, embracing the Greeks, -Italians, Celts, Goths, and the men who wrote Sanscrit--in other words, -the entire Aryan family. - -If we add to these three races the negro race--which cannot be traced -back to Atlantis, and is not included, according to Genesis, among the -descendants of Noah--we have the four races, the white, red, yellow, and -black, recognized by the Egyptians as embracing all the people known to -them. - -There seems to be some confusion in Genesis as to the Semitic stock. It -classes different races as both Semites and Hamites; as, for instance, -Sheba and Havilah; while the race of Mash, or Meshech, is classed among -the sons of Shem and the sons of Japheth. In fact, there seems to be a -confusion of Hamitic and Semitic stocks. "This is shown in the blending -of Hamitic and Semitic in some of the most ancient inscriptions; in the -facility of intercourse between the Semites of Asia and the Hamites of -Egypt; in the peaceful and unobserved absorption of all the Asiatic -Hamites, and the Semitic adoption of the Hamitic gods and religious -system. It is manifest that, at a period not long previous, the two -families had dwelt together and spoken the same language." (Winchell's -"Pre-Adamites," p. 36.) Is it not more reasonable to suppose that the -so-called Semitic races of Genesis were a mere division of the Hamitic -stock, and that we are to look for the third great division of the sons -of Noah among the Turanians? - -Francis Lenormant, high authority, is of the opinion that the Turanian -races are descended from Magog, the son of Japheth. He regards the -Turanians as intermediate between the white and yellow races, graduating -insensibly into each. "The Uzbecs, the Osmanli Turks, and the Hungarians -are not to be distinguished in appearance from the most perfect branches -of the white race; on the other hand, the Tchondes almost exactly -resemble the Tongouses, who belong to the yellow race. - -The Turanian languages are marked by the same agglutinative character -found in the American races. - -The Mongolian and the Indian are alike in the absence of a heavy beard. -The royal color of the Incas was yellow; yellow is the color of the -imperial family in China. The religion of the Peruvians was sun-worship; -"the sun was the peculiar god of the Mongols from the earliest times." -The Peruvians regarded Pachacamac as the sovereign creator. Camac-Hya -was the name of a Hindoo goddess. Haylli was the burden of every verse -of the song composed in praise of the sun and the Incas. Mr. John -Ranking derives the word Allah from the word Haylli, also the word -Halle-lujah. In the city of Cuzco was a portion of land which none were -permitted to cultivate except those of the royal blood. At certain -seasons the Incas turned up the sod here, amid much rejoicing, and many -ceremonies. A similar custom prevails in China: The emperor ploughs a -few furrows, and twelve illustrious persons attend the plough after him. -(Du Halde, "Empire of China," vol. i., p. 275.) The cycle of sixty years -was in use among most of the nations of Eastern Asia, and among the -Muyscas of the elevated plains of Bogota. The "quipu," a knotted -reckoning-cord, was in use in Peru and in China. (Bancroft's "Native -Races," vol. v., p. 48.) In Peru and China "both use hieroglyphics, -which are read from above downward." (Ibid.) - -"It appears most evident to me," says Humboldt, "that the monuments, -methods of computing time, systems of cosmogony, and many myths of -America, offer striking analogies with the ideas of Eastern -Asia--analogies which indicate an ancient communication, and are not -simply the result of that uniform condition in which all nations are -found in the dawn of civilization." ("Exam. Crit.," tom. ii., p. 68.) - -"In the ruined cities of Cambodia, which lies farther to the east of -Burmah, recent research has discovered teocallis like those in Mexico, -and the remains of temples of the same type and pattern as those of -Yucatan. And when we reach the sea we encounter at Suku, in Java, a -teocalli which is absolutely identical with that of Tehuantepec. Mr. -Ferguson said, 'as we advance eastward from the valley of the Euphrates, -at every step we meet with forms of art becoming more and more like -those of Central America.'" ("Builders of Babel," p. 88.) - -Prescott says: - -"The coincidences are sufficiently strong to authorize a belief that the -civilization of Anahuac was in some degree influenced by that of Eastern -Asia; and, secondly, that the discrepancies are such as to carry back -the communication to a very remote period." ("Mexico," vol. iii., p. -418.) - -"All appearances," continues Lenormant ("Ancient History of the East," -vol. i., p. 64), "would lead us to regard the Turanian race as the first -branch of the family of Japheth which went forth into the world; and by -that premature separation, by an isolated and antagonistic existence, -took, or rather preserved, a completely distinct physiognomy.... It -is a type of the white race imperfectly developed." - -We may regard this yellow race as the first and oldest wave from -Atlantis, and, therefore, reaching farthest away from the common source; -then came the Hamitic race; then the Japhetic. - -CHAPTER IX. - -THE ANTIQUITY OF SOME OF OUR GREAT INVENTIONS. - -It may seem like a flight of the imagination to suppose that the -mariner's compass was known to the inhabitants of Atlantis. And yet, if -my readers are satisfied that the Atlantean were a highly civilized -maritime people, carrying on commerce with regions as far apart as Peru -and Syria, we must conclude that they possessed some means of tracing -their course in the great seas they traversed; and accordingly, when we -proceed to investigate this subject, we find that as far back as we may -go in the study of the ancient races of the world, we find them -possessed of a knowledge of the virtues of the magnetic stone, and in -the habit of utilizing it. The people of Europe, rising a few centuries -since out of a state of semi-barbarism, have been in the habit of -claiming the invention of many things which they simply borrowed from -the older nations. This was the case with the mariner's compass. It was -believed for many years that it was first invented by an Italian named -Amalfi, A.D. 1302. In that interesting work, Goodrich's "Life of -Columbus," we find a curious history of the magnetic compass prior to -that time, from which we collate the following points: - -"In A.D. 868 it was employed by the Northmen." ("The Landnamabok," vol. -i., chap. 2.) An Italian poem of A.D. 1190 refers to it as in use among -the Italian sailors at that date. In the ancient language of the -Hindoos, the Sanscrit--which has been a dead language for twenty-two -hundred years--the magnet was called "the precious stone beloved of -Iron." The Talmud speaks of it as "the stone of attraction;" and it is -alluded to in the early Hebrew prayers as Kalamitah, the same name given -it by the Greeks, from the reed upon which the compass floated. The -Phoenicians were familiar with the use of the magnet. At the prow of -their vessels stood the figure of a woman (Astarte) holding a cross in -one hand and pointing the way with the other; the cross represented the -compass, which was a magnetized needle, floating in water crosswise upon -a piece of reed or wood. The cross became the coat of arms of the -Phoenicians--not only, possibly, as we have shown, as a recollection of -the four rivers of Atlantis, but because it represented the secret of -their great sea-voyages, to which they owed their national greatness. -The hyperborean magician, Abaras, carried "a guiding arrow," which -Pythagoras gave him, "in order that it may be useful to him in all -difficulties in his long journey." ("Herodotus," vol. iv., p. 36.) - -The magnet was called the "Stone of Hercules." Hercules was the patron -divinity of the Phoenicians. He was, as we have shown elsewhere, one of -the gods of Atlantis--probably one of its great kings and navigators. -The Atlanteans were, as Plato tells us, a maritime, commercial people, -trading up the Mediterranean as far as Egypt and Syria, and across the -Atlantic to "the whole opposite continent that surrounds the sea;" the -Phoenicians, as their successors and descendants, and colonized on the -shores of the Mediterranean, inherited their civilization and their -maritime habits, and with these that invention without which their great -voyages were impossible. From them the magnet passed to the Hindoos, and -from them to the Chinese, who certainly possessed it at an early date. -In the year 2700 B.C. the Emperor Wang-ti placed a magnetic figure with -an extended arm, like the Astarte of the Phoenicians, on the front of -carriages, the arm always turning and pointing to the south, which the -Chinese regarded as the principal pole. (See Goodrich's "Columbus," p. -31, etc.) This illustration represents one of these chariots: - -In the seventh century it was used by the navigators of the Baltic Sea -and the German Ocean. - - CHINESE MAGNETIC CAR - -The ancient Egyptians called the loadstone the bone of Haroeri, and iron -the bone of Typhon. Haroeri was the son of Osiris and grandson of Rhea, -a goddess of the earth, a queen of Atlantis, and mother of Poseidon; -Typhon was a wind-god and an evil genius, but also a son of Rhea, the -earth goddess. Do we find in this curious designation of iron and -loadstone as "bones of the descendants of the earth," an explanation of -that otherwise inexplicable Greek legend about Deucalion "throwing the -bones of the earth behind him, when instantly men rose from the ground, -and the world was repeopled?" Does it mean that by means of the magnet -he sailed, after the Flood, to the European colonies of Atlantis, -already thickly inhabited? - -A late writer, speaking upon the subject of the loadstone, tells us: - -"Hercules, it was said, being once overpowered by the heat of the sun, -drew his bow against that luminary; whereupon the god Phoebus, admiring -his intrepidity, gave him a golden cup, with which he sailed over the -ocean. This cup was the compass, which old writers have called Lapis -Heracleus. Pisander says Oceanus lent him the cup, and Lucian says it -was a sea-shell. Tradition affirms that the magnet originally was not on -a pivot, but set to float on water in a cup. The old antiquarian is -wildly theoretical on this point, and sees a compass in the Golden -Fleece of Argos, in the oracular needle which Nero worshipped, and in -everything else. Yet undoubtedly there are some curious facts connected -with the matter. Osonius says that Gama and the Portuguese got the -compass from some pirates at the Cape of Good Hope, A.D. 1260. M. -Fauchet, the French antiquarian, finds it plainly alluded to in some old -poem of Brittany belonging to the year A.D. 1180. Paulo Venetus brought -it in the thirteenth century from China, where it was regarded as -oracular. Genebrand says Melvius, a Neapolitan, brought it to Europe in -A.D. 1303. Costa says Gama got it from Mohammedan seamen. But all -nations with whom it was found associate it with regions where Heraclean -myths prevailed. And one of the most curious facts is that the ancient -Britons, as the Welsh do to-day, call a pilot llywydd (lode). -Lodemanage, in Skinner's 'Etymology,' is the word for the price paid to -a pilot. But whether this famous, and afterward deified, mariner -(Hercules) had a compass or not, we can hardly regard the association of -his name with so many Western monuments as accidental." - -Hercules was, as we know, a god of Atlantis, and Oceanos, who lent the -magnetic cup to Hercules, was the name by which the Greeks designated -the Atlantic Ocean. And this may be the explanation of the recurrence of -a cup in many antique paintings and statues. Hercules is often -represented with a cup in his hand; we even find the cup upon the handle -of the bronze dagger found in Denmark, and represented in the chapter on -the Bronze Age, in this work. (See p. 254 ante.) - -So "oracular" an object as this self-moving needle, always pointing to -the north, would doubtless affect vividly the minds of the people, and -appear in their works of art. When Hercules left the coast of Europe to -sail to the island of Erythea in the Atlantic, in the remote west, we -are told, in Greek mythology (Murray, p. 257), that he borrowed "the -cup" of Helios, in (with) which "he was accustomed to sail every night." -Here we seem to have a reference to the magnetic cup used in night -sailing; and this is another proof that the use of the magnetic needle -in sea-voyages was associated with the Atlantean gods. - - ANCIENT COINS OF TYRE - -Lucian tells us that a sea-shell often took the place of the cup, as a -vessel in which to hold the water where the needle floated, and hence -upon the ancient coins of Tyre we find a sea-shell represented. - -Here, too, we have the Pillars of Hercules, supposed to have been placed -at the mouth of the Mediterranean, and the tree of life or knowledge, -with the serpent twined around it, which appears in Genesis; and in the -combination of the two pillars and the serpent we have, it is said, the -original source of our dollar mark [$]. - - COIN FROM CENTRAL AMERICA - -Compare these Phoenician coins with the following representation of a -copper coin, two inches in diameter and three lines thick, found nearly -a century ago by Ordonez, at the city of Guatemala. "M. Dupaix noticed -an indication of the use of the compass in the centre of one of the -sides, the figures on the same side representing a kneeling, bearded, -turbaned man between two fierce heads, perhaps of crocodiles, which -appear to defend the entrance to a mountainous and wooded country. The -reverse presents a serpent coiled around a fruit-tree, and an eagle on a -hill." (Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. iv., p. 118.) The mountain leans -to one side: it is a "culhuacan," or crooked mountain. - -We find in Sanchoniathon's "Legends of the Phoenicians" that Ouranus, the -first god of the people of Atlantis, "devised Bætulia, contriving stones -that moved as having life, which were supposed to fall from heaven." -These stones were probably magnetic loadstones; in other words, Ouranus, -the first god of Atlantis, devised the mariner's compass. - -I find in the "Report of United States Explorations for a Route for a -Pacific Railroad" a description of a New Mexican Indian priest, who -foretells the result of a proposed war by placing a piece of wood in a -bowl of water, and causing it to turn to the right or left, or sink or -rise, as he directs it. This is incomprehensible, unless the wood, like -the ancient Chinese compass, contained a piece of magnetic iron hidden -in it, which would be attracted or repulsed, or even drawn downward, by -a piece of iron held in the hand of the priest, on the outside of the -bowl. If so, this trick was a remembrance of the mariner's compass -transmitted from age to age by the medicine men. The reclining statue of -Chac-Mol, of Central America, holds a bowl or dish upon its breast. - -Divination was the ars Etrusca. The Etruscans set their temples squarely -with the cardinal points of the compass; so did the Egyptians, the -Mexicans, and the Mound Builders of America. Could they have done this -without the magnetic compass? - -The Romans and the Persians called the line of the axis of the globe -cardo, and it was to cardo the needle pointed. Now "Cardo was the name -of the mountain on which the human race took refuge from the Deluge... -the primitive geographic point for the countries which were the cradle -of the human race." (Urquhart's "Pillars of Hercules," vol. i., p. 145.) -From this comes our word "cardinal," as the cardinal points. - -Navigation.--Navigation was not by any means in a rude state in the -earliest times: - -"In the wanderings of the heroes returning from Troy, Aristoricus makes -Menelaus circumnavigate Africa more than 500 years before Neco sailed -from Gadeira to India." ("Cosmos," vol. ii., p. 144.) - -"In the tomb of Rameses the Great is a representation of a naval combat -between the Egyptians and some other people, supposed to be the -Phoenicians, whose huge ships are propelled by sails." (Goodrich's -"Columbus," p. 29.) - -The proportions of the fastest sailing-vessels of the present day are -about 300 feet long to 50 wide and 30 high; these were precisely the -proportions of Noah's ark--300 cubits long, 50 broad, and 30 high. - -"Hiero of Syracuse built, under the superintendence of Archimedes, a -vessel which consumed in its construction the material for fifty -galleys; it contained galleries, gardens, stables, fish-ponds, mills, -baths, a temple of Venus, and an engine to throw stones three hundred -pounds in weight, and arrows thirty-six feet long. The floors of this -monstrous vessel were inlaid with scenes from Homer's 'Iliad.'" (Ibid., -p. 30.) - -The fleet of Sesostris consisted of four hundred ships; and when -Semiramis invaded India she was opposed by four thousand vessels. - -It is probable that in the earliest times the vessels were sheeted with -metal. A Roman ship of the time of Trajan has been recovered from Lake -Ricciole after 1300 years. The outside was covered with sheets of lead -fastened with small copper nails. Even the use of iron chains in place -of ropes for the anchors was known at an early period. Julius Cæsar -tells us that the galleys of the Veneti were thus equipped. (Goodrich's -"Columbus," p. 31.) - -Gunpowder.--It is not impossible that even the invention of gunpowder -may date back to Atlantis. It was certainly known in Europe long before -the time of the German monk, Berthold Schwarz, who is commonly credited -with the invention of it. It was employed in 1257 at the siege of -Niebla, in Spain. It was described in an Arab treatise of the thirteenth -century. In A.D. 811 the Emperor Leo employed fire-arms. "Greek-fire" is -supposed to have been gunpowder mixed with resin or petroleum, and -thrown in the form of fuses and explosive shells. It was introduced from -Egypt A.D. 668. In A.D. 690 the Arabs used fire-arms against Mecca, -bringing the knowledge of them from India. In A.D. 80 the Chinese -obtained from India a knowledge of gunpowder. There is reason to believe -that the Carthaginian (Phoenician) general, Hannibal, used gunpowder in -breaking a way for his army over the Alps. The Romans, who were ignorant -of its use, said that Hannibal made his way by making fires against the -rocks, and pouring vinegar and water over the ashes. It is evident that -fire and vinegar would have no effect on masses of the Alps great enough -to arrest the march of an army. Dr. William Maginn has suggested that -the wood was probably burnt by Hannibal to obtain charcoal; and the word -which has been translated "vinegar" probably signified some preparation -of nitre and sulphur, and that Hannibal made gunpowder and blew up the -rocks. The same author suggests that the story of Hannibal breaking -loose from the mountains where he was surrounded on all sides by the -Romans, and in danger of starvation, by fastening firebrands to the -horns of two thousand oxen, and sending them rushing at night among the -terrified Romans, simply refers to the use of rockets. As Maginn well -asks, how could Hannibal be in danger of starvation when he had two -thousand oxen to spare for such an experiment? And why should the -veteran Roman troops have been so terrified and panic-stricken by a lot -of cattle with firebrands on their horns? At the battle of Lake -Trasymene, between Hannibal and Flaminius, we have another curious piece -of information which goes far to confirm the belief that Hannibal was -familiar with the use of gunpowder. In the midst of the battle there -was, say the Roman historians, an "earthquake;" the earth reeled under -the feet of the soldiers, a tremendous crash was heard, a fog or smoke -covered the scene, the earth broke open, and the rocks fell upon the -heads of the Romans. This reads very much as if the Carthaginians had -decoyed the Romans into a pass where they had already planted a mine, -and had exploded it at the proper moment to throw them into a panic. -Earthquakes do not cast rocks up in the air to fall on men's heads! - -And that this is not all surmise is shown by the fact that a city of -India, in the time of Alexander the Great, defended itself by the use of -gunpowder: it was said to be a favorite of the gods, because thunder and -lightning came from its walls to resist the attacks of its assailants. - -As the Hebrews were a branch of the Phoenician race, it is not surprising -that we find some things in their history which look very much like -legends of gunpowder. - -When Korah, Dathan, and Abiram led a rebellion against Moses, Moses -separated the faithful from the unfaithful, and thereupon "the ground -clave asunder that was under them: and the earth opened her mouth, and -swallowed them up, and their houses, and all the men that appertained -unto Korah, and all their goods.... And there came out a fire from -the Lord, and consumed the two hundred and fifty men that offered -incense.... But on the morrow all the congregation of the children of -Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron, saying, Ye have killed -the people of the Lord." (Numb. xvi., 31-41.) - -This looks very much as if Moses had blown up the rebels with gunpowder. - -Roger Bacon, who himself rediscovered gunpowder, was of opinion that the -event described in Judges vii., where Gideon captured the camp of the -Midianites with the roar of trumpets, the crash caused by the breaking -of innumerable pitchers, and the flash of a multitude of lanterns, had -reference to the use of gunpowder; that the noise made by the breaking -of the pitchers represented the detonation of an explosion, the flame of -the lights the blaze, and the noise of the trumpets the thunder of the -gunpowder. We can understand, in this wise, the results that followed; -but we cannot otherwise understand how the breaking of pitchers, the -flashing of lamps, and the clangor of trumpets would throw an army into -panic, until "every man's sword was set against his fellow, and the host -fled to Beth-shittah;" and this, too, without any attack upon the part -of the Israelites, for "they stood every man in his place around the -camp; and all the host ran and cried and fled." - -If it was a miraculous interposition in behalf of the Jews, the Lord -could have scared the Midianites out of their wits without the smashed -pitchers and lanterns; and certain it is the pitchers and lanterns -would not have done the work with out a miraculous interposition. - -Having traced the knowledge of gunpowder back to the most remote times, -and to the different races which were descended from Atlantis, we are -not surprised to find in the legends of Greek mythology events described -which are only explicable by supposing that the Atlanteans possessed the -secret of this powerful explosive. - -A rebellion sprang up in Atlantis (see Murray's "Mannal of Mythology," -p. 30) against Zeus; it is known in mythology as the "War of the -Titans:" - -"The struggle lasted many years, all the might which the Olympians could -bring to bear being useless, until, on the advice of Gæa, Zeus set free -the Kyklopes and the Hekatoncheires" (that is, brought the ships into -play), "of whom the former fashioned thunder-bolts for him, while the -latter advanced on his side with force equal to the shock of an -earthquake. The earth trembled down to lowest Tartarus as Zeus now -appeared with his terrible weapon and new allies. Old Chaos thought his -hour had come, as from a continuous blaze of thunder-bolts the earth -took fire, and the waters seethed in the sea. The rebels were partly -slain or consumed, and partly hurled into deep chasms, with rocks and -hills reeling after them." - -Do not these words picture the explosion of a mine with a "force equal -to the shock of an earthquake?" - -We have already shown that the Kyklopes and Hekatoncheires were probably -great war-ships, armed with some explosive material in the nature of -gunpowder. - -Zeus, the king of Atlantis, was known as "the thunderer," and was -represented armed with thunder-bolts. - -Some ancient nation must, in the most remote ages, have invented -gunpowder; and is it unreasonable to attribute it to that "great -original race" rather than to any one people of their posterity, who -seem to have borrowed all the other arts from them; and who, during many -thousands of years, did not add a single new invention to the list they -received from Atlantis? - -Iron.--have seen that the Greek mythological legends asserted that -before the submergence of the great race over whom their gods reigned -there had been not only an Age of Bronze but an Age of Iron. This metal -was known to the Egyptians in the earliest ages; fragments of iron have -been found in the oldest pyramids. The Iron Age in Northern Europe far -antedated intercourse with the Greeks or Romans. In the mounds of the -Mississippi Valley, as I have shown, the remains of iron implements have -been found. In the "Mercurio Peruano" (tom. i., p. 201, 1791) it is -stated that "anciently the Peruvian sovereigns worked magnificent iron -mines at Ancoriames, on the west shore of Lake Titicaca." "It is -remarkable," says Molina, "that iron, which has been thought unknown to -the ancient Americans, had particular names in some of their tongues." -In official Peruvian it was called quillay, and in Chilian panilic. The -Mound Builders fashioned implements out of meteoric iron. (Foster's -"Prehistoric Races," p. 333.) - -As we find this metal known to man in the earliest ages on both sides of -the Atlantic, the presumption is very strong that it was borrowed by the -nations, east and west, from Atlantis. - -Paper.--The same argument holds good as to paper. The oldest Egyptian -monuments contain pictures of the papyrus roll; while in Mexico, as I -have shown, a beautiful paper was manufactured and formed into books -shaped like our own. In Peru a paper was made of plantain leaves, and -books were common in the earlier ages. Humboldt mentions books of -hieroglyphical writings among the Panoes, which were "bundles of their -paper resembling our volumes in quarto." - -Silk Mannfacture.--The manufacture of a woven fabric of great beauty out -of the delicate fibre of the egg-cocoon of a worm could only have -originated among a people who had attained the highest degree of -civilization; it implies the art of weaving by delicate instruments, a -dense population, a patient, skilful, artistic people, a sense of the -beautiful, and a wealthy and luxurious class to purchase such costly -fabrics. - -We trace it back to the most remote ages. In the introduction to the -"History of Hindostan," or rather of the Mohammedan Dynasties, by -Mohammed Cassim, it is stated that in the year 3870 B.C. an Indian king -sent various silk stuffs as a present to the King of Persia. The art of -making silk was known in China more than two thousand six hundred years -before the Christian era, at the time when we find them first possessed -of civilization. The Phoenicians dealt in silks in the most remote past; -they imported them from India and sold them along the shores of the -Mediterranean. It is probable that the Egyptians understood and -practised the art of manufacturing silk. It was woven in the island of -Cos in the time of Aristotle. The "Babylonish garment" referred to in -Joshua (chap. vii., 21), and for secreting which Achan lost his life, -was probably a garment of silk; it was rated above silver and gold in -value. - -It is not a violent presumption to suppose that an art known to the -Hindoos 3870 B.C., and to the Chinese and Phoenicians at the very -beginning of their history--an art so curious, so extraordinary--may -have dated back to Atlantean times. - -Civil Government.--Mr. Baldwin shows ("Prehistoric Nations," p. 114) -that the Cushites, the successors of the Atlanteans, whose very ancient -empire extended from Spain to Syria, were the first to establish -independent municipal republics, with the right of the people to govern -themselves; and that this system was perpetuated in the great Phoenician -communities; in "the fierce democracies" of ancient Greece; in the -"village republics" of the African Berbers and the Hindoos; in the "free -cities" of the Middle Ages in Europe; and in the independent governments -of the Basques, which continued down to our own day. The Cushite state -was an aggregation of municipalities, each possessing the right of -self-government, but subject within prescribed limits to a general -authority; in other words, it was precisely the form of government -possessed to-day by the United States. It is a surprising thought that -the perfection of modern government may be another perpetuation of -Atlantean civilization. - -Agriculture.--The Greek traditions of "the golden apples of the -Hesperides" and "the golden fleece" point to Atlantis. The allusions to -the golden apples indicate that tradition regarded the "Islands of the -Blessed" in the Atlantic Ocean as a place of orchards. And when we turn -to Egypt we find that in the remotest times many of our modern garden -and field plants were there cultivated. When the Israelites murmured in -the wilderness against Moses, they cried out (Numb., chap. xi., 4, 5), -"Who shall give us flesh to eat? We remember the fish which we did eat -in Egypt freely; the cucumbers, and the melons, and the leeks, and the -onions, and the garlic." The Egyptians also cultivated wheat, barley, -oats, flax, hemp, etc. In fact, if we were to take away from civilized -man the domestic animals, the cereals, and the field and garden -vegetables possessed by the Egyptians at the very dawn of history, there -would be very little left for the granaries or the tables of the world. - -Astronomy.--The knowledge of the ancients as to astronomy was great and -accurate. Callisthenes, who accompanied Alexander the Great to Babylon, -sent to Aristotle a series of Chaldean astronomical observations which -he found preserved there, recorded on tablets of baked clay, and -extending back as far as 2234 B.C. Humboldt says, "The Chaldeans knew -the mean motions of the moon with an exactness which induced the Greek -astronomers to use their calculations for the foundation of a lunar -theory." The Chaldeans knew the true nature of comets, and could -foretell their reappearance. "A lens of considerable power was found in -the ruins of Babylon; it was an inch and a half in diameter and -nine-tenths of an inch thick." (Layard's "Nineveh and Babylon," pp. -16, 17.) Nero used optical glasses when he watched the fights of the -gladiators; they are supposed to have come from Egypt and the East. -Plutarch speaks of optical instruments used by Archimedes "to manifest -to the eye the largeness of the sun." "There are actual astronomical -calculations in existence, with calendars formed upon them, which -eminent astronomers of England and France admit to be genuine and true, -and which carry back the antiquity of the science of astronomy, together -with the constellations, to within a few years of the Deluge, even on -the longer chronology of the Septuagint." ("The Miracle in Stone," p. -142.) Josephus attributes the invention of the constellations to the -family of the antediluvian Seth, the son of Adam, while Origen affirms -that it was asserted in the Book of Enoch that in the time of that -patriarch the constellations were already divided and named. The Greeks -associated the origin of astronomy with Atlas and Hercules, Atlantean -kings or heroes. The Egyptians regarded Taut (At?) or Thoth, or -At-hotes, as the originator of both astronomy and the alphabet; -doubtless he represented a civilized people, by whom their country was -originally colonized. Bailly and others assert that astronomy "must have -been established when the summer solstice was in the first degree of -Virgo, and that the solar and lunar zodiacs were of similar antiquity, -which would be about four thousand years before the Christian era. They -suppose the originators to have lived in about the fortieth degree of -north latitude, and to have been a highly-civilized people." It will be -remembered that the fortieth degree of north latitude passed through -Atlantis. Plato knew ("Dialogues, Phædo," 108) that the earth "is a -body in the centre of the heavens" held in equipoise. He speaks of it as -a "round body," a "globe;" he even understood that it revolved on its -axis, and that these revolutions produced day and night. He -says--"Dialogues, Timæus"--"The earth circling around the pole (which is -extended through the universe) be made to be the artificer of night and -day." All this Greek learning was probably drawn from the Egyptians. - -Only among the Atlanteans in Europe and America do we find traditions -preserved as to the origin of all the principal inventions which have -raised man from a savage to a civilized condition. We can give in part -the very names of the inventors. - -Starting with the Chippeway legends, and following with the Bible and -Phoenician records, we make a table like the appended: - -+------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ -| The Invention or Discovery. | The Race. | The Inventors. | -+------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ -| Fire | Atlantean | Phos, Phur, and Phlox. | -+------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ -| The bow and arrow | Chippeway | Manaboshu. | -+------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ -| The use of flint | " | " | -+------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ -| The use of copper | " | " | -+------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ -| The manufacture of bricks | Atlantean | Autochthon and Technites. | -+------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ -| Agriculture and hunting | " | Argos and Agrotes. | -+------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ -| Village life, and the | " | Amynos and Magos. | -| rearing of flocks | | | -+------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ -| The use of salt | " | Misor and Sydyk. | -+------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ -| The use of letters | " | Taautos, or Taut. | -+------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ -| Navigation | " | The Cabiri, or Corybantes. | -+------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ -| The art of music | Hebrew | Jubal. | -+------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ -| Metallurgy, and the use of | " | Tubal-cain. | -| iron | | | -+------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ -| The syrinx | Greek | Pan. | -+------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ -| The lyre | " | Hermes. | -+------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ - -We cannot consider all these evidences of the vast antiquity of the -great inventions upon which our civilization mainly rests, including the -art of writing, which, as I have shown, dates back far beyond the -beginning of history; we cannot remember that the origin of all the -great food-plants, such as wheat, oats, barley, rye, and maize, is lost -in the remote past; and that all the domesticated animals, the horse, -the ass, the ox, the sheep, the goat, and the hog had been reduced to -subjection to man in ages long previous to written history, without -having the conclusion forced upon us irresistibly that beyond Egypt and -Greece, beyond Chaldea and China, there existed a mighty civilization, -of which these states were but the broken fragments. - -CHAPTER X. - -THE ARYAN COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS. - -We come now to another question: "Did the Aryan or Japhetic race come -from Atlantis?" - -If the Aryans are the Japhetic race, and if Japheth was one of the sons -of the patriarch who escaped from the Deluge, then assuredly, if the -tradition of Genesis be true, the Aryans came from the drowned land, to -wit, Atlantis. According to Genesis, the descendants of the Japheth who -escaped out of the Flood with Noah are the Ionians, the inhabitants of -the Morea, the dwellers on the Cilician coast of Asia Minor, the -Cyprians, the Dodoneans of Macedonia, the Iberians, and the Thracians. -These are all now recognized as Aryans, except the Iberians. - -"From non-Biblical sources," says Winchell, "we obtain further -information respecting the early dispersion of the Japhethites or -Indo-Europeans--called also Aryans. All determinations confirm the -Biblical account of their primitive residence in the same country with -the Hamites and Semites. Rawlinson informs us that even Aryan roots are -mingled with Presemitic in some of the old inscriptions of Assyria. The -precise region where these three families dwelt in a common home has not -been pointed out." ("Preadamites," p. 43.) - -I have shown in the chapter in relation to Peru that all the languages -of the Hamites, Semites, and Japhethites are varieties of one aboriginal -speech. - -The centre of the Aryan migrations (according to popular opinion) within -the Historical Period was Armenia. Here too is Mount Ararat, where it is -said the ark rested--another identification with the Flood regions, as -it represents the usual transfer of the Atlantis legend by an Atlantean -people to a high mountain in their new home. - -Now turn to a map: Suppose the ships of Atlantis to have reached the -shores of Syria, at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, where dwelt a -people who, as we have seen, used the Central American Maya alphabet; -the Atlantis ships are then but two hundred miles distant from Armenia. -But these ships need not stop at Syria, they can go by the Dardanelles -and the Black Sea, by uninterrupted water communication, to the shores -of Armenia itself. If we admit, then, that it was from Armenia the -Aryans stocked Europe and India, there is no reason why the original -population of Armenia should not have been themselves colonists from -Atlantis. - -But we have seen that in the earliest ages, before the first Armenian -migration of the historical Aryans, a people went from Iberian Spain and -settled in Ireland, and the language of this people, it is now admitted, -is Aryan. And these Iberians were originally, according to tradition, -from the West. - -The Mediterranean Aryans are known to have been in Southeastern Europe, -along the shores of the Mediterranean, 2000 B.C. They at that early date -possessed the plough; also wheat, rye, barley, gold, silver, and bronze. -Aryan faces are found depicted upon the monuments of Egypt, painted four -thousand years before the time of Christ. "The conflicts between the -Kelts (an Aryan race) and the Iberians were far anterior in date to the -settlements of the Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Noachites on -the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea." ("American Cyclopædia," art. -Basques.) There is reason to believe that these Kelts were originally -part of the population and Empire of Atlantis. We are told (Rees's -"British Encyclopædia," art. Titans) that "Mercury, one of the Atlantean -gods, was placed as ruler over the Celtæ, and became their great -divinity." F. Pezron, in his "Antiquity of the Celtæ," makes out that -the Celtæ were the same as the Titans, the giant race who rebelled in -Atlantis, and "that their princes were the same with the giants of -Scripture." He adds that the word Titan "is perfect Celtic, and comes -from tit, the earth, and ten or den, man, and hence the Greeks very -properly also called them terriginæ, or earth-born." And it will be -remembered that Plato uses the same phrase when he speaks of the race -into which Poseidon intermarried as "the earth-born primeval men of that -country." - -The Greeks, who are Aryans, traced their descent from the people who -were destroyed by the Flood, as did other races clearly Aryan. - -"The nations who are comprehended under the common appellation of -Indo-European," says Max Müller--"the Hindoos, the Persians, the Celts, -Germans, Romans, Greeks, and Slavs--do not only share the same words and -the same grammar, slightly modified in each country, but they seem to -have likewise preserved a mass of popular traditions which had grown up -before they left their common home." - -"Bonfey, L. Geiger, and other students of the ancient Indo-European -languages, have recently advanced the opinion that the original home of -the Indo-European races must be sought in Europe, because their stock of -words is rich in the names of plants and animals, and contains names of -seasons that are not found in tropical countries or anywhere in Asia." -("American Cyclopædia," art. Ethnology.) - -By the study of comparative philology, or the seeking out of the words -common to the various branches of the Aryan race before they separated, -we are able to reconstruct an outline of the civilization of that -ancient people. Max Müller has given this subject great study, and -availing ourselves of his researches we can determine the following -facts as to the progenitors of the Aryan stock: They were a civilized -race; they possessed the institution of marriage; they recognized the -relationship of father, mother, son, daughter, grandson, brother, -sister, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, -brother-in-law, and sister-in-law, and had separate words for each of -these relationships, which we are only able to express by adding the -words "in-law." They recognized also the condition of widows, or "the -husbandless." They lived in an organized society, governed by a king. -They possessed houses with doors and solid walls. They had wagons and -carriages. They possessed family names. They dwelt in towns and cities, -on highways. They were not hunters or nomads. They were a peaceful -people; the warlike words in the different Aryan languages cannot be -traced back to this original race. They lived in a country having few -wild beasts; the only wild animals whose names can be assigned to this -parent stock being the bear, the wolf, and the serpent. The name of the -elephant, "the beast with a hand," occurs only twice in the "Rig-Veda;" -a singular omission if the Aryans were from time immemorial an Asiatic -race; and "when it does occur, it is in such a way as to show that he -was still an object of wonder and terror to them." (Whitney's "Oriental -and Linguistic Studies," p. 26.) They possessed nearly all the domestic -animals we now have--the ox and the cow, the horse, the dog, the sheep, -the goat, the hog, the donkey, and the goose. They divided the year into -twelve months. They were farmers; they used the plough; their name as a -race (Aryan) was derived from it; they were, par excellence, ploughmen; -they raised various kinds of grain, including flax, barley, hemp, and -wheat; they had mills and millers, and ground their corn. The presence -of millers shows that they had proceeded beyond the primitive condition -where each family ground its corn in its own mill. They used fire, and -cooked and baked their food; they wove cloth and wore clothing; they -spun wool; they possessed the different metals, even iron: they had -gold. The word for "water" also meant "salt made from water," from which -it might be inferred that the water with which they were familiar was -saltwater. It is evident they manufactured salt by evaporating salt -water. They possessed boats and ships. They had progressed so far as to -perfect "a decimal system of enumeration, in itself," says Max Müller, -"one of the most marvellous achievements of the human mind, based on an -abstract conception of quantity, regulated by a philosophical -classification, and yet conceived, nurtured, and finished before the -soil of Europe was trodden by Greek, Roman, Slav, or Teuton." - - ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PLOUGH - -And herein we find another evidence of relationship between the Aryans -and the people of Atlantis. Although Plato does not tell us that the -Atlanteans possessed the decimal system of numeration, nevertheless -there are many things in his narrative which point to that conclusion -"There were ten kings ruling over ten provinces; the whole country was -divided into military districts or squares ten stadia each way; the -total force of chariots was ten thousand; the great ditch or canal was -one hundred feet deep and ten thousand stadia long; there were one -hundred Nereids," etc. In the Peruvian colony the decimal system clearly -obtained: "The army had heads of ten, fifty, a hundred, five hundred, a -thousand, ten thousand.... The community at large was registered in -groups, under the control of officers over tens, fifties, hundreds, and -so on." (Herbert Spencer, "Development of Political Institutions," chap. -x.) The same division into tens and hundreds obtained among the -Anglo-Saxons. - -Where, we ask, could this ancient nation, which existed before Greek was -Greek, Celt was Celt, Hindoo was Hindoo, or Goth was Goth, have been -located! The common opinion says, in Armenia or Bactria, in Asia. But -where in Asia could they have found a country so peaceful as to know no -terms for war or bloodshed--a country so civilized as to possess no -wild beasts save the bear, wolf, and serpent? No people could have been -developed in Asia without bearing in its language traces of century-long -battles for life with the rude and barbarous races around them; no -nation could have fought for ages for existence against "man-eating" -tigers, lions, elephants, and hyenas, without bearing the memory of -these things in their tongue. A tiger, identical with that of Bengal, -still exists around Lake Aral, in Asia; from time to time it is seen in -Siberia. "The last tiger killed in 1828 was on the Lena, in latitude -fifty-two degrees thirty minutes, in a climate colder than that of St. -Petersburg and Stockholm." - -The fathers of the Aryan race must have dwelt for many thousand years so -completely protected from barbarians and wild beasts that they at last -lost all memory of them, and all words descriptive of them; and where -could this have been possible save in some great, long-civilized land, -surrounded by the sea, and isolated from the attack of the savage tribes -that occupied the rest of the world? And if such a great civilized -nation had dwelt for centuries in Asia, Europe, or Africa, why have not -their monuments long ago been discovered and identified? Where is the -race who are their natural successors, and who must have continued to -live after them in that sheltered and happy land, where they knew no -human and scarcely any animal enemies? Why would any people have -altogether left such a home? Why, when their civilization had spread to -the ends of the earth, did it cease to exist in the peaceful region -where it originated? - -Savage nations cannot usually count beyond five. This people had names -for the numerals up to one hundred, and the power, doubtless, of -combining these to still higher powers, as three hundred, five hundred, -ten hundred, etc. Says a high authority, "If any more proof were wanted -as to the reality of that period which must have preceded the dispersion -of the Aryan race, we might appeal to the Aryan numerals as irrefragable -evidence of that long-continued intellectual life which characterizes -that period." Such a degree of progress implies necessarily an alphabet, -writing, commerce, and trade, even as the existence of words for boats -and ships has already implied navigation. - -In what have we added to the civilization of this ancient people? Their -domestic animals were the same as our own, except one fowl adopted from -America. In the past ten thousand years we have added one bird to their -list of domesticated animals! They raised wheat and wool, and spun and -wove as we do, except that we have added some mechanical contrivances to -produce the same results. Their metals are ours. Even iron, the triumph, -as we had supposed, of more modern times, they had already discovered. -And it must not be forgotten that Greek mythology tells us that the -god-like race who dwelt on Olympus, that great island "in the midst of -the Atlantic," in the remote west, wrought in iron; and we find the -remains of an iron sword and meteoric iron weapons in the mounds of the -Mississippi Valley, while the name of the metal is found in the ancient -languages of Peru and Chili, and the Incas worked in iron on the shores -of Lake Titicaca. - -A still further evidence of the civilization of this ancient race is -found in the fact that, before the dispersion from their original home, -the Aryans had reached such a degree of development that they possessed -a regularly organized religion: they worshipped God, they believed in an -evil spirit, they believed in a heaven for the just. All this -presupposes temples, priests, sacrifices, and an orderly state of -society. - -We have seen that Greek mythology is really a history of the kings and -queens of Atlantis. - -When we turn to that other branch of the great Aryan family, the -Hindoos, we find that their gods are also the kings of Atlantis. The -Hindoo god Varuna is conceded to be the Greek god Uranos, who was the -founder of the royal family of Atlantis. - -In the Veda we find a hymn to "King Varuna," in which occurs this -passage: - -"This earth, too, belongs to Varuna, the king, and this wide sky, with -its ends far apart. The two seas are Varuna's loins; he is contained -also in this drop of water." - -Again in the Veda we find another hymn to King Varuna: - -"He who knows the place of the birds that fly through the sky; who on -the waters knows the ships. He, the upholder of order, who knows the -twelve months with the offspring of each, and knows the month that is -engendered afterward." - -This verse would seem to furnish additional proof that the Vedas were -written by a maritime people; and in the allusion to the twelve months -we are reminded of the Peruvians, who also divided the year into twelve -parts of thirty days each, and afterward added six days to complete the -year. The Egyptians and Mexicans also had intercalary days for the same -purpose. - -But, above all, it must be remembered that the Greeks, an Aryan race, in -their mythological traditions, show the closest relationship to -Atlantis. At-tika and At-hens are reminiscences of Ad, and we are told -that Poseidon, god and founder of Atlantis, founded Athens. We find in -the "Eleusinian mysteries" an Atlantean institution; their influence -during the whole period of Greek history down to the coming of -Christianity was extraordinary; and even then this masonry of -Pre-Christian days, in which kings and emperors begged to be initiated, -was, it is claimed, continued to our own times in our own Freemasons, -who trace their descent back to "a Dionysiac fraternity which originated -in Attika." And just as we have seen the Saturnalian festivities of -Italy descending from Atlantean harvest-feasts, so these Eleusinian -mysteries can be traced back to Plato's island. Poseidon was at the base -of them; the first hierophant, Eumolpus, was "a son of Poseidon," and -all the ceremonies were associated with seed-time and harvest, and with -Demeter or Ceres, an Atlantean goddess, daughter of Chronos, who first -taught the Greeks to use the plough and to plant barley. And, as the -"Carnival" is a survival of the "Saturnalia," so Masonry is a survival -of the Eleusinian mysteries. The roots of the institutions of to-day -reach back to the Miocene Age. - -We have seen that Zeus, the king of Atlantis, whose tomb was shown at -Crete, was transformed into the Greek god Zeus; and in like manner we -find him reappearing among the Hindoos as Dyaus. He is called -"Dyaus-pitar," or God the Father, as among the Greeks we have -"Zeus-pater," which became among the Romans "Jupiter." - -The strongest connection, however, with the Atlantean system is shown in -the case of the Hindoo god Deva-Nahusha. - -We have seen in the chapter on Greek mythology that Dionysos was a son -of Zeus and grandson of Poseidon, being thus identified with Atlantis. -"When he arrived at manhood," said the Greeks, "he set out on a journey -through all known countries, even into the remotest parts of India, -instructing the people, as he proceeded, how to tend the vine, and how -to practise many other arts of peace, besides teaching them the value of -just and honorable dealings. He was praised everywhere as the greatest -benefactor of mankind." (Murray's "Mythology," p. 119.) - -In other words, he represented the great Atlantean civilization, -reaching into "the remotest parts of India," and "to all parts of the -known world," from America to Asia. In consequence of the connection of -this king with the vine, he was converted in later times into the -dissolute god Bacchus. But everywhere the traditions concerning him -refer us back to Atlantis. "All the legends of Egypt, India, Asia Minor, -and the older Greeks describe him as a king very great during his life, -and deified after death.... Amon, king of Arabia or Ethiopia, married -Rhea, sister of Chronos, who reigned over Italy, Sicily, and certain -countries of Northern Africa." Dionysos, according to the Egyptians, was -the son of Amon by the beautiful Amalthea. Chronos and Amon had a -prolonged war; Dionysos defeated Chronos and captured his capital, -dethroned him, and put his son Zeus in his place; Zeus reigned nobly, -and won a great fame. Dionysos succeeded his father Amon, and "became -the greatest of sovereigns. He extended his sway in all the neighboring -countries, and completed the conquest of India.... He gave much -attention to the Cushite colonies in Egypt, greatly increasing their -strength, intelligence, and prosperity." (Baldwin's "Prehistoric -Nations," p. 283.) - -When we turn to the Hindoo we still find this Atlantean king. - -In the Sanscrit books we find reference to a god called Deva-Nahusha, -who has been identified by scholars with Dionysos. He is connected "with -the oldest history and mythology in the world." He is said to have been -a contemporary with Indra, king of Meru, who was also deified, and who -appears in the Veda as a principal form of representation of the Supreme -Being. - -"The warmest colors of imagination are used in portraying the greatness -of Deva-Nahusha. For a time he had sovereign control of affairs in Meru; -he conquered the seven dwipas, and led his armies through all the known -countries of the world; by means of matchless wisdom and miraculous -heroism he made his empire universal." (Ibid., p. 287.) - -Here we see that the great god Indra, chief god of the Hindoos, was -formerly king of Meru, and that Deva-Nahusha (De(va)nushas--De-onyshas) -had also been king of Meru; and we must remember that Theopompus tells us -that the island of Atlantis was inhabited by the "Meropes;" and -Lenormant has reached the conclusion that the first people of the -ancient world were "the men of Mero." - -We can well believe, when we see traces of the same civilization -extending from Peru and Lake Superior to Armenia and the frontiers of -China, that this Atlantean kingdom was indeed "universal," and extended -through all the "known countries of the world." - -"We can see in the legends that Pururavas, Nahusha, and others had no -connection with Sanscrit history. They are referred to ages very long -anterior to the Sanscrit immigration, and must have been great -personages celebrated in the traditions of the natives or Dasyus.... -Pururavas was a king of great renown, who ruled over thirteen islands of -the ocean, altogether surrounded by inhuman (or superhuman) personages; -he engaged in a contest with Brahmans, and perished. Nahusha, mentioned -by Maull, and in many legends, as famous for hostility to the Brahmans, -lived at the time when Indra ruled on earth. He was a very great king, -who ruled with justice a mighty empire, and attained the sovereignty of -three worlds." (Europe, Africa, and America?) "Being intoxicated with -pride, he was arrogant to Brahmans, compelled them to bear his -palanquin, and even dared to touch one of them with his foot" (kicked -him?), "whereupon he was transformed into a serpent." (Baldwin's -"Prehistoric Nations," p. 291.) - -The Egyptians placed Dionysos (Osiris) at the close of the period of -their history which was assigned to the gods, that is, toward the close -of the great empire of Atlantis. - -When we remember that the hymns of the "Rig-Veda" are admitted to date -back to a vast antiquity, and are written in a language that had ceased -to be a living tongue thousands of years ago, we can almost fancy those -hymns preserve some part of the songs of praise uttered of old upon the -island of Atlantis. Many of them seem to belong to sun-worship, and -might have been sung with propriety upon the high places of Peru: - -"In the beginning there arose the golden child. He was the one born Lord -of all that is. He established the earth and the sky. Who is the god to -whom we shall offer sacrifice? - -"He who gives life; He who gives strength; whose command all the bright -gods" (the stars?) "revere; whose light is immortality; whose shadow is -death.... He who through his power is the one God of the breathing -and awakening world. He who governs all, man and beast. He whose -greatness these snowy mountains, whose greatness the sea proclaims, with -the distant river. He through whom the sky is bright and the earth firm.... -He who measured out the light in the air... Wherever the mighty -water-clouds went, where they placed the seed and lit the fire, thence -arose He who is the sole life of the bright gods.... He to whom -heaven and earth, standing firm by His will, look up, trembling -inwardly.... May he not destroy us; He, the creator of the earth; He, -the righteous, who created heaven. He also created the bright and mighty -waters." - -This is plainly a hymn to the sun, or to a god whose most glorious -representative was the sun. It is the hymn of a people near the sea; it -was not written by a people living in the heart of Asia. It was the hymn -of a people living in a volcanic country, who call upon their god to -keep the earth "firm" and not to destroy them. It was sung at daybreak, -as the sun rolled up the sky over an "awakening world." - -The fire (Agni) upon the altar was regarded as a messenger rising from -the earth to the sun: - -"Youngest of the gods, their messenger, their invoker.... For thou, O -sage, goest wisely between these two creations (heaven and earth, God -and man) like a friendly messenger between two hamlets." - -The dawn of the day (Ushas), part of the sun-worship, became also a god: - -"She shines upon us like a young wife, rousing every living being to go -to his work. When the fire had to be kindled by man, she made the light -by striking down the darkness." - -As the Egyptians and the Greeks looked to a happy abode (an under-world) -in the west, beyond the waters, so the Aryan's paradise was the other -side of some body of water. In the Veda (vii. 56, 24) we find a prayer -to the Maruts, the storm-gods: "O, Maruts, may there be to us a strong -son, who is a living ruler of men; through whom we may cross the waters -on our way to the happy abode." This happy abode is described as "where -King Vaivasvata reigns; where the secret place of heaven is; where the -mighty waters are ... where there is food and rejoicing ... where -there is happiness and delight; where joy and pleasure reside." -(Rig-Veda ix. 113, 7.) This is the paradise beyond the seas; the -Elysion; the Elysian Fields of the Greek and the Egyptian, located upon -an island in the Atlantic which was destroyed by water. One great chain -of tradition binds together these widely separated races. - -"The religion of the Veda knows no idols," says Max Müller; "the worship -of idols in India is a secondary formation, a degradation of the more -primitive worship of ideal gods." - -It was pure sun-worship, such as prevailed in Peru on the arrival of the -Spaniards. It accords with Plato's description of the religion of -Atlantis. - -"The Dolphin's Ridge," at the bottom of the Atlantic, or the high land -revealed by the soundings taken by the ship Challenger, is, as will be -seen, of a three-pronged form--one prong pointing toward the west coast -of Ireland, another connecting with the north-east coast of South -America, and a third near or on the west coast of Africa. It does not -follow that the island of Atlantis, at any time while inhabited by -civilized people, actually reached these coasts; there is a strong -probability that races of men may have found their way there from the -three continents of Europe, America, and Africa; or the great continent -which once filled the whole bed of the present Atlantic Ocean, and from -whose débris geology tells us the Old and New Worlds were constructed, -may have been the scene of the development, during immense periods of -time, of diverse races of men, occupying different zones of climate. - -There are many indications that there were three races of men dwelling -on Atlantis. Noah, according to Genesis, had three sons--Shem, Ham, and -Japheth--who represented three different races of men of different -colors. The Greek legends tell us of the rebellions inaugurated at -different times in Olympus. One of these was a rebellion of the Giants, -"a race of beings sprung from the blood of Uranos," the great original -progenitor of the stock. "Their king or leader was Porphyrion, their -most powerful champion Alkyoneus." Their mother was the earth: this -probably meant that they represented the common people of a darker line. -They made a desperate struggle for supremacy, but were conquered by -Zeus. There were also two rebellions of the Titans. The Titans seem to -have had a government of their own, and the names of twelve of their -kings are given in the Greek mythology (see Murray, p. 27). They also -were of "the blood of Uranos," the Adam of the people. We read, in fact, -that Uranos married Gæa (the earth), and had three families: 1, the -Titans; 2, the Hekatoncheires; and 3, the Kyklopes. We should conclude -that the last two were maritime peoples, and I have shown that their -mythical characteristics were probably derived from the appearance of -their ships. Here we have, I think, a reference to the three races: 1, -the red or sunburnt men, like the Egyptians, the Phoenicians, the -Basques, and the Berber and Cushite stocks; 2, the sons of Shem, -possibly the yellow or Turanian race; and 3, the whiter men, the Aryans, -the Greeks, Kelts, Goths, Slavs, etc. If this view is correct, then we -may suppose that colonies of the pale-faced stock may have been sent out -from Atlantis to the northern coasts of Europe at different and perhaps -widely separated periods of time, from some of which the Aryan families -of Europe proceeded; hence the legend, which is found among them, that -they were once forced to dwell in a country where the summers were only -two months long. - -From the earliest times two grand divisions are recognized in the Aryan -family: "to the east those who specially called themselves Arians, whose -descendants inhabited Persia, India, etc.; to the west, the Yavana, or -the Young Ones, who first emigrated westward, and from whom have -descended the various nations that have populated Europe. This is the -name (Javan) found in the tenth chapter of Genesis." (Lenormant and -Chevallier, "Ancient History of the East," vol. ii., p. 2.) But surely -those who "first emigrated westward," the earliest to leave the parent -stock, could not be the "Young Ones;" they would be rather the elder -brothers. But if we can suppose the Bactrian population to have left -Atlantis at an early date, and the Greeks, Latins, and Celts to have -left it at a later period, then they would indeed be the "Young Ones" of -the family, following on the heels of the earlier migrations, and herein -we would find the explanation of the resemblance between the Latin and -Celtic tongues. Lenormant says the name of Erin (Ireland) is derived -from Aryan; and yet we have seen this island populated and named Erin by -races distinctly connected with Spain, Iberia, Africa, and Atlantis. - -There is another reason for supposing that the Aryan nations came from -Atlantis. - -We find all Europe, except a small corner of Spain and a strip along the -Arctic Circle, occupied by nations recognized as Aryan; but when we turn -to Asia, there is but a corner of it, and that corner in the part -nearest Europe, occupied by the Aryans. All the rest of that great -continent has been filled from immemorial ages by non-Aryan races. There -are seven branches of the Aryan family: 1. Germanic or Teutonic; 2. -Slavo-Lithuanic; 3. Celtic; 4. Italic; 5. Greek; 6. Iranian or Persian; -7. Sanscritic or Indian; and of these seven branches five dwell on the -soil of Europe, and the other two are intrusive races in Asia from the -direction of Europe. The Aryans in Europe have dwelt there apparently -since the close of the Stone Age, if not before it, while the movements -of the Aryans in Asia are within the Historical Period, and they appear -as intrusive stocks, forming a high caste amid a vast population of a -different race. The Vedas are supposed to date back to 2000 B.C., while -there is every reason to believe that the Celt inhabited Western Europe -5000 B.C. If the Aryan race had originated in the heart of Asia, why -would not its ramifications have extended into Siberia, China, and -Japan, and all over Asia? And if the Aryans moved at a comparatively -recent date into Europe from Bactria, where are the populations that -then inhabited Europe--the men of the ages of stone and bronze? We -should expect to find the western coasts of Europe filled with them, -just as the eastern coasts of Asia and India are filled with Turanian -populations. On the contrary, we know that the Aryans descended upon -India from the Punjab, which lies to the north-west of that region; and -that their traditions represent that they came there from the west, to -wit, from the direction of Europe and Atlantis. - -CHAPTER XI. - -ATLANTIS RECONSTRUCTED. - -The farther we go back in time toward the era of Atlantis, the more the -evidences multiply that we are approaching the presence of a great, -wise, civilized race. For instance, we find the Egyptians, Ethiopians, -and Israelites, from the earliest ages, refusing to eat the flesh of -swine. The Western nations departed from this rule, and in these modern -days we are beginning to realize the dangers of this article of food, on -account of the trichina contained in it; and when we turn to the Talmud, -we are told that it was forbidden to the Jews, "because of a small -insect which infests it." - -The Egyptians, the Ethiopians, the Phoenicians, the Hebrews, and others -of the ancient races, practised circumcision. It was probably resorted -to in Atlantean days, and imposed as a religious duty, to arrest one of -the most dreadful scourges of the human race--a scourge which continued -to decimate the people of America, arrested their growth, and paralyzed -their civilization. Circumcision stamped out the disease in Atlantis; we -read of one Atlantean king, the Greek god Ouranos, who, in a time of -plague, compelled his whole army and the armies of his allies to undergo -the rite. The colonies that went out to Europe carried the practice but -not the disease out of which it originated with them; and it was not -until Columbus reopened communication with the infected people of the -West India Islands that the scourge crossed the Atlantic and "turned -Europe," as one has expressed it, "into a charnal-house." - -Life-insurance statistics show, nowadays, that the average life and -health of the Hebrew is much greater than that of other men; and he owes -this to the retention of practices and beliefs imposed ten thousand -years ago by the great, wise race of Atlantis. - -Let us now, with all the facts before us, gleaned from various sources, -reconstruct, as near as may be, the condition of the antediluvians. - -They dwelt upon a great island, near which were other smaller islands, -probably east and west of them, forming stepping-stones, as it were, -toward Europe and Africa in one direction, and the West India Islands -and America in the other. There were volcanic mountains upon the main -island, rising to a height of fifteen hundred feet, with their tops -covered with perpetual snow. Below these were elevated table-lands, upon -which were the royal establishments. Below these, again, was "the great -plain of Atlantis." There were four rivers flowing north, south, east, -and west from a central point. The climate was like that of the Azores, -mild and pleasant; the soil volcanic and fertile, and suitable at its -different elevations for the growth of the productions of the tropical -and temperate zones. - -The people represented at least two different races: a dark brown -reddish race, akin to the Central Americans, the Berbers and the -Egyptians; and a white race, like the Greeks, Goths, Celts, and -Scandinavians. Various battles and struggles followed between the -different peoples for supremacy. The darker race seems to have been, -physically, a smaller race, with small hands; the lighter-colored race -was much larger--hence the legends of the Titans and Giants. The -Guanches of the Canary Islands were men of very great stature. As the -works of the Bronze Age represent a small-handed race, and as the races -who possessed the ships and gunpowder joined in the war against the -Giants, we might conclude that the dark races were the more civilized, -that they were the metal-workers and navigators. - -The fact that the same opinions and customs exist on both sides of the -ocean implies identity of origin; it might be argued that the fact that -the explanation of many customs existing on both hemispheres is to be -found only in America, implies that the primeval stock existed in -America, the emigrating portion of the population carrying away the -custom, but forgetting the reason for it. The fact that domestic cattle -and the great cereals, wheat, oats, barley, and rye, are found in Europe -and not in America, would imply that after the population moved to Atlantis -from America civilization was developed in Atlantis, and that in the -later ages communication was closer and more constant between Atlantis -and Europe than between Atlantis and America. In the case of the bulky -domestic animals, it would be more difficult to transport them, in the -open vessels of that day, from Atlantis across the wider expanse of sea -to America, than it would be to carry them by way of the now submerged -islands in front of the Mediterranean Sea to the coast of Spain. It may -be, too, that the climate of Spain and Italy was better adapted to the -growth of wheat, barley, oats and rye, than maize; while the drier -atmosphere of America was better suited to the latter plant. Even now -comparatively little wheat or barley is raised in Central America, -Mexico, or Peru, and none on the low coasts of those countries; while a -smaller quantity of maize, proportionately, is grown in Italy, Spain, -and the rest of Western Europe, the rainy climate being unsuited to it. -We have seen (p. 60, ante) that there is reason to believe that maize -was known in a remote period in the drier regions of the Egyptians and -Chinese. - -As science has been able to reconstruct the history of the migrations of -the Aryan race, by the words that exist or fail to appear in the kindred -branches of that tongue, so the time will come when a careful comparison -of words, customs, opinions, arts existing on the opposite sides of the -Atlantic will furnish an approximate sketch of Atlantean history. - -The people had attained a high position as agriculturists. The presence -of the plough in Egypt and Peru implies that they possessed that -implement. And as the horns and ox-head of Baal show the esteem in which -cattle were held among them, we may suppose that they had passed the -stage in which the plough was drawn by men, as in Peru and Egypt in -ancient times, and in Sweden during the Historical Period, and that it -was drawn by oxen or horses. They first domesticated the horse, hence -the association of Poseidon or Neptune, a sea-god, with horses; hence -the race-courses for horses described by Plato. They possessed sheep, -and manufactured woollen goods; they also had goats, dogs, and swine. -They raised cotton and made cotton goods; they probably cultivated -maize, wheat, oats, barley, rye, tobacco, hemp, and flax, and possibly -potatoes; they built aqueducts and practised irrigation; they were -architects, sculptors, and engravers; they possessed an alphabet; they -worked in tin, copper, bronze, silver, gold, and iron. - -During the vast period of their duration, as peace and agriculture -caused their population to increase to overflowing, they spread out in -colonies east and west to the ends of the earth. This was not the work -of a few years, but of many centuries; and the relations between these -colonies may have been something like the relation between the different -colonies that in a later age were established by the Phoenicians, the -Greeks, and the Romans; there was an intermingling with the more ancient -races, the autochthones of the different lands where they settled; and -the same crossing of stocks, which we know to have been continued all -through the Historical Period, must have been going on for thousands of -years, whereby new races and new dialects were formed; and the result of -all this has been that the smaller races of antiquity have grown larger, -while all the complexions shade into each other, so that we can pass -from the whitest to the darkest by insensible degrees. - -In some respects the Atlanteans exhibited conditions similar to those of -the British Islands: there were the same, and even greater, race -differences in the population; the same plantation of colonies in -Europe, Asia, and America; the same carrying of civilization to the ends -of the earth. We have seen colonies from Great Britain going out in the -third and fifth centuries to settle on the shores of France, in -Brittany, representing one of the nationalities and languages of the -mother-country--a race Atlantean in origin. In the same way we may -suppose Hamitic emigrations to have gone out from Atlantis to Syria, -Egypt, and the Barbary States. If we could imagine Highland Scotch, -Welsh, Cornish, and Irish populations emigrating en masse from England -in later times, and carrying to their new lands the civilization of -England, with peculiar languages not English, we would have a state of -things probably more like the migrations which took place from Atlantis. -England, with a civilization Atlantean in origin, peopled by races from -the same source, is repeating in these modern times the empire of Zeus -and Chronos; and, just as we have seen Troy, Egypt, and Greece warring -against the parent race, so in later days we have seen Brittany and the -United States separating themselves from England, the race -characteristics remaining after the governmental connection had ceased. - -In religion the Atlanteans had reached all the great thoughts which -underlie our modern creeds. They had attained to the conception of one -universal, omnipotent, great First Cause. We find the worship of this -One God in Peru and in early Egypt. They looked upon the sun as the -mighty emblem, type, and instrumentality of this One God. Such a -conception could only have come with civilization. It is not until these -later days that science has realized the utter dependence of all earthly -life upon the sun's rays: - -"All applications of animal power may be regarded as derived directly or -indirectly from the static chemical power of the vegetable substance by -which the various organisms and their capabilities are sustained; and -this power, in turn, from the kinetic action of the sun's rays. - -"Winds and ocean currents, hailstorms and rain, sliding glaciers, -flowing rivers, and falling cascades are the direct offspring of solar -heat. All our machinery, therefore, whether driven by the windmill or -the water-wheel, by horse-power or by steam--all the results of -electrical and electro-magnetic changes--our telegraphs, our clocks, and -our watches, all are wound up primarily by the sun. - -"The sun is the great source of energy in almost all terrestrial -phenomena. From the meteorological to the geographical, from the -geological to the biological, in the expenditure and conversion of -molecular movements, derived from the sun's rays, must be sought the -motive power of all this infinitely varied phantasmagoria." - -But the people of Atlantis had gone farther; they believed that the soul -of man was immortal, and that he would live again in his material body; -in other words, they believed in "the resurrection of the body and the -life everlasting." They accordingly embalmed their dead. - -The Duke of Argyll ("The Unity of Nature") says: - -"We have found in the most ancient records of the Aryan language proof -that the indications of religious thought are higher, simpler, and purer -as we go back in time, until at last, in the very oldest compositions of -human speech which have come down to us, we find the Divine Being spoken -of in the sublime language which forms the opening of the Lord's Prayer. -The date in absolute chronology of the oldest Vedic literature does not -seem to be known. Professor Max Müller, however, considers that it may -possibly take us back 5000 years.... All we can see with certainty is -that the earliest inventions of mankind are the most wonderful that the -race has ever made.... The first use of fire, and the discovery of -the methods by which it can be kindled; the domestication of wild -animals; and, above all, the processes by which the various cereals were -first developed out of some wild grasses--these are all discoveries with -which, in ingenuity and in importance, no subsequent discoveries may -compare. They are all unknown to history--all lost in the light of an -effulgent dawn." - -The Atlanteans possessed an established order of priests; their -religious worship was pure and simple. They lived under a kingly -government; they had their courts, their judges, their records, their -monuments covered with inscriptions, their mines, their founderies, -their workshops, their looms, their grist-mills, their boats and -sailing-vessels, their highways, aqueducts, wharves, docks, and canals. -They had processions, banners, and triumphal arches for their kings and -heroes; they built pyramids, temples, round-towers, and obelisks; they -practised religious ablutions; they knew the use of the magnet and of -gunpowder. In short, they were in the enjoyment of a civilization nearly -as high as our own, lacking only the printing-press, and those -inventions in which steam, electricity, and magnetism are used. We are -told that Deva-Nahusha visited his colonies in Farther India. An empire -which reached from the Andes to Hindostan, if not to China, must have -been magnificent indeed. In its markets must have met the maize of the -Mississippi Valley, the copper of Lake Superior, the gold and silver of -Peru and Mexico, the spices of India, the tin of Wales and Cornwall, the -bronze of Iberia, the amber of the Baltic, the wheat and barley of -Greece, Italy, and Switzerland. - -It is not surprising that when this mighty nation sank beneath the -waves, in the midst of terrible convulsions, with all its millions of -people, the event left an everlasting impression upon the imagination of -mankind. Let us suppose that Great Britain should to-morrow meet with a -similar fate. What a wild consternation would fall upon her colonies and -upon the whole human family! The world might relapse into barbarism, -deep and almost universal. William the Conqueror, Richard Coeur de Lion, -Alfred the Great, Cromwell, and Victoria might survive only as the gods -or demons of later races; but the memory of the cataclysm in which the -centre of a universal empire instantaneously went down to death would -never be forgotten; it would survive in fragments, more or less -complete, in every land on earth; it would outlive the memory of a -thousand lesser convulsions of nature; it would survive dynasties, -nations, creeds, and languages; it would never be forgotten while man -continued to inhabit the face of the globe. - -Science has but commenced its work of reconstructing the past and -rehabilitating the ancient peoples, and surely there is no study which -appeals more strongly to the imagination than that of this drowned -nation, the true antediluvians. They were the founders of nearly all our -arts and sciences; they were the parents of our fundamental beliefs; -they were the first civilizers, the first navigators, the first -merchants, the first colonizers of the earth; their civilization was old -when Egypt was young, and they had passed away thousands of years before -Babylon, Rome, or London were dreamed of. This lost people were our -ancestors, their blood flows in our veins; the words we use every day -were heard, in their primitive form, in their cities, courts, and -temples. Every line of race and thought, of blood and belief, leads back -to them. - -Nor is it impossible that the nations of the earth may yet employ their -idle navies in bringing to the light of day some of the relics of this -buried people. Portions of the island lie but a few hundred fathoms -beneath the sea; and if expeditions have been sent out from time to time -in the past, to resurrect from the depths of the ocean sunken -treasure-ships with a few thousand doubloons hidden in their cabins, why -should not an attempt be made to reach the buried wonders of Atlantis? A -single engraved tablet dredged up from Plato's island would be worth -more to science, would more strike the imagination of mankind, than all -the gold of Peru, all the monuments of Egypt, and all the terra-cotta -fragments gathered from the great libraries of Chaldea. - -May not the so-called "Phoenician coins" found on Corvo, one of the -Azores, be of Atlantean origin? Is it probable that that great race, -pre-eminent as a founder of colonies, could have visited those islands -within the Historical Period, and have left them unpeopled, as they were -when discovered by the Portuguese? - -We are but beginning to understand the past: one hundred years ago the -world knew nothing of Pompeii or Herculaneum; nothing of the lingual tie -that binds together the Indo-European nations; nothing of the -significance of the vast volume of inscriptions upon the tombs and -temples of Egypt; nothing of the meaning of the arrow-headed -inscriptions of Babylon; nothing of the marvellous civilizations -revealed in the remains of Yucatan, Mexico, and Peru. We are on the -threshold. Scientific investigation is advancing with giant strides. Who -shall say that one hundred years from now the great museums of the world -may not be adorned with gems, statues, arms, and implements from -Atlantis, while the libraries of the world shall contain translations of -its inscriptions, throwing new light upon all the past history of the -human race, and all the great problems which now perplex the thinkers of -our day? - -THE END. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Atlantis, The Antediluvian World, by -Ignatius Donnelly - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ATLANTIS, THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD *** - -***** This file should be named 4032-8.txt or 4032-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/3/4032/ - -Produced by Norm Walcott, walcott@kreative.net, source -from Mr. J.B. Hare. 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