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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 4032 ***
+
+
+
+
+ATLANTIS
+
+THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD.
+
+BY
+
+IGNATIUS DONNELLY.
+
+     The world has made such comet-like advance
+     Lately on science, we may almost hope,
+     Before we die of sheer decay, to learn
+     Something about our infancy; when lived
+     That great, original, broad-eyed, sunken race,
+     Whose knowledge, like the sea-sustaining rocks,
+     Hath formed the base of this world's fluctuous lore
+                                            FESTUS.
+
+                   Frontpiece: The Profile of Atlantis
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+PART I.
+
+THE HISTORY OF ATLANTIS.
+
+I. THE PURPOSE OF THE BOOK
+
+II. PLATO'S HISTORY OF ATLANTIS
+
+III. THE PROBABILITIES OF PLATO'S STORY
+
+IV. WAS SUCH A CATASTROPHE POSSIBLE?
+
+V. THE TESTIMONY OF THE SEA
+
+VI. THE TESTIMONY OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA
+
+PART II.
+
+THE DELUGE.
+
+I. THE DESTRUCTION OF ATLANTIS DESCRIBED IN THE DELUGE LEGENDS
+
+II. THE DELUGE OF THE BIBLE
+
+III. THE DELUGE OF THE CHALDEANS
+
+IV. THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF OTHER NATIONS
+
+V. THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICA
+
+VI. SOME CONSIDERATION OF THE DELUGE LEGENDS
+
+PART III
+
+THE CIVILIZATION OF THE OLD WORLD AND NEW COMPARED.
+
+I. CIVILIZATION AN INHERITANCE
+
+II. THE IDENTITY OF THE CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW
+
+III. AMERICAN EVIDENCES OF INTERCOURSE WITH EUROPE OR ATLANTIS
+
+IV. CORROBORATING CIRCUMSTANCES
+
+V. THE QUESTION OF COMPLEXION
+
+VI. GENESIS CONTAINS A HISTORY OF ATLANTIS
+
+VII. THE: ORIGIN OF OUR ALPHABET
+
+VIII. THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE
+
+IX. ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF THE SKULL
+
+PART IV.
+
+THE MYTHOLOGIES OF THE OLD WORLD A RECOLLECTION OF ATLANTIS.
+
+I. TRADITIONS OF ATLANTIS
+
+II. THE KINGS OF ATLANTIS BECOME THE GODS OF THE GREEKS
+
+III. THE GODS OF THE PHOENICIANS ALSO KINGS OF ATLANTIS
+
+IV. THE GOD ODIN, WODEN, OR WOTAN
+
+V. THE PYRAMID, THE CROSS, AND THE GARDEN OF EDEN
+
+VI. GOLD AND SILVER THE SACRED METALS OF ATLANTIS
+
+PART V.
+
+THE COLONIES OF ATLANTIS.
+
+I. THE CENTRAL AMERICAN AND MEXICAN COLONIES
+
+II. THE EGYPTIAN COLONY
+
+III. THE COLONIES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY
+
+IV. THE IBERIAN COLONIES OF ATLANTIS
+
+V. THE PERUVIAN COLONY
+
+VI. THE AFRICAN COLONIES
+
+VII. THE IRISH COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS
+
+VIII. THE OLDEST SON OF NOAH
+
+IX. THE ANTIQUITY OF SOME OF OUR GREAT INVENTIONS
+
+X. THE ARYAN COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS
+
+XI. ATLANTIS RECONSTRUCTED
+
+ATLANTIS:
+
+THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD.
+
+PART I. THE HISTORY OF ATLANTIS.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE PURPOSE OF THE BOOK.
+
+This book is an attempt to demonstrate several distinct and novel
+propositions. These are:
+
+1. That there once existed in the Atlantic Ocean, opposite the mouth of
+the Mediterranean Sea, a large island, which was the remnant of an
+Atlantic continent, and known to the ancient world as Atlantis.
+
+2. That the description of this island given by Plato is not, as has
+been long supposed, fable, but veritable history.
+
+3. That Atlantis was the region where man first rose from a state of
+barbarism to civilization.
+
+4. That it became, in the course of ages, a populous and mighty nation,
+from whose overflowings the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, the
+Mississippi River, the Amazon, the Pacific coast of South America, the
+Mediterranean, the west coast of Europe and Africa, the Baltic, the
+Black Sea, and the Caspian were populated by civilized nations.
+
+5. That it was the true Antediluvian world; the Garden of Eden; the
+Gardens of the Hesperides; the Elysian Fields; the Gardens of Alcinous;
+the Mesomphalos; the Olympos; the Asgard of the traditions of the
+ancient nations; representing a universal memory of a great land, where
+early mankind dwelt for ages in peace and happiness.
+
+6. That the gods and goddesses of the ancient Greeks, the Phoenicians,
+the Hindoos, and the Scandinavians were simply the kings, queens, and
+heroes of Atlantis; and the acts attributed to them in mythology are a
+confused recollection of real historical events.
+
+7. That the mythology of Egypt and Peru represented the original
+religion of Atlantis, which was sun-worship.
+
+8. That the oldest colony formed by the Atlanteans was probably in
+Egypt, whose civilization was a reproduction of that of the Atlantic
+island.
+
+9. That the implements of the "Bronze Age" of Europe were derived from
+Atlantis. The Atlanteans were also the first manufacturers of iron.
+
+10. That the Phoenician alphabet, parent of all the European alphabets,
+was derived from an Atlantis alphabet, which was also conveyed from
+Atlantis to the Mayas of Central America.
+
+11. That Atlantis was the original seat of the Aryan or Indo-European
+family of nations, as well as of the Semitic peoples, and possibly also
+of the Turanian races.
+
+12. That Atlantis perished in a terrible convulsion of nature, in which
+the whole island sunk into the ocean, with nearly all its inhabitants.
+
+13. That a few persons escaped in ships and on rafts, and, carried to
+the nations east and west the tidings of the appalling catastrophe,
+which has survived to our own time in the Flood and Deluge legends of
+the different nations of the old and new worlds.
+
+If these propositions can be proved, they will solve many problems which
+now perplex mankind; they will confirm in many respects the statements
+in the opening chapters of Genesis; they will widen the area of human
+history; they will explain the remarkable resemblances which exist
+between the ancient civilizations found upon the opposite shores of the
+Atlantic Ocean, in the old and new worlds; and they will aid us to
+rehabilitate the fathers of our civilization, our blood, and our
+fundamental ideas-the men who lived, loved, and labored ages before the
+Aryans descended upon India, or the Phoenician had settled in Syria, or
+the Goth had reached the shores of the Baltic.
+
+The fact that the story of Atlantis was for thousands of years regarded
+as a fable proves nothing. There is an unbelief which grows out of
+ignorance, as well as a scepticism which is born of intelligence. The
+people nearest to the past are not always those who are best informed
+concerning the past.
+
+For a thousand years it was believed that the legends of the buried
+cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were myths: they were spoken of as
+"the fabulous cities." For a thousand years the educated world did not
+credit the accounts given by Herodotus of the wonders of the ancient
+civilizations of the Nile and of Chaldea. He was called "the father of
+liars." Even Plutarch sneered at him. Now, in the language of Frederick
+Schlegel, "the deeper and more comprehensive the researches of the
+moderns have been, the more their regard and esteem for Herodotus has
+increased." Buckle says, "His minute information about Egypt and Asia
+Minor is admitted by all geographers."
+
+There was a time when the expedition sent out by Pharaoh Necho to
+circumnavigate Africa was doubted, because the explorers stated that
+after they had progressed a certain distance the sun was north of them;
+this circumstance, which then aroused suspicion, now proves to us that
+the Egyptian navigators had really passed the equator, and anticipated
+by 2100 years Vasquez de Gama in his discovery of the Cape of Good Hope.
+
+If I succeed in demonstrating the truth of the somewhat startling
+propositions with which I commenced this chapter, it will only be by
+bringing to bear upon the question of Atlantis a thousand converging
+lines of light from a multitude of researches made by scholars in
+different fields of modern thought. Further investigations and
+discoveries will, I trust, confirm the correctness of the conclusions at
+which I have arrived.
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+PLATO'S HISTORY OF ATLANTIS.
+
+Plato has preserved for us the history of Atlantis. If our views are
+correct, it is one of the most valuable records which have come down to
+us from antiquity.
+
+Plato lived 400 years before the birth of Christ. His ancestor, Solon,
+was the great law-giver of Athens 600 years before the Christian era.
+Solon visited Egypt. Plutarch says, "Solon attempted in verse a large
+description, or rather fabulous account of the Atlantic Island, which he
+had learned from the wise men of Sais, and which particularly concerned
+the Athenians; but by reason of his age, not want of leisure (as Plato
+would have it), he was apprehensive the work would be too much for him,
+and therefore did not go through with it. These verses are a proof that
+business was not the hinderance:
+
+     "'I grow in learning as I grow in age.'
+
+And again:
+
+     "'Wine, wit, and beauty still their charms bestow,
+     Light all the shades of life, and cheer us as we go.'
+
+"Plato, ambitious to cultivate and adorn the subject of the Atlantic
+Island, as a delightful spot in some fair field unoccupied, to which
+also he had some claim by reason of his being related to Solon, laid out
+magnificent courts and enclosures, and erected a grand entrance to it,
+such as no other story, fable, or Poem ever had. But, as he began it
+late, he ended his life before the work, so that the more the reader is
+delighted with the part that is written, the more regret he has to find
+it unfinished."
+
+There can be no question that Solon visited Egypt. The causes of his
+departure from Athens, for a period of ten years, are fully explained by
+Plutarch. He dwelt, he tells us,
+
+     "On the Canopian shore, by Nile's deep mouth."
+
+There he conversed upon points of philosophy and history with the most
+learned of the Egyptian priests. He was a man of extraordinary force and
+penetration of mind, as his laws and his sayings, which have been
+preserved to us, testify. There is no improbability in the statement
+that he commenced in verse a history and description of Atlantis, which
+he left unfinished at his death; and it requires no great stretch of the
+imagination to believe that this manuscript reached the hands of his
+successor and descendant, Plato; a scholar, thinker, and historian like
+himself, and, like himself, one of the profoundest minds of the ancient
+world. The Egyptian priest had said to Solon, "You have no antiquity of
+history, and no history of antiquity;" and Solon doubtless realized
+fully the vast importance of a record which carried human history back,
+not only thousands of years before the era of Greek civilization, but
+many thousands of years before even the establishment of the kingdom of
+Egypt; and he was anxious to preserve for his half-civilized countrymen
+this inestimable record of the past.
+
+We know of no better way to commence a book about Atlantis than by
+giving in full the record preserved by Plato. It is as follows:
+
+Critias. Then listen, Socrates, to a strange tale, which is, however,
+certainly true, as Solon, who was the wisest of the seven sages,
+declared. He was a relative and great friend of my great-grandfather,
+Dropidas, as he himself says in several of his poems; and Dropidas told
+Critias, my grandfather, who remembered, and told us, that there were of
+old great and marvellous actions of the Athenians, which have passed
+into oblivion through time and the destruction of the human race and one
+in particular, which was the greatest of them all, the recital of which
+will be a suitable testimony of our gratitude to you....
+
+Socrates. Very good; and what is this ancient famous action of which
+Critias spoke, not as a mere legend, but as a veritable action of the
+Athenian State, which Solon recounted!
+
+Critias. I will tell an old-world story which I heard from an aged man;
+for Critias was, as he said, at that time nearly ninety years of age,
+and I was about ten years of age. Now the day was that day of the
+Apaturia which is called the registration of youth; at which, according
+to custom, our parents gave prizes for recitations, and the poems of
+several poets were recited by us boys, and many of us sung the poems of
+Solon, which were new at the time. One of our tribe, either because this
+was his real opinion, or because he thought that he would please
+Critias, said that, in his judgment, Solon was not only the wisest of
+men but the noblest of poets. The old man, I well remember, brightened
+up at this, and said, smiling: "Yes, Amynander, if Solon had only, like
+other poets, made poetry the business of his life, and had completed the
+tale which he brought with him from Egypt, and had not been compelled,
+by reason of the factions and troubles which he found stirring in this
+country when he came home, to attend to other matters, in my opinion he
+would have been as famous as Homer, or Hesiod, or any poet."
+
+"And what was that poem about, Critias?" said the person who addressed
+him.
+
+"About the greatest action which the Athenians ever did, and which ought
+to have been most famous, but which, through the lapse of time and the
+destruction of the actors, has not come down to us."
+
+"Tell us," said the other, "the whole story, and how and from whom Solon
+heard this veritable tradition."
+
+He replied: "At the head of the Egyptian Delta, where the river Nile
+divides, there is a certain district which is called the district of
+Sais, and the great city of the district is also called Sais, and is the
+city from which Amasis the king was sprung. And the citizens have a
+deity who is their foundress: she is called in the Egyptian tongue
+Neith, which is asserted by them to be the same whom the Hellenes called
+Athene. Now, the citizens of this city are great lovers of the
+Athenians, and say that they are in some way related to them. Thither
+came Solon, who was received by them with great honor; and he asked the
+priests, who were most skilful in such matters, about antiquity, and
+made the discovery that neither he nor any other Hellene knew anything
+worth mentioning about the times of old. On one occasion, when he was
+drawing them on to speak of antiquity, he began to tell about the most
+ancient things in our part of the world--about Phoroneus, who is called
+'the first,' and about Niobe; and, after the Deluge, to tell of the
+lives of Deucalion and Pyrrha; and he traced the genealogy of their
+descendants, and attempted to reckon how many years old were the events
+of which he was speaking, and to give the dates. Thereupon, one of the
+priests, who was of very great age; said, 'O Solon, Solon, you Hellenes
+are but children, and there is never an old man who is an Hellene.'
+Solon, bearing this, said, 'What do you mean?' 'I mean to say,' he
+replied, 'that in mind you are all young; there is no old opinion handed
+down among you by ancient tradition, nor any science which is hoary with
+age. And I will tell you the reason of this: there have been, and there
+will be again, many destructions of mankind arising out of many causes.
+There is a story which even you have preserved, that once upon a time
+Phaëthon, the son of Helios, having yoked the steeds in his father's
+chariot, because he was not able to drive them in the path of his
+father, burnt up all that was upon the earth, and was himself destroyed
+by a thunderbolt. Now, this has the form of a myth, but really signifies
+a declination of the bodies moving around the earth and in the heavens,
+and a great conflagration of things upon the earth recurring at long
+intervals of time: when this happens, those who live upon the mountains
+and in dry and lofty places are more liable to destruction than those
+who dwell by rivers or on the sea-shore; and from this calamity the
+Nile, who is our never-failing savior, saves and delivers us. When, on
+the other hand, the gods purge the earth with a deluge of water, among
+you herdsmen and shepherds on the mountains are the survivors, whereas
+those of you who live in cities are carried by the rivers into the sea;
+but in this country neither at that time nor at any other does the water
+come from above on the fields, having always a tendency to come up from
+below, for which reason the things preserved here are said to be the
+oldest. The fact is, that wherever the extremity of winter frost or of
+summer sun does not prevent, the human race is always increasing at
+times, and at other times diminishing in numbers. And whatever happened
+either in your country or in ours, or in any other region of which we
+are informed--if any action which is noble or great, or in any other way
+remarkable has taken place, all that has been written down of old, and
+is preserved in our temples; whereas you and other nations are just
+being provided with letters and the other things which States require;
+and then, at the usual period, the stream from heaven descends like a
+pestilence, and leaves only those of you who are destitute of letters
+and education; and thus you have to begin all over again as children,
+and know nothing of what happened in ancient times, either among us or
+among yourselves. As for those genealogies of yours which you have
+recounted to us, Solon, they are no better than the tales of children;
+for, in the first place, you remember one deluge only, whereas there
+were many of them; and, in the next place, you do not know that there
+dwelt in your land the fairest and noblest race of men which ever lived,
+of whom you and your whole city are but a seed or remnant. And this was
+unknown to you, because for many generations the survivors of that
+destruction died and made no sign. For there was a time, Solon, before
+that great deluge of all, when the city which now is Athens was first in
+war, and was preeminent for the excellence of her laws, and is said to
+have performed the noblest deeds, and to have had the fairest
+constitution of any of which tradition tells, under the face of heaven.'
+Solon marvelled at this, and earnestly requested the priest to inform
+him exactly and in order about these former citizens. 'You are welcome
+to hear about them, Solon,' said the priest, 'both for your own sake and
+for that of the city; and, above all, for the sake of the goddess who is
+the common patron and protector and educator of both our cities. She
+founded your city a thousand years before ours, receiving from the Earth
+and Hephæstus the seed of your race, and then she founded ours, the
+constitution of which is set down in our sacred registers as 8000 years
+old. As touching the citizens of 9000 years ago, I will briefly inform
+you of their laws and of the noblest of their actions; and the exact
+particulars of the whole we will hereafter go through at our leisure, in
+the sacred registers themselves. If you compare these very laws with
+your own, you will find that many of ours are the counterpart of yours,
+as they were in the olden time. In the first place, there is the caste
+of priests, which is separated from all the others; next there are the
+artificers, who exercise their several crafts by themselves, and without
+admixture of any other; and also there is the class of shepherds and
+that of hunters, as well as that of husbandmen; and you will observe,
+too, that the warriors in Egypt are separated from all the other
+classes, and are commanded by the law only to engage in war; moreover,
+the weapons with which they are equipped are shields and spears, and
+this the goddess taught first among you, and then in Asiatic countries,
+and we among the Asiatics first adopted.
+
+"'Then, as to wisdom, do you observe what care the law took from the
+very first, searching out and comprehending the whole order of things
+down to prophecy and medicine (the latter with a view to health); and
+out of these divine elements drawing what was needful for human life,
+and adding every sort of knowledge which was connected with them. All
+this order and arrangement the goddess first imparted to you when
+establishing your city; and she chose the spot of earth in which you
+were born, because she saw that the happy temperament of the seasons in
+that land would produce the wisest of men. Wherefore the goddess, who
+was a lover both of war and of wisdom, selected, and first of all
+settled that spot which was the most likely to produce men likest
+herself. And there you dwelt, having such laws as these and still better
+ones, and excelled all mankind in all virtue, as became the children and
+disciples of the gods. Many great and wonderful deeds are recorded of
+your State in our histories; but one of them exceeds all the rest in
+greatness and valor; for these histories tell of a mighty power which
+was aggressing wantonly against the whole of Europe and Asia, and to
+which your city put an end. This power came forth out of the Atlantic
+Ocean, for in those days the Atlantic was navigable; and there was an
+island situated in front of the straits which you call the Columns of
+Heracles: the island was larger than Libya and Asia put together, and
+was the way to other islands, and from the islands you might pass
+through the whole of the opposite continent which surrounded the true
+ocean; for this sea which is within the Straits of Heracles is only a
+harbor, having a narrow entrance, but that other is a real sea, and the
+surrounding land may be most truly called a continent. Now, in the
+island of Atlantis there was a great and wonderful empire, which had
+rule over the whole island and several others, as well as over parts of
+the continent; and, besides these, they subjected the parts of Libya
+within the Columns of Heracles as far as Egypt, and of Europe as far as
+Tyrrhenia. The vast power thus gathered into one, endeavored to subdue
+at one blow our country and yours, and the whole of the land which was
+within the straits; and then, Solon, your country shone forth, in the
+excellence of her virtue and strength, among all mankind; for she was
+the first in courage and military skill, and was the leader of the
+Hellenes. And when the rest fell off from her, being compelled to stand
+alone, after having undergone the very extremity of danger, she defeated
+and triumphed over the invaders, and preserved from slavery those who
+were not yet subjected, and freely liberated all the others who dwelt
+within the limits of Heracles. But afterward there occurred violent
+earthquakes and floods, and in a single day and night of rain all your
+warlike men in a body sunk into the earth, and the island of Atlantis in
+like manner disappeared, and was sunk beneath the sea. And that is the
+reason why the sea in those parts is impassable and impenetrable,
+because there is such a quantity of shallow mud in the way; and this was
+caused by the subsidence of the island.' ("Plato's Dialogues," ii., 617,
+Timæus.)...
+
+"But in addition to the gods whom you have mentioned, I would specially
+invoke Mnemosyne; for all the important part of what I have to tell is
+dependent on her favor, and if I can recollect and recite enough of what
+was said by the priests, and brought hither by Solon, I doubt not that I
+shall satisfy the requirements of this theatre. To that task, then, I
+will at once address myself.
+
+"Let me begin by observing, first of all, that nine thousand was the sum
+of years which had elapsed since the war which was said to have taken
+place between all those who dwelt outside the Pillars of Heracles and
+those who dwelt within them: this war I am now to describe. Of the
+combatants on the one side the city of Athens was reported to have been
+the ruler, and to have directed the contest; the combatants on the other
+side were led by the kings of the islands of Atlantis, which, as I was
+saying, once had an extent greater than that of Libya and Asia; and,
+when afterward sunk by an earthquake, became an impassable barrier of
+mud to voyagers sailing from hence to the ocean. The progress of the
+history will unfold the various tribes of barbarians and Hellenes which
+then existed, as they successively appear on the scene; but I must begin
+by describing, first of all, the Athenians as they were in that day, and
+their enemies who fought with them; and I shall have to tell of the
+power and form of government of both of them. Let us give the precedence
+to Athens....
+
+"Many great deluges have taken place during the nine thousand years, for
+that is the number of years which have elapsed since the time of which I
+am speaking; and in all the ages and changes of things there has never
+been any settlement of the earth flowing down from the mountains, as in
+other places, which is worth speaking of; it has always been carried
+round in a circle, and disappeared in the depths below. The consequence
+is that, in comparison of what then was, there are remaining in small
+islets only the bones of the wasted body, as they may be called, all the
+richer and softer parts of the soil having fallen away, and the mere
+skeleton of the country being left....
+
+"And next, if I have not forgotten what I heard when I was a child, I
+will impart to you the character and origin of their adversaries; for
+friends should not keep their stories to themselves, but have them in
+common. Yet, before proceeding farther in the narrative, I ought to warn
+you that you must not be surprised if you should bear Hellenic names
+given to foreigners. I will tell you the reason of this: Solon, who was
+intending to use the tale for his poem, made an investigation into the
+meaning of the names, and found that the early Egyptians, in writing
+them down, had translated them into their own language, and he recovered
+the meaning of the several names and retranslated them, and copied them
+out again in our language. My great-grandfather, Dropidas, had the
+original writing, which is still in my possession, and was carefully
+studied by me when I was a child. Therefore, if you bear names such as
+are used in this country, you must not be surprised, for I have told you
+the reason of them.
+
+"The tale, which was of great length, began as follows: I have before
+remarked, in speaking of the allotments of the gods, that they
+distributed the whole earth into portions differing in extent, and made
+themselves temples and sacrifices. And Poseidon, receiving for his lot
+the island of Atlantis, begat children by a mortal woman, and settled
+them in a part of the island which I will proceed to describe. On the
+side toward the sea, and in the centre of the whole island, there was a
+plain which is said to have been the fairest of all plains, and very
+fertile. Near the plain again, and also in the centre of the island, at
+a distance of about fifty stadia, there was a mountain, not very high on
+any side. In this mountain there dwelt one of the earth-born primeval
+men of that country, whose name was Evenor, and he had a wife named
+Leucippe, and they had an only daughter, who was named Cleito. The
+maiden was growing up to womanhood when her father and mother died;
+Poseidon fell in love with her, and had intercourse with her; and,
+breaking the ground, enclosed the hill in which she dwelt all round,
+making alternate zones of sea and land, larger and smaller, encircling
+one another; there were two of land and three of water, which he turned
+as with a lathe out of the centre of the island, equidistant every way,
+so that no man could get to the island, for ships and voyages were not
+yet heard of. He himself, as he was a god, found no difficulty in making
+special arrangements for the centre island, bringing two streams of
+water under the earth, which he caused to ascend as springs, one of warm
+water and the other of cold, and making every variety of food to spring
+up abundantly in the earth. He also begat and brought up five pairs of
+male children, dividing the island of Atlantis into ten portions: he
+gave to the first-born of the eldest pair his mother's dwelling and the
+surrounding allotment, which was the largest and best, and made him king
+over the rest; the others he made princes, and gave them rule over many
+men and a large territory. And he named them all: the eldest, who was
+king, he named Atlas, and from him the whole island and the ocean
+received the name of Atlantic. To his twin-brother, who was born after
+him, and obtained as his lot the extremity of the island toward the
+Pillars of Heracles, as far as the country which is still called the
+region of Gades in that part of the world, he gave the name which in the
+Hellenic language is Eumelus, in the language of the country which is
+named after him, Gadeirus. Of the second pair of twins, he called one
+Ampheres and the other Evæmon. To the third pair of twins he gave the
+name Mneseus to the elder, and Autochthon to the one who followed him.
+Of the fourth pair of twins he called the elder Elasippus and the
+younger Mestor. And of the fifth pair he gave to the elder the name of
+Azaes, and to the younger Diaprepes. All these and their descendants
+were the inhabitants and rulers of divers islands in the open sea; and
+also, as has been already said, they held sway in the other direction
+over the country within the Pillars as far as Egypt and Tyrrhenia. Now
+Atlas had a numerous and honorable family, and his eldest branch always
+retained the kingdom, which the eldest son handed on to his eldest for
+many generations; and they had such an amount of wealth as was never
+before possessed by kings and potentates, and is not likely ever to be
+again, and they were furnished with everything which they could have,
+both in city and country. For, because of the greatness of their empire,
+many things were brought to them from foreign countries, and the island
+itself provided much of what was required by them for the uses of life.
+In the first place, they dug out of the earth whatever was to be found
+there, mineral as well as metal, and that which is now only a name, and
+was then something more than a name--orichalcum--was dug out of the
+earth in many parts of the island, and, with the exception of gold, was
+esteemed the most precious of metals among the men of those days. There
+was an abundance of wood for carpenters' work, and sufficient
+maintenance for tame and wild animals. Moreover, there were a great
+number of elephants in the island, and there was provision for animals
+of every kind, both for those which live in lakes and marshes and
+rivers, and also for those which live in mountains and on plains, and
+therefore for the animal which is the largest and most voracious of
+them. Also, whatever fragrant things there are in the earth, whether
+roots, or herbage, or woods, or distilling drops of flowers or fruits,
+grew and thrived in that land; and again, the cultivated fruit of the
+earth, both the dry edible fruit and other species of food, which we
+call by the general name of legumes, and the fruits having a hard rind,
+affording drinks, and meats, and ointments, and good store of chestnuts
+and the like, which may be used to play with, and are fruits which spoil
+with keeping--and the pleasant kinds of dessert which console us after
+dinner, when we are full and tired of eating--all these that sacred
+island lying beneath the sun brought forth fair and wondrous in infinite
+abundance. All these things they received from the earth, and they
+employed themselves in constructing their temples, and palaces, and
+harbors, and docks; and they arranged the whole country in the following
+manner: First of all they bridged over the zones of sea which surrounded
+the ancient metropolis, and made a passage into and out of they began to
+build the palace in the royal palace; and then the habitation of the god
+and of their ancestors. This they continued to ornament in successive
+generations, every king surpassing the one who came before him to the
+utmost of his power, until they made the building a marvel to behold for
+size and for beauty. And, beginning from the sea, they dug a canal three
+hundred feet in width and one hundred feet in depth, and fifty stadia in
+length, which they carried through to the outermost zone, making a
+passage from the sea up to this, which became a harbor, and leaving an
+opening sufficient to enable the largest vessels to find ingress.
+Moreover, they divided the zones of land which parted the zones of sea,
+constructing bridges of such a width as would leave a passage for a
+single trireme to pass out of one into another, and roofed them over;
+and there was a way underneath for the ships, for the banks of the zones
+were raised considerably above the water. Now the largest of the zones
+into which a passage was cut from the sea was three stadia in breadth,
+and the zone of land which came next of equal breadth; but the next two,
+as well the zone of water as of land, were two stadia, and the one which
+surrounded the central island was a stadium only in width. The island in
+which the palace was situated had a diameter of five stadia. This, and
+the zones and the bridge, which was the sixth part of a stadium in
+width, they surrounded by a stone wall, on either side placing towers,
+and gates on the bridges where the sea passed in. The stone which was
+used in the work they quarried from underneath the centre island and
+from underneath the zones, on the outer as well as the inner side. One
+kind of stone was white, another black, and a third red; and, as they
+quarried, they at the same time hollowed out docks double within, having
+roofs formed out of the native rock. Some of their buildings were
+simple, but in others they put together different stones, which they
+intermingled for the sake of ornament, to be a natural source of
+delight. The entire circuit of the wall which went round the outermost
+one they covered with a coating of brass, and the circuit of the next
+wall they coated with tin, and the third, which encompassed the citadel
+flashed with the red light of orichalcum. The palaces in the interior of
+the citadel were constructed in this wise: In the centre was a holy
+temple dedicated to Cleito and Poseidon, which remained inaccessible,
+and was surrounded by an enclosure of gold; this was the spot in which
+they originally begat the race of the ten princes, and thither they
+annually brought the fruits of the earth in their season from all the
+ten portions, and performed sacrifices to each of them. Here, too, was
+Poiseidon's own temple, of a stadium in length and half a stadium in
+width, and of a proportionate height, having a sort of barbaric
+splendor. All the outside of the temple, with the exception of the
+pinnacles, they covered with silver, and the pinnacles with gold. In the
+interior of the temple the roof was of ivory, adorned everywhere with
+gold and silver and orichalcum; all the other parts of the walls and
+pillars and floor they lined with orichalcum. In the temple they placed
+statues of gold: there was the god himself standing in a chariot--the
+charioteer of six winged horses--and of such a size that he touched the
+roof of the building with his head; around him there were a hundred
+Nereids riding on dolphins, for such was thought to be the number of
+them in that day. There were also in the interior of the temple other
+images which had been dedicated by private individuals. And around the
+temple on the outside were placed statues of gold of all the ten kings
+and of their wives; and there were many other great offerings, both of
+kings and of private individuals, coming both from the city itself and
+the foreign cities over which they held sway. There was an altar, too,
+which in size and workmanship corresponded to the rest of the work, and
+there were palaces in like manner which answered to the greatness of the
+kingdom and the glory of the temple.
+
+"In the next place, they used fountains both of cold and hot springs;
+these were very abundant, and both kinds wonderfully adapted to use by
+reason of the sweetness and excellence of their waters. They constructed
+buildings about them, and planted suitable trees; also cisterns, some
+open to the heaven, other which they roofed over, to be used in winter
+as warm baths, there were the king's baths, and the baths of private
+persons, which were kept apart; also separate baths for women, and
+others again for horses and cattle, and to them they gave as much
+adornment as was suitable for them. The water which ran off they
+carried, some to the grove of Poseidon, where were growing all manner of
+trees of wonderful height and beauty, owing to the excellence of the
+soil; the remainder was conveyed by aqueducts which passed over the
+bridges to the outer circles: and there were many temples built and
+dedicated to many gods; also gardens and places of exercise, some for
+men, and some set apart for horses, in both of the two islands formed by
+the zones; and in the centre of the larger of the two there was a
+race-course of a stadium in width, and in length allowed to extend all
+round the island, for horses to race in. Also there were guard-houses at
+intervals for the body-guard, the more trusted of whom had their duties
+appointed to them in the lesser zone, which was nearer the Acropolis;
+while the most trusted of all had houses given them within the citadel,
+and about the persons of the kings. The docks were full of triremes and
+naval stores, and all things were quite ready for use. Enough of the
+plan of the royal palace. Crossing the outer harbors, which were three
+in number, you would come to a wall which began at the sea and went all
+round: this was everywhere distant fifty stadia from the largest zone
+and harbor, and enclosed the whole, meeting at the mouth of the channel
+toward the sea. The entire area was densely crowded with habitations;
+and the canal and the largest of the harbors were full of vessels and
+merchants coming from all parts, who, from their numbers, kept up a
+multitudinous sound of human voices and din of all sorts night and day.
+I have repeated his descriptions of the city and the parts about the
+ancient palace nearly as he gave them, and now I must endeavor to
+describe the nature and arrangement of the rest of the country. The
+whole country was described as being very lofty and precipitous on the
+side of the sea, but the country immediately about and surrounding the
+city was a level plain, itself surrounded by mountains which descended
+toward the sea; it was smooth and even, but of an oblong shape,
+extending in one direction three thousand stadia, and going up the
+country from the sea through the centre of the island two thousand
+stadia; the whole region of the island lies toward the south, and is
+sheltered from the north. The surrounding mountains he celebrated for
+their number and size and beauty, in which they exceeded all that are
+now to be seen anywhere; having in them also many wealthy inhabited
+villages, and rivers and lakes, and meadows supplying food enough for
+every animal, wild or tame, and wood of various sorts, abundant for
+every kind of work. I will now describe the plain, which had been
+cultivated during many ages by many generations of kings. It was
+rectangular, and for the most part straight and oblong; and what it
+wanted of the straight line followed the line of the circular ditch. The
+depth and width and length of this ditch were incredible and gave the
+impression that such a work, in addition to so many other works, could
+hardly have been wrought by the hand of man. But I must say what I have
+heard. It was excavated to the depth of a hundred feet, and its breadth
+was a stadium everywhere; it was carried round the whole of the plain,
+and was ten thousand stadia in length. It received the streams which
+came down from the mountains, and winding round the plain, and touching
+the city at various points, was there let off into the sea. From above,
+likewise, straight canals of a hundred feet in width were cut in the
+plain, and again let off into the ditch, toward the sea; these canals
+were at intervals of a hundred stadia, and by them they brought, down
+the wood from the mountains to the city, and conveyed the fruits of the
+earth in ships, cutting transverse passages from one canal into another,
+and to the city. Twice in the year they gathered the fruits of the
+earth--in winter having the benefit of the rains, and in summer
+introducing the water of the canals. As to the population, each of the
+lots in the plain had an appointed chief of men who were fit for
+military service, and the size of the lot was to be a square of ten
+stadia each way, and the total number of all the lots was sixty thousand.
+
+"And of the inhabitants of the mountains and of the rest of the country
+there was also a vast multitude having leaders, to whom they were
+assigned according to their dwellings and villages. The leader was
+required to furnish for the war the sixth portion of a war-chariot, so
+as to make up a total of ten thousand chariots; also two horses and
+riders upon them, and a light chariot without a seat, accompanied by a
+fighting man on foot carrying a small shield, and having a charioteer
+mounted to guide the horses; also, he was bound to furnish two
+heavy-armed men, two archers, two slingers, three stone-shooters, and
+three javelin men, who were skirmishers, and four sailors to make up a
+complement of twelve hundred ships. Such was the order of war in the
+royal city--that of the other nine governments was different in each of
+them, and would be wearisome to narrate. As to offices and honors, the
+following was the arrangement from the first: Each of the ten kings, in
+his own division and in his own city, had the absolute control of the
+citizens, and in many cases of the laws, punishing and slaying
+whomsoever he would.
+
+"Now the relations of their governments to one another were regulated by
+the injunctions of Poseidon as the law had handed them down. These were
+inscribed by the first men on a column of orichalcum, which was situated
+in the middle of the island, at the temple of Poseidon, whither the
+people were gathered together every fifth and sixth years alternately,
+thus giving equal honor to the odd and to the even number. And when they
+were gathered together they consulted about public affairs, and inquired
+if any one had transgressed in anything, and passed judgment on him
+accordingly--and before they passed judgment they gave their pledges to
+one another in this wise: There were bulls who had the range of the
+temple of Poseidon; and the ten who were left alone in the temple, after
+they had offered prayers to the gods that they might take the sacrifices
+which were acceptable to them, hunted the bulls without weapons, but
+with staves and nooses; and the bull which they caught they led up to
+the column; the victim was then struck on the head by them, and slain
+over the sacred inscription. Now on the column, besides the law, there
+was inscribed an oath invoking mighty curses on the disobedient. When,
+therefore, after offering sacrifice according to their customs, they had
+burnt the limbs of the bull, they mingled a cup and cast in a clot of
+blood for each of them; the rest of the victim they took to the fire,
+after having made a purification of the column all round. Then they drew
+from the cup in golden vessels, and, pouring a libation on the fire,
+they swore that they would judge according to the laws on the column,
+and would punish any one who had previously transgressed, and that for
+the future they would not, if they could help, transgress any of the
+inscriptions, and would not command or obey any ruler who commanded them
+to act otherwise than according to the laws of their father Poseidon.
+This was the prayer which each of them offered up for himself and for
+his family, at the same time drinking, and dedicating the vessel in the
+temple of the god; and, after spending some necessary time at supper,
+when darkness came on and the fire about the sacrifice was cool, all of
+them put on most beautiful azure robes, and, sitting on the ground at
+night near the embers of the sacrifices on which they had sworn, and
+extinguishing all the fire about the temple, they received and gave
+judgement, if any of them had any accusation to bring against any one;
+and, when they had given judgment, at daybreak they wrote down their
+sentences on a golden tablet, and deposited them as memorials with their
+robes. There were many special laws which the several kings had
+inscribed about the temples, but the most important was the following:
+That they were not to take up arms against one another, and they were
+all to come to the rescue if any one in any city attempted to over-throw
+the royal house. Like their ancestors, they were to deliberate in
+common about war and other matters, giving the supremacy to the family
+of Atlas; and the king was not to have the power of life and death over
+any of his kinsmen, unless he had the assent of the majority of the ten
+kings.
+
+"Such was the vast power which the god settled in the lost island of
+Atlantis; and this he afterward directed against our land on the
+following pretext, as traditions tell: For many generations, as long as
+the divine nature lasted in them, they were obedient to the laws, and
+well-affectioned toward the gods, who were their kinsmen; for they
+possessed true and in every way great spirits, practising gentleness and
+wisdom in the various chances of life, and in their intercourse with one
+another. They despised everything but virtue, not caring for their
+present state of life, and thinking lightly on the possession of gold
+and other property, which seemed only a burden to them; neither were
+they intoxicated by luxury; nor did wealth deprive them of their
+self-control; but they were sober, and saw clearly that all these goods
+are increased by virtuous friendship with one another, and that by
+excessive zeal for them, and honor of them, the good of them is lost,
+and friendship perishes with them.
+
+"By such reflections, and by the continuance in them of a divine nature,
+all that which we have described waxed and increased in them; but when
+this divine portion began to fade away in them, and became diluted too
+often, and with too much of the mortal admixture, and the human nature
+got the upper-hand, then, they being unable to bear their fortune,
+became unseemly, and to him who had an eye to see, they began to appear
+base, and had lost the fairest of their precious gifts; but to those who
+had no eye to see the true happiness, they still appeared glorious and
+blessed at the very time when they were filled with unrighteous avarice
+and power. Zeus, the god of gods, who rules with law, and is able to see
+into such things, perceiving that an honorable race was in a most
+wretched state, and wanting to inflict punishment on them, that they
+might be chastened and improved, collected all the gods into his most
+holy habitation, which, being placed in the centre of the world, sees
+all things that partake of generation. And when he had called them
+together he spake as follows:"
+
+[Here Plato's story abruptly ends.]
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE PROBABILITIES OF PLATO'S STORY.
+
+There is nothing improbable in this narrative, so far as it describes a
+great, rich, cultured, and educated people. Almost every part of Plato's
+story can be paralleled by descriptions of the people of Egypt or Peru;
+in fact, in some respects Plato's account of Atlantis falls short of
+Herodotus's description of the grandeur of Egypt, or Prescott's picture
+of the wealth and civilization of Peru. For instance, Prescott, in his
+"Conquest of Peru" (vol. i., p. 95), says:
+
+"The most renowned of the Peruvian temples, the pride of the capital and
+the wonder of the empire, was at Cuzco, where, under the munificence of
+successive sovereigns, it had become so enriched that it received the
+name of Coricancha, or 'the Place of Gold.'... The interior of the
+temple was literally a mine of gold. On the western wall was emblazoned
+a representation of the Deity, consisting of a human countenance looking
+forth from amid innumerable rays of light, which emanated from it in
+every direction, in the same manner as the sun is often personified with
+us. The figure was engraved on a massive plate of gold, of enormous
+dimensions, thickly powdered with emeralds and precious stones....
+The walls and ceilings were everywhere incrusted with golden ornaments;
+every part of the interior of the temple glowed with burnished plates
+and studs of the precious metal; the cornices were of the same material."
+
+There are in Plato's narrative no marvels; no myths; no tales of gods,
+gorgons, hobgoblins, or giants. It is a plain and reasonable history of
+a people who built temples, ships, and canals; who lived by agriculture
+and commerce: who in pursuit of trade, reached out to all the countries
+around them. The early history of most nations begins with gods and
+demons, while here we have nothing of the kind; we see an immigrant
+enter the country, marry one of the native women, and settle down; in
+time a great nation grows up around him. It reminds one of the
+information given by the Egyptian priests to Herodotus. "During the
+space of eleven thousand three hundred and forty years they assert," says
+Herodotus, "that no divinity has appeared in human shape, ... they
+absolutely denied the possibility of a human being's descent from a
+god." If Plato had sought to draw from his imagination a wonderful and
+pleasing story, we should not have had so plain and reasonable a
+narrative. He would have given us a history like the legends of Greek
+mythology, full of the adventures of gods and goddesses, nymphs, fauns,
+and satyrs.
+
+Neither is there any evidence on the face of this history that Plato
+sought to convey in it a moral or political lesson, in the guise of a
+fable, as did Bacon in the "New Atlantis," and More in the "Kingdom of
+Nowhere." There is no ideal republic delineated here. It is a
+straightforward, reasonable history of a people ruled over by their
+kings, living and progressing as other nations have lived and progressed
+since their day.
+
+Plato says that in Atlantis there was "a great and wonderful empire,"
+which "aggressed wantonly against the whole of Europe and Asia," thus
+testifying to the extent of its dominion. It not only subjugated Africa
+as far as Egypt, and Europe as far as Italy, but it ruled "as well over
+parts of the continent," to wit, "the opposite continent" of America,
+"which surrounded the true ocean." Those parts of America over which it
+ruled were, as we will show hereafter, Central America, Peru, and the
+Valley of the Mississippi, occupied by the "Mound Builders."
+
+Moreover, he tells us that "this vast power was gathered into one;" that
+is to say, from Egypt to Peru it was one consolidated empire. We will
+see hereafter that the legends of the Hindoos as to Deva Nahusha
+distinctly refer to this vast empire, which covered the whole of the
+known world.
+
+Another corroboration of the truth of Plato's narrative is found in the
+fact that upon the Azores black lava rocks, and rocks red and white in
+color, are now found. He says they built with white, red, and black
+stone. Sir C. Wyville Thomson describes a narrow neck of land between
+Fayal and Monte da Guia, called "Monte Queimada" (the burnt mountain),
+as follows: "It is formed partly of stratified tufa of a dark chocolate
+color, and partly of lumps of black lava, porous, and each with a large
+cavity in the centre, which must have been ejected as volcanic bombs in
+a glorious display of fireworks at some period beyond the records of
+Acorean history, but late in the geological annals of the island."
+("Voyage of the Challenger," vol. ii., p. 24). He also describes immense
+walls of black volcanic rock in the island.
+
+The plain of Atlantis, Plato tells us, "had been cultivated during many
+ages by many generations of kings." If, as we believe, agriculture, the
+domestication of the horse, ox, sheep, goat, and hog, and the discovery
+or development of wheat, oats, rye, and barley originated in this
+region, then this language of Plato in reference to "the many ages, and
+the successive generations of kings," accords with the great periods of
+time which were necessary to bring man from a savage to a civilized
+condition.
+
+In the great ditch surrounding the whole land like a circle, and into
+which streams flowed down from the mountains, we probably see the
+original of the four rivers of Paradise, and the emblem of the cross
+surrounded by a circle, which, as we will show hereafter, was, from the
+earliest pre-Christian ages, accepted as the emblem of the Garden of
+Eden.
+
+We know that Plato did not invent the name of Poseidon, for the worship
+of Poseidon was universal in the earliest ages of Europe;
+"Poseidon-worship seems to have been a peculiarity of all the colonies
+previous to the time of Sidon." ("Prehistoric Nations," p. 148.) This
+worship "was carried to Spain, and to Northern Africa, but most
+abundantly to Italy, to many of the islands, and to the regions around
+the Ægean Sea; also to Thrace." (Ibid., p. 155.)
+
+Poseidon, or Neptune, is represented in Greek mythology as a sea-god;
+but he is figured as standing in a war-chariot drawn by horses. The
+association of the horse (a land animal) with a sea-god is inexplicable,
+except with the light given by Plato. Poseidon was a sea-god because he
+ruled over a great land in the sea, and was the national god of a
+maritime people; he is associated with horses, because in Atlantis the
+horse was first domesticated; and, as Plato shows, the Atlanteans had
+great race-courses for the development of speed in horses; and Poseidon
+is represented as standing in a war-chariot, because doubtless wheeled
+vehicles were first invented by the same people who tamed the horse; and
+they transmitted these war-chariots to their descendants from Egypt to
+Britain. We know that horses were the favorite objects chosen for
+sacrifice to Poseidon by the nations of antiquity within the Historical
+Period; they were killed, and cast into the sea from high precipices.
+The religious horse-feasts of the pagan Scandinavians were a survival of
+this Poseidon-worship, which once prevailed along all the coasts of
+Europe; they continued until the conversion of the people to
+Christianity, and were then suppressed by the Church with great
+difficulty.
+
+We find in Plato's narrative the names of some of the Phoenician deities
+among the kings of Atlantis. Where did the Greek, Plato, get these names
+if the story is a fable?
+
+Does Plato, in speaking of "the fruits having a hard rind, affording
+drinks and meats and ointments," refer to the cocoa nut?
+
+Again: Plato tells us that Atlantis abounded in both cold and hot
+springs. How did he come to hit upon the hot springs if he was drawing a
+picture from his imagination? It is a singular confirmation of his story
+that hot springs abound in the Azores, which are the surviving fragments
+of Atlantis; and an experience wider than that possessed by Plato has
+taught scientific men that hot springs are a common feature of regions
+subject to volcanic convulsions.
+
+Plato tells us, "The whole country was very lofty and precipitous on the
+side of the sea, but the country immediately about and surrounding the
+city was a level plain, itself surrounded by mountains which descended
+toward the sea." One has but to look at the profile of the "Dolphin's
+Ridge," as revealed by the deep-sea soundings of the Challenger, given
+as the frontispiece to this volume, to see that this is a faithful
+description of that precipitous elevation. "The surrounding mountains,"
+which sheltered the plain from the north, are represented in the present
+towering peaks of the Azores.
+
+Plato tells us that the destruction of Atlantis filled the sea with mud,
+and interfered with navigation. For thousands of years the ancients
+believed the Atlantic Ocean to be "a muddy, shallow, dark, and misty
+sea, Mare tenebrosum." ("Cosmos," vol. ii., p. 151.)
+
+The three-pronged sceptre or trident of Poseidon reappears constantly in
+ancient history. We find it in the hands of Hindoo gods, and at the base
+of all the religious beliefs of antiquity.
+
+"Among the numerals the sacred three has ever been considered the mark
+of perfection, and was therefore exclusively ascribed to the Supreme
+Deity, or to its earthly representative--a king, emperor, or any
+sovereign. For this reason triple emblems of various shapes are found on
+the belts, neckties, or any encircling fixture, as can be seen on the
+works of ancient art in Yucatan, Guatemala, Chiapas, Mexico, etc.,
+whenever the object has reference to divine supremacy." (Dr. Arthur
+Schott, "Smith. Rep.," 1869, p. 391.)
+
+We are reminded of the "tiara," and the "triple round of sovereignty."
+
+In the same manner the ten kingdoms of Atlantis are perpetuated in all
+the ancient traditions.
+
+"In the number given by the Bible for the Antediluvian patriarchs we
+have the first instance of a striking agreement with the traditions of
+various nations. Ten are mentioned in the Book of Genesis. Other
+nations, to whatever epoch they carry back their ancestors, whether
+before or after the Deluge, whether the mythical or historical character
+prevail, they are constant to this sacred number ten, which some have
+vainly attempted to connect with the speculations of later religious
+philosophers on the mystical value of numbers. In Chaldea, Berosus
+enumerates ten Antediluvian kings whose fabulous reign extended to
+thousands of years. The legends of the Iranian race commence with the
+reign of ten Peisdadien (Poseidon?) kings, 'men of the ancient law, who
+lived on pure Homa (water of life)' (nectar?), 'and who preserved their
+sanctity.' In India we meet with the nine Brahmadikas, who, with Brahma,
+their founder, make ten, and who are called the Ten Petris, or Fathers.
+The Chinese count ten emperors, partakers of the divine nature, before
+the dawn of historical times. The Germans believed in the ten ancestors
+of Odin, and the Arabs in the ten mythical kings of the Adites."
+(Lenormant and Chevallier, "Anc. Hist. of the East," vol. i., p. 13.)
+
+The story of Plato finds confirmation from other sources.
+
+An extract preserved in Proclus, taken from a work now lost, which is
+quoted by Boeckh in his commentary on Plato, mentions islands in the
+exterior sea, beyond the Pillars of Hercules, and says it was known that
+in one of these islands "the inhabitants preserved from their ancestors
+a remembrance of Atlantis, an extremely large island, which for a long
+time held dominion over all the islands of the Atlantic Ocean."
+
+Ælian, in his "Varia Historia" (book iii., chap. xviii.), tells us that
+Theopompus (400 B.C.) related the particulars of an interview between
+Midas, King of Phrygia, and Silenus, in which Silenus reported the
+existence of a great continent beyond the Atlantic, "larger than Asia,
+Europe, and Libya together." He stated that a race of men called Meropes
+dwelt there, and had extensive cities. They were persuaded that their
+country alone was a continent. Out of curiosity some of them crossed the
+ocean and visited the Hyperboreans.
+
+"The Gauls possessed traditions upon the subject of Atlantis which were
+collected by the Roman historian Timagenes, who lived in the first
+century before Christ. He represents that three distinct people dwelt in
+Gaul: 1. The indigenous population, which I suppose to be Mongoloids,
+who had long dwelt in Europe; 2. The invaders from a distant island,
+which I understand to be Atlantis; 3. The Aryan Gauls." ("Preadamites,"
+p. 380.)
+
+Marcellus, in a work on the Ethiopians, speaks of seven islands lying in
+the Atlantic Ocean--probably the Canaries--and the inhabitants of these
+islands, he says, preserve the memory of a much greater island,
+Atlantis, "which had for a long time exercised dominion over the smaller
+ones." (Didot Müller, "Fragmenta Historicorum Græcorum," vol. iv., p.
+443.)
+
+Diodorus Siculus relates that the Phoenicians discovered "a large island
+in the Atlantic Ocean, beyond the Pillars of Hercules, several days'
+sail from the coast of Africa. This island abounded in all manner of
+riches. The soil was exceedingly fertile; the scenery was diversified by
+rivers, mountains, and forests. It was the custom of the inhabitants to
+retire during the summer to magnificent country-houses, which stood in
+the midst of beautiful gardens. Fish and game were found in great
+abundance; the climate was delicious, and the trees bore fruit at all
+seasons of the year." Homer, Plutarch, and other ancient writers mention
+islands situated in the Atlantic, "several thousand stadia from the
+Pillars of Hercules." Silenus tells Midas that there was another
+continent besides Europe, Asia, and Africa--"a country where gold and
+silver are so plentiful that they are esteemed no more than we esteem
+iron." St. Clement, in his Epistle to the Corinthians, says that there
+were other worlds beyond the ocean.
+
+Attention may here be called to the extraordinary number of instances in
+which allusion is made in the Old Testament to the "islands of the sea,"
+especially in Isaiah and Ezekiel. What had an inland people, like the
+Jews, to do with seas and islands? Did these references grow out of
+vague traditions linking their race with "islands in the sea?"
+
+The Orphic Argonaut sings of the division of the ancient Lyktonia into
+separate islands. He says, "When the dark-haired Poseidon, in anger with
+Father Kronion, struck Lyktonia with the golden trident."
+
+Plato states that the Egyptians told Solon that the destruction of
+Atlantis occurred 9000 years before that date, to wit, about 9600 years
+before the Christian era. This looks like an extraordinarily long period
+of time, but it must be remembered that geologists claim that the
+remains of man found in the caves of Europe date back 500,000 years; and
+the fossil Calaveras skull was found deep under the base of Table
+Mountain, California, the whole mountain having been formed since the
+man to whom it belonged lived and died.
+
+"M. Oppert read an essay at the Brussels Congress to show, from the
+astronomical observations of the Egyptians and Assyrians, that 11,542
+years before our era man existed on the earth at such a stage of
+civilization as to be able to take note of astronomical phenomena, and
+to calculate with considerable accuracy the length of the year. The
+Egyptians, says he, calculated by cycles of 1460 years--zodiacal cycles,
+as they were called. Their year consisted of 365 days, which caused them
+to lose one day in every four solar years, and, consequently, they would
+attain their original starting-point again only after 1460 years (365 x
+4). Therefore, the zodiacal cycle ending in the year 139 of our era
+commenced in the year 1322 B.C. On the other hand, the Assyrian cycle
+was 1805 years, or 22,325 lunations. An Assyrian cycle began 712 B.C.
+The Chaldeans state that between the Deluge and their first historic
+dynasty there was a period of 39,180 years. Now, what means, this
+number? It stands for 12 Egyptian zodiacal cycles plus 12 Assyrian lunar
+cycles.
+
+                    +--------------------+----------+
+                    | 12 X 1460 = 17,520 |          |
+                    +--------------------+----------+
+                    |                    | = 39,180 |
+                    +--------------------+----------+
+                    | 12 X 1805 = 21,660 |          |
+                    +--------------------+----------+
+
+"These two modes of calculating time are in agreement with each other,
+and were known simultaneously to one people, the Chaldeans. Let us now
+build up the series of both cycles, starting from our era, and the
+result will be as follows:
+
+                    +-----------------+--------------+
+                    | Zodiacal Cycle. | Lunar Cycle. |
+                    +-----------------+--------------+
+                    | 1,460           | 1,805        |
+                    +-----------------+--------------+
+                    | 1,822           | 712          |
+                    +-----------------+--------------+
+                    | _____           | _____        |
+                    +-----------------+--------------+
+                    | 2,782           | 2,517        |
+                    +-----------------+--------------+
+                    | 4,242           | 4,322        |
+                    +-----------------+--------------+
+                    | 5,702           | 6,127        |
+                    +-----------------+--------------+
+                    | 7,162           | 7,932        |
+                    +-----------------+--------------+
+                    | 8,622           | 9,737        |
+                    +-----------------+--------------+
+                    | 10,082          | 11,542       |
+                    +-----------------+--------------+
+                    | 11,542          |              |
+                    +-----------------+--------------+
+
+"At the year 11,542 B.C. the two cycles came together, and consequently
+they had on that year their common origin in one and the same
+astronomical observation."
+
+That observation was probably made in Atlantis.
+
+The wide divergence of languages which is found to exist among the
+Atlanteans at the beginning of the Historical Period implies a vast
+lapse of time. The fact that the nations of the Old World remembered so
+little of Atlantis, except the colossal fact of its sudden and
+overwhelming destruction, would also seem to remove that event into a
+remote past.
+
+Herodotus tells us that he learned from the Egyptians that Hercules was
+one of their most ancient deities, and that he was one of the twelve
+produced from the eight gods, 17,000 years before the reign of Amasis.
+
+In short, I fail to see why this story of Plato, told as history,
+derived from the Egyptians, a people who, it is known, preserved most
+ancient records, and who were able to trace their existence back to a
+vast antiquity, should have been contemptuously set aside as a fable by
+Greeks, Romans, and the modern world. It can only be because our
+predecessors, with their limited knowledge of the geological history of
+the world, did not believe it possible that any large part of the
+earth's surface could have been thus suddenly swallowed up by the sea.
+
+Let us then first address ourselves to that question.
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+WAS SUCH A CATASTROPHE POSSIBLE?
+
+All that is needed to answer this question is to briefly refer to some
+of the facts revealed by the study of geology.
+
+In the first place, the earth's surface is a record of successive
+risings and fallings of the land. The accompanying picture represents a
+section of the anthracite coal-measures of Pennsylvania. Each of the
+coal deposits here shown, indicated by the black lines, was created when
+the land had risen sufficiently above the sea to maintain vegetation;
+each of the strata of rock, many of them hundreds of feet in thickness,
+was deposited under water. Here we have twenty-three different changes
+of the level of the land during the formation of 2000 feet of rock and
+coal; and these changes took place over vast areas, embracing thousands
+of square miles.
+
+All the continents which now exist were, it is well understood, once,
+under water, and the rocks of which they are composed were deposited
+beneath the water; more than this, most of the rocks so deposited were
+the detritus or washings of other continents, which then stood where the
+oceans now roll, and whose mountains and plains were ground down by the
+action of volcanoes and earthquakes, and frost, ice, wind, and rain, and
+washed into the sea, to form the rocks upon which the nations now dwell;
+so that we have changed the conditions of land and water: that which is
+now continent was once sea, and that which is now sea was formerly
+continent. There can be no question that the Australian Archipelago is
+simply the mountain-tops of a drowned continent, which once reached from
+India to South America. Science has gone so far as to even give it a
+name; it is called "Lemuria," and here, it is claimed, the human race
+originated. An examination of the geological formation of our Atlantic
+States proves beyond a doubt, from the manner in which the sedimentary
+rocks, the sand, gravel, and mud--aggregating a thickness of 45,000
+feet--are deposited, that they came from the north and east. "They
+represent the detritus of pre-existing lands, the washings of rain,
+rivers, coast-currents, and other agencies of erosion; and since the
+areas supplying the waste could scarcely have been of less extent than
+the new strata it formed, it is reasonably inferred that land masses of
+continental magnitude must have occupied the region now covered by the
+North Atlantic before America began to be, and onward at least through
+the palæozoic ages of American history. The proof of this fact is that
+the great strata of rocks are thicker the nearer we approach their
+source in the east: the maximum thickness of the palæozoic rocks of the
+Appalachian formation is 25,000 to 35,000 feet in Pennsylvania and
+Virginia, while their minimum thickness in Illinois and Missouri is from
+3000 to 4000 feet; the rougher and grosser-textured rocks predominate in
+the east, while the farther west we go the finer the deposits were of
+which the rocks are composed; the finer materials were carried farther
+west by the water." ("New Amer. Cyclop.," art. Coal.)
+
+                          DESTRUCTION OF POMPEII
+
+The history of the growth of the European Continent, as recounted by
+Professor Geikie, gives an instructive illustration of the relations of
+geology to geography. The earliest European land, he says, appears to
+have existed in the north and north-west, comprising Scandinavia,
+Finland, and the northwest of the British area, and to have extended
+thence through boreal and arctic latitudes into North America. Of the
+height and mass of this primeval land some idea may be formed by
+considering the enormous bulk of the material derived from its
+disintegration. In the Silurian formations of the British Islands alone
+there is a mass of rock, worn from the land, which would form a
+mountain-chain extending from Marseilles to the North Cape (1800 miles),
+with a mean breadth of over thirty-three miles, and an average height of
+16,000 feet.
+
+As the great continent which stood where the Atlantic Ocean now is wore
+away, the continents of America and Europe were formed; and there seems
+to have been from remote times a continuous rising, still going on, of
+the new lands, and a sinking of the old ones. Within five thousand
+years, or since the age of the "polished stone," the shores of Sweden,
+Denmark, and Norway have risen from 200 to 600 feet.
+
+Professor Winchell says ("The Preadamites," p. 437):
+
+"We are in the midst of great changes, and are scarcely conscious of
+it. We have seen worlds in flames, and have felt a comet strike the
+earth. We have seen the whole coast of South America lifted up bodily
+ten or fifteen feet and let down again in an hour. We have seen the
+Andes sink 220 feet in seventy years.... Vast transpositions have taken
+place in the coast-line of China. The ancient capital, located, in all
+probability, in an accessible position near the centre of the empire,
+has now become nearly surrounded by water, and its site is on the
+peninsula of Corea.... There was a time when the rocky barriers of
+the Thracian Bosphorus gave way and the Black Sea subsided. It had
+covered a vast area in the north and east. Now this area became drained,
+and was known as the ancient Lectonia: it is now the prairie region of
+Russia, and the granary of Europe."
+
+There is ample geological evidence that at one time the entire area of
+Great Britain was submerged to the depth of at least seventeen hundred
+feet. Over the face of the submerged land was strewn thick beds of sand,
+gravel, and clay, termed by geologists "the Northern Drift." The British
+Islands rose again from the sea, bearing these water-deposits on their
+bosom. What is now Sicily once lay deep beneath the sea: It subsequently
+rose 3000 feet above the sea-level. The Desert of Sahara was once under
+water, and its now burning sands are a deposit of the sea.
+
+Geologically speaking, the submergence of Atlantis, within the
+historical period, was simply the last of a number of vast changes, by
+which the continent which once occupied the greater part of the Atlantic
+had gradually sunk under the ocean, while the new lands were rising on
+both sides of it.
+
+We come now to the second question, Is it possible that Atlantis could
+have been suddenly destroyed by such a convulsion of nature as is
+described by Plato? The ancients regarded this part of his story as a
+fable. With the wider knowledge which scientific research has afforded
+the modern world, we can affirm that such an event is not only possible,
+but that the history of even the last two centuries has furnished us
+with striking parallels for it. We now possess the record of numerous
+islands lifted above the waters, and others sunk beneath the waves,
+accompanied by storms and earthquakes similar to those which marked the
+destruction of Atlantis.
+
+In 1783 Iceland was visited by convulsions more tremendous than any
+recorded in the modern annals of that country. About a month previous to
+the eruption on the main-land a submarine volcano burst forth in the
+sea, at a distance of thirty miles from the shore. It ejected so much
+pumice that the sea was covered with it for a distance of 150 miles, and
+ships were considerably impeded in their course. A new island was thrown
+up, consisting of high cliffs, which was claimed by his Danish Majesty,
+and named "Nyöe," or the New Island; but before a year had elapsed it
+sunk beneath the sea, leaving a reef of rocks thirty fathoms under water.
+
+The earthquake of 1783 in Iceland destroyed 9000 people out of a
+population of 50,000; twenty villages were consumed by fire or inundated
+by water, and a mass of lava thrown out "greater than the entire bulk of
+Mont Blanc."
+
+On the 8th of October, 1822, a great earthquake occurred on the island
+of Java, near the mountain of Galung Gung. "A loud explosion was heard,
+the earth shook, and immense columns of hot water and boiling mud, mixed
+with burning brimstone, ashes, and lapilli, of the size of nuts, were
+projected from the mountain like a water-spout, with such prodigious
+violence that large quantities fell beyond the river Tandoi, which is
+forty miles distant.... The first eruption lasted nearly five hours;
+and on the following days the rain fell in torrents, and the rivers,
+densely charged with mud, deluged the country far and wide. At the end
+of four days (October 12th), a second eruption occurred, more violent
+than the first, in which hot water and mud were again vomited, and great
+blocks of basalt were thrown to the distance of seven miles from the
+volcano. There was at the same time a violent earthquake, the face of
+the mountain was utterly changed, its summits broken down, and one side,
+which had been covered with trees, became an enormous gulf in the form
+of a semicircle. Over 4000 persons were killed and 114 villages
+destroyed." (Lyell's "Principles of Geology," p. 430.)
+
+In 1831 a new island was born in the Mediterranean, near the coast of
+Sicily. It was called Graham's Island. It came up with an earthquake,
+and "a water-spout sixty feet high and eight hundred yards in
+circumference rising from the sea." In about a month the island was two
+hundred feet high and three miles in circumference; it soon, however,
+sank beneath the sea.
+
+The Canary Islands were probably a part of the original empire of
+Atlantis. On the 1st of September, 1730, the earth split open near Yaiza,
+in the island of Lancerota. In one night a considerable hill of ejected
+matter was thrown up; in a few days another vent opened and gave out a
+lava stream which overran several villages. It flowed at first rapidly,
+like water, but became afterward heavy and slow, like honey. On the 11th
+of September more lava flowed out, covering up a village, and
+precipitating itself with a horrible roar into the sea. Dead fish
+floated on the waters in indescribable multitudes, or were thrown dying
+on the shore; the cattle throughout the country dropped lifeless to the
+ground, suffocated by putrid vapors, which condensed and fell down in
+drops. These manifestations were accompanied by a storm such as the
+people of the country had never known before. These dreadful commotions
+lasted for five years. The lavas thrown out covered one-third of the
+whole island of Lancerota.
+
+            CALABRIAN PEASANTS INGULFED BY CREVASSES (1783).
+
+The Gulf of Santorin, in the Grecian Archipelago, has been for two
+thousand years a scene of active volcanic operations. Pliny informs us
+that in the year 186 B.C. the island of "Old Kaimeni," or the Sacred
+Isle, was lifted up from the sea; and in A.D. 19 the island of "Thia"
+(the Divine) made its appearance. In A.D. 1573 another island was
+created, called "the small sunburnt island." In 1848 a volcanic
+convulsion of three months' duration created a great shoal; an
+earthquake destroyed many houses in Thera, and the sulphur and hydrogen
+issuing from the sea killed 50 persons and 1000 domestic animals. A
+recent examination of these islands shows that the whole mass of
+Santorin has sunk, since its projection from the sea, over 1200 feet.
+
+The fort and village of Sindree, on the eastern arm of the Indus, above
+Luckput, was submerged in 1819 by an earthquake, together with a tract
+of country 2000 square miles in extent.
+
+"In 1828 Sir A. Burnes went in a boat to the ruins of Sindree, where a
+single remaining tower was seen in the midst of a wide expanse of sea.
+The tops of the ruined walls still rose two or three feet above the
+level of the water; and, standing on one of these, he could behold
+nothing in the horizon but water, except in one direction, where a blue
+streak of land to the north indicated the Ullah Bund. This scene," says
+Lyell ("Principles of Geology," p. 462), "presents to the imagination a
+lively picture of the revolutions now in progress on the earth--a waste
+of waters where a few years before all was land, and the only land
+visible consisting of ground uplifted by a recent earthquake."
+
+We give from Lyell's great work the following curious pictures of the
+appearance of the Fort of Sindree before and after the inundation.
+
+    FORT OF SINDEE, ON THE EASTERN BRANCH OF THE INDUS, BEFORE IT WAS
+                  SUBMERGED BY THE EARTHQUAKE OF 1819.
+
+In April, 1815, one of the most frightful eruptions recorded in history
+occurred in the province of Tomboro, in the island of Sumbawa, about two
+hundred miles from the eastern extremity of Java. It lasted from April
+5th to July of that year; but was most violent on the 11th and 12th of
+July. The sound of the explosions was heard for nearly one thousand
+miles. Out of a population of 12,000, in the province of Tombora, only
+twenty-six individuals escaped. "Violent whirlwinds carried up men,
+horses, and cattle into the air, tore up the largest trees by the
+roots, and covered the whole sea with floating timber." (Raffles's
+"History of Java," vol. i., p. 28.) The ashes darkened the air; "the
+floating cinders to the westward of Sumatra formed, on the 12th of
+April, a mass two feet thick and several miles in extent, through which
+ships with difficulty forced their way." The darkness in daytime was
+more profound than the blackest night. "The town called Tomboro, on the
+west side of Sumbawa, was overflowed by the sea, which encroached upon
+the shore, so that the water remained permanently eighteen feet deep in
+places where there was land before." The area covered by the convulsion
+was 1000 English miles in circumference. "In the island of Amboyna, in
+the same month and year, the ground opened, threw out water and then
+closed again." (Raffles's "History of Java," vol. i., p. 25.)
+
+        VIEW OF THE FORT OF SINDREE FROM THE WEST IN MARCH, 1839.
+
+But it is at that point of the European coast nearest to the site of
+Atlantis at Lisbon that the most tremendous earthquake of modern times
+has occurred. On the 1st of November, 1775, a sound of thunder was heard
+underground, and immediately afterward a violent shock threw down the
+greater part of the city. In six minutes 60,000 persons perished. A
+great concourse of people had collected for safety upon a new quay,
+built entirely of marble; but suddenly it sunk down with all the people
+on it, and not one of the dead bodies ever floated to the surface. A
+great number of small boats and vessels anchored near it, and, full of
+people, were swallowed up as in a whirlpool. No fragments of these
+wrecks ever rose again to the surface; the water where the quay went
+down is now 600 feet deep. The area covered by this earthquake was very
+great. Humboldt says that a portion of the earth's surface, four times
+as great as the size of Europe, was simultaneously shaken. It extended
+from the Baltic to the West Indies, and from Canada to Algiers. At eight
+leagues from Morocco the ground opened and swallowed a village of 10,000
+inhabitants, and closed again over them.
+
+It is very probable that the centre of the convulsion was in the bed of
+the Atlantic, at or near the buried island of Atlantis, and that it was
+a successor of the great earth throe which, thousands of years before,
+had brought destruction upon that land.
+
+                      ERUPTION OF VESUVIUS IN 1737.
+
+Ireland also lies near the axis of this great volcanic area, reaching
+from the Canaries to Iceland, and it has been many times in the past the
+seat of disturbance. The ancient annals contain numerous accounts of
+eruptions, preceded by volcanic action. In 1490, at the Ox Mountains,
+Sligo, one occurred by which one hundred persons and numbers of cattle
+were destroyed; and a volcanic eruption in May, 1788, on the hill of
+Knocklade, Antrim, poured a stream of lava sixty yards wide for
+thirty-nine hours, and destroyed the village of Ballyowen and all the
+inhabitants, save a man and his wife and two children. ("Amer. Cyclop.,"
+art. Ireland.)
+
+While we find Lisbon and Ireland, east of Atlantis, subjected to these
+great earthquake shocks, the West India Islands, west of the same
+centre, have been repeatedly visited in a similar manner. In 1692
+Jamaica suffered from a violent earthquake. The earth opened, and great
+quantities of water were cast out; many people were swallowed up in
+these rents; the earth caught some of them by the middle and squeezed
+them to death; the heads of others only appeared above-ground. A tract
+of land near the town of Port Royal, about a thousand acres in extent,
+sunk down in less than one minute, and the sea immediately rolled in.
+
+The Azore Islands are undoubtedly the peaks of the mountains of
+Atlantis. They are even yet the centre of great volcanic activity. They
+have suffered severely from eruptions and earthquakes. In 1808 a volcano
+rose suddenly in San Jorge to the height of 3500 feet, and burnt for six
+days, desolating the entire island. In 1811 a volcano rose from the sea,
+near San Miguel, creating an island 300 feet high, which was named
+Sambrina, but which soon sunk beneath the sea. Similar volcanic
+eruptions occurred in the Azores in 1691 and 1720.
+
+Along a great line, a mighty fracture in the surface of the globe,
+stretching north and south through the Atlantic, we find a continuous
+series of active or extinct volcanoes. In Iceland we have Oerafa, Hecla,
+and Rauda Kamba; another in Pico, in the Azores; the peak of Teneriffe;
+Fogo, in one of the Cape de Verde Islands: while of extinct volcanoes we
+have several in Iceland, and two in Madeira; while Fernando de Noronha,
+the island of Ascension, St. Helena, and Tristan d'Acunha are all of
+volcanic origin. ("Cosmos," vol. v., p. 331.)
+
+The following singular passage we quote entire from Lyell's "Principles
+of Geology," p. 436:
+
+"In the Nautical Magazine for 1835, p. 642, and for 1838, p. 361, and in
+the Comptes Rendus, April, 1838, accounts are given of a series of
+volcanic phenomena, earthquakes, troubled water, floating scoria, and
+columns of smoke, which have been observed at intervals since the middle
+of the last century, in a space of open sea between longitudes 20° and
+22' W., about half a degree south of the equator. These facts, says Mr.
+Darwin, seem to show that an island or archipelago is in process of
+formation in the middle of the Atlantic. A line joining St. Helena and
+Ascension would, if prolonged, intersect this slowly nascent focus of
+volcanic action. Should land be eventually formed here, it will not be
+the first that has been produced by igneous action in this ocean since
+it was inhabited by the existing species of testacea. At Porto Praya, in
+St. Jago, one of the Azores, a horizontal, calcareous stratum occurs,
+containing shells of recent marine species, covered by a great sheet of
+basalt eighty feet thick. It would be difficult to estimate too highly
+the commercial and political importance which a group of islands might
+acquire if, in the next two or three thousand years, they should rise in
+mid-ocean between St. Helena and Ascension."
+
+These facts would seem to show that the great fires which destroyed
+Atlantis are still smouldering in the depths of the ocean; that the vast
+oscillations which carried Plato's continent beneath the sea may again
+bring it, with all its buried treasures, to the light; and that even the
+wild imagination of Jules Verne, when he described Captain Nemo, in his
+diving armor, looking down upon the temples and towers of the lost
+island, lit by the fires of submarine volcanoes, had some groundwork of
+possibility to build upon.
+
+But who will say, in the presence of all the facts here enumerated, that
+the submergence of Atlantis, in some great world-shaking cataclysm, is
+either impossible or improbable? As will be shown hereafter, when we
+come to discuss the Flood legends, every particular which has come down
+to us of the destruction of Atlantis has been duplicated in some of the
+accounts just given.
+
+We conclude, therefore: 1. That it is proven beyond question, by
+geological evidence, that vast masses of land once existed in the region
+where Atlantis is located by Plato, and that therefore such an island
+must have existed; 2. That there is nothing improbable or impossible in
+the statement that it was destroyed suddenly by an earthquake "in one
+dreadful night and day."
+
+CHAPTER. V.
+
+THE TESTIMONY OF THE SEA.
+
+Suppose we were to find in mid-Atlantic, in front of the Mediterranean,
+in the neighborhood of the Azores, the remains of an immense island,
+sunk beneath the sea--one thousand miles in width, and two or three
+thousand miles long--would it not go far to confirm the statement of
+Plato that, "beyond the strait where you place the Pillars of Hercules,
+there was an island larger than Asia (Minor) and Libya combined," called
+Atlantis? And suppose we found that the Azores were the mountain peaks
+of this drowned island, and were torn and rent by tremendous volcanic
+convulsions; while around them, descending into the sea, were found
+great strata of lava; and the whole face of the sunken land was covered
+for thousands of miles with volcanic débris, would we not be obliged to
+confess that these facts furnished strong corroborative proofs of the
+truth of Plato's statement, that "in one day and one fatal night there
+came mighty earthquakes and inundations which ingulfed that mighty
+people? Atlantis disappeared beneath the sea; and then that sea became
+inaccessible on account of the quantity of mud which the ingulfed island
+left in its place."
+
+  MAP OF ATLANTIS, WITH ITS ISLANDS AND CONNECTING RIDGES, FROM DEEP-SEA
+                                SOUNDINGS
+
+And all these things recent investigation has proved conclusively.
+Deep-sea soundings have been made by ships of different nations; the
+United States ship Dolphin, the German frigate Gazelle, and the British
+ships Hydra, Porcupine, and Challenger have mapped out the bottom of the
+Atlantic, and the result is the revelation of a great elevation,
+reaching from a point on the coast of the British Islands southwardly to
+the coast of South America, at Cape Orange, thence south-eastwardly to
+the coast of Africa, and thence southwardly to Tristan d'Acunha. I give
+one map showing the profile of this elevation in the frontispiece, and
+another map, showing the outlines of the submerged land, on page 47. It
+rises about 9000 feet above the great Atlantic depths around it, and in
+the Azores, St. Paul's Rocks, Ascension, and Tristan d'Acunha it reaches
+the surface of the ocean.
+
+Evidence that this elevation was once dry land is found in the fact that
+"the inequalities, the mountains and valleys of its surface, could never
+have been produced in accordance with any laws for the deposition of
+sediment, nor by submarine elevation; but, on the contrary, must have
+been carved by agencies acting above the water level." (Scientific
+American, July 28th, 1877.)
+
+Mr. J. Starke Gardner, the eminent English geologist, is of the opinion
+that in the Eocene Period a great extension of land existed to the west
+of Cornwall. Referring to the location of the "Dolphin" and "Challenger"
+ridges, he asserts that "a great tract of land formerly existed where
+the sea now is, and that Cornwall, the Scilly and Channel Islands,
+Ireland and Brittany, are the remains of its highest summits." (Popular
+Science Review, July, 1878.)
+
+Here, then, we have the backbone of the ancient continent which once
+occupied the whole of the Atlantic Ocean, and from whose washings Europe
+and America were constructed; the deepest parts of the ocean, 3500
+fathoms deep, represent those portions which sunk first, to wit, the
+plains to the east and west of the central mountain range; some of the
+loftiest peaks of this range--the Azores, St. Paul's, Ascension, Tristan
+d'Acunba--are still above the ocean level; while the great body of
+Atlantis lies a few hundred fathoms beneath the sea. In these
+"connecting ridges" we see the pathway which once extended between the
+New World and the Old, and by means of which the plants and animals of
+one continent travelled to the other; and by the same avenues black men
+found their way, as we will show hereafter, from Africa to America, and
+red men from America to Africa.
+
+And, as I have shown, the same great law which gradually depressed the
+Atlantic continent, and raised the lands east and west of it, is still
+at work: the coast of Greenland, which may be regarded as the northern
+extremity of the Atlantic continent, is still sinking "so rapidly that
+ancient buildings on low rock-islands are now submerged, and the
+Greenlander has learned by experience never to build near the water's
+edge," ("North Amer. of Antiq.," p. 504.) The same subsidence is going
+on along the shore of South Carolina and Georgia, while the north of
+Europe and the Atlantic coast of South America are rising rapidly. Along
+the latter raised beaches, 1180 miles long and from 100 to 1300 feet
+high, have been traced.
+
+When these connecting ridges extended from America to Europe and Africa,
+they shut off the flow of the tropical waters of the ocean to the north:
+there was then no "Gulf Stream;" the land-locked ocean that laved the
+shores of Northern Europe was then intensely cold; and the result was
+the Glacial Period. When the barriers of Atlantis sunk sufficiently to
+permit the natural expansion of the heated water of the tropics to the
+north, the ice and snow which covered Europe gradually disappeared; the
+Gulf Stream flowed around Atlantis, and it still retains the circular
+motion first imparted to it by the presence of that island.
+
+The officers of the Challenger found the entire ridge of Atlantis
+covered with volcanic deposits; these are the subsided mud which, as
+Plato tells us, rendered the sea impassable after the destruction of the
+island.
+
+It does not follow that, at the time Atlantis was finally ingulfed, the
+ridges connecting it with America and Africa rose above the water-level;
+these may have gradually subsided into the sea, or have gone down in
+cataclysms such as are described in the Central American books. The
+Atlantis of Plato may have been confined to the "Dolphin Ridge" of our
+map.
+
+  ANCIENT ISLANDS BETWEEN ATLANTIS AND THE MEDITERRANEAN, FROM DEEP-SEA
+                                SOUNDINGS
+
+The United States sloop Gettysburg has also made some remarkable
+discoveries in a neighboring field. I quote from John James Wild (in
+Nature, March 1st, 1877, p. 377):
+
+"The recently announced discovery by Commander Gorringe, of the United
+States sloop Gettysburg, of a bank of soundings bearing N. 85° W., and
+distant 130 miles from Cape St. Vincent, during the last voyage of the
+vessel across the Atlantic, taken in connection with previous soundings
+obtained in the same region of the North Atlantic, suggests the probable
+existence of a submarine ridge or plateau connecting the island of
+Madeira with the coast of Portugal, and the probable subaerial
+connection in prehistoric times of that island with the south-western
+extremity of Europe."... "These soundings reveal the existence of a
+channel of an average depth of from 2000 to 3000 fathoms, extending in a
+northeasterly direction from its entrance between Madeira and the Canary
+Islands toward Cape St. Vincent.... Commander Gorringe, when about
+150 miles from the Strait of Gibraltar, found that the soundings
+decreased from 2700 fathoms to 1600 fathoms in the distance of a few
+miles. The subsequent soundings (five miles apart) gave 900, 500, 400,
+and 100 fathoms; and eventually a depth of 32 fathoms was obtained, in
+which the vessel anchored. The bottom was found to consist of live pink
+coral, and the position of the bank in lat. 36° 29' N., long. 11° 33' W."
+
+The map on page 51 shows the position of these elevations. They must
+have been originally islands;--stepping-stones, as it were, between
+Atlantis and the coast of Europe.
+
+Sir C. Wyville Thomson found that the specimens of the fauna of the
+coast of Brazil, brought up in his dredging-machine, are similar to
+those of the western coast of Southern Europe. This is accounted for by
+the connecting ridges reaching from Europe to South America.
+
+A member of the Challenger staff, in a lecture delivered in London, soon
+after the termination of the expedition, gave it as his opinion that the
+great submarine plateau is the remains of "the lost Atlantis."
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+THE TESTIMONY OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA.
+
+Proofs are abundant that there must have been at one time uninterrupted
+land communication between Europe and America. In the words of a writer
+upon this subject,
+
+"When the animals and plants of the Old and New World are compared, one
+cannot but be struck with their identity; all or nearly all belong to
+the same genera, while many, even of the species, are common to both
+continents. This is most important in its bearing on our theory, as
+indicating that they radiated from a common centre after the Glacial
+Period.... The hairy mammoth, woolly-haired rhinoceros, the Irish
+elk, the musk-ox, the reindeer, the glutton, the lemming, etc., more or
+less accompanied this flora, and their remains are always found in the
+post-glacial deposits of Europe as low down as the South of France. In
+the New World beds of the same age contain similar remains, indicating
+that they came from a common centre, and were spread out over both
+continents alike." (Westminster Review, January, 1872, p. 19.)
+
+Recent discoveries in the fossil beds of the Bad Lands of Nebraska prove
+that the horse originated in America. Professor Marsh, of Yale College,
+has identified the several preceding forms from which it was developed,
+rising, in the course of ages, from a creature not larger than a fox
+until, by successive steps, it developed into the true horse. How did
+the wild horse pass from America to Europe and Asia if there was not
+continuous land communication between the two continents? He seems to
+have existed in Europe in a wild state prior to his domestication by man.
+
+The fossil remains of the camel are found in India, Africa, South
+America, and in Kansas. The existing alpacas and llamas of South America
+are but varieties of the camel family.
+
+The cave bear, whose remains are found associated with the bones of the
+mammoth and the bones and works of man in the caves of Europe, was
+identical with the grizzly bear of our Rocky Mountains. The musk-ox,
+whose relics are found in the same deposits, now roams the wilds of
+Arctic America. The glutton of Northern Europe, in the Stone Age, is
+identical with the wolverine of the United States. According to
+Rutimeyer, the ancient bison (Bos priscus) of Europe was identical with
+the existing American buffalo. "Every stage between the ancient cave
+bison and the European aurochs can be traced." The Norway elk, now
+nearly extinct, is identical with the American moose. The Cervus
+Americanus found in Kentucky was as large as the Irish elk, which it
+greatly resembled. The lagomys, or tailless hare, of the European caves,
+is now found in the colder regions of North America. The reindeer, which
+once occupied Europe as far down as France, was the same as the reindeer
+of America. Remains of the cave lion of Europe (Felix speloæ), a larger
+beast than the largest of the existing species, have been found at
+Natchez, Mississippi. The European cave wolf was identical with the
+American wolf.
+
+Cattle were domesticated among the people of Switzerland during the
+earliest part of the Stone Period (Darwin's "Animals Under
+Domestication," vol. i., p. 103), that is to say, before the Bronze Age
+and the Age of Iron. Even at that remote period they had already, by
+long-continued selection, been developed out of wild forms akin to the
+American buffalo. M. Gervais ("Hist. Nat. des Mammifores," vol. xi., p.
+191) concludes that the wild race from which our domestic sheep was
+derived is now extinct. The remains of domestic sheep are found in the
+debris of the Swiss lake-dwellings during the Stone Age. The domestic
+horse, ass, lion, and goat also date back to a like great antiquity. We
+have historical records 7000 years old, and during that time no similar
+domestication of a wild animal has been made. This fact speaks volumes
+as to the vast period, of time during which man must have lived in a
+civilized state to effect the domestication of so many and such useful
+animals.
+
+And when we turn from the fauna to the flora, we find the same state of
+things.
+
+An examination of the fossil beds of Switzerland of the Miocene Age
+reveals the remains of more than eight hundred different species of
+flower-bearing plants, besides mosses, ferns, etc. The total number of
+fossil plants catalogued from those beds, cryptogamous as well as
+phænogamous, is upward of three thousand. The majority of these species
+have migrated to America. There were others that passed into Asia,
+Africa, and even to Australia. The American types are, however, in the
+largest proportion. The analogues of the flora of the Miocene Age of
+Europe now grow in the forests of Virginia, North and South Carolina,
+and Florida; they include such familiar examples as magnolias,
+tulip-trees, evergreen oaks, maples, plane-trees, robinas, sequoias,
+etc. It would seem to be impossible that these trees could have migrated
+from Switzerland to America unless there was unbroken land communication
+between the two continents.
+
+It is a still more remarkable fact that a comparison of the flora of the
+Old World and New goes to show that not only was there communication by
+land, over which the plants of one continent could extend to another,
+but that man must have existed, and have helped this transmigration, in
+the case of certain plants that were incapable of making the journey
+unaided.
+
+Otto Kuntze, a distinguished German botanist, who has spent many years
+in the tropics, announces his conclusion that "In America and in Asia
+the principal domesticated tropical plants are represented by the same
+species." He instances the Manihot utilissima, whose roots yield a fine
+flour; the tarro (Colocasia esculenta), the Spanish or red pepper, the
+tomato, the bamboo, the guava, the mango-fruit, and especially the
+banana. He denies that the American origin of tobacco, maize, and the
+cocoa-nut is proved. He refers to the Paritium tiliaceum, a malvaceous
+plant, hardly noticed by Europeans, but very highly prized by the
+natives of the tropics, and cultivated everywhere in the East and West
+Indies; it supplies to the natives of these regions so far apart their
+ropes and cordage. It is always seedless in a cultivated state. It
+existed in America before the arrival of Columbus.
+
+But Professor Kuntze pays especial attention to the banana, or plantain.
+The banana is seedless. It is found throughout tropical Asia and Africa.
+Professor Kuntze asks, "In what way was this plant, which cannot stand a
+voyage through the temperate zone, carried to America?" And yet it was
+generally cultivated in America before 1492. Says Professor Kuntze, "It
+must be remembered that the plantain is a tree-like, herbaceous plant,
+possessing no easily transportable bulbs, like the potato or the dahlia,
+nor propagable by cuttings, like the willow or the poplar. It has only a
+perennial root, which, once planted, needs hardly any care, and yet
+produces the most abundant crop of any known tropical plant." He then
+proceeds to discuss how it could have passed from Asia to America. He
+admits that the roots must have been transported from one country to the
+other by civilized man. He argues that it could not have crossed the
+Pacific from Asia to America, because the Pacific is nearly thrice or
+four times as wide as the Atlantic. The only way he can account for the
+plantain reaching America is to suppose that it was carried there when
+the North Pole had a tropical climate! Is there any proof that civilized
+man existed at the North Pole when it possessed the climate of Africa?
+
+Is it not more reasonable to suppose that the plantain, or banana, was
+cultivated by the people of Atlantis, and carried by their civilized
+agricultural colonies to the east and the west? Do we not find a
+confirmation of this view in the fact alluded to by Professor Kuntze in
+these words: "A cultivated plant which does not possess seeds must have
+been under culture for a very long period--we have not in Europe a
+single exclusively seedless, berry-bearing, cultivated plant--and hence
+it is perhaps fair to infer that these plants were cultivated as early
+as the beginning of the middle of the Diluvial Period."
+
+Is it possible that a plant of this kind could have been cultivated for
+this immense period of time in both Asia and America? Where are the two
+nations, agricultural and highly civilized, on those continents by whom
+it was so cultivated? What has become of them? Where are the traces of
+their civilization? All the civilizations of Europe, Asia, and Africa
+radiated from the Mediterranean; the Hindoo-Aryans advanced from the
+north-west; they were kindred to the Persians, who were next-door
+neighbors to the Arabians (cousins of the Phoenicians), and who lived
+along-side of the Egyptians, who had in turn derived their civilization
+from the Phoenicians.
+
+It would be a marvel of marvels if one nation, on one continent, had
+cultivated the banana for such a vast period of time until it became
+seedless; the nation retaining a peaceful, continuous, agricultural
+civilization during all that time. But to suppose that two nations could
+have cultivated the same plant, under the same circumstances, on two
+different continents, for the same unparalleled lapse of time, is
+supposing an impossibility.
+
+We find just such a civilization as was necessary, according to Plato,
+and under just such a climate, in Atlantis and nowhere else. We have
+found it reaching, by its contiguous islands, within one hundred and
+fifty miles of the coast of Europe on the one side, and almost touching
+the West India Islands on the other, while, by its connecting ridges, it
+bound together Brazil and Africa.
+
+But it may be said these animals and plants may have passed from Asia to
+America across the Pacific by the continent of Lemuria; or there may
+have been continuous land communication at one time at Behring's Strait.
+True; but an examination of the flora of the Pacific States shows that
+very many of the trees and plants common to Europe and the Atlantic
+States are not to be seen west of the Rocky Mountains. The magnificent
+magnolias, the tulip-trees, the plane-trees, etc., which were found
+existing in the Miocene Age in Switzerland, and are found at the present
+day in the United States, are altogether lacking on the Pacific coast.
+The sources of supply of that region seem to have been far inferior to
+the sources of supply of the Atlantic States. Professor Asa Gray tells
+us that, out of sixty-six genera and one hundred and fifty-five species
+found in the forests cast of the Rocky Mountains, only thirty-one genera
+and seventy-eight species are found west of the mountains. The Pacific
+coast possesses no papaw, no linden or basswood, no locust-trees, no
+cherry-tree large enough for a timber tree, no gum-trees, no
+sorrel-tree, nor kalmia; no persimmon-trees, not a holly, only one ash
+that may be called a timber tree, no catalpa or sassafras, not a single
+elm or hackberry, not a mulberry, not a hickory, or a beech, or a true
+chestnut. These facts would seem to indicate that the forest flora of
+North America entered it from the east, and that the Pacific States
+possess only those fragments of it that were able to struggle over or
+around the great dividing mountain-chain.
+
+We thus see that the flora and fauna of America and Europe testify not
+only to the existence of Atlantis, but to the fact that in an earlier
+age it must have extended from the shores of one continent to those of
+the other; and by this bridge of land the plants and animals of one
+region passed to the other.
+
+The cultivation of the cotton-plant and the manufacture of its product
+was known to both the Old and New World. Herodotus describes it (450
+B.C.) as the tree of India that bears a fleece more beautiful than that
+of the sheep. Columbus found the natives of the West Indies using cotton
+cloth. It was also found in Mexico and Peru. It is a significant fact
+that the cotton-plant has been found growing wild in many parts of
+America, but never in the Old World. This would seem to indicate that
+the plant was a native of America; and this is confirmed by the
+superiority of American cotton, and the further fact that the plants
+taken from America to India constantly degenerate, while those taken
+from India to America as constantly improve.
+
+There is a question whether the potato, maize, and tobacco were not
+cultivated in China ages before Columbus discovered America. A recent
+traveller says, "The interior of China, along the course of the
+Yang-tse-Kiang, is a land full of wonders. In one place piscicultural
+nurseries line the banks for nearly fifty miles. All sorts of
+inventions, the cotton-gin included, claimed by Europeans and Americans,
+are to be found there forty centuries old. Plants, yielding drugs of
+great value, without number, the familiar tobacco and potato, maize,
+white and yellow corn, and other plants believed to be indigenous to
+America, have been cultivated there from time immemorial."
+
+Bonafous ("Histoire Naturelle du Mais," Paris, 1826) attributes a
+European or Asiatic origin to maize. The word maize, (Indian corn) is
+derived from mahiz or mahis, the name of the plant in the language of
+the Island of Hayti. And yet, strange to say, in the Lettish and
+Livonian languages, in the north of Europe, mayse signifies bread; in
+Irish, maise is food, and in the Old High German, maz is meat. May not
+likewise the Spanish maiz have antedated the time of Columbus, and borne
+testimony to early intercommunication between the people of the Old and
+New Worlds?
+
+It is to Atlantis we must look for the origin of nearly all our valuable
+plants. Darwin says ("Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. i.,
+p. 374), "It has often been remarked that we do not owe a single useful
+plant to Australia, or the Cape of Good Hope--countries abounding to an
+unparalleled degree with endemic species--or to New Zealand, or to
+America south of the Plata; and, according to some authors, not to
+America north of Mexico." In other words, the domesticated plants are
+only found within the limits of what I shall show hereafter was the
+Empire of Atlantis and its colonies; for only here was to be found an
+ancient, long-continuing civilization, capable of developing from a wild
+state those plants which were valuable to man, including all the cereals
+on which to-day civilized man depends for subsistence. M. Alphonse de
+Candolle tells us that we owe 33 useful plants to Mexico, Peru, and
+Chili. According to the same high authority, of 157 valuable cultivated
+plants 85 can be traced back to their wild state; as to 40, there is
+doubt as to their origin; while 32 are utterly unknown in their
+aboriginal condition. ("Geograph. Botan. Raisonnée," 1855, pp. 810-991.)
+Certain roses--the imperial lily, the tuberose and the lilac--are said
+to have been cultivated from such a vast antiquity that they are not
+known in their wild state. (Darwin, "Animals and Plants," vol. i., p.
+370.) And these facts are the more remarkable because, as De Candolle
+has shown, all the plants historically known to have been first
+cultivated in Europe still exist there in the wild state. (Ibid.) The
+inference is strong that the great cereals--wheat, oats, barley, rye,
+and maize--must have been first domesticated in a vast antiquity, or in
+some continent which has since disappeared, carrying the original wild
+plants with it.
+
+                  CEREALS OF THE AGE OF STONE IN EUROPE
+
+Darwin quotes approvingly the opinion of Mr. Bentham ("Hist. Notes Cult.
+Plants"), "as the result of all the most reliable evidence that none of
+the Ceralia--wheat, rye, barley, and oats--exist or have existed truly
+wild in their present state." In the Stone Age of Europe five varieties
+of wheat and three of barley were cultivated. (Darwin, "Animals and
+Plants," vol. i., p. 382.) He says that it may be inferred, from the
+presence in the lake habitations of Switzerland of a variety of wheat
+known as the Egyptian wheat, and from the nature of the weeds that grew
+among their crops, "that the lake inhabitants either still kept up
+commercial intercourse with some southern people, or had originally
+proceeded as colonists from the south." I should argue that they were
+colonists from the land where wheat and barley were first domesticated,
+to wit, Atlantis. And when the Bronze Age came, we find oats and rye
+making their appearance with the weapons of bronze, together with a
+peculiar kind of pea. Darwin concludes (Ibid., vol. i., p. 385) that
+wheat, barley, rye, and oats were either descended from ten or fifteen
+distinct species, "most of which are now unknown or extinct," or from
+four or eight species closely resembling our present forms, or so
+"widely different as to escape identification;" in which latter case, he
+says, "man must have cultivated the cereals at an enormously remote
+period," and at that time practised "some degree of selection."
+
+Rawlinson ("Ancient Monarchies," vol. i., p. 578) expresses the opinion
+that the ancient Assyrians possessed the pineapple. "The representation
+on the monuments is so exact that I can scarcely doubt the pineapple
+being intended." (See Layard's "Nineveh and Babylon," p. 338.) The
+pineapple (Bromelia ananassa) is supposed to be of American origin, and
+unknown to Europe before the time of Columbus; and yet, apart from the
+revelations of the Assyrian monuments, there has been some dispute upon
+this point. ("Amer. Cyclop.," vol. xiii., p. 528.)
+
+                           ANCIENT IRISH PIPES
+
+It is not even certain that the use of tobacco was not known to the
+colonists from Atlantis settled in Ireland in an age long prior to Sir
+Walter Raleigh. Great numbers of pipes have been found in the raths and
+tumuli of Ireland, which, there is every reason to believe, were placed
+there by men of the Prehistoric Period. The illustration on p. 63
+represents some of the so-called "Danes' pipes" now in the collection of
+the Royal Irish Academy. The Danes entered Ireland many centuries before
+the time of Columbus, and if the pipes are theirs, they must have used
+tobacco, or some substitute for it, at that early period. It is
+probable, however, that the tumuli of Ireland antedate the Danes
+thousands of years.
+
+                     ANCIENT INDIAN PIPE, NEW JERSEY
+
+Compare these pipes from the ancient mounds of Ireland with the
+accompanying picture of an Indian pipe of the Stone Age of New Jersey.
+("Smithsonian Rep.," 1875, p. 342.)
+
+Recent Portuguese travellers have found the most remote tribes of savage
+negroes in Africa, holding no commercial intercourse with Europeans,
+using strangely shaped pipes, in which they smoked a plant of the
+country. Investigations in America lead to the conclusion that tobacco
+was first burnt as an incense to the gods, the priest alone using the
+pipe; and from this beginning the extraordinary practice spread to the
+people, and thence over all the world. It may have crossed the Atlantic
+in a remote age, and have subsequently disappeared with the failure of
+retrograding colonists to raise the tobacco-plant.
+
+PART II. THE DELUGE.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE DESTRUCTION OF ATLANTIS DESCRIBED IN THE DELUGE LEGENDS.
+
+Having demonstrated, as we think successfully, that there is no
+improbability in the statement of Plato that a large island, almost a
+continent, existed in the past in the Atlantic Ocean, nay, more, that it
+is a geological certainty that it did exist; and having further shown
+that it is not improbable but very possible that it may have sunk
+beneath the sea in the manner described by Plato, we come now to the
+next question, Is the memory of this gigantic catastrophe preserved
+among the traditions of mankind? We think there can be no doubt that an
+affirmative answer must be given to this question.
+
+An event, which in a few hours destroyed, amid horrible convulsions, an
+entire country, with all its vast population--that Population the
+ancestors of the great races of both continents, and they themselves the
+custodians of the civilization of their age--could not fail to impress
+with terrible force the minds of men, and to project its gloomy shadow
+over all human history. And hence, whether we turn to the Hebrews, the
+Aryans, the Phoenicians, the Greeks, the Cushites, or the inhabitants of
+America, we find everywhere traditions of the Deluge; and we shall see
+that all these traditions point unmistakably to the destruction of
+Atlantis.
+
+François Lenormant says (Contemp. Rev., Nov., 1879):
+
+"The result authorizes us to affirm the story of the Deluge to be a
+universal tradition among all branches of the human race, with the one
+exception, however, of the black. Now, a recollection thus precise and
+concordant cannot be a myth voluntarily invented. No religious or
+cosmogonic myth presents this character of universality. It must arise
+from the reminiscence of a real and terrible event, so powerfully
+impressing the imagination of the first ancestors of our race as never
+to have been forgotten by their descendants. This cataclysm must have
+occurred near the first cradle of mankind, and before the dispersion of
+the families from which the principal races were to spring; for it would
+be at once improbable and uncritical to admit that, at as many different
+points of the globe as we should have to assume in order to explain the
+wide spread of these traditions, local phenomena so exactly alike should
+have occurred, their memory having assumed an identical form, and
+presenting circumstances that need not necessarily have occurred to the
+mind in such cases.
+
+"Let us observe, however, that probably the diluvian tradition is not
+primitive, but imported in America; that it undoubtedly wears the aspect
+of an importation among the rare populations of the yellow race where it
+is found; and lastly, that it is doubtful among the Polynesians of
+Oceania. There will still remain three great races to which it is
+undoubtedly peculiar, who have not borrowed it from each other, but
+among whom the tradition is primitive, and goes back to the most ancient
+times, and these three races are precisely the only ones of which the
+Bible speaks as being descended from Noah--those of which it gives the
+ethnic filiation in the tenth chapter of Genesis. This observation,
+which I hold to be undeniable, attaches a singularly historic and exact
+value to the tradition as recorded by the Sacred Book, even if, on the
+other hand, it may lead to giving it a more limited geographical and
+ethnological significance....
+
+"But, as the case now stands, we do not hesitate to declare that, far
+from being a myth, the Biblical Deluge is a real and historical fact,
+having, to say the least, left its impress on the ancestors of three
+races--Aryan, or Indo-European, Semitic, or Syro-Arabian, Chamitic, or
+Cushite--that is to say, on the three great civilized races of the
+ancient world, those which constitute the higher humanity--before the
+ancestors of those races had as yet separated, and in the part of Asia
+they together inhabited."
+
+Such profound scholars and sincere Christians as M. Schoebel (Paris,
+1858), and M. Omalius d'Halloy (Bruxelles, 1866), deny the universality
+of the Deluge, and claim that "it extended only to the principal centre
+of humanity, to those who remained near its primitive cradle, without
+reaching the scattered tribes who had already spread themselves far away
+in almost desert regions. It is certain that the Bible narrative
+commences by relating facts common to the whole human species, confining
+itself subsequently to the annals of the race peculiarly chosen by the
+designs of Providence." (Lenormant and Chevallier, "Anc. Hist. of the
+East," p. 44.) This theory is supported by that eminent authority on
+anthropology, M. de Quatrefages, as well as by Cuvier; the Rev. R. p.
+Bellynck, S.J., admits that it has nothing expressly opposed to
+orthodoxy.
+
+Plato identifies "the great deluge of all" with the destruction of
+Atlantis. The priest of Sais told Solon that before "the great deluge of
+all" Athens possessed a noble race, who performed many noble deeds, the
+last and greatest of which was resisting the attempts of Atlantis to
+subjugate them; and after this came the destruction of Atlantis, and the
+same great convulsion which overwhelmed that island destroyed a number
+of the Greeks. So that the Egyptians, who possessed the memory of many
+partial deluges, regarded this as "the great deluge of all."
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE DELUGE OF THE BIBLE
+
+We give first the Bible history of the Deluge, as found in Genesis
+(chap. vi. to chap. viii.):
+
+"And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the
+earth, and daughters were born unto them, that the sons of God saw the
+daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all
+which they chose.
+
+"And the Lord said, My Spirit shall not always strive with man, for that
+he also is flesh: yet his days shall be a hundred and twenty years.
+
+"There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when
+the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare
+children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of
+renown.
+
+"And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that
+every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil
+continually. And it repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth,
+and it grieved him at his heart. And the Lord said, I will destroy man
+whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and
+the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I
+have made them. But Noah found grace in the eyes of the Lord.
+
+["These are the generations of Noah: Noah was a just man and perfect in
+his generations, and Noah walked with God. And Noah begat three sons,
+Shem, Ham, and Japheth.]
+
+"The earth also was corrupt before God; and the earth was filled with
+violence. And God looked upon the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt;
+for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth. And God said unto
+Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled
+with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the
+earth. Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the
+ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch. And this is the
+fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of the ark shall be
+three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of
+it thirty cubits. A window shalt thou make to the ark, and in a cubit
+shalt thou finish it above; and the door of the ark shalt thou set in
+the side thereof; with lower, second, and third stories shalt thou make
+it. And, behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth,
+to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven;
+and everything that is in the earth shall die. But with thee will I
+establish my covenant; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy
+sons, and thy wife, and thy sons' wives with thee. And of every living
+thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to
+keep them alive with thee; they shall be male and female. Of fowls after
+their kind, and of cattle after their kind, of every creeping thing of
+the earth after his kind; two of every sort shall come unto thee, to
+keep them alive. And take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten, and
+thou shalt gather it to thee; and it shall be for food for thee, and for
+them.
+
+"Thus did Noah; according to all that God commanded him, so did he.
+
+"And the Lord said unto Noah, Come thou and all thy house into the ark;
+for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation. Of every
+clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens, the male and his female:
+and of beasts that are not clean by two, the male and his female. Of
+fowls also of the air by sevens, the male and the female; to keep seed
+alive upon the face of all the earth. For yet seven days, and I will
+cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights; and every
+living substance that I have made will I destroy from off the face of
+the earth.
+
+"And Noah did according unto all that the Lord commanded him. And Noah
+was six hundred years old when the flood of waters was upon the earth.
+
+"And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with
+him, into the ark, because of the waters of the flood. Of clean beasts,
+and of beasts that are not clean, and of fowls, and of everything that
+creepeth upon the earth, there went in two and two unto Noah into the
+ark, the male and the female, as God had commanded Noah.
+
+"And it came to pass after seven days, that the waters of the flood were
+upon the earth. In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second
+month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the
+fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were
+opened. And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights. In
+the selfsame day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ham, and Japheth, the sons
+of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons with them,
+into the ark; they, and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle
+after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth
+after his kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird of every sort.
+And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh,
+wherein is the breath of life. And they that went in, went in male and
+female of all flesh, as God had commanded him: and the Lord shut him in.
+
+"And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the waters increased,
+and bare up the ark, and it was lifted up above the earth. And the
+waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth; and the ark
+went upon the face of the waters. And the waters prevailed exceedingly
+upon the earth; and all the high hills, that were under the whole
+heaven, were covered. Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and
+the mountains were covered. And all flesh died that moved upon the
+earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of beast, and of every creeping
+thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man: all in whose nostrils
+was the breath of life, of all that was in the dry land, died. And every
+living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground,
+both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the
+heaven; and they were destroyed from the earth: and Noah only remained
+alive, and they that were with him in the ark. And the waters prevailed
+upon the earth a hundred and fifty days.
+
+"And God remembered Noah, and every living thing, and all the cattle
+that was with him in the ark: and God made a wind to pass over the
+earth, and the waters assuaged. The fountains also of the deep and the
+windows of heaven were stopped, and the rain from heaven was restrained.
+And the waters returned from off the earth continually: and after the
+end of the hundred and fifty days the waters were abated. And the ark
+rested in the seventh mouth, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon
+the mountains of Ararat. And the waters decreased continually until the
+tenth month: in the tenth month, on the first day of the mouth, were the
+tops of the mountains seen.
+
+"And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the
+window of the ark which he had made: and he sent forth a raven, which
+went forth to and fro, until the waters were dried up from off the
+earth. Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were
+abated from off the face of the ground. But the dove found no rest for
+the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark; for the
+waters were on the face of the whole earth. Then he put forth his hand,
+and took her, and pulled her in unto him into the ark. And he stayed yet
+other seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark. And
+the dove came in to him in the evening, and, lo, in her mouth was an
+olive leaf plucked off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from
+off the earth. And he stayed yet other seven days, and sent forth the
+dove, which returned not again unto him any more.
+
+"And it came to pass in the six hundredth and first year, in the first
+month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up from off the
+earth: and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and,
+behold, the face of the ground was dry. And in the second month, on the
+seven and twentieth day of the month, was the earth dried.
+
+"And God spake unto Noah, saying, Go forth of the ark, thou, and thy
+wife, and thy sons, and thy sons' wives with thee. Bring forth with thee
+every living thing that is with thee, of all flesh, both of fowl and of
+cattle, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth; that
+they may breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and multiply
+upon the earth.
+
+"And Noah went forth, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives
+with him: every beast, every creeping thing, and every fowl, and
+whatsoever creepeth upon the earth, after their kinds, went forth out of
+the ark.
+
+"And Noah builded an altar unto the Lord; and took of every clean beast,
+and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. And
+the Lord smelled a sweet savour; and the Lord said in his heart, I will
+not again curse the ground any more for man's sake; for the imagination
+of man's heart is evil from his youth: neither will I again smite any
+more every thing living, as I have done. While the earth remaineth,
+seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day
+and night shall not cease."
+
+Let us briefly consider this record.
+
+It shows, taken in connection with the opening chapters of Genesis:
+
+1. That the land destroyed by water was the country in which the
+civilization of the human race originated. Adam was at first naked
+(Gen., chap. iii., 7); then he clothed himself in leaves; then in the
+skins of animals (chap. iii., 21): he was the first that tilled the
+earth, having emerged from a more primitive condition in which he lived
+upon the fruits of the forest (chap. ii., 16); his son Abel was the
+first of those that kept flocks of sheep (chap. iv., 2); his son Cain
+was the builder of the first city (chap. iv., 17); his descendant,
+Tubal-cain, was the first metallurgist (chap. iv., 22); Jabal was the
+first that erected tents and kept cattle (chap. iv., 20); Jubal was the
+first that made musical instruments. We have here the successive steps
+by which a savage race advances to civilization. We will see hereafter
+that the Atlanteans passed through precisely similar stages of
+development.
+
+2. The Bible agrees with Plato in the statement that these Antediluvians
+had reached great populousness and wickedness, and that it was on
+account of their wickedness God resolved to destroy them.
+
+3. In both cases the inhabitants of the doomed land were destroyed in a
+great catastrophe by the agency of water; they were drowned.
+
+4. The Bible tells us that in an earlier age, before their destruction,
+mankind had dwelt in a happy, peaceful, sinless condition in a Garden of
+Eden. Plato tells us the same thing of the earlier ages of the
+Atlanteans.
+
+6. In both the Bible history and Plato's story the destruction of the
+people was largely caused by the intermarriage of the superior or divine
+race, "the sons of God," with an inferior stock, "the children of men,"
+whereby they were degraded and rendered wicked.
+
+We will see hereafter that the Hebrews and their Flood legend are
+closely connected with the Phoenicians, whose connection with Atlantis is
+established in many ways.
+
+It is now conceded by scholars that the genealogical table given in the
+Bible (Gen., chap. x.) is not intended to include the true negro races,
+or the Chinese, the Japanese, the Finns or Lapps, the Australians, or
+the American red men. It refers altogether to the Mediterranean races,
+the Aryans, the Cushites, the Phoenicians, the Hebrews, and the
+Egyptians. "The sons of Ham" were not true negroes, but the dark-brown
+races. (See Winchell's "Preadamites," chap. vii.)
+
+If these races (the Chinese, Australians, Americans, etc.) are not
+descended from Noah they could not have been included in the Deluge. If
+neither China, Japan, America, Northern Europe, nor Australia were
+depopulated by the Deluge, the Deluge could not have been universal. But
+as it is alleged that it did destroy a country, and drowned all the
+people thereof except Noah and his family, the country so destroyed
+could not have been Europe, Asia, Africa, America, or Australia, for
+there has been no universal destruction of the people of those regions;
+or, if there had been, how can we account for the existence to-day of
+people on all of those continents whose descent Genesis does not trace
+back to Noah, and, in fact, about whom the writer of Genesis seems to
+have known nothing?
+
+We are thus driven to one of two alternative conclusions: either the
+Deluge record of the Bible is altogether fabulous, or it relates to some
+land other than Europe, Asia, Africa, or Australia, some land that was
+destroyed by water. It is not fabulous; and the land it refers to is not
+Europe, Asia, Africa, or Australia--but Atlantis. No other land is known
+to history or tradition that was overthrown in a great catastrophe by
+the agency of water; that was civilized, populous, powerful, and given
+over to wickedness.
+
+That high and orthodox authority, François Lenormant, says ("Ancient
+Hist. of the East," vol. i., p. 64), "The descendants of Shem, Ham, and
+Japhet, so admirably catalogued by Moses, include one only of the races
+of humanity, the white race, whose three chief divisions he gives us as
+now recognized by anthropologists. The other three races--yellow, black,
+and red--have no place in the Bible list of nations sprung from Noah."
+As, therefore, the Deluge of the Bible destroyed only the land and
+people of Noah, it could not have been universal. The religious world
+does not pretend to fix the location of the Garden of Eden. The Rev.
+George Leo Haydock says, "The precise situation cannot be ascertained;
+how great might be its extent we do not know;" and we will see hereafter
+that the unwritten traditions of the Church pointed to a region in the
+west, beyond the ocean which bounds Europe in that direction, as the
+locality in which "mankind dwelt before the Deluge."
+
+It will be more and more evident, as we proceed in the consideration of
+the Flood legends of other nations, that the Antediluvian World was none
+other than Atlantis.
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE DELUGE OF THE CHALDEANS.
+
+We have two versions of the Chaldean story--unequally developed, indeed,
+but exhibiting a remarkable agreement. The one most anciently known, and
+also the shorter, is that which Berosus took from the sacred books of
+Babylon, and introduced into the history that he wrote for the use of
+the Greeks. After speaking of the last nine antediluvian kings, the
+Chaldean priest continues thus.
+
+"Obartès Elbaratutu being dead, his son Xisuthros (Khasisatra) reigned
+eighteen sares (64,800 years). It was under him that the Great Deluge
+took place, the history of which is told in the sacred documents as
+follows: Cronos (Ea) appeared to him in his sleep, and announced that on
+the fifteenth of the month of Daisios (the Assyrian month Sivan--a
+little before the summer solstice) all men should perish by a flood. He
+therefore commanded him to take the beginning, the middle, and the end
+of whatever was consigned to writing, and to bury it in the City of the
+Sun, at Sippara; then to build a vessel, and to enter it with his family
+and dearest friends; to place in this vessel provisions to eat and
+drink, and to cause animals, birds, and quadrupeds to enter it; lastly,
+to prepare everything for navigation. And when Xisuthros inquired in
+what direction he should steer his bark, he was answered, 'toward the
+gods,' and enjoined to pray that good might come of it for men.
+
+"Xisuthros obeyed, and constructed a vessel five stadia long and five
+broad; he collected all that had been prescribed to him, and embarked
+his wife, his children, and his intimate friends.
+
+"The Deluge having come, and soon going down, Xisuthros loosed some of
+the birds. These, finding no food nor place to alight on, returned to
+the ship. A few days later Xisuthros again let them free, but they
+returned again to the vessel, their feet full of mud. Finally, loosed
+the third time, the birds came no more back. Then Xisuthros understood
+that the earth was bare. He made an opening in the roof of the ship, and
+saw that it had grounded on the top of a mountain. He then descended
+with his wife, his daughter, and his pilot, who worshipped the earth,
+raised an altar, and there sacrificed to the gods; at the same moment he
+vanished with those who accompanied him.
+
+"Meanwhile those who had remained in the vessel, not seeing Xisutbros
+return, descended too, and began to seek him, calling him by his name.
+They saw Xisuthros no more; but a voice from heaven was heard commanding
+them piety toward the gods; that he, indeed, was receiving the reward of
+his piety in being carried away to dwell thenceforth in the midst of the
+gods, and that his wife, his daughter, and the pilot of the ship shared
+the same honor. The voice further said that they were to return to
+Babylon, and, conformably to the decrees of fate, disinter the writings
+buried at Sippara in order to transmit them to men. It added that the
+country in which they found themselves was Armenia. These, then, having
+heard the voice, sacrificed to the gods and returned on foot to Babylon.
+Of the vessel of Xisuthros, which had finally landed in Armenia, a
+portion is still to be found in the Gordyan Mountains in Armenia, and
+pilgrims bring thence asphalte that they have scraped from its
+fragments. It is used to keep off the influence of witchcraft. As to the
+companions of Xisuthros, they came to Babylon, disinterred the writings
+left at Sippara, founded numerous cities, built temples, and restored
+Babylon."
+
+"By the side of this version," says Lenormant, "which, interesting
+though it be, is, after all, second-hand, we are now able to place an
+original Chaldeo-Babylonian edition, which the lamented George Smith was
+the first to decipher on the cuneiform tablets exhumed at Nineveh, and
+now in the British Museum. Here the narrative of the Deluge appears as
+an episode in the eleventh tablet, or eleventh chant of the great epic
+of the town of Uruk. The hero of this poem, a kind of Hercules, whose
+name has not as yet been made out with certainty, being attacked by
+disease (a kind of leprosy), goes, with a view to its cure, to consult
+the patriarch saved from the Deluge, Khasisatra, in the distant land to
+which the gods have transported him, there to enjoy eternal felicity. He
+asks Khasisatra to reveal the secret of the events which led to his
+obtaining the privilege of immortality, and thus the patriarch is
+induced to relate the cataclysm.
+
+"By a comparison of the three copies of the poem that the library of the
+palace of Nineveh contained, it has been possible to restore the
+narrative with hardly any breaks. These three copies were, by order of
+the King of Assyria, Asshurbanabal, made in the eighth century B.C.,
+from a very ancient specimen in the sacerdotal library of the town of
+Uruk, founded by the monarchs of the first Chaldean empire. It is
+difficult precisely to fix the date of the original, copied by Assyrian
+scribes, but it certainly goes back to the ancient empire, seventeen
+centuries at least before our era, and even probably beyond; it was
+therefore much anterior to Moses, and nearly contemporaneous with
+Abraham. The variations presented by the three existing copies prove
+that the original was in the primitive mode of writing called the
+hieratic, a character which must have already become difficult to
+decipher in the eighth century B.C., as the copyists have differed as to
+the interpretation to be given to certain signs, and in other cases have
+simply reproduced exactly the forms of such as they did not understand.
+Finally, it results from a comparison of these variations, that the
+original, transcribed by order of Asshurbanabal, must itself have been a
+copy of some still more ancient manuscript, it, which the original text
+had already received interlinear comments. Some of the copyists have
+introduced these into their text, others have omitted them. With these
+preliminary observations, I proceed to give integrally the narrative
+ascribed in the poem to Khasisatra:
+
+"'I will reveal to thee, O Izdhubar, the history of my preservation--and
+tell to thee the decision of the gods.
+
+"'The town of Shurippak, a town which thou knowest, is situated on the
+Euphrates--it was ancient, and in it [men did not honor] the gods. [I
+alone, I was] their servant, to the great gods--[The gods took counsel
+on the appeal of] Ann--[a deluge was proposed by] Bel--[and approved by
+Nabon, Nergal and] Adar.
+
+"'And the god [Ea], the immutable lord, repeated this command in a
+dream.--I listened to the decree of fate that he announced, and he said
+to me:--" Man of Shurippak, son of Ubaratutu--thou, build a vessel and
+finish it [quickly].--[By a deluge] I will destroy substance and
+life.--Cause thou to go up into the vessel the substance of all that has
+life.--The vessel thou shall build--600 cubits shall be the measure of
+its length--and 60 cubits the amount of its breadth and of its height.
+[Launch it] thus on the ocean, and cover it with a roof."--I understood,
+and I said to Ea, my lord:--"[The vessel] that thou commandest me to
+build thus--[when] I shall do it,--young and old [shall laugh at
+me.]"--[Ea opened his mouth and] spoke.--He said to me, his
+servant:--"[If they laugh at thee] thou shalt say to them:--[shall be
+punished] he who has insulted me, [for the protection of the gods] is
+over me.-- ... like to caverns ... -- ... I will exercise my
+judgment on that which is on high and that which is below ... -- ...
+Close the vessel ... -- ... At a given moment that I shall cause
+thee to know,--enter into it, and draw the door of the ship toward
+thee.--Within it, thy grains, thy furniture, thy provisions, thy riches,
+thy men-servants, and thy maid-servants, and thy young people--the
+cattle of the field, and the wild beasts of the plain that I will
+assemble--and that I will send thee, shall be kept behind thy
+door."--Khasisatra opened his mouth and spoke;--he said to Ea, his
+lord:--"No one has made [such a] ship.--On the prow I will fix ... --I
+shall see ... and the vessel ... --the vessel thou commandest me to
+build [thus] which in...."
+
+"'On the fifth day [the two sides of the bark] were raised.--In its
+covering fourteen in all were its rafters--fourteen in all did it count
+above.--I placed its roof, and I covered it.--I embarked in it on the
+sixth day; I divided its floors on the seventh;--I divided the interior
+compartments on the eighth. I stopped up the chinks through which the
+water entered in;--I visited the chinks, and added what was wanting.--I
+poured on the exterior three times 3600 measures of asphalte,--and three
+times 3600 measures of asphalte within.--Three times 3600 men, porters,
+brought on their heads the chests of provisions.--I kept 3600 chests for
+the nourishment of my family,--and the mariners divided among themselves
+twice 3600 chests.--For [provisioning] I had oxen slain;--I instituted
+[rations] for each day.--In [anticipation of the need of] drinks, of
+barrels, and of wine--[I collected in quantity] like to the waters of a
+river, [of provisions] in quantity like to the dust of the earth.--[To
+arrange them in] the chests I set my hand to.-- ... of the sun ...
+the vessel was completed.-- ... strong and--I had carried above and
+below the furniture of the ship.--[This lading filled the two-thirds.]
+
+"'All that I possessed I gathered together; all I possessed of silver I
+gathered together; all that I possessed of gold I gathered--all that I
+possessed of the substance of life of every kind I gathered together.--I
+made all ascend into the vessel; my servants, male and female,--the
+cattle of the fields, the wild beasts of the plains, and the sons of the
+people, I made them all ascend.
+
+"'Shamash (the sun) made the moment determined, and he announced it in
+these terms:--"In the evening I will cause it to rain abundantly from
+heaven; enter into the vessel and close the door."--The fixed moment had
+arrived, which he announced in these terms:--"In the evening I will
+cause it to rain abundantly from heaven."--When the evening of that day
+arrived, I was afraid,--I entered into the vessel and shut my door.--In
+shutting the vessel, to Buzur-shadi-rabi, the pilot,--I confided this
+dwelling, with all that it contained.
+
+"'Mu-sheri-ina-namari--rose from the foundations of heaven in a black
+cloud;--Ramman thundered in the midst of the cloud,--and Nabon and
+Sharru marched before;--they marched, devastating the mountain and the
+plain;--Nergal the powerful dragged chastisements after him;--Adar
+advanced, overthrowing;--before him;--the archangels of the abyss
+brought destruction,--in their terrors they agitated the earth.--The
+inundation of Ramman swelled up to the sky,--and [the earth] became
+without lustre, was changed into a desert.
+
+"'They broke ... of the surface of the earth like...;--[they
+destroyed] the living beings of the surface of the earth.--The terrible
+[Deluge] on men swelled up to [heaven]. The brother no longer saw his
+brother; men no longer knew each other. In heaven--the gods became
+afraid of the water-spout, and--sought a refuge; they mounted up to the
+heaven of Anu.--The gods were stretched out motionless, pressing one
+against another like dogs.--Ishtar wailed like a child, the great
+goddess pronounced her discourse:--"Here is humanity returned into mud,
+and--this is the misfortune that I have announced in the presence of the
+gods.--So I announced the misfortune in the presence of the gods,--for
+the evil I announced the terrible [chastisement] of men who are mine.--I
+am the mother who gave birth to men, and--like to the race of fishes,
+there they are filling the sea;--and the gods, by reason of that--which
+the archangels of the abyss are doing, weep with me."--The gods on their
+seats were seated in tears,--and they held their lips closed,
+[revolving] future things.
+
+"'Six days and as many nights passed; the wind, the water-spout, and the
+diluvian rain were in all their strength. At the approach of the seventh
+day the diluvian rain grew weaker, the terrible water-spout--which had
+assailed after the fashion of an earthquake--grew calm, the sea inclined
+to dry up, and the wind and the water-spout came to an end. I looked at
+the sea, attentively observing--and the whole of humanity had returned
+to mud; like unto sea-weeds the corpses floated. I opened the window,
+and the light smote on my face. I was seized with sadness; I sat down
+and I wept;-and my tears came over my face.
+
+"'I looked at the regions bounding the sea: toward the twelve points of
+the horizon; not any continent.--The vessel was borne above the land of
+Nizir,--the mountain of Nizir arrested the vessel, and did not permit it
+to pass over.--A day and a second day the mountain of Nizir arrested the
+vessel, and did not permit it to pass over;--the third and fourth day
+the mountain of Nizir arrested the vessel, and did not permit it to pass
+over;--the fifth and sixth day the mountain of Nizir arrested the
+vessel, and did not permit it to pass over. At the approach of the
+seventh day, I sent out and loosed a dove. The dove went, turned,
+and--found no place to light on, and it came back. I sent out and loosed
+a swallow; the swallow went, turned, and--found no place to light on,
+and it came back. I sent out and loosed a raven; the raven went and saw
+the corpses on the waters; it ate, rested, turned, and came not back.
+
+"'I then sent out (what was in the vessel) toward the four winds, and I
+offered a sacrifice. I raised the pile of my burnt-offering on the peak
+of the mountain; seven by seven I disposed the measured vases,--and
+beneath I spread rushes, cedar, and juniper-wood. The gods were seized
+with the desire of it--the gods were seized with a benevolent desire of
+it;--and the gods assembled like flies above the master of the
+sacrifice. From afar, in approaching, the great goddess raised the great
+zones that Anu has made for their glory (the gods). These gods, luminous
+crystal before me, I will never leave them; in that day I prayed that I
+might never leave them. "Let the gods come to my sacrificial pile!--but
+never may Bel come to my sacrificial pile! for he did not master
+himself, and he has made the water-spout for the Deluge, and he has
+numbered my men for the pit."
+
+"'From far, in drawing near, Bel--saw the vessel, and Bel stopped;--he
+was filled with anger against the gods and the celestial archangels:--
+
+"'"No one shall come out alive! No man shall be preserved from the
+abyss!"--Adar opened his mouth and said; he said to the warrior
+Bel:--"What other than Ea should have formed this resolution?--for Ea
+possesses knowledge, and [he foresees] all."--Ea opened his mouth and
+spake; he said to the warrior Bel:--"O thou, herald of the gods,
+warrior,--as thou didst not master thyself, thou hast made the
+water-spout of the Deluge.--Let the sinner carry the weight of his sins,
+the blasphemer the weight of his blasphemy.--Please thyself with this
+good pleasure, and it shall never be infringed; faith in it never [shall
+be violated].--Instead of thy making a new deluge, let lions appear and
+reduce the number of men;--instead of thy making a new deluge, let
+hyenas appear and reduce the number of men;--instead of thy making a new
+deluge, let there be famine, and let the earth be [devastated];--instead
+of thy making a new deluge, let Dibbara appear, and let men be [mown
+down]. I have not revealed the decision of the great gods;--it is
+Khasisatra who interpreted a dream and comprehended what the gods had
+decided."
+
+"'Then, when his resolve was arrested, Bel entered into the vessel.--He
+took my hand and made me rise.--He made my wife rise, and made her place
+herself at my side--He turned around us and stopped short; he
+approached our group.--"Until now Khasisatra has made part of perishable
+humanity;--but lo, now Khasisatra and his wife are going to be carried
+away to live like the gods,--and Khasisatra will reside afar at the
+mouth of the rivers."--They carried me away, and established me in a
+remote place at the mouth of the streams.'"
+
+"This narrative," says Lenormant, "follows with great exactness the same
+course as that, or, rather, as those of Genesis; and the analogies are,
+on both sides, striking."
+
+When we consider these two forms of the same legend, we see many points
+wherein the story points directly to Atlantis.
+
+1. In the first place, Berosus tells us that the god who gave warning of
+the coming of the Deluge was Chronos. Chronos, it is well known, was the
+same as Saturn. Saturn was an ancient king of Italy, who, far anterior
+to the founding of Rome, introduced civilization from some other country
+to the Italians. He established industry and social order, filled the
+land with plenty, and created the golden age of Italy. He was suddenly
+removed to the abodes of the gods. His name is connected, in the
+mythological legends, with "a great Saturnian continent" in the Atlantic
+Ocean, and a great kingdom which, in the remote ages, embraced Northern
+Africa and the European coast of the Mediterranean as far as the
+peninsula of Italy, and "certain islands in the sea;" agreeing, in this
+respect, with the story of Plato as to the dominions of Atlantis. The
+Romans called the Atlantic Ocean "Chronium Mare," the Sea of Chronos,
+thus identifying Chronos with that ocean. The pillars of Hercules were
+also called by the ancients "the pillars of Chronos."
+
+Here, then, we have convincing testimony that the country referred to in
+the Chaldean legends was the land of Chronos, or Saturn--the ocean
+world, the dominion of Atlantis.
+
+2. Hea or Ea, the god of the Nineveh tablets, was a fish-god: he was
+represented in the Chaldean monuments as half man and half fish; he was
+described as the god, not of the rivers and seas, but of "the abyss"--to
+wit, the ocean. He it was who was said to have brought civilization and
+letters to the ancestors of the Assyrians. He clearly represented an
+ancient, maritime, civilized nation; he came from the ocean, and was
+associated with some land and people that had been destroyed by rain and
+inundations. The fact that the scene of the Deluge is located on the
+Euphrates proves nothing, for we will see hereafter that almost every
+nation had its especial mountain on which, according to its traditions,
+the ark rested; just as every Greek tribe had its own particular
+mountain of Olympos. The god Bel of the legend was the Baal of the
+Phoenicians, who, as we shall show, were of Atlantean origin. Bel, or
+Baal, was worshipped on the western and northern coasts of Europe, and
+gave his name to the Baltic, the Great and Little Belt, Balesbaugen,
+Balestranden, etc.; and to many localities, in the British Islands, as,
+for instance, Belan and the Baal hills in Yorkshire.
+
+3. In those respects wherein the Chaldean legend, evidently the older
+form of the tradition, differs from the Biblical record, we see that in
+each instance we approach nearer to Atlantis. The account given in
+Genesis is the form of the tradition that would be natural to an inland
+people. Although there is an allusion to "the breaking up of the
+fountains of the great deep" (about which I shall speak more fully
+hereafter), the principal destruction seems to have been accomplished by
+rain; hence the greater period allowed for the Deluge, to give time
+enough for the rain to fall, and subsequently drain off from the land. A
+people dwelling in the midst of a continent could not conceive the
+possibility of a whole world sinking beneath the sea; they therefore
+supposed the destruction to have been caused by a continuous down-pour
+of rain for forty days and forty nights.
+
+In the Chaldean legend, on the contrary, the rain lasted but seven days;
+and we see that the writer had a glimpse of the fact that the
+destruction occurred in the midst of or near the sea. The ark of Genesis
+(têbâh) was simply a chest, a coffer, a big box, such as might be
+imagined by an inland people. The ark of the Chaldeans was a veritable
+ship; it had a prow, a helm, and a pilot, and men to manage it; and it
+navigated "the sea."
+
+4. The Chaldean legend represents not a mere rain-storm, but a
+tremendous cataclysm. There was rain, it is true, but there was also
+thunder, lightning, earthquakes, wind, a water-spout, and a devastation
+of mountain and land by the war of the elements. All the dreadful forces
+of nature were fighting together over the doomed land: "the archangel of
+the abyss brought destruction," "the water rose to the sky," "the
+brother no longer saw his brother; men no longer knew each other;" the
+men "filled the sea like fishes;" the sea was filled with mud, and "the
+corpses floated like sea-weed." When the storm abated the land had
+totally disappeared-there was no longer "any continent." Does not all
+this accord with "that dreadful day and night" described by Plato?
+
+5. In the original it appears that Izdhubar, when he started to find the
+deified Khasisatra, travelled first, for nine days' journey, to the sea;
+then secured the services of a boatman, and, entering a ship, sailed for
+fifteen days before finding the Chaldean Noah. This would show that
+Khasisatra dwelt in a far country, one only attainable by crossing the
+water; and this, too, seems like a reminiscence of the real site of
+Atlantis. The sea which a sailing-vessel required fifteen days to cross
+must have been a very large body of water; in fact, an ocean.
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF OTHER NATIONS.
+
+A collection of the Deluge legends of other nations will throw light
+upon the Biblical and Chaldean records of that great event.
+
+The author of the treatise "On the Syrian Goddess" acquaints us with the
+diluvian tradition of the Arameans, directly derived from that of
+Chaldea, as it was narrated in the celebrated Sanctuary of Hierapolis,
+or Bambyce.
+
+"The generality of people," he says, "tells us that the founder of the
+temple was Deucalion Sisythes--that Deucalion in whose time the great
+inundation occurred. I have also heard the account given by the Greeks
+themselves of Deucalion; the myth runs thus: The actual race of men is
+not the first, for there was a previous one, all the members of which
+perished. We belong to a second race, descended from Deucalion, and
+multiplied in the course of time. As to the former men, they are said to
+have been full of insolence and pride, committing many crimes,
+disregarding their oath, neglecting the rights of hospitality, unsparing
+to suppliants; accordingly, they were punished by an immense disaster.
+All on a sudden enormous volumes of water issued from the earth, and
+rains of extraordinary abundance began to fall; the rivers left their
+beds, and the sea overflowed its shores; the whole earth was covered
+with water, and all men perished. Deucalion alone, because of his virtue
+and piety, was preserved alive to give birth to a new race. This is how
+he was saved: He placed himself, his children, and his wives in a great
+coffer that he had, in which pigs, horses, lions, serpents, and all
+other terrestrial animals came to seek refuge with him. He received them
+all; and while they were in the coffer Zeus inspired them with
+reciprocal amity, which prevented their devouring one another. In this
+manner, shut up within one single coffer, they floated as long as the
+waters remained in force. Such is the account given by the Greeks of
+Deucalion.
+
+"But to this, which they equally tell, the people of Hierapolis add a
+marvellous narrative: That in their country a great chasm opened, into
+which all the waters of the Deluge poured. Then Deucalion raised an
+altar, and dedicated a temple to Hera (Atargatis) close to this very
+chasm. I have seen it; it is very narrow, and situated under the temple.
+Whether it was once large, and has now shrunk, I do not know; but I have
+seen it, and it is quite small. In memory of the event the following is
+the rite accomplished: Twice a year sea-water is brought to the temple.
+This is not only done by the priests, but numerous pilgrims come from
+the whole of Syria and Arabia, and even from beyond the Euphrates,
+bringing water. It is poured out in the temple and goes into the cleft,
+which, narrow as it is, swallows up a considerable quantity. This is
+said to be in virtue of a religious law instituted by Deucalion to
+preserve the memory of the catastrophe, and of the benefits that he
+received from the gods. Such is the ancient tradition of the temple."
+
+"It appears to me difficult," says Lenormant, "not to recognize an echo
+of fables popular in all Semitic countries about this chasm of
+Hierapolis, and the part it played in the Deluge, in the enigmatic
+expressions of the Koran respecting the oven (tannur) which began to
+bubble and disgorge water all around at the commencement of the Deluge.
+We know that this tannur has been the occasion of most grotesque
+imaginings of Mussulman commentators, who had lost the tradition of the
+story to which Mohammed made allusion. And, moreover, the Koran formally
+states that the waters of the Deluge were absorbed in the bosom of the
+earth."
+
+Here the Xisuthros of Berosus becomes Deucalion-Sisythes. The animals
+are not collected together by Deucalion, as in the case of Noah and
+Khasisatra, but they crowded into the vessel of their own accord, driven
+by the terror with which the storm had inspired them; as in great
+calamities the creatures of the forest have been known to seek refuge in
+the houses of men.
+
+India affords us an account of the Deluge which, by its poverty,
+strikingly contrasts with that of the Bible and the Chaldeans. Its most
+simple and ancient form is found in the Çatapatha Brâhmana of the
+Rig-Veda. It has been translated for the first time by Max Müller.
+
+"One morning water for washing was brought to Mann, and when he had
+washed himself a fish remained in his hands, and it addressed these
+words to him: 'Protect me, and I will save thee.' 'From what wilt thou
+save me?' 'A deluge will sweep all creatures away; it is from that I
+will save thee.' 'How shall I protect thee?' The fish replied, 'While we
+are small we run great dangers, for fish swallow fish. Keep me at first
+in a vase; when I become too large for it, dig a basin to put me into.
+When I shall have grown still more, throw me into the ocean; then I
+shall be preserved from destruction.' Soon it grew a large fish. It said
+to Mann, 'The very year I shall have reached my full growth the Deluge
+will happen. Then build a vessel and worship me. When the waters rise,
+enter the vessel, and I will save thee.'
+
+"After keeping him thus, Mann carried the fish to the sea. In the year
+indicated Mann built a vessel and worshipped the fish. And when the
+Deluge came he entered the vessel. Then the fish came swimming up to
+him, and Mann fastened the cable of the ship to the horn of the fish, by
+which means the latter made it pass over the Mountain of the North. The
+fish said, 'I have saved thee; fasten the vessel to a tree, that the
+water may not sweep it away while thou art on the mountain; and in
+proportion as the waters decrease thou shalt descend.' Mann descended
+with the waters, and this is what is called the descent of Mann on the
+Mountain of the North. The Deluge had carried away all creatures, and
+Mann remained alone."
+
+There is another form of the Hindoo legend in the Purânas. Lenormant
+says:
+
+"We must also remark that in the Purânas it is no longer Mann Vaivasata
+that the divine fish saves from the Deluge, but a different personage,
+the King of the Dâstas--i. e., fisher--Satyravata, 'the man who loves
+justice and truth,' strikingly corresponding to the Chaldean Khasisatra.
+Nor is the Puranic version of the Legend of the Deluge to be despised,
+though it be of recent date, and full of fantastic and often puerile
+details. In certain aspects it is less Aryanized than that of Brâhmana
+or than the Mahâbhârata; and, above all, it gives some circumstances
+omitted in these earlier versions, which must yet have belonged to the
+original foundation, since they appear in the Babylonian legend; a
+circumstance preserved, no doubt, by the oral tradition--popular, and
+not Brahmanic--with which the Purânas are so deeply imbued. This has
+already been observed by Pictet, who lays due stress on the following
+passage of the Bhâgavata-Purâna: 'In seven days,' said Vishnu to
+Satyravata, 'the three worlds shall be submerged.' There is nothing like
+this in the Brâhmana nor the Mahâbhârata, but in Genesis the Lord says
+to Noah, 'Yet seven days and I will cause it to rain upon the earth;'
+and a little farther we read, 'After seven days the waters of the flood
+were upon the earth.'... Nor must we pay less attention to the
+directions given by the fish-god to Satyravata for the placing of the
+sacred Scriptures in a safe place, in order to preserve them from
+Hayagriva, a marine horse dwelling in the abyss.... We recognize in
+it, under an Indian garb, the very tradition of the interment of the
+sacred writings at Sippara by Khasisatra, such as we have seen it in the
+fragment of Berosus."
+
+The references to "the three worlds" and the "fish-god" in these legends
+point to Atlantis. The "three worlds" probably refers to the great
+empire of Atlantis, described by Plato, to wit, the western continent,
+America, the eastern continent, Europe and Africa, considered as one,
+and the island of Atlantis. As we have seen, Poseidon, the founder of
+the civilization of Atlantis, is identical with Neptune, who is always
+represented riding a dolphin, bearing a trident, or three-pronged
+symbol, in his hand, emblematical probably of the triple kingdom. He is
+thus a sea-god, or fish-god, and he comes to save the representative of
+his country.
+
+And we have also a new and singular form of the legend in the following.
+Lenormant says:
+
+"Among the Iranians, in the sacred books containing the fundamental
+Zoroastrian doctrines, and dating very far back, we meet with a
+tradition which must assuredly be looked upon as a variety of that of
+the Deluge, though possessing a special character, and diverging in some
+essential particulars from those we have been examining. It relates how
+Yima, who, in the original and primitive conception, was the father of
+the human race, was warned by Ahuramazda, the good deity, of the earth
+being about to be devastated by a flood. The god ordered Yima to
+construct a refuge, a square garden, vara, protected by an enclosure,
+and to cause the germs of men, beasts, and plants to enter it, in order
+to escape annihilation. Accordingly, when the inundation occurred, the
+garden of Yima, with all that it contained, was alone spared, and the
+message of safety was brought thither by the bird Karshipta, the envoy
+of Ahuramazda." ("Vendûdid," vol. ii., p. 46.)
+
+This clearly signifies that, prior to the destruction of Atlantis, a
+colony had been sent out to some neighboring country. These emigrants
+built a walled town, and brought to it the grains and domestic animals
+of the mother country; and when the island of Atlantis sunk in the
+ocean, a messenger brought the terrible tidings to them in a ship.
+
+"The Greeks had two principal legends as to the cataclysm by which
+primitive humanity was destroyed. The first was connected with the name
+of Ogyges, the most ancient of the kings of Boeotia or Attica--a quite
+mythical personage, lost in the night of ages, his very name seemingly
+derived from one signifying deluge in Aryan idioms, in Sanscrit Angha.
+It is said that in his time the whole land was covered by a flood, whose
+waters reached the sky, and from which he, together with some
+companions, escaped in a vessel.
+
+"The second tradition is the Thessalian legend of Deucalion. Zeus having
+worked to destroy the men of the age of bronze, with whose crimes he was
+wroth, Deucalion, by the advice of Prometheus, his father, constructed a
+coffer, in which he took refuge with his wife, Pyrrha. The Deluge came;
+the chest, or coffer, floated at the mercy of the waves for nine days
+and nine nights, and was finally stranded on Mount Parnassus. Deucalion
+and Pyrrha leave it, offer sacrifice, and, according to the command of
+Zeus, repeople the world by throwing behind them 'the bones of the
+earth'--namely, stones, which change into men. This Deluge of Deucalion
+is, in Grecian tradition, what most resembles a universal deluge. Many
+authors affirm that it extended to the whole earth, and that the whole
+human race perished. At Athens, in memory of the event, and to appease
+the manes of its victims, a ceremony called Hydrophoria was observed,
+having so close a resemblance to that in use at Hierapolis, in Syria,
+that we can hardly fail to look upon it as a Syro-Phoenician importation,
+and the result of an assimilation established in remote antiquity
+between the Deluge of Deucalion and that of Khasisatra, as described by
+the author of the treatise 'On the Syrian Goddess.' Close to the temple
+of the Olympian Zeus a fissure in the soil was shown, in length but one
+cubit, through which it was said the waters of the Deluge had been
+swallowed up. Thus, every year, on the third day of the festival of the
+Anthestéria, a day of mourning consecrated to the dead--that is, on the
+thirteenth of the month of Anthestérion, toward the beginning of
+March--it was customary, as at Bambyce, to pour water into the fissure,
+together with flour mixed with honey, poured also into the trench dug to
+the west of the tomb, in the funeral sacrifices of the Athenians."
+
+In this legend, also, there are passages which point to Atlantis. We
+will see hereafter that the Greek god Zeus was one of the kings of
+Atlantis. "The men of the age of bronze" indicates the civilization of
+the doomed people; they were the great metallurgists of their day, who,
+as we will see, were probably the source of the great number of
+implements and weapons of bronze found all over Europe. Here, also,
+while no length of time is assigned to the duration of the storm, we
+find that the ark floated but nine days and nights. Noah was one year
+and ten days in the ark, Khasisatra was not half that time, while
+Deucalion was afloat only nine days.
+
+At Megara, in Greece, it was the eponym of the city, Megaros, son of
+Zeus and one of the nymphs, Sithnides, who, warned by the cry of cranes
+of the imminence of the danger of the coming flood, took refuge on Mount
+Geranien. Again, there was the Thessalian Cerambos, who was said to have
+escaped the flood by rising into the air on wings given him by the
+nymphs; and it was Perirrhoos, son of Eolus, that Zeus Naios had
+preserved at Dodona. For the inhabitants of the Isle of Cos the hero of
+the Deluge was Merops, son of Hyas, who there assembled under his rule
+the remnant of humanity preserved with him. The traditions of Rhodes
+only supposed the Telchines, those of Crete Sasion, to have escaped the
+cataclysm. In Samothracia the same character was attributed to Saon,
+said to be the son of Zeus or of Hermes.
+
+It will be observed that in all these legends the name of Zeus, King of
+Atlantis, reappears. It would appear probable that many parties had
+escaped from the catastrophe, and had landed at the different points
+named in the traditions; or else that colonies had already been
+established by the Atlanteans at those places. It would appear
+impossible that a maritime people could be totally destroyed; doubtless
+many were on shipboard in the harbors, and others going and coming on
+distant voyages.
+
+"The invasion of the East," says Baldwin ('Prehistoric Nations,' p.
+396), "to which the story of Atlantis refers, seems to have given rise
+to the Panathenæ, the oldest, greatest, and most splendid festivals in
+honor of Athena celebrated in Attica. These festivals are said to have
+been established by Erichthonis in the most ancient times remembered by
+the historical traditions of Athens. Boeckh says of them, in his
+'Commentary on Plato:'
+
+"'In the greater Panathenæ there was carried in procession a peplum of
+Minerva, representing the war with the giants and the victory of the
+gods of Olympus. In the lesser Panathenæ they carried another peplum
+(covered with symbolic devices), which showed how the Athenians,
+supported by Minerva, had the advantage in the war with the Atlantes.' A
+scholia quoted from Proclus by Humboldt and Boeckh says: 'The historians
+who speak of the islands of the exterior sea tell us that in their time
+there were seven islands consecrated to Proserpine, and three others of
+immense extent, of which the first was consecrated to Pluto, the second
+to Ammon, and the third to Neptune. The inhabitants of the latter had
+preserved a recollection (transmitted to them by their ancestors) of the
+island of Atlantis, which was extremely large, and for a long time held
+sway over all the islands of the Atlantic Ocean. Atlantis was also
+consecrated to Neptune."' (See Humboldt's "Histoire de la Géographie du
+Nouveau Continent," vol. i.)
+
+No one can read these legends and doubt that the Flood was an
+historical reality. It is impossible that in two different places in the
+Old World, remote from each other, religious ceremonies should have been
+established and perpetuated from age to age in memory of an event which
+never occurred. We have seen that at Athens and at Hierapolis, in Syria,
+pilgrims came from a distance to appease the god of the earthquake, by
+pouring offerings into fissures of the earth said to have been made at
+the time Atlantis was destroyed.
+
+More than this, we know from Plato's history that the Athenians long
+preserved in their books the memory of a victory won over the Atlanteans
+in the early ages, and celebrated it by national festivals, with
+processions and religious ceremonies.
+
+It is too much to ask us to believe that Biblical history, Chaldean,
+Iranian, and Greek legends signify nothing, and that even religious
+pilgrimages and national festivities were based upon a myth.
+
+I would call attention to the farther fact that in the Deluge legend of
+the Isle of Cos the hero of the affair was Merops. Now we have seen
+that, according to Theopompus, one of the names of the people of
+Atlantis was "Meropes."
+
+But we have not reached the end of our Flood legends. The Persian Magi
+possessed a tradition in which the waters issued from the oven of an old
+woman. Mohammed borrowed this story, and in the Koran he refers to the
+Deluge as coming from an oven. "All men were drowned save Noah and his
+family; and then God said, 'O earth, swallow up thy waters; and thou, O
+heaven, withhold thy rain;' and immediately the waters abated."
+
+In the bardic poems of Wales we have a tradition of the Deluge which,
+although recent, under the concise forms of the triads, is still
+deserving of attention. As usual, the legend is localized in the
+country, and the Deluge counts among three terrible catastrophes of the
+island of Prydian, or Britain, the other two consisting of devastation
+by fire and by drought.
+
+"The first of these events," it is said, "was the eruption of
+Llyn-llion, or 'the lake of waves,' and the inundation (bawdd) of the
+whole country, by which all mankind was drowned with the exception of
+Dwyfam and Dwyfach, who saved themselves in a vessel without rigging,
+and it was by them that the island of Prydian was repeopled."
+
+Pictet here observes:
+
+"Although the triads in their actual form hardly date farther than the
+thirteenth or fourteenth century, some of them are undoubtedly connected
+with very ancient traditions, and nothing here points to a borrowing
+from Genesis.
+
+"But it is not so, perhaps, with another triad, speaking of the vessel
+Nefyddnaf-Neifion, which at the time of the overflow of Llyon-llion,
+bore a pair of all living creatures, and rather too much resembles the
+ark of Noah. The very name of the patriarch may have suggested this
+triple epithet, obscure as to its meaning, but evidently formed on the
+principle of Cymric alliteration. In the same triad we have the
+enigmatic story of the horned oxen (ychain banog) of Hu the mighty, who
+drew out of Llyon-llion the avanc (beaver or crocodile?), in order that
+the lake should not overflow. The meaning of these enigmas could only be
+hoped from deciphering the chaos of barbaric monuments of the Welsh
+middle age; but meanwhile we cannot doubt that the Cymri possessed an
+indigenous tradition of the Deluge."
+
+We also find a vestige of the same tradition in the Scandinavian Edda.
+Here the story is combined with a cosmogonic myth. The three sons of
+Borr--Othin, Wili, and We--grandsons of Buri, the first man, slay Ymir,
+the father of the Hrimthursar, or ice giants, and his body serves them
+for the construction of the world. Blood flows from his wounds in such
+abundance that all the race of giants is drowned in it except Bergelmir,
+who saves himself, with his wife, in a boat, and reproduces the race.
+
+In the Edda of Soemund, "The Vala's Prophecy" (stz. 48-56, p. 9), we seem
+to catch traditional glimpses of a terrible catastrophe, which reminds
+us of the Chaldean legend:
+
+"Then trembles Yggdrasil's ash yet standing, groans that ancient tree,
+and the Jötun Loki is loosed. The shadows groan on the ways of Hel (the
+goddess of death), until the fire of Surt has consumed the tree. Hyrm
+steers from the east, the waters rise, the mundane snake is coiled in
+jötun-rage. The worm beats the water and the eagle screams; the pale of
+beak tears carcasses; (the ship) Naglfar is loosed. Surt from the south
+comes with flickering flame; shines from his sword the Valgod's sun. The
+stony hills are dashed together, the giantesses totter; men tread the
+path of Hel, and heaven is cloven. The sun darkens, earth in ocean
+sinks, fall from heaven the bright stars, fire's breath assails the
+all-nourishing, towering fire plays against heaven itself."
+
+Egypt does not contain a single allusion to the Flood. Lenormant says:
+
+"While the tradition of the Deluge holds so considerable a place in the
+legendary memories of all branches of the Aryan race, the monuments and
+original texts of Egypt, with their many cosmogonic speculations, have
+not afforded one, even distant, allusion to this cataclysm. When the
+Greeks told the Egyptian priests of the Deluge of Deucalion, their reply
+was that they had been preserved from it as well as from the
+conflagration produced by Phaëthon; they even added that the Hellenes
+were childish in attaching so much importance to that event, as there
+had been several other local catastrophes resembling it. According to a
+passage in Manetho, much suspected, however, of being an interpolation,
+Thoth, or Hermes Trismegistus, had himself, before the cataclysm,
+inscribed on stelæ, in hieroglyphical and sacred language, the
+principles of all knowledge. After it the second Thoth translated into
+the vulgar tongue the contents of these stelæ. This would be the only
+Egyptian mention of the Deluge, the same Manetho not speaking of it in
+what remains to us of his 'Dynasties,' his only complete authentic work.
+The silence of all other myths of the Pharaonic religion on this head
+render it very likely that the above is merely a foreign tradition,
+recently introduced, and no doubt of Asiatic and Chaldean origin."
+
+To my mind the explanation of this singular omission is very plain. The
+Egyptians had preserved in their annals the precise history of the
+destruction of Atlantis, out of which the Flood legends grew; and, as
+they told the Greeks, there had been no universal flood, but only local
+catastrophes. Possessing the real history of the local catastrophe which
+destroyed Atlantis, they did not indulge in any myths about a universal
+deluge covering the mountain-tops of all the world. They had no Ararat
+in their neighborhood.
+
+The traditions of the early Christian ages touching the Deluge pointed
+to the quarter of the world in which Atlantis was situated.
+
+There was a quaint old monk named Cosmos, who, about one thousand years
+ago, published a book, "Topographia Christiana," accompanied by a map,
+in which he gives his view of the world as it was then understood. It
+was a body surrounded by water, and resting on nothing. "The earth,"
+says Cosmos, "presses downward, but the igneous parts tend upward," and
+between the conflicting forces the earth hangs suspended, like
+Mohammed's coffin in the old story. The accompanying illustration (page
+95) represents the earth surrounded by the ocean, and beyond this ocean
+was "the land where men dwelt before the Deluge."
+
+He then gives us a more accurate map, in detail, of the known world of
+his day.
+
+I copy this map, not to show how much more we know than poor Cosmos, but
+because he taught that all around this habitable world there was yet
+another world, adhering closely on all sides to the circumscribing walls
+of heaven. "Upon the eastern side of this transmarine land he judges man
+was created; and that there the paradise of gladness was located, such
+as here on the eastern edge is described, where it received our first
+parents, driven out of Paradise to that extreme point of land on the
+sea-shore. Hence, upon the coming of the Deluge, Noah and his sons were
+borne by the ark to the earth we now inhabit. The four rivers he
+supposes to be gushing up the spouts of Paradise." They are depicted on
+the above map: O is the Mediterranean Sea; P, the Arabian Gulf; L, the
+Caspian Sea; Q, the Tigris; M, the river Pison; "and J, the land where
+men dwelt before the Flood."
+
+It will be observed that, while he locates Paradise in the east, he
+places the scene of the Deluge in the west; and he supposes that Noah
+came from the scene of the Deluge to Europe.
+
+This shows that the traditions in the time of Cosmos looked to the west
+as the place of the Deluge, and that after the Deluge Noah came to the
+shores of the Mediterranean. The fact, too, that there was land in the
+west beyond the ocean is recognized by Cosmos, and is probably a dim
+echo from Atlantean times.
+
+                       MAP OF EUROPE, AFTER COSMOS
+
+The following rude cut, from Cosmos, represents the high mountain in the
+north behind which the sun hid himself at night, thus producing the
+alternations of day and night. His solar majesty is just getting behind
+the mountain, while Luna looks calmly on at the operation. The mountain
+is as crooked as Culhuacan, the crooked mountain of Atzlan described by
+the Aztecs.
+
+                THE MOUNTAIN THE SUN GOES BEHIND AT NIGHT
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICA.
+
+"It is a very remarkable fact," says Alfred Maury, "that we find in
+America traditions of the Deluge coming infinitely nearer to that of the
+Bible and the Chaldean religion than among any people of the Old World.
+It is difficult to suppose that the emigration that certainly took place
+from Asia into North America by the Kourile and Aleutian Islands, and
+still does so in our day, should have brought in these memories, since
+no trace is found of them among those Mongol or Siberian populations
+which were fused with the natives of the New World.... The attempts
+that have been made to trace the origin of Mexican civilization to Asia
+have not as yet led to any sufficiently conclusive facts. Besides, had
+Buddhism, which we doubt, made its way into America, it could not have
+introduced a myth not found in its own scriptures. The cause of these
+similarities between the diluvian traditions of the nations of the New
+World and that of the Bible remains therefore unexplained."
+
+The cause of these similarities can be easily explained: the legends of
+the Flood did not pass into America by way of the Aleutian Islands, or
+through the Buddhists of Asia, but were derived from an actual knowledge
+of Atlantis possessed by the people of America.
+
+Atlantis and the western continent had from an immemorial age held
+intercourse with each other: the great nations of America were simply
+colonies from Atlantis, sharing in its civilization, language, religion,
+and blood. From Mexico to the peninsula of Yucatan, from the shores of
+Brazil to the heights of Bolivia and Peru, from the Gulf of Mexico to
+the head-waters of the Mississippi River, the colonies of Atlantis
+extended; and therefore it is not strange to find, as Alfred Maury says,
+American traditions of the Deluge coming nearer to that of the Bible and
+the Chaldean record than those of any people of the Old World.
+
+"The most important among the American traditions are the Mexican, for
+they appear to have been definitively fixed by symbolic and mnemonic
+paintings before any contact with Europeans. According to these
+documents, the Noah of the Mexican cataclysm was Coxcox, called by
+certain peoples Teocipactli or Tezpi. He had saved himself, together
+with his wife Xochiquetzal, in a bark, or, according to other
+traditions, on a raft made of cypress-wood (Cupressus disticha).
+Paintings retracing the deluge of Coxcox have been discovered among the
+Aztecs, Miztecs, Zapotecs, Tlascaltecs, and Mechoacaneses. The tradition
+of the latter is still more strikingly in conformity with the story as
+we have it in Genesis, and in Chaldean sources. It tells how Tezpi
+embarked in a spacious vessel with his wife, his children, and several
+animals, and grain, whose preservation was essential to the subsistence
+of the human race. When the great god Tezcatlipoca decreed that the
+waters should retire, Tezpi sent a vulture from the bark. The bird,
+feeding on the carcasses with which the earth was laden, did not return.
+Tezpi sent out other birds, of which the humming-bird only came back
+with a leafy branch in its beak. Then Tezpi, seeing that the country
+began to vegetate, left his bark on the mountain of Colhuacan.
+
+"The document, however, that gives the most valuable information," says
+Lenormant, "as to the cosmogony of the Mexicans is one known as 'Codex
+Vaticanus,' from the library where it is preserved. It consists of four
+symbolic pictures, representing the four ages of the world preceding the
+actual one. They were copied at Chobula from a manuscript anterior to
+the conquest, and accompanied by the explanatory commentary of Pedro de
+los Rios, a Dominican monk, who, in 1566, less than fifty years after
+the arrival of Cortez, devoted himself to the research of indigenous
+traditions as being necessary to his missionary work."
+
+There were, according to this document, four ages of the world. The
+first was an age of giants (the great mammalia?) who were destroyed by
+famine; the second age ended in a conflagration; the third age was an
+age of monkeys.
+
+"Then comes the fourth age, Atonatiuh, 'Sun of Water,' whose number is
+10 X 400 + 8, or 4008. It ends by a great inundation, a veritable
+deluge. All mankind are changed into fish, with the exception of one man
+and his wife, who save themselves in a bark made of the trunk of a
+cypress-tree. The picture represents Matlalcueye, goddess of waters, and
+consort of Tlaloc, god of rain, as darting down toward earth. Coxcox and
+Xochiquetzal, the two human beings preserved, are seen seated on a
+tree-trunk and floating in the midst of the waters. This flood is
+represented as the last cataclysm that devastates the earth."
+
+The learned Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg translates from the Aztec
+language of the "Codex Chimalpopoca" the following Flood legend:
+
+"This is the sun called Nahui-atl, '4 water.' Now the water was tranquil
+for forty years, plus twelve, and men lived for the third and fourth
+times. When the sun Nahui-atl came there had passed away four hundred
+years, plus two ages, plus seventy-six years. Then all mankind was lost
+and drowned, and found themselves changed into fish. The sky came nearer
+the water. In a single day all was lost, and the day Nahui-xochitl, '4
+flower,' destroyed all our flesh.
+
+"And that year was that of cé-calli, '1 house,' and the day Nahui-atl
+all was lost. Even the mountains sunk into the water, and the water
+remained tranquil for fifty-two springs.
+
+"Now at the end of the year the god Titlacahuan had warned Nata and his
+spouse Nena, saying, 'Make no more wine of Agave, but begin to hollow
+out a great cypress, and you will enter into it when in the month
+Tozontli the water approaches the sky.'
+
+"Then they entered in, and when the god had closed the door, he said,
+'Thou shalt eat but one ear of maize, and thy wife one also.'
+
+"But as soon as they had finished they went out, and the water remained
+calm, for the wood no longer moved, and, on opening it, they began to
+see fish.
+
+"Then they lit a fire, by rubbing together pieces of wood, and they
+roasted fish.
+
+"The gods Citlallinicué and Citlalatonac, instantly looking down said:
+'Divine Lord, what is that fire that is making there? Why do they thus
+smoke the sky?' At once Titlacahuan-Tezcatlipoca descended. He began to
+chide, saying, 'Who has made this fire here?' And, seizing hold of the
+fish, he shaped their loins and heads, and they were transformed into
+dogs (chichime)."
+
+Here we note a remarkable approximation to Plato's account of the
+destruction of Atlantis. "In one day and one fatal night," says Plato,
+"there came mighty earthquakes and inundations that ingulfed that
+warlike people." "In a single day all was lost," says the Aztec legend.
+And, instead of a rainfall of forty days and forty nights, as
+represented in the Bible, here we see "in a single day ... even the
+mountains sunk into the water;" not only the land on which the people
+dwelt who were turned into fish, but the very mountains of that land
+sunk into the water. Does not this describe the fate of Atlantis? In the
+Chaldean legend "the great goddess Ishtar wailed like a child," saying,
+"I am the mother who gave birth to men, and, like to the race of fishes,
+they are filling the sea."
+
+In the account in Genesis, Noah "builded an altar unto the Lord, and
+took of every clean beast, and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt
+offerings on the altar. And the Lord smelled a sweet savor; and the Lord
+said in his heart, 'I will not again curse the ground any more for man's
+sake.'" In the Chaldean legend we are told that Khasisatra also offered
+a sacrifice, a burnt offering, "and the gods assembled like flies above
+the master of the sacrifice." But Bel came in a high state of
+indignation, just as the Aztec god did, and was about to finish the work
+of the Deluge, when the great god Ea took pity in his heart and
+interfered to save the remnant of mankind.
+
+These resemblances cannot be accidental; neither can they be the
+interpolations of Christian missionaries, for it will be observed the
+Aztec legends differ from the Bible in points where they resemble on the
+one hand Plato's record, and on the other the Chaldean legend.
+
+The name of the hero of the Aztec story, Nata, pronounced with the broad
+sound of the a, is not far from the name of Noah or Noe. The Deluge of
+Genesis is a Phoenician, Semitic, or Hebraic legend, and yet, strange to
+say, the name of Noah, which occurs in it, bears no appropriate meaning
+in those tongues, but is derived from Aryan sources; its fundamental
+root is Na, to which in all the Aryan language is attached the meaning
+of water--{Greek} na'ein, to flow; {Greek} na~ma, water; Nympha,
+Neptunus, water deities. (Lenormant and Chevallier, "Anc. Hist. of the
+East," vol. i., p. 15.) We find the root Na repeated in the name of this
+Central American Noah, Na-ta, and probably in the word "Na-hui-atl"--the
+age of water.
+
+But still more striking analogies exist between the Chaldean legend and
+the story of the Deluge as told in the "Popul Vuh" (the Sacred Book) of
+the Central Americans:
+
+"Then the waters were agitated by the will of the Heart of Heaven
+(Hurakan), and a great inundation came upon the heads of these
+creatures.... They were ingulfed, and a resinous thickness descended
+from heaven; ... the face of the earth was obscured, and a heavy
+darkening rain commenced--rain by day and rain by night.... There was
+heard a great noise above their heads, as if produced by fire. Then were
+men seen running, pushing each other, filled with despair; they wished
+to climb upon their houses, and the houses, tumbling down, fell to the
+ground; they wished to climb upon the trees, and the trees shook them
+off; they wished to enter into the grottoes (caves), and the grottoes
+closed themselves before them.... Water and fire contributed to the
+universal ruin at the time of the last great cataclysm which preceded
+the fourth creation."
+
+Observe the similarities here to the Chaldean legend. There is the same
+graphic description of a terrible event. The "black cloud" is referred
+to in both instances; also the dreadful noises, the rising water, the
+earthquake rocking the trees, overthrowing the houses, and crushing even
+the mountain caverns; "the men running and pushing each other, filled
+with despair," says the "Popul Vuh;" "the brother no longer saw his
+brother," says the Assyrian legend.
+
+And here I may note that this word hurakan--the spirit of the abyss, the
+god of storm, the hurricane--is very suggestive, and testifies to an
+early intercourse between the opposite shores of the Atlantic. We find
+in Spanish the word huracan; in Portuguese, furacan; in French, ouragan;
+in German, Danish, and Swedish, orcan--all of them signifying a storm;
+while in Latin furo, or furio, means to rage. And are not the old
+Swedish hurra, to be driven along; our own word hurried; the Icelandic
+word hurra, to be rattled over frozen ground, all derived from the same
+root from which the god of the abyss, Hurakan, obtained his name? The
+last thing a people forgets is the name of their god; we retain to this
+day, in the names of the days of the week, the designations of four
+Scandinavian gods and one Roman deity.
+
+It seems to me certain the above are simply two versions of the same
+event; that while ships from Atlantis carried terrified passengers to
+tell the story of the dreadful catastrophe to the people of the
+Mediterranean shores, other ships, flying from the tempest, bore similar
+awful tidings to the civilized races around the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+The native Mexican historian, Ixtlilxochitl, gave this as the Toltec
+legend of the Flood:
+
+It is found in the histories of the Toltecs that this age and first
+world, as they call it, lasted 1716 years; that men were destroyed by
+tremendous rains and lightning from the sky, and even all the land,
+without the exception of anything, and the highest mountains, were
+covered up and submerged in water fifteen cubits (caxtolmolatli); and
+here they added other fables of how men came to multiply from the few
+who escaped from this destruction in a "toptlipetlocali;" that this word
+nearly signifies a close chest; and how, after men had multiplied, they
+erected a very high "zacuali," which is to-day a tower of great height,
+in order to take refuge in it should the second world (age) be
+destroyed. Presently their languages were confused, and, not being able
+to understand each other, they went to different parts of the earth.
+
+"The Toltecs, consisting of seven friends, with their wives, who
+understood the same language, came to these parts, having first passed
+great land and seas, having lived in caves, and having endured great
+hardships in order to reach this land; ... they wandered 104 years
+through different parts of the world before they reached Hue Hue
+Tlapalan, which was in Ce Tecpatl, 520 years after the Flood."
+("Ixtlilxochitl Relaciones," in Kingsborough's "Mex. Ant.," vol. ix.,
+pp. 321, 322.)
+
+It will of course be said that this account, in those particulars where
+it agrees with the Bible, was derived from the teachings of the Spanish
+priests; but it must be remembered that Ixtlilxochitl was an Indian, a
+native of Tezeuco, a son of the queen, and that his "Relaciones" were
+drawn from the archives of his family and the ancient writings of his
+nation: he had no motive to falsify documents that were probably in the
+hands of hundreds at that time.
+
+Here we see that the depth of the water over the earth, "fifteen
+cubits," given in the Toltec legend, is precisely the same as that named
+in the Bible: "fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail." (Gen.,
+chap. vii., 20.)
+
+In the two curious picture-histories of the Aztecs preserved in the
+Boturini collection, and published by Gamelli Careri and others, there
+is a record of their migrations from their original location through
+various parts of the North American continent until their arrival in
+Mexico. In both cases their starting-point is an island, from which they
+pass in a boat; and the island contains in one case a mountain, and in
+the other a high temple in the midst thereof. These things seem to be
+reminiscences of their origin in Atlantis.
+
+In each case we see the crooked mountain of the Aztec legends, the
+Calhuacan, looking not unlike the bent mountain of the monk, Cosmos.
+
+In the legends of the Chibchas of Bogota we seem to have distinct
+reminiscences of Atlantis. Bochica was their leading divinity. During
+two thousand years he employed himself in elevating his subjects. He
+lived in the sun, while his wife Chia occupied the moon. This would
+appear to be an allusion to the worship of the sun and moon. Beneath
+Bochica in their mythology was Chibchacum. In an angry mood he brought a
+deluge on the people of the table-land. Bochica punished him for this
+act, and obliged him ever after, like Atlas, to bear the burden of the
+earth on his back. Occasionally be shifts the earth from one shoulder to
+another, and this causes earthquakes!
+
+Here we have allusions to an ancient people who, during thousands of
+years, were elevated in the scale of civilization, and were destroyed by
+a deluge; and with this is associated an Atlantean god bearing the world
+on his back. We find even the rainbow appearing in connection with this
+legend. When Bochica appeared in answer to prayer to quell the deluge he
+is seated on a rainbow. He opened a breach in the earth at Tequendama,
+through which the waters of the flood escaped, precisely as we have seen
+them disappearing through the crevice in the earth near Bambyce, in
+Greece.
+
+The Toltecs traced their migrations back to a starting-point called
+"Aztlan," or "Atlan." This could be no other than, Atlantis. (Bancroft's
+"Native Races," vol. v., p. 221.) "The original home of the Nahuatlacas
+was Aztlan, the location of which has been the subject of much
+discussion. The causes that led to their exodus from that country can
+only be conjectured; but they may be supposed to have been driven out by
+their enemies, for Aztlan is described as a land too fair and beautiful
+to be left willingly in the mere hope of finding a better." (Bancroft's
+"Native Races," vol. v., p. 306.) The Aztecs also claimed to have come
+originally from Aztlan. (Ibid., p. 321.) Their very name, Aztecs, was
+derived from Aztlan. (Ibid., vol. ii., p. 125). They were Atlanteans.
+
+The "Popul Vuh" tells us that after the migration from Aztlan three sons
+of the King of the Quiches, upon the death of their father, "determined
+to go as their fathers had ordered to the East, on the shores of the sea
+whence their fathers had come, to receive the royalty, 'bidding adieu to
+their brothers and friends, and promising to return.' Doubtless they
+passed over the sea when they went to the East to receive the royalty.
+Now this is the name of the lord, of the monarch of the people of the
+East where they went. And when they arrived before the lord Nacxit, the
+name of the great lord, the only judge, whose power was without limit,
+behold he granted them the sign of royalty and all that represents
+it ... and the insignia of royalty ... all the things, in fact,
+which they brought on their return, and which they went to receive
+from the other side of the sea--the art of painting from Tulan, a
+system of writing, they said, for the things recorded in their
+histories." (Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. v., p. 553 "Popul
+Vuh," p. 294.)
+
+This legend not only points to the East as the place of origin of these
+races, but also proves that this land of the East, this Aztlan, this
+Atlantis, exercised dominion over the colonies in Central America, and
+furnished them with the essentials of civilization. How completely does
+this agree with the statement of Plato that the kings of Atlantis held
+dominion over parts of "the great opposite continent!"
+
+Professor Valentini ("Maya Archæol.," p. 23) describes an Aztec picture
+in the work of Gemelli ("Il giro del mondo," vol. vi.) of the migration
+of the Aztecs from Aztlan:
+
+"Out of a sheet of water there projects the peak of a mountain; on it
+stands a tree, and on the tree a bird spreads its wings. At the foot of
+the mountain-peak there comes out of the water the heads of a man and a
+woman. The one wears on his head the symbol of his name, Coxcox, a
+pheasant. The other head bears that of a hand with a bouquet (xochitl, a
+flower, and quetzal, shining in green gold). In the foreground is a
+boat, out of which a naked man stretches out his hand imploringly to
+heaven. Now turn to the sculpture in the Flood tablet (on the great
+Calendar stone). There you will find represented the Flood, and with
+great emphasis, by the accumulation of all those symbols with which the
+ancient Mexicans conveyed the idea of water: a tub of standing water,
+drops springing out--not two, as heretofore in the symbol for Atl,
+water--but four drops; the picture for moisture, a snail; above, a
+crocodile, the king of the rivers. In the midst of these symbols you
+notice the profile of a man with a fillet, and a smaller one of a woman.
+There can be no doubt these are the Mexican Noah, Coxcox, and his wife,
+Xochiquetzal; and at the same time it is evident (the Calendar stone, we
+know, was made in A.D., 1478) that the story of them, and the pictures
+representing the story, have not been invented by the Catholic clergy,
+but really existed among these nations long before the Conquest."
+
+The above figure represents the Flood tablet on the great Calendar stone.
+
+When we turn to the uncivilized Indians of America, while we still find
+legends referring to the Deluge, they are, with one exception, in such
+garbled and uncouth forms that we can only see glimpses of the truth
+shining through a mass of fable.
+
+The following tradition was current among the Indians of the Great Lakes:
+
+"In former times the father of the Indian tribes dwelt toward the rising
+sun. Having been warned in a dream that a deluge was coming upon the
+earth, he built a raft, on which he saved himself, with his family and
+all the animals. He floated thus for several months. The animals, who at
+that time spoke, loudly complained and murmured against him. At last a
+new earth appeared, on which he landed with all the animals, who from
+that time lost the power of speech, as a punishment for their murmurs
+against their deliverer."
+
+According to Father Charlevoix, the tribes of Canada and the valley of
+the Mississippi relate in their rude legends that all mankind was
+destroyed by a flood, and that the Good Spirit, to repeople the earth,
+had changed animals into men. It is to J. S. Kohl we owe our
+acquaintance with the version of the Chippeways--full of grotesque and
+perplexing touches--in which the man saved from the Deluge is called
+Menaboshu. To know if the earth be drying, he sends a bird, the diver,
+out of his bark; then becomes the restorer of the human race and the
+founder of existing society.
+
+A clergyman who visited the Indians north-west of the Ohio in 1764 met,
+at a treaty, a party of Indians from the west of the Mississippi.
+
+"They informed him that one of their most ancient traditions was that, a
+great while ago, they had a common father, who lived toward the rising
+of the sun, and governed the whole world; that all the white people's
+heads were under his feet; that he had twelve sons, by whom he
+administered the government; that the twelve sons behaved very bad, and
+tyrannized over the people, abusing their power; that the Great Spirit,
+being thus angry with them, suffered the white people to introduce
+spirituous liquors among them, made them drunk, stole the special gift
+of the Great Spirit from them, and by this means usurped power over
+them; and ever since the Indians' heads were under the white people's
+feet." (Boudinot's "Star in the West," p. 111.)
+
+Here we note that they looked "toward the rising sun"--toward
+Atlantis--for the original home of their race; that this region governed
+"the whole world;" that it contained white people, who were at first a
+subject race, but who subsequently rebelled, and acquired dominion over
+the darker races. We will see reason hereafter to conclude that Atlantis
+had a composite population, and that the rebellion of the Titans in
+Greek mythology was the rising up of a subject population.
+
+In 1836 C. S. Rafinesque published in Philadelphia, Pa., a work called
+"The American Nations," in which he gives the historical songs or chants
+of the Lenni-Lenapi, or Delaware Indians, the tribe that originally
+dwelt along the Delaware River. After describing a time "when there was
+nothing but sea-water on top of the land," and the creation of sun,
+moon, stars, earth, and man, the legend depicts the Golden Age and the
+Fall in these words: "All were willingly pleased, all were
+easy-thinking, and all were well-happified. But after a while a
+snake-priest, Powako, brings on earth secretly the snake-worship
+(Initako) of the god of the snakes, Wakon. And there came wickedness,
+crime, and unhappiness. And bad weather was coming, distemper was
+coming, with death was coming. All this happened very long ago, at the
+first land, Netamaki, beyond the great ocean Kitahikau." Then follows
+the Song of the Flood:
+
+"There was, long ago, a powerful snake, Maskanako, when the men had
+become bad beings, Makowini. This strong snake had become the foe of the
+Jins, and they became troubled, hating each other. Both were fighting,
+both were spoiling, both were never peaceful. And they were fighting,
+least man Mattapewi with dead-keeper Nihaulowit. And the strong snake
+readily resolved to destroy or fight the beings or the men. The dark
+snake he brought, the monster (Amanyam) he brought, snake-rushing water
+he brought (it). Much water is rushing, much go to hills, much
+penetrate, much destroying. Meanwhile at Tula (this is the same Tula
+referred to in the Central American legends), at THAT ISLAND, Nana-Bush
+(the great hare Nana) becomes the ancestor of beings and men. Being born
+creeping, he is ready to move and dwell at Tula. The beings and men all
+go forth from the flood creeping in shallow water or swimming afloat,
+asking which is the way to the turtle-back, Tula-pin. But there are many
+monsters in the way, and some men were devoured by them. But the
+daughter of a spirit helped them in a boat, saying, 'Come, come;' they
+were coming and were helped. The name of the boat or raft is Mokol....
+Water running off, it is drying; in the plains and the mountains, at
+the path of the cave, elsewhere went the powerful action or motion."
+Then follows Song 3, describing the condition of mankind after the
+Flood. Like the Aryans, they moved into a cold country: "It freezes was
+there; it snows was there; it is cold was there." They move to a milder
+region to hunt cattle; they divided their forces into tillers and
+hunters. "The good and the holy were the hunters; they spread
+themselves north, south, east, and west." Meantime all the snakes were
+afraid in their huts, and the Snake-priest Nakopowa said to all, 'Let us
+go.' Eastwardly they go forth at Snakeland (Akhokink), and they went
+away earnestly grieving." Afterward the fathers of the Delawares, who
+"were always boating and navigating," find that the Snake-people have
+taken possession of a fine country; and they collect together the people
+from north, south, east, and west, and attempt "to pass over the waters
+of the frozen sea to possess that land." They seem to travel in the dark
+of an Arctic winter until they come to a gap of open sea. They can go no
+farther; but some tarry at Firland, while the rest return to where they
+started from, "the old turtle land."
+
+Here we find that the land that was destroyed was the "first land;" that
+it was an island "beyond the great ocean." In an early age the people
+were happy and peaceful; they became wicked; "snake worship" was
+introduced, and was associated, as in Genesis, with the "fall of man;"
+Nana-Bush became the ancestor of the new race; his name reminds us of
+the Toltec Nata and the Hebrew Noah. After the flood came a dispersing
+of the people, and a separation into hunters and tillers of the soil.
+
+Among the Mandan Indians we not only find flood legends, but, more
+remarkable still, we find an image of the ark preserved from generation
+to generation, and a religious ceremony performed which refers plainly
+to the destruction of Atlantis, and to the arrival of one of those who
+escaped from the Flood, bringing the dreadful tidings of the disaster.
+It must be remembered, as we will show hereafter, that many of these
+Mandan Indians were white men, with hazel, gray, and blue eyes, and all
+shades of color of the hair from black to pure white; that they dwelt in
+houses in fortified towns, and manufactured earthen-ware pots in which
+they could boil water--an art unknown to the ordinary Indians, who
+boiled water by putting heated stones into it.
+
+I quote the very interesting account of George Catlin, who visited the
+Mandans nearly fifty years ago, lately republished in London in the
+"North American Indians," a very curious and valuable work. He says
+(vol. i., p. 88):
+
+"In the centre of the village is an open space, or public square, 150
+feet in diameter and circular in form, which is used for all public
+games and festivals, shows and exhibitions. The lodges around this open
+space front in, with their doors toward the centre; and in the middle
+of this stands an object of great religious veneration, on account of
+the importance it has in connection with the annual religious
+ceremonies. This object is in the form of a large hogshead, some eight
+or ten feet high, made of planks and hoops, containing within it some of
+their choicest mysteries or medicines. They call it the 'Big Canoe.'"
+
+This is a representation of the ark; the ancient Jews venerated a
+similar image, and some of the ancient Greek States followed in
+processions a model of the ark of Deucalion. But it is indeed surprising
+to find this practice perpetuated, even to our own times, by a race of
+Indians in the heart of America. On page 158 of the first volume of the
+same work Catlin describes the great annual mysteries and religious
+ceremonials of which this image of the ark was the centre. He says:
+
+"On the day set apart for the commencement of the ceremonies a solitary
+figure is seen approaching the village.
+
+"During the deafening din and confusion within the pickets of the
+village the figure discovered on the prairie continued to approach with
+a dignified step, and in a right line toward the village; all eyes were
+upon him, and he at length made his appearance within the pickets, and
+proceeded toward the centre of the village, where all the chiefs and
+braves stood ready to receive him, which they did in a cordial manner by
+shaking hands, recognizing him as an old acquaintance, and pronouncing
+his name, Nu-mohk-muck-a-nah (the first or only man). The body of this
+strange personage, which was chiefly naked, was painted with white clay,
+so as to resemble at a distance a white man. He enters the medicine
+lodge, and goes through certain mysterious ceremonies.
+
+"During the whole of this day Nu-mohk-muck-a-nah (the first or only man)
+travelled through the village, stopping in front of each man's lodge,
+and crying until the owner of the lodge came out and asked who he was,
+and what was the matter? To which he replied by narrating the sad
+catastrophe which had happened on the earth's surface by the overflowing
+of the waters, saying that 'he was the only person saved from the
+universal calamity; that he landed his big canoe on a high mountain in
+the west, where he now resides; that he has come to open the medicine
+lodge, which must needs receive a present of an edged tool from the
+owner of every wigwam, that it may be sacrificed to the water; for,' he
+says, 'if this is not done there will be another flood, and no one will
+be saved, as it was with such tools that the big canoe was made.'
+
+"Having visited every lodge in the village during the day, and having
+received such a present from each as a hatchet, a knife, etc. (which is
+undoubtedly always prepared ready for the occasion), be places them in
+the medicine lodge; and, on the last day of the ceremony, they are
+thrown into a deep place in the river--'sacrificed to the Spirit of the
+Waters."'
+
+Among the sacred articles kept in the great medicine lodge are four
+sacks of water, called Eeh-teeh-ka, sewed together, each of them in the
+form of a tortoise lying on its back, with a bunch of eagle feathers
+attached to its tail. "These four tortoises," they told me, "contained
+the waters from the four quarters of the world--that those waters had
+been contained therein ever since the settling down of the waters," "I
+did not," says Catlin, who knew nothing of an Atlantis theory, "think it
+best to advance anything against such a ridiculous belief." Catlin tried
+to purchase one of these water-sacks, but could not obtain it for any
+price; he was told they were "a society property."
+
+He then describes a dance by twelve men around the ark: "They arrange
+themselves according to the four cardinal points; two are painted
+perfectly black, two are vermilion color, some were painted partially
+white. They dance a dance called Bel-lohck-na-pie,'" with horns on their
+heads, like those used in Europe as symbolical of Bel, or Baal.
+
+Could anything be more evident than the connection of these ceremonies
+with the destruction of Atlantis? Here we have the image of the ark;
+here we have a white man coming with the news that "the waters had
+overflowed the land," and that all the people were destroyed except
+himself; here we have the sacrifice to appease the spirit that caused
+the Flood, just as we find the Flood terminating, in the Hebrew,
+Chaldean, and Central American legends, with a sacrifice. Here, too, we
+have the image of the tortoise, which we find in other flood legends of
+the Indians, and which is a very natural symbol for an island. As one of
+our own poets has expressed it,
+
+     "Very fair and full of promise
+     Lay the island of St. Thomas;
+     Like a great green turtle slumbered
+     On the sea which it encumbered."
+
+Here we have, too, the four quarters of Atlantis, divided by its four
+rivers, as we shall see a little farther on, represented in a dance,
+where the dancers arrange themselves according to the four cardinal
+points of the compass; the dancers are painted to represent the black
+and red races, while "the first and only man" represents the white race;
+and the name of the dance is a reminiscence of Baal, the ancient god of
+the races derived from Atlantis.
+
+But this is not all. The Mandans were evidently of the race of Atlantis.
+They have another singular legend, which we find in the account of Lewis
+and Clarke:
+
+"Their belief in a future state is connected with this theory of their
+origin: The whole nation resided in one large village, underground, near
+a subterranean lake. A grape-vine extended its roots down to their
+habitation, and gave them a view of the light. Some of the most
+adventurous climbed up the vine, and were delighted with the sight of
+the earth, which they found covered with buffalo, and rich with every
+kind of fruit. Returning with the grapes they had gathered, their
+countrymen were so pleased with the taste of them that the whole nation
+resolved to leave their dull residence for the charms of the upper
+region. Men, women, and children ascended by means of the vine, but,
+when about half the nation had reached the surface of the earth, a
+corpulent woman, who was clambering up the vine, broke it with her
+weight, and closed upon herself and the rest of the nation the light of
+the sun."
+
+This curious tradition means that the present nation dwelt in a large
+settlement underground, that is, beyond the land, in the sea; the sea
+being represented by "the subterranean lake." At one time the people had
+free intercourse between this "large village" and the American
+continent, and they founded extensive colonies on this continent;
+whereupon some mishap cut them off from the mother country. This
+explanation is confirmed by the fact that in the legends of the Iowa
+Indians, who were a branch of the Dakotas, or Sioux Indians, and
+relatives of the Mandans (according to Major James W. Lynd), "all the
+tribes of Indians were formerly one, and all dwelt together on an
+island, or at least across a large water toward the east or sunrise.
+They crossed this water in skin canoes, or by swimming; but they know
+not how long they were in crossing, or whether the water was salt or
+fresh." While the Dakotas, according to Major Lynd, who lived among them
+for nine years, possessed legends of "huge skiffs, in which the Dakotas
+of old floated for weeks, finally gaining dry land"--a reminiscence of
+ships and long sea-voyages.
+
+The Mandans celebrated their great religious festival above described in
+the season when the willow is first in leaf, and a dove is mixed up in
+the ceremonies; and they further relate a legend that "the world was
+once a great tortoise, borne on the waters, and covered with earth, and
+that when one day, in digging the soil, a tribe of white men, who had
+made holes in the earth to a great depth digging for badgers, at length
+pierced the shell of the tortoise, it sank, and the water covering it
+drowned all men with the exception of one, who saved himself in a boat;
+and when the earth re-emerged, sent out a dove, who returned with a
+branch of willow in its beak."
+
+The holes dug to find badgers were a savage's recollection of mining
+operations; and when the great disaster came, and the island sunk in the
+sea amid volcanic convulsions, doubtless men said it was due to the deep
+mines, which had opened the way to the central fires. But the recurrence
+of "white men" as the miners, and of a white man as "the last and only
+man," and the presence of white blood in the veins of the people, all
+point to the same conclusion--that the Mandans were colonists from
+Atlantis.
+
+And here I might add that Catlin found the following singular
+resemblances between the Mandan tongue and the Welsh:
+
+    +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
+    | English.             | Mandan.      | Welsh.     | Pronounced. |
+    +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
+    | I                    | Me.          | Mi.        | Me.         |
+    +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
+    | You.                 | Ne.          | Chwi.      | Chwe.       |
+    +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
+    | He.                  | E.           | A.         | A.          |
+    +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
+    | She.                 | Ea.          | E.         | A.          |
+    +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
+    | It.                  | Ount.        | Hwynt.     | Hooynt.     |
+    +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
+    | We.                  | Noo.         | Ni.        | Ne.         |
+    +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
+    | They.                | Eonah.       | Hona, fem. | Hona.       |
+    +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
+    | No; or there is not. | Megosh.      | Nagoes.    | Nagosh.     |
+    +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
+    | No.                  |              | Na.        |             |
+    +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
+    | Head.                | Pan.         | Pen.       | Pan.        |
+    +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
+    | The Great Spirit.    | Maho Peneta. | Mawr       | Mosoor      |
+    |                      |              | Penæthir.  | Panæther.   |
+    +----------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
+
+Major Lynd found the following resemblances between the Dakota tongue
+and the languages of the Old World:
+
+COMPARISON OF DAKOTA, OR SIOUX, WITH OTHER LANGUAGES.
+
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+| Latin. | English. | Saxon   | Sanscrit. | German. | Danish.  | Sioux.    | Other      | Primary        |
+|        |          |         |           |         |          |           | Languages. | Signification. |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+|        | See,     | Seon    |           | Sehen   | Sigt     | Sin       |            | Appearing,     |
+|        | seen     |         |           |         |          |           |            | visible.       |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+| Pinso  | Pound    | Punian  |           |         |          | Pau       | W.,        | Beating        |
+|        |          |         |           |         |          |           | Pwynian    |                |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+| Vado   | Went     | Wendan  |           |         |          | Winta     |            | Passage.       |
+|        | Wend     |         |           |         |          |           |            |                |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+|        | Town     | Tun     |           | Zaun    | Tun      | Tonwe     | Gaelic,    |                |
+|        |          |         |           |         |          |           | Dun        |                |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+| Qui    | Who      | Hwa     | Kwas      | Wir     |          | Tuwe      |            |                |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+|        | Weapon   | Wepn    |           | Wapen   | Vaapen   | Wipe      |            | Sioux dimin.   |
+|        |          |         |           |         |          |           |            | Wipena         |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+| Ego    | I        | Ic      | Agam      | Ich     | Jeg      | Mish      |            |                |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+| Cor    | Core     |         |           |         |          | Co        | Gr., Kear  | Centre, heart  |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+|        | Eight    | Achta   | Aute      | Acht    | Otte     | Shaktogan | Gr., Okto  |                |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+| Canna  | Cane     |         |           |         |          | Can       | Heb., Can  | Reed, weed,    |
+|        |          |         |           |         |          |           | W., Cawn   | wood.          |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+| Pock   | Pock     | Poc     |           | Pocke   | Pukkel   | Poka      | Dutch,     | Swelling.      |
+|        |          |         |           |         |          |           | Poca       |                |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+|        | With     | With    |           | Wider   |          | Wita      | Goth.,     |                |
+|        |          |         |           |         |          |           | Gewithan.  |                |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+|        | Doughty  | Dohtig  |           | Taugen  | Digtig   | Dita      |            | Hot, brave,    |
+|        |          |         |           |         |          | Ditaya    |            | daring.        |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+|        | Tight    | Tian    |           | Dicht   | Digt     | Titan     |            | Strain.        |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+| Tango  | Touch    | Taecan  |           | Ticken  | Tekkan   | Tan       |            | Touch, take.   |
+| Tactus | Take     |         |           |         |          | Htaka     |            |                |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+|        | Child    | Cild    |           | Kind    | Kuld     | Cin       |            | Progeny.       |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+|        | Work     | Wercan  |           |         |          | Woccas    | Dutch,     | Labor, motion. |
+|        |          |         |           |         |          | Hecon     | Werk       |                |
+|        |          |         |           |         |          |           | Span.,     |                |
+|        |          |         |           |         |          |           | Hecho      |                |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+|        | Shackle  | Seoacul |           |         |          | Shka      | Ar.,       | to bind (a     |
+|        |          |         |           |         |          |           | Schakala,  | link).         |
+|        |          |         |           |         |          |           | Dutch,     |                |
+|        |          |         |           |         |          |           | Schakel    |                |
+|        |          |         |           |         |          |           | Teton,     |                |
+|        |          |         |           |         |          |           | Shakalan   |                |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+| Query  |          |         |           |         |          | Kuiva     |            |                |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+| Shabby |          |         |           | Schabig | Schabbig | Shabya    |            |                |
++--------+----------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+------------+----------------+
+
+According to Major Lynd, the Dakotas, or Sioux, belonged to the same
+race as the Mandans; hence the interest which attaches to these verbal
+similarities.
+
+"Among the Iroquois there is a tradition that the sea and waters
+infringed upon the land, so that all human life was destroyed. The
+Chickasaws assert that the world was once destroyed by water, but that
+one family was saved, and two animals of every kind. The Sioux say there
+was a time when there was no dry land, and all men had disappeared from
+existence." (See Lynd's "MS. History of the Dakotas," Library of
+Historical Society of Minnesota.)
+
+"The Okanagaus have a god, Skyappe, and also one called Chacha, who
+appear to be endowed with omniscience; but their principal divinity is
+their great mythical ruler and heroine, Scomalt. Long ago, when the sun
+was no bigger than a star, this strong medicine-woman ruled over what
+appears to have now become a lost island. At last the peace of the
+island was destroyed by war, and the noise of battle was heard, with
+which Scomalt was exceeding wroth, whereupon she rose up in her might
+and drove her rebellious subjects to one end of the island, and broke
+off the piece of land on which they were huddled and pushed it out to
+sea, to drift whither it would. This floating island was tossed to and
+fro and buffeted by the winds till all but two died. A man and woman
+escaped in a canoe, and arrived on the main-land; and from these the
+Okanagaus are descended." (Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. iii., p. 149.)
+
+Here we have the Flood legend clearly connected with a lost island.
+
+The Nicaraguans believed "that ages ago the world was destroyed by a
+flood, in which the most part of mankind perished. Afterward the teotes,
+or gods, restored the earth as at the beginning." (Ibid., p. 75.) The
+wild Apaches, "wild from their natal hour," have a legend that "the
+first days of the world were happy and peaceful days;" then came a great
+flood, from which Montezuma and the coyote alone escaped. Montezuma
+became then very wicked, and attempted to build a house that would reach
+to heaven, but the Great Spirit destroyed it with thunderbolts.
+(Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. iii., p. 76.)
+
+The Pimas, an Indian tribe allied to the Papagos, have a peculiar flood
+legend. The son of the Creator was called Szeu-kha (Ze-us?). An eagle
+prophesied the deluge to the prophet of the people three times in
+succession, but his warning was despised; "then in the twinkling of an
+eye there came a peal of thunder and an awful crash, and a green mound
+of water reared itself over the plain. It seemed to stand upright for a
+second, then, cut incessantly by the lightning, goaded on like a great
+beast, it flung itself upon the prophet's hut. When the morning broke
+there was nothing to be seen alive but one man--if indeed he were a man;
+Szeu-kha, the son of the Creator, had saved himself by floating on a
+ball of gum or resin." This instantaneous catastrophe reminds one
+forcibly of the destruction of Atlantis. Szeu-kha killed the eagle,
+restored its victims to life, and repeopled the earth with them, as
+Deucalion repeopled the earth with the stones.
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+SOME CONSIDERATION OF THE DELUGE LEGENDS.
+
+The Fountains of the Great Deep.--As Atlantis perished in a volcanic
+convulsion, it must have possessed volcanoes. This is rendered the more
+probable when we remember that the ridge of land of which it was a part,
+stretching from north to south, from Iceland to St. Helena, contains
+even now great volcanoes--as in Iceland, the Azores, the Canaries,
+etc.--and that the very sea-bed along the line of its original axis is,
+to this day, as we have shown, the scene of great volcanic disturbances.
+
+If, then, the mountains of Atlantis contained volcanoes, of which the
+peaks of the Azores are the surviving representatives, it is not
+improbable that the convulsion which drowned it in the sea was
+accompanied by great discharges of water. We have seen that such
+discharges occurred in the island of Java, when four thousand people
+perished. "Immense columns of hot water and boiling mud were thrown out"
+of the volcano of Galung Gung; the water was projected from the mountain
+"like a water-spout." When a volcanic island was created near Sicily in
+1831, it was accompanied by "a waterspout sixty feet high."
+
+In the island of Dominica, one of the islands constituting the Leeward
+group of the West Indies, and nearest to the site of Atlantis, on the
+4th of January, 1880, occurred a series of convulsions which reminds us
+forcibly of the destruction of Plato's island; and the similarity
+extends to another particular: Dominica contains, like Atlantis, we are
+told, numerous hot and sulphur springs. I abridge the account given by
+the New York Herald of January 28th, 1880:
+
+"A little after 11 o'clock A.M., soon after high-mass in the Roman
+Catholic cathedral, and while divine service was still going on in the
+Anglican and Wesleyan chapels, all the indications of an approaching
+thunder-storm suddenly showed themselves; the atmosphere, which just
+previously had been cool and pleasant--slight showers falling since
+early morning--became at once nearly stifling hot; the rumbling of
+distant thunder was heard, and the light-blue and fleecy white of the
+sky turned into a heavy and lowering black. Soon the thunder-peals came
+near and loud, the lightning flashes, of a blue and red color, more
+frequent and vivid; and the rain, first with a few heavy drops,
+commenced to pour as if the floodgates of heaven were open. In a moment
+it darkened, as if night had come; a strong, nearly overpowering smell
+of sulphur announced itself; and people who happened to be out in the
+streets felt the rain-drops falling on their heads, backs, and shoulders
+like showers of hailstones. The cause of this was to be noted by looking
+at the spouts, from which the water was rushing like so many cataracts
+of molten lead, while the gutters below ran swollen streams of thick
+gray mud, looking like nothing ever seen in them before. In the mean
+time the Roseau River had worked itself into a state of mad fury,
+overflowing its banks, carrying down rocks and large trees, and
+threatening destruction to the bridges over it and the houses in its
+neighborhood. When the storm ceased--it lasted till twelve, mid-day--the
+roofs and walls of the buildings in town, the street pavement, the
+door-steps and back-yards were found covered with a deposit of volcanic
+débris, holding together like clay, dark-gray in color, and in some
+places more than an inch thick, with small, shining metallic particles
+on the surface, which could be easily identified as iron pyrites.
+Scraping up some of the stuff, it required only a slight examination to
+determine its main constituents--sandstone and magnesia, the pyrites
+being slightly mixed, and silver showing itself in even smaller
+quantity. This is, in fact, the composition of the volcanic mud thrown
+up by the soufrières at Watton Waven and in the Boiling Lake country,
+and it is found in solution as well in the lake water. The Devil's
+Billiard-table, within half a mile of the Boiling Lake, is composed
+wholly of this substance, which there assumes the character of stone in
+formation. Inquiries instituted on Monday morning revealed the fact
+that, except on the south-east, the mud shower had not extended beyond
+the limits of the town. On the north-west, in the direction of Fond Colo
+and Morne Daniel, nothing but pure rain-water had fallen, and neither
+Loubière nor Pointe Michel had seen any signs of volcanic disturbance....
+
+"But what happened at Pointe Mulâtre enables us to spot the locale of
+the eruption. Pointe Mulâtre lies at the foot of the range of mountains
+on the top of which the Boiling Lake frets and seethes. The only outlet
+of the lake is a cascade which falls into one of the branches of the
+Pointe Mulâtre River, the color and temperature of which, at one time
+and another, shows the existence or otherwise of volcanic activity in
+the lake-country. We may observe, en passant, that the fall of the water
+from the lake is similar in appearance to the falls on the sides of
+Roairama, in the interior of British Guiana; there, is no continuous
+stream, but the water overleaps its basin like a kettle boiling over,
+and comes down in detached cascades from the top. May there not be a
+boiling lake on the unapproachable summit of Roairama? The phenomena
+noted at Pointe Mulâtre on Sunday were similar to what we witnessed in
+Roseau, but with every feature more strongly marked. The fall of mud was
+heavier, covering all the fields; the atmospheric disturbance was
+greater, and the change in the appearance of the running water about the
+place more surprising. The Pointe Mulâtre River suddenly began to run
+volcanic mud and water; then the mud predominated, and almost buried the
+stream under its weight, and the odor of sulphur in the air became
+positively oppressive. Soon the fish in the water--brochet, camoo, meye,
+crocro, mullet, down to the eel, the crawfish, the loche, the tétar, and
+the dormer--died, and were thrown on the banks. The mud carried down by
+the river has formed a bank at the month which nearly dams up the
+stream, and threatens to throw it back over the low-lying lands of the
+Pointe Mulâtre estate. The reports from the Laudat section of the
+Boiling Lake district are curious. The Bachelor and Admiral rivers, and
+the numerous mineral springs which arise in that part of the island, are
+all running a thick white flood, like cream milk. The face of the entire
+country, from the Admiral River to the Solfatera Plain, has undergone
+some portentous change, which the frightened peasants who bring the news
+to Roseau seem unable clearly and connectedly to describe, and the
+volcanic activity still continues."
+
+From this account it appears that the rain of water and mud came from a
+boiling lake on the mountains; it must have risen to a great height,
+"like a water-spout," and then fallen in showers over the face of the
+country. We are reminded, in this Boiling Lake of Dominica, of the Welsh
+legend of the eruption of the Llyn-llion, "the Lake of Waves," which
+"inundated the whole country." On the top of a mountain in the county of
+Kerry, Ireland, called Mangerton, there is a deep lake known as
+Poulle-i-feron, which signifies Hell-hole; it frequently overflows, and
+rolls down the mountain in frightful torrents. On Slieve-donart, in the
+territory of Mourne, in the county of Down, Ireland, a lake occupies the
+mountain-top, and its overflowings help to form rivers.
+
+If we suppose the destruction of Atlantis to have been, in like manner,
+accompanied by a tremendous outpour of water from one or more of its
+volcanoes, thrown to a great height, and deluging the land, we can
+understand the description in the Chaldean legend of "the terrible
+water-spout," which even "the gods grew afraid of," and which "rose to
+the sky," and which seems to have been one of the chief causes, together
+with the earthquake, of the destruction of the country. And in this view
+we are confirmed by the Aramæan legend of the Deluge, probably derived
+at an earlier age from the Chaldean tradition. In it we are told, "All
+on a sudden enormous volumes of water issued from the earth, and rains
+of extraordinary abundance began to fall; the rivers left their beds,
+and the ocean overflowed its banks." The disturbance in Dominica
+duplicates this description exactly: "In a moment" the water and mud
+burst from the mountains, "the floodgates of heaven were opened," and
+"the river overflowed its banks."
+
+And here, again, we are reminded of the expression in Genesis, "the same
+day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up" (chap. vii.,
+11). That this does not refer to the rain is clear from the manner in
+which it is stated: "The same day were all the fountains of the great
+deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. And the rain was
+upon the earth," etc. And when the work of destruction is finished, we
+are told "the fountains also of the deep and the windows of heaven were
+stopped." This is a reminiscence by an inland people, living where such
+tremendous volcanic disturbances were nearly unknown, of the terrible
+water-spout which "rose to the sky," of the Chaldean legend, and of "the
+enormous volumes of water issuing from the earth" of the Aramæan
+tradition. The Hindoo legend of the Flood speaks of "the marine god
+Hayagriva, who dwelt in the abyss," who produced the cataclysm. This is
+doubtless "the archangel of the abyss" spoken of in the Chaldean
+tradition.
+
+The Mountains of the North.--We have in Plato the following reference to
+the mountains of Atlantis:
+
+"The whole country was described as being very lofty and precipitous on
+the side of the sea.... The whole region of the island lies toward
+the south, and is sheltered from the north.... The surrounding
+mountains exceeded all that are to be seen now anywhere."
+
+These mountains were the present Azores. One has but to contemplate
+their present elevation, and remember the depth to which they descend in
+the ocean, to realize their tremendous altitude and the correctness of
+the description given by Plato.
+
+In the Hindoo legend we find the fish-god, who represents Poseidon,
+father of Atlantis, helping Mann over "the Mountain of the North." In
+the Chaldean legend Khasisatra's vessel is stopped by "the Mountain of
+Nizir" until the sea goes down.
+
+The Mud which Stopped Navigation.--We are told by Plato, "Atlantis
+disappeared beneath the sea, and then that sea became inaccessible, so
+that navigation on it ceased, on account of the quantity of mud which
+the ingulfed island left in its place." This is one of the points of
+Plato's story which provoked the incredulity and ridicule of the
+ancient, and even of the modern, world. We find in the Chaldean legend
+something of the same kind: Khasisatra says, "I looked at the sea
+attentively, observing, and the whole of humanity had returned to mud."
+In the "Popol Vuh" we are told that a "resinous thickness descended from
+heaven," even as in Dominica the rain was full of "thick gray mud,"
+accompanied by an "overpowering smell of sulphur."
+
+The explorations of the ship Challenger show that the whole of the
+submerged ridge of which Atlantis is a part is to this day thickly
+covered with volcanic débris.
+
+We have but to remember the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, which
+were covered with such a mass of volcanic ashes from the eruption of
+A.D. 79 that for seventeen centuries they remained buried at a depth of
+from fifteen to thirty feet; a new population lived and labored above
+them; an aqueduct was constructed over their heads; and it was only when
+a farmer, in digging for a well, penetrated the roof of a house, that
+they were once more brought to the light of day and the knowledge of
+mankind.
+
+We have seen that, in 1783, the volcanic eruption in Iceland covered the
+sea with pumice for a distance of one hundred and fifty miles, "and
+ships were considerably impeded in their course."
+
+The eruption in the island of Sumbawa, in April, 1815, threw out such
+masses of ashes as to darken the air. "The floating cinders to the west
+of Sumatra formed, on the 12th of April, a mass two feet thick and
+several miles in extent, through which ships with difficulty forced
+their way."
+
+It thus appears that the very statement of Plato which has provoked the
+ridicule of scholars is in itself one of the corroborating features of
+his story. It is probable that the ships of the Atlanteans, when they
+returned after the tempest to look for their country, found the sea
+impassable from the masses of volcanic ashes and pumice. They returned
+terrified to the shores of Europe; and the shock inflicted by the
+destruction of Atlantis upon the civilization of the world probably led
+to one of those retrograde periods in the history of our race in which
+they lost all intercourse with the Western continent.
+
+The Preservation of a Record.--There is a singular coincidence in the
+stories of the Deluge in another particular.
+
+The legends of the Phoenicians, preserved by Sanchoniathon, tell us that
+Taautos, or Taut, was the inventor of the alphabet and of the art of
+writing.
+
+Now, we find in the Egyptian legends a passage of Manetho, in which
+Thoth (or Hermes Trismegistus), before the Deluge, inscribed on stelæ,
+or tablets, in hieroglyphics, or sacred characters, the principles of
+all knowledge. After the Deluge the second Thoth translated the contents
+of these stelæ into the vulgar tongue.
+
+Josephus tells us that "The patriarch Seth, in order that wisdom and
+astronomical knowledge should not perish, erected, in prevision of the
+double destruction by fire and water predicted by Adam, two columns, one
+of brick, the other of stone, on which this knowledge was engraved, and
+which existed in the Siriadic country."
+
+In the Chaldean legends the god Ea ordered Khasisatra to inscribe the
+divine learning, and the principles of all sciences, on tables of
+terra-cotta, and bury them, before the Deluge, "in the City of the Sun
+at Sippara."
+
+Berosus, in his version of the Chaldean flood, says:
+
+"The deity, Chronos, appeared to him (Xisuthros) in a vision, and warned
+him that, upon the 15th day of the month Doesius, there would be a flood
+by which mankind would be destroyed. He therefore enjoined him to write
+a history of the beginning, procedure, and conclusion of all things, and
+to bury it in the City of the Sun at Sippara, and to build a vessel,"
+etc.
+
+The Hindoo Bhâgavata-Purâna tells us that the fish-god, who warned
+Satyravata of the coming of the Flood, directed him to place the sacred
+Scriptures in a safe place, "in order to preserve them from Hayagriva, a
+marine horse dwelling in the abyss."
+
+Are we to find the original of these legends in the following passage
+from Plato's history of Atlantis?
+
+"Now, the relations of their governments to one another were regulated
+by the injunctions of Poseidon, as the law had handed them down. These
+were inscribed by the first then on a column of orichalcum, which was
+situated in the middle of the island, at the Temple of Poseidon, whither
+the people were gathered together.... They received and gave
+judgments, and at daybreak they wrote down their sentences on a golden
+tablet, and deposited them as memorials with their robes. There were
+many special laws which the several kings had inscribed about the
+temples." (Critias, p. 120.)
+
+A Succession of Disasters.--The Central American books, translated by De
+Bourbourg, state that originally a part of the American continent
+extended far into the Atlantic Ocean. This tradition is strikingly
+confirmed by the explorations of the ship Challenger, which show that
+the "Dolphin's Ridge" was connected with the shore of South America
+north of the mouth of the Amazon. The Central American books tell us
+that this region of the continent was destroyed by a succession of
+frightful convulsions, probably at long intervals apart; three of these
+catastrophes are constantly mentioned, and sometimes there is reference
+to one or two more.
+
+"The land," in these convulsions, "was shaken by frightful earthquakes,
+and the waves of the sea combined with volcanic fires to overwhelm and
+ingulf it.... Each convulsion swept away portions of the land until
+the whole disappeared, leaving the line of coast as it now is. Most of
+the inhabitants, overtaken amid their regular employments, were
+destroyed; but some escaped in ships, and some fled for safety to the
+summits of high mountains, or to portions of the land which for a time
+escaped immediate destruction." (Baldwin's "Ancient America," p. 176.)
+
+This accords precisely with the teachings of geology. We know that the
+land from which America and Europe were formed once covered nearly or
+quite the whole space now occupied by the Atlantic between the
+continents; and it is reasonable to believe that it went down piecemeal,
+and that Atlantis was but the stump of the ancient continent, which at
+last perished from the same causes and in the same way.
+
+The fact that this tradition existed among the inhabitants of America is
+proven by the existence of festivals, "especially one in the month
+Izcalli, which were instituted to commemorate this frightful destruction
+of land and people, and in which, say the sacred books, 'princes and
+people humbled themselves before the divinity, and besought him to
+withhold a return of such terrible calamities.'"
+
+Can we doubt the reality of events which we thus find confirmed by
+religious ceremonies at Athens, in Syria, and on the shores of Central
+America?
+
+And we find this succession of great destructions of the Atlantic
+continent in the triads of Wales, where traditions are preserved of
+"three terrible catastrophes." We are told by the explorations of the
+ship Challenger that the higher lands reach in the direction of the
+British Islands; and the Celts had traditions that a part of their
+country once extended far out into the Atlantic, and was subsequently
+destroyed.
+
+And the same succession of destructions is referred to in the Greek
+legends, where a deluge of Ogyges--"the most ancient of the kings of
+Boeotia or Attica, a quite mythical person, lost in the night of
+ages"--preceded that of Deucalion.
+
+We will find hereafter the most ancient hymns of the Aryans praying God
+to hold the land firm. The people of Atlantis, having seen their country
+thus destroyed, section by section, and judging that their own time must
+inevitably come, must have lived under a great and perpetual terror,
+which will go far to explain the origin of primeval religion, and the
+hold which it took upon the minds of men; and this condition of things
+may furnish us a solution of the legends which have come down to us of
+their efforts to perpetuate their learning on pillars, and also an
+explanation of that other legend of the Tower of Babel, which, as I will
+show hereafter, was common to both continents, and in which they sought
+to build a tower high enough to escape the Deluge.
+
+All the legends of the preservation of a record prove that the united
+voice of antiquity taught that the antediluvians had advanced so far in
+civilization as to possess an alphabet and a system of writing; a
+conclusion which, as we will see hereafter, finds confirmation in the
+original identity of the alphabetical signs used in the old world and
+the new.
+
+PART III
+
+THE CIVILIZATION OF THE OLD WORLD AND NEW COMPARED.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+CIVILIZATION AN INHERITANCE.
+
+Material civilization might be defined to be the result of a series of
+inventions and discoveries, whereby man improves his condition, and
+controls the forces of nature for his own advantage.
+
+The savage man is a pitiable creature; as Menabosbu says, in the
+Chippeway legends, he is pursued by a "perpetual hunger;" he is exposed
+unprotected to the blasts of winter and the heats of summer. A great
+terror sits upon his soul; for every manifestation of nature--the storm,
+the wind, the thunder, the lightning, the cold, the heat--all are
+threatening and dangerous demons. The seasons bring him neither
+seed-time nor harvest; pinched with hunger, appeasing in part the
+everlasting craving of his stomach with seeds, berries, and creeping
+things, he sees the animals of the forest dash by him, and he has no
+means to arrest their flight. He is powerless and miserable in the midst
+of plenty. Every step toward civilization is a step of conquest over
+nature. The invention of the bow and arrow was, in its time, a far
+greater stride forward for the human race than the steam-engine or the
+telegraph. The savage could now reach his game--his insatiable hunger
+could be satisfied; the very eagle, "towering in its pride of place,"
+was not beyond the reach of this new and wonderful weapon. The discovery
+of fire and the art of cooking was another immense step forward. The
+savage, having nothing but wooden vessels in which to cook, covered the
+wood with clay; the day hardened in the fire. The savage gradually
+learned that he could dispense with the wood, and thus pottery was
+invented. Then some one (if we are to believe the Chippeway legends, on
+the shores of Lake Superior) found fragments of the pure copper of that
+region, beat them into shape, and the art of metallurgy was begun; iron
+was first worked in the same way by shaping meteoric iron into
+spear-heads.
+
+But it must not be supposed that these inventions followed one another
+in rapid succession. Thousands, and perhaps tens of thousands, of years
+intervened between each step; many savage races have not to this day
+achieved some of these steps. Prof. Richard Owen says, "Unprepossessed
+and sober experience teaches that arts, language, literature are of slow
+growth, the results of gradual development."
+
+I shall undertake to show hereafter that nearly all the arts essential
+to civilization which we possess date back to the time of
+Atlantis--certainly to that ancient Egyptian civilization which was
+coeval with, and an outgrowth from, Atlantis.
+
+In six thousand years the world made no advance on the civilization
+which it received from Atlantis.
+
+Phoenicia, Egypt, Chaldea, India, Greece, and Rome passed the torch of
+civilization from one to the other; but in all that lapse of time they
+added nothing to the arts which existed at the earliest period of
+Egyptian history. In architecture, sculpture, painting, engraving,
+mining, metallurgy, navigation, pottery, glass-ware, the construction of
+canals, roads, and aqueducts, the arts of Phoenicia and Egypt extended,
+without material change or improvement, to a period but two or three
+hundred years ago. The present age has entered upon a new era; it has
+added a series of wonderful inventions to the Atlantean list; it has
+subjugated steam and electricity to the uses of man. And its work has
+but commenced: it will continue until it lifts man to a plane as much
+higher than the present as the present is above the barbaric condition;
+and in the future it will be said that between the birth of civilization
+in Atlantis and the new civilization there stretches a period of many
+thousands of years, during which mankind did not invent, but simply
+perpetuated.
+
+Herodotus tells us ("Euterpe," cxlii.) that, according to the
+information he received from the Egyptian priests, their written history
+dated back 11,340 years before his era, or nearly 14,000 years prior to
+this time. They introduced him into a spacious temple, and showed him
+the statues of 341 high-priests who had in turn succeeded each other;
+and yet the age of Columbus possessed no arts, except that of printing
+(which was ancient in China), which was not known to the Egyptians; and
+the civilization of Egypt at its first appearance was of a higher order
+than at any subsequent period of its history, thus testifying that it
+drew its greatness from a fountain higher than itself. It was in its
+early days that Egypt worshipped one only God; in the later ages this
+simple and sublime belief was buried under the corruptions of
+polytheism. The greatest pyramids were built by the Fourth Dynasty, and
+so universal was education at that time among the people that the stones
+with which they were built retain to this day the writing of the
+workmen. The first king was Menes.
+
+"At the epoch of Menes," says Winchell, "the Egyptians were already a
+civilized and numerous people. Manetho tells us that Athotis, the son of
+this first king, Menes, built the palace at Memphis; that he was a
+physician, and left anatomical books. All these statements imply that
+even at this early period the Egyptians were in a high state of
+civilization." (Winchell's "Preadamites," p. 120.) "In the time of Menes
+the Egyptians had long been architects, sculptors, painters,
+mythologists, and theologians." Professor Richard Owen says, "Egypt is
+recorded to have been a civilized and governed community before the time
+of Menes. The pastoral community of a group of nomad families, as
+portrayed in the Pentateuch, may be admitted as an early step in
+civilization. But how far in advance of this stage is a nation
+administered by a kingly government, consisting of grades of society,
+with divisions of labor, of which one kind, assigned to the priesthood,
+was to record or chronicle the names and dynasties of the kings, the
+duration and chief events of their reigns!" Ernest Renan points out that
+"Egypt at the beginning appears mature, old, and entirely without
+mythical and heroic ages, as if the country had never known youth. Its
+civilization has no infancy, and its art no archaic period. The
+civilization of the Old Monarchy did not begin with infancy. It was
+already mature."
+
+We shall attempt to show that it matured in Atlantis, and that the
+Egyptian people were unable to maintain it at the high standard at which
+they had received it, as depicted in the pages of Plato. What king of
+Assyria, or Greece, or Rome, or even of these modern nations, has ever
+devoted himself to the study of medicine and the writing of medical
+books for the benefit of mankind? Their mission has been to kill, not to
+heal the people; yet here, at the very dawn of Mediterranean history, we
+find the son of the first king of Egypt recorded "as a physician, and as
+having left anatomical books."
+
+I hold it to be incontestable that, in some region of the earth,
+primitive mankind must have existed during vast spaces of time, and
+under most favorable circumstances, to create, invent, and discover
+those arts and things which constitute civilization. When we have it
+before our eyes that for six thousand years mankind in Europe, Asia, and
+Africa, even when led by great nations, and illuminated by marvellous
+minds, did not advance one inch beyond the arts of Egypt, we may
+conceive what lapses, what aeons, of time it must have required to bring
+savage man to that condition of refinement and civilization possessed by
+Egypt when it first comes within the purview of history.
+
+That illustrious Frenchman, H. A. Taine ("History of English
+Literature," p. 23), sees the unity of the Indo-European races manifest
+in their languages, literature, and philosophies, and argues that these
+pre-eminent traits are "the great marks of an original model," and that
+when we meet with them "fifteen, twenty, thirty centuries before our
+era, in an Aryan, an Egyptian, a Chinese, they represent the work of a
+great many ages, perhaps of several myriads of centuries.... Such is
+the first and richest source of these master faculties from which
+historical events take their rise; and one sees that if it be powerful
+it is because this is no simple spring, but a kind of lake, a deep
+reservoir, wherein other springs have, for a multitude of centuries,
+discharged their several streams." In other words, the capacity of the
+Egyptian, Aryan, Chaldean, Chinese, Saxon, and Celt to maintain
+civilization is simply the result of civilized training during "myriads
+of centuries" in some original home of the race.
+
+I cannot believe that the great inventions were duplicated
+spontaneously, as some would have us believe, in different countries;
+there is no truth in the theory that men pressed by necessity will
+always hit upon the same invention to relieve their wants. If this were
+so, all savages would have invented the boomerang; all savages would
+possess pottery, bows and arrows, slings, tents, and canoes; in short,
+all races would have risen to civilization, for certainly the comforts
+of life are as agreeable to one people as another.
+
+Civilization is not communicable to all; many savage tribes are
+incapable of it. There are two great divisions of mankind, the civilized
+and the savage; and, as we shall show, every civilized race in the world
+has had something of civilization from the earliest ages; and as "all
+roads lead to Rome," so all the converging lines of civilization lead to
+Atlantis. The abyss between the civilized man and the savage is simply
+incalculable; it represents not alone a difference in arts and methods
+of life, but in the mental constitution, the instincts, and the
+predispositions of the soul. The child of the civilized races in his
+sports manufactures water-wheels, wagons, and houses of cobs; the savage
+boy amuses himself with bows and arrows: the one belongs to a building
+and creating race; the other to a wild, hunting stock. This abyss
+between savagery and civilization has never been passed by any nation
+through its own original force, and without external influences, during
+the Historic Period; those who were savages at the dawn of history are
+savages still; barbarian slaves may have been taught something of the
+arts of their masters, and conquered races have shared some of the
+advantages possessed by their conquerors; but we will seek in vain for
+any example of a savage people developing civilization of and among
+themselves. I may be reminded of the Gauls, Goths, and Britons; but
+these were not savages, they possessed written languages, poetry,
+oratory, and history; they were controlled by religious ideas; they
+believed in God and the immortality of the soul, and in a state of
+rewards and punishments after death. Wherever the Romans came in contact
+with Gauls, or Britons, or German tribes, they found them armed with
+weapons of iron. The Scots, according to Tacitus, used chariots and iron
+swords in the battle of the Grampians--"enormes gladii sine mucrone."
+The Celts of Gaul are stated by Diodorus Siculus to have used
+iron-headed spears and coats-of-mail, and the Gauls who encountered the
+Roman arms in B.C. 222 were armed with soft iron swords, as well as at
+the time when Cæsar conquered their country. Among the Gauls men would
+lend money to be repaid in the next world, and, we need not add, that no
+Christian people has yet reached that sublime height of faith; they
+cultivated the ground, built houses and walled towns, wove cloth, and
+employed wheeled vehicles; they possessed nearly all the cereals and
+domestic animals we have, and they wrought in iron, bronze, and steel.
+The Gauls had even invented a machine on wheels to cut their grain, thus
+anticipating our reapers and mowers by two thousand years. The
+difference between the civilization of the Romans under Julius Cæsar
+and the Gauls under Vercingetorix was a difference in degree and not in
+kind. The Roman civilization was simply a development and perfection of
+the civilization possessed by all the European populations; it was drawn
+from the common fountain of Atlantis.
+
+If we find on both sides of the Atlantic precisely the same arts,
+sciences, religious beliefs, habits, customs, and traditions, it is
+absurd to say that the peoples of the two continents arrived separately,
+by precisely the same steps, at precisely the same ends. When we
+consider the resemblance of the civilizations of the Mediterranean
+nations to one another, no man is silly enough to pretend that Rome,
+Greece, Egypt, Assyria, Phoenicia, each spontaneously and separately
+invented the arts, sciences, habits, and opinions in which they agreed;
+but we proceed to trace out the thread of descent or connection from one
+to another. Why should a rule of interpretation prevail, as between the
+two sides of the Atlantic, different from that which holds good as to
+the two sides of the Mediterranean Sea? If, in the one case, similarity
+of origin has unquestionably produced similarity of arts, customs, and
+condition, why, in the other, should not similarity of arts, customs,
+and condition prove similarity of origin? Is there any instance in the
+world of two peoples, without knowledge of or intercourse with each
+other, happening upon the same invention, whether that invention be an
+arrow-head or a steam-engine? If it required of mankind a lapse of at
+least six thousand years before it began anew the work of invention, and
+took up the thread of original thought where Atlantis dropped it, what
+probability is there of three or four separate nations all advancing at
+the same speed to precisely the same arts and opinions? The proposition
+is untenable.
+
+If, then, we prove that, on both sides of the Atlantic, civilizations
+were found substantially identical, we have demonstrated that they must
+have descended one from the other, or have radiated from some common
+source.
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE IDENTITY OF THE CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW
+
+                        MOSAICS AT MITLA, MEXICO
+
+Architecture.--Plato tells us that the Atlanteans possessed
+architecture; that they built walls, temples, and palaces.
+
+We need not add that this art was found in Egypt and all the civilized
+countries of Europe, as well as in Peru, Mexico, and Central America.
+Among both the Peruvians and Egyptians the walls receded inward, and the
+doors were narrower at the top than at the threshold.
+
+The obelisks of Egypt, covered with hieroglyphics, are paralleled by the
+round columns of Central America, and both are supposed to have
+originated in Phallus-worship. "The usual symbol of the Phallus was an
+erect stone, often in its rough state, sometimes sculptured." (Squier,
+"Serpent Symbol," p. 49; Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. iii., p. 504.)
+The worship of Priapus was found in Asia, Egypt, along the European
+shore of the Mediterranean, and in the forests of Central America.
+
+The mounds of Europe and Asia were made in the same way and for the same
+purposes as those of America. Herodotus describes the burial of a
+Scythian king; he says, "After this they set to work to raise a vast
+mound above the grave, all of them vying with each other, and seeking to
+make it as tall as possible." "It must be confessed," says Foster
+("Prehistoric Races," p. 193), "that these Scythic burial rites have a
+strong resemblance to those of the Mound Builders." Homer describes the
+erection of a great symmetrical mound over Achilles, also one over
+Hector. Alexander the Great raised a great mound over his friend
+Hephæstion, at a cost of more than a million dollars; and Semiramis
+raised a similar mound over her husband. The pyramids of Egypt, Assyria,
+and Phoenicia had their duplicates in Mexico and Central America.
+
+              CARVING ON THE BUDDHIST TOWER, SARNATH, INDIA
+
+The grave-cists made of stone of the American mounds are exactly like
+the stone chests, or kistvaen for the dead, found in the British mounds.
+(Fosters "Prehistoric Races," p. 109.) Tumuli have been found in
+Yorkshire enclosing wooden coffins, precisely as in the mounds of the
+Mississippi Valley. (Ibid., p. 185.) The articles associated with the
+dead are the same in both continents: arms, trinkets, food, clothes, and
+funeral urns. In both the Mississippi Valley and among the Chaldeans
+vases were constructed around the bones, the neck of the vase being too
+small to permit the extraction of the skull. (Foster's "Prehistoric
+Races," p. 200.)
+
+The use of cement was known alike to the European and American nations.
+
+The use of the arch was known on both sides of the Atlantic.
+
+The manufacture of bricks was known in both the Old and New Worlds.
+
+The style of ornamentation in architecture was much the same on both
+hemispheres, as shown in the preceding designs, pages 137, 139.
+
+Metallurgy.--The Atlanteans mined ores, and worked in metals; they used
+copper, tin, bronze, gold, and silver, and probably iron.
+
+The American nations possessed all these metals. The age of bronze, or
+of copper combined with tin, was preceded in America, and nowhere else,
+by a simpler age of copper; and, therefore, the working of metals
+probably originated in America, or in some region to which it was
+tributary. The Mexicans manufactured bronze, and the Incas mined iron
+near Lake Titicaca; and the civilization of this latter region, as we
+will show, probably dated back to Atlantean times. The Peruvians called
+gold the tears of the sun: it was sacred to the sun, as silver was to
+the moon.
+
+Sculpture.--The Atlanteans possessed this art; so did the American and
+Mediterranean nations.
+
+Dr. Arthur Schott ("Smith. Rep.," 1869, p. 391), in describing the "Cara
+Gigantesca," or gigantic face, a monument of Yzamal, in Yucatan, says,
+"Behind and on both sides, from under the mitre, a short veil falls upon
+the shoulders, so as to protect the back of the head and the neck. This
+particular appendage vividly calls to mind the same feature in the
+symbolic adornments of Egyptian and Hindoo priests, and even those of
+the Hebrew hierarchy." Dr. Schott sees in the orbicular wheel-like
+plates of this statue the wheel symbol of Kronos and Saturn; and, in
+turn, it may be supposed that the wheel of Kronos was simply the cross
+of Atlantis, surrounded by its encircling ring.
+
+Painting.--This art was known on both sides of the Atlantic. The
+paintings upon the walls of some of the temples of Central America
+reveal a state of the art as high as that of Egypt.
+
+Engraving.--Plato tells us that the Atlanteans engraved upon pillars.
+The American nations also had this art in common with Egypt, Phoenicia,
+and Assyria.
+
+Agriculture.--The people of Atlantis were pre-eminently an agricultural
+people; so were the civilized nations of America and the Egyptians. In
+Egypt the king put his hand to the plough at an annual festival, thus
+dignifying and consecrating the occupation of husbandry. In Peru
+precisely the same custom prevailed. In both the plough was known; in
+Egypt it was drawn by oxen, and in Peru by men. It was drawn by men in
+the North of Europe down to a comparatively recent period.
+
+Public Works.--The American nations built public works as great as or
+greater than any known in Europe. The Peruvians had public roads, one
+thousand five hundred to two thousand miles long, made so thoroughly as
+to elicit the astonishment of the Spaniards. At every few miles taverns
+or hotels were established for the accommodation of travellers. Humboldt
+pronounced these Peruvian roads "among the most useful and stupendous
+works ever executed by man." They built aqueducts for purposes of
+irrigation some of which were five hundred miles long. They constructed
+magnificent bridges of stone, and had even invented suspension bridges
+thousands of years before they were introduced into Europe. They had,
+both in Peru and Mexico, a system of posts, by means of which news was
+transmitted hundreds of miles in a day, precisely like those known among
+the Persians in the time of Herodotus, and subsequently among the
+Romans. Stones similar to mile-stones were placed along the roads in
+Peru. (See Prescott's "Peru,")
+
+Navigation.--Sailing vessels were known to the Peruvians and the Central
+Americans. Columbus met, in 1502, at an island near Honduras, a party of
+the Mayas in a large vessel, equipped with sails, and loaded with a
+variety of textile fabrics of divers colors.
+
+                  ANCIENT IRISH VASE OF THE BRONZE AGE
+
+Mannfactures.--The American nations manufactured woollen and cotton
+goods; they made pottery as beautiful as the wares of Egypt; they
+manufactured glass; they engraved gems and precious stones. The
+Peruvians had such immense numbers of vessels and ornaments of gold that
+the Inca paid with them a ransom for himself to Pizarro of the value of
+fifteen million dollars.
+
+Music.--It has been pointed out that there is great resemblance between
+the five-toned music of the Highland Scotch and that of the Chinese and
+other Eastern nations. ("Anthropology," p. 292.)
+
+Weapons.--The weapons of the New World were identically the same as
+those of the Old World; they consisted of bows and arrows, spears,
+darts, short swords, battle-axes, and slings; and both peoples used
+shields or bucklers, and casques of wood or hide covered with metal. If
+these weapons had been derived from separate sources of invention, one
+country or the other would have possessed implements not known to the
+other, like the blow-pipe, the boomerang, etc. Absolute identity in so
+many weapons strongly argues identity of origin.
+
+Religion.--The religion of the Atlanteans, as Plato tells us, was pure
+and simple; they made no regular sacrifices but fruits and flowers; they
+worshipped the sun.
+
+In Peru a single deity was worshipped, and the sun, his most glorious
+work, was honored as his representative. Quetzalcoatl, the founder of
+the Aztecs, condemned all sacrifice but that of fruits and flowers. The
+first religion of Egypt was pure and simple; its sacrifices were fruits
+and flowers; temples were erected to the sun, Ra, throughout Egypt. In
+Peru the great festival of the sun was called Ra-mi. The Phoenicians
+worshipped Baal and Moloch; the one represented the beneficent, and the
+other the injurious powers of the sun.
+
+Religious Beliefs.--The Guanches of the Canary Islands, who were
+probably a fragment of the old Atlantean population, believed in the
+immortality of the soul and the resurrection of the body, and preserved
+their dead as mummies. The Egyptians believed in the immortality of the
+soul and the resurrection of the body, and preserved the bodies of the
+dead by embalming them. The Peruvians believed in the immortality of the
+soul and the resurrection of the body, and they too preserved the bodies
+of their dead by embalming them. "A few mummies in remarkable
+preservation have been found among the Chinooks and Flatheads."
+(Schoolcraft, vol. v., p. 693.) The embalmment of the body was also
+practised in Central America and among the Aztecs. The Aztecs, like the
+Egyptians, mummified their dead by taking out the bowels and replacing
+them with aromatic substances. (Dorman, "Origin Prim. Superst.," p.
+173.) The bodies of the kings of the Virginia Indians were preserved by
+embalming. (Beverly, p. 47.)
+
+Here are different races, separated by immense distances of land and
+ocean, uniting in the same beliefs, and in the same practical and
+logical application of those beliefs.
+
+The use of confession and penance was known in the religious ceremonies
+of some of the American nations. Baptism was a religious ceremony with
+them, and the bodies of the dead were sprinkled with water.
+
+Vestal virgins were found in organized communities on both sides of the
+Atlantic; they were in each case pledged to celibacy, and devoted to
+death if they violated their vows. In both hemispheres the recreant were
+destroyed by being buried alive. The Peruvians, Mexicans, Central
+Americans, Egyptians, Phoenicians, and Hebrews each had a powerful
+hereditary priesthood.
+
+The Phoenicians believed in an evil spirit called Zebub; the Peruvians
+had a devil called Cupay. The Peruvians burnt incense in their temples.
+The Peruvians, when they sacrificed animals, examined their entrails,
+and from these prognosticated the future.
+
+I need not add that all these nations preserved traditions of the
+Deluge; and all of them possessed systems of writing.
+
+The Egyptian priest of Sais told Solon that the myth of Phaëthon, the
+son of Helios, having attempted to drive the chariot of the sun, and
+thereby burning up the earth, referred to "a declination of the bodies
+moving round the earth and in the heavens" (comets), which caused a
+"great conflagration upon the earth," from which those only escaped who
+lived near rivers and seas. The "Codex Chimalpopoca"--a Nahua, Central
+American record--tells us that the third era of the world, or "third
+sun," is called, Quia Tonatiuh, or sun of rain, "because in this age
+there fell a rain of fire, all which existed burned, and there fell a
+rain of gravel;" the rocks "boiled with tumult, and there also arose the
+rocks of vermilion color." In other words, the traditions of these
+people go back to a great cataclysm of fire, when the earth possibly
+encountered, as in the Egyptian story, one of "the bodies moving round
+the earth and in the heavens;" they had also memories of "the Drift
+Period," and of the outburst of Plutonic rocks. If man has existed on
+the earth as long as science asserts, he must have passed through many
+of the great catastrophes which are written upon the face of the planet;
+and it is very natural that in myths and legends he should preserve some
+recollection of events so appalling and destructive.
+
+Among the early Greeks Pan was the ancient god; his wife was Maia. The
+Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg calls attention to the fact that Pan was
+adored in all parts of Mexico and Central America; and at Panuco, or
+Panca, literally Panopolis, the Spaniards found, upon their entrance
+into Mexico, superb temples and images of Pan. (Brasseur's Introduction
+in Landa's "Relacion.") The names of both Pan and Maya enter extensively
+into the Maya vocabulary, Maia being the same as Maya, the principal
+name of the peninsula; and pan, added to Maya, makes the name of the
+ancient capital Mayapan. In the Nahua language pan, or pani, signifies
+"equality to that which is above," and Pentecatl was the progenitor of
+all beings. ("North Americans of Antiquity," p. 467.)
+
+The ancient Mexicans believed that the sun-god would destroy the world
+in the last night of the fifty-second year, and that he would never come
+back. They offered sacrifices to him at that time to propitiate him;
+they extinguished all the fires in the kingdom; they broke all their
+household furniture; they hung black masks before their faces; they
+prayed and fasted; and on the evening of the last night they formed a
+great procession to a neighboring mountain. A human being was sacrificed
+exactly at midnight; a block of wood was laid at once on the body, and
+fire was then produced by rapidly revolving another piece of wood upon
+it; a spark was carried to a funeral pile, whose rising flame proclaimed
+to the anxious people the promise of the god not to destroy the world
+for another fifty-two years. Precisely the same custom obtained among
+the nations of Asia Minor and other parts of the continent of Asia,
+wherever sun-worship prevailed, at the periodical reproduction of the
+sacred fire, but not with the same bloody rites as in Mexico.
+(Valentini, "Maya Archaeology," p. 21.)
+
+To this day the Brahman of India "churns" his sacred fire out of a board
+by boring into it with a stick; the Romans renewed their sacred fire in
+the same way; and in Sweden even now a "need-fire is kindled in this
+manner when cholera or other pestilence is about." (Tylor's
+"Anthropology," p. 262.)
+
+A belief in ghosts is found on both continents. The American Indians
+think that the spirits of the dead retain the form and features which
+they wore while living; that there is a hell and a heaven; that hell is
+below the earth, and heaven above the clouds; that the souls of the
+wicked sometimes wander the face of the earth, appearing occasionally to
+mortals. The story of Tantalus is found among the Chippewayans, who
+believed that bad souls stand up to their chins in water in sight of the
+spirit-land, which they can never enter. The dead passed to heaven
+across a stream of water by means of a narrow and slippery bridge, from
+which many were lost. The Zuñis set apart a day in each year which they
+spent among the graves of their dead, communing with their spirits, and
+bringing them presents--a kind of All-souls-day. (Dorman, "Prim.
+Superst.," p. 35.) The Stygian flood, and Scylla and Charybdis, are
+found among the legends of the Caribs. (Ibid., p. 37.) Even the boat of
+Charon reappears in the traditions of the Chippewayans.
+
+The Oriental belief in the transmigration of souls is found in every
+American tribe. The souls of men passed into animals or other men.
+(Schoolcraft, vol. i., p. 33.) The souls of the wicked passed into toads
+and wild beasts. (Dorman, "Prim. Superst.," p. 50.)
+
+Among both the Germans and the American Indians lycanthropy, or the
+metamorphosis of men into wolves, was believed in. In British Columbia
+the men-wolves have often been seen seated around a fire, with their
+wolf-hides hung upon sticks to dry! The Irish legend of hunters pursuing
+an animal which suddenly disappears, whereupon a human being appears in
+its place is found among all the American tribes.
+
+That timid and harmless animal, the hare, was, singularly enough, an
+object of superstitious reverence and fear in Europe, Asia, and America.
+The ancient Irish killed all the hares they found on May-day among their
+cattle, believing them to be witches. Cæsar gives an account of the
+horror in which this animal was held by the Britons. The Calmucks
+regarded the rabbit with fear and reverence. Divine honors were paid to
+the hare in Mexico. Wabasso was changed into a white rabbit, and
+canonized in that form.
+
+The white bull, Apis, of the Egyptians, reappears in the Sacred white
+buffalo of the Dakotas, which was supposed to possess supernatural
+power, and after death became a god. The white doe of European legend
+had its representative in the white deer of the Housatonic Valley, whose
+death brought misery to the tribe. The transmission of spirits by the
+laying on of hands, and the exorcism of demons, were part of the
+religion of the American tribes.
+
+The witches of Scandinavia, who produced tempests by their incantations,
+are duplicated in America. A Cree sorcerer sold three days of fair
+weather for one pound of tobacco! The Indian sorcerers around Freshwater
+Bay kept the winds in leather bags, and disposed of them as they pleased.
+
+Among the American Indians it is believed that those who are insane or
+epileptic are "possessed of devils." (Tylor, "Prim. Cult.," vol. ii.,
+pp. 123-126.) Sickness is caused by evil spirits entering into the sick
+person. (Eastman's "Sioux.") The spirits of animals are much feared, and
+their departure out of the body of the invalid is a cause of
+thanksgiving. Thus an Omaha, after an eructation, says, "Thank you,
+animal." (Dorman, "Prim. Superst.," p. 55.) The confession of their sins
+was with a view to satisfy the evil spirit and induce him to leave them.
+(Ibid., p. 57.)
+
+In both continents burnt-offerings were sacrificed to the gods. In both
+continents the priests divined the future from the condition of the
+internal organs of the man or animal sacrificed. (Ibid., pp. 214, 226.)
+In both continents the future was revealed by the flight of birds and by
+dreams. In Peru and Mexico there were colleges of augurs, as in Rome,
+who practised divination by watching the movements and songs of birds.
+(Ibid., p. 261.)
+
+Animals were worshipped in Central America and on the banks of the Nile.
+(Ibid., p. 259.)
+
+The Ojibbeways believed that the barking of a fox was ominous of ill.
+(Ibid., p. 225). The peasantry of Western Europe have the same belief as
+to the howling of a dog.
+
+The belief in satyrs, and other creatures half man and half animal,
+survived in America. The Kickapoos are Darwinians. "They think their
+ancestors had tails, and when they lost them the impudent fox sent every
+morning to ask how their tails were, and the bear shook his fat sides at
+the joke." (Ibid., p. 232.) Among the natives of Brazil the father cut a
+stick at the wedding of his daughter; "this was done to cut off the
+tails of any future grandchildren." (Tylor, vol. i., p. 384.)
+
+Jove, with the thunder-bolts in his hand, is duplicated in the Mexican
+god of thunder, Mixcoatl, who is represented holding a bundle of arrows.
+"He rode upon a tornado, and scattered the lightnings." (Dorman, "Prim.
+Superst.," p. 98.)
+
+Dionysus, or Bacchus, is represented by the Mexican god Texcatzoncatl,
+the god of wine. (Bancroft, vol. iii., p. 418.)
+
+Atlas reappears in Chibchacum, the deity of the Chibchas; he bears the
+world on his shoulders, and when be shifts the burden from one shoulder
+to another severe earthquakes are produced. (Bollært, pp. 12, 13.)
+
+Deucalion repeopling the world is repeated in Xololt, who, after the
+destruction of the world, descended to Mictlan, the realm of the dead,
+and brought thence a bone of the perished race. This, sprinkled with
+blood, grew into a youth, the father of the present race. The Quiche
+hero-gods, Hunaphu and Xblanque, died; their bodies were burnt, their
+bones ground to powder and thrown into the waters, whereupon they
+changed into handsome youths, with the same features as before. (Dorman,
+"Prim. Superst.," p. 193.)
+
+Witches and warlocks, mermaids and mermen, are part of the mythology of
+the American tribes, as they were of the European races. (Ibid., p. 79.)
+The mermaid of the Ottawas was "woman to the waist and fair;" thence
+fish-like. (Ibid., p. 278.)
+
+The snake-locks of Medusa are represented in the snake-locks of
+At-otarho, an ancient culture-hero of the Iroquois.
+
+A belief in the incarnation of gods in men, and the physical translation
+of heroes to heaven, is part of the mythology of the Hindoos and the
+American races. Hiawatha, we are told, rose to heaven in the presence of
+the multitude, and vanished from sight in the midst of sweet music.
+
+The vocal statues and oracles of Egypt and Greece were duplicated in
+America. In Peru, in the valley of Rimac, there was an idol which
+answered questions and became famous as an oracle. (Dorman, "Prim.
+Superst.," p. 124.)
+
+The Peruvians believed that men were sometimes metamorphosed into stones.
+
+The Oneidas claimed descent from a stone, as the Greeks from the stones
+of Deucalion. (Ibid., p. 132.)
+
+Witchcraft is an article of faith among all the American races. Among
+the Illinois Indians "they made small images to represent those whose
+days they have a mind to shorten, and which they stab to the heart,"
+whereupon the person represented is expected to die. (Charlevoix, vol.
+ii., p. 166.) The witches of Europe made figures of wax of their
+enemies, and gradually melted them at the fire, and as they diminished
+the victim was supposed to sicken and die.
+
+A writer in the Popular Science Monthly (April, 1881, p. 828) points out
+the fact that there is an absolute identity between the folk-lore of the
+negroes on the plantations of the South and the myths and stories of
+certain tribes of Indians in South America, as revealed by Mr. Herbert
+Smith's "Brazil, the Amazons, and the Coast." (New York: Scribner,
+1879.) Mr. Harris, the author of a work on the folk-lore of the negroes,
+asks this question, "When did the negro or the North American Indian
+come in contact with the tribes of South America?"
+
+Customs.--Both peoples manufactured a fermented, intoxicating drink, the
+one deriving it from barley, the other from maize. Both drank toasts.
+Both had the institution of marriage, an important part of the ceremony
+consisting in the joining of hands; both recognized divorce, and the
+Peruvians and Mexicans established special courts to decide cases of
+this kind. Both the Americans and Europeans erected arches, and had
+triumphal processions for their victorious kings, and both strewed the
+ground before them with leaves and flowers. Both celebrated important
+events with bonfires and illuminations; both used banners, both invoked
+blessings. The Phoenicians, Hebrews, and Egyptians practised
+circumcision. Palacio relates that at Azori, in Honduras, the natives
+circumcised boys before an idol called Icelca. ("Carta," p. 84.) Lord
+Kingsborough tells us the Central Americans used the same rite, and
+McKenzie (quoted by Retzius) says he saw the ceremony performed by the
+Chippeways. Both had bards and minstrels, who on great festivals sung
+the deeds of kings and heroes. Both the Egyptians and the Peruvians held
+agricultural fairs; both took a census of the people. Among both the
+land was divided per capita among the people; in Judea a new division
+was made every fifty years. The Peruvians renewed every year all the
+fires of the kingdom from the Temple of the Sun, the new fire being
+kindled from concave mirrors by the sun's rays. The Romans under Numa
+had precisely the same custom. The Peruvians had theatrical plays. They
+chewed the leaves of the coca mixed with lime, as the Hindoo to-day
+chews the leaves of the betel mixed with lime. Both the American and
+European nations were divided into castes; both practised
+planet-worship; both used scales and weights and mirrors. The Peruvians,
+Egyptians, and Chaldeans divided the year into twelve months, and the
+months into lesser divisions of weeks. Both inserted additional days, so
+as to give the year three hundred and sixty-five days. The Mexicans
+added five intercalary days; and the Egyptians, in the time of Amunoph
+I., had already the same practice.
+
+Humboldt, whose high authority cannot be questioned, by an elaborate
+discussion ("Vues des Cordilleras," p. 148 et. seq., ed. 1870), has
+shown the relative likeness of the Nahua calendar to that of Asia. He
+cites the fact that the Chinese, Japanese, Calmucks, Mongols, Mantchou,
+and other hordes of Tartars have cycles of sixty years' duration,
+divided into five brief periods of twelve years each. The method of
+citing a date by means of signs and numbers is quite similar with
+Asiatics and Mexicans. He further shows satisfactorily that the majority
+of the names of the twenty days employed by the Aztecs are those of a
+zodiac used since the most remote antiquity among the peoples of Eastern
+Asia.
+
+Cabera thinks he finds analogies between the Mexican and Egyptian
+calendars. Adopting the view of several writers that the Mexican year
+began on the 26th of February, he finds the date to correspond with the
+beginning of the Egyptian year.
+
+The American nations believed in four great primeval ages, as the Hindoo
+does to this day.
+
+"In the Greeks of Homer," says Volney, "I find the customs, discourse,
+and manners of the Iroquois, Delawares, and Miamis. The tragedies of
+Sophocles and Euripides paint to me almost literally the sentiments of
+the red men respecting necessity, fatality, the miseries of human life,
+and the rigor of blind destiny." (Volney's "View of the United States.")
+
+The Mexicans represent an eclipse of the moon as the moon being devoured
+by a dragon; and the Hindoos have precisely the same figure; and both
+nations continued to use this expression long after they had discovered
+the real meaning of an eclipse.
+
+The Tartars believe that if they cut with an axe near a fire, or stick a
+knife into a burning stick, or touch the fire with a knife, they will
+"cut the top off the fire." The Sioux Indians will not stick an awl or a
+needle into a stick of wood on the fire, or chop on it with an axe or a
+knife.
+
+Cremation was extensively practised in the New World. The dead were
+burnt, and their ashes collected and placed in vases and urns, as in
+Europe. Wooden statues of the dead were made.
+
+There is a very curious and apparently inexplicable custom, called the
+"Couvade," which extends from China to the Mississippi Valley; it
+demands "that, when a child is born, the father must take to his bed,
+while the mother attends to all the duties of the household." Marco Polo
+found the custom among the Chinese in the thirteenth century.
+
+The widow tells Hudibras--
+
+     "Chineses thus are said
+     To lie-in in their ladies' stead."
+
+The practice remarked by Marco Polo continues to this day among the
+hill-tribes of China. "The father of a new-born child, as soon as the
+mother has become strong enough to leave her couch, gets into bed
+himself, and there receives the congratulations of his acquaintances."
+(Max Müller's "Chips from a German Workshop," vol. ii., p. 272.) Strabo
+(vol. iii., pp. 4, 17) mentions that, among the Iberians of the North of
+Spain, the women, after the birth of a child, tend their husbands,
+putting them to bed instead of going themselves. The same custom existed
+among the Basques only a few years ago. "In Biscay," says M. F. Michel,
+"the women rise immediately after childbirth and attend to the duties of
+the household, while the husband goes to bed, taking the baby with him,
+and thus receives the neighbors' compliments." The same custom was found
+in France, and is said to exist to this day in some cantons of Béarn.
+Diodorus Siculus tells us that among the Corsicans the wife was
+neglected, and the husband put to bed and treated as the patient.
+Apollonius Rhodius says that among the Tibereni, at the south of the
+Black Sea, "when a child was born the father lay groaning, with his head
+tied up, while the mother tended him with food and prepared his baths."
+The same absurd custom extends throughout the tribes of North and South
+America. Among the Caribs in the West Indies (and the Caribs, Brasseur
+de Bourbourg says, were the same as the ancient Carians of the
+Mediterranean Sea) the man takes to his bed as soon as a child is born,
+and kills no animals. And herein we find an explanation of a custom
+otherwise inexplicable. Among the American Indians it is believed that,
+if the father kills an animal during the infancy of the child, the
+spirit of the animal will revenge itself by inflicting some disease upon
+the helpless little one. "For six months the Carib father must not eat
+birds or fish, for what ever animals he eats will impress their likeness
+on the child, or produce disease by entering its body." (Dorman, "Prim.
+Superst.," p. 58.) Among the Abipones the husband goes to bed, fasts a
+number of days, "and you would think," says Dobrizboffer, "that it was
+he that had had the child." The Brazilian father takes to his hammock
+during and after the birth of the child, and for fifteen days eats no
+meat and hunts no game. Among the Esquimaux the husbands forbear hunting
+during the lying-in of their wives and for some time thereafter.
+
+Here, then, we have a very extraordinary and unnatural custom, existing
+to this day on both sides of the Atlantic, reaching back to a vast
+antiquity, and finding its explanation only in the superstition of the
+American races. A practice so absurd could scarcely have originated
+separately in the two continents; its existence is a very strong proof
+of unity of origin of the races on the opposite sides of the Atlantic;
+and the fact that the custom and the reason for it are both found in
+America, while the custom remains in Europe without the reason, would
+imply that the American population was the older of the two.
+
+The Indian practice of depositing weapons and food with the dead was
+universal in ancient Europe, and in German villages nowadays a needle
+and thread is placed in the coffin for the dead to mend their torn
+clothes with; "while all over Europe the dead man had a piece of money
+put in his hand to pay his way with." ("Anthropology," p. 347.)
+
+The American Indian leaves food with the dead; the Russian peasant puts
+crumbs of bread behind the saints' pictures on the little iron shelf,
+and believes that the souls of his forefathers creep in and out and eat
+them. At the cemetery of Père-la-Chaise, Paris, on All-souls-day, they
+"still put cakes and sweetmeats on the graves; and in Brittany the
+peasants that night do not forget to make up the fire and leave the
+fragments of the supper on the table for the souls of the dead." (Ibid.,
+p. 351.)
+
+The Indian prays to the spirits of his forefathers; the Chinese religion
+is largely "ancestor-worship;" and the rites paid to the dead ancestors,
+or lares, held the Roman family together." ("Anthropology," p. 351.)
+
+We find the Indian practice of burying the dead in a sitting posture in
+use among the Nasamonians, tribe of Libyans. Herodotus, speaking of the
+wandering tribes of Northern Africa, says, "They bury their dead
+according to the fashion of the Greeks.... They bury them sitting,
+and are right careful, when the sick man is at the point of giving up
+the ghost, to make him sit, and not let him die lying down."
+
+The dead bodies of the caciques of Bogota were protected from
+desecration by diverting the course of a river and making the grave in
+its bed, and then letting the stream return to its natural course.
+Alaric, the leader of the Goths, was secretly buried in the same way.
+(Dorman, "Prim. Superst.," p. 195.)
+
+Among the American tribes no man is permitted to marry a wife of the
+same clan-name or totem as himself. In India a Brahman is not allowed to
+marry a wife whose clan-name (her "cow-stall," as they say) is the same
+as his own; nor may a Chinaman take a wife of his own surname.
+("Anthropology," p. 403.) "Throughout India the hill-tribes are divided
+into septs or clans, and a man may not marry a woman belonging to his
+own clan. The Calmucks of Tartary are divided into hordes, and a man may
+not marry a girl of his own horde. The same custom prevails among the
+Circassians and the Samoyeds of Siberia. The Ostyaks and Yakuts regard
+it as a crime to marry a woman of the same family, or even of the same
+name." (Sir John Lubbock, "Smith. Rep.," p. 347, 1869.)
+
+Sutteeism--the burning of the widow upon the funeral-pile of the
+husband--was extensively practised in America (West's "Journal," p.
+141); as was also the practice of sacrificing warriors, servants, and
+animals at the funeral of a great chief (Dorman, pp. 210-211.) Beautiful
+girls were sacrificed to appease the anger of the gods, as among the
+Mediterranean races. (Bancroft, vol. iii., p. 471.) Fathers offered up
+their children for a like purpose, as among the Carthaginians.
+
+The poisoned arrows of America had their representatives in Europe.
+Odysseus went to Ephyra for the man-slaying drug with which to smear his
+bronze-tipped arrows. (Tylor's "Anthropology," p. 237.)
+
+"The bark canoe of America was not unknown in Asia and Africa" (Ibid.,
+p. 254), while the skin canoes of our Indians and the Esquimaux were
+found on the shores of the Thames and the Euphrates. In Peru and on the
+Euphrates commerce was carried on upon rafts supported by inflated
+skins. They are still used on the Tigris.
+
+The Indian boils his meat by dropping red-hot stones into a water-vessel
+made of hide; and Linnæus found the Both land people brewing beer in
+this way--"and to this day the rude Carinthian boor drinks such
+stone-beer, as it is called." (Ibid., p. 266.)
+
+In the buffalo dance of the Mandan Indians the dancers covered their
+heads with a mask made of the head and horns of the buffalo. To-day in
+the temples of India, or among the lamas of Thibet, the priests dance
+the demons out, or the new year in, arrayed in animal masks (Ibid., p.
+297 ); and the "mummers" at Yule-tide, in England, are a survival of the
+same custom. (Ibid., p. 298.) The North American dog and bear dances,
+wherein the dancers acted the part of those animals, had their prototype
+in the Greek dances at the festivals of Dionysia. (Ibid., p. 298.)
+
+Tattooing was practised in both continents. Among the Indians it was
+fetichistic in its origin; "every Indian had the image of an animal
+tattooed on his breast or arm, to charm away evil spirits." (Dorman,
+"Prim. Superst.," p. 156.) The sailors of Europe and America preserve to
+this day a custom which was once universal among the ancient races.
+Banners, flags, and armorial bearings are supposed to be survivals of
+the old totemic tattooing. The Arab woman still tattoos her face, arms,
+and ankles. The war-paint of the American savage reappeared in the woad
+with which the ancient Briton stained his body; and Tylor suggests that
+the painted stripes on the circus clown are a survival of a custom once
+universal. (Tylor's "Anthropology," p. 327.)
+
+In America, as in the Old World, the temples of worship were built over
+the dead., (Dorman, "Prim. Superst.," p. 178.) Says Prudentius, the
+Roman bard, "there were as many temples of gods as sepulchres."
+
+The Etruscan belief that evil spirits strove for the possession of the
+dead was found among the Mosquito Indians. (Bancroft, "Native Races,"
+vol. i., p. 744.)
+
+The belief in fairies, which forms so large a part of the folklore of
+Western Europe, is found among the American races. The Ojibbeways see
+thousands of fairies dancing in a sunbeam; during a rain myriads of them
+bide in the flowers. When disturbed they disappear underground. They
+have their dances, like the Irish fairies; and, like them, they kill the
+domestic animals of those who offend them. The Dakotas also believe in
+fairies. The Otoes located the "little people" in a mound at the mouth
+of Whitestone River; they were eighteen inches high, with very large
+heads; they were armed with bows and arrows, and killed those who
+approached their residence. (See Dorman's "Origin of Primitive
+Superstitions," p. 23.) "The Shoshone legends people the mountains of
+Montana with little imps, called Nirumbees, two feet long, naked, and
+with a tail." They stole the children of the Indians, and left in their
+stead the young of their own baneful race, who resembled the stolen
+children so much that the mothers were deceived and suckled them,
+whereupon they died. This greatly resembles the European belief in
+"changelings." (Ibid., p. 24.)
+
+In both continents we find tree-worship. In Mexico and Central America
+cypresses and palms were planted near the temples, generally in groups
+of threes; they were tended with great care, and received offerings of
+incense and gifts. The same custom prevailed among the Romans--the
+cypress was dedicated to Pluto, and the palm to Victory.
+
+Not only infant baptism by water was found both in the old Babylonian
+religion and among the Mexicans, but an offering of cakes, which is
+recorded by the prophet Jeremiah as part of the worship of the
+Babylonian goddess-mother, "the Queen of Heaven," was also found in the
+ritual of the Aztecs. ("Builders of Babel," p. 78.)
+
+In Babylonia, China, and Mexico the caste at the bottom of the social
+scale lived upon floating islands of reeds or rafts, covered with earth,
+on the lakes and rivers.
+
+In Peru and Babylonia marriages were made but once a year, at a public
+festival.
+
+Among the Romans, the Chinese, the Abyssinians, and the Indians of
+Canada the singular custom prevails of lifting the bride over the
+door-step of her husband's home. (Sir John Lubbock, "Smith. Rep.," 1869,
+p. 352.)
+
+"The bride-cake which so invariably accompanies a wedding among
+ourselves, and which must always be cut by the bride, may be traced back
+to the old Roman form of marriage by 'conferreatio,' or eating together.
+So, also, among the Iroquois the bride and bridegroom used to partake
+together of a cake of sagamite, which the bride always offered to her
+husband." (Ibid.)
+
+Among many American tribes, notably in Brazil, the husband captured the
+wife by main force, as the men of Benjamin carried off the daughters of
+Shiloh at the feast, and as the Romans captured the Sabine women.
+"Within a few generations the same old habit was kept up in Wales, where
+the bridegroom and his friends, mounted and armed as for war, carried
+off the bride; and in Ireland they used even to hurl spears at the
+bride's people, though at such a distance that no one was hurt, except
+now and then by accident--as happened when one Lord Hoath lost an eye,
+which mischance put an end to this curious relic of antiquity." (Tylor's
+"Anthropology," p. 409.)
+
+Marriage in Mexico was performed by the priest. He exhorted them to
+maintain peace and harmony, and tied the end of the man's mantle to the
+dress of the woman; he perfumed them, and placed on each a shawl on
+which was painted a skeleton, "as a symbol that only death could now
+separate them from one another." (Dorman, "Prim. Superst.," p. 379.)
+
+The priesthood was thoroughly organized in Mexico and Peru. They were
+prophets as well as priests. "They brought the newly-born infant into
+the religious society; they directed their training and education; they
+determined the entrance of the young men into the service of the state;
+they consecrated marriage by their blessing; they comforted the sick and
+assisted the dying." (Ibid., p. 374.) There were five thousand priests
+in the temples of Mexico. They confessed and absolved the sinners,
+arranged the festivals, and managed the choirs in the churches. They
+lived in conventual discipline, but were allowed to marry; they
+practised flagellation and fasting, and prayed at regular hours. There
+were great preachers and exhorters among them. There were also convents
+into which females were admitted. The novice had her hair cut off and
+took vows of celibacy; they lived holy and pious lives. (Ibid., pp. 375,
+376.) The king was the high-priest of the religious orders. A new king
+ascended the temple naked, except his girdle; he was sprinkled four
+times with water which had been blessed; he was then clothed in a
+mantle, and on his knees took an oath to maintain the ancient religion.
+The priests then instructed him in his royal duties. (Ibid., p. 378.)
+Besides the regular priesthood there were monks who were confined in
+cloisters. (Ibid., p. 390.) Cortes says the Mexican priests were very
+strict in the practice of honesty and chastity, and any deviation was
+punished with death. They wore long white robes and burned incense.
+(Dorman, "Prim. Superst.," p. 379.) The first fruits of the earth were
+devoted to the support of the priesthood. (Ibid., p. 383.) The priests
+of the Isthmus were sworn to perpetual chastity.
+
+The American doctors practised phlebotomy. They bled the sick man
+because they believed the evil spirit which afflicted him would come
+away with the blood. In Europe phlebotomy only continued to a late
+period, but the original superstition out of which it arose, in this
+case as in many others, was forgotten.
+
+There is opportunity here for the philosopher to meditate upon the
+perversity of human nature and the persistence of hereditary error. The
+superstition of one age becomes the science of another; men were first
+bled to withdraw the evil spirit, then to cure the disease; and a
+practice whose origin is lost in the night of ages is continued into the
+midst of civilization, and only overthrown after it has sent millions of
+human beings to untimely graves. Dr. Sangrado could have found the
+explanation of his profession only among the red men of America.
+
+Folk-lore.--Says Max Müller: "Not only do we find the same words and the
+same terminations in Sanscrit and Gothic; not only do we find the same
+name for Zeus in Sanscrit, Latin, and German; not only is the abstract
+name for God the same in India, Greece, and Italy; but these very
+stories, these 'Mährchen' which nurses still tell, with almost the same
+words, in the Thuringian forest and in the Norwegian villages, and to
+which crowds of children listen under the Pippal-trees of India--these
+stories, too, belonged to the common heirloom of the Indo-European race,
+and their origin carries us back to the same distant past, when no Greek
+had set foot in Europe, no Hindoo had bathed in the sacred waters of the
+Ganges."
+
+And we find that an identity of origin can be established between the
+folk-lore or fairy tales of America and those of the Old World,
+precisely such as exists between the, legends of Norway and India.
+
+Mr. Tylor tells us the story of the two brothers in Central America who,
+starting on their dangerous journey to the land of Xibalba, where their
+father had perished, plant each a cane in the middle of their
+grandmother's house, that she may know by its flourishing or withering
+whether they are alive or dead. Exactly the same conception occurs in
+Grimm's "Mährchen," when the two gold-children wish to see the world and
+to leave their father; and when their father is sad, and asks them how
+he shall bear news of them, they tell him, "We leave you the two golden
+lilies; from these you can see how we fare. If they are fresh, we are
+well; if they fade, we are ill; if they fall, we are dead." Grimm traces
+the same idea in Hindoo stories. "Now this," says Max Müller, "is
+strange enough, and its occurrence in India, Germany, and Central
+America is stranger still."
+
+Compare the following stories, which we print in parallel columns, one
+from the Ojibbeway Indians, the other from Ireland:
+
++----------------------------------+------------------------------------+
+| THE OJIBBEWAY STORY.             | THE IRISH STORY.                   |
+|                                  |                                    |
+| The birds met together one day   | The birds all met together one     |
+| to try which could fly the       | day, and settled among themselves  |
+| highest. Some flew up very       | that whichever of them could fly   |
+| swift, but soon got tired, and   | highest was to be the king of      |
+| were passed by others of         | all. Well, just as they were on    |
+| stronger wing. But the eagle     | the hinges of being off, what      |
+| went up beyond them all, and     | does the little rogue of a wren    |
+| was ready to claim the victory,  | do but hop up and perch himself    |
+| when the gray linnet, a very     | unbeknown on the eagle's tail. So  |
+| small bird, flew from the        | they flew and flew ever so high,   |
+| eagle's back, where it had       | till the eagle was miles above     |
+| perched unperceived, and, being  | all the rest, and could not fly    |
+| fresh and unexhausted,           | another stroke, he was so tired.   |
+| succeeded in going the highest.  | "Then," says he, "I'm king of the  |
+| When the birds came down and     | birds." "You lie!" says the wren,  |
+| met in council to award the      | darting up a perch and a half      |
+| prize it was given to the        | above the big fellow. Well, the    |
+| eagle, because that bird had     | eagle was so mad to think how he   |
+| not only gone up nearer to the   | was done, that when the wren was   |
+| sun than any of the larger       | coming down he gave him a stroke   |
+| birds, but it had carried the    | of his wing, and from that day to  |
+| linnet on its back.              | this the wren was never able to    |
+|                                  | fly farther than a hawthorn-bush.  |
+| For this reason the eagle's      |                                    |
+| feathers became the most         |                                    |
+| honorable marks of distinction   |                                    |
+| a warrior could bear.            |                                    |
++----------------------------------+------------------------------------+
+
+Compare the following stories:
+
++------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
+| THE ASIATIC STORY.                 | THE AMERICAN STORY.              |
+|                                    |                                  |
+| In Hindoo mythology Urvasi came    | Wampee, a great hunter, once     |
+| down from heaven and became the    | came to a strange prairie,       |
+| wife of the son of Buddha only on  | where he heard faint sounds of   |
+| condition that two pet rams        | music, and looking up saw a      |
+| should never be taken from her     | speck in the sky, which proved   |
+| bedside, and that she should       | itself to be a basket            |
+| never behold her lord undressed.   | containing twelve most           |
+| The immortals, however, wishing    | beautiful maidens, who, on       |
+| Urvasi back in heaven, contrived   | reaching the earth, forthwith    |
+| to steal the rams; and, as the     | set themselves to dance. He      |
+| king pursued the robbers with his  | tried to catch the youngest,     |
+| sword in the dark, the lightning   | but in vain; ultimately he       |
+| revealed his person, the compact   | succeeded by assuming the        |
+| was broken, and Urvasi             | disguise of a mouse. He was      |
+| disappeared. This same story is    | very attentive to his new wife,  |
+| found in different forms among     | who was really a daughter of     |
+| many people of Aryan and Turanian  | one of the stars, but she        |
+| descent, the central idea being    | wished to return home, so she    |
+| that of a man marrying some one    | made a wicker basket secretly,   |
+| of an aerial or aquatic origin,    | and, by help of a charm she      |
+| and living happily with her till   | remembered, ascended to her      |
+| he breaks the condition on which   | father.                          |
+| her residence with him depends,    |                                  |
+| stories exactly parallel to that   |                                  |
+| of Raymond of Toulouse, who        |                                  |
+| chances in the hunt upon the       |                                  |
+| beautiful Melusina at a fountain,  |                                  |
+| and lives with her happily until   |                                  |
+| he discovers her fish-nature and   |                                  |
+| she vanishes.                      |                                  |
++------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
+
+If the legend of Cadmus recovering Europa, after she has been carried
+away by the white bull, the spotless cloud, means that "the sun must
+journey westward until he sees again the beautiful tints which greeted
+his eyes in the morning," it is curious to find a story current in North
+America to the effect that a man once had a beautiful daughter, 'whom he
+forbade to leave the lodge lest she should be carried off by the king of
+the buffaloes; and that as she sat, notwithstanding, outside the house
+combing her hair, "all of a sudden the king of the buffaloes came
+dashing on, with his herd of followers, and, taking her between his
+horns, away be cantered over plains, plunged into a river which bounded
+his land, and carried her safely to his lodge on the other side," whence
+she was finally recovered by her father.
+
+Games.--The same games and sports extended from India to the shores of
+Lake Superior. The game of the Hindoos, called pachisi, is played upon a
+cross-shaped board or cloth; it is a combination of checkers and
+draughts, with the throwing of dice, the dice determining the number of
+moves; when the Spaniards entered Mexico they found the Aztecs playing a
+game called patolli, identical with the Hindoo pachisi, on a similar
+cross-shaped board. The game of ball, which the Indians of America were
+in the habit of playing at the time of the discovery of the country,
+from California to the Atlantic, was identical with the European chueca,
+crosse, or hockey.
+
+One may well pause, after reading this catalogue, and ask himself,
+wherein do these peoples differ? It is absurd to pretend that all these
+similarities could have been the result of accidental coincidences.
+
+These two peoples, separated by the great ocean, were baptized alike in
+infancy with blessed water; they prayed alike to the gods; they
+worshipped together the sun, moon, and stars; they confessed their sins
+alike; they were instructed alike by an established priesthood; they
+were married in the same way and by the joining of hands; they armed
+themselves with the same weapons; when children came, the man, on both
+continents, went to bed and left his wife to do the honors of the
+household; they tattooed and painted themselves in the same fashion;
+they became intoxicated on kindred drinks; their dresses were alike;
+they cooked in the same manner; they used the same metals; they employed
+the same exorcisms and bleedings for disease; they believed alike in
+ghosts, demons, and fairies; they listened to the same stories; they
+played the same games; they used the same musical instruments; they
+danced the same dances, and when they died they were embalmed in the
+same way and buried sitting; while over them were erected, on both
+continents, the same mounds, pyramids, obelisks, and temples. And yet we
+are asked to believe that there was no relationship between them, and
+that they had never had any ante-Columbian intercourse with each other.
+
+If our knowledge of Atlantis was more thorough, it would no doubt appear
+that, in every instance wherein the people of Europe accord with the
+people of America, they were both in accord with the people of Atlantis;
+and that Atlantis was the common centre from which both peoples derived
+their arts, sciences, customs, and opinions. It will be seen that in
+every case where Plato gives us any information in this respect as to
+Atlantis, we find this agreement to exist. It existed in architecture,
+sculpture, navigation, engraving, writing, an established priesthood,
+the mode of worship, agriculture, the construction of roads and canals;
+and it is reasonable to suppose that the same correspondence extended
+down to all the minor details treated of in this chapter.
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+AMERICAN EVIDENCES OF INTERCOURSE WITH EUROPE OR ATLANTIS.
+
+1. ON the monuments of Central America there are representations of
+bearded men. How could the beardless American Indians have imagined a
+bearded race?
+
+2. All the traditions of the civilized races of Central America point to
+an Eastern origin.
+
+The leader and civilizer of the Nahua family was Quetzalcoatl. This is
+the legend respecting him:
+
+"From the distant East, from the fabulous Hue Hue Tlapalan, this
+mysterious person came to Tula, and became the patron god and
+high-priest of the ancestors of the Toltecs. He is described as having
+been a white man, with strong formation of body, broad forehead, large
+eyes, and flowing beard. He wore a mitre on his head, and was dressed in
+a long white robe reaching to his feet, and covered with red crosses. In
+his hand he held a sickle. His habits were ascetic, he never married,
+was most chaste and pure in life, and is said to have endured penance in
+a neighboring mountain, not for its effects upon himself, but as a
+warning to others. He condemned sacrifices, except of fruits and
+flowers, and was known as the god of peace; for, when addressed on the
+subject of war, he is reported to have stopped his ears with his
+fingers." ("North Amer. of Antiq.," p. 268.)
+
+"He was skilled in many arts: he invented" (that is, imported)
+"gem-cutting and metal-casting; he originated letters, and invented the
+Mexican calendar. He finally returned to the land in the East from which
+he came: leaving the American coast at Vera Cruz, he embarked in a canoe
+made of serpent-skins, and 'sailed away into the east.'" (Ibid., p. 271.)
+
+Dr. Le Plongeon says of the columns at Chichen:
+
+"The base is formed by the head of Cukulcan, the shaft of the body of
+the serpent, with its feathers beautifully carved to the very chapiter.
+On the chapiters of the columns that support the portico, at the
+entrance of the castle in Chichen Itza, may be seen the carved figures
+of long-bearded men, with upraised hands, in the act of worshipping
+sacred trees. They forcibly recall to mind the same worship in Assyria."
+
+In the accompanying cut of an ancient vase from Tula, we see a bearded
+figure grasping a beardless man.
+
+In the cut given below we see a face that might be duplicated among the
+old men of any part of Europe.
+
+The Cakchiquel MS. says: "Four persons came from Tulan, from the
+direction of the rising sun--that is one Tulan. There is another Tulan
+in Xibalbay, and another where the sun sets, and it is there that we
+came; and in the direction of the setting sun there is another, where is
+the god; so that there are four Tulans; and it is where the sun sets
+that we came to Tulan, from the other side of the sea, where this Tulan
+is; and it is there that we were conceived and begotten by our mothers
+and fathers."
+
+That is to say, the birthplace of the race was in the East, across the
+sea, at a place called Tulan and when they emigrated they called their
+first stopping-place on the American continent Tulan also; and besides
+this there were two other Tulans.
+
+"Of the Nahua predecessors of the Toltecs in Mexico the Olmecs and
+Xicalaucans were the most important. They were the forerunners of the
+great races that followed. According to Ixtlilxochitl, these
+people--which are conceded to be the ones who occupied the world in the third age;
+they came from the East in ships or barks to the land of Potonchan,
+which they commenced to populate."
+
+3. The Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, in one of the notes of the
+Introduction of the "Popol Vuh," presents a very remarkable analogy
+between the kingdom of Xibalba, described in that work, and Atlantis. He
+says:
+
+"Both countries are magnificent, exceedingly fertile, and abound in the
+precious metals. The empire of Atlantis was divided into ten kingdoms,
+governed by five couples of twin sons of Poseidon, the eldest being
+supreme over the others; and the ten constituted a tribunal that managed
+the affairs of the empire. Their descendants governed after them. The
+ten kings of Xibalba, who reigned (in couples) under Hun-Came and
+Vukub-Came (and who together constituted a grand council of the
+kingdom), certainly furnish curious points of comparison. And there is
+wanting neither a catastrophe--for Xibalba had a terrific
+inundation--nor the name of Atlas, of which the etymology is found only
+in the Nahuatl tongue: it comes from atl, water; and we know that a city
+of Atlan (near the water) still existed on the Atlantic side of the
+Isthmus of Panama at the time of the Conquest."
+
+"In Yucatan the traditions all point to an Eastern and foreign origin
+for the race. The early writers report that the natives believe their
+ancestors to have crossed the sea by a passage which was opened for
+them." (Landa's "Relacion," p. 28.)
+
+"It was also believed that part of the population came into the country
+from the West. Lizana says that the smaller portion, 'the little
+descent,' came from the East, while the greater portion, 'the great
+descent,' came from the West. Cogolluda considers the Eastern colony to
+have been the larger.... The culture-hero Zamna, the author of all
+civilization in Yucatan, is described as the teacher of letters, and the
+leader of the people from their ancient home.... He was the leader of
+a colony from the East." ("North Amer. of Antiq.," p. 229.)
+
+The ancient Mexican legends say that, after the Flood, Coxcox and his
+wife, after wandering one hundred and four years, landed at Antlan, and
+passed thence to Capultepec, and thence to Culhuacan, and lastly to
+Mexico.
+
+Coming from Atlantis, they named their first landing-place Antlan.
+
+All the races that settled Mexico, we are told, traced their origin back
+to an Aztlan (Atlan-tis). Duran describes Aztlan as "a most attractive
+land." ("North Amer. of Antiq.," p. 257.)
+
+Samé, the great name of Brazilian legend, came across the ocean from the
+rising sun. He had power over the elements and tempests; the trees of
+the forests would recede to make room for him (cutting down the trees);
+the animals used to crouch before him (domesticated animals); lakes and
+rivers became solid for him (boats and bridges); and he taught the use
+of agriculture and magic. Like him, Bochica, the great law-giver of the
+Muyscas, and son of the sun--he who invented for them the calendar and
+regulated their festivals--had a white beard, a detail in which all the
+American culture-heroes agree. The "Samé" of Brazil was probably the
+"Zamna" of Yucatan.
+
+                        ELEPHANT MOUND, WISCONSIN.
+
+4. We find in America numerous representations of the elephant. We are
+forced to one of two conclusions: either the monuments date back to the
+time of the mammoth in North America, or these people held intercourse
+at some time in the past with races who possessed the elephant, and from
+whom they obtained pictures of that singular animal. Plato tells us that
+the Atlanteans possessed great numbers of elephants.
+
+There are in Wisconsin a number of mounds of earth representing
+different animals--men, birds, and quadrupeds.
+
+                    ELEPHANT PIPE, LOISA COUNTY, IOWA.
+
+Among the latter is a mound representing an elephant, "so perfect in its
+proportions, and complete in its representation of an elephant, that its
+builders must have been well acquainted with all the physical
+characteristics of the animal which they delineated." We copy the
+representation of this mound on page 168.
+
+On a farm in Louisa County, Iowa, a pipe was ploughed up which also
+represents an elephant. We are indebted to the valuable work of John T.
+Short ("The North Americans of Antiquity," p. 530) for a picture of this
+singular object. It was found in a section where the ancient mounds were
+very abundant and rich in relics. The pipe is of sandstone, of the
+ordinary Mound-Builder's type, and has every appearance of age and
+usage. There can be no doubt of its genuineness. The finder had no
+conception of its archæological value.
+
+In the ruined city of Palenque we find, in one of the palaces, a stucco
+bass-relief of a priest. His elaborate head-dress or helmet represents
+very faithfully the head of an elephant. The cut on page 169 is from a
+drawing made by Waldeck.
+
+The decoration known as "elephant-trunks" is found in many parts of the
+ancient ruins of Central America, projecting from above the door-ways of
+the buildings.
+
+In Tylor's "Researches into the Early History of Mankind," p. 313, I
+find a remarkable representation of an elephant, taken from an ancient
+Mexican manuscript. It is as follows:
+
+                   MEXICAN REPRESENTATION OF ELEPHANT.
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+CORROBORATING CIRCUMSTANCES.
+
+1. Lenormant insists that the human race issued from Ups Merou, and adds
+that some Greek traditions point to "this locality--particularly the
+expression me'ropes a?'nðwpoi, which can only mean 'the men sprung from
+Merou.'" ("Mannal," p. 21.)
+
+Theopompus tells us that the people who inhabited Atlantis were the
+Meropes, the people of Merou.
+
+2. Whence comes the word Atlantic? The dictionaries tell us that the
+ocean is named after the mountains of Atlas; but whence did the Atlas
+mountains get their name?
+
+"The words Atlas and Atlantic have no satisfactory etymology in any
+language known to Europe. They are not Greek, and cannot be referred to
+any known language of the Old World. But in the Nahuatl language we find
+immediately the radical a, atl, which signifies water, war, and the top
+of the head. (Molina, "Vocab. en lengua Mexicana y Castellana.") From
+this comes a series of words, such as atlan--on the border of or amid
+the water--from which we have the adjective Atlantic. We have also
+atlaça, to combat, or be in agony; it means likewise to hurl or dart
+from the water, and in the preterit makes Atlaz. A city named Atlan
+existed when the continent was discovered by Columbus, at the entrance
+of the Gulf of Uraba, in Darien. With a good harbor, it is now reduced
+to an unimportant pueblo named Acla." (Baldwin's "Ancient America," p.
+179.)
+
+Plato tells us that Atlantis and the Atlantic Ocean were named after
+Atlas, the eldest son of Poseidon, the founder of the kingdom.
+
+3. Upon that part of the African continent nearest to the site of
+Atlantis we find a chain of mountains, known from the most ancient times
+as the Atlas Mountains. Whence this name Atlas, if it be not from the
+name of the great king of Atlantis? And if this be not its origin, how
+comes it that we find it in the most north-western corner of Africa? And
+how does it happen that in the time of Herodotus there dwelt near this
+mountain-chain a people called the Atlantes, probably a remnant of a
+colony from Solon's island? How comes it that the people of the Barbary
+States were known to the Greeks, Romans, and Carthaginians as the
+"Atlantes," this name being especially applied to the inhabitants of
+Fezzan and Bilma? Where did they get the name from? There is no
+etymology for it east of the Atlantic Ocean. (Lenormants "Anc. Hist. of
+the East," p. 253.)
+
+Look at it! An "Atlas" mountain on the shore of Africa; an "Atlan" town
+on the shore of America; the "Atlantes" living along the north and west
+coast of Africa; an Aztec people from Aztlan, in Central America; an
+ocean rolling between the two worlds called the "Atlantic;" a
+mythological deity called "Atlas" holding the world on his shoulders;
+and an immemorial tradition of an island of Atlantis. Can all these
+things be the result of accident?
+
+4. Plato says that there was a "passage west from Atlantis to the rest
+of the islands, as well as from these islands to the whole opposite
+continent that surrounds that real sea." He calls it a real sea, as
+contradistinguished from the Mediterranean, which, as he says, is not a
+real sea (or ocean) but a landlocked body of water, like a harbor.
+
+Now, Plato might have created Atlantis out of his imagination; but how
+could he have invented the islands beyond (the West India Islands), and
+the whole continent (America) enclosing that real sea? If we look at the
+map, we see that the continent of America does "surround" the ocean in a
+great half-circle. Could Plato have guessed all this? If there had been
+no Atlantis, and no series of voyages from it that revealed the
+half-circle of the continent from Newfoundland to Cape St. Roche, how
+could Plato have guessed it? And how could he have known that the
+Mediterranean was only a harbor compared with the magnitude of the great
+ocean surrounding Atlantis? Long sea-voyages were necessary to establish
+that fact, and the Greeks, who kept close to the shores in their short
+journeys, did not make such voyages.
+
+5. How can we, without Atlantis, explain the presence of the Basques in
+Europe, who have no lingual affinities with any other race on the
+continent of Europe, but whose language is similar to the languages of
+America?
+
+Plato tells us that the dominion of Gadeirus, one of the kings of
+Atlantis, extended "toward the pillars of Heracles (Hercules) as far as
+the country which is still called the region of Gades in that part of
+the world." Gades is the Cadiz of today, and the dominion of Gadeirus
+embraced the land of the Iberians or Basques, their chief city taking
+its name from a king of Atlantis, and they themselves being Atlanteans.
+
+Dr. Farrar, referring to the Basque language, says:
+
+"What is certain about it is, that its structure is polysynthetic, like
+the languages of America. Like them, it forms its compounds by the
+elimination of certain radicals in the simple words; so that ilhun, the
+twilight, is contracted from hill, dead, and egun, day; and belhaur, the
+knee, from belhar, front, and oin, leg.... The fact is indisputable,
+and is eminently noteworthy, that while the affinities of the Basque
+roots have never been conclusively elucidated, there has never been any
+doubt that this isolated language, preserving its identity in a western
+corner of Europe, between two mighty kingdoms, resembles, in its
+grammatical structure, the aboriginal languages of the vast opposite
+continent (America), and those alone." ("Families of Speech," p. 132.)
+
+If there was an Atlantis, forming, with its connecting ridges, a
+continuous bridge of land from America to Africa, we can understand how
+the Basques could have passed from one continent to another; but if the
+wide Atlantic rolled at all times unbroken between the two continents,
+it is difficult to conceive of such an emigration by an uncivilized
+people.
+
+6. Without Atlantis, how can we explain the fact that the early
+Egyptians were depicted by themselves as red men on their own monuments?
+And, on the other hand, how can we account for the representations of
+negroes on the monuments of Central America?
+
+Dêsirè Charnay, now engaged in exploring those monuments, has published
+in the North American Review for December, 1880, photographs of a number
+of idols exhumed at San Juan de Teotihuacan, from which I select the
+following strikingly negroid faces:
+
+                      NEGRO IDOLS FOUND IN MEXICO.
+
+Dr. Le Plongeon says:
+
+"Besides the sculptures of long-bearded men seen by the explorer at
+Chichen Itza, there were tall figures of people with small heads, thick
+lips, and curly short hair or wool, regarded as negroes. 'We always see
+them as standard or parasol bearers, but never engaged in actual
+warfare.'" ("Maya Archæology," p. 62.)
+
+The following cut is from the court of the Palace of Palenque, figured
+by Stephens. The face is strongly Ethiopian.
+
+The figure below represents a gigantic granite head, found near the
+volcano of Tuxtla, in the Mexican State of Vera Cruz, at Caxapa. The
+features are unmistakably negroid.
+
+As the negroes have never been a sea-going race, the presence of these
+faces among the antiquities of Central America proves one of two things,
+either the existence of a land connection between America and Africa via
+Atlantis, as revealed by the deep-sea soundings of the Challenger, or
+commercial relations between America and Africa through the ships of the
+Atlanteans or some other civilized race, whereby the negroes were
+brought to America as slaves at a very remote epoch.
+
+And we find some corroboration of the latter theory in that singular
+book of the Quiches, the "Popol Vuh," in which, after describing the
+creation of the first men "in the region of the rising sun" (Bancroft's
+"Native Races," vol. v., p. 548), and enumerating their first
+generations, we are told, "All seem to have spoken one language, and to
+have lived in great peace, black men and white together. Here they
+awaited the rising of the sun, and prayed to the Heart of Heaven."
+(Bancroft's "Native Races," p. 547.) How did the red men of Central
+America know anything about "black men and white men?" The conclusion
+seems inevitable that these legends of a primitive, peaceful, and happy
+land, an Aztlan in the East, inhabited by black and white men, to which
+all the civilized nations of America traced their origin, could only
+refer to Atlantis--that bridge of land where the white, dark, and red
+races met. The "Popol Vuh" proceeds to tell how this first home of the
+race became over-populous, and how the people under Balam-Quitze
+migrated; how their language became "confounded," in other words, broken
+up into dialects, in consequence of separation; and how some of the
+people "went to the East, and many came hither to Guatemala." (Ibid., p.
+547.)
+
+M. A. de Quatrefages ("Human Species," p. 200) says, "Black populations
+have been found in America in very small numbers only, as isolated
+tribes in the midst of very different populations. Such are the
+Charruas, of Brazil, the Black Carribees of Saint Vincent, in the Gulf
+of Mexico; the Jamassi of Florida, and the dark-complexioned
+Californians.... Such, again, is the tribe that Balboa saw some
+representatives of in his passage of the Isthmus of Darien in 1513; ...
+they were true negroes."
+
+7. How comes it that all the civilizations of the Old World radiate from
+the shores of the Mediterranean? The Mediterranean is a cul de sac, with
+Atlantis opposite its mouth. Every civilization on its shores possesses
+traditions that point to Atlantis. We hear of no civilization coming to
+the Mediterranean from Asia, Africa, or Europe--from north, south, or
+west; but north, south, east, and west we find civilization radiating
+from the Mediterranean to other lands. We see the Aryans descending upon
+Hindostan from the direction of the Mediterranean; and we find the
+Chinese borrowing inventions from Hindostan, and claiming descent from a
+region not far from the Mediterranean.
+
+The Mediterranean has been the centre of the modern world, because it
+lay in the path of the extension of an older civilization, whose ships
+colonized its shores, as they did also the shores of America. Plato
+says, "the nations are gathered around the shores of the Mediterranean
+like frogs around a marsh."
+
+Dr. McCausland says:
+
+"The obvious conclusion from these facts is, that at some time previous
+to these migrations a people speaking a language of a superior and
+complicated structure broke up their society, and, under some strong
+impulse, poured out in different directions, and gradually established
+themselves in all the lands now inhabited by the Caucasian race. Their
+territories extend from the Atlantic to the Ganges, and from Iceland to
+Ceylon, and are bordered on the north and east by the Asiatic Mongols,
+and on the south by the negro tribes of Central Africa. They present all
+the appearances of a later race, expanding itself between and into the
+territories of two pre-existing neighboring races, and forcibly
+appropriating the room required for its increasing population."
+(McCausland's "Adam and the Adamites," p. 280.)
+
+Modern civilization is Atlantean. Without the thousands of years of
+development which were had in Atlantis modern civilization could not
+have existed. The inventive faculty of the present age is taking up the
+great delegated work of creation where Atlantis left it thousands of
+years ago.
+
+8. How are we to explain the existence of the Semitic race in Europe
+without Atlantis? It is an intrusive race; a race colonized on
+sea-coasts. Where are its Old World affinities?
+
+9. Why is it that the origin of wheat, barley, oats, maize, and rye--the
+essential plants of civilization--is totally lost in the mists of a vast
+antiquity? We have in the Greek mythology legends of the introduction of
+most of these by Atlantean kings or gods into Europe; but no European
+nation claims to have discovered or developed them, and it has been
+impossible to trace them to their wild originals. Out of the whole flora
+of the world mankind in the last seven thousand years has not developed
+a single food-plant to compare in importance to the human family with
+these. If a wise and scientific nation should propose nowadays to add to
+this list, it would have to form great botanical gardens, and, by
+systematic and long-continued experiments, develop useful plants from
+the humble productions of the field and forest. Was this done in the
+past on the island of Atlantis?
+
+10. Why is it that we find in Ptolemy's "Geography of Asia Minor," in a
+list of cities in Armenia Major in A.D. 140, the names of five cities
+which have their counterparts in the names of localities in Central
+America?
+
+           +------------------+------------------------------+
+           | Armenian Cities. | Central American Localities. |
+           +------------------+------------------------------+
+           | Chol.            | Chol-ula                     |
+           +------------------+------------------------------+
+           | Colua.           | Colua-can.                   |
+           +------------------+------------------------------+
+           | Zuivana.         | Zuivan.                      |
+           +------------------+------------------------------+
+           | Cholima.         | Colima.                      |
+           +------------------+------------------------------+
+           | Zalissa.         | Xalisco.                     |
+           +------------------+------------------------------+
+
+(Short's "North Americans of Antiquity," p. 497.)
+
+11. How comes it that the sandals upon the feet of the statue of
+Chacmol, discovered at Chichen Itza, are "exact representations of those
+found on the feet of the Guanches, the early inhabitants of the Canary
+Islands, whose mummies are occasionally discovered in the caves of
+Teneriffe?" Dr. Merritt deems the axe or chisel heads dug up at
+Chiriqui, Central America, "almost identical in form as well as material
+with specimens found in Suffolk County, England." (Bancroft's Native
+Races," vol. iv., p. 20.) The rock-carvings of Chiriqui are pronounced
+by Mr. Seemann to have a striking resemblance to the ancient incised
+characters found on the rocks of Northumberland, England. (Ibid.)
+
+"Some stones have recently been discovered in Hierro and Las Palmas
+(Canary Islands), bearing sculptured symbols similar to those found on
+the shores of Lake Superior; and this has led M. Bertholet, the
+historiographer of the Canary Islands, to conclude that the first
+inhabitants of the Canaries and those of the great West were one in
+race." (Benjamin, "The Atlantic Islands," p. 130.)
+
+12. How comes it that that very high authority, Professor Retzius
+("Smithsonian Report," 1859, p. 266), declares, "With regard to the
+primitive dolichocephalæ of America I entertain a hypothesis still more
+bold, namely, that they are nearly related to the Guanches in the Canary
+Islands, and to the Atlantic populations of Africa, the Moors, Tuaricks,
+Copts, etc., which Latham comprises under the name of
+Egyptian-Atlantidæ. We find one and the same form of skull in the Canary
+Islands, in front of the African coast, and in the Carib Islands, on the
+opposite coast, which faces Africa. The color of the skin on both sides
+of the Atlantic is represented in these populations as being of a
+reddish-brown."
+
+13. The Barbarians who are alluded to by Homer and Thucydides were a
+race of ancient navigators and pirates called Cares, or Carians, who
+occupied the isles of Greece before the Pelasgi, and antedated the
+Phoenicians in the control of the sea. The Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg
+claims that these Carians were identical with the Caribs of the West
+Indies, the Caras of Honduras, and the Gurani of South America. (Landa's
+"Relacion," pp. 52-65.)
+
+14. When we consider it closely, one of the most extraordinary customs
+ever known to mankind is that to which I have already alluded in a
+preceding chapter, to wit, the embalming of the body of the dead man,
+with a purpose that the body itself may live again in a future state. To
+arrive at this practice several things must coexist:
+
+a. The people must be highly religious, and possessed of an organized
+and influential priesthood, to perpetuate so troublesome a custom from
+age to age.
+
+b. They must believe implicitly in the immortality of the soul; and this
+implies a belief in rewards and punishments after death; in a heaven and
+a hell.
+
+c. They must believe in the immortality of the body, and its
+resurrection from the grave on some day of judgment in the distant
+future.
+
+d. But a belief in the immortality of the soul and the resurrection of
+the body is not enough, for all Christian nations hold to these beliefs;
+they must supplement these with a determination that the body shall not
+perish; that the very flesh and blood in which the man died shall rise
+with him on the last day, and not a merely spiritual body.
+
+Now all these four things must coexist before a people proceed to embalm
+their dead for religious purposes. The probability that all these four
+things should coexist by accident in several widely separated races is
+slight indeed. The doctrine of chances is all against it. There is here
+no common necessity driving men to the same expedient, with which so
+many resemblances have been explained; the practice is a religious
+ceremony, growing out of religious beliefs by no means common or
+universal, to wit, that the man who is dead shall live again, and live
+again in the very body in which he died. Not even all the Jews believed
+in these things.
+
+If, then, it should appear that among the races which we claim were
+descended from Atlantis this practice of embalming the dead is found,
+and nowhere else, we have certainly furnished evidence which can only be
+explained by admitting the existence of Atlantis, and of some great
+religious race dwelling on Atlantis, who believed in the immortality of
+soul and body, and who embalmed their dead. We find, as I have shown:
+
+First. That the Guanches of the Canary Islands, supposed to be a remnant
+of the Atlantean population, preserved their dead as mummies.
+
+Second. That the Egyptians, the oldest colony of Atlantis, embalmed
+their dead in such vast multitudes that they are now exported by the ton
+to England, and ground up into manures to grow English turnips.
+
+Third. That the Assyrians, the Ethiopians, the Persians, the Greeks, and
+even the Romans embalmed their dead.
+
+Fourth. On the American continents we find that the Peruvians, the
+Central Americans, the Mexicans, and some of the Indian tribes, followed
+the same practice.
+
+Is it possible to account for this singular custom, reaching through a
+belt of nations, and completely around the habitable world, without
+Atlantis?
+
+15. All the traditions of the Mediterranean races look to the ocean as
+the source of men and gods. Homer sings of
+
+     "Ocean, the origin of gods and Mother Tethys."
+
+Orpheus says, "The fair river of Ocean was the first to marry, and he
+espoused his sister Tethys, who was his mothers daughter." (Plato's
+"Dialogues," Cratylus, p. 402.) The ancients always alluded to the ocean
+as a river encircling the earth, as in the map of Cosmos (see page 95
+ante); probably a reminiscence of the great canal described by Plato
+which surrounded the plain of Atlantis. Homer (Iliad, book xviii.)
+describes Tethys, "the mother goddess," coming to Achilles "from the
+deep abysses of the main:"
+
+     "The circling Nereids with their mistress weep,
+     And all the sea-green sisters of the deep."
+
+Plato surrounds the great statue of Poseidon in Atlantis with the images
+of one hundred Nereids.
+
+16. In the Deluge legends of the Hindoos (as given on page 87 ante), we
+have seen Mann saving a small fish, which subsequently grew to a great
+size, and warned him of the coming of the Flood. In this legend all the
+indications point to an ocean as the scene of the catastrophe. It says:
+"At the close of the last calpa there was a general destruction, caused
+by the sleep of Brahma, whence his creatures, in different worlds, were
+drowned in a vast ocean.... A holy king, named Satyavrata, then
+reigned, a servant of the spirit which moved on the waves" (Poseidon?),
+"and so devout that water was his only sustenance.... In seven days
+the three worlds" (remember Poseidon's trident) "shall be plunged in an
+ocean of death."... "'Thou shalt enter the spacious ark, and continue
+in it secure from the Flood on one immense ocean.'... The sea
+overwhelmed its shores, deluged the whole earth, augmented by showers
+from immense clouds." ("Asiatic Researches," vol. i., p. 230.)
+
+All this reminds us of "the fountains of the great deep and the
+flood-gates of heaven," and seems to repeat precisely the story of Plato
+as to the sinking of Atlantis in the ocean.
+
+17. While I do not attach much weight to verbal similarities in the
+languages of the two continents, nevertheless there are some that are
+very remarkable. We have seen the Pan and Maia of the Greeks reappearing
+in the Pan and Maya of the Mayas of Central America. The god of the
+Welsh triads, "Hu the mighty," is found in the Hu-nap-bu, the hero-god
+of the Quiches; in Hu-napu, a hero-god; and in Hu-hu-nap-hu, in Hu-ncam,
+in Hu-nbatz, semi-divine heroes of the Quiches. The Phoenician deity El
+"was subdivided into a number of hypostases called the Baalim, secondary
+divinities, emanating from the substance of the deity" ("Anc. Hist.
+East," vol. ii., p. 219); and this word Baalim we find appearing in the
+mythology of the Central Americans, applied to the semi-divine
+progenitors of the human race, Balam-Quitze, Balam-Agab, and Iqui-Balam.
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE QUESTION OF COMPLEXION.
+
+The tendency of scientific thought in ethnology is in the direction of
+giving more and more importance to the race characteristics, such as
+height, color of the hair, eyes and skin, and the formation of the skull
+and body generally, than to language. The language possessed by a people
+may be merely the result of conquest or migration. For instance, in the
+United States to-day, white, black, and red men, the descendants of
+French, Spanish, Italians, Mexicans, Irish, Germans, Scandinavians,
+Africans, all speak the English language, and by the test of language
+they are all Englishmen; and yet none of them are connected by birth or
+descent with the country where that language was developed.
+
+There is a general misconception as to the color of the European and
+American races. Europe is supposed to be peopled exclusively by white
+men; but in reality every shade of color is represented on that
+continent, from the fair complexion of the fairest of the Swedes to the
+dark-skinned inhabitants of the Mediterranean coast, only a shade
+lighter than the Berbers, or Moors, on the opposite side of that sea.
+Tacitus spoke of the "Black Celts," and the term, so far as complexion
+goes, might not inappropriately be applied to some of the Italians,
+Spaniards, and Portuguese, while the Basques are represented as of a
+still darker hue. Tylor says ("Anthropology," p. 67), "On the whole, it
+seems that the distinction of color, from the fairest Englishman to the
+darkest African, has no hard and fast lines, but varies gradually from
+one tint to another."
+
+And when we turn to America we find that the popular opinion that all
+Indians are "red men," and of the same hue from Patagonia to Hudson's
+Bay, is a gross error.
+
+Prichard says ("Researches into the Physical History of Mankind," vol.
+i., p. 269, 4th ed., 1841):
+
+"It will be easy to show that the American races show nearly as great a
+variety in this respect as the nations of the old continent; there are
+among them white races with a florid complexion, and tribes black or of
+a very dark hue; that their stature, figure, and countenance are almost
+equally diversified."
+
+John T. Short says ("North Americans of Antiquity," p. 189):
+
+"The Menominees, sometimes called the 'White Indians,' formerly occupied
+the region bordering on Lake Michigan, around Green Bay. The whiteness
+of these Indians, which is compared to that of white mulattoes, early
+attracted the attention of the Jesuit missionaries, and has often been
+commented on by travellers. While it is true that hybridy has done much
+to lighten the color of many of the tribes, still the peculiarity of the
+complexion of this people has been marked since the first time a
+European encountered them. Almost every shade, from the ash-color of the
+Menominees through the cinnamon-red, copper, and bronze tints, may be
+found among the tribes formerly occupying the territory east of the
+Mississippi, until we reach the dark-skinned Kaws of Kansas, who are
+nearly as black as the negro. The variety of complexion is as great in
+South America as among the tribes of the northern part of the continent."
+
+In foot-note of p. 107 of vol. iii. of "U. S. Explorations for a
+Railroad Route to the Pacific Ocean," we are told,
+
+"Many of the Indians of Zuni (New Mexico) are white. They have a fair
+skin, blue eyes, chestnut or auburn hair, and are quite good-looking.
+They claim to be full-blooded Zunians, and have no tradition of
+intermarriage with any foreign race. The circumstance creates no
+surprise among this people, for from time immemorial a similar class of
+people has existed among the tribe."
+
+Winchell says:
+
+"The ancient Indians of California, in the latitude of forty-two
+degrees, were as black as the negroes of Guinea, while in Mexico were
+tribes of an olive or reddish complexion, relatively light. Among the
+black races of tropical regions we find, generally, some light-colored
+tribes interspersed. These sometimes have light hair and blue eyes. This
+is the case with the Tuareg of the Sahara, the Afghans of India, and the
+aborigines of the banks of the Oronoco and the Amazon." (Winchell's
+"Preadamites," p. 185.)
+
+William Penn said of the Indians of Pennsylvania, in his letter of
+August, 1683:
+
+"The natives ... are generally tall, straight, well-built, and of
+singular proportion; they tread strong and clever, and mostly walk with
+a lofty chin.... Their eye is little and black, not unlike a
+straight-looked Jew.... I have seen among them as comely
+European-like faces of both sexes as on your side of the sea; and truly
+an Italian complexion hath not much more of the white, and the noses of
+several of them have as much of the Roman.... For their original, I
+am ready to believe them to be of the Jewish race--I mean of the stock
+of the ten tribes--and that for the following reasons: first, in the
+next place, I find them to be of the like countenance, and their
+children of so lively a resemblance that a man would think himself in
+Duke's Place or Berry Street in London when he seeth them. But this is
+not all: they agree in rites, they reckon by moons, they offer their
+first-fruits, they have a kind of feast of tabernacles, they are said to
+lay their altars upon twelve stones, their mourning a year, customs of
+women, with many other things that do not now occur."
+
+Upon this question of complexion Catlin, in his "Indians of North
+America," vol. i., p. 95, etc., gives us some curious information. We
+have already seen that the Mandans preserved an image of the ark, and
+possessed legends of a clearly Atlantean character. Catlin says:
+
+"A stranger in the Mandan village is first struck with the different
+shades of complexion and various colors of hair which he sees in a crowd
+about him, and is at once disposed to exclaim, 'These are not Indians.'
+There are a great many of these people whose complexions appear as light
+as half-breeds; and among the women particularly there are many whose
+skins are almost white, with the most pleasing symmetry and proportion
+of feature; with hazel, with gray, and with blue eyes; with mildness and
+sweetness of expression and excessive modesty of demeanor, which render
+them exceedingly pleasing and beautiful. Why this diversity of
+complexion I cannot tell, nor can they themselves account for it. Their
+traditions, so far as I can learn them, afford us no information of
+their having had any knowledge of white men before the visit of Lewis
+and Clarke, made to their village thirty-three years ago. Since that
+time until now (1835) there have been very few visits of white men to
+this place, and surely not enough to have changed the complexions and
+customs of a nation. And I recollect perfectly well that Governor Clarke
+told me, before I started for this place, that I would find the Mandans
+a strange people and half white.
+
+"Among the females may be seen every shade and color of hair that can be
+seen in our own country except red or auburn, which is not to be found....
+There are very many of both sexes, and of every age, from infancy
+to manhood and old age, with hair of a bright silvery-gray, and in some
+instances almost perfectly white. This unaccountable phenomenon is not
+the result of disease or habit, but it is unquestionably an hereditary
+characteristic which runs in families, and indicates no inequality in
+disposition or intellect. And by passing this hair through my hands I
+have found it uniformly to be as coarse and harsh as a horse's mane,
+differing materially from the hair of other colors, which, among the
+Mandans, is generally as fine and soft as silk.
+
+"The stature of the Mandans is rather below the ordinary size of man,
+with beautiful symmetry of form and proportion, and wonderful suppleness
+and elasticity."
+
+Catlin gives a group (54) showing this great diversity in complexion:
+one of the figures is painted almost pure white, and with light hair.
+The faces are European.
+
+  GOVERNOR AND OTHER INDIANS OF THE PUEBLO OF SAN DOMINGO, NEW MEXICO.
+
+Major James W. Lynd, who lived among the Dakota Indians for nine years,
+and was killed by them in the great outbreak of 1862, says (MS. "Hist.
+of Dakotas," Library, Historical Society, Minnesota, p. 47), after
+calling attention to the fact that the different tribes of the Sioux
+nation represent several different degrees of darkness of color:
+
+"The Dakota child is of lighter complexion than the young brave; this
+one lighter than the middle-aged man, and the middle-aged man lighter
+than the superannuated homo, who, by smoke, paint, dirt, and a drying up
+of the vital juices, appears to be the true copper-colored Dakota. The
+color of the Dakotas varies with the nation, and also with the age and
+condition of the individual. It may be set down, however, as a shade
+lighter than olive; yet it becomes still lighter by change of condition
+or mode of life, and nearly vanishes, even in the child, under constant
+ablutions and avoiding of exposure. Those children in the Mission at
+Hazlewood, who are taken very young, and not allowed to expose
+themselves, lose almost entirely the olive shade, and become quite as
+white as the American child. The Mandans are as light as the peasants of
+Spain, while their brothers, the Crows, are as dark as the Arabs. Dr.
+Goodrich, in the 'Universal Traveller,' p. 154, says that the modern
+Peruvians, in the warmer regions of Peru, are as fair as the people of
+the south of Europe."
+
+The Aymaras, the ancient inhabitants of the mountains of Peru and
+Bolivia, are described as having an olive-brown complexion, with regular
+features, large heads, and a thoughtful and melancholy cast of
+countenance. They practised in early times the deformation of the skull.
+
+Professor Wilson describes the hair of the ancient Peruvians, as found
+upon their mummies, as "a lightish brown, and of a fineness of texture
+which equals that of the Anglo-Saxon race." "The ancient Peruvians,"
+says Short ("North Americans of Antiquity," p. 187), "appear, from
+numerous examples of hair found in their tombs, to have been an
+auburn-haired race." Garcilasso, who had an opportunity of seeing the
+body of the king, Viracocha, describes the hair of that monarch as
+snow-white. Haywood tells us of the discovery, at the beginning of this
+century, of three mummies in a cave on the south side of the Cumberland
+River (Tennessee), who were buried in baskets, as the Peruvians were
+occasionally buried, and whose skin was fair and white, and their hair
+auburn, and of a fine texture. ("Natural and Aboriginal History of
+Tennessee," p. 191.)
+
+                                CHOCTAW.
+
+Neither is the common opinion correct which asserts all the American
+Indians to be of the same type of features. The portraits on this page
+and on pages 187 and 191, taken from the "Report of the U. S. Survey for
+a Route for a Pacific Railroad," present features very much like those
+of Europeans; in fact, every face here could be precisely matched among
+the inhabitants of the southern part of the old continent.
+
+                                SHAWNEES.
+
+On the other hand, look at the portrait of the great Italian orator and
+reformer, Savonarola, on page 193. It looks more like the hunting
+Indians of North-western America than any of the preceding faces. In
+fact, if it was dressed with a scalp-lock it would pass muster anywhere
+as a portrait of the "Man-afraid-of-his-horses," or "Sitting Bull."
+
+                               SAVONAROLA.
+
+Adam was, it appears, a red man. Winchell tells us that Adam is derived
+from the red earth. The radical letters ÂDâM are found in ADaMaH,
+"something out of which vegetation was made to germinate," to wit, the
+earth. ÂDôM and ÂDOM signifies red, ruddy, bay-colored, as of a horse,
+the color of a red heifer. "ÂDâM, a man, a human being, male or female,
+red, ruddy." ("Preadamites," p. 161.)
+
+"The Arabs distinguished mankind into two races, one red, ruddy, the
+other black." (Ibid.) They classed themselves among the red men.
+
+Not only was Adam a red man, but there is evidence that, from the
+highest antiquity, red was a sacred color; the gods of the ancients were
+always painted red. The Wisdom of Solomon refers to this custom: "The
+carpenter carved it elegantly, and formed it by the skill of his
+understanding, and fashioned it to the shape of a man, or made it like
+some vile beast, laying it over with vermilion, and with paint, coloring
+it red, and covering every spot therein."
+
+The idols of the Indians were also painted red, and red was the
+religious color. (Lynd's MS. "Hist. of Dakotas," Library, Hist. Society,
+Minn.)
+
+The Cushites and Ethiopians, early branches of the Atlantean stock, took
+their name from their "sunburnt" complexion; they were red men.
+
+The name of the Phoenicians signified red. Himyar, the prefix of the
+Himyaritic Arabians, also means red, and the Arabs were painted red on
+the Egyptian monuments.
+
+The ancient Egyptians were red men. They recognized four races of
+men--the red, yellow, black, and white men. They themselves belonged to
+the "Rot," or red men; the yellow men they called "Namu"--it included
+the Asiatic races; the black men were called "Nahsu," and the white men
+"Tamhu." The following figures are copied from Nott and Gliddon's "Types
+of Mankind," p. 85, and were taken by them from the great works of
+Belzoni, Champollion, and Lepsius.
+
+In later ages so desirous were the Egyptians of preserving the
+aristocratic distinction of the color of their skin, that they
+represented themselves on the monuments as of a crimson hue--an
+exaggeration of their original race complexion.
+
+In the same way we find that the ancient Aryan writings divided mankind
+into four races--the white, red, yellow, and black: the four castes of
+India were founded upon these distinctions in color; in fact, the word
+for color in Sanscrit (varna) means caste. The red men, according to the
+Mahâbhârata, were the Kshatriyas--the warrior caste-who were afterward
+engaged in a fierce contest with the whites--the Brahmans--and were
+nearly exterminated, although some of them survived, and from their
+stock Buddha was born. So that not only the Mohammedan and Christian but
+the Buddhistic religion seem to be derived from branches of the Hamitic
+or red stock. The great Mann was also of the red race.
+
+              THE RACES OF MEN ACCORDING TO THE EGYPTIANS.
+
+The Egyptians, while they painted themselves red-brown, represented the
+nations of Palestine as yellow-brown, and the Libyans yellow-white. The
+present inhabitants of Egypt range from a yellow color in the north
+parts to a deep bronze. Tylor is of opinion ("Anthropology," p. 95) that
+the ancient Egyptians belonged to a brown race, which embraced the
+Nubian tribes and, to some extent, the Berbers of Algiers and Tunis. He
+groups the Assyrians, Phoenicians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Andalusians,
+Bretons, dark Welshmen, and people of the Caucasus into one body, and
+designates them as "dark whites." The Himyarite Arabs, as I have shown,
+derived their name originally from their red color, and they were
+constantly depicted on the Egyptian monuments as red or light brown.
+Herodotus tells us that there was a nation of Libyans, called the
+Maxyans, who claimed descent from the people of Troy (the walls of Troy,
+we shall see, were built by Poseidon; that is to say, Troy was an
+Atlantean colony). These Maxyans painted their whole bodies red. The
+Zavecians, the ancestors of the Zuavas of Algiers (the tribe that gave
+their name to the French Zouaves), also painted themselves red. Some of
+the Ethiopians were "copper-colored." ("'Amer. Cyclop.," art. Egypt, p.
+464.) Tylor says ("Anthropology," p. 160): "The language of the ancient
+Egyptians, though it cannot be classed in the Semitic family with
+Hebrew, has important points of correspondence, whether due to the long
+intercourse between the two races in Egypt or to some deeper ancestral
+connection; and such analogies also appear in the Berber languages of
+North Africa."
+
+These last were called by the ancients the Atlanteans.
+
+"If a congregation of twelve representatives from Malacca, China, Japan,
+Mongolia, Sandwich Islands, Chili, Peru, Brazil, Chickasaws, Comanches,
+etc., were dressed alike, or undressed and unshaven, the most skilful
+anatomist could not, from their appearance, separate them." (Fontaine's
+"How the World was Peopled," pp. 147, 244.)
+
+Ferdinand Columbus, in his relation of his father's voyages, compares
+the inhabitants of Guanaani to the Canary Islanders (an Atlantean race),
+and describes the inhabitants of San Domingo as still more beautiful and
+fair. In Peru the Charanzanis, studied by M. Angraud, also resemble the
+Canary Islanders. L'Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg imagined himself
+surrounded by Arabs when all his Indians of Rabinal were around him; for
+they had, he said, their complexion, features, and beard. Pierre Martyr
+speaks of the Indians of the Parian Gulf as having fair hair. ("The
+Human Species," p. 201.) The same author believes that tribes belonging
+to the Semitic type are also found in America. He refers to "certain
+traditions of Guiana, and the use in the country of a weapon entirely
+characteristic of the ancient Canary Islanders."
+
+When science is able to disabuse itself of the Mortonian theory that the
+aborigines of America are all red men, and all belong to one race, we
+may hope that the confluence upon the continent of widely different
+races from different countries may come to be recognized and
+intelligently studied. There can be no doubt that red, white, black, and
+yellow men have united to form the original population of America. And
+there can be as little doubt that the entire population of Europe and
+the south shore of the Mediterranean is a mongrel race--a combination,
+in varying proportions, of a dark-brown or red race with a white race;
+the characteristics of the different nations depending upon the
+proportions in which the dark and light races are mingled, for peculiar
+mental and moral characteristics go with these complexions. The
+red-haired people are a distinct variety of the white stock; there were
+once whole tribes and nations with this color of hair; their blood is
+now intermingled with all the races of men, from Palestine to Iceland.
+Everything in Europe speaks of vast periods of time and long, continued
+and constant interfusion of bloods, until there is not a fair-skinned
+man on the Continent that has not the blood of the dark-haired race in
+his veins; nor scarcely a dark-skinned man that is not lighter in hue
+from intermixture with the white stock.
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+GENESIS CONTAINS A HISTORY OF ATLANTIS
+
+The Hebrews are a branch of the great family of which that powerful
+commercial race, the Phoenicians, who were the merchants of the world
+fifteen hundred years before the time of Christ, were a part. The
+Hebrews carried out from the common storehouse of their race a mass of
+traditions, many of which have come down to us in that oldest and most
+venerable of human compositions, the Book of Genesis. I have shown that
+the story of the Deluge plainly refers to the destruction of Atlantis,
+and that it agrees in many important particulars with the account given
+by Plato. The people destroyed were, in both instances, the ancient race
+that had created civilization; they had formerly been in a happy and
+sinless condition; they had become great and wicked; they were destroyed
+for their sins--they were destroyed by water.
+
+But we can go farther, and it can be asserted that there is scarcely a
+prominent fact in the opening chapters of the Book of Genesis that
+cannot be duplicated from the legends of the American nations, and
+scarcely a custom known to the Jews that does not find its counterpart
+among the people of the New World.
+
+Even in the history of the Creation we find these similarities:
+
+The Bible tells us (Gen. i., 2) that in the beginning the earth was
+without form and void, and covered with water. In the Quiche legends we
+are told, "at first all was sea--no man, animal, bird, or green
+herb--there was nothing to be seen but the sea and the heavens."
+
+The Bible says (Gen. i., 2), "And the Spirit of God moved upon the face
+of the waters." The Quiche legend says, "The Creator--the Former, the
+Dominator--the feathered serpent--those that give life, moved upon the
+waters like a glowing light."
+
+The Bible says (Gen. i., 9), "And God said, Let the waters under the
+heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear:
+and it was so." The Quiche legend says, "The creative spirits cried out
+'Earth!' and in an instant it was formed, and rose like a vapor-cloud;
+immediately the plains and the mountains arose, and the cypress and pine
+appeared."
+
+The Bible tells us, "And God saw that it was good." The Quiche legend
+says, "Then Gucumatz was filled with joy, and cried out, 'Blessed be thy
+coming, O Heart of Heaven, Hurakan, thunder-bolt.'"
+
+The order in which the vegetables, animals, and man were formed is the
+same in both records.
+
+In Genesis (chap. ii., 7) we are told, "And the Lord God formed man of
+the dust of the ground." The Quiche legend says. "The first man was made
+of clay; but he had no intelligence, and was consumed in the water."
+
+In Genesis the first man is represented as naked. The Aztec legend says,
+"The sun was much nearer the earth then than now, and his grateful
+warmth rendered clothing unnecessary."
+
+Even the temptation of Eve reappears in the American legends. Lord
+Kingsborough says: "The Toltecs had paintings of a garden, with a single
+tree standing in the midst; round the root of the tree is entwined a
+serpent, whose head appearing above the foliage displays the face of a
+woman. Torquemada admits the existence of this tradition among them, and
+agrees with the Indian historians, who affirm that this was the first
+woman in the world, who bore children, and from whom all mankind are
+descended." ("Mexican Antiquities," vol. viii., p. 19.) There is also a
+legend of Suchiquecal, who disobediently gathered roses from a tree, and
+thereby disgraced and injured herself and all her posterity. ("Mexican
+Antiquities," vol. vi., p. 401.)
+
+The legends of the Old World which underlie Genesis, and were used by
+Milton in the "Paradise Lost," appear in the Mexican legends of a war of
+angels in heaven, and the fall of Zou-tem-que (Soutem, Satan--Arabic,
+Shatana?) and the other rebellious spirits.
+
+We have seen that the Central Americans possessed striking parallels to
+the account of the Deluge in Genesis.
+
+There is also a clearly established legend which singularly resembles
+the Bible record of the Tower of Babel.
+
+Father Duran, in his MS. "Historia Antiqua de la Nueva Espana," A.D.
+1585, quotes from the lips of a native of Cholula, over one hundred
+years old, a version of the legend as to the building of the great
+pyramid of Cholula. It is as follows:
+
+"In the beginning, before the light of the sun had been created, this
+land (Cholula) was in obscurity and darkness, and void of any created
+thing; all was a plain, without hill or elevation, encircled in every
+part by water, without tree or created thing; and immediately after the
+light and the sun arose in the east there appeared gigantic men of
+deformed stature and possessed the land, and desiring to see the
+nativity of the sun, as well as his occident, proposed to go and seek
+them. Dividing themselves into two parties, some journeyed to the west
+and others toward the east; these travelled; until the sea cut off their
+road, whereupon they determined to return to the place from which they
+started, and arriving at this place (Cholula), not finding the means of
+reaching the sun, enamored of his light and beauty, they determined to
+build a tower so high that its summit should reach the sky. Having
+collected materials for the purpose, they found a very adhesive clay and
+bitumen, with which they speedily commenced to build the tower; and
+having reared it to the greatest possible altitude, so that they say it
+reached to the sky, the Lord of the Heavens, enraged, said to the
+inhabitants of the sky, 'Have you observed how they of the earth have
+built a high and haughty tower to mount hither, being enamored of the
+light of the sun and his beauty? Come and confound them, because it is
+not right that they of the earth, living in the flesh, should mingle
+with us.' Immediately the inhabitants of the sky sallied forth like
+flashes of lightning; they destroyed the edifice, and divided and
+scattered its builders to all parts of the earth."
+
+                     RUINS OF THE TEMPLE OF CHOLULA.
+
+One can recognize in this legend the recollection, by a ruder race, of a
+highly civilized people; for only a highly civilized people would have
+attempted such a vast work. Their mental superiority and command of the
+arts gave them the character of giants who arrived from the East; who
+had divided into two great emigrations, one moving eastward (toward
+Europe), the other westward (toward America). They were sun-worshippers;
+for we are told "they were enamored of the light and beauty of the sun,"
+and they built a high place for his worship.
+
+The pyramid of Cholula is one of the greatest constructions ever erected
+by human hands. It is even now, in its ruined condition, 160 feet high,
+1400 feet square at the base, and covers forty-five acres; we have only
+to remember that the greatest pyramid of Egypt, Cheops, covers but
+twelve or thirteen acres, to form some conception of the magnitude of
+this American structure.
+
+It must not be forgotten that this legend was taken down by a Catholic
+priest, shortly after the conquest of Mexico, from the lips of an old
+Indian who was born before Columbus sailed from Spain.
+
+Observe the resemblances between this legend and the Bible account of
+the building of the Tower of Babel:
+
+"All was a plain without hill or elevation," says the Indian legend.
+"They found a plain in the land of Shinar, and they dwelt there," says
+the Bible. They built of brick in both cases. "Let us build us a tower
+whose top may reach unto heaven," says the Bible. "They determined to
+build a tower so high that its summit should reach the sky," says the
+Indian legend. "And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower
+which the children of men had builded. And the Lord said, Behold ...
+nothing will be restrained from them which they have imagined to do. Go
+to, let us go down and confound them," says the Bible record. "The Lord
+of the Heavens, enraged, said to the inhabitants of the sky, 'Have you
+observed,' etc. Come and confound them," says the Indian record. "And
+the Lord scattered them abroad from thence on all the face of the
+earth," says the Bible. "They scattered its builders to all parts of the
+earth," says the Mexican legend.
+
+Can any one doubt that these two legends must have sprung in some way
+from one another, or from some common source? There are enough points of
+difference to show that the American is not a servile copy of the Hebrew
+legend. In the former the story comes from a native of Cholula: it is
+told under the shadow of the mighty pyramid it commemorates; it is a
+local legend which he repeats. The men who built it, according to his
+account, were foreigners. They built it to reach the sun--that is to
+say, as a sun-temple; while in the Bible record Babel was built to
+perpetuate the glory of its architects. In the Indian legend the gods
+stop the work by a great storm, in the Bible account by confounding the
+speech of the people.
+
+Both legends were probably derived from Atlantis, and referred to some
+gigantic structure of great height built by that people; and when the
+story emigrated to the east and west, it was in the one case affixed to
+the tower of the Chaldeans, and in the other to the pyramid of Cholula,
+precisely as we find the ark of the Deluge resting upon separate
+mountain-chains all the way from Greece to Armenia. In one form of the
+Tower of Babel legend, that of the Toltecs, we are told that the pyramid
+of Cholula was erected "as a means of escape from a second flood, should
+another occur."
+
+But the resemblances between Genesis and the American legends do not
+stop here.
+
+We are told (Gen. ii., 21) that "the Lord God caused a deep sleep to
+fall upon Adam," and while he slept God made Eve out of one of his ribs.
+According to the Quiche tradition, there were four men from whom the
+races of the world descended (probably a recollection of the red, black,
+yellow, and white races); and these men were without wives, and the
+Creator made wives for them "while they slept."
+
+Some wicked misanthrope referred to these traditions when he said, "And
+man's first sleep became his last repose."
+
+In Genesis (chap. iii., 22), "And the Lord God said, Behold, the man is
+become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now, lest he put forth
+his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live forever:"
+therefore God drove him out of the garden. In the Quiche legends we are
+told, "The gods feared that they had made men too perfect, and they
+breathed a cloud of mist over their vision."
+
+When the ancestors of the Quiches migrated to America the Divinity
+parted the sea for their passage, as the Red Sea was parted for the
+Israelites.
+
+The story of Samson is paralleled in the history of a hero named
+Zipanca, told of in the "Popol Vuh," who, being captured by his enemies
+and placed in a pit, pulled down the building in which his captors had
+assembled, and killed four hundred of them.
+
+"There were giants in those days," says the Bible. A great deal of the
+Central American history is taken up with the doings of an ancient race
+of giants called Quinames.
+
+This parallelism runs through a hundred particulars:
+
+Both the Jews and Mexicans worshipped toward the east.
+
+Both called the south "the right hand of the world."
+
+Both burnt incense toward the four corners of the earth.
+
+Confession of sin and sacrifice of atonement were common to both peoples.
+
+Both were punctilious about washings and ablutions.
+
+Both believed in devils, and both were afflicted with leprosy.
+
+Both considered women who died in childbirth as worthy of honor as
+soldiers who fell in battle.
+
+Both punished adultery with stoning to death.
+
+As David leaped and danced before the ark of the Lord, so did the
+Mexican monarchs before their idols.
+
+Both had an ark, the abiding-place of an invisible god.
+
+Both had a species of serpent-worship.
+
+                        GREAT SERPENT MOUND, OHIO.
+
+Compare our representation of the great serpent-mound in Adams County,
+Ohio, with the following description of a great serpent-mound in
+Scotland:
+
+"Serpent-worship in the West.--Some additional light appears to have
+been thrown upon ancient serpent-worship in the West by the recent
+archæological explorations of Mr. John S. Phené, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., in
+Scotland. Mr. Phené has just investigated a curious earthen mound in
+Glen Feechan, Argyleshire, referred to by him, at the late meeting of
+the British Association in Edinburgh, as being in the form of a serpent
+or saurian. The mound, says the Scotsman, is a most perfect one. The
+head is a large cairn, and the body of the earthen reptile 300 feet
+long; and in the centre of the head there were evidences, when Mr. Phené
+first visited it, of an altar having been placed there. The position
+with regard to Ben Cruachan is most remarkable. The three peaks are seen
+over the length of the reptile when a person is standing on the head, or
+cairn. The shape can only be seen so as to be understood when looked
+down upon from an elevation, as the outline cannot be understood unless
+the whole of it can be seen. This is most perfect when the spectator is
+on the head of the animal form, or on the lofty rock to the west of it.
+This mound corresponds almost entirely with one 700 feet long in
+America, an account of which was lately published, after careful survey,
+by Mr. Squier. The altar toward the head in each case agrees. In the
+American mound three rivers (also objects of worship with the ancients)
+were evidently identified. The number three was a sacred number in all
+ancient mythologies. The sinuous winding and articulations of the
+vertebral spinal arrangement are anatomically perfect in the Argyleshire
+mound. The gentlemen present with Mr. Phené during his investigation
+state that beneath the cairn forming the head of the animal was found a
+megalithic chamber, in which was a quantity of charcoal and burnt earth
+and charred nutshells, a flint instrument, beautifully and minutely
+serrated at the edge, and burnt bones. The back or spine of the serpent,
+which, as already stated, is 300 feet long, was found, beneath the peat
+moss, to be formed by a careful adjustment of stones, the formation of
+which probably prevented the structure from being obliterated by time
+and weather." (Pall Mall Gazette.)
+
+                  STONE IMPLEMENTS OF EUROPE AND AMERICA
+
+We find a striking likeness between the works of the Stone Age in
+America and Europe, as shown in the figures here given.
+
+The same singular custom which is found among the Jews and the Hindoos,
+for "a man to raise up seed for his deceased brother by marrying his
+widow," was found among the Central American nations. (Las Casas, MS.
+"Hist. Apoloq.," cap. ccxiii., ccxv. Torquemada, "Monarq. Ind.," tom.
+ii., 377-8.)
+
+No one but the Jewish high-priest might enter the Holy of Holies. A
+similar custom obtained in Peru. Both ate the flesh of the sacrifices of
+atonement; both poured the blood of the sacrifice on the earth; they
+sprinkled it, they marked persons with it, they smeared it upon walls
+and stones. The Mexican temple, like the Jewish, faced the east. "As
+among the Jews the ark was a sort of portable temple, in which the Deity
+was supposed to be continually present, so among the Mexicans, the
+Cherokees, and the Indians of Michoacan and Honduras, an ark was held in
+the highest veneration, and was considered an object too sacred to be
+touched by any but the priests." (Kingsborough, "Mex. Antiq., "vol.
+viii., p. 258.)
+
+The Peruvians believed that the rainbow was a sign that the earth would
+not be again destroyed by a deluge. (Ibid., p. 25.)
+
+The Jewish custom of laying the sins of the people upon the head of an
+animal, and turning him out into the wilderness, had its counterpart
+among the Mexicans, who, to cure a fever, formed a dog of maize paste
+and left it by the roadside, saying the first passer-by would carry away
+the illness. (Dorman, "Prim. Super.," p. 59.) Jacob's ladder had its
+duplicate in the vine or tree of the Ojibbeways, which led from the
+earth to heaven, up and down which the spirits passed. (Ibid., p. 67.)
+
+Both Jews and Mexicans offered water to a stranger that he might wash
+his feet; both ate dust in token of humility; both anointed with oil;
+both sacrificed prisoners; both periodically separated the women, and
+both agreed in the strong and universal idea of uncleanness connected
+with that period.
+
+Both believed in the occult power of water, and both practised baptism.
+
+"Then the Mexican midwife gave the child to taste of the water, putting
+her moistened fingers in its mouth, and said, 'Take this; by this thou
+hast to live on the earth, to grow and to flourish; through this we get
+all things that support existence on the earth; receive it.' Then with
+moistened fingers she touched the breast of the child, and said, 'Behold
+the pure water that washes and cleanses thy heart, that removes all
+filthiness; receive it: may the goddess see good to purify and cleanse
+thine heart.' Then the midwife poured water upon the head of the child,
+saying, 'O my grandson--my son--take this water of the Lord of the
+world, which is thy life, invigorating and refreshing, washing and
+cleansing. I pray that this celestial water, blue and light blue, may
+enter into thy body, and there live; I pray that it may destroy in thee
+and put away from thee all the things evil and adverse that were given
+thee before the beginning of the world.... Wheresoever thou art in
+this child, O thou hurtful thing, begone! leave it, put thyself apart;
+for now does it live anew, and anew is it born; now again is it purified
+and cleansed; now again is it shaped and engendered by our mother, the
+goddess of water." (Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. iii., p. 372.)
+
+Here we find many resemblances to the Christian ordinance of baptism:
+the pouring of the water on the head, the putting of the fingers in the
+mouth, the touching of the breast, the new birth, and the washing away
+of the original sin. The Christian rite, we know, was not a Christian
+invention, but was borrowed from ancient times, from the great
+storehouse of Asiatic traditions and beliefs.
+
+The Mexicans hung up the heads of their sacrificed enemies; this was
+also a Jewish custom:
+
+"And the Lord said unto Moses, Take all the heads of the people, and
+hang them up before the Lord against the sun, that the fierce anger of
+the Lord may be turned away from Israel. And Moses said unto the judges
+of Israel, Slay ye every one his men that were joined unto Baal-peor."
+(Numb., xxv., 4, 5.)
+
+The Scythians, Herodotus tells us, scalped their enemies, and carried
+the scalp at the pommel of their saddles; the Jews probably scalped
+their enemies:
+
+"But God shall wound the head of his enemies, and the hairy scalp of
+such a one as goeth on still in his trespasses." (Psa., lxviii., 21.)
+
+The ancient Scandinavians practised scalping. When Harold Harefoot
+seized his rival, Alfred, with six hundred followers, he "had them
+maimed, blinded, hamstrung, scalped, or embowelled." (Taine's "Hist.
+Eng. Lit.," p. 35.)
+
+Herodotus describes the Scythian mode of taking the scalp: "He makes a
+cut round the head near the ears, and shakes the skull out." This is
+precisely the Indian custom. "The more scalps a man has," says
+Herodotus, "the more highly he is esteemed among them."
+
+The Indian scalp-lock is found on the Egyptian monuments as one of the
+characteristics of the Japhetic Libyans, who shaved all the head except
+one lock in the middle.
+
+The Mantchoos of Tartary wear a scalp-lock, as do the modern Chinese.
+
+Byron describes the heads of the dead Tartars under the walls of
+Corinth, devoured by the wild dogs:
+
+     "Crimson and green were the shawls of their wear,
+     And each scalp had a single long tuft of hair,
+     All the rest was shaven and bare."
+
+These resemblances are so striking and so numerous that repeated
+attempts have been made to prove that the inhabitants of America are the
+descendants of the Jews; some have claimed that they represented "the
+lost tribes" of that people. But the Jews were never a maritime or
+emigrating people; they formed no colonies; and it is impossible to
+believe (as has been asserted) that they left their flocks and herds,
+marched across the whole face of Asia, took ships and sailed across the
+greatest of the oceans to a continent of the existence of which they had
+no knowledge.
+
+If we seek the origin of these extraordinary coincidences in opinions
+and habits, we must go far back to the time of the lost tribes. We must
+seek it in the relationship of the Jews to the family of Noah, and in
+the identity of the Noachic race destroyed in the Deluge with the people
+of the drowned Atlantis.
+
+Nor need it surprise us to find traditions perpetuated for thousands
+upon thousands of years, especially among a people having a religious
+priesthood.
+
+The essence of religion is conservatism; little is invented; nothing
+perishes; change comes from without; and even when one religion is
+supplanted by another its gods live on as the demons of the new faith,
+or they pass into the folk-lore and fairy stories of the people. We see
+Votan, a hero in America, become the god Odin or Woden in Scandinavia;
+and when his worship as a god dies out Odin survives (as Dr. Dasent has
+proved) in the Wild Huntsman of the Hartz, and in the Robin Hood (Oodin)
+of popular legend. The Hellequin of France becomes the Harlequin of our
+pantomimes. William Tell never existed; he is a myth; a survival of the
+sun-god Apollo, Indra, who was worshipped on the altars of Atlantis.
+
+     "Nothing here but it doth change into something rich and
+     strange."
+
+The rite of circumcision dates back to the first days of Phoenicia,
+Egypt, and the Cushites. It, too, was probably an Atlantean custom,
+invented in the Stone Age. Tens of thousands of years have passed since
+the Stone Age; the ages of copper, bronze, and iron have intervened; and
+yet to this day the Hebrew rabbi performs the ceremony of circumcision
+with a stone knife.
+
+Frothingham says, speaking of St. Peter's Cathedral, in Rome:
+
+"Into what depths of antiquity the ceremonies carried me back! To the
+mysteries of Eleusis; to the sacrificial rites of Phoenicia. The boys
+swung the censors as censors had been swung in the adoration of Bacchus.
+The girdle and cassock of the priests came from Persia; the veil and
+tonsure were from Egypt; the alb and chasuble were prescribed by Numa
+Pompilius; the stole was borrowed from the official who used to throw it
+on the back of the victim that was to be sacrificed; the white surplice
+was the same as described by Juvenal and Ovid."
+
+Although it is evident that many thousands of years must have passed
+since the men who wrote in Sanscrit, in Northwestern India, could have
+dwelt in Europe, yet to this day they preserve among their ancient books
+maps and descriptions of the western coast of Europe, and even of
+England and Ireland; and we find among them a fuller knowledge of the
+vexed question of the sources of the Nile than was possessed by any
+nation in the world twenty-five years ago.
+
+This perpetuation of forms and beliefs is illustrated in the fact that
+the formulas used in the Middle Ages in Europe to exorcise evil spirits
+were Assyrian words, imported probably thousands of years before from
+the magicians of Chaldea. When the European conjurer cried out to the
+demon, "Hilka, hilka, besha, besha," he had no idea that he was
+repeating the very words of a people who had perished ages before, and
+that they signified Go away, go away, evil one, evil one. (Lenormant,
+"Anc. Hist. East," vol. i., p. 448.)
+
+Our circle of 360 degrees; the division of a chord of the circle equal
+to the radius into 60 equal parts, called degrees: the division of these
+into 60 minutes, of the minute into 60 seconds, and the second into 60
+thirds; the division of the day into 24 hours, each hour into 60
+minutes, each minute into 60 seconds; the division of the week into
+seven days, and the very order of the days--all have come down to us
+from the Chaldeo-Assyrians; and these things will probably be
+perpetuated among our posterity "to the last syllable of recorded time."
+
+We need not be surprised, therefore, to find the same legends and
+beliefs cropping out among the nations of Central America and the people
+of Israel. Nay, it should teach us to regard the Book of Genesis with
+increased veneration, as a relic dating from the most ancient days of
+man's history on earth; its roots cross the great ocean; every line is
+valuable; a word, a letter, an accent may throw light upon the gravest
+problems of the birth of civilization.
+
+The vital conviction which, during thousands of years, at all times
+pressed home upon the Israelites, was that they were a "chosen people,"
+selected out of all the multitude of the earth, to perpetuate the great
+truth that there was but one God--an illimitable, omnipotent, paternal
+spirit, who rewarded the good and punished the wicked--in
+contradistinction from the multifarious, subordinate, animal and bestial
+demi-gods of the other nations of the earth. This sublime monotheism
+could only have been the outgrowth of a high civilization, for man's
+first religion is necessarily a worship of "stocks and stones," and
+history teaches us that the gods decrease in number as man increases in
+intelligence. It was probably in Atlantis that monotheism was first
+preached. The proverbs of "Ptah-hotep," the oldest book of the
+Egyptians, show that this most ancient colony from Atlantis received the
+pure faith from the mother-land at the very dawn of history: this book
+preached the doctrine of one God, "the rewarder of the good and the
+punisher of the wicked." (Reginald S. Poole, Contemporary Rev., Aug.,
+1881, p. 38.) "In the early days the Egyptians worshipped one only God,
+the maker of all things, without beginning and without end. To the last
+the priests preserved this doctrine and taught it privately to a select
+few." ("Amer. Encycl.," vol. vi., p. 463.) The Jews took up this great
+truth where the Egyptians dropped it, and over the heads and over the
+ruins of Egypt, Chaldea, Phoenicia, Greece, Rome, and India this handful
+of poor shepherds--ignorant, debased, and despised--have carried down to
+our own times a conception which could only have originated in the
+highest possible state of human society.
+
+And even skepticism must pause before the miracle of the continued
+existence of this strange people, wading through the ages, bearing on
+their shoulders the burden of their great trust, and pressing forward
+under the force of a perpetual and irresistible impulse. The speech that
+may be heard to-day in the synagogues of Chicago and Melbourne resounded
+two thousand years ago in the streets of Rome; and, at a still earlier
+period, it could be heard in the palaces of Babylon and the shops of
+Thebes--in Tyre, in Sidon, in Gades, in Palmyra, in Nineveh. How many
+nations have perished, how many languages have ceased to exist, how many
+splendid civilizations have crumbled into ruin, how many temples and
+towers and towns have gone down to dust since the sublime frenzy of
+monotheism first seized this extraordinary people! All their kindred
+nomadic tribes are gone; their land of promise is in the hands of
+strangers; but Judaism, with its offspring, Christianity, is taking
+possession of the habitable world; and the continuous life of one
+people--one poor, obscure, and wretched people--spans the tremendous
+gulf between "Ptah-hotep" and this nineteenth century.
+
+If the Spirit of which the universe is but an expression--of whose frame
+the stars are the infinite molecules--can be supposed ever to interfere
+with the laws of matter and reach down into the doings of men, would it
+not be to save from the wreck and waste of time the most sublime fruit
+of the civilization of the drowned Atlantis--a belief in the one, only,
+just God, the father of all life, the imposer of all moral obligations?
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE ORIGIN OF OUR ALPHABET
+
+One of the most marvellous inventions for the advancement of mankind is
+the phonetic alphabet, or a system of signs representing the sounds of
+human speech. Without it our present civilization could scarcely have
+been possible.
+
+No solution of the origin of our European alphabet has yet been
+obtained: we can trace it back from nation to nation, and form to form,
+until we reach the Egyptians, and the archaic forms of the Phoenicians,
+Hebrews, and Cushites, but beyond this the light fails us.
+
+The Egyptians spoke of their hieroglyphic system of writing not as their
+own invention, but as "the language of the gods." (Lenormant and Cheval,
+"Anc. Hist. of the East," vol. ii., p. 208.) "The gods" were, doubtless,
+their highly civilized ancestors--the people of Atlantis--who, as we
+shall hereafter see, became the gods of many of the Mediterranean races.
+
+"According to the Phoenicians, the art of writing was invented by
+Taautus, or Taut, 'whom the Egyptians call Thouth,' and the Egyptians
+said it was invented by Thouth, or Thoth, otherwise called 'the first
+Hermes,' in which we clearly see that both the Phoenicians and Egyptians
+referred the invention to a period older than their own separate
+political existence, and to an older nation, from which both peoples
+received it." (Baldwin's "Prehistoric Nations," p. 91.)
+
+The "first Hermes," here referred to (afterward called Mercury by the
+Romans), was a son of Zeus and Maia, a daughter of Atlas. This is the
+same Maia whom the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg identifies with the Maya
+of Central America.
+
+Sir William Drummond, in his "Origines," said:
+
+"There seems to be no way of accounting either for the early use of
+letters among so many different nations, or for the resemblance which
+existed between some of the graphic systems employed by those nations,
+than by supposing hieroglyphical writing, if I may be allowed the term,
+to have been in use among the Tsabaists in the first ages after the
+Flood, when Tsabaisin (planet-worship) was the religion of almost every
+country that was yet inhabited."
+
+Sir Henry Rawlinson says:
+
+"So great is the analogy between the first principles of the Science of
+writing, as it appears to have been pursued in Chaldea, and as we can
+actually trace its progress in Egypt, that we can hardly hesitate to
+assign the original invention to a period before the Hamitic race had
+broken up and divided."
+
+It is not to be believed that such an extraordinary system of
+sound-signs could have been the invention of any one man or even of any
+one age. Like all our other acquisitions, it must have been the slow
+growth and accretion of ages; it must have risen step by step from
+picture-writing through an intermediate condition like that of the
+Chinese, where each word or thing was represented by a separate sign.
+The fact that so old and enlightened a people as the Chinese have never
+reached a phonetic alphabet, gives us some indication of the greatness
+of the people among whom it was invented, and the lapse of time before
+they attained to it.
+
+Humboldt says:
+
+"According to the views which, since Champollion's great discovery, have
+been gradually adopted regarding the earlier condition of the
+development of alphabetical writing, the Phoenician as well as the
+Semitic characters are to be regarded as a phonetic alphabet that has
+originated from pictorial writing; as one in which the ideal
+signification of the symbols is wholly disregarded, and the characters
+are regarded as mere signs for sounds." ("Cosmos," vol. ii., p. 129.)
+
+Baldwin says ("Prehistoric Nations," p. 93):
+
+"The nation that became mistress of the seas, established communication
+with every shore, and monopolized the commerce of the known world, must
+have substituted a phonetic alphabet for the hieroglyphics as it
+gradually grew to this eminence; while isolated Egypt, less affected by
+the practical wants and tendencies of commercial enterprise, retained
+the hieroglyphic system, and carried it to a marvellous height of
+perfection."
+
+It must be remembered that some of the letters of our alphabet are
+inventions of the later nations. In the oldest alphabets there was no c,
+the g taking its place. The Romans converted the g into c; and then,
+finding the necessity for a g Sign, made one by adding a tail-piece to
+the c (C, G). The Greeks added to the ancient alphabet the upsilon,
+shaped like our V or Y, the two forms being used at first indifferently:
+they added the X sign; they converted the t of the Phoenicians into th,
+or theta; z and s into signs for double consonants; they turned the
+Phoenician y (yod) into i (iota). The Greeks converted the Phoenician
+alphabet, which was partly consonantal, into one purely phonetic--"a
+perfect instrument for the expression of spoken language." The w was
+also added to the Phoenician alphabet. The Romans added the y. At first i
+and j were both indicated by the same sound; a sign for j was afterward
+added. We have also, in common with other European languages, added a
+double U, that is, VV, or W, to represent the w sound.
+
+The letters, then, which we owe to the Phoenicians, are A, B, C, D, E, H,
+I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, Z. If we are to trace out resemblances
+with the alphabet of any other country, it must be with these signs.
+
+Is there any other country to which we can turn which possessed a
+phonetic alphabet in any respect kindred to this Phoenician alphabet? It
+cannot be the Chinese alphabet, which has more signs than words; it
+cannot be the cuneiform alphabet of Assyria, with its seven hundred
+arrow-shaped characters, none of which bear the slightest affinity to
+the Phoenician letters.
+
+It is a surprising fact that we find in Central America a phonetic
+alphabet. This is in the alphabet of the Mayas, the ancient people of
+the peninsula of Yucatan, who claim that their civilization came to them
+across the sea in ships from the east, that is, from the direction of
+Atlantis. The Mayas succeeded to the Colhuas, whose era terminated one
+thousand years before the time of Christ; from them they received their
+alphabet. It has come to us through Bishop Landa, one of the early
+missionary bishops, who confesses to having burnt a great number of Maya
+books because they contained nothing but the works of the devil. He
+fortunately, however, preserved for posterity the alphabet of this
+people. We present it herewith.
+
+                                  ###
+
+       LANDA'S ALPHABET (From "North Amer. of Antiquity," p. 434.)
+
+Diego de Landa was the first bishop of Yucatan. He wrote a history of
+the Mayas and their country, which was preserved in manuscript at Madrid
+in the library of the Royal Academy of History.... It contains a
+description and explanation of the phonetic alphabet of the Mayas.
+Landa's manuscript seems to have lain neglected in the library, for
+little or nothing was heard of it until it was discovered by the French
+priest Brasseur de Bourbourg, who, by means of it, has deciphered some
+of the old American writings. He says, 'the alphabet and signs explained
+by Landa have been to me a Rosetta stone.' (Baldwin's "Ancient
+America," p. 191.)
+
+When we observe, in the table of alphabets of different European nations
+which I give herewith, how greatly the forms of the Phoenician letters
+have been modified, it would surprise us to find any resemblance between
+the Maya alphabet of two or three centuries since and the ancient
+European forms. It must, however, be remembered that the Mayas are one
+of the most conservative peoples in the world. They still adhere with
+striking pertinacity to the language they spoke when Columbus landed on
+San Salvador; and it is believed that that language is the same as the
+one inscribed on the most ancient monuments of their country. Señor
+Pimental says of them, "The Indians have preserved this idiom with such
+tenacity that they will speak no other; it is necessary for the whites
+to address them in their own language to communicate with them." It is
+therefore probable, as their alphabet did not pass from nation to
+nation, as did the Phoenician, that it has not departed so widely from
+the original forms received from the Colhuas.
+
+                                  ###
+
+                              The Alphabet
+
+But when we consider the vast extent of time which has elapsed, and the
+fact that we are probably without the intermediate stages of the
+alphabet which preceded the archaic Phoenician, it will be astonishing if
+we find resemblances between any of the Maya letters and the European
+forms, even though we concede that they are related. If we find decided
+affinities between two or three letters, we may reasonably presume that
+similar coincidences existed as to many others which have disappeared
+under the attrition of centuries.
+
+The first thought that occurs to us on examining the Landa alphabet is
+the complex and ornate character of the letters. Instead of the two or
+three strokes with which we indicate a sign for a sound, we have here
+rude pictures of objects. And we find that these are themselves
+simplifications of older forms of a still more complex character. Take,
+for instance, the letter pp in Landa's alphabet, ### : here are
+evidently the traces of a face. The same appear, but not so plainly, in
+the sign for x, which is ### . Now, if we turn to the ancient
+hieroglyphics upon the monuments of Central America, we will find the
+human face appearing in a great many of them, as in the following, which
+we copy from the Tablet of the Cross at Palenque. We take the
+hieroglyphs from the left-hand side of the inscription. Here it will be
+seen that, out of seven hieroglyphical figures, six contain human faces.
+And we find that in the whole inscription of the Tablet of the Cross
+there are 33 figures out of 108 that are made up in part of the human
+countenance.
+
+###
+
+We can see, therefore, in the Landa alphabet a tendency to
+simplification. And this is what we would naturally expect. When the
+emblems--which were probably first intended for religious inscriptions,
+where they could be slowly and carefully elaborated--were placed in the
+hands of a busy, active, commercial people, such as were the Atlanteans,
+and afterward the Phoenicians, men with whom time was valuable, the
+natural tendency would be to simplify and condense them; and when the
+original meaning of the picture was lost, they would naturally slur it,
+as we find in the letters pp and x of the Maya alphabet, where the
+figure of the human face remains only in rude lines.
+
+The same tendency is plainly shown in the two forms of the letter h, as
+given in Landa's alphabet; the original form is more elaborate than the
+variation of it. The original form is ### The variation is given as ###
+. Now let us suppose this simplification to be carried a step farther:
+we have seen the upper and lower parts of the first form shrink into a
+smaller and less elaborate shape; let us imagine that the same tendency
+does away with them altogether; we would then have the letter H of the
+Maya alphabet represented by this figure, ### ; now, as it takes less
+time to make a single stroke than a double one, this would become in
+time ### . We turn now to the archaic Greek and the old Hebrew, and we
+find the letter h indicated by this sign, ### , precisely the Maya
+letter h simplified. We turn to the archaic Hebrew, and we find ### .
+Now it is known that the Phoenicians wrote from right to left, and just
+as we in writing from left to right slope our letters to the right, so
+did the Phoenicians slope their letters to the left. Hence the Maya sign
+becomes in the archaic Phoenician this, ### . In some of the Phoenician
+alphabets we even find the letter h made with the double strokes above
+and below, as in the Maya h. The Egyptian hieroglyph for h is ### while
+ch is ### . In time the Greeks carried the work of simplification still
+farther, and eliminated the top lines, as we have supposed the
+Atlanteans to have eliminated the double strokes, and they left the
+letter as it has come down to us, H.
+
+Now it may be said that all this is coincidence. If it is, it is
+certainly remarkable. But let us go a step farther:
+
+We have seen in Landa's alphabet that there are two forms of the letter
+m. The first is ### . But we find also an m combined with the letter o,
+a, or e, says Landa, in this form, ### . The m here is certainly
+indicated by the central part of this combination, the figure ### ;
+where does that come from? It is clearly taken from the heart of the
+original figure wherein it appears. What does this prove? That the
+Atlanteans, or Mayas, when they sought to simplify their letters and
+combine them with others, took from the centre of the ornate
+hieroglyphical figure some characteristic mark with which they
+represented the whole figure. Now let us apply this rule:
+
+We have seen in the table of alphabets that in every language, from our
+own day to the time of the Phoenicians, o has been represented by a
+circle or a circle within a circle. Now where did the Phoenicians get it?
+Clearly from the Mayas. There are two figures for o in the Maya
+alphabet; they are ### and ### ; now, if we apply the rule which we have
+seen to exist in the case of the Maya m to these figures, the essential
+characteristic found in each is the circle, in the first case pendant
+from the hieroglyph; in the other, in the centre of the lower part of
+it. And that this circle was withdrawn from the hieroglyph, and used
+alone, as in the case of the m, is proved by the very sign used at the
+foot of Landa's alphabet, which is, ### Landa calls this ma, me, or mo;
+it is probably the latter, and in it we have the circle detached from
+the hieroglyph.
+
+We find the precise Maya o a circle in a circle, or a dot within a
+circle, repeated in the Phoenician forms for o, thus, ### and ### , and
+by exactly the same forms in the Egyptian hieroglyphics; in the Runic we
+have the circle in the circle; in one form of the Greek o the dot was
+placed along-side of the circle instead of below it, as in the Maya.
+
+Are these another set of coincidences?
+
+Take another letter:
+
+The letter n of the Maya alphabet is represented by this sign, itself
+probably a simplification of some more ornate form, ### . This is
+something like our letter S, but quite unlike our N. But let us examine
+into the pedigree of our n. We find in the archaic Ethiopian, a language
+as old as the Egyptian, and which represents the Cushite branch of the
+Atlantean stock, the sign for n (na) is ### ; in archaic Phoenician it
+comes still closer to the S shape, thus, ### , or in this form, ### ; we
+have but to curve these angles to approximate it very closely to the
+Maya n; in Troy this form was found, ### . The Samaritan makes it ### ;
+the old Hebrew ### ; the Moab stone inscription gives it ### ; the later
+Phoenicians simplified the archaic form still further, until it became
+### ; then it passed into ### : the archaic Greek form is ### ; the
+later Greeks made ### , from which it passed into the present form, N.
+All these forms seem to be representations of a serpent; we turn to the
+valley of the Nile, and we find that the Egyptian hieroglyphic for n was
+the serpent, ### ; the Pelasgian n was ### ; the Arcadian, ### ; the
+Etruscan, ### .
+
+Can anything be more significant than to find the serpent the sign for n
+in Central America, and in all these Old World languages?
+
+Now turn to the letter k. The Maya sign for k is ### . This does not
+look much like our letter K; but let us examine it. Following the
+precedent established for us by the Mayas in the case of the letter m,
+let us see what is the distinguishing feature here; it is clearly the
+figure of a serpent standing erect, with its tail doubled around its
+middle, forming a circle. It has already been remarked by Savolini that
+this erect serpent is very much like the Egyptian Uræus, an erect
+serpent with an enlarged body--a sacred emblem found in the hair of
+their deities. We turn again to the valley of the Nile, and we find that
+the Egyptian hieroglyphic for k was a serpent with a convolution or
+protuberance in the middle, precisely as in the Maya, thus, ### ; this
+was transformed into the Egyptian letter ### ; the serpent and the
+protuberance reappear in one of the Phoenician forms of k, to wit, ### ;
+while in the Punic we have these forms, ### and ### . Now suppose a busy
+people trying to give this sign: instead of drawing the serpent in all
+its details they would abbreviate it into something like this, ### ; now
+we turn to the ancient Ethiopian sign for k (ka), and we have ### , or
+the Himyaritic Arabian ### ; while in the Phoenician it becomes ### ; in
+the archaic Greek, ### ; and in the later Greek, when they changed the
+writing from left to right, ### . So that the two lines projecting from
+the upright stroke of our English K are a reminiscence of the
+convolution of the serpent in the Maya original and the Egyptian copy.
+
+Turn now to the Maya sign for t: it is ### , . What is the distinctive
+mark about this figure? It is the cross composed of two curved lines,
+thus, ### . It is probable that in the Maya sign the cross is united at
+the bottom, like a figure 8. Here again we turn to the valley of the
+Nile, and we find that the Egyptian hieroglyph for t is ### and ### ;
+and in the Syriac t it is ### . We even find the curved lines of the
+Maya t which give it something of the appearance of the numeral 8,
+repeated accurately in the Mediterranean alphabets; thus the Punic t
+repeats the Maya form almost exactly as ### and ### . Now suppose a busy
+people compelled to make this mark every day for a thousand years, and
+generally in a hurry, and the cross would soon be made without curving
+the lines; it would become X. But before it reached even that simplified
+form it had crossed the Atlantic, and appeared in the archaic Ethiopian
+sign for tsa, thus, ### . In the archaic Phoenician the sign for ### is
+### and ### ; the oldest Greek form is ### or ### and the later Greeks
+gave it to the Romans ### , and modified this into ### ; the old Hebrew
+gave it as ### and ### ; the Moab stone as ### ; this became in time ###
+and ### .
+
+Take the letter a. In the Maya there are three forms given for this
+letter. The first is ### ; the third is ### . The first looks very much
+like the foot of a lion or tiger; the third is plainly a foot or boot.
+If one were required to give hurriedly a rude outline of either of
+these, would he not represent it thus, ### ; and can we not conceive
+that this could have been in time modified into the Phoenician a, which
+was ### ? The hieratic Egyptian a was ### ; the ancient Hebrew, which
+was ### or ### ; the ancient Greek was the foot reversed, ### ; the
+later Greek became our A.
+
+Turn next to the Maya sign for q (ku): it is ### . Now what is the
+peculiarity of this hieroglyph? The circle below is not significant, for
+there are many circular figures in the Maya alphabet. Clearly, if one
+was called upon to simplify this, he would retain the two small circles
+joined side by side at the top, and would indicate the lower circle with
+a line or dash. And when we turn to the Egyptian q we find it in this
+shape, ### ; we turn to the Ethiopian q (khua), and we find it ### , as
+qua, ### ; while the Phoenician comes still nearer the supposed Maya form
+in ### ; the Moab stone was ### ; the Himyaritic Arabian form became ### ;
+the Greek form was ### , which graduated into the Roman Q. But a still
+more striking proof of the descent of the Phoenician alphabet from the
+Maya is found in the other form of the q, the Maya cu, which is ### .
+Now, if we apply the Maya rule to this, and discard the outside circle,
+we have this left, ### . In time the curved line would be made straight,
+and the figure would assume this form, ### ; the next step would be to
+make the cross on the straight line, thus, ### . One of the ancient
+Phoenician forms is ### . Can all this be accident?
+
+The letter c or g (for the two probably gave the same sound as in the
+Phoenician) is given in the Maya alphabet as follows, ### . This would in
+time be simplified into a figure representing the two sides of a
+triangle with the apex upward, thus, ### . This is precisely the form
+found by Dr. Schliemann in the ruins of Troy, ### . What is the
+Phoenician form for g as found on the Moab stone? It is ### . The
+Carthaginian Phoenicians gave it more of a rounded form, thus, ### . The
+hieratic Egyptian figure for g was ### ; in the earlier Greek form the
+left limb of the figure was shortened, thus, ### ; the later Greeks
+reversed it, and wrote it ### ; the Romans, changed this into ### and it
+finally became C.
+
+In the Maya we have one sign for p, and another for pp. The first
+contains a curious figure, precisely like our r laid on its back ### .
+There is, apparently, no r in the Maya alphabet; and the Roman r grew
+out of the later Phoenician r formed thus, ### ; it would appear that the
+earliest Phoenician alphabet did not contain the letter r. But if we now
+turn to the Phoenician alphabet, we will find one of the curious forms of
+the p given thus, ### , a very fair representation of an r lying upon
+its face. Is it not another remarkable coincidence that the p, in both
+Maya and Phoenician, should contain this singular sign?
+
+The form of pp in the Maya alphabet is this, ### . If we are asked, on
+the principle already indicated, to reduce this to its elements, we
+would use a figure like this, ### ; in time the tendency would be to
+shorten one of these perpendicular lines, thus, and this we find is very
+much like the Phoenician p, ### . The Greek ph is ### .
+
+The letter l in the Maya is in two forms; one of these is ### , the
+other is ### . Now, if we again apply the rule which we observed to hold
+good with the letter m--that is, draw from the inside of the hieroglyph
+some symbol that will briefly indicate the whole letter--we will have
+one of two forms, either a right-angled figure formed thus, ### , or an
+acute angle formed by joining the two lines which are unconnected, thus,
+### ; and either of these forms brings us quite close to the letter l of
+the Old World. We find l on the Moab stone thus formed, ### . The
+archaic Phoenician form of l was ### , or ### ; the archaic Hebrew was
+### and ### ; the hieratic Egyptian was ### ; the Greek form was ###
+--the Roman L.
+
+The Maya letter b is shaped thus, ### . Now, if we turn to the
+Phoenician, we find that b is represented by the same crescent-like
+figure which we find in the middle of this hieroglyph, but reversed in
+the direction of the writing, thus, ### ; while in the archaic Hebrew we
+have the same crescent figure as in the Maya, turned in the same
+direction, but accompanied by a line drawn downward, and to the left,
+thus, ### ; a similar form is also found in the Phoenician ### , and this
+in the earliest Greek changed into ### , and in the later Greek into B.
+One of the Etruscan signs for b was ### , while the Pelasgian b was
+represented thus, ### ; the Chaldaic b was ### ; the Syriac sign for b
+was ### ; the Illyrian b was ### .
+
+The Maya e is ### ; this became in time ### ; then ### (we see this form
+on the Maya monuments); the dots in time were indicated by strokes, and
+we reach the hieratic Egyptian form, ### : we even find in some of the
+ancient Phoenician inscriptions the original Maya circles preserved in
+making the letter e, thus, ### ; then we find the old Greek form, ### ;
+the old Hebrew, ### ; and the later Phoenician, ### : when the direction
+of the writing was changed this became ### . Dr. Schliemann found a form
+like this on inscriptions deep in the ruins of Troy, ### . This is
+exactly the form found on the American monuments.
+
+The Maya i is ### ; this became in time ### ; this developed into a
+still simpler form, ### ; and this passed into the Phoenician form, ### .
+The Samaritan i was formed thus, ### ; the Egyptian letter i is ### :
+gradually in all these the left-hand line was dropped, and we come to
+the figure used on the stone of Moab, ### and ### ; this in time became
+the old Hebrew ### , or ### ; and this developed into the Greek ### .
+
+We have seen the complicated symbol for m reduced by the Mayas
+themselves into this figure, ### : if we attempt to write this rapidly,
+we find it very difficult to always keep the base lines horizontal;
+naturally we form something like this, ### : the distinctive figure
+within the sign for m in the Maya is ### or ### . We see this repeated
+in the Egyptian hieroglyphics for m, ### , and ### , and ### ; and in
+the Chaldaic m, ### ; and in the Ethiopic ### . We find one form of the
+Phoenician where the m is made thus, ### ; and in the Punic it appears
+thus, ### ; and this is not unlike the m on the stone of Moab, ### , or
+the ancient Phoenician forms ### , ### , and the old Greek ### , or the
+ancient Hebrew ### , ### .
+
+The ### , x, of the Maya alphabet is a hand pointing downward ### ,
+this, reduced to its elements, would be expressed some thing like this,
+### or ### ; and this is very much like the x of the archaic Phoenician,
+### ; or the Moab stone, ### ; or the later Phoenician ### or the Hebrew
+### , ### , or the old Greek, ### : the later Greek form was ### .
+
+The Maya alphabet contains no sign for the letter s; there is, however,
+a symbol called ca immediately above the letter k; it is probable that
+the sign ca stands for the soft sound of c, as, in our words citron,
+circle, civil, circus, etc. As it is written in the Maya alphabet ca,
+and not k, it evidently represents a different sound. The sign ca is
+this, ### . A somewhat similar sign is found in the body of the symbol
+for k, thus, ### , this would appear to be a simplification of ca, but
+turned downward. If now we turn to the Egyptian letters we find the sign
+k represented by this figure ### , simplified again into ### ; while the
+sign for k in the Phoenician inscription on the stone of Moab is ### . If
+now we turn to the s sound, indicated by the Maya sign ca, ### , we find
+the resemblance still more striking to kindred European letters. The
+Phoenician s is ### ; in the Greek this becomes ### ### ; the Hebrew is
+### ### ; the Samaritan, ### . The Egyptian hieroglyph for s is ### ;
+the Egyptian letter s is ### ; the Ethiopic, ### ; the Chaldaic, ### ;
+and the Illyrian s c is ### .
+
+We have thus traced back the forms of eighteen of the ancient letters to
+the Maya alphabet. In some cases the pedigree, is so plain as to be
+indisputable.
+
+For instance, take the h:
+
+Maya, ### ; old Greek, ### ; old Hebrew, ### ; Phoenician, ### .
+
+Or take the letter o:
+
+Maya, ### ; old Greek, ### ; old Hebrew, ### ; Phoenician, ### .
+
+Or take the letter t:
+
+Maya, ### ; old Greek, ### ; old Phoenician, ### and ### .
+
+Or take the letter q:
+
+Maya, ### ; old Phoenician, ### and ### ; Greek, ### .
+
+Or take the letter k:
+
+Maya, ### ; Egyptian, ### ; Ethiopian, ### ; Phoenician, ### .
+
+Or take the letter n:
+
+Maya, ### ; Egyptian, ### ; Pelasgian ### , Arcadian, ### ; Phoenician,
+### .
+
+Surely all this cannot be accident!
+
+But we find another singular proof of the truth of this theory: It will
+be seen that the Maya alphabet lacks the letter d and the letter r. The
+Mexican alphabet possessed a d. The sounds d and t were probably
+indicated in the Maya tongue by the same sign, called t in the Landa
+alphabet. The Finns and Lapps do not distinguish between these two
+sounds. In the oldest known form of the Phoenician alphabet, that found
+on the Moab stone, we find in the same way but one sign to express the d
+and t. D does not occur on the Etruscan monuments, t being used in its
+place. It would, therefore, appear that after the Maya alphabet passed
+to the Phoenicians they added two new signs for the letters d and r; and
+it is a singular fact that their poverty of invention seems to have been
+such that they used to express both d and r, the same sign, with very
+little modification, which they had already obtained from the Maya
+alphabet as the symbol for b. To illustrate this we place the signs side
+by side:
+
+                                   ###
+
+It thus appears that the very signs d and r, in the Phoenician, early
+Greek, and ancient Hebrew, which are lacking in the Maya, were supplied
+by imitating the Maya sign for b; and it is a curious fact that while
+the Phoenician legends claim that Taaut invented the art of writing, yet
+they tell us that Taaut made records, and "delivered them to his
+successors and to foreigners, of whom one was Isiris (Osiris, the
+Egyptian god), the inventor of the three letters." Did these three
+letters include the d and r, which they did not receive from the
+Atlantean alphabet, as represented to us by the Maya alphabet?
+
+In the alphabetical table which we herewith append we have represented
+the sign V, or vau, or f, by the Maya sign for U. "In the present
+so-called Hebrew, as in the Syriac, Sabæic, Palmyrenic, and some other
+kindred writings, the vau takes the place of F, and indicates the sounds
+of v and u. F occurs in the same place also on the Idalian tablet of
+Cyprus, in Lycian, also in Tuarik (Berber), and some other writings."
+("American Cyclopædia," art. F.)
+
+Since writing the above, I find in the "Proceedings of the American
+Philosophical Society" for December, 1880, p. 154, an interesting
+article pointing out other resemblances between the Maya alphabet and
+the Egyptian. I quote:
+
+It is astonishing to notice that while Landa's first B is, according to
+Valentini, represented by a footprint, and that path and footprint are
+pronounced Be in the Maya dictionary, the Egyptian sign for B was the
+human leg.
+
+"Still more surprising is it that the H of Landa's alphabet is a tie of
+cord, while the Egyptian H is a twisted cord.... But the most
+striking coincidence of all occurs in the coiled or curled line
+representing Landa's U; for it is absolutely identical with the Egyptian
+curled U. The Mayan word for to wind or bend is Uuc; but why should
+Egyptians, confined as they were to the valley of the Nile, and
+abhorring as they did the sea and sailors, write their U precisely like
+Landa's alphabet U in Central America? There is one other remarkable
+coincidence between Landa's and the Egyptian alphabets; and, by-the-way,
+the English and other Teutonic dialects have a curious share in it.
+Landa's D (T) is a disk with lines inside the four quarters, the allowed
+Mexican symbol for a day or sun. So far as sound is concerned, the
+English day represents it; so far as the form is concerned, the Egyptian
+'cake,' ideograph for (1) country and (2) the sun's orbit is essentially
+the same."
+
+It would appear as if both the Phoenicians and Egyptians drew their
+alphabet from a common source, of which the Maya is a survival, but did
+not borrow from one another. They followed out different characteristics
+in the same original hieroglyph, as, for instance, in the letter b. And
+yet I have shown that the closest resemblances exist between the Maya
+alphabet and the Egyptian signs--in the c, h, t, i, k, m, n, o, q, and
+s--eleven letters in all; in some cases, as in the n and k, the signs
+are identical; the k, in both alphabets, is not only a serpent, but a
+serpent with a protuberance or convolution in the middle! If we add to
+the above the b and u, referred to in the "Proceedings of the American
+Philosophical Society," we have thirteen letters out of sixteen in the
+Maya and Egyptian related to each other. Can any theory of accidental
+coincidences account for all this? And it must be remembered that these
+resemblances are found between the only two phonetic systems of alphabet
+in the world.
+
+Let us suppose that two men agree that each shall construct apart from
+the other a phonetic alphabet of sixteen letters; that they shall employ
+only simple forms--combinations of straight or curved lines--and that
+their signs shall not in anywise resemble the letters now in use. They
+go to work apart; they have a multitudinous array of forms to draw from
+the thousand possible combinations of lines, angles, circles, and
+curves; when they have finished, they bring their alphabets together for
+comparison. Under such circumstances it is possible that out of the
+sixteen signs one sign might appear in both alphabets; there is one
+chance in one hundred that such might be the case; but there is not one
+chance in five hundred that this sign should in both cases represent the
+same sound. It is barely possible that two men working thus apart should
+hit upon two or three identical forms, but altogether impossible that
+these forms should have the same significance; and by no stretch of the
+imagination can it be supposed that in these alphabets so created,
+without correspondence, thirteen out of sixteen signs should be the same
+in form and the same in meaning.
+
+It is probable that a full study of the Central American monuments may
+throw stronger light upon the connection between the Maya and the
+European alphabets, and that further discoveries of inscriptions in
+Europe may approximate the alphabets of the New and Old World still more
+closely by supplying intermediate forms.
+
+We find in the American hieroglyphs peculiar signs which take the place
+of pictures, and which probably, like the hieratic symbols mingled with
+the hieroglyphics of Egypt, represent alphabetical sounds. For instance,
+we find this sign on the walls of the palace of Palenque, ### ; this is
+not unlike the form of the Phoenician t used in writing, ### and ### ; we
+find also upon these monuments the letter o represented by a small
+circle, and entering into many of the hieroglyphs; we also find the tau
+sign (thus ### ) often repeated; also the sign which we have supposed to
+represent b, ### ; also this sign, ### , which we think is the
+simplification of the letter k; also this sign, which we suppose to
+represent e, ### ; also this figure, ### ; and this ### . There is an
+evident tendency to reduce the complex figures to simple signs whenever
+the writers proceed to form words.
+
+Although it has so far been found difficult, if not impossible, to
+translate the compound words formed from the Maya alphabet, yet we can
+go far enough to see that they used the system of simpler sounds for the
+whole hieroglyph to which we have referred.
+
+Bishop Landa gives us, in addition to the alphabet, the signs which
+represent the days and months, and which are evidently compounds of the
+Maya letters. For instance, we have this figure as the representative of
+the month Mol ### . Here we see very plainly the letter ### for m, the
+sign ### for o; and we will possibly find the sign for l in the right
+angle to the right of the m sign, and which is derived from the figure
+in the second sign for l in the Maya alphabet.
+
+One of the most ancient races of Central America is the Chiapenec, a
+branch of the Mayas. They claim to be the first settlers of the country.
+They came, their legends tell us, from the East, from beyond the sea.
+
+And even after the lapse of so many thousand years most remarkable
+resemblances have been found to exist between the Chiapenec language and
+the Hebrew, the living representative of the Phoenician tongue.
+
+The Mexican scholar, Señor Melgar ("North Americans of Antiquity," p.
+475) gives the following list of words taken from the Chiapenec and the
+Hebrew:
+
+            +----------------------+------------+-----------+
+            | English.             | Chiapenec. | Hebrew.   |
+            +----------------------+------------+-----------+
+            | Son                  | Been       | Ben.      |
+            +----------------------+------------+-----------+
+            | Daughter             | Batz       | Bath.     |
+            +----------------------+------------+-----------+
+            | Father               | Abagh      | Abba.     |
+            +----------------------+------------+-----------+
+            | Star in Zodiac       | Chimax     | Chimah.   |
+            +----------------------+------------+-----------+
+            | King                 | Molo       | Maloc.    |
+            +----------------------+------------+-----------+
+            | Name applied to Adam | Abagh      | Abah.     |
+            +----------------------+------------+-----------+
+            | Afflicted            | Chanam     | Chanan.   |
+            +----------------------+------------+-----------+
+            | God                  | Elab       | Elab.     |
+            +----------------------+------------+-----------+
+            | September            | Tsiquin    | Tischiri. |
+            +----------------------+------------+-----------+
+            | More                 | Chic       | Chi.      |
+            +----------------------+------------+-----------+
+            | Rich                 | Chabin     | Chabic.   |
+            +----------------------+------------+-----------+
+            | Son of Seth          | Enot       | Enos.     |
+            +----------------------+------------+-----------+
+            | To give              | Votan      | Votan.    |
+            +----------------------+------------+-----------+
+
+Thus, while we find such extraordinary resemblances between the Maya
+alphabet and the Phoenician alphabet, we find equally surprising
+coincidences between the Chiapenec tongue, a branch of the Mayas, and
+the Hebrew, a branch of the Phoenician.
+
+Attempts have been repeatedly made by European scholars to trace the
+letters of the Phoenician alphabet back to the elaborate hieroglyphics
+from which all authorities agree they must have been developed, but all
+such attempts have been failures. But here, in the Maya alphabet, we are
+not only able to extract from the heart of the hieroglyphic the typical
+sign for the sound, but we are able to go a step farther, and, by means
+of the inscriptions upon the monuments of Copan and Palenque, deduce the
+alphabetical hieroglyph itself from an older and more ornate figure; we
+thus not only discover the relationship of the European alphabet to the
+American, but we trace its descent in the very mode in which reason
+tells us it must have been developed. All this proves that the
+similarities in question did not come from Phoenicians having
+accidentally visited the shores of America, but that we have before us
+the origin, the source, the very matrix in which the Phoenician alphabet
+was formed. In the light of such a discovery the inscriptions upon the
+monuments of Central America assume incalculable importance; they take
+us back to a civilization far anterior to the oldest known in Europe;
+they represent the language of antediluvian times.
+
+It may be said that it is improbable that the use of an alphabet could
+have ascended to antediluvian times, or to that prehistoric age when
+intercourse existed between ancient Europe and America; but it must be
+remembered that if the Flood legends of Europe and Asia are worth
+anything they prove that the art of writing existed at the date of the
+Deluge, and that records of antediluvian learning were preserved by
+those who escaped the Flood; while Plato tells us that the people of
+Atlantis engraved their laws upon columns of bronze and plates of gold.
+
+There was a general belief among the ancient nations that the art of
+writing was known to the antediluvians. The Druids believed in books
+more ancient than the Flood. They styled them "the books of Pheryllt,"
+and "the writings of Pridian or Hu." "Ceridwen consults them before she
+prepares the mysterious caldron which shadows out the awful catastrophe
+of the Deluge." (Faber's "Pagan Idolatry," vol. ii., pp. 150, 151.) In
+the first Avatar of Vishnu we are told that "the divine ordinances were
+stolen by the demon Haya-Griva. Vishnu became a fish; and after the
+Deluge, when the waters had subsided, he recovered the holy books from
+the bottom of the ocean." Berosus, speaking of the time before the
+Deluge, says: "Oannes wrote concerning the generations of mankind and
+their civil polity." The Hebrew commentators on Genesis say, "Our
+rabbins assert that Adam, our father of blessed memory, composed a book
+of precepts, which were delivered to him by God in Paradise." (Smith's
+"Sacred Annals," p. 49.) That is to say, the Hebrews preserved a
+tradition that the Ad-ami, the people of Ad, or Adlantis, possessed,
+while yet dwelling in Paradise, the art of writing. It has been
+suggested that without the use of letters it would have been impossible
+to preserve the many details as to dates, ages, and measurements, as of
+the ark, handed down to us in Genesis. Josephus, quoting Jewish
+traditions, says, "The births and deaths of illustrious men, between
+Adam and Noah, were noted down at the time with great accuracy." (Ant.,
+lib. 1, cap. iii., see. 3.) Suidas, a Greek lexicographer of the
+eleventh century, expresses tradition when he says, "Adam was the author
+of arts and letters." The Egyptians said that their god Anubis was an
+antediluvian, and it "wrote annals before the Flood." The Chinese have
+traditions that the earliest race of their nation, prior to history,
+"taught all the arts of life and wrote books." "The Goths always had the
+use of letters;" and Le Grand affirms that before or soon after the
+Flood "there were found the acts of great men engraved in letters on
+large stones." (Fosbroke's "Encyclopædia of Antiquity," vol. i., p.
+355.) Pliny says, "Letters were always in use." Strabo says, "The
+inhabitants of Spain possessed records written before the Deluge."
+(Jackson's "Chronicles of Antiquity," vol. iii., p. 85.) Mitford
+("History of Greece," vol. i, p. 121) says, "Nothing appears to us so
+probable as that it (the alphabet) was derived from the antediluvian
+world."
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE.
+
+There exist in Europe the evidences of three different ages of human
+development:
+
+1. The Stone Age, which dates back to a vast antiquity. It is subdivided
+into two periods: an age of rough stone implements; and a later age,
+when these implements were ground smooth and made in improved forms.
+
+2. The Bronze Age, when the great mass of implements were manufactured
+of a compound metal, consisting of about nine parts of copper and one
+part of tin.
+
+3. An age when iron superseded bronze for weapons and cutting tools,
+although bronze still remained in use for ornaments. This age continued
+down to what we call the Historical Period, and embraces our present
+civilization; its more ancient remains are mixed with coins of the
+Gauls, Greeks, and Romans.
+
+The Bronze Period has been one of the perplexing problems of European
+scientists. Articles of bronze are found over nearly all that continent,
+but in especial abundance in Ireland and Scandinavia. They indicate very
+considerable refinement and civilization upon the part of the people who
+made them; and a wide diversity of opinion has prevailed as to who that
+people were and where they dwelt.
+
+In the first place, it was observed that the age of bronze (a compound
+of copper and tin) must, in the natural order of things, have been
+preceded by an age when copper and tin were used separately, before the
+ancient metallurgists had discovered the art of combining them, and yet
+in Europe the remains of no such age have been found. Sir John Lubbock
+says ("Prehistoric Times," p. 59), "The absence of implements made
+either of copper or tin seems to me to indicate that the art of making
+bronze was introduced into, not invented in, Europe." The absence of
+articles of copper is especially marked, nearly all the European
+specimens of copper implements have been found in Ireland; and yet out
+of twelve hundred and eighty-three articles of the Bronze Age, in the
+great museum at Dublin, only thirty celts and one sword-blade are said
+to be made of pure copper; and even as to some of these there seems to
+be a question.
+
+Where on the face of the earth are we to find a Copper Age? Is it in the
+barbaric depths of that Asia out of whose uncivilized tribes all
+civilization is said to have issued? By no means. Again we are compelled
+to turn to the West. In America, from Bolivia to Lake Superior, we find
+everywhere the traces of a long-enduring Copper Age; bronze existed, it
+is true, in Mexico, but it held the same relation to the copper as the
+copper held to the bronze in Europe--it was the exception as against the
+rule. And among the Chippeways of the shores of Lake Superior, and among
+them alone, we find any traditions of the origin of the manufacture of
+copper implements; and on the shores of that lake we find pure copper,
+out of which the first metal tools were probably hammered before man had
+learned to reduce the ore or run the metal into moulds. And on the
+shores of this same American lake we find the ancient mines from which
+some people, thousands of years ago, derived their supplies of copper.
+
+                IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS OF THE BRONZE AGE
+
+Sir W. R. Wilde says, "It is remarkable that so few antique copper
+implements have been found (in Europe), although a knowledge of that
+metal must have been the preliminary stage in the manufacture of
+bronze." He thinks that this may be accounted for by supposing that "but
+a short time elapsed between the knowledge of smelting and casting
+copper ore and the introduction of tin, and the subsequent manufacture
+and use of bronze."
+
+But here we have in America the evidence that thousands of years must
+have elapsed during which copper was used alone, before it was
+discovered that by adding one-tenth part of tin it gave a harder edge,
+and produced a superior metal.
+
+The Bronze Age cannot be attributed to the Roman civilization. Sir John
+Lubbock shows ("Prehistoric Times," p. 21) that bronze weapons have
+never been found associated with Roman coins or pottery, or other
+remains of the Roman Period; that bronze articles have been found in the
+greatest abundance in countries like Ireland and Denmark, which were
+never invaded by Roman armies; and that the character of the
+ornamentation of the works of bronze is not Roman in character, and that
+the Roman bronze contained a large proportion of lead, which is never
+the case in that of the Bronze Age.
+
+It has been customary to assume that the Bronze Age was due to the
+Phoenicians, but of late the highest authorities have taken issue with
+this opinion. Sir John Lubbock (Ibid., p. 73) gives the following
+reasons why the Phoenicians could not have been the authors of the Bronze
+Age: First, the ornamentation is different. In the Bronze Age "this
+always consists of geometrical figures, and we rarely, if ever, find
+upon them representations of animals and plants, while on the ornamented
+shields, etc., described by Homer, as well as in the decoration of
+Solomon's Temple, animals and plants were abundantly represented." The
+cuts on p. 242 will show the character of the ornamentation of the
+Bronze Age. In the next place, the form of burial is different in the
+Bronze Age from that of the Phoenicians. "In the third place, the
+Phoenicians, so far as we know them, were well acquainted with the use of
+iron; in Homer we find the warriors already armed with iron weapons, and
+the tools used in preparing the materials for Solomon's Temple were of
+this metal."
+
+This view is also held by M. de Fallenberg, in the "Bulletin de la
+Société des Sciences" of Berne. (See "Smithsonian Rep.," 1865-66, p.
+383.) He says,
+
+                       ORNAMENTS OF THE BRONZE AGE
+
+"It seems surprising that the nearest neighbors of the Phoenicians--the
+Greeks, the Egyptians, the Etruscans, and the Romans--should have
+manufactured plumbiferous bronzes, while the Phoenicians carried to the
+people of the North only pure bronzes without the alloy of lead. If the
+civilized people of the Mediterranean added lead to their bronzes, it
+can scarcely be doubted that the calculating Phoenicians would have done
+as much, and, at least, with distant and half-civilized tribes, have
+replaced the more costly tin by the cheaper metal.... On the whole,
+then, I consider that the first knowledge of bronze may have been
+conveyed to the populations of the period under review not only by the
+Phoenicians, but by other civilized people dwelling more to the
+south-east."
+
+Professor E. Desor, in his work on the "Lacustrian Constructions of the
+Lake of Neuchatel," says,
+
+"The Phoenicians certainly knew the use of iron, and it can scarcely be
+conceived why they should have excluded it from their commerce on the
+Scandinavian coasts.... The Etruscans, moreover, were acquainted with
+the use of iron as well as the Phoenicians, and it has already been seen
+that the composition of their bronzes is different, since it contains
+lead, which is entirely a stranger to our bronze epoch.... We must
+look, then, beyond both the Etruscans and Phoenicians in attempting to
+identify the commerce of the Bronze Age of our palafittes. It will be
+the province of the historian to inquire whether, exclusive of
+Phoenicians and Carthaginians, there may not have been some maritime and
+commercial people who carried on a traffic through the ports of Liguria
+with the populations of the age of bronze of the lakes of Italy before
+the discovery of iron. We may remark, in passing, that there is nothing
+to prove that the Phoenicians were the first navigators. History, on the
+contrary, positively mentions prisoners, under the name of Tokhari, who
+were vanquished in a naval battle fought by Rhamses III. in the
+thirteenth century before our era, and whose physiognomy, according to
+Morton, would indicate the Celtic type. Now there is room to suppose
+that if these Tokhari were energetic enough to measure their strength on
+the sea with one of the powerful kings of Egypt, they must, with
+stronger reason, have been in a condition to carry on a commerce along
+the coasts of the Mediterranean, and perhaps of the Atlantic. If such a
+commerce really existed before the time of the Phoenicians, it would not
+be limited to the southern slope of the Alps; it would have extended
+also to the people of the age of bronze in Switzerland. The introduction
+of bronze would thus ascend to a very high antiquity, doubtless beyond
+the limits of the most ancient European races."
+
+For the merchants of the Bronze Age we must look beyond even the
+Tokhari, who were contemporaries of the Phoenicians.
+
+The Tokhari, we have seen, are represented as taken prisoners, in a
+sea-fight with Rhamses III., of the twentieth dynasty, about the
+thirteenth century B.C. They are probably the Tochari of Strabo. The
+accompanying figure represents one of these people as they appear upon
+the Egyptian monuments. (See Nott and Gliddon's "Types of Mankind," p.
+108.) Here we have, not an inhabitant of Atlantis, but probably a
+representative of one of the mixed races that sprung from its colonies.
+
+Dr. Morton thinks these people, as painted on the Egyptian monuments, to
+have "strong Celtic features. Those familiar with the Scotch Highlanders
+may recognize a speaking likeness."
+
+It is at least interesting to have a portrait of one of the daring race
+who more than three thousand years ago left the west of Europe in their
+ships to attack the mighty power of Egypt.
+
+They were troublesome to the nations of the East for many centuries; for
+in 700 B.C. we find them depicted on the Assyrian monuments. This figure
+represents one of the Tokhari of the time of Sennacherib. It will be
+observed that the headdress (apparently of feathers) is the same in both
+portraits, al, though separated by a period of six hundred years.
+
+It is more reasonable to suppose that the authors of the Bronze Age of
+Europe were the people described by Plato, who were workers in metal,
+who were highly civilized, who preceded in time all the nations which we
+call ancient. It was this people who passed through an age of copper
+before they reached the age of bronze, and whose colonies in America
+represented this older form of metallurgy as it existed for many
+generations.
+
+Professor Desor says:
+
+"We are asked if the preparation of bronze was not an indigenous
+invention which had originated on the slopes of the Alps?... In this
+idea we acquiesced for a moment. But we are met by the objection that,
+if this were so, the natives, like the ancient tribes of America, would
+have commenced by manufacturing utensils of copper; yet thus far no
+utensils of this metal have been found except a few in the strand of
+Lake Garda. The great majority of metallic objects is of bronze, which
+necessitated the employment of tin, and this could not be obtained
+except by commerce, inasmuch as it is a stranger to the Alps. It would
+appear, therefore, more natural to admit that the art of combining tin
+with copper--in other words, that the manufacture of bronze--was of
+foreign importation." He then shows that, although copper ores are found
+in the Alps, the probability is that even "the copper also was of
+foreign importation. Now, in view of the prodigious quantity of bronze
+manufactured at that epoch, this single branch of commerce must itself
+have necessitated the most incessant commercial communications."
+
+And as this commerce could not, as we have seen, have been carried on by
+the Romans, Greeks, Etruscans, or Phoenicians, because their
+civilizations flourished during the Iron Age, to which this age of
+bronze was anterior, where then are we to look for a great maritime and
+commercial people, who carried vast quantities of copper, tin, and
+bronze (unalloyed by the lead of the south of Europe) to Denmark,
+Norway, Sweden, Ireland, England, France, Spain, Switzerland, and Italy?
+Where can we find them save in that people of Atlantis, whose ships,
+docks, canals, and commerce provoked the astonishment of the ancient
+Egyptians, as recorded by Plato. The Toltec root for water is Atl; the
+Peruvian word for copper is Anti (from which, probably, the Andes
+derived their name, as there was a province of Anti on their slopes):
+may it not be that the name of Atlantis is derived from these originals,
+and signified the copper island, or the copper mountains in the sea? And
+from these came the thousands of tons of copper and tin that must,
+during the Bronze Age, have been introduced into Europe? There are no
+ancient works to indicate that the tin mines of Cornwall were worked for
+any length of time in the early days (see "Prehistoric Times," p. 74).
+Morlot has pointed out that the bronze implements of Hallstadt, in
+Austria, were of foreign origin, because they contain no lead or silver.
+
+Or, if we are to seek for the source of the vast amount of copper
+brought into Europe somewhere else than in Atlantis, may it not be that
+these supplies were drawn in large part from the shores of Lake Superior
+in America? The mining operations of some ancient people were there
+carried on upon a gigantic scale, not only along the shores of the lake
+but even far out upon its islands. At Isle Royale vast works were found,
+reaching to a depth of sixty feet; great intelligence was shown in
+following up the richest veins even when interrupted; the excavations
+were drained by underground drains. On three sections of land on this
+island the amount of mining exceeded that mined in twenty years in one
+of our largest mines, with a numerous force constantly employed. In one
+place the excavations extended in a nearly continuous line for two
+miles. No remains of the dead and no mounds are found near these mines:
+it would seem, therefore, that the miners came from a distance, and
+carried their dead back with them. Henry Gillman ("Smithsonian Rep.,"
+1873, p. 387) supposes that the curious so-called "Garden Beds" of
+Michigan were the fields from which they drew their supplies of food. He
+adds,
+
+"The discoveries in Isle Royale throw a new light on the character of
+the 'Mound Builders,' giving us a totally distinct conception of them,
+and dignifying them with something of the prowess and spirit of
+adventure which we associate with the higher races. The copper, the
+result of their mining, to be available, must, in all probability, have
+been conveyed in vessels, great or small, across a treacherous and
+stormy sea, whose dangers are formidable to us now, being dreaded even
+by our largest craft, and often proving their destruction. Leaving their
+homes, those men dared to face the unknown, to brave the hardships and
+perils of the deep and of the wilderness, actuated by an ambition which
+we to-day would not be ashamed to acknowledge."
+
+Such vast works in so remote a land must have been inspired by the
+commercial necessities of some great civilization; and why not by that
+ancient and mighty people who covered Europe, Asia, and Africa with
+their manufactures of bronze--and who possessed, as Plato tells us,
+enormous fleets trading to all parts of the inhabited world--whose cities
+roared with the continual tumult of traffic, whose dominion extended to
+Italy and Egypt, and who held parts of "the great opposite continent" of
+America under their control? A continuous water-way led, from the island
+of Atlantis to the Gulf of Mexico, and thence up the Mississippi River
+and its tributaries almost to these very mines of Lake Superior.
+
+Arthur Mitchell says ("The Past in the Present," p. 132),
+
+"The discovery of bronze, and the knowledge of how to make it, may, as a
+mere intellectual effort, be regarded as rather above than below the
+effort which is involved in the discovery and use of iron. As regards
+bronze, there is first the discovery of copper, and the way of getting
+it from its ore; then the discovery of tin, and the way to get it from
+its ore; and then the further discovery that, by an admixture of tin
+with copper in proper proportions, an alloy with the qualities of a hard
+metal can be produced. It is surely no mistake to say that there goes
+quite as much thinking to this as to the getting of iron from its ore,
+and the conversion of that iron into steel. There is a considerable leap
+from stone to bronze, but the leap from bronze to iron is comparatively
+small.... It seems highly improbable, if not altogether absurd, that
+the human mind, at some particular stage of its development, should
+here, there, and everywhere--independently, and as the result of
+reaching that stage--discover that an alloy of copper and tin yields a
+hard metal useful in the manufacture of tools and weapons. There is
+nothing analogous to such an occurrence in the known history of human
+progress. It is infinitely more probable that bronze was discovered in
+one or more centres by one or more men, and that its first use was
+solely in such centre or centres. That the invention should then be
+perfected, and its various applications found out, and that it should
+thereafter spread more or less broadly over the face of the earth, is a
+thing easily understood."
+
+We will find the knowledge of bronze wherever the colonies of Atlantis
+extended, and nowhere else; and Plato tells us that the people of
+Atlantis possessed and used that metal.
+
+The indications are that the Bronze Age represents the coming in of a
+new people--a civilized people. With that era, it is believed, appears
+in Europe for the first time the domesticated animals--the horse, the ox,
+the sheep, the goat, and the hog. (Morlot, "Smithsonian Rep.," 1860, p.
+311.) It was a small race, with very small hands; this is shown in the
+size of the sword-hilts: they are not large enough to be used by the
+present races of Europe. They were a race with long skulls, as
+contradistinguished from the round heads of the Stone Period. The
+drawings on the following page represent the types of the two races.
+
+                   SKULLS OF THE AGE OF STONE, DENMARK
+
+This people must have sent out colonies to the shores of France, Spain,
+Italy, Ireland, Denmark, and Norway, who bore with them the arts and
+implements of civilized life. They raised crops of grain, as is proved
+by the bronze sickles found in different parts of Europe.
+
+It is not even certain that their explorations did not reach to Iceland.
+Says Humboldt,
+
+"When the Northmen first landed in Iceland (A.D. 875), although the
+country was uninhabited, they found there Irish books, mass-bells, and
+other objects which had been left behind by earlier visitors, called
+Papar; these papæ (fathers) were the clerici of Dicuil. If, then, as we
+may suppose from the testimony here referred to, these objects belonged
+to Irish monks (papar), who had come from the Faroe Islands, why should
+they have been termed in the native sagas 'West men' (Vestmen), 'who had
+come over the sea from the westward' (kommer til vestan um haf)?"
+(Humboldt's "Cosmos," vol. ii., 238.)
+
+If they came "from the West" they could not have come from Ireland; and
+the Scandinavians may easily have mistaken Atlantean books and bells for
+Irish books and mass-bells. They do not say that there were any
+evidences that these relics belonged to a people who had recently
+visited the island; and, as they found the island uninhabited, it would
+be impossible for them to tell how many years or centuries had elapsed
+since the books and bells were left there.
+
+The fact that the implements of the Bronze Age came from some common
+centre, and did not originate independently in different countries, is
+proved by the striking similarity which exists between the bronze
+implements of regions as widely separated as Switzerland, Ireland,
+Denmark, and Africa. It is not to be supposed that any overland
+communication existed in that early age between these countries; and the
+coincidence of design which we find to exist can only be accounted for
+by the fact that the articles of bronze were obtained from some
+sea-going people, who carried on a commerce at the same time with all
+these regions.
+
+                                  CELTS
+
+Compare, for instance, these two decorated bronze celts, the first from
+Ireland, the second from Denmark; and then compare both these with a
+stone celt found in a mound in Tennessee, given below. Here we have the
+same form precisely.
+
+                        LEAF SHAPED BRONZE SWORDS
+
+Compare the bronze swords in the four preceding illustrations--from
+Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland, and Denmark-and then observe the same very
+peculiar shape--the leaf-shape, as it is called--in the stone sword from
+Big Harpeth River, Tennessee.
+
+We shall find, as we proceed, that the Phoenicians were unquestionably
+identified with Atlantis, and that it was probably from Atlantis they
+derived their god Baal, or Bel, or El, whose name crops out in the Bel
+of the Babylonians, the Elohim, and the Beelzebub of the Jews, and the
+Allah of the Arabians. And we find that this great deity, whose worship
+extended so widely among the Mediterranean races, was known and adored
+also upon the northern and western coasts of Europe. Professor Nilsson
+finds traces of Baal worship in Scandinavia; he tells us that the
+festival of Baal, or Balder, was celebrated on midsummer's night in
+Scania, and far up into Norway, almost to the Loffoden Islands, until
+within the last fifty years. The feast of Baal, or Beltinne, was
+celebrated in Ireland to a late period. I argue from these facts, not
+that the worship of Baal came to Ireland and Norway from Assyria or
+Arabia, but that the same great parent-race which carried the knowledge
+of Baal to the Mediterranean brought it also to the western coasts of
+Europe, and with the adoration of Baal they imported also the implements
+of bronze now found in such abundance in those regions.
+
+The same similarity of form exists in the bronze knives from Denmark and
+Switzerland, as represented in the illustrations on p. 254.
+
+In the central figure we have a representation of an Egyptian-looking
+man holding a cup before him. We shall see, as we proceed, that the
+magnetic needle, or "mariner's compass," dates back to the days of
+Hercules, and that it consisted of a bar of magnetized iron floating
+upon a piece of wood in a cup. It is possible that in this ancient relic
+of the Bronze Age we have a representation of the magnetic cup. The
+magnetic needle must certainly have been an object of great interest to
+a people who, through its agency, were able to carry on commerce on all
+the shores of Europe, from the Mediterranean to the Baltic. The second
+knife represented above has upon its handle a wheel, or cross surrounded
+by a ring, which, we shall see here after, was pre-eminently the symbol
+of Atlantis.
+
+If we are satisfied that these implements of bronze were the work of the
+artisans of Atlantis--of the antediluvians--they must acquire additional
+and extraordinary interest in our eyes, and we turn to them to learn
+something of the habits and customs of "that great, original,
+broad-eyed, sunken race."
+
+We find among the relics of the Bronze Age an urn, which probably gives
+us some idea of the houses of the Atlanteans: it is evidently made to
+represent a house, and shows us even the rude fashion in which they
+fastened their doors. The Mandan Indians built round houses very much of
+this appearance.
+
+The museum at Munich contains a very interesting piece of pottery, which
+is supposed to represent one of the lake villages or hamlets of the era
+when the people of Switzerland dwelt in houses erected on piles driven
+into the bottom of the lakes of that country. The accompanying
+illustration represents it. The double spiral ornament upon it shows
+that it belongs to the Bronze Age.
+
+Among the curious relics of the Bronze Age are a number of razor-like
+knives; from which we may conclude that the habit of shaving the whole
+or some part of the face or head dates back to a great antiquity. The
+illustrations below represent them.
+
+These knives were found in Denmark. The figures upon them represent
+ships, and it is not impossible that their curious appendages may have
+been a primitive kind of sails.
+
+                          BRONZE RAZOR-KNIVES.
+
+An examination of the second of these bronze knives reveals a singular
+feature: Upon the handle of the razor there are ten series of lines; the
+stars in the sky are ten in number; and there were probably ten rings at
+the left-hand side of the figure, two being obliterated. There were, we
+are told, ten sub-kingdoms in Atlantis; and precisely as the thirteen
+stripes on the American flag symbolize the thirteen original States of
+the Union, so the recurrence of the figure ten in the emblems upon this
+bronze implement may have reference to the ten subdivisions of Atlantis.
+The large object in the middle of this ship may be intended to represent
+a palm-tree--the symbol, as we shall see, in America, of Aztlan, or
+Atlantis. We have but to compare the pictures of the ships upon these
+ancient razor-knives with the accompanying representations of a Roman
+galley and a ship of William the Conqueror's time, to see that there can
+be no question that they represented the galleys of that remote age.
+They are doubtless faithful portraits of the great vessels which Plato
+described as filling the harbors of Atlantis.
+
+                      SHIP OF WILLIAM THE CONQUERER.
+
+We give on page 258 a representation of a bronze dagger found in
+Ireland, a strongly-made weapon. The cut below it represents the only
+implement of the Bronze Age yet found containing an inscription. It has
+been impossible to decipher it, or even to tell to what group of
+languages its alphabet belongs.
+
+It is proper to note, in connection with a discussion of the Bronze Age,
+that our word bronze is derived from the Basque, or Iberian broncea,
+from which the Spanish derive bronce, and the Italians bronzo. The
+copper mines of the Basques were extensively worked at a very early age
+of the world, either by the people of Atlantis or by the Basques
+themselves, a colony from Atlantis. The probabilities are that the name
+for bronze, as well as the metal itself, dates back to Plato's island.
+
+I give some illustrations on pages 239 and 242 of ornaments and
+implements of the Bronze Age, which may serve to throw light upon the
+habits of the ancient people. It will be seen that they had reached a
+considerable degree of civilization; that they raised crops of grain,
+and cut them with sickles; that their women ornamented themselves with
+bracelets, armlets, earrings, finger-rings, hair-pins, and amulets; that
+their mechanics used hammers, adzes, and chisels; and that they
+possessed very fair specimens of pottery. Sir John Lubbock argues
+("Prehistoric Times," pp. 14, 16, etc.):
+
+"A new civilization is indicated not only by the mere presence of bronze
+but by the beauty and variety of the articles made from it. We find not
+only, as before, during the Stone Age, axes, arrows, and knives, but, in
+addition, swords, lances, sickles, fish-hooks, ear-rings, bracelets,
+pins, rings, and a variety of other articles."
+
+If the bronze implements of Europe had been derived from the Phoenicians,
+Greeks, Etruscans, or Romans, the nearer we approached the site of those
+nations the greater should be the number of bronze weapons we would
+find; but the reverse is the case. Sir John Lubbock ("Prehistoric
+Times," p. 20) shows that more than three hundred and fifty bronze
+swords have been found in Denmark, and that the Dublin Museum contains
+twelve hundred and eighty-three bronze weapons found in Ireland;
+"while," he says, "I have only been able to hear of six bronze swords in
+all Italy." This state of things is inexplicable unless we suppose that
+Ireland and Denmark received their bronze implements directly from some
+maritime nation whose site was practically as near their shores as it
+was to the shores of the Mediterranean. We have but to look at our map
+on page 43, ante, to see that Atlantis was considerably nearer to
+Ireland than it was to Italy.
+
+The striking resemblance between the bronze implements found in the
+different portions of Europe is another proof that they were derived
+from one and the same source--from some great mercantile people who
+carried on their commerce at the same time with Denmark, Norway,
+Ireland, Spain, Greece, Italy, Egypt, Switzerland, and Hungary. Mr.
+Wright ("Essays on Archæology," p. 120) says, "Whenever we find the
+bronze swords or celts,
+
+              VASES FROM MOUNDS IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY.
+
+whether in Ireland, in the far west, in Scotland, in distant
+Scandinavia, in Germany, or still farther east, in the Sclavonic
+countries, they are the same--not similar in character, but identical."
+Says Sir John Lubbock ("Prehistoric Times," p. 59), "Not only are the
+several varieties of celts found throughout Europe alike, but some of
+the swords, knives, daggers, etc., are so similar that they seem as if
+they must have been cast by the same maker."
+
+What race was there, other than the people of Atlantis, that existed
+before the Iron Age--before the Greek, Roman, Etruscan, and
+Phoenician--that was civilized, that worked in metals, that carried on a
+commerce with all parts of Europe? Does history or tradition make
+mention of any such?
+
+We find a great resemblance between the pottery of the Bronze Age in
+Europe and the pottery of the ancient inhabitants of America. The two
+figures on page 260 represent vases from one of the mounds of the
+Mississippi Valley. Compare them with the following from the lake
+dwellings of Switzerland:
+
+                         VASES FROM SWITZERLAND.
+
+It will be seen that these vases could scarcely stand upright
+unsupported; and we find that the ancient inhabitants of Switzerland had
+circles or rings of baked earth in which they placed them when in use,
+as in the annexed figure. The Mound Builders used the same contrivance.
+
+The illustrations of discoidal stones on page 263 are from the "North
+Americans of Antiquity," p. 77. The objects represented were taken from
+an ancient mound in Illinois. It would be indeed surprising if two
+distinct peoples, living in two different continents, thousands of miles
+apart, should, without any intercourse with each other, not only form
+their vases in the same inconvenient form, but should hit upon the same
+expedient as a remedy.
+
+We observe, in the American spear-head and the Swiss hatchets, on the
+opposite page, the same overlapping of the metal around the staff, or
+handle--a very peculiar mode of uniting them together, which has now
+passed out of use.
+
+A favorite design of the men of the Bronze Age in Europe is the spiral
+or double-spiral form. It appears on the face of the urn in the shape of
+a lake dwelling, which is given on p. 255; it also appears in the rock
+sculptures of Argyleshire, Scotland, here shown.
+
+We find the same figure in an ancient fragment of pottery from the
+Little Colorado, as given in the "United States Pacific Railroad Survey
+Report," vol. iii., p. 49, art. Pottery. It was part of a large vessel.
+The annexed illustration represents this.
+
+                       DISCOIDAL STONES, ILLINOIS.
+
+                    COPPER SPEAR-HEAD, LAKE SUPERIOR.
+
+                      BRONZE HATCHETS, SWITZERLAND.
+
+The same design is also found in ancient rock etchings of the Zuñis of
+New Mexico, of which the cut on p. 265 is an illustration.
+
+We also find this figure repeated upon vase from a Mississippi Valley
+mound, which we give elsewhere. (See p. 260.)
+
+It is found upon many of the monuments of Central America. In the
+Treasure House of Atreus, at Mycenæ, Greece, a fragment of a pillar was
+found which is literally covered with this double spiral design. (See
+"Rosengarten's Architectural Styles," p. 59.)
+
+This Treasure House of Atreus is one of the oldest buildings in Greece.
+
+We find the double-spiral figure upon a shell ornament found on the
+breast of a skeleton, in a carefully constructed stone coffin, in a
+mound near Nashville, Tennessee.
+
+Lenormant remarks ("Anc. Civil.," vol. ii., p. 158) that the bronze
+implements found in Egypt, near Memphis, had been buried for six
+thousand years; and that at that time, as the Egyptians had a horror of
+the sea, some commercial nation must have brought the tin, of which the
+bronze was in part composed, from India, the Caucasus, or Spain, the
+nearest points to Egypt in which tin is found.
+
+Heer has shown that the civilized plants of the lake dwellings are not
+of Asiatic, but of African, and, to a great extent, of Egyptian origin.
+Their stone axes are made largely of jade or nephrite, "a mineral which,
+strange to say, geologists have not found in place on the continent of
+Europe." (Foster's "Prehistoric Races," p. 44.)
+
+Compare this picture of a copper axe from a mound near Laporte, Indiana,
+with this representation of a copper axe of the Bronze Age, found near
+Waterford, Ireland. Professor Foster pronounces them almost identical.
+
+Compare this specimen of pottery from the lake dwellings of Switzerland
+with the following specimen from San José, Mexico. Professor Foster
+calls attention to the striking resemblance in the designs of these two
+widely separated works of art, one belonging to the Bronze Age of
+Europe, the other to the Copper Age of America.
+
++-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
+| FRAGMENT OF POTTERY, LAKE           | FRAGMENT OF POTTERY, SAN JOSÉ,  |
+| NEUFCHATEL, SWITZERLAND.            | MEXICO.                         |
++-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
+
+These, then, in conclusion, are our reasons for believing that the
+Bronze Age of Europe has relation to Atlantis:
+
+1. The admitted fact that it is anterior in time to the Iron Age
+relegates it to a great antiquity.
+
+2. The fact that it is anterior in time to the Iron Age is conclusive
+that it is not due to any of the known European or Asiatic nations, all
+of which belong to the Iron Age.
+
+3. The fact that there was in Europe, Asia, or Africa no copper or tin
+age prior to the Bronze Age, is conclusive testimony that the
+manufacture of bronze was an importation into those continents from some
+foreign country.
+
+4. The fact that in America alone of all the world is found the Copper
+Age, which must necessarily have preceded the Bronze Age, teaches us to
+look to the westward of Europe and beyond the sea for that foreign
+country.
+
+5. We find many similarities in forms of implements between the Bronze
+Age of Europe and the Copper Age of America.
+
+6. if Plato told the truth, the Atlanteans were a great commercial
+nation, trading to America and Europe, and, at the same time, they
+possessed bronze, and were great workers in the other metals.
+
+7. We shall see hereafter that the mythological traditions of Greece
+referred to a Bronze Age which preceded an Iron Age, and placed this in
+the land of the gods, which was an island in the Atlantic Ocean, beyond
+the Pillars of Hercules; and this land was, as we shall see, clearly
+Atlantis.
+
+8. As we find but a small development of the Bronze Age in America, it
+is reasonable to suppose that there must have been some intermediate
+station between America and Europe, where, during a long period of time,
+the Bronze Age was developed out of the Copper Age, and immense
+quantities of bronze implements were manufactured and carried to Europe.
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF THE SKULL.
+
+An examination of the American monuments shows (see figure on page 269)
+that the people represented were in the habit of flattening the skull by
+artificial means. The Greek and Roman writers had mentioned this
+practice, but it was long totally forgotten by the civilized world,
+until it was discovered, as an unheard-of wonder, to be the usage among
+the Carib Islanders, and several Indian tribes in North America. It was
+afterward found that the ancient Peruvians and Mexicans practised this
+art: several flattened Peruvian skulls are depicted in Morton's "Crania
+Americana." It is still in use among the Flat-head Indians of the
+north-western part of the United States.
+
+In 1849 a remarkable memoir appeared from the pen of M. Rathke, showing
+that similar skulls had been found near Kertsch, in the Crimea, and
+calling attention to the book of Hippocrates, "De Aeris, Aquis et Locu,"
+lib. iv., and a passage of Strabo, which speaks of the practice among
+the Scythians. In 1854 Dr. Fitzinger published a learned memoir on the
+skulls of the Avars, a branch of the Uralian race of Turks. He shows
+that the practice of flattening the head had existed from an early date
+throughout the East, and described an ancient skull, greatly distorted
+by artificial means, which had lately been found in Lower Austria.
+Skulls similarly flattened have been found in Switzerland and Savoy. The
+Huns under Attila had the same practice of flattening the heads.
+Professor Anders Retzius proved (see "Smithsonian Report," 1859) that
+the custom still exists in the south of France, and in parts of Turkey.
+"Not long since a French physician surprised the world by the fact that
+nurses in Normandy were still giving the children's heads a sugar-loaf
+shape by bandages and a tight cap,
+
+              STUCCO BAS-RELIEF IN THE PALACE OF PALENQUE.
+
+while in Brittany they preferred to press it round. No doubt they are
+doing so to this day." (Tylor's "Anthropology," p. 241.)
+
+Professor Wilson remarks:
+
+"Trifling as it may appear, it is not without interest to have the fact
+brought under our notice, by the disclosures of ancient barrows and
+cysts, that the same practice of nursing the child and carrying it
+about, bound to a flat cradle-board, prevailed in Britain and the north
+of Europe long before the first notices of written history reveal the
+presence of man beyond the Baltic or the English Channel, and that in
+all probability the same custom prevailed continuously from the shores
+of the German Ocean to Behring's Strait." ("Smithsonian Report," 1862,
+p. 286.)
+
+Dr. L. A. Gosse testifies to the prevalence of the same custom among the
+Caledonians and Scandinavians in the earliest times; and Dr. Thurman has
+treated of the same peculiarity among the Anglo-Saxons. ("Crania
+Britannica," chap. iv., p. 38.)
+
+                             PERUVIAN SKULL.
+
+                    CHINOOK (FLAT-HEAD), AFTER CATLIN.
+
+Here, then, is an extraordinary and unnatural practice which has existed
+from the highest antiquity, over vast regions of country, on both sides
+of the Atlantic, and which is perpetuated unto this day in races as
+widely separated as the Turks, the French, and the Flat-head Indians. Is
+it possible to explain this except by supposing that it originated from
+some common centre?
+
+The annexed cut represents an ancient Swiss skull, from a cemetery near
+Lausanne, from a drawing of Frederick Troyon. Compare this with the
+illustration given on page 271, which represents a Peruvian flat-head,
+copied from Morton's "Ethnography and Archæology of the American
+Aborigines," 1846. This skull is shockingly distorted. The dotted lines
+indicate the course of the bandages by which the skull was deformed.
+
+The following heads are from Del Rio's "Account of Palenque," copied
+into Nott and Gliddon's "Types of Mankind," p. 440. They show that the
+receding forehead was a natural characteristic of the ancient people of
+Central America. The same form of head has been found even in fossil
+skulls. We may therefore conclude that the skull-flattening, which we
+find to have been practised in both the Old and New Worlds, was an
+attempt of other races to imitate the form of skull of a people whose
+likenesses are found on the monuments of Egypt and of America. It has
+been shown that this peculiar form of the head was present even in the
+foetus of the Peruvian mummies.
+
+Hippocrates tells us that the practice among the Scythians was for the
+purpose of giving a certain aristocratic distinction.
+
+                          HEADS FROM PALENQUE.
+
+Amedée Thierry, in his "History of Attila," says the Huns used it for
+the same reason; and the same purpose influences the Indians of Oregon.
+
+Dr. Lund, a Swedish naturalist, found in the bone caves of Minas-Geraes,
+Brazil, ancient human bones associated with the remains of extinct
+quadrupeds. "These skulls," says Lund, "show not only the peculiarity of
+the American race but in an excessive degree, even to the entire
+disappearance of the forehead." Sir Robert Schomburgh found on some of
+the affluents of the Orinoco a tribe known as Frog Indians, whose heads
+were flattened by Nature, as shown in newly-born children.
+
+In the accompanying plate we show the difference in the conformation of
+the forehead in various races. The upper dotted line, A, represents the
+shape of the European forehead; the next line, B, that of the
+Australian; the next, C, that of the Mound Builder of the United States;
+the next, D, that of the Guanche of the Canary Islands; and the next, E,
+that of a skull from the Inca cemetery of Peru. We have but to compare
+these lines with the skulls of the Egyptians, Kurds, and the heroic type
+of heads in the statues of the gods of Greece, to see that there was
+formerly an ancient race marked by a receding forehead; and that the
+practice of flattening the skull was probably an attempt to approximate
+the shape of the head to this standard of an early civilized and
+dominant people.
+
+Not only do we find the same receding forehead in the skulls of the
+ancient races of Europe and America, and the same attempt to imitate
+this natural and peculiar conformation by artificial flattening of the
+head, but it has been found (see Henry Gillman's "Ancient Man in
+Michigan," "Smithsonian Report," 1875, p. 242) that the Mound Builders
+and Peruvians of America, and the Neolithic people of France and the
+Canary Islands, had alike an extraordinary custom of boring a circular
+bole in the top of the skulls of their dead, so that the soul might
+readily pass in and out. More than this, it has been found that in all
+these ancient populations the skeletons exhibit a remarkable degree of
+platicnemism, or flattening of the tibiæ or leg bones. (Ibid., 1873,
+p. 367.) In this respect the Mound Builders of Michigan were identical
+with the man of Cro Magnon and the ancient inhabitants of Wales.
+
+The annexed ancient Egyptian heads, copied from the monuments, indicate
+either that the people of the Nile deformed their heads by pressure upon
+the front of the skull, or that
+
+                             EGYPTIAN HEADS.
+
+there was some race characteristic which gave this appearance to their
+heads. These heads are all the heads of priests, and therefore
+represented the aristocratic class.
+
+The first illustration below is taken from a stucco relief found in a
+temple at Palenque, Central America. The second is from an Egyptian
+monument of the time of Rameses IV.
+
+The outline drawing on the following page shows the form of the skull of
+the royal Inca line: the receding forehead here seems to be natural, and
+not the result of artificial compression.
+
+Both illustrations at the bottom of the preceding page show the same
+receding form of the forehead, due to either artificial deformation of
+the skull or to a common race characteristic.
+
+We must add the fact that the extraordinary practice of deforming the
+skull was found all over Europe and America to the catalogue of other
+proofs that the people of both continents were originally united in
+blood and race. With the couvade, the practice of circumcision, unity of
+religious beliefs and customs, folk-lore, and alphabetical signs,
+language and flood legends, we array together a mass of unanswerable
+proofs of prehistoric identity of race.
+
+PART IV.
+
+THE MYTHOLOGIES OF THE OLD WORLD A RECOLLECTION OF ATLANTIS.
+
+CHAPTER I. TRADITIONS OF ATLANTIS.
+
+We find allusions to the Atlanteans in the most ancient traditions of
+many different races.
+
+The great antediluvian king of the Mussulman was Shedd-Ad-Ben-Ad, or
+Shed-Ad, the son of Ad, or Atlantis.
+
+Among the Arabians the first inhabitants of that country are known as
+the Adites, from their progenitor, who is called Ad, the grandson of
+Ham. These Adites were probably the people of Atlantis or Ad-lantis.
+"They are personified by a monarch to whom everything is ascribed, and
+to whom is assigned several centuries of life." ("Ancient History of the
+East," Lenormant and Chevallier, vol. ii., p. 295.), Ad came from the
+northeast. "He married a thousand wives, had four thousand sons, and
+lived twelve hundred years. His descendants multiplied considerably.
+After his death his sons Shadid and Shedad reigned in succession over
+the Adites. In the time of the latter the people of Ad were a thousand
+tribes, each composed of several thousands of men. Great conquests are
+attributed to Shedad; he subdued, it is said, all Arabia and Irak. The
+migration of the Canaanites, their establishment in Syria, and the
+Shepherd invasion of Egypt are, by many Arab writers, attributed to an
+expedition of Shedad." (Ibid., p. 296.)
+
+Shedad built a palace ornamented with superb columns, and surrounded by
+a magnificent garden. It was called Irem. "It was a paradise that Shedad
+had built in imitation of the celestial Paradise, of whose delights he
+had heard." ("Ancient History of the East," p. 296.) In other words, an
+ancient, sun-worshipping, powerful, and conquering race overran Arabia
+at the very dawn of history; they were the sons of Adlantis: their king
+tried to create a palace and garden of Eden like that of Atlantis.
+
+The Adites are remembered by the Arabians as a great and civilized race.
+"They are depicted as men of gigantic stature; their strength was equal
+to their size, and they easily moved enormous blocks of stone." (Ibid.)
+They were architects and builders. They raised many monuments of their
+power; and hence, among the Arabs, arose the custom of calling great
+ruins "buildings of the Adites." To this day the Arabs say "as old as
+Ad." In the Koran allusion is made to the edifices they built on "high
+places for vain uses;" expressions proving that their "idolatry was
+considered to have been tainted with Sabæism or star-worship." (Ibid.)
+"In these legends," says Lenormant, "we find traces of a wealthy nation,
+constructors of great buildings, with an advanced civilization,
+analogous to that of Chaldea, professing a religion similar to the
+Babylonian; a nation, in short, with whom material progress was allied
+to great moral depravity and obscene rites. These facts must be true and
+strictly historical, for they are everywhere met with among the
+Cushites, as among the Canaanites, their brothers by origin."
+
+Nor is there wanting a great catastrophe which destroys the whole Adite
+nation, except a very few who escape because they had renounced
+idolatry. A black cloud assails their country, from which proceeds a
+terrible hurricane (the water-spout?) which sweeps away everything.
+
+The first Adites were followed by a second Adite race; probably the
+colonists who had escaped the Deluge. The centre of its power was the
+country of Sheba proper. This empire endured for a thousand years. The
+Adites are represented upon the Egyptian monuments as very much like the
+Egyptians themselves; in other words, they were a red or sunburnt race:
+their great temples were pyramidal, surmounted by buildings. ("Ancient
+History of the East," p. 321.) "The Sabæans," says Agatharchides ("De
+Mari Erythræo," p. 102), "have in their houses an incredible number of
+vases, and utensils of all sorts, of gold and silver, beds and tripods
+of silver, and all the furniture of astonishing richness. Their
+buildings have porticos with columns sheathed with gold, or surmounted
+by capitals of silver. On the friezes, ornaments, and the framework of
+the doors they place plates of gold incrusted with precious stones."
+
+All this reminds one of the descriptions given by the Spaniards of the
+temples of the sun in Peru.
+
+The Adites worshipped the gods of the Phoenicians under names but
+slightly changed; "their religion was especially solar... It was
+originally a religion without images, without idolatry, and without a
+priesthood." (Ibid., p. 325.) They "worshipped the sun from the tops of
+pyramids." (Ibid.) They believed in the immortality of the soul.
+
+In all these things we see resemblances to the Atlanteans.
+
+The great Ethiopian or Cushite Empire, which in the earliest ages
+prevailed, as Mr. Rawlinson says, "from the Caucasus to the Indian
+Ocean, from the shores of the Mediterranean to the mouth of the Ganges,"
+was the empire of Dionysos, the empire of "Ad," the empire of Atlantis.
+El Eldrisi called the language spoken to this day by the Arabs of
+Mahrah, in Eastern Arabia, "the language of the people of Ad," and Dr.
+J. H. Carter, in the Bombay Journal of July, 1847, says, "It is the
+softest and sweetest language I have ever heard." It would be
+interesting to compare this primitive tongue with the languages of
+Central America.
+
+The god Thoth of the Egyptians, who was the god of a foreign country,
+and who invented letters, was called At-hothes.
+
+We turn now to another ancient race, the Indo-European family--the Aryan
+race.
+
+In Sanscrit Adim, means first. Among the Hindoos the first man was
+Ad-ima, his wife was Heva. They dwelt upon an island, said to be Ceylon;
+they left the island and reached the main-land, when, by a great
+convulsion of nature, their communication with the parent land was
+forever cut off. (See "Bible in India.")
+
+Here we seem to have a recollection of the destruction of Atlantis.
+
+Mr. Bryant says, "Ad and Ada signify the first." The Persians called the
+first man "Ad-amah." "Adon" was one of the names of the Supreme God of
+the Phoenicians; from it was derived the name of the Greek god "Ad-onis."
+The Arv-ad of Genesis was the Ar-Ad of the Cushites; it is now known as
+Ru-Ad. It is a series of connected cities twelve miles in length, along
+the coast, full of the most massive and gigantic ruins.
+
+Sir William Jones gives the tradition of the Persians as to the earliest
+ages. He says: "Moshan assures us that in the opinion of the best
+informed Persians the first monarch of Iran, and of the whole earth, was
+Mashab-Ad; that he received from the Creator, and promulgated among men
+a sacred book, in a heavenly language, to which the Mussulman author
+gives the Arabic title of 'Desatir,' or 'Regulations.' Mashab-Ad was, in
+the opinion of the ancient Persians, the person left at the end of the
+last great cycle, and consequently the father of the present world. He
+and his wife having survived the former cycle, were blessed with a
+numerous progeny; he planted gardens, invented ornaments, forged
+weapons, taught men to take the fleece from sheep and make clothing; he
+built cities, constructed palaces, fortified towns, and introduced arts
+and commerce."
+
+We have already seen that the primal gods of this people are identical
+with the gods of the Greek mythology, and were originally kings of
+Atlantis. But it seems that these ancient divinities are grouped
+together as "the Aditya;" and in this name "Ad-itya" we find a strong
+likeness to the Semitic "Adites," and another reminiscence of Atlantis,
+or Adlantis. In corroboration of this view we find,
+
+1. The gods who are grouped together as the Aditya are the most ancient
+in the Hindoo mythology.
+
+2. They are all gods of light, or solar gods. (Whitney's Oriental and
+Linguistic Studies," p. 39.)
+
+3. There are twelve of them. (Ibid.)
+
+4. These twelve gods presided over twelve months in the year.
+
+5. They are a dim recollection of a very remote past. Says Whitney, "It
+seems as if here was an attempt on the part of the Indian religion to
+take a new development in a moral direction, which a change in the
+character and circumstances of the people has caused to fail in the
+midst, and fall back again into forgetfulness, while yet half finished
+and indistinct." (Ibid.)
+
+6. These gods are called "the sons of Aditi," just as in the Bible we
+have allusions to "the sons of Adab," who were the first metallurgists
+and musicians. "Aditi is not a goddess. She is addressed as a queen's
+daughter, she of fair children."
+
+7. The Aditya "are elevated above all imperfections; they do not sleep
+or wink." The Greeks represented their gods as equally wakeful and
+omniscient. "Their character is all truth; they hate and punish guilt."
+We have seen the same traits ascribed by the Greeks to the Atlantean
+kings.
+
+8. The sun is sometimes addressed as an Aditya.
+
+9. Among the Aditya is Varuna, the equivalent of Uranos, whose
+identification with Atlantis I have shown. In the vedas Varuna is "the
+god of the ocean."
+
+10. The Aditya represent an earlier and purer form of religion: "While
+in hymns to the other deities long life, wealth, power, are the objects
+commonly prayed for, of the Aditya is craved purity, forgiveness of sin,
+freedom from guilt, and repentance." ("Oriental and Linguistic Studies,"
+p. 43.)
+
+11. The Aditya, like the Adites, are identified with the doctrine of the
+immortality of the soul. Yama is the god of the abode beyond the grave.
+In the Persian story he appears as Yima, and "is made ruler of the
+golden age and founder of the Paradise." (Ibid., p. 45.) (See "Zamna,"
+p. 167 ante.)
+
+In view of all these facts, one cannot doubt that the legends of the
+"sons of Ad," "the Adites," and "the Aditya," all refer to Atlantis.
+
+Mr. George Smith, in the Chaldean account of the Creation (p. 78),
+deciphered from the Babylonian tablets, shows that there was an original
+race of men at the beginning of Chaldean history, a dark race, the
+Zalmat-qaqadi, who were called Ad-mi, or Ad-ami; they were the race "who
+had fallen," and were contradistinguished from "the Sarku, or light
+race." The "fall" probably refers to their destruction by a deluge, in
+consequence of their moral degradation and the indignation of the gods.
+The name Adam is used in these legends, but as the name of a race, not
+of a man.
+
+Genesis (chap. v., 2) distinctly says that God created man male and
+female, and "called their name Adam." That is to say, the people were
+the Ad-ami, the people of "Ad," or Atlantis. "The author of the Book of
+Genesis," says M. Schoebel, "in speaking of the men who were swallowed up
+by the Deluge, always describes them as 'Haadam,' 'Adamite humanity.'"
+The race of Cain lived and multiplied far away from the land of Seth; in
+other words, far from the land destroyed by the Deluge. Josephus, who
+gives us the primitive traditions of the Jews, tells us (chap. ii., p.
+42) that "Cain travelled over many countries" before he came to the land
+of Nod. The Bible does not tell us that the race of Cain perished in the
+Deluge. "Cain went out from the presence of Jehovah;" he did not call on
+his name; the people that were destroyed were the "sons of Jehovah." All
+this indicates that large colonies had been sent out by the mother-land
+before it sunk in the sea.
+
+Across the ocean we find the people of Guatemala claiming their descent
+from a goddess called At-tit, or grandmother, who lived for four hundred
+years, and first taught the worship of the true God, which they
+afterward forgot. (Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. iii., p. 75.) While
+the famous Mexican calendar stone shows that the sun was commonly called
+tonatiuh but when it was referred to as the god of the Deluge it was
+then called Atl-tona-ti-uh, or At-onatiuh. (Valentini's "Mexican
+Calendar Stone," art. Maya Archæology, p. 15.)
+
+We thus find the sons of Ad at the base of all the most ancient races of
+men, to wit, the Hebrews, the Arabians, the Chaldeans, the Hindoos, the
+Persians, the Egyptians, the Ethiopians, the Mexicans, and the Central
+Americans; testimony that all these races traced their beginning back to
+a dimly remembered Ad-lantis.
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE KINGS OF ATLANTIS BECOME THE GODS OF THE GREEKS.
+
+Lord Bacon said:
+
+"The mythology of the Greeks, which their oldest writers do not pretend
+to have invented, was no more than a light air, which had passed from a
+more ancient people into the flutes of the Greeks, which they modulated
+to such descants as best suited their fancies."
+
+This profoundly wise and great man, who has illuminated every subject
+which he has touched, guessed very close to the truth in this utterance.
+
+The Hon. W. E. Gladstone has had quite a debate of late with Mr. Cox as
+to whether the Greek mythology was underlaid by a nature worship, or a
+planetary or solar worship.
+
+Peru, worshipping the sun and moon and planets, probably represents very
+closely the simple and primitive religion of Atlantis, with its
+sacrifices of fruits and flowers. This passed directly to their colony
+in Egypt. We find the Egyptians in their early ages sun and planet
+worshippers. Ptah was the object of their highest adoration. He is the
+father of the god of the sun, the ruler of the region of light. Ra was
+the sun-god. He was the supreme divinity at On, or Heliopolis, near
+Memphis. His symbol was the solar disk, supported by two rings. He
+created all that exists below the heavens.
+
+The Babylonian trinity was composed of Idea, Anu, and Bel. Bel
+represented the sun, and was the favorite god. Sin was the goddess of
+the moon.
+
+The Phoenicians were also sun-worshippers. The sun was represented by
+Baal-Samin, the great god, the god of light and the heavens, the creator
+and rejuvenator.
+
+"The attributes of both Baal and Moloch (the good and bad powers of the
+sun) were united in the Phoenician god Melkart, "king of the city," whom
+the inhabitants of Tyre considered their special patron. The Greeks
+called him "Melicertes," and identified him with Hercules. By his great
+strength and power he turned evil into good, brought life out of
+destruction, pulled back the sun to the earth at the time of the
+solstices, lessened excessive heat and cold, and rectified the evil
+signs of the zodiac. In Phoenician legends he conquers the savage races
+of distant coasts, founds the ancient settlements on the Mediterranean,
+and plants the rocks in the Straits of Gibraltar." ("American
+Cyclopædia," art. Mythology.)
+
+The Egyptians worshipped the sun under the name of Ra; the Hindoos
+worshipped the sun under the name of Rama; while the great festival of
+the sun, of the Peruvians, was called Ray-mi.
+
+Sun-worship, as the ancient religion of Atlantis, underlies all the
+superstitions of the colonies of that country. The Samoyed woman says to
+the sun, "When thou, god, risest, I too rise from my bed." Every morning
+even now the Brahmans stand on one foot, with their hands held out
+before them and their faces turned to the east, adoring the sun. "In
+Germany or France one may still see the peasant take off his hat to the
+rising sun." ("Anthropology," p. 361.) The Romans, even, in later times,
+worshipped the sun at Emesa, under the name of Elagabalus, "typified in
+the form of a black conical stone, which it was believed had fallen from
+heaven." The conical stone was the emblem of Bel. Did it have relation
+to the mounds and pyramids?
+
+Sun-worship was the primitive religion of the red men of America. It was
+found among all the tribes. (Dorman, "Origin of Primitive Superstitions,"
+p. 338.) The Chichimecs called the sun their father. The Comanches have
+a similar belief.
+
+But, compared with such ancient nations as the Egyptians and
+Babylonians, the Greeks were children. A priest of Sais said to Solon,
+
+"You Greeks are novices in knowledge of antiquity. You are ignorant of
+what passed either here or among yourselves in days of old. The history
+of eight thousand years is deposited in our sacred books; but I can
+ascend to a much higher antiquity, and tell you what our fathers have
+done for nine thousand years; I mean their institutions, their laws, and
+their most brilliant achievements."
+
+The Greeks, too young to have shared in the religion of Atlantis, but
+preserving some memory of that great country and its history, proceeded
+to convert its kings into gods, and to depict Atlantis itself as the
+heaven of the human race. Thus we find a great solar or nature worship
+in the elder nations, while Greece has nothing but an incongruous jumble
+of gods and goddesses, who are born and eat and drink and make love and
+ravish and steal and die; and who are worshipped as immortal in presence
+of the very monuments that testify to their death.
+
+"These deities, to whom the affairs of the world were intrusted, were,
+it is believed, immortal, though not eternal in their existence. In
+Crete there was even a story of the death of Zeus, his tomb being
+pointed out." (Murray's "Mythology," p. 2.)
+
+The history of Atlantis is the key of the Greek mythology. There can be
+no question that these gods of Greece were human beings. The tendency to
+attach divine attributes to great earthly rulers is one deeply implanted
+in human nature. The savages who killed Captain Cook firmly believed
+that he was immortal, that he was yet alive, and would return to punish
+them. The highly civilized Romans made gods out of their dead emperors.
+Dr. Livingstone mentions that on one occasion, after talking to a
+Bushman for some time about the Deity, he found that the savage thought
+he was speaking of Sekomi, the principal chief of the district.
+
+We find the barbarians of the coast of the Mediterranean regarding the
+civilized people of Atlantis with awe and wonder: "Their physical
+strength was extraordinary, the earth shaking sometimes under their
+tread. Whatever they did was done speedily. They moved through space
+almost without the loss of a moment of time." This probably alluded to
+the rapid motion of their sailing-vessels. "They were wise, and
+communicated their wisdom to men." That is to say, they civilized the
+people they came in contact with. They had a strict sense of justice,
+and punished crime rigorously, and rewarded noble actions, though it is
+true they were less conspicuous for the latter." (Murray's "Mythology,"
+p. 4.) We should understand this to mean that where they colonized they
+established a government of law, as contradistinguished from the anarchy
+of barbarism.
+
+"There were tales of personal visits and adventures of the gods among
+men, taking part in battles and appearing in dreams. They were conceived
+to possess the form of human beings, and to be, like men, subject to
+love and pain, but always characterized by the highest qualities and
+grandest forms that could be imagined." (Ibid.)
+
+Another proof that the gods of the Greeks were but the deified kings of
+Atlantis is found in the fact that "the gods were not looked upon as
+having created the world." They succeeded to the management of a world
+already in existence.
+
+The gods dwelt on Olympus. They lived together like human beings; they
+possessed palaces, storehouses, stables, horses, etc.; "they dwelt in a
+social state which was but a magnified reflection of the social system
+on earth. Quarrels, love passages, mutual assistance, and such instances
+as characterize human life, were ascribed to them." (Ibid., p. 10.)
+
+Where was Olympus? It was in Atlantis. "The ocean encircled the earth
+with a great stream, and was a region of wonders of all kinds." (Ibid.,
+p. 23.) It was a great island, the then civilized world. The encircling
+ocean "was spoken of in all the ancient legends. Okeanos lived there
+with his wife Tethys: these were the Islands of the Blessed, the garden
+of the gods, the sources of the nectar and ambrosia on which the gods
+lived." (Murray's "Mythology," p. 23.) Nectar was probably a fermented
+intoxicating liquor, and ambrosia bread made from wheat. Soma was a kind
+of whiskey, and the Hindoos deified it. "The gods lived on nectar and
+ambrosia" simply meant that the inhabitants of these blessed islands
+were civilized, and possessed a liquor of some kind and a species of
+food superior to anything in use among the barbarous tribes with whom
+they came in contact.
+
+This blessed land answers to the description of Atlantis. It was an
+island full of wonders. It lay spread out in the ocean "like a disk,
+with the mountains rising from it." (Ibid.) On the highest point of this
+mountain dwelt Zeus (the king), "while the mansions of the other deities
+were arranged upon plateaus, or in ravines lower down the mountain.
+These deities, including Zeus, were twelve in number: Zeus (or Jupiter),
+Hera (or Juno), Poseidon (or Neptune), Demeter (or Ceres), Apollo,
+Artemis (or Diana), Hephæstos (or Vulcan), Pallas Athena (or Minerva),
+Ares (or Mars), Aphrodite (or Venus), Hermes (or Mercury), and Hestia
+(or Vesta)." These were doubtless the twelve gods from whom the
+Egyptians derived their kings. Where two names are given to a deity in
+the above list, the first name is that bestowed by the Greeks, the last
+that given by the Romans.
+
+It is not impossible that our division of the year into twelve parts is
+a reminiscence of the twelve gods of Atlantis. Diodorus Siculus tells us
+that among the Babylonians there were twelve gods of the heavens, each
+personified by one of the signs of the zodiac, and worshipped in a
+certain month of the year. The Hindoos had twelve primal gods, "the
+Aditya." Moses erected twelve pillars at Sinai. The Mandan Indians
+celebrated the Flood with twelve typical characters, who danced around
+the ark. The Scandinavians believed in the twelve gods, the Aesir, who
+dwelt on Asgard, the Norse Olympus. Diligent investigation may yet
+reveal that the number of a modern jury, twelve, is a survival of the
+ancient council of Asgard.
+
+"According to the traditions of the Phoenicians, the Gardens of the
+Hesperides were in the remote west." (Murray's "Mannal of Mythology," p.
+258.) Atlas lived in these gardens. (Ibid., p. 259.) Atlas, we have
+seen, was king of Atlantis. "The Elysian Fields (the happy islands) were
+commonly placed in the remote west. They were ruled over by Chronos."
+(Ibid., p. 60.) Tartarus, the region of Hades, the gloomy home of the
+dead, was also located "under the mountains of an island in the midst of
+the ocean in the remote west." (Ibid., p. 58.) Atlas was described in
+Greek mythology as "an enormous giant, who stood upon the western
+confines of the earth, and supported the heavens on his shoulders, in a
+region of the west where the sun continued to shine after he had set
+upon Greece." (Ibid., p. 156.)
+
+Greek tradition located the island in which Olympus was situated "in the
+far west," "in the ocean beyond Africa," "on the western boundary of the
+known world," "where the sun shone when it had ceased to shine on
+Greece," and where the mighty Atlas "held up the heavens." And Plato
+tells us that the land where Poseidon and Atlas ruled was Atlantis.
+
+"The Garden of the Hesperides" (another name for the dwelling-place of
+the gods) "was situated at the extreme limit of Africa. Atlas was said
+to have surrounded it on every side with high mountains." (Smith's
+"Sacred Annals, Patriarchal Age," p. 131.) Here were found the golden
+apples.
+
+This is very much like the description which Plato gives of the great
+plain of Atlantis, covered with fruit of every kind, and surrounded by
+precipitous mountains descending to the sea.
+
+The Greek mythology, in speaking of the Garden of the Hesperides, tells
+us that "the outer edge of the garden was slightly raised, so that the
+water might not run in and overflow the land." Another reminiscence of
+the surrounding mountains of Atlantis as described by Plato, and as
+revealed by the deep-sea soundings of modern times.
+
+Chronos, or Saturn, Dionysos, Hyperion, Atlas, Hercules, were all
+connected with "a great Saturnian continent;" they were kings that ruled
+over countries on the western shores of the Mediterranean, Africa and
+Spain. One account says:
+
+"Hyperion, Atlas, and Saturn, or Chronos, were sons of Uranos, who
+reigned over a great kingdom composed of countries around the western
+part of the Mediterranean, with certain islands in the Atlantic.
+Hyperion succeeded his father, and was then killed by the Titans. The
+kingdom was then divided between Atlas and Saturn--Atlas taking Northern
+Africa, with the Atlantic islands, and Saturn the countries on the
+opposite shore of the Mediterranean to Italy and Sicily." (Baldwin's
+"Prehistoric Nations," p. 357.)
+
+Plato says, speaking of the traditions of the Greeks ("Dialogues, Laws,"
+c. iv., p. 713), "There is a tradition of the happy life of mankind in
+the days when all things were spontaneous and abundant.... In like
+manner God in his love of mankind placed over us the demons, who are a
+superior race, and they, with great care and pleasure to themselves and
+no less to us, taking care of us and giving us place and reverence and
+order and justice never failing, made the tribes of men happy and
+peaceful ... for Cronos knew that no human nature, invested with
+supreme power, is able to order human affairs and not overflow with
+insolence and wrong."
+
+In other words, this tradition refers to an ancient time when the
+forefathers of the Greeks were governed by Chronos, of the Cronian Sea
+(the Atlantic), king of Atlantis, through civilized Atlantean governors,
+who by their wisdom preserved peace and created a golden age for all the
+populations under their control--they were the demons, that is, "the
+knowing ones," the civilized.
+
+Plato puts into the mouth of Socrates these words ("Dialogues,
+Cratylus," p. 397): "My notion would be that the sun, moon, and stars,
+earth, and heaven, which are still the gods of many barbarians, were the
+only gods known to the aboriginal Hellenes.... What shall follow the
+gods? Must not demons and heroes and men come next?... Consider the
+real meaning of the word demons. You know Hesiod uses the word. He
+speaks of 'a golden race of men' who came first. He says of them,
+
+     But now that fate has closed over this race,
+     They are holy demons upon earth,
+     Beneficent averters of ills, guardians of mortal men.'
+
+He means by the golden men not men literally made of gold, but good and
+noble men; he says we are of the 'age of iron.' He called them demons
+because they were dah'mones (knowing or wise)."
+
+This is made the more evident when we read that this region of the gods,
+of Chronos and Uranos and Zeus, passed through, first, a Golden Age,
+then a Silver Age--these constituting a great period of peace and
+happiness; then it reached a Bronze Age; then an Iron Age, and finally
+perished by a great flood, sent upon these people by Zeus as a
+punishment for their sins. We read:
+
+"Men were rich then (in the Silver Age), as in the Golden Age of
+Chronos, and lived in plenty; but still they wanted the innocence and
+contentment which were the true sources of human happiness in the
+former age; and accordingly, while living in luxury and delicacy, they
+became overbearing in their manners to the highest degree, were never
+satisfied, and forgot the gods, to whom, in their confidence of
+prosperity and comfort, they denied the reverence they owed.... Then
+followed the Bronze Age, a period of constant quarrelling and deeds of
+violence. Instead of cultivated lands, and a life of peaceful
+occupations and orderly habits, there came a day when every where might
+was right, and men, big and powerful as they were, became physically
+worn out.... Finally came the Iron Age, in which enfeebled mankind
+had to toil for bread with their hands, and, bent on gain, did their
+best to overreach each other. Dike, or Astræa, the goddess of justice
+and good faith, modesty and truth, turned her back on such scenes, and
+retired to Olympus, while Zeus determined to destroy the human race by a
+great flood. The whole of Greece lay under water, and none but Deucalion
+and his wife Pyrrha were saved." (Murray's "Mythology" p. 44.)
+
+It is remarkable that we find here the same succession of the Iron Age
+after the Bronze Age that has been revealed to scientific men by the
+patient examination of the relics of antiquity in Europe. And this
+identification of the land that was destroyed by a flood--the land of
+Chronos and Poseidon and Zeus--with the Bronze Age, confirms the view
+expressed in Chapter VIII. (page 237, ante), that the bronze implements
+and weapons of Europe were mainly imported from Atlantis.
+
+And here we find that the Flood that destroyed this land of the gods was
+the Flood of Deucalion, and the Flood of Deucalion was the Flood of the
+Bible, and this, as we have shown, was "the last great Deluge of all,"
+according to the Egyptians, which destroyed Atlantis.
+
+The foregoing description of the Golden Age of Chronos, when "men were
+rich and lived in plenty," reminds us of Plato's description of the
+happy age of Atlantis, when "men despised everything but virtue, not
+caring for their present state of life, and thinking lightly of the
+possession of gold and other property;" a time when, as the chants of
+the Delaware Indians stated it (page 109, ante), "all were willingly
+pleased, all were well-happified." While the description given by Murray
+in the above extract of the degeneracy of mankind in the land of the
+gods, "a period of constant quarrelling and deeds of violence, when
+might was right," agrees with Plato's account of the Atlanteans, when
+they became "aggressive," "unable to bear their fortune," "unseemly,"
+"base," "filled with unrighteous avarice and power,"--and "in a most
+wretched state." And here again I might quote from the chant of the
+Delaware Indians--"they became troubled, hating each other; both were
+fighting, both were spoiling, both were never peaceful." And in all
+three instances the gods punished the depravity of mankind by a great
+deluge. Can all these precise coincidences be the result of accident?
+
+May we not even suppose that the very word "Olympus" is a transformation
+from "Atlantis" in accordance with the laws that regulate the changes of
+letters of the same class into each other? Olympus was written by the
+Greeks "Olumpos." The letter a in Atlantis was sounded by the ancient
+world broad and full, like the a in our words all or altar; in these
+words it approximates very closely to the sound of o. It is not far to
+go to convert Otlontis into Oluntos, and this into Olumpos. We may,
+therefore, suppose that when the Greeks said that their gods dwelt in
+"Olympus," it was the same as if they said that they dwelt in "Atlantis."
+
+Nearly all the gods of Greece are connected with Atlantis. We have seen
+the twelve principal gods all dwelling on the mountain of Olympus, in
+the midst of an island in the ocean in the far west, which was
+subsequently destroyed by a deluge on account of the wickedness of its
+people. And when we turn to Plato's description of Atlantis (p. 13,
+ante) we find that Poseidon and Atlas dwelt upon a mountain in the midst
+of the island; and on this mountain were their magnificent temples and
+palaces, where they lived, separated by great walls from their subjects.
+
+It may be urged that Mount Olympus could not have referred to any
+mountain in Atlantis, because the Greeks gave that name to a group of
+mountains partly in Macedonia and partly in Thessaly. But in Mysia,
+Lycia, Cyprus, and elsewhere there were mountains called Olympus; and on
+the plain of Olympia, in Elis, there was an eminence bearing the same
+designation. There is a natural tendency among uncivilized peoples to
+give a "local habitation" to every general tradition.
+
+"Many of the oldest myths," says Baldwin ("Prehistoric Nations," p.
+376), "relate to Spain, North-western Africa, and other regions on the
+Atlantic, such as those concerning Hercules, the Cronidæ, the
+Hyperboreans, the Hesperides, and the Islands of the Blessed. Homer
+described the Atlantic region of Europe in his account of the wanderings
+of Ulysses.... In the ages previous to the decline of Phoenician
+influence in Greece and around the Ægean Sea, the people of those
+regions must have had a much better knowledge of Western Europe than
+prevailed there during the Ionian or Hellenic period."
+
+The mythology of Greece is really a history of the kings of Atlantis.
+The Greek heaven was Atlantis. Hence the references to statues, swords,
+etc., that fell from heaven, and were preserved in the temples of the
+different states along the shores of the Mediterranean from a vast
+antiquity, and which were regarded as the most precious possessions of
+the people. They were relics of the lost race received in the early
+ages. Thus we read of the brazen or bronze anvil that was preserved in
+one city, which fell from heaven, and was nine days and nine nights in
+falling; in other words, it took nine days and nights of a
+sailing-voyage to bring it from Atlantis.
+
+The modern theory that the gods of Greece never had any personal
+existence, but represented atmospheric and meteorological myths, the
+movements of clouds, planets, and the sun, is absurd. Rude nations
+repeat, they do not invent; to suppose a barbarous people creating their
+deities out of clouds and sunsets is to reverse nature. Men first
+worship stones, then other men, then spirits. Resemblances of names
+prove nothing; it is as if one would show that the name of the great
+Napoleon meant "the lion of the desert" (Napo-leon), and should thence
+argue that Napoleon never existed, that he was a myth, that he
+represented power in solitude, or some such stuff. When we read that
+Jove whipped his wife, and threw her son out of the window, the
+inference is that Jove was a man, and actually did something like the
+thing described; certainly gods, sublimated spirits, aerial sprites, do
+not act after this fashion; and it would puzzle the mythmakers to prove
+that the sun, moon, or stars whipped their wives or flung recalcitrant
+young men out of windows. The history of Atlantis could be in part
+reconstructed out of the mythology of Greece; it is a history of kings,
+queens, and princes; of love-making, adulteries, rebellions, wars,
+murders, sea-voyages, and colonizations; of palaces, temples, workshops,
+and forges; of sword-making, engraving and metallurgy; of wine, barley,
+wheat, cattle, sheep, horses, and agriculture generally. Who can doubt
+that it represents the history of a real people?
+
+Uranos was the first god; that is to say, the first king of the great
+race. As he was at the commencement of all things, his symbol was the
+sky. He probably represented the race previous even to the settlement of
+Atlantis. He was a son of Gæa (the earth). He seems to have been the
+parent of three races--the Titans, the Hekatoncheires, and the Kyklopes
+or Cyclops.
+
+I incline to the belief that these were civilized races, and that the
+peculiarities ascribed to the last two refer to the vessels in which
+they visited the shores of the barbarians.
+
+                         THE EMPIRE OF ATLANTIS.
+
+The empire of the Titans was clearly the empire of Atlantis. "The most
+judicious among our mythologists" (says Dr. Rees, "New British
+Cyclopædia," art. Titans)--"such as Gerard Vossius, Marsham, Bochart,
+and Father Thomassin--are of opinion that the partition of the world
+among the sons of Noah--Shem, Ham, and Japheth--was the original of the
+tradition of the same partition among Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto," upon
+the breaking up of the great empire of the Titans. "The learned Pezron
+contends that the division which was made of this vast empire came, in
+after-times, to be taken for the partition of the whole world; that Asia
+remaining in the hands of Jupiter (Zeus), the most potent of the three
+brothers, made him looked upon as the god of Olympus; that the sea and
+islands which fell to Neptune occasioned their giving him the title of
+'god of the sea;' and that Spain, the extremity of the then known world,
+thought to be a very low country in respect of Asia, and famous for its
+excellent mines of gold and silver, failing to Pluto, occasioned him to
+be taken for the 'god of the infernal regions.'" We should suppose that
+Pluto possibly ruled over the transatlantic possessions of Atlantis in
+America, over those "portions of the opposite continent" which Plato
+tells us were dominated by Atlas and his posterity, and which, being far
+beyond or below sunset, were the "under-world" of the ancients; while
+Atlantis, the Canaries, etc., constituted the island division with
+Western Africa and Spain. Murray tells us ("Mythology," p. 58) that
+Pluto's share of the kingdom was supposed to lie "in the remote west."
+The under-world of the dead was simply the world below the western
+horizon; "the home of the dead has to do with that far west region where
+the sun dies at night." ("Anthropology," p. 350.) "On the coast of
+Brittany, where Cape Raz stands out westward into the ocean, there is
+'the Bay of Souls,' the launching-place where the departed spirits sail
+off across the sea." (Ibid.) In like manner, Odysseus found the land of
+the dead in the ocean beyond the Pillars of Hercules. There, indeed, was
+the land of the mighty dead, the grave of the drowned Atlanteans.
+
+"However this be," continues F. Pezron, "the empire of the Titans,
+according to the ancients, was very extensive; they possessed Phrygia,
+Thrace, a part of Greece, the island of Crete, and several other
+provinces to the inmost recesses of Spain. To these Sanchoniathon seems
+to join Syria; and Diodorus adds a part of Africa, and the kingdoms of
+Mauritania." The kingdoms of Mauritania embraced all that north-western
+region of Africa nearest to Atlantis in which are the Atlas Mountains,
+and in which, in the days of Herodotus, dwelt the Atlantes.
+
+Neptune, or Poseidon, says, in answer to a message from Jupiter,
+
+     No vassal god, nor of his train am I.
+     Three brothers, deities, from Saturn came,
+     And ancient Rhea, earth's immortal dame;
+     Assigned by lot our triple rule we know;
+     Infernal Pluto sways the shades below:
+     O'er the wide clouds, and o'er the starry plain
+     Ethereal Jove extends his high domain;
+     My court beneath the hoary waves I keep,
+     And hush the roaring of the sacred deep.
+
+     Iliad, book xviii.
+
+Homer alludes to Poseidon as
+
+     "The god whose liquid arms are hurled
+     Around the globe, whose earthquakes rock the world."
+
+Mythology tells us that when the Titans were defeated by Saturn they
+retreated into the interior of Spain; Jupiter followed them up, and beat
+them for the last time near Tartessus, and thus terminated a ten-years'
+war. Here we have a real battle on an actual battle-field.
+
+If we needed any further proof that the empire of the Titans was the
+empire of Atlantis, we would find it in the names of the Titans: among
+these were Oceanus, Saturn or Chronos, and Atlas; they were all the sons
+of Uranos. Oceanus was at the base of the Greek mythology. Plato says
+("Dialogues," Timæus, vol. ii., p. 533): "Oceanus and Tethys were the
+children of Earth and Heaven, and from these sprung Phorcys, and
+Chronos, and Rhea, and many more with them; and from Chronos and Rhea
+sprung Zeus and Hera, and all those whom we know as their brethren, and
+others who were their children." In other words, all their gods came out
+of the ocean; they were rulers over some ocean realm; Chronos was the
+son of Oceanus, and Chronos was an Atlantean god, and from him the
+Atlantic Ocean was called by the ancients "the Chronian Sea." The elder
+Minos was called "the Son of the Ocean:" he first gave civilization to
+the Cretans; he engraved his laws on brass, precisely as Plato tells us
+the laws of Atlantis were engraved on pillars of brass.
+
+The wanderings of Ulysses, as detailed in the "Odyssey" of Homer, are
+strangely connected with the Atlantic Ocean. The islands of the
+Phoenicians were apparently in mid-ocean:
+
+     We dwell apart, afar
+     Within the unmeasured deep, amid its waves
+     The most remote of men; no other race
+     Hath commerce with us.--Odyssey, book vi.
+
+The description of the Phæacian walls, harbors, cities, palaces, ships,
+etc., seems like a recollection of Atlantis. The island of Calypso
+appears also to have been in the Atlantic Ocean, twenty days' sail from
+the Phæacian isles; and when Ulysses goes to the land of Pluto, "the
+under-world," the home of the dead, he
+
+     "Reached the far confines of Oceanus,"
+
+beyond the Pillars of Hercules. It would be curious to inquire how far
+the poems of Homer are Atlantean in their relations and inspiration.
+Ulysses's wanderings were a prolonged struggle with Poseidon, the
+founder and god of Atlantis.
+
+"The Hekatoncheires, or Cetimæni, beings each with a hundred hands, were
+three in number--Kottos, Gyges or Gyes, and Briareus--and represented
+the frightful crashing of waves, and its resemblance to the convulsions
+of earthquakes." (Murray's "Mythology," p. 26.) Are not these hundred
+arms the oars of the galleys, and the frightful crashing of the waves
+their movements in the water?
+
+"The Kyklopes also were three in number--Brontes, with his thunder;
+Steropes, with his lightning; and Arges, with his stream of light. They
+were represented as having only one eye, which was placed at the
+juncture between the nose and brow. It was, however, a large, flashing
+eye, as became beings who were personifications of the storm-cloud, with
+its flashes of destructive lightning and peals of thunder."
+
+We shall show hereafter that the invention of gunpowder dates back to
+the days of the Phoenicians, and may have been derived by them from
+Atlantis. It is not impossible that in this picture of the Kyklopes we
+see a tradition of sea-going ships, with a light burning at the prow,
+and armed with some explosive preparation, which, with a roar like
+thunder, and a flash like lightning, destroyed those against whom it was
+employed? It at least requires less strain upon our credulity to suppose
+these monsters were a barbarian's memory of great ships than to believe
+that human beings ever existed with a hundred arms, and with one eye in
+the middle of the forehead, and giving out thunder and lightning.
+
+The natives of the West India Islands regarded the ships of Columbus as
+living creatures, and that their sails were wings.
+
+Berosus tells us, speaking of the ancient days of Chaldea, "In the first
+year there appeared, from that part of the Erythræan Sea which borders
+upon Babylonia, an animal endowed with reason, by name Oannes, whose
+whole body (according to the account of Apollodorus) was that of a fish;
+that under the fish's head he had another head, with feet also below,
+similar to those of a man, subjoined to the fish's tail. His voice too
+and language was articulate and human, and a representation of him is
+preserved even unto this day. This being was accustomed to pass the day
+among men, but took no food at that season, and he gave them an insight
+into letters and arts of all kinds. He taught them to construct cities,
+to found temples, to compile laws, and explained to them the principles
+of geometrical knowledge. He made them distinguish the seeds of the
+earth, and showed them how to collect the fruits; in short, he
+instructed them in everything which could tend to soften manners and
+humanize their laws. From that time nothing material has been added by
+way of improvement to his instructions. And when the sun set, this
+being, Oannes, retired again into the sea, and passed the night in the
+deep, for he was amphibious. After this there appeared other animals
+like Oannes."
+
+This is clearly the tradition preserved by a barbarous people of the
+great ships of a civilized nation, who colonized their coast and
+introduced the arts and sciences among them. And here we see the same
+tendency to represent the ship as a living thing, which converted the
+war-vessels of the Atlanteans (the Kyklopes) into men with one blazing
+eye in the middle of the forehead.
+
+Uranos was deposed from the throne, and succeeded by his son Chronos. He
+was called "the ripener, the harvest-god," and was probably identified
+with the beginning of the Agricultural Period. He married his sister
+Rhea, who bore him Pluto, Poseidon, Zeus, Hestia, Demeter, and Hera. He
+anticipated that his sons would dethrone him, as he had dethroned his
+father, Uranos, and he swallowed his first five children, and would have
+swallowed the sixth child, Zeus, but that his wife Rhea deceived him
+with a stone image of the child; and Zeus was conveyed to the island of
+Crete, and there concealed in a cave and raised to manhood. Subsequently
+Chronos "yielded back to the light the children he had swallowed." This
+myth probably means that Chronos had his children raised in some secret
+place, where they could not be used by his enemies as the instruments of
+a rebellion against his throne; and the stone image of Zeus, palmed off
+upon him by Rhea, was probably some other child substituted for his own.
+His precautions seem to have been wise; for as soon as the children
+returned to the light they commenced a rebellion, and drove the old
+gentleman from his throne. A rebellion of the Titans followed. The
+struggle was a tremendous one, and seems to have been decided at last by
+the use of gunpowder, as I shall show farther on.
+
+We have seen Chronos identified with the Atlantic, called by the Romans
+the "Chronian Sea." He was known to the Romans under the name of Saturn,
+and ruled over "a great Saturnian continent" in the Western Ocean.
+Saturn, or Chronos, came to Italy: he presented himself to the king,
+Janus, "and proceeded to instruct the subjects of the latter in
+agriculture, gardening, and many other arts then quite unknown to them;
+as, for example, how to tend and cultivate the vine. By such means he at
+length raised the people from a rude and comparatively barbarous
+condition to one of order and peaceful occupations, in consequence of
+which he was everywhere held in high esteem, and, in course of time, was
+selected by Janus to share with him the government of the country, which
+thereupon assumed the name of Saturnia--'a land of seed and fruit.' The
+period of Saturn's government was sung in later days by poets as a happy
+time, when sorrows were unknown, when innocence, freedom, and gladness
+reigned throughout the land in such a degree as to deserve the title of
+the Golden Age." (Murray's "Mythology," p. 32.)
+
+All this accords with Plato's story. He tells us that the rule of the
+Atlanteans extended to Italy; that they were a civilized, agricultural,
+and commercial people. The civilization of Rome was therefore an
+outgrowth directly from the civilization of Atlantis.
+
+The Roman Saturnalia was a remembrance of the Atlantean colonization. It
+was a period of joy and festivity; master and slave met as equals; the
+distinctions of poverty and wealth were forgotten; no punishments for
+crime were inflicted; servants and slaves went about dressed in the
+clothes of their masters; and children received presents from their
+parents or relatives. It was a time of jollity and mirth, a recollection
+of the Golden Age. We find a reminiscence of it in the Roman "Carnival."
+
+The third and last on the throne of the highest god was Zeus. We shall
+see him, a little farther on, by the aid of some mysterious engine
+overthrowing the rebels, the Titans, who rose against his power, amid
+the flash of lightning and the roar of thunder. He was called "the
+thunderer," and "the mighty thunderer." He was represented with
+thunder-bolts in his hand and an eagle at his feet.
+
+During the time of Zeus Atlantis seems to have reached its greatest
+height of power. He was recognized as the father of the whole world; he
+everywhere rewarded uprightness, truth, faithfulness, and kindness; he
+was merciful to the poor, and punished the cruel. To illustrate his rule
+on earth the following story is told:
+
+"Philemon and Baukis, an aged couple of the poorer class, were living
+peacefully and full of piety toward the gods in their cottage in
+Phrygia, when Zeus, who often visited the earth, disguised, to inquire
+into the behavior of men, paid a visit, in passing through Phrygia on
+such a journey, to these poor old people, and was received by them very
+kindly as a weary traveller, which he pretended to be. Bidding him
+welcome to the house, they set about preparing for their guest, who was
+accompanied by Hermes, as excellent a meal as they could afford, and for
+this purpose were about to kill the only goose they had left, when Zeus
+interfered; for he was touched by their kindliness and genuine piety,
+and that all the more because he had observed among the other
+inhabitants of the district nothing but cruelty of disposition and a
+habit of reproaching and despising the gods. To punish this conduct he
+determined to visit the country with a flood, but to save from it
+Philemon and Baukis, the good aged couple, and to reward them in a
+striking manner. To this end he revealed himself to them before opening
+the gates of the great flood, transformed their poor cottage on the hill
+into a splendid temple, installed the aged pair as his priest and
+priestess, and granted their prayer that they might both die together.
+When, after many years, death overtook them, they were changed into two
+trees, that grew side by side in the neighborhood--an oak and a linden."
+(Murray's "Mythology," p. 38.)
+
+Here we have another reference to the Flood, and another identification
+with Atlantis.
+
+Zeus was a kind of Henry VIII., and took to himself a number of wives.
+By Demeter (Ceres) he had Persephone (Proserpine); by Leto, Apollo and
+Artemis (Diana); by Dione, Aphrodite (Venus); by Semele, Dionysos
+(Bacchus); by Maia, Hermes (Mercury); by Alkmene, Hercules, etc., etc.
+
+We have thus the whole family of gods and goddesses traced back to
+Atlantis.
+
+Hera, or Juno, was the first and principal wife of Zeus. There were
+numerous conjugal rows between the royal pair, in which, say the poets,
+Juno was generally to blame. She was naturally jealous of the other
+wives of Zeus. Zeus on one occasion beat her, and threw her son
+Hephæstos out of Olympus; on another occasion he hung her out of Olympus
+with her arms tied and two great weights attached to her feet--a very
+brutal and ungentlemanly trick--but the Greeks transposed this into a
+beautiful symbol: the two weights, they say, represent the earth and
+sea, "an illustration of how all the phenomena of the visible sky were
+supposed to hang dependent on the highest god of heaven!" (Ibid., p.
+47.) Juno probably regarded the transaction in an altogether different
+light; and she therefore united with Poseidon, the king's brother, and
+his daughter Athena, in a rebellion to put the old fellow in a
+strait-jacket, "and would have succeeded had not Thetis brought to his
+aid the sea-giant Ægæon," probably a war-ship. She seems in the main,
+however, to have been a good wife, and was the type of all the womanly
+virtues.
+
+Poseidon, the first king of Atlantis, according to Plato, was, according
+to Greek mythology, a brother of Zeus, and a son of Chronos. In the
+division of the kingdom he fell heir to the ocean and its islands, and
+to the navigable rivers; in other words, he was king of a maritime and
+commercial people. His symbol was the horse. "He was the first to train
+and employ horses;" that is to say, his people first domesticated the
+horse. This agrees with what Plato tells us of the importance attached
+to the horse in Atlantis, and of the baths and race-courses provided for
+him. He was worshipped in the island of Tenos "in the character of a
+physician," showing that he represented an advanced civilization. He was
+also master of an agricultural people; "the ram with the golden fleece
+for which the Argonauts sailed was the offspring of Poseidon." He
+carried in his hand a three-pronged symbol, the trident, doubtless an
+emblem of the three continents that were embraced in the empire of
+Atlantis. He founded many colonies along the shores of the
+Mediterranean; "he helped to build the walls of Troy;" the tradition
+thus tracing the Trojan civilization to an Atlantean source. He settled
+Attica and founded Athens, named after his niece Athena, daughter of
+Zeus, who had no mother, but had sprung from the head of Zeus, which
+probably signified that her mother's name was not known--she was a
+foundling. Athena caused the first olive-tree to grow on the Acropolis
+of Athens, parent of all the olive-trees of Greece. Poseidon seems to
+have had settlements at Corinth, Ægina, Naxos, and Delphi. Temples were
+erected to his honor in nearly all the seaport towns of Greece. He sent
+a sea-monster, to wit, a slip, to ravage part of the Trojan territory.
+
+In the "Iliad" Poseidon appears "as ruler of the sea, inhabiting a
+brilliant palace in its depths, traversing its surface in a chariot, or
+stirring the powerful billows until the earth shakes as they crash upon
+the shores.... He is also associated with well-watered plains and
+valleys." (Murray's "Mythology," p. 51.) The palace in the depths of the
+sea was the palace upon Olympus in Atlantis; the traversing of the sea
+referred to the movements of a mercantile race; the shaking of
+
+                          POSEIDON, OR NEPTUNE.
+
+the earth was an association with earthquakes; the "well-watered plains
+and valleys" remind us of the great plain of Atlantis described by Plato.
+
+All the traditions of the coming of civilization into Europe point to
+Atlantis.
+
+For instance, Keleos, who lived at Eleusis, near Athens, hospitably
+received Demeter, the Greek Ceres, the daughter of Poseidon, when she
+landed; and in return she taught him the use of the plough, and
+presented his son with the seed of barley, and sent him out to teach
+mankind how to sow and utilize that grain. Dionysos, grandson of
+Poseidon, travelled "through all the known world, even into the remotest
+parts of India, instructing the people, as he proceeded, how to tend the
+vine, and how to practise many other arts of peace, besides teaching
+them the value of just and honorable dealings." (Murray's "Mythology,"
+p. 119.) The Greeks celebrated great festivals in his honor down to the
+coming of Christianity.
+
+"The Nymphs of Grecian mythology were a kind of middle beings between
+the gods and men, communicating with both, loved and respected by both;
+... living like the gods on ambrosia. In extraordinary cases they were
+summoned, it was believed, to the councils of the Olympian gods; but
+they usually remained in their particular spheres, in secluded grottoes
+and peaceful valleys, occupied in spinning, weaving, bathing, singing
+sweet songs, dancing, sporting, or accompanying deities who passed
+through their territories--hunting with Artemis (Diana), rushing about
+with Dionysos (Bacchus), making merry with Apollo or Hermes (Mercury),
+but always in a hostile attitude toward the wanton and excited Satyrs."
+
+The Nymphs were plainly the female inhabitants of Atlantis dwelling on
+the plains, while the aristocracy lived on the higher lands. And this is
+confirmed by the fact that part of them were called Atlantids, offspring
+of Atlantis. The Hesperides were also "daughters of Atlas;" their mother
+was Hesperis, a personification of "the region of the West." Their home
+was "an island in the ocean," Off the north or west coast of Africa.
+
+And here we find a tradition which not only points to Atlantis, but also
+shows some kinship to the legend in Genesis of the tree and the serpent.
+
+Titæa, "a goddess of the earth," gave Zeus a tree bearing golden apples
+on it. This tree was put in the care of the Hesperides, but they could
+not resist the temptation to pluck and eat its fruit; thereupon a
+serpent named Ladon was put to watch the tree. Hercules slew the
+serpent, and gave the apples to the Hesperides.
+
+Heracles (Hercules), we have seen, was a son of Zeus, king of Atlantis.
+One of his twelve labors (the tenth) was the carrying off the cattle of
+Geryon. The meaning of Geryon is "the red glow of the sunset." He dwelt
+on the island of "Erythea, in the remote west, beyond the Pillars of
+Hercules." Hercules took a ship, and after encountering a storm, reached
+the island and placed himself on Mount Abas. Hercules killed Geryon,
+stole the cattle, put them on the ship, and landed them safely, driving
+them "through Iberia, Gaul, and over the Alps down into Italy."
+(Murray's "Mythology," p. 257.) This was simply the memory of a cattle
+raid made by an uncivilized race upon the civilized, cattle-raising
+people of Atlantis.
+
+It is not necessary to pursue the study of the gods of Greece any
+farther. They were simply barbarian recollections of the rulers of a
+great civilized people who in early days visited their shores, and
+brought with them the arts of peace.
+
+Here then, in conclusion, are the proofs of our proposition that the
+gods of Greece had been the kings of Atlantis:
+
+1. They were not the makers, but the rulers of the world.
+
+2. They were human in their attributes; they loved, sinned, and fought
+battles, the very sites of which are given; they founded cities, and
+civilized the people of the shores of the Mediterranean.
+
+3. They dwelt upon an island in the Atlantic," in the remote west....
+where the sun shines after it has ceased to shine on Greece."
+
+4. Their land was destroyed in a deluge.
+
+5. They were ruled over by Poseidon and Atlas.
+
+6. Their empire extended to Egypt and Italy and the shores of Africa,
+precisely as stated by Plato.
+
+7. They existed during the Bronze Age and at the beginning of the Iron
+Age.
+
+The entire Greek mythology is the recollection, by a degenerate race, of
+a vast, mighty, and highly civilized empire, which in a remote past
+covered large parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America.
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE GODS OF THE PHOENICIANS ALSO KINGS OF ATLANTIS.
+
+Not alone were the gods of the Greeks the deified kings of Atlantis, but
+we find that the mythology of the Phoenicians was drawn from the same
+source.
+
+For instance, we find in the Phoenician cosmogony that the Titans
+(Rephaim) derive their origin from the Phoenician gods Agrus and Agrotus.
+This connects the Phoenicians with that island in the remote west, in the
+midst of ocean, where, according to the Greeks, the Titans dwelt.
+
+According to Sanchoniathon, Ouranos was the son of Autochthon, and,
+according to Plato, Autochthon was one of the ten kings of Atlantis. He
+married his sister Ge. He is the Uranos of the Greeks, who was the son
+of Gæa (the earth), whom he married. The Phoenicians tell us, "Ouranos
+had by Ge four sons: Ilus (El), who is called Chronos, and Betylus
+(Beth-El), and Dagon, which signifies bread-corn, and Atlas (Tammuz?)."
+Here, again, we have the names of two other kings of Atlantis. These
+four sons probably represented four races, the offspring of the earth.
+The Greek Uranos was the father of Chronos, and the ancestor of Atlas.
+The Phoenician god Ouranos had a great many other wives: his wife Ge was
+jealous; they quarrelled, and he attempted to kill the children he had
+by her. This is the legend which the Greeks told of Zeus and Juno. In
+the Phoenician mythology Chronos raised a rebellion against Ouranos, and,
+after a great battle, dethroned him. In the Greek legends it is Zeus who
+attacks and overthrows his father, Chronos. Ouranos had a daughter
+called Astarte (Ashtoreth), another called Rhea. "And Dagon, after he
+had found out bread-corn and the plough, was called Zeus-Arotrius."
+
+We find also, in the Phoenician legends, mention made of Poseidon,
+founder and king of Atlantis.
+
+Chronos gave Attica to his daughter Athena, as in the Greek legends. In
+a time of plague he sacrificed his son to Ouranos, and "circumcised
+himself, and compelled his allies to do the same thing." It would thus
+appear that this singular rite, practised as we have seen by the
+Atlantidæ of the Old and New Worlds, the Egyptians, the Phoenicians, the
+Hebrews, the Ethiopians, the Mexicans, and the red men of America, dates
+back, as we might have expected, to Atlantis.
+
+"Chronos visits the different regions of the habitable world."
+
+He gave Egypt as a kingdom to the god Taaut, who had invented the
+alphabet. The Egyptians called him Thoth, and he was represented among
+them as "the god of letters, the clerk of the under-world," bearing a
+tablet, pen, and palm-branch.
+
+This not only connects the Phoenicians with Atlantis, but shows the
+relations of Egyptian civilization to both Atlantis and the Phoenicians.
+
+There can be no doubt that the royal personages who formed the gods of
+Greece were also the gods of the Phoenicians. We have seen the Autochthon
+of Plato reappearing in the Autochthon of the Phoenicians; the Atlas of
+Plato in the Atlas of the Phoenicians; the Poseidon of Plato in the
+Poseidon of the Phoenicians; while the kings Mestor and Mneseus of Plato
+are probably the gods Misor and Amynus of the Phoenicians.
+
+Sanchoniathon tells us, after narrating all the discoveries by which the
+people advanced to civilization, that the Cabiri set down their records
+of the past by the command of the god Taaut, "and they delivered them to
+their successors and to foreigners, of whom one was Isiris (Osiris), the
+inventor of the three letters, the brother of Chua, who is called the
+first Phoenician." (Lenormant and Chevallier, "Ancient History of the
+East," vol. ii., p. 228.)
+
+This would show that the first Phoenician came long after this line of
+the kings or gods, and that he was a foreigner, as compared with them;
+and, therefore, that it could not have been the Phoenicians proper who
+made the several inventions narrated by Sanchoniathon, but some other
+race, from whom the Phoenicians might have been descended.
+
+And in the delivery of their records to the foreigner Osiris, the god of
+Egypt, we have another evidence that Egypt derived her civilization from
+Atlantis.
+
+Max Müller says:
+
+"The Semitic languages also are all varieties of one form of speech.
+Though we do not know that primitive language from which the Semitic
+dialects diverged, yet we know that at one time such language must have
+existed.... We cannot derive Hebrew from Sanscrit, or Sanscrit from
+Hebrew; but we can well understand how both may have proceeded from one
+common source. They are both channels supplied from one river, and they
+carry, though not always on the surface, floating materials of language
+which challenge comparison, and have already yielded satisfactory
+results to careful analyzers." ("Outlines of Philosophy of History,"
+vol. i., p. 475.)
+
+There was an ancient tradition among the Persians that the Phoenicians
+migrated from the shores of the Erythræan Sea, and this has been
+supposed to mean the Persian Gulf; but there was a very old city of
+Erythia, in utter ruin in the time of Strabo, which was built in some
+ancient age, long before the founding of Gades, near the site of that
+town, on the Atlantic coast of Spain. May not this town of Erythia have
+given its name to the adjacent sea? And this may have been the
+starting-point of the Phoenicians in their European migrations. It would
+even appear that there was an island of Erythea. In the Greek mythology
+the tenth labor of Hercules consisted in driving away the cattle of
+Geryon, who lived in the island of Erythea, "an island somewhere in the
+remote west, beyond the Pillars of Hercules." (Murray's "Mythology," p.
+257.) Hercules stole the cattle from this remote oceanic island, and,
+returning drove them "through Iberia, Gaul, over the Alps, and through
+Italy." (Ibid.) It is probable that a people emigrating from the
+Erythræan Sea, that is, from the Atlantic, first gave their name to a
+town on the coast of Spain, and at a later date to the Persian Gulf--as
+we have seen the name of York carried from England to the banks of the
+Hudson, and then to the Arctic Circle.
+
+The builders of the Central American cities are reported to have been a
+bearded race. The Phoenicians, in common with the Indians, practised
+human sacrifices to a great extent; they worshipped fire and water,
+adopted the names of the animals whose skins they wore--that is to say,
+they had the totemic system--telegraphed by means of fires, poisoned
+their arrows, offered peace before beginning battle, and used drums.
+(Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. v., p. 77.)
+
+The extent of country covered by the commerce of the Phoenicians
+represents to some degree the area of the old Atlantean Empire. Their
+colonies and trading-posts extended east and west from the shores of the
+Black Sea, through the Mediterranean to the west coast of Africa and of
+Spain, and around to Ireland and England; while from north to south they
+ranged from the Baltic to the Persian Gulf. They touched every point
+where civilization in later ages made its appearance. Strabo estimated
+that they had three hundred cities along the west coast of Africa. When
+Columbus sailed to discover a new world, or re-discover an old one, he
+took his departure from a Phoenician seaport, founded by that great race
+two thousand five hundred years previously. This Atlantean sailor, with
+his Phoenician features, sailing from an Atlantean port, simply re-opened
+the path of commerce and colonization which had been closed when Plato's
+island sunk in the sea. And it is a curious fact that Columbus had the
+antediluvian world in his mind's eye even then, for when he reached the
+mouth of the Orinoco he thought it was the river Gihon, that flowed out
+of Paradise, and he wrote home to Spain, "There are here great
+indications suggesting the proximity of the earthly Paradise, for not
+only does it correspond in mathematical position with the opinions of
+the holy and learned theologians, but all other signs concur to make it
+probable."
+
+Sanchoniathon claims that the learning of Egypt, Greece, and Judæa was
+derived from the Phoenicians. It would appear probable that, while other
+races represent the conquests or colonizations of Atlantis, the
+Phoenicians succeeded to their arts, sciences, and especially their
+commercial supremacy; and hence the close resemblances which we have
+found to exist between the Hebrews, a branch of the Phoenician stock, and
+the people of America.
+
+     Upon the Syrian sea the people live
+     Who style themselves Phoenicians....
+     These were the first great founders of the world--
+     Founders of cities and of mighty states--
+     Who showed a path through seas before unknown.
+     In the first ages, when the sons of men
+     Knew not which way to turn them, they assigned
+     To each his first department; they bestowed
+     Of land a portion and of sea a lot,
+     And sent each wandering tribe far off to share
+     A different soil and climate. Hence arose
+     The great diversity, so plainly seen,
+     'Mid nations widely severed.
+
+     Dyonysius of Susiana, A.D. 3.
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE GOD ODIN, WODEN, OR WOTAN.
+
+In the Scandinavian mythology the chief god was Odin, the Woden, Wotan,
+or Wuotan of the Germans. He is represented with many of the attributes
+of the Greek god Zeus, and is supposed by some to be identical with him.
+He dwelt with the twelve Æsir, or gods, upon Asgard, the Norse Olympus,
+which arose out of Midgard, a land half-way between the regions of frost
+and fire (to wit, in a temperate climate). The Scandinavian Olympus was
+probably Atlantis. Odin is represented as a grave-looking elderly man
+with a long beard, carrying in his hand a spear, and accompanied by two
+dogs and two ravens. He was the father of poetry, and the inventor of
+Runic writing.
+
+The Chiapenese of Central America (the people whose language we have
+seen furnishing such remarkable resemblances to Hebrew) claim to have
+been the first people of the New World. Clavigero tells us ("Hist.
+Antiq. del Messico," Eng. trans., 1807, vol. i.) that according to the
+traditions of the Chiapenese there was a Votan who was the grandson of
+the man who built the ark to save himself and family from the Deluge; he
+was one of those who undertook to build the tower that should reach to
+heaven. The Lord ordered him to people America. "He came from the
+East." He brought seven families with him. He had been preceded in
+America by two others, Igh and Imox. He built a great city in America
+called "Nachan," City of the Serpents (the serpent that tempted Eve was
+Nahash), from his own race, which was named Chan, a serpent. This Nachan
+is supposed to have been Palenque. The date of his journey is placed in
+the legends in the year 3000 of the world, and in the tenth century B.C.
+He also founded three tributary monarchies, whose capitals were Tulan,
+Mayapan, and Chiquimala. He wrote a book containing a history of his
+deeds, and proofs that he belonged to the tribe of Chanes (serpents). He
+states that "he is the third of the Votans; that he conducted seven
+families from Valum-Votan to this continent, and assigned lands to them;
+that he determined to travel until he came to the root of heaven and
+found his relations, the Culebres, and made himself known to them; that
+he accordingly made four voyages to Chivim; that he arrived in Spain;
+that he went to Rome; that he saw the house of God building; that he
+went by the road which his brethren, the Culebres, had bored; that he
+marked it, and that he passed by the houses of the thirteen Culebres. He
+relates that, in returning from one of his voyages, he found seven other
+families of the Tzequil nation who had joined the first inhabitants, and
+recognized in them the same origin as his own, that is, of the Culebres;
+he speaks of the place where they built the first town, which from its
+founders received the name of Tzequil; he affirms that, having taught
+them the refinement of manners in the use of the table, table-cloths,
+dishes, basins, cups, and napkins, they taught him the knowledge of God
+and his worship; his first ideas of a king, and obedience to him; that
+he was chosen captain of all these united families."
+
+It is probable that Spain and Rome are interpolations. Cabrera claims
+that the Votanites were Carthaginians. He thinks the Chivim of Votan
+were the Hivim, or Givim, who were descended of Heth, son of Canaan,
+Phoenicians; they were the builders of Accaron, Azotus, Ascalon, and
+Gaza. The Scriptures refer to them as Hivites (Givim) in Deuteronomy
+(chap. ii., verse 32), and Joshua (chap. xiii., verse 4). He claims that
+Cadmus and his wife Hermione were of this stock; and according to Ovid
+they were metamorphosed into snakes (Culebres). The name Hivites in
+Phoenician signifies a snake.
+
+Votan may not, possibly, have passed into Europe; he may have travelled
+altogether in Africa. His singular allusion to "a way which the Culebres
+had bored" seems at first inexplicable; but Dr. Livingstone's last
+letters, published 8th November, 1869, in the "Proceedings of the Royal
+Geographical Society," mention that "tribes live in underground houses
+in Rua. Some excavations are said to be thirty miles long, and have
+running rills in them; a whole district can stand a siege in them. The
+'writings' therein, I have been told by some of the people, are drawings
+of animals, and not letters; otherwise I should have gone to see them.
+People very dark, well made, and outer angle of eyes slanting inward."
+
+And Captain Grant, who accompanied Captain Speke in his famous
+exploration of the sources of the Nile, tells of a tunnel or subway
+under the river Kaoma, on the highway between Loowemba and Marunga, near
+Lake Tanganyika. His guide Manna describes it to him:
+
+"I asked Manna if he had ever seen any country resembling it. His reply
+was, 'This country reminds me of what I saw in the country to the south
+of the Lake Tanganyika, when travelling with an Arab's caravan from
+Unjanyembeh. There is a river there called the Kaoma, running into the
+lake, the sides of which are similar in precipitousness to the rocks
+before us.' I then asked, 'Do the people cross this river in boats?'
+'No; they have no boats; and even if they had, the people could not
+land, as the sides are too steep: they pass underneath the river by a
+natural tunnel, or subway.' He and all his party went through it on
+their way from Loowemba to Ooroongoo, and returned by it. He described
+its length as having taken them from sunrise till noon to pass through
+it, and so high that, if mounted upon camels, they could not touch the
+top. Tall reeds, the thickness of a walking-stick, grew inside, the road
+was strewed with white pebbles, and so wide--four hundred yards--that
+they could see their way tolerably well while passing through it. The
+rocks looked as if they had been planed by artificial means. Water never
+came through from the river overhead; it was procured by digging wells.
+Manna added that the people of Wambweh take shelter in this tunnel, and
+live there with their families and cattle, when molested by the Watuta,
+a warlike race, descended from the Zooloo Kafirs."
+
+But it is interesting to find in this book of Votan, however little
+reliance we may place in its dates or details, evidence that there was
+actual intercourse between the Old World and the New in remote ages.
+
+Humboldt remarks:
+
+"We have fixed the special attention of our readers upon this Votan, or
+Wodan, an American who appears of the same family with the Wods or Odins
+of the Goths and of the people of Celtic origin. Since, according to the
+learned researches of Sir William Jones, Odin and Buddha are probably
+the same person, it is curious to see the names of Bondvar, Wodansday,
+and Votan designating in India, Scandinavia, and in Mexico the day of a
+brief period." ("Vues des Cordilleras," p. 148, ed. 1810.)
+
+There are many things to connect the mythology of the Gothic nations
+with Atlantis; they had, as we have seen, flood legends; their gods
+Krodo and Satar were the Chronos and Saturn of Atlantis; their Baal was
+the Bel of the Phoenicians, who were closely connected with Poseidon and
+Atlas; and, as we shall see hereafter, their language has a distinct
+relationship with the tongues of the Arabians, Cushites, Chaldeans, and
+Phoenicians.
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE PYRAMID, THE CROSS, AND THE GARDEN OF EDEN.
+
+No fact is better established than the reverence shown to the sign of
+the Cross in all the ages prior to Christianity. We cannot do better
+than quote from an able article in the Edinburgh Review of July, 1870,
+upon this question:
+
+"From the dawn of organized Paganism in the Eastern world to the final
+establishment of Christianity in the Western, the Cross was undoubtedly
+one of the commonest and most sacred of symbolical monuments; and, to a
+remarkable extent, it is so still in almost every land where that of
+Calvary is unrecognized or unknown. Apart from any distinctions of
+social or intellectual superiority, of caste, color, nationality, or
+location in either hemisphere, it appears to have been the aboriginal
+possession of every people in antiquity--the elastic girdle, so to say,
+which embraced the most widely separated heathen communities--the most
+significant token of a universal brotherhood, to which all the families
+of mankind were severally and irresistibly drawn, and by which their
+common descent was emphatically expressed, or by means of which each and
+all preserved, amid every vicissitude of fortune, a knowledge of the
+primeval happiness and dignity of their species. Where authentic history
+is silent on the subject, the material relics of past and long since
+forgotten races are not wanting to confirm and strengthen this
+supposition. Diversified forms of the symbol are delineated more or less
+artistically, according to the progress achieved in civilization at the
+period, on the ruined walls of temples and palaces, on natural rocks and
+sepulchral galleries, on the hoariest monoliths and the rudest statuary;
+on coins, medals, and vases of every description; and, in not a few
+instances, are preserved in the architectural proportions of
+subterranean as well as superterranean structures, of tumuli as well as
+fanes. The extraordinary sanctity attaching to the symbol, in every age
+and under every variety of circumstance, justified any expenditure
+incurred in its fabrication or embellishment; hence the most persistent
+labor, the most consummate ingenuity, were lavished upon it. Populations
+of essentially different culture, tastes, and pursuits--the
+highly-civilized and the demi-civilized, the settled and nomadic--vied
+with each other in their efforts to extend the knowledge of its
+exceptional import and virtue among their latest posterities. The
+marvellous rock-hewn caves of Elephanta and Ellora, and the stately
+temples of Mathura and Terputty, in the East, may be cited as
+characteristic examples of one laborious method of exhibiting it; and
+the megalithic structures of Callernish and Newgrange, in the West, of
+another; while a third may be instanced in the great temple at Mitzla,
+'the City of the Moon,' in Ojaaca, Central America, also excavated in
+the living rock, and manifesting the same stupendous labor and ingenuity
+as are observable in the cognate caverns of Salsette--of endeavors, we
+repeat, made by peoples as intellectually as geographically distinct,
+and followers withal of independent and unassociated deities, to magnify
+and perpetuate some grand primeval symbol....
+
+"Of the several varieties of the Cross still in vogue, as national or
+ecclesiastical emblems, in this and other European states, and
+distinguished by the familiar appellations of St. George, St. Andrew,
+the Maltese, the Greek, the Latin, etc., etc., there is not one among
+them the existence of which may not be traced to the remotest antiquity.
+They were the common property of the Eastern nations. No revolution or
+other casualty has wrought any perceptible difference in their several
+forms or delineations; they have passed from one hemisphere to the other
+intact; have survived dynasties, empires, and races; have been borne on
+the crest of each successive wave of Aryan population in its course
+toward the West; and, having been reconsecrated in later times by their
+lineal descendants, are still recognized as military and national badges
+of distinction....
+
+"Among the earliest known types is the crux ansata, vulgarly called 'the
+key of the Nile,' because of its being found sculptured or otherwise
+represented so frequently upon Egyptian and Coptic monuments. It has,
+however, a very much older and more sacred signification than this. It
+was the symbol of symbols, the mystical Tau, 'the hidden wisdom,' not
+only of the ancient Egyptians but also of the Chaldeans, Phoenicians,
+Mexicans, Peruvians, and of every other ancient people commemorated in
+history, in either hemisphere, and is formed very similarly to our
+letter T, with a roundlet, or oval, placed immediately above it. Thus it
+was figured on the gigantic emerald or glass statue of Serapis, which
+was transported (293 B.C.) by order of Ptolemy Soter from Sinope, on the
+southern shores of the Black Sea, re-erected within that famous
+labyrinth which encompassed the banks of Lake Moeris, and destroyed by
+the victorious army of Theodosius (A.D. 389), despite the earnest
+entreaties of the Egyptian priesthood to spare it, because it was the
+emblem of their god and of 'the life to come.' Sometimes, as may be seen
+on the breast of an Egyptian mummy in the museum of the London
+University, the simple T only is planted on the frustum of a cone; and
+sometimes it is represented as springing from a heart; in the first
+instance signifying goodness; in the second, hope or expectation of
+reward. As in the oldest temples and catacombs of Egypt, so this type
+likewise abounds in the ruined cities of Mexico and Central America,
+graven as well upon the most ancient cyclopean and polygonal walls as
+upon the more modern and perfect examples of masonry; and is displayed
+in an equally conspicuous manner upon the breasts of innumerable bronze
+statuettes which have been recently disinterred from the cemetery of
+Juigalpa (of unknown antiquity) in Nicaragua."
+
+When the Spanish missionaries first set foot upon the soil of America,
+in the fifteenth century, they were amazed to find the Cross was as
+devoutly worshipped by the red Indians as by themselves, and were in
+doubt whether to ascribe the fact to the pious labors of St. Thomas or
+to the cunning device of the Evil One. The hallowed symbol challenged
+their attention on every hand and in almost every variety of form. It
+appeared on the bass-reliefs of ruined and deserted as well as on those
+of inhabited palaces, and was the most conspicuous ornament in the great
+temple of Gozumel, off the coast of Yucatan. According to the particular
+locality, and the purpose which it served, it was formed of various
+materials--of marble and gypsum in the open spaces of cities and by the
+way-side; of wood in the teocallis or chapels on pyramidal summits and
+in subterranean sanctuaries; and of emerald or jasper in the palaces of
+kings and nobles.
+
+When we ask the question how it comes that the sign of the Cross has
+thus been reverenced from the highest antiquity by the races of the Old
+and New Worlds, we learn that it is a reminiscence of the Garden of
+Eden, in other words, of Atlantis.
+
+Professor Hardwicke says:
+
+"All these and similar traditions are but mocking satires of the old
+Hebrew story--jarred and broken notes of the same strain; but with all
+their exaggerations they intimate how in the background of man's vision
+lay a paradise of holy joy--a paradise secured from every kind of
+profanation, and made inaccessible to the guilty; a paradise full of
+objects that were calculated to delight the senses and to elevate the
+mind, a paradise that granted to its tenant rich and rare immunities, and
+that fed with its perennial streams the tree of life and immortality."
+
+To quote again from the writer in the Edinburgh Review, already cited;
+
+"Its undoubted antiquity, no less than its extraordinary diffusion,
+evidences that it must have been, as it may be said to be still in
+unchristianized lands, emblematical of some fundamental doctrine or
+mystery. The reader will not have failed to observe that it is most
+usually associated with water; it was 'the key of the Nile,' that
+mystical instrument by means of which, in the popular judgment of his
+Egyptian devotees, Osiris produced the annual revivifying inundations of
+the sacred stream; it is discernible in that mysterious pitcher or vase
+portrayed on the brazen table of Bembus, before-mentioned, with its four
+lips discharging as many streams of water in opposite directions; it was
+the emblem of the water-deities of the Babylonians in the East and of
+the Gothic nations in the West, as well as that of the rain-deities
+respectively of the mixed population in America. We have seen with what
+peculiar rites the symbol was honored by those widely separated races in
+the western hemisphere; and the monumental slabs of Nineveh, now in the
+museums of London and Paris, show us how it was similarly honored by the
+successors of the Chaldees in the eastern....
+
+              ANCIENT IRISH CROSS--PRE-CHRISTIAN--KILNABOY.
+
+"In Egypt, Assyria, and Britain it was emblematical of creative power
+and eternity; in India, China, and Scandinavia, of heaven and
+immortality; in the two Americas, of rejuvenescence and freedom from
+physical suffering; while in both hemispheres it was the common symbol
+of the resurrection, or 'the sign of the life to come;' and, finally, in
+all heathen communities, without exception, it was the emphatic type,
+the sole enduring evidence, of the Divine Unity. This circumstance alone
+determines its extreme antiquity--an antiquity, in all likelihood, long
+antecedent to the foundation of either of the three great systems of
+religion in the East. And, lastly, we have seen how, as a rule, it is
+found in conjunction with a stream or streams of water, with exuberant
+vegetation, and with a hill or a mountainous region--in a word, with a
+land of beauty, fertility, and joy. Thus it was expressed upon those
+circular and sacred cakes of the Egyptians, composed of the richest
+materials--of flour, of honey, of milk--and with which the serpent and
+bull, as well as other reptiles and beasts consecrated to the service of
+Isis and their higher divinities, were daily fed; and upon certain
+festivals were eaten with extraordinary ceremony by the people and their
+priests. 'The cross-cake,' says Sir Gardner Wilkinson, 'was their
+hieroglyph for civilized land;' obviously a land superior to their own,
+as it was, indeed, to all other mundane territories; for it was that
+distant, traditional country of sempiternal contentment and repose, of
+exquisite delight and serenity, where Nature, unassisted by man,
+produces all that is necessary for his sustentation."
+
+And this land was the Garden of Eden of our race. This was the Olympus
+of the Greeks, where
+
+     "This same mild season gives the blooms to blow,
+     The buds to harden and the fruits to grow."
+
+In the midst of it was a sacred and glorious eminence--the umbilicus
+orbis terrarum--"toward which the heathen in all parts of the world, and
+in all ages, turned a wistful gaze in every act of devotion, and to
+which they hoped to be admitted, or, rather, to be restored, at the
+close of this transitory scene."
+
+In this "glorious eminence" do we not see Plato's mountain in the middle
+of Atlantis, as he describes it:
+
+"Near the plain and in the centre of the island there was a mountain,
+not very high on any side. In this mountain there dwelt one of the
+earth-born primeval men of that country, whose name was Evenor, and he
+had a wife named Leucippe, and they had an only daughter, who was named
+Cleito. Poseidon married her. He enclosed the hill in which she dwelt
+all around, making alternate zones of sea and land, larger and smaller,
+encircling one another; there were two of land and three of water ...
+so that no man could get to the island.... He brought streams of
+water under the earth to this mountain-island, and made all manner of
+food to grow upon it. This island became the seat of Atlas, the
+over-king of the whole island; upon it they built the great temple of
+their nation; they continued to ornament it in successive generations,
+every king surpassing the one who came before him to the utmost of his
+power, until they made the building a marvel to behold for size and
+beauty.... And they had such an amount of wealth as was never before
+possessed by kings and potentates--as is not likely ever to be again."
+
+The gardens of Alcinous and Laertes, of which we read in Homeric song,
+and those of Babylon, were probably transcripts of Atlantis. "The sacred
+eminence in the midst of a superabundant, happy region figures more or
+less distinctly in almost every mythology, ancient or modern. It was the
+Mesomphalos of the earlier Greeks, and the Omphalium of the Cretans,
+dominating the Elysian fields, upon whose tops, bathed in pure,
+brilliant, incomparable light, the gods passed their days in ceaseless
+joys."
+
+"The Buddhists and Brahmans, who together constitute nearly half the
+population of the world, tell us that the decussated figure (the cross),
+whether in a simple or a complex form, symbolizes the traditional happy
+abode of their primeval ancestors--that 'Paradise of Eden toward the
+East,' as we find expressed in the Hebrew. And, let us ask, what better
+picture, or more significant characters, in the complicated alphabet of
+symbolism, could have been selected for the purpose than a circle and a
+cross: the one to denote a region of absolute purity and perpetual
+felicity; the other, those four perennial streams that divided and
+watered the several quarters of it?" (Edinburgh Review, January, 1870.)
+
+And when we turn to the mythology of the Greeks, we find that the origin
+of the world was ascribed to Okeanos, the ocean. The world was at first
+an island surrounded by the ocean, as by a great stream:
+
+"It was a region of wonders of all kinds; Okeanos lived there with his
+wife Tethys: these were the Islands of the Blessed, the gardens of the
+gods, the sources of nectar and ambrosia, on which the gods lived.
+Within this circle of water the earth lay spread out like a disk, with
+mountains rising from it, and the vault of heaven appearing to rest upon
+its outer edge all around." (Murray's "Mannal of Mythology," pp. 23, 24,
+et seq.)
+
+On the mountains dwelt the gods; they had palaces on these mountains,
+with store-rooms, stabling, etc.
+
+"The Gardens of the Hesperides, with their golden apples, were believed
+to exist in some island of the ocean, or, as it was sometimes thought,
+in the islands off the north or west coast of Africa. They were far
+famed in antiquity; for it was there that springs of nectar flowed by
+the couch of Zeus, and there that the earth displayed the rarest
+blessings of the gods; it was another Eden." (Ibid., p. 156.)
+
+Homer described it in these words:
+
+     "Stern winter smiles on that auspicious clime,
+     The fields are florid with unfading prime,
+     From the bleak pole no winds inclement blow.
+     Mould the round hail, or flake the fleecy snow;
+     But from the breezy deep the blessed inhale
+     The fragrant murmurs of the western gale."
+
+"It was the sacred Asgard of the Scandinavians, springing from the
+centre of a fruitful land, which was watered by four primeval rivers of
+milk, severally flowing in the direction of the cardinal points, 'the
+abode of happiness, and the height of bliss.' It is the Tien-Chan, 'the
+celestial mountain-land, ... the enchanted gardens' of the Chinese and
+Tartars, watered by the four perennial fountains of Tychin, or
+Immortality; it is the hill-encompassed Ilá of the Singhalese and
+Thibetians, 'the everlasting dwelling-place of the wise and just.' It is
+the Sineru of the Buddhist, on the summit of which is Tawrutisa, the
+habitation of Sekrá, the supreme god, from which proceed the four sacred
+streams, running in as many contrary directions.
+
+It is the Slávratta, 'the celestial earth,' of the Hindoo, the summit of
+his golden mountain Meru, the city of Brahma, in the centre of
+Jambadwípa, and from the four sides of which gush forth the four
+primeval rivers, reflecting in their passage the colorific glories of
+their source, and severally flowing northward, southward, eastward, and
+westward."
+
+It is the Garden of Eden of the Hebrews:
+
+"And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put
+the man whom he had formed. And out of the ground made the Lord God to
+grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the
+tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge
+of good and evil. And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and
+from thence it was parted, and became into four heads. The name of the
+first is Pison; that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah,
+where there is gold; and the gold of that land is good: there is
+bdellium and the onyx stone. And the name of the second river is Gihon:
+the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia. And the name
+of the third river is Hiddekel: that is it which goeth toward the east
+of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates. And the Lord God took the
+man and put him into the Garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it."
+(Gen. ii., 8-1-5.)
+
+As the four rivers named in Genesis are not branches of any one stream,
+and head in very different regions, it is evident that there was an
+attempt, on the part of the writer of the Book, to adapt an ancient
+tradition concerning another country to the known features of the region
+in which he dwelt.
+
+Josephus tells us (chap. i., p. 41), "Now the garden (of Eden) was
+watered by one river, which ran round about the whole earth, and was
+parted into four parts." Here in the four parts we see the origin of the
+Cross, while in the river running around the whole earth we have the
+wonderful canal of Atlantis, described by Plato, which was "carried
+around the whole of the plain," and received the streams which came down
+from the mountains. The streams named by Josephus would seem to
+represent the migrations of people from Atlantis to its colonies.
+"Phison," he tells us, "denotes a multitude; it ran into India; the
+Euphrates and Tigris go down into the Red Sea while the Geon runs
+through Egypt."
+
+We are further told (chap. ii., p. 42) that when Cain, after the murder
+of Abel, left the land of Adam, "he travelled over many countries"
+before he reached the land of Nod; and the land of Nod was to the
+eastward of Adam's home. In other words, the original seat of mankind
+was in the West, that is to say, in the direction of Atlantis. Wilson
+tells us that the Aryans of India believed that they originally came
+"from the West." Thus the nations on the west of the Atlantic look to
+the east for their place of origin; while on the east of the Atlantic
+they look to the west: thus all the lines of tradition converge upon
+Atlantis.
+
+But here is the same testimony that in the Garden of Eden there were
+four rivers radiating from one parent stream. And these four rivers, as
+we have seen, we find in the Scandinavian traditions, and in the legends
+of the Chinese, the Tartars, the Singhalese, the Thibetians, the
+Buddhists, the Hebrews, and the Brahmans.
+
+And not only do we find this tradition of the Garden of Eden in the Old
+World, but it meets us also among the civilized races of America. The
+elder Montezuma said to Cortez, "Our fathers dwelt in that happy and
+prosperous place which they called Aztlan, which means whiteness....
+In this place there is a great mountain in the middle of the water which
+is called Culhuacan, because it has the point somewhat turned over
+toward the bottom; and for this cause it is called Culhuacan, which
+means 'crooked mountain.'" He then proceeds to describe the charms of
+this favored land, abounding in birds, game, fish, trees, "fountains
+enclosed with elders and junipers, and alder-trees both large and
+beautiful." The people planted "maize, red peppers, tomatoes, beans, and
+all kinds of plants, in furrows."
+
+Here we have the same mountain in the midst of the water which Plato
+describes--the same mountain to which all the legends of the most
+ancient races of Europe refer.
+
+The inhabitants of Aztlan were boatmen. (Bancroft's "Native Races," vol.
+v., p. 325.) E. G. Squier, in his "Notes on Central America," p. 349,
+says, "It is a significant fact that in the map of their migrations,
+presented by Gemelli, the place of the origin of the Aztecs is
+designated by the sign of water, Atl standing for Atzlan, a pyramidal
+temple with grades, and near these a palm-tree." This circumstance did
+not escape the attention of Humboldt, who says, "I am astonished at
+finding a palm-tree near this teocalli. This tree certainly does not
+indicate a northern origin.... The possibility that an unskilful
+artist should unintentionally represent a tree of which he had no
+knowledge is so great, that any argument dependent on it hangs upon a
+slender thread." ("North Americans of Antiquity," p. 266.)
+
+The Miztecs, a tribe dwelling on the outskirts of Mexico, had a
+tradition that the gods, "in the day of obscurity and darkness," built
+"a sumptuous palace, a masterpiece of skill, in which they made their
+abode upon a mountain. The rock was called 'The Place of Heaven;' there
+the gods first abode on earth, living many years in great rest and
+content, as in a happy and delicious land, though the world still lay in
+obscurity and darkness. The children of these gods made to themselves a
+garden, in which they put many trees, and fruit-trees, and flowers, and
+roses, and odorous herbs. Subsequently there came a great deluge, in
+which many of the sons and daughters of the gods perished." (Bancroft's
+"Native Races," vol. iii., p. 71.) Here we have a distinct reference to
+Olympus, the Garden of Plato, and the destruction of Atlantis.
+
+And in Plato's account of Atlantis we have another description of the
+Garden of Eden and the Golden Age of the world:
+
+"Also, whatever fragrant things there are in the earth, whether roots,
+or herbage, or woods, or distilling drops of flowers and fruits, grew
+and thrived in that land; and again the cultivated fruits of the earth,
+both the edible fruits and other species of food which we call by the
+name of legumes, and the fruits having a hard rind, affording drinks and
+meats and ointments ... all these that sacred island, lying beneath
+the sun, brought forth in abundance.... For many generations, as long
+as the divine nature lasted in them, they were obedient to the laws, and
+well affectioned toward the gods, who were their kinsmen; for they
+possessed true and in every way great spirits, practising gentleness and
+wisdom in the various chances of life, and in their intercourse with one
+another. They despised everything but virtue, not caring for their
+present state of life, and thinking lightly of the possession of gold
+and other property, which seemed only a burden to them; neither were
+they intoxicated by luxury; nor did wealth deprive them of their
+self-control; but they were sober, and saw clearly that all these goods
+were increased by virtuous friendship with one another, and that by
+excessive zeal for them, and honor of them, the good of them is lost,
+and friendship perishes with them."
+
+All this cannot be a mere coincidence; it points to a common tradition
+of a veritable land, where four rivers flowed down in opposite
+directions from a central mountain-peak. And these four rivers, flowing
+to the north, south, east, and west, constitute the origin of that sign
+of the Cross which we have seen meeting us at every point among the
+races who were either descended from the people of Atlantis, or who, by
+commerce and colonization, received their opinions and civilization from
+them.
+
+Let us look at the question of the identity of the Garden of Eden with
+Atlantis from another point of view:
+
+If the alphabet of the Phoenicians is kindred with the Maya alphabet, as
+I think is clear, then the Phoenicians were of the same race, or of some
+race with which the Mayas were connected; in other words, they were from
+Atlantis.
+
+Now we know that the Phoenicians and Hebrews were of the same stock, used
+the same alphabet, and spoke almost precisely the same language.
+
+The Phoenicians preserved traditions, which have come down to us in the
+writings, of Sanchoniathon, of all the great essential inventions or
+discoveries which underlie civilization. The first two human beings,
+they tell us, were Protogonos and Aion (Adam and 'Havath), who produce
+Genos and Genea (Qên and Qênath), from whom again are descended three
+brothers, named Phos, Phur, and Phlox (Light, Fire, and Flame), because
+they "have discovered how to produce fire by the friction of two pieces
+of wood, and have taught the use of this element." In another fragment,
+at the origin of the human race we see in succession the fraternal
+couples of Autochthon and Technites (Adam and Quen--Cain?), inventors of
+the manufacture of bricks; Agros and Agrotes (Sade and Cêd), fathers of
+the agriculturists and hunters; then Amynos and Magos, "who taught to
+dwell in villages and rear flocks."
+
+The connection between these Atlantean traditions and the Bible record
+is shown in many things. For instance, "the Greek text, in expressing
+the invention of Amynos, uses the words kw'mas kai` poi'mnas, which are
+precisely the same as the terms ôhel umiqneh, which the Bible uses in
+speaking of the dwellings of the descendants of Jabal (Gen., chap. iv.,
+v. 20). In like manner Lamech, both in the signification of his name and
+also in the savage character attributed to him by the legend attached to
+his memory, is a true synonyme of Agrotes."
+
+"And the title of A?lh~tai, given to Agros and Agrotes in the Greek of
+the Phoenician history, fits in wonderfully with the physiognomy of the
+race of the Cainites in the Bible narrative, whether we take a?lh~tai
+simply as a Hellenized transcription of the Semitic Elim, 'the strong,
+the mighty,' or whether we take it in its Greek acceptation, 'the
+wanderers;' for such is the destiny of Cain and his race according to
+the very terms of the condemnation which was inflicted upon him after
+his crime (Gen. iv., 14), and this is what is signified by the name of
+his grandson 'Yirad. Only, in Sanchoniathon the genealogy does not end
+with Amynos and Magos, as that of the Cainites in the Bible does with
+the three sons of Lamech. These two personages are succeeded by Misôr
+and Sydyk, 'the released and the just,' as Sanchoniathon translates
+them, but rather the 'upright and the just' (Mishôr and Çüdüq), 'who
+invent the use of salt.' To Misôr is born Taautos (Taût), to whom we owe
+letters; and to Sydyk the Cabiri or Corybantes, the institutors of
+navigation." (Lenormant, "Genealogies between Adam and the Deluge."
+Contemporary Review, April, 1880.)
+
+We have, also, the fact that the Phoenician name for their goddess
+Astynome (Ashtar No'emâ), whom the Greeks called Nemaun, was the same as
+the name of the sister of the three sons of Lamech, as given in
+Genesis--Na'emah, or Na'amah.
+
+If, then, the original seat of the Hebrews and Phoenicians was the Garden
+of Eden, to the west of Europe, and if the Phoenicians are shown to be
+connected, through their alphabets, with the Central Americans, who
+looked to an island in the sea, to the eastward, as their
+starting-point, the conclusion becomes irresistible that Atlantis and
+the Garden of Eden were one and the same.
+
+The Pyramid.--Not only are the Cross and the Garden of Eden identified
+with Atlantis, but in Atlantis, the habitation of the gods, we find the
+original model of all those pyramids which extend from India to Peru.
+
+This singular architectural construction dates back far beyond the birth
+of history. In the Purânas of the Hindoos we read of pyramids long
+anterior in time to any which have survived to our day. Cheops was
+preceded by a countless host of similar erections which have long since
+mouldered into ruins.
+
+If the reader will turn to page 104 of this work he will see, in the
+midst of the picture of Aztlan, the starting-point of the Aztecs,
+according to the Botturini pictured writing, a pyramid with worshippers
+kneeling before it.
+
+Fifty years ago Mr. Faber, in his "Origin of Pagan Idolatry," placed
+artificial tumuli, pyramids, and pagodas in the same category,
+conceiving that all were transcripts of the holy mountain which was
+generally supposed to have stood in the centre of Eden; or, rather, as
+intimated in more than one place by the Psalmist, the garden itself was
+situated on an eminence. (Psalms, chap. iii., v. 4, and chap. lxviii.,
+vs. 15, 16, 18.)
+
+The pyramid is one of the marvellous features of that problem which
+confronts us everywhere, and which is insoluble without Atlantis.
+
+The Arabian traditions linked the pyramid with the Flood. In a
+manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, and translated by Dr.
+Sprenger, Abou Balkhi says:
+
+"The wise men, previous to the Flood, foreseeing an impending Judgment
+from heaven, either by submersion or fire, which would destroy every
+created thing, built upon the tops of the mountains in Upper Egypt many
+pyramids of stone, in order to have some refuge against the approaching
+calamity. Two of these buildings exceeded the rest in height, being four
+hundred cubits high and as many broad and as many long. They were built
+with large blocks of marble, and they were so well put together that the
+joints were scarcely perceptible. Upon the exterior of the building
+every charm and wonder of physic was inscribed."
+
+This tradition locates these monster structures upon the mountains of
+Upper Egypt, but there are no buildings of such dimensions to be found
+anywhere in Egypt. Is it not probable that we have here another
+reference to the great record preserved in the land of the Deluge? Were
+not the pyramids of Egypt and America imitations of similar structures
+in Atlantis? Might not the building of such a gigantic edifice have
+given rise to the legends existing on both continents in regard to a
+Tower of Babel?
+
+How did the human mind hit upon this singular edifice--the pyramid? By
+what process of development did it reach it? Why should these
+extraordinary structures crop out on the banks of the Nile, and amid the
+forests and plains of America? And why, in both countries, should they
+stand with their sides square to the four cardinal points of the
+compass? Are they in this, too, a reminiscence of the Cross, and of the
+four rivers of Atlantis that ran to the north, south, east, and west?
+
+"There is yet a third combination that demands a specific notice. The
+decussated symbol is not unfrequently planted upon what Christian
+archæologists designate 'a calvary,' that is, upon a mount or a cone.
+Thus it is represented in both hemispheres. The megalithic structure of
+Callernish, in the island of Lewis before mentioned, is the most perfect
+example of the practice extant in Europe. The mount is preserved to this
+day. This, to be brief, was the recognized conventional mode of
+expressing a particular primitive truth or mystery from the days of the
+Chaldeans to those of the Gnostics, or from one extremity of the
+civilized world to the other. It is seen in the treatment of the ash
+Yggdrasill of the Scandinavians, as well as in that of the Bo-tree of
+the Buddhists. The prototype was not the Egyptian, but the Babylonian
+crux ansata, the lower member of which constitutes a conical support for
+the oval or sphere above it. With the Gnostics, who occupied the
+debatable ground between primitive Christianity and philosophic
+paganism, and who inscribed it upon their tombs, the cone symbolized
+death as well as life. In every heathen mythology it was the universal
+emblem of the goddess or mother of heaven, by whatsoever name she was
+addressed--whether as Mylitta, Astarte, Aphrodite, Isis, Mata, or Venus;
+and the several eminences consecrated to her worship were, like those
+upon which Jupiter was originally adored, of a conical or pyramidal
+shape. This, too, is the ordinary form of the altars dedicated to the
+Assyrian god of fertility. In exceptional instances the cone is
+introduced upon one or the other of the sides, or is distinguishable in
+the always accompanying mystical tree." (Edinburgh Review, July, 1870.)
+
+If the reader will again turn to page 104 of this work he will see that
+the tree appears on the top of the pyramid or mountain in both the Aztec
+representations of Aztlan, the original island-home of the Central
+American races.
+
+The writer just quoted believes that Mr. Faber is correct in his opinion
+that the pyramid is a transcript of the sacred mountain which stood in
+the midst of Eden, the Olympus of Atlantis. He adds:
+
+"Thomas Maurice, who is no mean authority, held the same view. He
+conceived the use to which pyramids in particular were anciently applied
+to have been threefold--namely, as tombs, temples, and observatories; and
+this view he labors to establish in the third volume of his 'Indian
+Antiquities.' Now, whatever may be their actual date, or with whatsoever
+people they may have originated, whether in Africa or Asia, in the lower
+valley of the Nile or in the plains of Chaldea, the pyramids of Egypt
+were unquestionably destined to very opposite purposes. According to
+Herodotus, they were introduced by the Hyksos; and Proclus, the Platonic
+philosopher, connects them with the science of astronomy--a science
+which, he adds, the Egyptians derived from the Chaldeans. Hence we may
+reasonably infer that they served as well for temples for planetary
+worship as for observatories. Subsequently to the descent of the
+shepherds, their hallowed precincts were invaded by royalty, from
+motives of pride and superstition; and the principal chamber in each was
+used as tombs."
+
+The pyramidal imitations, dear to the hearts of colonists of the sacred
+mountain upon which their gods dwelt, was devoted, as perhaps the
+mountain itself was, to sun and fire worship. The same writer says:
+
+"That Sabian worship once extensively prevailed in the New World is a
+well-authenticated fact; it is yet practised to some extent by the
+wandering tribes on the Northern continent, and was the national
+religion of the Peruvians at the time of the Conquest. That it was also
+the religion of their more highly civilized predecessors on the soil,
+south of the equator more especially, is evidenced by the remains of
+fire-altars, both round and square, scattered about the shores of lakes
+Umayu and Titicaca, and which are the counterparts of the Gueber dokh
+mehs overhanging the Caspian Sea. Accordingly, we find, among these and
+other vestiges of antiquity that indissolubly connected those long-since
+extinct populations in the New with the races of the Old World, the
+well-defined symbol of the Maltese Cross. On the Mexican feroher before
+alluded to, and which is most elaborately carved in bass-relief on a
+massive piece of polygonous granite, constituting a portion of a
+cyclopean wall, the cross is enclosed within the ring, and accompanying
+it are four tassel-like ornaments, graved equally well. Those
+accompaniments, however, are disposed without any particular regard to
+order, but the four arms of the cross, nevertheless, severally and
+accurately point to the cardinal quarters. The same regularity is
+observable on a much smaller but not less curious monument, which was
+discovered some time since in an ancient Peruvian huaca or
+catacomb--namely, a syrinx or pandean pipe, cut out of a solid mass of
+lapis ollaris, the sides of which are profusely ornamented, not only
+with Maltese crosses, but also with other symbols very similar in style
+to those inscribed on the obelisks of Egypt and on the monoliths of this
+country. The like figure occurs on the equally ancient Otrusco black
+pottery. But by far the most remarkable example of this form of the
+Cross in the New World is that which appears on a second type of the
+Mexican feroher, engraved on a tablet of gypsum, and which is described
+at length by its discoverer, Captain du Paix, and depicted by his
+friend, M. Baradère. Here the accompaniments--a shield, a hamlet, and a
+couple of bead-annulets or rosaries--are, with a single exception,
+identical in even the minutest particular with an Assyrian monument
+emblematical of the Deity....
+
+"No country in the world can compare with India for the exposition of
+the pyramidal cross. There the stupendous labors of Egypt are rivalled,
+and sometimes surpassed. Indeed, but for the fact of such monuments of
+patient industry and unexampled skill being still in existence, the
+accounts of some others which have long since disappeared, having
+succumbed to the ravages of time and the fury of the bigoted Mussulman,
+would sound in our ears as incredible as the story of Porsenna's tomb,
+which 'o'ertopped old Pelion,' and made 'Ossa like a wart.' Yet
+something not very dissimilar in character to it was formerly the boast
+of the ancient city of Benares, on the banks of the Ganges. We allude to
+the great temple of Bindh Madhu, which was demolished in the seventeenth
+century by the Emperor Aurungzebe. Tavernier, the French baron, who
+travelled thither about the year 1680, has preserved a brief description
+of it. The body of the temple was constructed in the figure of a
+colossal cross (i. e., a St. Andrew's Cross), with a lofty dome at the
+centre, above which rose a massive structure of a pyramidal form. At the
+four extremities of the cross there were four other pyramids of
+proportionate dimensions, and which were ascended from the outside by
+steps, with balconies at stated distances for places of rest, reminding
+us of the temple of Belus, as described in the pages of Herodotus. The
+remains of a similar building are found at Mhuttra, on the banks of the
+Jumna. This and many others, including the subterranean temple at
+Elephanta and the caverns of Ellora and Salsette, are described at
+length in the well-known work by Maurice; who adds that, besides these,
+there was yet another device in which the Hindoo displayed the
+all-pervading sign; this was by pyramidal towers placed crosswise. At
+the famous temple of Chillambrum, on the Coromandel coast, there were
+seven lofty walls, one within the other, round the central quadrangle,
+and as many pyramidal gate-ways in the midst of each side which forms
+the limbs of a vast cross."
+
+In Mexico pyramids were found everywhere. Cortez, in a letter to Charles
+V., states that he counted four hundred of them at Cholula. Their
+temples were on those "high-places." The most ancient pyramids in Mexico
+are at Teotihuacan, eight leagues from the city of Mexico; the two
+largest were dedicated to the sun and moon respectively, each built of
+cut stone, with a level area at the summit, and four stages leading up
+to it. The larger one is 680 feet square at the base, about 200 feet
+high, and covers an area of eleven acres. The Pyramid of Cholula,
+measured by Humboldt, is 160 feet high, 1400 feet square at the base,
+and covers forty five acres! The great pyramid of Egypt, Cheops, is 746
+feet square, 450 feet high, and covers between twelve and thirteen
+acres. So that it appears that the base of the Teotihuacan structure is
+nearly as large as that of Cheops, while that of Cholula covers nearly
+four times as much space. The Cheops pyramid, however, exceeds very much
+in height both the American structures.
+
+Señor Garcia y Cubas thinks the pyramids of Teotihuacan (Mexico) were
+built for the same purpose as those of Egypt. He considers the analogy
+established in eleven particulars, as follows: 1, the site chosen is the
+same; 2, the structures are orientated with slight variation; 3, the
+line through the centres of the structures is in the astronomical
+meridian; 4, the construction in grades and steps is the same; 5, in
+both cases the larger pyramids are dedicated to the sun; 6, the Nile has
+"a valley of the dead," as in Teotihuacan there is "a street of the
+dead;" 7, some monuments in each class have the nature of
+fortifications; 8, the smaller mounds are of the same nature and for the
+same purpose; 9, both pyramids have a small mound joined to one of their
+faces; 10, the openings discovered in the Pyramid of the Moon are also
+found in some Egyptian pyramids; 11, the interior arrangements of the
+pyramids are analogous. ("Ensayo de un Estudio.")
+
+It is objected that the American edifices are different in form from the
+Egyptian, in that they are truncated, or flattened at the top; but this
+is not an universal rule.
+
+"In many of the ruined cities of Yucatan one or more pyramids have been
+found upon the summit of which no traces of any building could be
+discovered, although upon surrounding pyramids such structures could be
+found. There is also some reason to believe that perfect pyramids have
+been found in America. Waldeck found near Palenque two pyramids in a
+state of perfect preservation, square at the base, pointed at the top,
+and thirty-one feet high, their sides forming equilateral triangles."
+(Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. v., p. 58.)
+
+Bradford thinks that "some of the Egyptian pyramids, and those which
+with some reason it has been supposed are the most ancient, are
+precisely similar to the Mexican teocalli." ("North Americans of
+Antiquity" p. 423.)
+
+And there is in Egypt another form of pyramid called the mastaba, which,
+like the Mexican, was flattened on the top; while in Assyria structures
+flattened like the Mexican are found. "In fact," says one writer, "this
+form of temple (the flat-topped) has been found from Mesopotamia to the
+Pacific Ocean." The Phoenicians also built pyramids. In the thirteenth
+century the Dominican Brocard visited the ruins of the Phoenician city of
+Mrith or Marathos, and speaks in the strongest terms of admiration of
+those pyramids of surprising grandeur, constructed of blocks of stone
+from twenty-six to twenty eight feet long, whose thickness exceeded the
+stature of a tall man. ("Prehistoric Nations," p. 144.)
+
+"If," says Ferguson, "we still hesitate to pronounce that there was any
+connection between the builders of the pyramids of Suku and Oajaca, or
+the temples of Xochialco and Boro Buddor, we must at least allow that
+the likeness is startling, and difficult to account for on the theory of
+mere accidental coincidence."
+
+                            PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT.
+
+The Egyptian pyramids all stand with their sides to the cardinal points,
+while many of the Mexican pyramids do likewise. The Egyptian pyramids
+were penetrated by small passage-ways; so were the Mexican. The Pyramid
+of Teotihuacan, according to Almarez, has, at a point sixty-nine feet
+from the base, a gallery large enough to admit a man crawling on hands
+and knees, which extends, inward, on an incline, a distance of twenty
+feet, and terminates in two square wells or chambers, each five feet
+square and one of them fifteen feet deep. Mr. Löwenstern states,
+
+                        PYRAMIDS OF TEOTIHUACAN.
+
+according to Mr. Bancroft ("Native Races," vol. iv., p. 533), that "the
+gallery is one hundred and fifty-seven feet long, increasing in height
+to over six feet and a half as it penetrates the pyramid; that the well
+is over six feet square, extending (apparently) down to the base and up
+to the summit; and that other cross-galleries are blocked up by débris."
+In the Pyramid of Cheops there is a similar opening or passage-way
+forty-nine feet above the base; it is three feet eleven inches high, and
+three feet five and a half inches wide; it leads down a slope to a
+sepulchral chamber or well, and connects with other passage-ways leading
+up into the body of the pyramid.
+
+                 THE GREAT MOUND, NEAR MIAMISBURG, OHIO.
+
+In both the Egyptian the American pyramids the outside of the structures
+was covered with a thick coating of smooth, shining cement.
+
+Humboldt considered the Pyramid of Cholula of the same type as the
+Temple of Jupiter Belus, the pyramids of Meidoun Dachhour, and the group
+of Sakkarah, in Egypt.
+
+                         GREAT PYRAMID OF XCOCH.
+
+In both America and Egypt the pyramids were used as places of sepulture;
+and it is a remarkable fact that the system of earthworks and mounds,
+kindred to the pyramids, is found even in England. Silsbury Hill, at
+Avebury, is an artificial mound one hundred and seventy feet high. It is
+connected with ramparts, avenues (fourteen hundred and eighty yards
+long), circular ditches, and stone circles, almost identical with those
+found in the valley of the Mississippi. In Ireland the dead were buried
+in vaults of stone, and the earth raised over them in pyramids flattened
+on the top. They were called "moats" by the people. We have found the
+stone vaults at the base of similar truncated pyramids in Ohio. There
+can be no doubt that the pyramid was a developed and perfected mound,
+and that the parent form of these curious structures is to be found in
+Silsbury Hill, and in the mounds of earth of Central America and the
+Mississippi Valley.
+
+We find the emblem of the Cross in pre-Christian times venerated as a
+holy symbol on both sides of the Atlantic; and we find it explained as a
+type of the four rivers of the happy island where the civilization of
+the race originated.
+
+We find everywhere among the European and American nations the memory of
+an Eden of the race, where the first men dwelt in primeval peace and
+happiness, and which was afterward destroyed by water.
+
+We find the pyramid on both sides of the Atlantic, with its four sides
+pointing, like the arms of the Cross, to the four cardinal points--a
+reminiscence of Olympus; and in the Aztec representation of Olympos
+(Aztlan) we find the pyramid as the central and typical figure.
+
+Is it possible to suppose all these extraordinary coincidences to be the
+result of accident? We might just as well say that the similarities
+between the American and English forms of government were not the result
+of relationship or descent, but that men placed in similar circumstances
+had spontaneously and necessarily reached the same results.
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+GOLD AND SILVER THE SACRED METALS OF ATLANTIS.
+
+Money is the instrumentality by which man is lifted above the
+limitations of barter. Baron Storch terms it "the marvellous instrument
+to which we are indebted for our wealth and civilization."
+
+It is interesting to inquire into the various articles which have been
+used in different countries and ages as money. The following is a table
+of some of them:
+
+Articles of Utility.
+
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | India                       | Cakes of tea.               |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | China                       | Pieces of silk.             |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | Abyssinia                   | Salt.                       |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | Iceland and Newfoundland    | Codfish.                    |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | Illinois (in early days)    | Coon-skins.                 |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | Bornoo (Africa)             | Cotton shirts.              |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | Ancient Russia              | Skins of wild animals.      |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | West India Islands (1500)   | Cocoa-nuts.                 |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | Massachusetts Indians       | Wampum and musket-balls.    |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | Virginia (1700)             | Tobacco.                    |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | British West India Islands  | Pins, snuff, and whiskey.   |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | Central South America       | Soap, chocolate, and eggs.  |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | Ancient Romans              | Cattle.                     |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | Ancient Greece              | Nails of copper and iron.   |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | The Lacedemonians           | Iron.                       |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | The Burman Empire           | Lead.                       |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | Russia (1828 to 1845)       | Platinum.                   |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | Rome (under Numa Pompilius) | Wood and leather.           |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | Rome (under the Cæsars)     | Land.                       |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | Carthaginians               | Leather.                    |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | Ancient Britons Cattle,     | slaves, brass, and iron.    |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | England (under James II.)   | Tin, gun-metal, and pewter. |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+      | South Sea Islands           | Axes and hammers.           |
+      +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+
+Articles of Ornament.
+
+            +-------------------------------+----------------+
+            | Ancient Jews                  | Jewels.        |
+            +-------------------------------+----------------+
+            | The Indian Islands and Africa | Cowrie shells, |
+            +-------------------------------+----------------+
+
+Conventional Signs.
+
+             +----------------+----------------------------+
+             | Holland (1574) | Pieces of pasteboard.      |
+             +----------------+----------------------------+
+             | China (1200)   | Bark of the mulberry-tree. |
+             +----------------+----------------------------+
+
+It is evident that every primitive people uses as money those articles
+upon which they set the highest value--as cattle, jewels, slaves, salt,
+musket-balls, pins, snuff, whiskey, cotton shirts, leather, axes, and
+hammers; or those articles for which there was a foreign demand, and
+which they could trade off to the merchants for articles of
+necessity--as tea, silk, codfish, coonskins, cocoa-nuts, and tobacco.
+Then there is a later stage, when the stamp of the government is
+impressed upon paper, wood, pasteboard, or the bark of trees, and these
+articles are given a legal-tender character.
+
+When a civilized nation comes in contact with a barbarous people they
+seek to trade with them for those things which they need; a
+metal-working people, manufacturing weapons of iron or copper, will seek
+for the useful metals, and hence we find iron, copper, tin, and lead
+coming into use as a standard of values--as money; for they can always
+be converted into articles of use and weapons of war. But when we ask
+how it chanced that gold and silver came to be used as money, and why it
+is that gold is regarded as so much more valuable than silver, no answer
+presents itself. It was impossible to make either of them into pots or
+pans, swords or spears; they were not necessarily more beautiful than
+glass or the combinations of tin and copper. Nothing astonished the
+American races more than the extraordinary value set upon gold and
+silver by the Spaniards; they could not understand it. A West Indian
+savage traded a handful of gold-dust with one of the sailors
+accompanying Columbus for some tool, and then ran for his life to the
+woods lest the sailor should repent his bargain and call him back. The
+Mexicans had coins of tin shaped like a letter T. We can understand
+this, for tin was necessary to them in hardening their bronze
+implements, and it may have been the highest type of metallic value
+among them. A round copper coin with a serpent stamped on it was found
+at Palenque, and T-shaped copper coins are very abundant in the ruins of
+Central America. This too we can understand, for copper was necessary in
+every work of art or utility.
+
+All these nations were familiar with gold and silver, but they used them
+as sacred metals for the adornment of the temples of the sun and moon.
+The color of gold was something of the color of the sun's rays, while
+the color of silver resembled the pale light of the moon, and hence they
+were respectively sacred to the gods of the sun and moon. And this is
+probably the origin of the comparative value of these metals: they
+became the precious metals because they were the sacred metals, and gold
+was more valuable than silver--just as the sun-god was the great god of
+the nations, while the mild moon was simply an attendant upon the sun.
+
+The Peruvians called gold "the tears wept by the sun." It was not used
+among the people for ornament or money. The great temple of the sun at
+Cuzco was called the "Place of Gold." It was, as I have shown, literally
+a mine of gold. Walls, cornices, statuary, plate, ornaments, all were of
+gold; the very ewers, pipes, and aqueducts--even the agricultural
+implements used in the garden of the temple--were of gold and silver.
+The value of the jewels which adorned the temple was equal to one
+hundred and eighty millions of dollars! The riches of the kingdom can be
+conceived when we remember that from a pyramid in Chimu a Spanish
+explorer named Toledo took, in 1577, $4,450,284 in gold and silver.
+("New American Cyclopædia," art. American Antiquities.) The gold and
+silver of Peru largely contributed to form the metallic currency upon
+which Europe has carried on her commerce during the last three hundred
+years.
+
+Gold and silver were not valued in Peru for any intrinsic usefulness;
+they were regarded as sacred because reserved for the two great gods of
+the nation. As we find gold and silver mined and worked on both sides of
+the Atlantic at the earliest periods of recorded history, we may fairly
+conclude that they were known to the Atlanteans; and this view is
+confirmed by the statements of Plato, who represents a condition of
+things in Atlantis exactly like that which Pizarro found in Peru.
+Doubtless the vast accumulations of gold and silver in both countries
+were due to the fact that these metals were not permitted to be used by
+the people. In Peru the annual taxes of the people were paid to the Inca
+in part in gold and silver from the mines, and they were used to
+ornament the temples; and thus the work of accumulating the sacred
+metals went on from generation to generation. The same process doubtless
+led to the vast accumulations in the temples of Atlantis, as described
+by Plato.
+
+Now, as the Atlanteans carried on an immense commerce with all the
+countries of Europe and Western Asia, they doubtless inquired and traded
+for gold and silver for the adornment of their temples, and they thus
+produced a demand for and gave a value to the two metals otherwise
+comparatively useless to man--a value higher than any other commodity
+which the people could offer their civilized customers; and as the
+reverence for the great burning orb of the sun, master of all the
+manifestations of nature, was tenfold as great as the veneration for the
+smaller, weaker, and variable goddess of the night, so was the demand
+for the metal sacred to the sun ten times as great as for the metal
+sacred to the moon. This view is confirmed by the fact that the root of
+the word by which the Celts, the Greeks, and the Romans designated gold
+was the Sanscrit word karat, which means, "the color of the sun." Among
+the Assyrians gold and silver were respectively consecrated to the sun and
+moon precisely as they were in Peru. A pyramid belonging to the palace
+of Nineveh is referred to repeatedly in the inscriptions. It was
+composed of seven stages, equal in height, and each one smaller in area
+than the one beneath it; each stage was covered with stucco of different
+colors, "a different color representing each of the heavenly bodies, the
+least important being at the base: white (Venus); black (Saturn); purple
+(Jupiter); blue (Mercury); vermillion (Mars); silver (the Moon); and
+gold (the Sun)." (Lenormant's "Ancient History of the East," vol. i., p.
+463.) "In England, to this day the new moon is saluted with a bow or a
+courtesy, as well as the curious practice of 'turning one's silver,'
+which seems a relic of the offering of the moon's proper metal."
+(Tylor's "Anthropology", p. 361.) The custom of wishing, when one first
+sees the new moon, is probably a survival of moon-worship; the wish
+taking the place of the prayer.
+
+And thus has it come to pass that, precisely as the physicians of
+Europe, fifty years ago, practised bleeding, because for thousands of
+years their savage ancestors had used it to draw away the evil spirits
+out of the man, so the business of our modern civilization is dependent
+upon the superstition of a past civilization, and the bankers of the
+world are to-day perpetuating the adoration of "the tears wept by the
+sun" which was commenced ages since on the island of Atlantis.
+
+And it becomes a grave question--when we remember that the rapidly
+increasing business of the world, consequent upon an increasing
+population, and a civilization advancing with giant steps, is measured
+by the standard of a currency limited by natural laws, decreasing
+annually in production, and incapable of expanding proportionately to
+the growth of the world--whether this Atlantean superstition may not yet
+inflict more incalculable injuries on mankind than those which resulted
+from the practice of phlebotomy.
+
+PART V.
+
+THE COLONIES OF ATLANTIS.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE CENTRAL AMERICAN AND MEXICAN COLONIES.
+
+The western shores of Atlantis were not far distant from the West India
+Islands; a people possessed of ships could readily pass from island to
+island until they reached the continent. Columbus found the natives
+making such voyages in open canoes. If, then, we will suppose that there
+was no original connection between the inhabitants of the main-land and
+of Atlantis, the commercial activity of the Atlanteans would soon reveal
+to them the shores of the Gulf. Commerce implies the plantation of
+colonies; the trading-post is always the nucleus of a settlement; we
+have seen this illustrated in modern times in the case of the English
+East India Company and the Hudson Bay Company. We can therefore readily
+believe that commercial intercourse between Atlantis and Yucatan,
+Honduras and Mexico, created colonies along the shores of the Gulf which
+gradually spread into the interior, and to the high table-lands of
+Mexico. And, accordingly, we find, as I have already shown, that all the
+traditions of Central America and Mexico point to some country in the
+East, and beyond the sea, as the source of their first civilized people;
+and this region, known among them as "Aztlan," lived in the memory of
+the people as a beautiful and happy land, where their ancestors had
+dwelt in peace for many generations.
+
+Dr. Le Plongeon, who spent four years exploring Yucatan, says:
+
+"One-third of this tongue (the Maya) is pure Greek. Who brought the
+dialect of Homer to America? or who took to Greece that of the Mayas?
+Greek is the offspring of the Sanscrit. Is Maya? or are they coeval?...
+The Maya is not devoid of words from the Assyrian."
+
+That the population of Central America (and in this term I include
+Mexico) was at one time very dense, and had attained to a high degree of
+civilization, higher even than that of Europe in the time of Columbus,
+there can be no question; and it is also probable, as I have shown, that
+they originally belonged to the white race. Dêsirè Charnay, who is now
+exploring the ruins of Central America, says (North American Review,
+January, 1881, p. 48), "The Toltecs were fair, robust, and bearded. I
+have often seen Indians of pure blood with blue eyes." Quetzalcoatl was
+represented as large, "with a big head and a heavy beard." The same
+author speaks (page 44) of "the ocean of ruins all around, not inferior
+in size to those of Egypt." At Teotihuacan he measured one building two
+thousand feet wide on each side, and fifteen pyramids, each nearly as
+large in the base as Cheops. "The city is indeed of vast extent ...
+the whole ground, over a space of five or six miles in diameter, is
+covered with heaps of ruins--ruins which at first make no impression, so
+complete is their dilapidation." He asserts the great antiquity of these
+ruins, because he found the very highways of the ancient city to be
+composed of broken bricks and pottery, the débris left by earlier
+populations. "This continent," he says (page 43), "is the land of
+mysteries; we here enter an infinity whose limits we cannot estimate....
+I shall soon have to quit work in this place. The long avenue on
+which it stands is lined with ruins of public buildings and palaces,
+forming continuous lines, as in the streets of modern cities. Still, all
+these edifices and halls were as nothing compared with the vast
+substructures which strengthened their foundations."
+
+We find the strongest resemblances to the works of the ancient European
+races: the masonry is similar; the cement is the same; the sculptures
+are alike; both peoples used the arch; in both continents we find
+bricks, glassware, and even porcelain (North American Review, December,
+1880, pp. 524, 525), "with blue figures on a white ground;" also bronze
+composed of the same elements of copper and tin in like proportions;
+coins made of copper, round and T-shaped, and even metallic candlesticks.
+
+Dêsirè Charnay believes that he has found in the ruins of Tula the bones
+of swine, sheep, oxen, and horses, in a fossil state, indicating an
+immense antiquity. The Toltecs possessed a pure and simple religion,
+like that of Atlantis, as described by Plato, with the same sacrifices
+of fruits and flowers; they were farmers; they raised and wove cotton;
+they cultivated fruits; they used the sign of the Cross extensively;
+they cut and engraved precious stones; among their carvings have been
+found representations of the elephant and the lion, both animals not
+known in America. The forms of sepulture were the same as among the
+ancient races of the Old World; they burnt the bodies of their great
+men, and enclosed the dust in funeral urns; some of their dead were
+buried in a sitting position, others reclined at full length, and many
+were embalmed like the Egyptian mummies.
+
+When we turn to Mexico, the same resemblances present themselves.
+
+The government was an elective monarchy, like that of Poland, the king
+being selected from the royal family by the votes of the nobles of the
+kingdom. There was a royal family, an aristocracy, a privileged
+priesthood, a judiciary, and a common people. Here we have all the
+several estates into which society in Europe is divided.
+
+There were thirty grand nobles in the kingdom, and the vastness of the
+realm may be judged by the fact that each of these could muster one
+hundred thousand vassals from their own estates, or a total of three
+millions. And we have only to read of the vast hordes brought into the
+field against Cortez to know that this was not an exaggeration.
+
+They even possessed that which has been considered the crowning feature
+of European society, the feudal system. The nobles held their lands upon
+the tenure of military service.
+
+But the most striking feature was the organization of the judiciary. The
+judges were independent even of the king, and held their offices for
+life. There were supreme judges for the larger divisions of the kingdom,
+district judges in each of the provinces, and magistrates chosen by the
+people throughout the country.
+
+There was also a general legislative assembly, congress, or parliament,
+held every eighty days, presided over by the king, consisting of all the
+judges of the realm, to which the last appeal lay
+
+"The rites of marriage," says Prescott, "were celebrated with as much
+formality as in any Christian country; and the institution was held in
+such reverence that a tribunal was instituted for the sole purpose of
+determining questions relating to it. Divorces could not be obtained
+until authorized by a sentence of the court, after a patient hearing of
+the parties."
+
+Slavery was tolerated, but the labors of the slave were light, his
+rights carefully guarded, and his children were free. The slave could
+own property, and even other slaves.
+
+Their religion possessed so many features similar to those of the Old
+World, that the Spanish priests declared the devil had given them a
+bogus imitation of Christianity to destroy their souls. "The devil,"
+said they, "stole all he could."
+
+They had confessions, absolution of sins, and baptism. When their
+children were named, they sprinkled their lips and bosoms with water,
+and "the Lord was implored to permit the holy drops to wash away the sin
+that was given it before the foundation of the world."
+
+The priests were numerous and powerful. They practised fasts, vigils,
+flagellations, and many of them lived in monastic seclusion.
+
+The Aztecs, like the Egyptians, had progressed through all the three
+different modes of writing--the picture-writing, the symbolical, and the
+phonetic. They recorded all their laws, their tribute-rolls specifying
+the various imposts, their mythology, astronomical calendars, and
+rituals, their political annals and their chronology. They wrote on
+cotton-cloth, on skins prepared like parchment, on a composition of silk
+and gum, and on a species of paper, soft and beautiful, made from the
+aloe. Their books were about the size and shape of our own, but the
+leaves were long strips folded together in many folds.
+
+They wrote poetry and cultivated oratory, and paid much attention to
+rhetoric. They also had a species of theatrical performances.
+
+Their proficiency in astronomy is thus spoken of by Prescott:
+
+"That they should be capable of accurately adjusting their festivals by
+the movements of the heavenly bodies, and should fix the true length of
+the tropical year with a precision unknown to the great philosophers of
+antiquity, could be the result only of a long series of nice and patient
+observations, evincing no slight progress in civilization."
+
+"Their women," says the same author, "are described by the Spaniards as
+pretty, though with a serious and rather melancholy cast of countenance.
+Their long, black hair might generally be seen wreathed with flowers,
+or, among the richer people, with strings of precious stones and pearls
+from the Gulf of California. They appear to have been treated with much
+consideration by their husbands; and passed their time in indolent
+tranquillity, or in such feminine occupations as spinning, embroidery,
+and the like; while their maidens beguiled the hours by the rehearsal of
+traditionary tales and ballads.
+
+"Numerous attendants of both sexes waited at the banquets. The balls
+were scented with perfumes, and the courts strewed with odoriferous
+herbs and flowers, which were distributed in profusion among the guests
+as they arrived. Cotton napkins and ewers of water were placed before
+them as they took their seats at the board. Tobacco was then offered, in
+pipes, mixed with aromatic substances, or in the form of cigars inserted
+in tubes of tortoise-shell or silver. It is a curious fact that the
+Aztecs also took the dried tobacco leaf in the pulverized form of snuff.
+
+"The table was well supplied with substantial meats, especially game,
+among which the most conspicuous was the turkey. Also, there were found
+very delicious vegetables and fruits of every variety native to the
+continent. Their palate was still further regaled by confections and
+pastry, for which their maize-flower and sugar furnished them ample
+materials. The meats were kept warm with chafing-dishes. The table was
+ornamented with vases of silver and sometimes gold of delicate
+workmanship. The favorite beverage was chocolatl, flavored with vanilla
+and different spices. The fermented juice of the maguey, with a mixture
+of sweets and acids, supplied various agreeable drinks of different
+degrees of strength."
+
+It is not necessary to describe their great public works, their floating
+gardens, their aqueducts, bridges, forts, temples,
+
+                  COMMON FORM OF ARCH, CENTRAL AMERICA.
+
+palaces, and gigantic pyramids, all ornamented with wonderful statuary.
+
+            SECTION OF THE TREASURE-HOUSE OF ATREUS AT MYCENAE
+
+We find a strong resemblance between the form of arch used in the
+architecture of Central America and that of the oldest buildings of
+Greece. The Palenque arch is made by the gradual overlapping of the
+strata of the building, as shown in the accompanying cut from Baldwin's
+"Ancient America," page 100. It was the custom of these ancient
+architects to fill in the arch itself with masonry, as shown in the
+picture
+
+              ARCH OF LAS MONJAS, PALENQUE, CENTRAL AMERICA
+
+on page 355 of the Arch of Las Monjas, Palenque. If now we look at the
+representation of the "Treasure-house of Atreus" at Mycenæ, on page
+354--one of the oldest structures in Greece--we find precisely the same
+form of arch, filled in in the same way.
+
+Rosengarten ("Architectural Styles," p. 59) says:
+
+"The base of these treasure-houses is circular, and the covering of a
+dome shape; it does not, however, form an arch, but courses of stone are
+laid horizontally over one another in such a way that each course
+projects beyond the one below it, till the space at the highest course
+becomes so narrow that a single stone covers it. Of all those that have
+survived to the present day the treasure-house at Atreus is the most
+venerable."
+
+The same form of arch is found among the ruins of that interesting
+people, the Etruscans.
+
+"Etruscan vaults are of two kinds. The more curious and probably the
+most ancient are false arches, formed of horizontal courses of stone,
+each a little overlapping the other, and carried on until the aperture
+at the top could be closed by a single superincumbent slab. Such is the
+construction of the Regulini-Galassi vault, at Cervetere, the ancient
+Cære." (Rawlinson's "Origin of Nations," p. 117.)
+
+It is sufficient to say, in conclusion, that Mexico, under European
+rule, or under her own leaders, has never again risen to her former
+standard of refinement, wealth, prosperity, or civilization.
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE EGYPTIAN COLONY.
+
+What proofs have we that the Egyptians were a colony from Atlantis?
+
+1. They claimed descent from "the twelve great gods," which must have
+meant the twelve gods of Atlantis, to wit, Poseidon and Cleito and their
+ten sons.
+
+2. According to the traditions of the Phoenicians, the Egyptians derived
+their civilization from them; and as the Egyptians far antedated the
+rise of the Phoenician nations proper, this must have meant that Egypt
+derived its civilization from the same country to which the Phoenicians
+owed their own origin. The Phoenician legends show that Misor, from whom
+the Egyptians were descended, was the child of the Phoenician gods Amynus
+and Magus. Misor gave birth to Taaut, the god of letters, the inventor
+of the alphabet, and Taaut became Thoth, the god of history of the
+Egyptians. Sanchoniathon tells us that "Chronos (king of Atlantis)
+visited the South, and gave all Egypt to the god Taaut, that it might be
+his kingdom." "Misor" is probably the king "Mestor" named by Plato.
+
+3. According to the Bible, the Egyptians were descendants of Ham, who
+was one of the three sons of Noah who escaped from the Deluge, to wit,
+the destruction of Atlantis.
+
+4. The great similarity between the Egyptian civilization and that of
+the American nations.
+
+5. The fact that the Egyptians claimed to be red men.
+
+6. The religion of Egypt was pre-eminently sun-worship, and Ra was the
+sun-god of Egypt, Rama, the sun of the Hindoos, Rana, a god of the
+Toltecs, Raymi, the great festival of the sun of the Peruvians, and
+Rayam, a god of Yemen.
+
+7. The presence of pyramids in Egypt and America.
+
+8. The Egyptians were the only people of antiquity who were
+well-informed as to the history of Atlantis. The Egyptians were never a
+maritime people, and the Atlanteans must have brought that knowledge to
+them. They were not likely to send ships to Atlantis.
+
+9. We find another proof of the descent of the Egyptians from Atlantis
+in their belief as to the "under-world." This land of the dead was
+situated in the West--hence the tombs were all placed, whenever
+possible, on the west bank of the Nile. The constant cry of the mourners
+as the funeral procession moved forward was, "To the west; to the west."
+This under-world was beyond the water, hence the funeral procession
+always crossed a body of water. "Where the tombs were, as in most cases,
+on the west bank of the Nile, the Nile was crossed; where they were on
+the eastern shore the procession passed over a sacred lake." (R. S.
+Poole, Contemporary Review, August, 1881, p. 17.) In the procession was
+"a sacred ark of the sun."
+
+All this is very plain: the under-world in the West, the land of the
+dead, was Atlantis, the drowned world, the world beneath the horizon,
+beneath the sea, to which the peasants of Brittany looked from Cape Raz,
+the most western cape projecting into the Atlantic. It was only to be
+reached from Egypt by crossing the water, and it was associated with the
+ark, the emblem of Atlantis in all lands.
+
+The soul of the dead man was supposed to journey to the under-world by
+"a water progress" (Ibid., p. 18), his destination was the Elysian
+Fields, where mighty corn grew, and where he was expected to cultivate
+the earth; "this task was of supreme importance." (Ibid., p. 19.) The
+Elysian Fields were the "Elysion" of the Greeks, the abode of the
+blessed, which we have seen was an island in the remote west. The
+Egyptian belief referred to a real country; they described its cities,
+mountains, and rivers; one of the latter was called Uranes, a name which
+reminds us of the Atlantean god Uranos. In connection with all this we
+must not forget that Plato described Atlantis as "that sacred island
+lying beneath the sun." Everywhere in the ancient world we find the
+minds of men looking to the west for the land of the dead. Poole says,
+"How then can we account for this strong conviction? Surely it must be a
+survival of an ancient belief which flowed in the very veins of the
+race." (Contemporary Review, 1881, p. 19.) It was based on an universal
+tradition that under "an immense ocean," in "the far west," there was an
+"under-world," a world comprising millions of the dead, a mighty race,
+that had been suddenly swallowed up in the greatest catastrophe known to
+man since he had inhabited the globe.
+
+10. There is no evidence that the civilization of Egypt was developed in
+Egypt itself; it must have been transported there from some other
+country. To use the words of a recent writer in Blackwood,
+
+"Till lately it was believed that the use of the papyrus for writing was
+introduced about the time of Alexander the Great; then Lepsius found the
+hieroglyphic sign of the papyrus-roll on monuments of the twelfth
+dynasty; afterward he found the same sign on monuments of the fourth
+dynasty, which is getting back pretty close to Menes, the protomonarch;
+and, indeed, little doubt is entertained that the art of writing on
+papyrus was understood as early as the days of Menes himself. The fruits
+of investigation in this, as in many other subjects, are truly most
+marvellous. Instead of exhibiting the rise and progress of any branches
+of knowledge, they tend to prove that nothing had any rise or progress,
+but that everything is referable to the very earliest dates. The
+experience of the Egyptologist must teach him to reverse the observation
+of Topsy, and to '`spect that nothing growed,' but that as soon as men
+were planted on the banks of the Nile they were already the cleverest
+men that ever lived, endowed with more knowledge and more power than
+their successors for centuries and centuries could attain to. Their
+system of writing, also, is found to have been complete from the very
+first....
+
+"But what are we to think when the antiquary, grubbing in the dust and
+silt of five thousand years ago to discover some traces of infant
+effort--some rude specimens of the ages of Magog and Mizraim, in which
+we may admire the germ that has since developed into a wonderful
+art--breaks his shins against an article so perfect that it equals if it
+does not excel the supreme stretch of modern ability? How shall we
+support the theory if it come to our knowledge that, before Noah was
+cold in his grave, his descendants were adepts in construction and in
+the fine arts, and that their achievements were for magnitude such as,
+if we possess the requisite skill, we never attempt to emulate?...
+
+"As we have not yet discovered any trace of the rude, savage Egypt, but
+have seen her in her very earliest manifestations already skilful,
+erudite, and strong, it is impossible to determine the order of her
+inventions. Light may yet be thrown upon her rise and progress, but our
+deepest researches have hitherto shown her to us as only the mother of a
+most accomplished race. How they came by their knowledge is matter for
+speculation; that they possessed it is matter of fact. We never find
+them without the ability to organize labor, or shrinking from the very
+boldest efforts in digging canals and irrigating, in quarrying rock, in
+building, and in sculpture."
+
+The explanation is simple: the waters of the Atlantic now flow over the
+country where all this magnificence and power were developed by slow
+stages from the rude beginnings of barbarism.
+
+And how mighty must have been the parent nation of which this Egypt was
+a colony!
+
+Egypt was the magnificent, the golden bridge, ten thousand years long,
+glorious with temples and pyramids, illuminated and illustrated by the
+most complete and continuous records of human history, along which the
+civilization of Atlantis, in a great procession of kings and priests,
+philosophers and astronomers, artists and artisans, streamed forward to
+Greece, to Rome, to Europe, to America. As far back in the ages as the
+eye can penetrate, even where the perspective dwindles almost to a
+point, we can still see the swarming multitudes, possessed of all the
+arts of the highest civilization, pressing forward from out that other
+and greater empire of which even this wonderworking Nile-land is but a
+faint and imperfect copy.
+
+Look at the record of Egyptian greatness as preserved in her works: The
+pyramids, still in their ruins, are the marvel of mankind. The river
+Nile was diverted from its course by monstrous embankments to make a
+place for the city of Memphis. The artificial lake of Moeris was created
+as a reservoir for the waters of the Nile: it was four hundred and fifty
+miles in circumference and three hundred and fifty feet deep, with
+subterranean channels, flood-gates, locks, and dams, by which the
+wilderness was redeemed from sterility. Look at the magnificent
+mason-work of this ancient people! Mr. Kenrick, speaking of the casing
+of the Great Pyramid, says, "The joints are scarcely perceptible, and
+not wider than the thickness of silver-paper, and the cement so
+tenacious that fragments of the casing-stones still remain in their
+original position, notwithstanding the lapse of so many centuries, and
+the violence by which they were detached." Look at the ruins of the
+Labyrinth, which aroused the astonishment of Herodotus; it had three
+thousand chambers, half of them above ground and half below--a
+combination of courts, chambers, colonnades, statues, and pyramids. Look
+at the Temple of Karnac, covering a square each side of which is
+eighteen hundred feet. Says a recent writer, "Travellers one and all
+appear to have been unable to find words to express the feelings with
+which these sublime remains inspired them. They have been astounded and
+overcome by the magnificence and the prodigality of workmanship here to
+be admired. Courts, halls, gate-ways, pillars, obelisks, monolithic
+figures, sculptures, rows of sphinxes, are massed in such profusion that
+the sight is too much for modern comprehension." Denon says, "It is
+hardly possible to believe, after having seen it, in the reality of the
+existence of so many buildings collected on a single point--in their
+dimensions, in the resolute perseverance which their construction
+required, and in the incalculable expense of so much magnificence." And
+again, "It is necessary that the reader should fancy what is before him
+to be a dream, as he who views the objects themselves occasionally
+yields to the doubt whether he be perfectly awake." There were lakes and
+mountains within the periphery of the sanctuary. "The cathedral of Notre
+Dame at Paris could be set inside one of the halls of Karnac, and not
+touch the walls!... The whole valley and delta of the Nile, from the
+Catacombs to the sea, was covered with temples, palaces, tombs,
+pyramids, and pillars." Every stone was covered with inscriptions.
+
+The state of society in the early days of Egypt approximated very
+closely to our modern civilization. Religion consisted in the worship of
+one God and the practice of virtue; forty-two commandments prescribed
+the duties of men to themselves, their neighbors, their country, and the
+Deity; a heaven awaited the good and a hell the vicious; there was a
+judgment-day when the hearts of men were weighed:
+
+     "He is sifting out the hearts of men
+     Before his judgment-seat."
+
+Monogamy was the strict rule; not even the kings, in the early days,
+were allowed to have more than one wife. The wife's rights of separate
+property and her dower were protected by law; she was "the lady of the
+house;" she could "buy, sell, and trade on her own account;" in case of
+divorce her dowry was to be repaid to her, with interest at a high rate.
+The marriage-ceremony embraced an oath not to contract any other
+matrimonial alliance. The wife's status was as high in the earliest days
+of Egypt as it is now in the most civilized nations of Europe or America.
+
+Slavery was permitted, but the slaves were treated with the greatest
+humanity. In the confessions, buried with the dead, the soul is made to
+declare that "I have not incriminated the slave to his master," There
+was also a clause in the commandments "which protected the laboring man
+against the exaction of more than his day's labor." They were merciful
+to the captives made in war; no picture represents torture inflicted
+upon them; while the representation of a sea-fight shows them saving
+their drowning enemies. Reginald Stuart Poole says (Contemporary Review,
+August, 1881, p. 43):
+
+"When we consider the high ideal of the Egyptians, as proved by their
+portrayals of a just life, the principles they laid down as the basis of
+ethics, the elevation of women among them, their humanity in war, we
+must admit that their moral place ranks very high among the nations of
+antiquity.
+
+"The true comparison of Egyptian life is with that of modern nations.
+This is far too difficult a task to be here undertaken. Enough has been
+said, however, to show that we need not think that in all respects they
+were far behind us."
+
+Then look at the proficiency in art of this ancient people.
+
+They were the first mathematicians of the Old World. Those Greeks whom
+we regard as the fathers of mathematics were simply pupils of Egypt.
+They were the first land-surveyors. They were the first astronomers,
+calculating eclipses, and watching the periods of planets and
+constellations. They knew the rotundity of the earth, which it was
+supposed Columbus had discovered!
+
+"The signs of the zodiac were certainly in use among the Egyptians 1722
+years before Christ. One of the learned men of our day, who for fifty
+years labored to decipher the hieroglyphics of the ancients, found upon
+a mummy-case in the British Museum a delineation of the signs of the
+zodiac, and the position of the planets; the date to which they pointed
+was the autumnal equinox of the year 1722 B.C. Professor Mitchell, to
+whom the fact was communicated, employed his assistants to ascertain the
+exact position of the heavenly bodies belonging to our solar system on
+the equinox of that year. This was done, and a diagram furnished by
+parties ignorant of his object, which showed that on the 7th of October,
+1722 B.C. the moon and planets occupied the exact point in the heavens
+marked upon the coffin in the British Museum." (Goodrich's "Columbus,"
+p. 22.)
+
+They had clocks and dials for measuring time. They possessed gold and
+silver money. They were the first agriculturists of the Old World,
+raising all the cereals, cattle, horses, sheep, etc. They manufactured
+linen of so fine a quality that in the days of King Amasis (600 years
+B.C.) a single thread of a garment was composed of three hundred and
+sixty-five minor threads. They worked in gold, silver, copper, bronze,
+and iron; they tempered iron to the hardness of steel. They were the
+first chemists. The word "chemistry" comes from chemi, and chemi means
+Egypt. They manufactured glass and all kinds of pottery; they made boats
+out of earthenware; and, precisely as we are now making railroad
+car-wheels of paper, they manufactured vessels of paper. Their dentists
+filled teeth with gold; their farmers hatched poultry by artificial
+heat. They were the first musicians; they possessed guitars, single and
+double pipes, cymbals, drums, lyres, harps, flutes, the sambric, ashur,
+etc.; they had even castanets, such as are now used in Spain. In
+medicine and surgery they had reached such a degree of perfection that
+several hundred years B.C. the operation for the removal of cataract
+from the eye was performed among them; one of the most delicate and
+difficult feats of surgery, only attempted by us in the most recent
+times. "The papyrus of Berlin" states that it was discovered, rolled up
+in a case, under the feet of an Anubis in the town of Sekhem, in the
+days of Tet (or Thoth), after whose death it was transmitted to King
+Sent, and was then restored to the feet of the statue. King Sent
+belonged to the second dynasty, which flourished 4751 B.C., and the
+papyrus was old in his day. This papyrus is a medical treatise; there
+are in it no incantations or charms; but it deals in reasonable
+remedies, draughts, unguents and injections. The later medical papyri
+contain a great deal of magic and incantations.
+
+"Great and splendid as are the things which we know about oldest Egypt,
+she is made a thousand times more sublime by our uncertainty as to the
+limits of her accomplishments. She presents not a great, definite idea,
+which, though hard to receive, is, when once acquired, comprehensible
+and clear. Under the soil of the modern country are hid away thousands
+and thousands of relics which may astonish the world for ages to come,
+and change continually its conception of what Egypt was. The effect of
+research seems to be to prove the objects of it to be much older than we
+thought them to be--some things thought to be wholly modern having been
+proved to be repetitions of things Egyptian, and other things known to
+have been Egyptian being by every advance in knowledge carried back more
+and more toward the very beginning of things. She shakes our most rooted
+ideas concerning the world's history; she has not ceased to be a puzzle
+and a lure: there is a spell over her still."
+
+Renan says, "It has no archaic epoch." Osborn says, "It bursts upon us
+at once in the flower of its highest perfection." Seiss says ("A,
+Miracle in Stone," p. 40), "It suddenly takes its place in the world in
+all its matchless magnificence, without father, without mother, and as
+clean apart from all evolution as if it had dropped from the unknown
+heavens." It had dropped from Atlantis.
+
+Rawlinson says ("Origin of Nations," p. 13):
+
+"Now, in Egypt, it is notorious that there is no indication of any early
+period of savagery or barbarism. All the authorities agree that, however
+far back we go, we find in Egypt no rude or uncivilized time out of
+which civilization is developed. Menes, the first king, changes the
+course of the Nile, makes a great reservoir, and builds the temple of
+Phthah at Memphis.... We see no barbarous customs, not even the
+habit, so slowly abandoned by all people, of wearing arms when not on
+military service."
+
+Tylor says ("Anthropology," p. 192):
+
+"Among the ancient cultured nations of Egypt and Assyria handicrafts had
+already come to a stage which could only have been reached by thousands
+of years of progress. In museums still may be examined the work of their
+joiners, stone-cutters, goldsmiths, wonderful in skill and finish, and
+in putting to shame the modern artificer.... To see gold jewellery of
+the highest order, the student should examine that of the ancients, such
+as the Egyptian, Greek, and Etruscan."
+
+The carpenters' and masons' tools of the ancient Egyptians were almost
+identical with those used among us to-day.
+
+There is a plate showing an Aztec priestess in Delafield's "Antiquities
+of America," p. 61, which presents a head-dress strikingly Egyptian. In
+the celebrated "tablet of the cross," at Palenque, we see a cross with a
+bird perched upon it, to which (or to the cross) two priests are
+offering sacrifice. In Mr. Stephens's representation from the Vocal
+Memnon we find almost the same thing, the difference being that, instead
+of an ornamented Latin cross, we have a crux commissa, and instead of
+one bird there are two, not on the cross, but immediately above it. In
+both cases the hieroglyphics, though the characters are of course
+different, are disposed upon the stone in much the same manner.
+(Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. v., p. 61.)
+
+Even the obelisks of Egypt have their counterpart in America.
+
+Quoting from Molina ("History of Chili," tom. i., p. 169), McCullough
+writes, "Between the hills of Mendoza and La Punta is a pillar of stone
+one hundred and fifty feet high, and twelve feet in diameter."
+("Researches," pp. 171, 172.) The columns of Copan stand detached and
+solitary, so do the obelisks of Egypt; both are square or four-sided,
+and covered with sculpture. (Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. v., p. 60.)
+
+In a letter by Jomard, quoted by Delafield, we read,
+
+"I have recognized in your memoir on the division of time among the
+Mexican nations, compared with those of Asia, some very striking
+analogies between the Toltec characters and institutions observed on the
+banks of the Nile. Among these analogies there is one which is worthy of
+attention--it is the use of the vague year of three hundred and
+sixty-five days, composed of equal months, and of five complementary
+days, equally employed at Thebes and Mexico--a distance of three
+thousand leagues.... In reality, the intercalation of the Mexicans
+being thirteen days on each cycle of fifty-two years, comes to the same
+thing as that of the Julian calendar, which is one day in four years;
+and consequently supposes the duration of the year to be three hundred
+and sixty-five days six hours. Now such was the length of the year among
+the Egyptians--they intercalated an entire year of three hundred and
+seventy-five days every one thousand four hundred and sixty years....
+The fact of the intercalation (by the Mexicans) of thirteen days every
+cycle that is, the use of a year of three hundred and sixty-five days
+and a quarter--is a proof that it was borrowed from the Egyptians, or
+that they had a common origin." ("Antiquities of America," pp. 52, 53.)
+
+The Mexican century began on the 26th of February, and the 26th of
+February was celebrated from the time of Nabonassor, 747 B.C., because
+the Egyptian priests, conformably to their astronomical observations,
+had fixed the beginning of the month Toth, and the commencement of their
+year, at noon on that day. The five intercalated days to make up the
+three hundred and sixty-five days were called by the Mexicans Nemontemi,
+or useless, and on them they transacted no business; while the
+Egyptians, during that epoch, celebrated the festival of the birth of
+their gods, as attested by Plutarch and others.
+
+It will be conceded that a considerable degree of astronomical knowledge
+must have been necessary to reach the conclusion that the true year
+consisted of three hundred and sixty-five days and six hours (modern
+science has demonstrated that it consists of three hundred and
+sixty-five days and five hours, less ten seconds); and a high degree of
+civilization was requisite to insist that the year must be brought
+around, by the intercalation of a certain number of days in a certain
+period of time, to its true relation to the seasons. Both were the
+outgrowth of a vast, ancient civilization of the highest order, which
+transmitted some part of its astronomical knowledge to its colonies
+through their respective priesthoods.
+
+Can we, in the presence of such facts, doubt the statements of the
+Egyptian priests to Solon, as to the glory and greatness of Atlantis,
+its monuments, its sculpture, its laws, its religion, its civilization?
+
+In Egypt we have the oldest of the Old World children of Atlantis; in
+her magnificence we have a testimony to the development attained by the
+parent country; by that country whose kings were the gods of succeeding
+nations, and whose kingdom extended to the uttermost ends of the earth.
+
+The Egyptian historian, Manetho, referred to a period of thirteen
+thousand nine hundred years as "the reign of the gods," and placed this
+period at the very beginning of Egyptian history. These thirteen
+thousand nine hundred years were probably a recollection of Atlantis.
+Such a lapse of time, vast as it may appear, is but as a day compared
+with some of our recognized geological epochs.
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE COLONIES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY
+
+If we will suppose a civilized, maritime people to have planted
+colonies, in the remote past, along the headlands and shores of the Gulf
+of Mexico, spreading thence, in time, to the tablelands of Mexico and to
+the plains and mountains of New Mexico and Colorado, what would be more
+natural than that these adventurous navigators, passing around the
+shores of the Gulf, should, sooner or later, discover the mouth of the
+Mississippi River; and what more certain than that they would enter it,
+explore it, and plant colonies along its shores, wherever they found a
+fertile soil and a salubrious climate. Their outlying provinces would
+penetrate even into regions where the severity of the climate would
+prevent great density of population or development of civilization.
+
+The results we have presupposed are precisely those which we find to
+have existed at one time in the Mississippi Valley.
+
+The Mound Builders of the United States were pre-eminently a river
+people. Their densest settlements and greatest works were near the
+Mississippi and its tributaries. Says Foster ("Prehistoric Races," p.
+110), "The navigable streams were the great highways of the Mound
+Builders."
+
+Mr. Fontaine claims ("How the World was Peopled") that this ancient
+people constructed "levees" to control and utilize the bayous of the
+Mississippi for the purpose of agriculture and commerce. The Yazoo River
+is called Yazoo-okhinnah--the River of Ancient Ruins. "There is no
+evidence that they had reached the Atlantic coast; no authentic remains
+of the Mound Builders are found in the New England States, nor even in
+the State of New York." ("North Americans of Antiquity," p. 28.) This
+would indicate that the civilization of this people advanced up the
+Mississippi River and spread out over its tributaries, but did not cross
+the Alleghany {sic} Mountains. They reached, however, far up the
+Missouri and Yellowstone rivers, and thence into Oregon. The head-waters
+of the Missouri became one of their great centres of population; but
+their chief sites were upon the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. In
+Wisconsin we find the northern central limit of their work; they seem to
+have occupied the southern counties of the State, and the western shores
+of Lake Michigan. Their circular mounds are found in Minnesota and Iowa,
+and some very large ones in Dakota. Illinois and Indiana were densely
+populated by them: it is believed that the vital centre of their
+colonies was near the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.
+
+The chief characteristic of the Mound Builders was that from which they
+derived their name--the creation of great structures of earth or stone,
+not unlike the pyramids of Mexico and Egypt. Between Alton and East St.
+Louis is the great mound of Cahokia, which may be selected as a type of
+their works: it rises ninety-seven feet high, while its square sides are
+700 and 500 feet respectively. There was a terrace on the south side 160
+by 300 feet, reached by a graded way; the summit of the pyramid is
+flattened, affording a platform 200 by 450 feet. It will thus be seen
+that the area covered by the mound of Cahokia is about as large as that
+of the greatest pyramid of Egypt, Cheops, although its height is much
+less.
+
+The number of monuments left by the Mound Builders is extraordinarily
+great. In Ohio alone there are more than ten thousand tumuli, and from
+one thousand to fifteen hundred enclosures. Their mounds were not cones
+but four-sided pyramids--their sides, like those of the Egyptian
+pyramids, corresponding with the cardinal points. (Foster's "Prehistoric
+Races," p. 112.)
+
+The Mound Builders had attained a considerable degree of civilization;
+they were able to form, in the construction of their works, perfect
+circles and perfect squares of great accuracy, carried over the varying
+surface of the country. One large enclosure comprises exactly forty
+acres. At Hopetown, Ohio, are two walled figures--one a square, the
+other a circle--each containing precisely twenty acres. They must have
+possessed regular scales of measurement, and the means of determining
+angles and of computing the area to be enclosed by the square and the
+circle, so that the space enclosed by each might exactly correspond.
+
+"The most skilful engineer of this day would find it difficult," says
+Mr. Squier, "without the aid of instruments, to lay down an accurate
+square of the great dimensions above represented, measuring, as they do,
+more than four-fifths of a mile in circumference.... But we not only
+find accurate squares and perfect circles, but also, as we have seen,
+octagons of great dimensions."
+
+They also possessed an accurate system of weights; bracelets of copper
+on the arms of a skeleton have been found to be of uniform size,
+measuring each two and nine-tenth inches, and each weighing precisely
+four ounces.
+
+They built great military works surrounded by walls and ditches, with
+artificial lakes in the centre to supply water. One work, Fort Ancient,
+on the Little Miami River, Ohio, has a circuit of between four and five
+miles; the embankment was twenty feet high; the fort could have held a
+garrison of sixty thousand men with their families and provisions.
+
+Not only do we find pyramidal structures of earth in the Mississippi
+Valley very much like the pyramids of Egypt, Mexico, and Peru, but a
+very singular structure is repeated in Ohio and Peru: I refer to the
+double walls or prolonged pyramids, if I may coin an expression, shown
+in the cut page 375.
+
+                      GRAND WAY NEAR PIKETON, OHIO.
+
+The Mound Builders possessed chains of fortifications reaching from the
+southern line of New York diagonally across the country, through Central
+and Northern Ohio to the Wabash. It would appear probable, therefore,
+that while they
+
+                        WALLS AT GRAN-CHIMU, PERU.
+
+advanced from the south it was from the north-east the savage races came
+who drove them south or exterminated them.
+
+At Marietta, Ohio, we find a combination of the cross and pyramid. (See
+p. 334, ante.) At Newark, Ohio, are extensive
+
+                      CROSS AND PYRAMID MOUND, OHIO.
+
+and intricate works: they occupy an area two miles square, embraced
+within embankments twelve miles long. One of the mounds is a threefold
+symbol, like a bird's foot; the central mound is 155 feet long, and the
+other two each 110 feet it length. Is this curious design a reminiscence
+of Atlantis and the three-pronged trident of Poseidon? (See 4th fig., p.
+242, ante.)
+
+The Mound Builders made sun-dried brick mixed with rushes, as the
+Egyptians made sun-dried bricks mixed with straw; they worked in copper,
+silver, lead, and there are evidences, as we shall see, that they
+wrought even in iron.
+
+Copper implements are very numerous in the mounds. Copper axes,
+spear-heads, hollow buttons, bosses for ornaments, bracelets, rings,
+etc., are found in very many of them strikingly similar to those of the
+Bronze Age in Europe. In one in Butler County, Ohio, was found a copper
+fillet around the head of a skeleton, with strange devices marked upon
+it.
+
+Silver ornaments have also been found, but not in such great numbers.
+They seem to have attached a high value to silver, and it is often found
+in thin sheets, no thicker than paper, wrapped over copper or stone
+ornaments so neatly as almost to escape detection. The great esteem in
+which they held a metal so intrinsically valueless as silver, is another
+evidence that they must have drawn their superstitions from the same
+source as the European nations.
+
+Copper is also often found in this manner plated over stone pipes,
+presenting an unbroken metallic lustre, the overlapping edges so well
+polished as to be scarcely discoverable. Beads and stars made of shells
+have sometimes been found doubly plated, first with copper then with
+silver.
+
+The Mound Builders also understood the art of casting metals, or they
+held intercourse with some race who did; a copper axe it "cast" has been
+found in the State of New York. (See Lubbock's "Prehistoric Times," p.
+254, note.) Professor Foster ("Prehistoric Races," p. 259) also proves
+that the ancient people of the Mississippi Valley possessed this art,
+and he gives us representations of various articles plainly showing the
+marks of the mould upon them.
+
+A rude article in the shape of an axe, composed of pure lead, weighing
+about half a pound, was found in sinking a well within the trench of the
+ancient works at Circleville. There can be no doubt it was the
+production of the Mound Builders, as galena has often been found on the
+altars in the mounds.
+
+It has been generally thought, by Mr. Squier and others, that there were
+no evidences that the Mound Builders were acquainted with the use of
+iron, or that their plating was more than a simple overlaying of one
+metal on another, or on some foreign substance.
+
+Some years since, however, a mound was opened at Marietta, Ohio, which
+seems to have refuted these opinions. Dr. S. P. Hildreth, in a letter to
+the American Antiquarian Society, thus speaks of it:
+
+"Lying immediately over or on the forehead of the body were found three
+large circular bosses, or ornaments for a sword-belt or buckler; they
+are composed of copper overlaid with a thick plate of silver. The fronts
+are slightly convex, with a depression like a cup in the centre, and
+they measure two inches and a quarter across the face of each. On the
+back side, opposite the depressed portion, is a copper rivet or nail,
+around which are two separate plates by which they were fastened to the
+leather. Two small pieces of leather were found lying between the plates
+of one of the bosses; they resemble the skin of a mummy, and seem to
+have been preserved by the salts of copper. Near the side of the body
+was found a plate of silver, which appears to have been the upper part
+of a sword scabbard; it is six inches in length, two in breadth, and
+weighs one ounce. It seems to have been fastened to the scabbard by
+three or four rivets, the holes of which remain in the silver.
+
+"Two or three pieces of copper tube were also found, filled with iron
+rust. These pieces, from their appearance, composed the lower end of the
+scabbard, near the point of the sword. No signs of the sword itself were
+discovered, except the rust above mentioned.
+
+"The mound had every appearance of being as old as any in the
+neighborhood, and was at the first settlement of Marietta covered with
+large trees. It seems to have been made for this single personage, as
+this skeleton alone was discovered. The bones were very much decayed,
+and many of them crumbled to dust upon exposure to the air."
+
+Mr. Squier says, "These articles have been critically examined, and it
+is beyond doubt that the copper bosses were absolutely plated, not
+simply overlaid, with silver. Between the copper and the silver exists a
+connection such as, it seems to me, could only be produced by heat; and
+if it is admitted that these are genuine relics of the Mound Builders,
+it must, at the same time, be admitted that they possessed the difficult
+art of plating one metal upon another. There is but one alternative,
+viz., that they had occasional or constant intercourse with a people
+advanced in the arts, from whom these articles were obtained. Again, if
+Dr. Hildreth is not mistaken, oxydized iron or steel was also discovered
+in connection with the above remains, from which also follows the
+extraordinary conclusion that the Mound Builders were acquainted with
+the use of iron, the conclusion being, of course, subject to the
+improbable alternative already mentioned."
+
+In connection with this subject, we would refer to the interesting
+evidences that the copper mines of the shore of Lake Superior had been
+at some very remote period worked by the Mound Builders. There were
+found deep excavations, with rude ladders, huge masses of rock broken
+off, also numerous stone tools, and all the evidences of extensive and
+long-continued labor. It is even said that the great Ontonagon mass of
+pure copper which is now in Washington was excavated by these ancient
+miners, and that when first found its surface showed numerous marks of
+their tools.
+
+There seems to be no doubt, then, that the Mound Builders were familiar
+with the use of copper, silver, and lead, and in all probability of
+iron. They possessed various mechanical contrivances. They were very
+probably acquainted with the lathe. Beads of shell have been found
+looking very much like ivory, and showing the circular striæ, identical
+with those produced by turning in a lathe.
+
+In a mound on the Scioto River was found around the neck of a skeleton
+triple rows of beads, made of marine shells and the tusks of some
+animal. "Several of these," says Squier, "still retain their polish, and
+bear marks which seem to indicate that they were turned in some machine,
+instead of being carved or rubbed into shape by hand."
+
+"Not among the least interesting and remarkable relics," continues the
+same author, "obtained from the mounds are the stone tubes. They are all
+carved from fine-grained materials, capable of receiving a polish, and
+being made ornamental as well as useful. The finest specimen yet
+discovered, and which can scarcely be surpassed in the delicacy of its
+workmanship, was found in a mound in the immediate vicinity of
+Chillicothe. It is composed of a compact variety of slate. This stone
+cuts with great clearness, and receives a fine though not glaring
+polish. The tube under notice is thirteen inches long by one and
+one-tenth in diameter; one end swells slightly, and the other terminates
+in a broad, flattened, triangular mouth-piece of fine proportions, which
+is carved with mathematical precision. It is drilled throughout; the
+bore is seven-tenths of an inch in diameter at the cylindrical end of
+the tube, and retains that calibre until it reaches the point where the
+cylinder subsides into the mouth-piece, when it contracts gradually to
+one-tenth of an inch. The inner surface of the tube is perfectly smooth
+till within a short distance of the point of contraction. For the
+remaining distance the circular striæ, formed by the drill in boring,
+are distinctly marked. The carving upon it is very fine."
+
+That they possessed saws is proved by the fact that on some fossil teeth
+found in one of the mounds the striæ of the teeth of the saw could be
+distinctly perceived.
+
+When we consider that some of their porphyry carvings will turn the edge
+of the best-tempered knife, we are forced to conclude that they
+possessed that singular process, known to the Mexicans and Peruvians of
+tempering copper to the hardness of steel.
+
+We find in the mounds adzes similar in shape to our own, with the edges
+bevelled from the inside.
+
+Drills and gravers of copper have also been found, with chisel-shaped
+edges or sharp points.
+
+"It is not impossible," says Squier, "but, on the contrary, very
+probable, from a close inspection of the mound pottery, that the ancient
+people possessed the simple approximation toward the potter's wheel; and
+the polish which some of the finer vessels possess is due to other
+causes than vitrification."
+
+Their sculptures show a considerable degree of progress. They consist of
+figures of birds, animals, reptiles, and the faces of men, carved from
+various kinds of stones, upon the bowls of pipes, upon toys, upon rings,
+and in distinct and separate figures. We give the opinions of those who
+have examined them.
+
+Mr. Squier observes: "Various though not abundant specimens of their
+skill have been recovered, which in elegance of model, delicacy, and
+finish, as also in fineness of material, come fully up to the best
+Peruvian specimens, to which they bear, in many respects, a close
+resemblance. The bowls of most of the stone pipes are carved in
+miniature figures of animals, birds, reptiles, etc. All of them are
+executed with strict fidelity to nature, and with exquisite skill. Not
+only are the features of the objects faithfully represented, but their
+peculiarities and habits are in some degree exhibited.... The two
+heads here presented, intended to represent the eagle, are far superior
+in point of finish, spirit, and truthfulness, to any miniature carvings,
+ancient or modern, which have fallen under the notice of the authors.
+The peculiar defiant expression of the king of birds is admirably
+preserved in the carving, which in this respect, more than any other,
+displays the skill of the artist."
+
+                    FROM THE MOUNDS OF THE OHIO VALLEY
+
+Traces of cloth with "doubled and twisted fibre" have been found in the
+mounds; also matting; also shuttle-like tablets, used in weaving. There
+have also been found numerous musical pipes, with mouth-pieces and
+stops; lovers' pipes, curiously and delicately carved, reminding us of
+Bryant's lines--
+
+     "Till twilight came, and lovers walked and wooed
+     In a forgotten language; and old tunes,
+     From instruments of unremembered forms,
+     Gave the soft winds a voice."
+
+There is evidence which goes to prove that the Mound Builders had
+relations with the people of a semi-tropical region in the direction of
+Atlantis. Among their sculptures, in Ohio, we find accurate
+representations of the lamantine, manatee, or sea-cow--found to-day on
+the shores of Florida, Brazil, and Central America--and of the toucan, a
+tropical and almost exclusively South American bird. Sea-shells from the
+Gulf, pearls from the Atlantic, and obsidian from Mexico, have also been
+found side by side in their mounds.
+
+The antiquity of their works is now generally conceded. "From the ruins
+of Nineveh and Babylon," says Mr. Gliddon, "we have bones of at least
+two thousand five hundred years old; from the pyramids and the catacombs
+of Egypt both mummied and unmummied crania have been taken, of still
+higher antiquity, in perfect preservation; nevertheless, the skeletons
+deposited in our Indian mounds, from the Lakes to the Gulf, are
+crumbling into dust through age alone."
+
+All the evidence points to the conclusion that civilized or
+semi-civilized man has dwelt on the western continent from a vast
+antiquity. Maize, tobacco, quinoa, and the mandico plants have been
+cultivated so long that their wild originals have quite disappeared.
+
+"The only species of palm cultivated by the South American Indians, that
+known as the Gulielma speciosa, has lost through that culture its
+original nut-like seed, and is dependent on the hands of its cultivators
+for its life. Alluding to the above-named plants Dr. Brinton ("Myths of
+the New World," p. 37) remarks, 'Several are sure to perish unless
+fostered by human care. What numberless ages does this suggest? How many
+centuries elapsed ere man thought of cultivating Indian corn? How many
+more ere it had spread over nearly a hundred degrees of latitude and
+lost all resemblance to its original form?' In the animal kingdom
+certain animals were domesticated by the aborigines from so remote a
+period that scarcely any of their species, as in the case of the lama of
+Peru, were to be found in a state of unrestrained freedom at the advent
+of the Spaniards." (Short's "North Americans of Antiquity," p. 11.)
+
+The most ancient remains of man found in Europe are distinguished by a
+flattening of the tibia; and this peculiarity is found to be present in
+an exaggerated form in some of the American mounds. This also points to
+a high antiquity.
+
+"None of the works, mounds, or enclosures are found on the lowest formed
+of the river terraces which mark the subsidence of the streams, and as
+there is no good reason why their builders should have avoided erecting
+them on that terrace while they raised them promiscuously on all the
+others, it follows, not unreasonably, that this terrace has been formed
+since the works were erected." (Baldwin's "Ancient America," p. 47.)
+
+We have given some illustrations showing the similarity between the
+works of the Mound Builders and those of the Stone and Bronze Age in
+Europe. (See pp. 251, 260, 261, 262, 265, 266, ante.)
+
+The Mound Builders retreated southward toward Mexico, and probably
+arrived there some time between A.D. 29 and A.D. 231, under the name of
+Nahuas. They called the region they left in the Mississippi Valley "Hue
+Hue Tlapalan"--the old, old red land--in allusion, probably, to the
+red-clay soil of part of the country.
+
+In the mounds we find many works of copper but none of bronze. This may
+indicate one of two things: either the colonies which settled the
+Mississippi Valley may have left Atlantis prior to the discovery of the
+art of manufacturing bronze, by mixing one part of tin with nine parts
+of copper, or, which is more probable, the manufactures of the Mound
+Builders may have been made on the spot; and as they had no tin within
+their territory they used copper alone, except, it may be, for such
+tools as were needed to carve stone, and these, perhaps, were hardened
+with tin. It is known that the Mexicans possessed the art of
+manufacturing true bronze; and the intercourse which evidently existed
+between Mexico and the Mississippi Valley, as proved by the presence of
+implements of obsidian in the mounds of Ohio, renders it probable that
+the same commerce which brought them obsidian brought them also small
+quantities of tin, or tin-hardened copper implements necessary for their
+sculptures.
+
+The proofs, then, of the connection of the Mound Builders with Atlantis
+are:
+
+1. Their race identity with the nations of Central America who possessed
+Flood legends, and whose traditions all point to an eastern, over-sea
+origin; while the many evidences of their race identity with the ancient
+Peruvians indicate that they were part of one great movement of the
+human race, extending from the Andes to Lake Superior, and, as I
+believe, from Atlantis to India.
+
+2. The similarity of their civilization, and their works of stone and
+bronze, with the civilization of the Bronze Age in Europe.
+
+3. The presence of great truncated mounds, kindred to the pyramids of
+Central America, Mexico, Egypt, and India.
+
+4. The representation of tropical animals, which point to an intercourse
+with the regions around the Gulf of Mexico, where the Atlanteans were
+colonized.
+
+5. The fact that the settlements of the Mound Builders were confined to
+the valley of the Mississippi, and were apparently densest at those
+points where a population advancing up that, stream would first reach
+high, healthy, and fertile lands.
+
+6. The hostile nations which attacked them came from the north; and when
+the Mound Builders could no longer hold the country, or when Atlantis
+sank in the sea, they retreated in the direction whence they came, and
+fell back upon their kindred races in Central America, as the Roman
+troops in Gaul and Britain drew southward upon the destruction of Rome.
+
+7. The Natchez Indians, who are supposed to have descended from the
+Mound Builders, kept a perpetual fire burning before an altar, watched
+by old men who were a sort of priesthood, as in Europe.
+
+8. If the tablet said to have been found in a mound near Davenport,
+Iowa, is genuine, which appears probable, the Mound Builders must either
+have possessed an alphabet, or have held intercourse with some people
+who did. (See "North Americans of Antiquity," p. 38.) This singular
+relic exhibits what appears to be a sacrificial mound with a fire upon
+it; over it are the sun, moon, and stars, and above these a mass of
+hieroglyphics which bear some resemblance to the letters of European
+alphabets, and especially to that unknown alphabet which appears upon
+the inscribed bronze celt found near Rome. (See p. 258 of this work.)
+For instance, one of the letters on the celt is this, ###; on the
+Davenport tablet we find this sign, ###; on the celt we have ###; on the
+tablet, ###; on the celt we have ###; on the tablet, ###.
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE IBERIAN COLONIES OF ATLANTIS
+
+At the farthest point in the past to which human knowledge extends a
+race called Iberian inhabited the entire peninsula of Spain, from the
+Mediterranean to the Pyrenees. They also extended over the southern part
+of Gaul as far as the Rhone.
+
+"It is thought that the Iberians from Atlantis and the north-west part
+of Africa," says Winchell, "settled in the south-west of Europe at a
+period earlier than the settlement of the Egyptians in the north-east of
+Africa. The Iberians spread themselves over Spain, Gaul, and the British
+Islands as early as 4000 or 5000 B.C.... The fourth dynasty (of the
+Egyptians), according to Brugsch, dates from about 3500 B.C. At this
+time the Iberians had become sufficiently powerful to attempt the
+conquest of the known world." ("Preadamites," p. 443.)
+
+"The Libyan-Amazons of Diodorus--that is to say, the Libyans of the
+Iberian race--must be identified with the Libyans with brown and grizzly
+skin, of whom Brugsch has already pointed out the representations
+figured on the Egyptian monuments of the fourth dynasty." (Ibid.)
+
+The Iberians, known as Sicanes, colonized Sicily in the ancient days.
+They were the original settlers in Italy and Sardinia. They are probably
+the source of the dark-haired stock in Norway and Sweden. Bodichon
+claims that the Iberians embraced the Ligurians, Cantabrians, Asturians,
+and Aquitanians. Strabo says, speaking of the Turduli and Turdetani,
+"they are the most cultivated of all the Iberians; they employ the art
+of writing, and have written books containing memorials of ancient
+times, and also poems and laws set in verse, for which they claim an
+antiquity of six thousand years." (Strabo, lib. iii., p. 139.)
+
+The Iberians are represented to-day by the Basques.
+
+The Basque are "of middle size, compactly built, robust and agile, of a
+darker complexion than the Spaniards, with gray eyes and black hair.
+They are simple but proud, impetuous, merry, and hospitable. The women
+are beautiful, skilful in performing men's work, and remarkable for
+their vivacity and grace. The Basques are much attached to dancing, and
+are very fond of the music of the bagpipe." ("New American Cyclopædia,"
+art. Basques.)
+
+"According to Paul Broca their language stands quite alone, or has mere
+analogies with the American type. Of all Europeans, we must
+provisionally hold the Basques to be the oldest inhabitants of our
+quarter of the world." (Peschel, "Races of Men," p. 501.)
+
+The Basque language--the Euscara--"has some common traits with the
+Magyar, Osmanli, and other dialects of the Altai family, as, for
+instance, with the Finnic on the old continent, as well as the
+Algonquin-Lenape language and some others in America." ("New American
+Cyclopædia," art. Basques.)
+
+Duponceau says of the Basque tongue:
+
+"This language, preserved in a corner of Europe by a few thousand
+mountaineers, is the sole remaining fragment of, perhaps, a hundred
+dialects constructed on the same plan, which probably existed and were
+universally spoken at a remote period in that quarter of the world. Like
+the bones of the mammoth, it remains a monument of the destruction
+produced by a succession of ages. It stands single and alone of its
+kind, surrounded by idioms that have no affinity with it."
+
+We have seen them settling, in the earliest ages, in Ireland. They also
+formed the base of the dark-haired population of England and Scotland.
+They seem to have race affinities with the Berbers, on the Mediterranean
+coast of Africa.
+
+Dr. Bodichon, for fifteen years a surgeon in Algiers, says:
+
+"Persons who have inhabited Brittany, and then go to Algeria, are struck
+with the resemblance between the ancient Armoricans (the Brètons) and
+the Cabyles (of Algiers). In fact, the moral and physical character is
+identical. The Breton of pure blood has a long head, light yellow
+complexion of bistre tinge, eyes black or brown, stature short, and the
+black hair of the Cabyle. Like him, he instinctively hates strangers; in
+both are the same perverseness and obstinacy, same endurance of fatigue,
+same love of independence, same inflexion of the voice, same expression
+of feelings. Listen to a Cabyle speaking his native tongue, and you will
+think you bear a Breton talking Celtic."
+
+The Bretons, he tells us, form a strong contrast to the people around
+them, who are "Celts of tall stature, with blue eyes, white skins, and
+blond hair: they are communicative, impetuous, versatile; they pass
+rapidly from courage to despair. The Bretons are entirely different:
+they are taciturn, hold strongly to their ideas and usages, are
+persevering and melancholic; in a word, both in morale and physique they
+present the type of a southern race--of the Atlanteans."
+
+By Atlanteans Dr. Bodichon refers to the inhabitants of the Barbary
+States--that being one of the names by which they were known to the
+Greeks and Romans. He adds:
+
+"The Atlanteans, among the ancients, passed for the favorite children of
+Neptune; they made known the worship of this god to other nations--to the
+Egyptians, for example. In other words, the Atlanteans were the first
+known navigators. Like all navigators, they must have planted colonies
+at a distance. The Bretons, in our opinion, sprung from one of them."
+
+Neptune was Poseidon, according to Plato, founder of Atlantis.
+
+I could multiply proofs of the close relationship between the people of
+the Bronze Age of Europe and the ancient inhabitants of Northern Africa,
+which should be read remembering that "connecting ridge" which,
+according to the deep-sea soundings, united Africa and Atlantis.
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE PERUVIAN COLONY.
+
+If we look at the map of Atlantis, as revealed by the deep sea
+soundings, we will find that it approaches at one point, by its
+connecting ridge, quite closely to the shore of South America, above
+the mouth of the Amazon, and that probably it was originally connected
+with it.
+
+If the population of Atlantis expanded westwardly, it naturally found
+its way in its ships up the magnificent valley of the Amazon and its
+tributaries; and, passing by the low and fever-stricken lands of Brazil,
+it rested not until it had reached the high, fertile, beautiful, and
+healthful regions of Bolivia, from which it would eventually cross the
+mountains into Peru.
+
+Here it would establish its outlying colonies at the terminus of its
+western line of advance, arrested only by the Pacific Ocean, precisely
+as we have seen it advancing up the valley of the Mississippi, and
+carrying on its mining operations on the shores of Lake Superior;
+precisely as we have seen it going eastward up the Mediterranean, past
+the Dardanelles, and founding Aryan, Hamitic, and probably Turanian
+colonies on the farther shores of the Black Sea and on the Caspian. This
+is the universal empire over which, the Hindoo books tell us, Deva
+Nahusha was ruler; this was "the great and aggressive empire" to which
+Plato alludes; this was the mighty kingdom, embracing the whole of the
+then known world, from which the Greeks obtained their conception of the
+universal father of all men in King Zeus. And in this universal empire
+Señor Lopez must find an explanation of the similarity which, as we
+shall show, exists between the speech of the South American Pacific
+coast on the one hand, and the speech of Gaul, Ireland, England, Italy,
+Greece, Bactria, and Hindostan on the other.
+
+Montesino tells us that at some time near the date of the Deluge, in
+other words, in the highest antiquity, America was invaded by a people
+with four leaders, named Ayar-manco-topa, Ayar-chaki, Ayar-aucca, and
+Ayar-uyssu. "Ayar," says Señor Lopez, "is the Sanscrit Ajar, or aje, and
+means primitive chief; and manco, chaki, aucca, and uyssu, mean
+believers, wanderers, soldiers, husbandmen. We have here a tradition of
+castes like that preserved in the four tribal names of Athens." The
+laboring class (naturally enough in a new colony) obtained the
+supremacy, and its leader was named Pirhua-manco, revealer of Pir, light
+(p[~u]r, Umbrian pir). Do the laws which control the changes of language,
+by which a labial succeeds a labial, indicate that the Mero or Merou of
+Theopompus, the name of Atlantis, was carried by the colonists of
+Atlantis to South America (as the name of old York was transplanted in a
+later age to New York), and became in time Pérou or Peru? Was not the
+Nubian "Island of Merou," with its pyramids built by "red men," a
+similar transplantation? And when the Hindoo priest points to his sacred
+emblem with five projecting points upon it, and tells us that they
+typify "Mero and the four quarters of the world," does he not refer to
+Atlantis and its ancient universal empire?
+
+Manco, in the names of the Peruvian colonists, it has been urged, was
+the same as Mannus, Mann, and the Santhal Maniko. It reminds us of
+Menes, Minos, etc., who are found at the beginning of so many of the Old
+World traditions.
+
+The Quichuas--this invading people--were originally a fair skinned race,
+with blue eyes and light and even auburn hair; they had regular
+features, large heads, and large bodies. Their descendants are to this
+day an olive-skinned people, much lighter in color than the Indian
+tribes subjugated by them.
+
+They were a great race. Peru, as it was known to the Spaniards, held
+very much the same relation to the ancient Quichua civilization as
+England in the sixteenth century held to the civilization of the empire
+of the Cæsars. The Incas were simply an offshoot, who, descending from
+the mountains, subdued the rude races of the sea-coast, and imposed
+their ancient civilization upon them.
+
+The Quichua nation extended at one time over a region of country more
+than two thousand miles long. This whole region, when the Spaniards
+arrived, "was a populous and prosperous empire, complete in its civil
+organization, supported by an efficient system of industry, and
+presenting a notable development of some of the more important arts of
+civilized life." (Baldwin's "Ancient America," p. 222.)
+
+The companions of Pizarro found everywhere the evidences of a
+civilization of vast antiquity. Cieça de Leon mentions "great edifices"
+that were in ruins at Tiahuanaca, "an artificial hill raised on a
+groundwork of stone," and "two stone idols, apparently made by skilful
+artificers," ten or twelve feet high, clothed in long robes. "In this
+place, also," says De Leon, "there are stones so large and so overgrown
+that our wonder is excited, it being incomprehensible how the power of
+man could have placed them where we see them. They are variously
+wrought, and some of them, having the form of men, must have been idols.
+Near the walls are many caves and excavations under the earth; but in
+another place, farther west, are other and greater monuments, such as
+large gate-ways with hinges, platforms, and porches, each made of a
+single stone. It surprised me to see these enormous gate-ways, made of
+great masses of stone, some of which were thirty feet long, fifteen
+high, and six thick."
+
+The capital of the Chimus of Northern Peru at Gran-Chimu was conquered
+by the Incas after a long and bloody struggle, and the capital was given
+up to barbaric ravage and spoliation. But its remains exist to-day, the
+marvel of the Southern Continent, covering not less than twenty square
+miles. Tombs, temples, and palaces arise on every hand, ruined but still
+traceable. Immense pyramidal structures, some of them half a mile in
+circuit; vast areas shut in by massive walls, each containing its
+water-tank, its shops, municipal edifices, and the dwellings of its
+inhabitants, and each a branch of a larger organization; prisons,
+furnaces for smelting metals, and almost every concomitant of
+civilization, existed in the ancient Chimu capital. One of the great
+pyramids, called the "Temple of the Sun," is 812 feet long by 470 wide,
+and 150 high. These vast structures have been ruined for centuries, but
+still the work of excavation is going on.
+
+One of the centres of the ancient Quichua civilization was around Lake
+Titicaca. The buildings here, as throughout Peru, were all constructed
+of hewn stone, and had doors and windows with posts, sills, and
+thresholds of stone.
+
+At Cuelap, in Northern Peru, remarkable ruins were found. "They consist
+of a wall of wrought stones 3600 feet long, 560 broad, and 150 high,
+constituting a solid mass with a level summit. On this mass was another
+600 feet long, 500 broad, and 150 high," making an aggregate height of
+three hundred feet! In it were rooms and cells which were used as tombs.
+
+Very ancient ruins, showing remains of large and remarkable edifices,
+were found near Huamanga, and described by Cieça de Leon. The native
+traditions said this city was built "by bearded white men, who came
+there long before the time of the Incas, and established a settlement."
+
+"The Peruvians made large use of aqueducts, which they built with
+notable skill, using hewn stones and cement, and making them very
+substantial." One extended four hundred and fifty miles across sierras
+and over rivers. Think of a stone aqueduct reaching from the city of New
+York to the State of North Carolina!
+
+The public roads of the Peruvians were most remarkable; they were built
+on masonry. One of these roads ran along the mountains through the
+whole length of the empire, from Quito to Chili; another, starting from
+this at Cuzco, went down to the coast, and extended northward to the
+equator. These roads were from twenty to twenty-five feet wide, were
+macadamized with pulverized stone mixed with lime and bituminous cement,
+and were walled in by strong walls "more than a fathom in thickness." In
+many places these roads were cut for leagues through the rock; great
+ravines were filled up with solid masonry; rivers were crossed by
+suspension bridges, used here ages before their introduction into
+Europe. Says Baldwin, "The builders of our Pacific Railroad, with their
+superior engineering skill and mechanical appliances, might reasonably
+shrink from the cost and the difficulties of such a work as this.
+Extending from one degree north of Quito to Cuzco, and from Cuzco to
+Chili, it was quite as long as the two Pacific railroads, and its wild
+route among the mountains was far more difficult." Sarmiento, describing
+it, said, "It seems to me that if the emperor (Charles V.) should see
+fit to order the construction of another road like that which leads from
+Quito to Cuzco, or that which from Cuzco goes toward Chili, I certainly
+think he would not be able to make it, with all his power." Humboldt
+said, "This road was marvellous; none of the Roman roads I had seen in
+Italy, in the south of France, or in Spain, appeared to me more imposing
+than this work of the ancient Peruvians."
+
+Along these great roads caravansaries were established for the
+accommodation of travellers.
+
+These roads were ancient in the time of the Incas. They were the work of
+the white, auburn-haired, bearded men from Atlantis, thousands of years
+before the time of the Incas. When Huayna Capac marched his army over
+the main road to invade Quito, it was so old and decayed "that he found
+great difficulties in the passage," and he immediately ordered the
+necessary reconstructions.
+
+It is not necessary, in a work of this kind, to give a detailed
+description of the arts and civilization of the Peruvians. They were
+simply marvellous. Their works in cotton and wool exceeded in fineness
+anything known in Europe at that time. They had carried irrigation,
+agriculture, and the cutting of gems to a point equal to that of the Old
+World. Their accumulations of the precious metals exceeded anything
+previously known in the history of the world. In the course of
+twenty-five years after the Conquest the Spaniards sent from Peru to
+Spain more than eight hundred millions of dollars of gold, nearly all of
+it taken from the Peruvians as "booty." In one of their palaces "they
+had an artificial garden, the soil of which was made of small pieces of
+fine gold, and this was artificially planted with different kinds of
+maize, which were of gold, their stems, leaves, and ears. Besides this,
+they had more than twenty sheep (llamas) with their lambs, attended by
+shepherds, all made of gold." In a description of one lot of golden
+articles, sent to Spain in 1534 by Pizarro, there is mention of "four
+llamas, ten statues of women of full size, and a cistern of gold, so
+curious that it excited the wonder of all."
+
+Can any one read these details and declare Plato's description of
+Atlantis to be fabulous, simply because he tells us of the enormous
+quantities of gold and silver possessed by the people? Atlantis was the
+older country, the parent country, the more civilized country; and,
+doubtless, like the Peruvians, its people regarded the precious metals
+as sacred to their gods; and they had been accumulating them from all
+parts of the world for countless ages. If the story of Plato is true,
+there now lies beneath the waters of the Atlantic, covered, doubtless,
+by hundreds of feet of volcanic débris, an amount of gold and silver
+exceeding many times that brought to Europe from Peru, Mexico, and
+Central America since the time of Columbus; a treasure which, if brought
+to light, would revolutionize the financial values of the world.
+
+I have already shown, in the chapter upon the similarities between the
+civilizations of the Old and New Worlds, some of the remarkable
+coincidences which existed between the Peruvians and the ancient
+European races; I will again briefly, refer to a few of them:
+
+1. They worshipped the sun, moon, and planets.
+
+2. They believed in the immortality of the soul.
+
+3. They believed in the resurrection of the body, and accordingly
+embalmed their dead.
+
+4. The priest examined the entrails of the animals offered in sacrifice,
+and, like the Roman augurs, divined the future from their appearance.
+
+5. They had an order of women vowed to celibacy--vestal virgins-nuns; and
+a violation of their vow was punished, in both continents, by their
+being buried alive.
+
+6. They divided the year into twelve months.
+
+7. Their enumeration was by tens; the people were divided into decades
+and hundreds, like the Anglo-Saxons; and the whole nation into bodies of
+500, 1000, and 10,000, with a governor over each.
+
+8. They possessed castes; and the trade of the father descended to the
+son, as in India.
+
+9. They had bards and minstrels, who sung at the great festivals.
+
+10. Their weapons were the same as those of the Old World, and made
+after the same pattern.
+
+11. They drank toasts and invoked blessings.
+
+12. They built triumphal arches for their returning heroes, and strewed
+the road before them with leaves and flowers.
+
+13. They used sedan-chairs.
+
+14. They regarded agriculture as the principal interest of the nation,
+and held great agricultural fairs and festivals for the interchange of
+the productions of the farmers.
+
+15. The king opened the agricultural season by a great celebration, and,
+like the kings of Egypt, he put his hand to the plough, and ploughed the
+first furrow.
+
+16. They had an order of knighthood, in which the candidate knelt before
+the king; his sandals were put on by a nobleman, very much as the spurs
+were buckled on the European knight; he was then allowed to use the
+girdle or sash around the loins, corresponding to the toga virilis of
+the Romans; he was then crowned with flowers. According to Fernandez,
+the candidates wore white shirts, like the knights of the Middle Ages,
+with a cross embroidered in front.
+
+17. There was a striking resemblance between the architecture of the
+Peruvians and that of some of the nations of the Old World. It is enough
+for me to quote Mr. Ferguson's words, that the coincidence between the
+buildings of the Incas and the Cyclopean remains attributed to the
+Pelasgians in Italy and Greece "is the most remarkable in the history
+of architecture."
+
+                     OWL-HEADED VASES, TROY AND PERU
+
+The illustrations on page 397 strikingly confirm Mr. Ferguson's views.
+
+"The sloping jambs, the window cornice, the polygonal masonry, and other
+forms so closely resemble what is found in the old Pelasgic cities of
+Greece and Italy, that it is difficult to resist the conclusion that
+there may be some relation between them."
+
+Even the mode of decorating their palaces and temples finds a parallel
+in the Old World. A recent writer says:
+
+"We may end by observing, what seems to have escaped Señor Lopez, that
+the interior of an Inca palace, with its walls covered with gold, as
+described by Spaniards, with its artificial golden flowers and golden
+beasts, must have been exactly like the interior of the house of
+Alkinous or Menelaus--
+
+     "'The doors were framed of gold,
+     Where underneath the brazen floor doth glass
+     Silver pilasters, which with grace uphold
+     Lintel of silver framed; the ring was burnished gold,
+     And dogs on each side of the door there stand,
+     Silver and golden.'"
+
+"I can personally testify" (says Winchell, "Preadamites," p. 387) "that
+a study of ancient Peruvian pottery has constantly reminded me of forms
+with which we are familiar in Egyptian archæology."
+
+Dr. Schliemann, in his excavations of the ruins of Troy, found a number
+of what he calls "owl-headed idols" and vases. I give specimens on page
+398 and page 400.
+
+In Peru we find vases with very much the same style of face.
+
+I might pursue those parallels much farther; but it seems to me that
+these extraordinary coincidences must have arisen either from identity
+of origin or long-continued ancient intercourse. There can be little
+doubt that a fair-skinned, light-haired, bearded race, holding the
+religion which Plato says prevailed in Atlantis, carried an Atlantean
+civilization at an early day up the valley of the Amazon to the heights
+of Bolivia and Peru, precisely as a similar emigration of Aryans went
+westward to the shores of the Mediterranean and Caspian, and it is very
+likely that these diverse migrations habitually spoke the same language.
+
+Señor Vincente Lopez, a Spanish gentleman of Montevideo, in 1872
+published a work entitled "Les Races Aryennes in Pérou," in which he
+attempts to prove that the great Quichua language, which the Incas
+imposed on their subjects over a vast extent of territory, and which is
+still a living tongue in Peru and Bolivia, is really a branch of the
+great Aryan or Indo-European speech. I quote Andrew Lang's summary of
+the proofs on this point:
+
+                          OWL-HEADED VASE, TROY
+
+"Señor Lopez's view, that the Peruvians were Aryans who left the parent
+stock long before the Teutonic or Hellenic races entered Europe, is
+supported by arguments drawn from language, from the traces of
+institutions, from religious beliefs, from legendary records, and
+artistic remains. The evidence from language is treated scientifically,
+and not as a kind of ingenious guessing. Señor Lopez first combats the
+idea that the living dialect of Peru is barbarous and fluctuating. It is
+not one of the casual and shifting forms of speech produced by nomad
+races. To which of the stages of language does this belong--the
+agglutinative, in which one root is fastened on to another, and a word
+is formed in which the constitutive elements are obviously distinct, or
+the inflexional, where the auxiliary roots get worn down and are only
+distinguishable by the philologist? As all known Aryan tongues are
+inflexional, Señor Lopez may appear to contradict himself when he says
+that Quichua is an agglutinative Aryan language. But he quotes Mr. Max
+Müller's opinion that there must have been a time when the germs of
+Aryan tongues had not yet reached the inflexional stage, and shows that
+while the form of Quichua is agglutinative, as in Turanian, the roots of
+words are Aryan. If this be so, Quichua may be a linguistic missing link.
+
+"When we first look at Quichua, with its multitude of words, beginning
+with hu, and its great preponderance of q's, it seems almost as odd as
+Mexican. But many of these forms are due to a scanty alphabet, and
+really express familiar sounds; and many, again, result from the casual
+spelling of the Spaniards. We must now examine some of the forms which
+Aryan roots are supposed to take in Quichua. In the first place, Quichua
+abhors the shock of two consonants. Thus, a word like ple'w in Greek
+would be unpleasant to the Peruvian's ear, and he says pillui, 'I sail.'
+The plu, again, in pluma, a feather, is said to be found in pillu, 'to
+fly.' Quichua has no v, any more than Greek has, and just as the Greeks
+had to spell Roman words beginning with V with Ou, like
+Valerius--Ou?ale'rios--so, where Sanscrit has v, Quichua has sometimes
+hu. Here is a list of words in hu:
+
+          +----------------------+----------------------------+
+          | QUICHUA.             | SANSCRIT.                  |
+          +----------------------+----------------------------+
+          | Huakia, to call.     | Vacc, to speak.            |
+          +----------------------+----------------------------+
+          | Huasi, a house.      | Vas, to inhabit.           |
+          +----------------------+----------------------------+
+          | Huayra, air, au?'ra. | Vâ, to breathe.            |
+          +----------------------+----------------------------+
+          | Huasa, the back.     | Vas, to be able (pouvoir). |
+          +----------------------+----------------------------+
+
+"There is a Sanscrit root, kr, to act, to do: this root is found in more
+than three hundred names of peoples and places in Southern America. Thus
+there are the Caribs, whose name may have the same origin as that of our
+old friends the Carians, and mean the Braves, and their land the home of
+the Braves, like Kaleva-la, in Finnish. The same root gives kara, the
+hand, the Greek xei'r, and kkalli, brave, which a person of fancy may
+connect with kalo's. Again, Quichua has an 'alpha privative'--thus
+A-stani means 'I change a thing's place;' for ni or mi is the first
+person singular, and, added to the root of a verb, is the sign of the
+first person of the present indicative. For instance, can means being,
+and Can-mi, or Cani, is 'I am.' In the same way Munanmi, or Munani, is
+'I love,' and Apanmi, or Apani, 'I carry.' So Lord Strangford was wrong
+when he supposed that the last verb in mi lived with the last patriot in
+Lithuania. Peru has stores of a grammatical form which has happily
+perished in Europe. It is impossible to do more than refer to the
+supposed Aryan roots contained in the glossary, but it may be noticed
+that the future of the Quichuan verb is formed in s--I love, Munani; I
+shall love, Munasa--and that the affixes denoting cases in the noun are
+curiously like the Greek prepositions."
+
+The resemblance between the Quichua and Mandan words for I or
+me--mi--will here be observed.
+
+Very recently Dr. Rudolf Falb has announced (Neue Freie Presse, of
+Vienna) that he has discovered that the relation of the Quichua and
+Aimara languages to the Aryan and Semitic tongues is very close; that,
+in fact, they "exhibit the most astounding affinities with the Semitic
+tongue, and particularly the Arabic," in which tongue Dr. Falb has been
+skilled from his boyhood. Following up the lines of this discovery, Dr.
+Falb has found (1) a connecting link with the Aryan roots, and (2) has
+ultimately arrived face to face with the surprising revelation that "the
+Semitic roots are universally Aryan." The common stems of all the
+variants are found in their purest condition in Quichua and Aimara, from
+which fact Dr. Falb derives the conclusion that the high plains of Peru
+and Bolivia must be regarded as the point of exit of the present human
+race.
+
+[Since the above was written I have received a letter from Dr. Falb,
+dated Leipsic, April 5th, 1881. Scholars will be glad to learn that Dr.
+Falb's great work on the relationship of the Aryan and Semitic languages
+to the Quichua and Aimara tongues will be published in a year or two;
+the manuscript contains over two thousand pages, and Dr. Falb has
+devoted to it ten years of study. A work from such a source, upon so
+curious and important a subject, will be looked for with great interest.]
+
+But it is impossible that the Quichuas and Aimaras could have passed
+across the wide Atlantic to Europe if there had been no stepping-stone
+in the shape of Atlantis with its bridge-like ridges connecting the two
+continents.
+
+It is, however, more reasonable to suppose that the Quichuas and Aimaras
+were a race of emigrants from Plato's island than to think that Atlantis
+was populated from South America. The very traditions to which we have
+referred as existing among the Peruvians, that the civilized race were
+white and bearded, and that they entered or invaded the country, would
+show that civilization did not originate in Peru, but was a
+transplantation from abroad, and only in the direction of Atlantis can
+we look for a white and bearded race.
+
+In fact, kindred races, with the same arts, and speaking the same tongue
+in an early age of the world, separated in Atlantis and went east and
+west--the one to repeat the civilization of the mother-country along the
+shores of the Mediterranean Sea, which, like a great river, may be said
+to flow out from the Black Sea, with the Nile as one of its tributaries,
+and along the shores of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf; while the
+other emigration advanced up the Amazon, and created mighty nations upon
+its head-waters in the valleys of the Andes and on the shores of the
+Pacific.
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+THE AFRICAN COLONIES.
+
+Africa, like Europe and America, evidences a commingling of different
+stocks: the blacks are not all black, nor all woolly-haired; the
+Africans pass through all shades, from that of a light Berber, no darker
+than the Spaniard, to the deep black of the Iolofs, between Senegal and
+Gambia.
+
+The traces of red men or copper-colored races are found in many parts of
+the continent. Prichard divides the true negroes into four classes; his
+second class is thus described:
+
+"2. Other tribes have forms and features like the European; their
+complexion is black, or a deep olive, or a copper color approaching to
+black, while their hair, though often crisp and frizzled, is not in the
+least woolly. Such are the Bishari and Danekil and Hazorta, and the
+darkest of the Abyssinians.
+
+"The complexion and hair of the Abyssinians vary very much, their
+complexion ranging from almost white to dark brown or black, and their
+hair from straight to crisp, frizzled, and almost woolly." (Nott and
+Gliddon, "Types of Mankind," p. 194.)
+
+"Some of the Nubians are copper-colored or black, with a tinge of red."
+(Ibid., p. 198.)
+
+Speaking of the Barbary States, these authors further say (Ibid., p.
+204):
+
+"On the northern coast of Africa, between the Mediterranean and the
+Great Desert, including Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Benzazi,
+there is a continuous system of highlands, which have been included
+under the general term Atlas--anciently Atlantis, now the Barbary
+States.... Throughout Barbary we encounter a peculiar group of races,
+subdivided into many tribes of various shades, now spread over a vast
+area, but which formerly had its principal and perhaps aboriginal abode
+along the mountain slopes of Atlas.... The real name of the Berbers
+is Mazirgh, with the article prefixed or suffixed--T-amazirgh or
+Amazirgh-T--meaning free, dominant, or 'noble race.'... We have every
+reason to believe the Berbers existed in the remotest times, with all
+their essential moral and physical peculiarities.... They existed in
+the time of Menes in the same condition in which they were discovered by
+Phoenician navigators previously to the foundation of Carthage. They are
+an indomitable, nomadic people, who, since the introduction of camels,
+have penetrated in considerable numbers into the Desert, and even as far
+as Nigritia.... Some of these clans are white, others black, with
+woolly hair."
+
+Speaking of the Barbary Moors, Prichard says:
+
+"Their figure and stature are nearly the same as those of the southern
+Europeans, and their complexion, if darker, is only so in proportion to
+the higher temperature of the country. It displays great varieties."
+
+Jackson says:
+
+"The men of Temsena and Showiah are of a strong, robust make, and of a
+copper color; the women are beautiful. The women of Fez are fair as the
+Europeans, but hair and eyes always dark. The women of Mequinas are very
+beautiful, and have the red-and-white complexion of English women."
+
+Spix and Martins, the German travellers, depict the Moors as follows:
+
+"A high forehead, an oval countenance, large, speaking, black eyes,
+shaded by arched and strong eyebrows, a thin, rather long, but not too
+pointed nose, rather broad lips, meeting in an acute angle,
+brownish-yellow complexion, thick, smooth, and black hair, and a stature
+greater than the middle height."
+
+Hodgson states:
+
+"The Tuarycks are a white people, of the Berber race; the Mozabiaks are
+a remarkably white people, and mixed with the Bedouin Arabs. The
+Wadreagans and Wurgelans are of a dark bronze, with woolly hair."
+
+The Foolahs, Fulbe (sing. Pullo), Fellani, or Fellatah, are a people of
+West and Central Africa. It is the opinion of modern travellers that the
+Foolahs are destined to become the dominant people of Negro-land. In
+language, appearance, and history they present striking differences from
+the neighboring tribes, to whom they are superior in intelligence, but
+inferior, according to Garth, in physical development. Golbery describes
+them as "robust and courageous, of a reddish-black color, with regular
+features, hair longer and less woolly than that of the common negroes,
+and high mental capacity." Dr. Barth found great local differences in
+their physical characteristics, as Bowen describes the Foolahs of Bomba
+as being some black, some almost white, and many of a mulatto color,
+varying from dark to very bright. Their features and skulls were cast in
+the European mould. They have a tradition that their ancestors were
+whites, and certain tribes call themselves white men. They came from
+Timbuctoo, which lies to the north of their present location.
+
+The Nubians and Foolahs are classed as Mediterraneans. They are not
+black, but yellowish-brown, or red-brown. The hair is not woolly but
+curly, and sometimes quite straight; it is either dark-brown or black,
+with a fuller growth of beard than the negroes. The oval face gives them
+a Mediterranean type. Their noses are prominent, their lips not puffy,
+and their languages have no connection with the tongues of the negroes
+proper. ("American Cyclopædia," art. Ethnology, p. 759.)
+
+"The Cromlechs (dolmens) of Algeria" was the subject of an address made
+by General Faidherbe at the Brussels International Congress. He
+considers these structures to be simply sepulchral monuments, and, after
+examining five or six thousand of them, maintains that the dolmens of
+Africa and of Europe were all constructed by the same race, during their
+emigration from the shores of the Baltic to the southern coast of the
+Mediterranean. The author does not, however, attempt to explain the
+existence of these monuments in other countries--Hindostan, for
+instance, and America. "In Africa," he says, "cromlechs are called tombs
+of the idolaters"--the idolaters being neither Romans, nor Christians,
+nor Phoenicians, but some antique race. He regards the Berbers as the
+descendants of the primitive dolmen-builders. Certain Egyptian monuments
+tell of invasions of Lower Egypt one thousand five hundred years before
+our era by blond tribes from the West. The bones found in the cromlechs
+are those of a large and dolichocephalous race. General Faidherbe gives
+the average stature (including the women) at 1.65 or 1.74 metre, while
+the average stature of French carabineers is only 1.65 metre. He did not
+find a single brachycephalous skull. The profiles indicated great
+intelligence. The Egyptian documents already referred to call the
+invaders Tamahu, which must have come from the invaders' own language,
+as it is not Egyptian. The Tuaregs of the present day may be regarded as
+the best representatives of the Tamahus. They are of lofty stature, have
+blue eyes, and cling to the custom of bearing long swords, to be wielded
+by both hands. In Soudan, on the banks of the Niger, dwells a negro
+tribe ruled by a royal family (Masas), who are of rather fair
+complexion, and claim descent from white men. Masas is perhaps the same
+as Mashash, which occurs in the Egyptian documents applied to the
+Tamahus. The Masas wear the hair in the same fashion as the Tamahus, and
+General Faidherbe is inclined to think that they too are the descendants
+of the dolmen-builders.
+
+These people, according to my theory, were colonists from
+Atlantis--colonists of three different races--white, yellow, and
+sunburnt or red.
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE IRISH COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS.
+
+We have seen that beyond question Spain and France owed a great part of
+their population to Atlantis. Let us turn now to Ireland.
+
+We would naturally expect, in view of the geographical position of the
+country, to find Ireland colonized at an early day by the overflowing
+population of Atlantis. And, in fact, the Irish annals tell us that
+their island was settled prior to the Flood. In their oldest legends an
+account is given of three Spanish fishermen who were driven by contrary
+winds on the coast of Ireland before the Deluge. After these came the
+Formorians, who were led into the country prior to the Deluge by the
+Lady Banbha, or Kesair; her maiden name was h'Erni, or Berba; she was
+accompanied by fifty maidens and three men--Bith, Ladhra, and Fintain.
+Ladhra was their conductor, who was the first buried in Hibernia. That
+ancient book, the "Cin of Drom-Snechta," is quoted in the "Book of
+Ballymote" as authority for this legend.
+
+The Irish annals speak of the Formorians as a warlike race, who,
+according to the "Annals of Clonmacnois," "were a sept descended from
+Cham, the son of Noeh, and lived by pyracie and spoile of other nations,
+and were in those days very troublesome to the whole world."
+
+Were not these the inhabitants of Atlantis, who, according to Plato,
+carried their arms to Egypt and Athens, and whose subsequent destruction
+has been attributed to divine vengeance invoked by their arrogance and
+oppressions?
+
+The Formorians were from Atlantis. They were called Fomhoraicc,
+F'omoraig Afraic, and Formoragh, which has been rendered into English as
+Formorians. They possessed ships, and the uniform representation is that
+they came, as the name F'omoraig Afraic indicated, from Africa. But in
+that day Africa did not mean the continent of Africa, as we now
+understand it. Major Wilford, in the eighth volume of the "Asiatic
+Researches," has pointed out that Africa comes from Apar, Aphar, Apara,
+or Aparica, terms used to signify "the West," just as we now speak of
+the Asiatic world as "the East." When, therefore, the Formorians claimed
+to come from Africa, they simply meant that they came from the West--in
+other words, from Atlantis--for there was no other country except
+America west of them.
+
+They possessed Ireland from so early a period that by some of the
+historians they are spoken of as the aborigines of the country.
+
+The first invasion of Ireland, subsequent to the coming of the
+Formorians, was led by a chief called Partholan: his people are known in
+the Irish annals as "Partholan's people." They were also probably
+Atlanteans. They were from Spain. A British prince, Gulguntius, or
+Gurmund, encountered off the Hebrides a fleet of thirty ships, filled
+with men and women, led by one Partholyan, who told him they were from
+Spain, and seeking some place to colonize. The British prince directed
+him to Ireland. ("De Antiq. et Orig. Cantab.")
+
+Spain in that day was the land of the Iberians, the Basques; that is to
+say, the Atlanteans.
+
+The Formorians defeated Partholan's people, killed Partholan, and drove
+the invaders out of the country.
+
+The Formorians were a civilized race; they had "a fleet of sixty ships
+and a strong army."
+
+The next invader of their dominions was Neimhidh; he captured one of
+their fortifications, but it was retaken by the Formorians under "Morc."
+Neimhidh was driven out of the country, and the Atlanteans continued in
+undisturbed possession of the island for four hundred years more. Then
+came the Fir-Bolgs. They conquered the whole island, and divided it into
+five provinces. They held possession of the country for only
+thirty-seven years, when they were overthrown by the Tuatha-de-Dananns,
+a people more advanced in civilization; so much so that when their king,
+Nuadha, lost his hand in battle, "Creidne, the artificer," we are told,
+"put a silver hand upon him, the fingers of which were capable of
+motion." This great race ruled the country for one hundred and
+ninety-seven years: they were overthrown by an immigration from Spain,
+probably of Basques, or Iberians, or Atlanteans, "the sons of Milidh,"
+or Milesius, who "possessed a large fleet and a strong army." This last
+invasion took place about the year 1700 B.C.; so that the invasion of
+Neimhidh must have occurred about the year 2334 B.C.; while we will have
+to assign a still earlier date for the coming of Partholan's people, and
+an earlier still for the occupation of the country by the Formorians
+from the West.
+
+In the Irish historic tales called "Catha; or Battles," as given by the
+learned O'Curry, a record is preserved of a real battle which was fought
+between the Tuatha-de-Dananns and the Fir Bolgs, from which it appears
+that these two races spoke the same language, and that they were
+intimately connected with the Formorians. As the armies drew near
+together the Fir-Bolgs sent out Breas, one of their great chiefs, to
+reconnoitre the camp of the strangers; the Tuatha-de-Dananns appointed
+one of their champions, named Sreng, to meet the emissary of the enemy;
+the two warriors met and talked to one another over the tops of their
+shields, and each was delighted to find that the other spoke the same
+language. A battle followed, in which Nunda, king of the Fir-Bolgs, was
+slain; Breas succeeded him; he encountered the hostility of the bards,
+and was compelled to resign the crown. He went to the court of his
+father-in-law, Elathe, a Formorian sea-king or pirate; not being well
+received, he repaired to the camp of Balor of the Evil Eye, a Formorian
+chief. The Formorian head-quarters seem to have been in the Hebrides.
+Breas and Balor collected a vast army and navy and invaded Ireland, but
+were defeated in a great battle by the Tuatha-de-Dananns.
+
+These particulars would show the race-identity of the Fir-Bolg and
+Tuatha-de-Dananns; and also their intimate connection, if not identity
+with, the Formorians.
+
+The Tuatha-de-Dananns seem to have been a civilized people; besides
+possessing ships and armies and working in the metals, they had an
+organized body of surgeons, whose duty it was to attend upon the wounded
+in battle; and they had also a bardic or Druid class, to preserve the
+history of the country and the deeds of kings and heroes.
+
+According to the ancient books of Ireland the race known as "Partholan's
+people," the Nemedians, the Fir-Bolgs, the Tuatha-de-Dananns, and the
+Milesians were all descended from two brothers, sons of Magog, son of
+Japheth, son of Noah, who escaped from the catastrophe which destroyed
+his country. Thus all these races were Atlantean. They were connected
+with the African colonies of Atlantis, the Berbers, and with the
+Egyptians. The Milesians lived in Egypt: they were expelled thence; they
+stopped a while in Crete, then in Scythia, then they settled in Africa
+(See MacGeoghegan's "History of Ireland," p. 57), at a place called
+Gæthulighe or Getulia, and lived there during eight generations, say two
+hundred and fifty years; "then they entered Spain, where they built
+Brigantia, or Briganza, named after their king Breogan: they dwelt in
+Spain a considerable time. Milesius, a descendant of Breogan, went on an
+expedition to Egypt, took part in a war against the Ethiopians, married
+the king's daughter, Scota: he died in Spain, but his people soon after
+conquered Ireland. On landing on the coast they offered sacrifices to
+Neptune or Poseidon"--the god of Atlantis. (Ibid., p. 58.)
+
+The Book of Genesis (chap. x.) gives us the descendants of Noah's three
+sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth. We are told that the sons of Japheth were
+Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and
+Tiras. We are then given the names of the descendants of Gomer and
+Javan, but not of Magog. Josephus says the sons of Magog were the
+Scythians. The Irish annals take up the genealogy of Magog's family
+where the Bible leaves it. The Book of Invasions, the "Cin of
+Drom-Snechta," claims that these Scythians were the Phoenicians; and we
+are told that a branch of this family were driven out of Egypt in the
+time of Moses: "He wandered through Africa for forty-two years, and
+passed by the lake of Salivæ to the altars of the Philistines, and
+between Rusicada and the mountains Azure, and he came by the river
+Monlon, and by the sea to the Pillars of Hercules, and through the
+Tuscan sea, and he made for Spain, and dwelt there many years, and he
+increased and multiplied, and his people were multiplied."
+
+From all these facts it appears that the population of Ireland came from
+the West, and not from Asia--that it was one of the many waves of
+population flowing out from the Island of Atlantis--and herein we find
+the explanation of that problem which has puzzled the Aryan scholars. As
+Ireland is farther from the Punjab than Persia, Greece, Rome, or
+Scandinavia, it would follow that the Celtic wave of migration must have
+been the earliest sent out from the Sanscrit centre; but it is now
+asserted by Professor Schleicher and others that the Celtic tongue shows
+that it separated from the Sanscrit original tongue later than the
+others, and that it is more closely allied to the Latin than any other
+Aryan tongue. This is entirely inexplicable upon any theory of an
+Eastern origin of the Indo-European races, but very easily understood if
+we recognize the Aryan and Celtic migrations as going out about the same
+time from the Atlantean fountain-head.
+
+There are many points confirmatory of this belief. In the first place,
+the civilization of the Irish dates back to a vast antiquity. We have
+seen their annals laying claim to an immigration from the direction of
+Atlantis prior to the Deluge, with no record that the people of Ireland
+were subsequently destroyed by the Deluge. From the Formorians, who came
+before the Deluge, to the Milesians, who came from Spain in the Historic
+Period, the island was continuously inhabited. This demonstrates (1)
+that these legends did not come from Christian sources, as the Bible
+record was understood in the old time to imply a destruction of all who
+lived before the Flood except Noah and his family; (2) it confirms our
+view that the Deluge was a local catastrophe, and did not drown the
+whole human family; (3) that the coming of the Formorians having been
+before the Deluge, that great cataclysm was of comparatively recent
+date, to wit, since the settlement of Ireland; and (4) that as the
+Deluge was a local catastrophe, it must have occurred somewhere not far
+from Ireland to have come to their knowledge. A rude people could
+scarcely have heard in that day of a local catastrophe occurring in the
+heart of Asia.
+
+There are many evidences that the Old World recognized Ireland as
+possessing a very ancient civilization. In the Sanscrit books it is
+referred to as Hiranya, the "Island of the Sun," to wit, of sun-worship;
+in other words, as pre-eminently the centre of that religion which was
+shared by all the ancient races of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. It
+is believed that Ireland was the "Garden of Phoebus" of the Western
+mythologists.
+
+The Greeks called Ireland the "Sacred Isle" and "Ogygia."
+
+"Nor can any one," says Camden, "conceive why they should call it
+Ogygia, unless, perhaps, from its antiquity; for the Greeks called
+nothing Ogygia unless what was extremely ancient." We have seen that
+Ogyges was connected by the Greek legends with a first deluge, and that
+Ogyges was "a quite mythical personage, lost in the night of ages."
+
+It appears, as another confirmation of the theory of the Atlantis origin
+of these colonies, that their original religion was sun-worship; this,
+as was the case in other countries, became subsequently overlaid with
+idol-worship. In the reign of King Tighernmas the worship of idols was
+introduced. The priests constituted the Order of Druids. Naturally many
+analogies have been found to exist between the beliefs and customs of
+the Druids and the other religions which were drawn from Atlantis. We
+have seen in the chapter on sun-worship how extensive this form of
+religion was in the Atlantean days, both in Europe and America.
+
+It would appear probable that the religion of the Druids passed from
+Ireland to England and France. The metempsychosis or transmigration of
+souls was one of the articles of their belief long before the time of
+Pythagoras; it had probably been drawn from the storehouse of Atlantis,
+whence it passed to the Druids, the Greeks, and the Hindoos. The Druids
+had a pontifex maximus to whom they yielded entire obedience. Here again
+we see a practice which extended to the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Hindoos,
+Peruvians, and Mexicans.
+
+The Druids of Gaul and Britain offered human sacrifices, while it is
+claimed that the Irish Druids did not. This would appear to have been a
+corrupt after-growth imposed upon the earlier and purer sacrifice of
+fruits and flowers known in Atlantis, and due in part to greater cruelty
+and barbarism in their descendants. Hence we find it practised in
+degenerate ages on both sides of the Atlantic.
+
+The Irish Druidical rites manifested themselves principally in sun
+worship. Their chief god was Bel or Baal--the same worshipped by the
+Phoenicians--the god of the sun. The Irish name for the sun, Grian, is,
+according to Virgil, one of the names of Apollo--another sun-god,
+Gryneus. Sun-worship continued in Ireland down to the time of St.
+Patrick, and some of its customs exist among the peasantry of that
+country to this day. We have seen that among the Peruvians, Romans, and
+other nations, on a certain day all fires were extinguished throughout
+the kingdom, and a new fire kindled at the chief temple by the sun's
+rays, from which the people obtained their fire for the coming year. In
+Ireland the same practice was found to exist. A piece of land was set
+apart, where the four provinces met, in the present county of Meath;
+here, at a palace called Tlachta, the divine fire was kindled. Upon the
+night of what is now All-Saints-day the Druids assembled at this place
+to offer sacrifice, and it was established, under heavy penalties, that
+no fire should be kindled except from this source. On the first of May a
+convocation of Druids was held in the royal palace of the King of
+Connaught, and two fires were lit, between which cattle were driven, as
+a preventive of murrain and other pestilential disorders. This was
+called Beltinne, or the day of Bel's fire. And unto this day the Irish
+call the first day of May "Lha-Beul-tinne," which signifies "the day of
+Bel's fire." The celebration in Ireland of St. John's-eve by watch-fires
+is a relic of the ancient sun-worship of Atlantis. The practice of
+driving cattle through the fire continued for a longtime, and Kelly
+mentions in his "Folk-lore" that in Northamptonshire, in England, a calf
+was sacrificed in one of these fires to "stop the murrain" during the
+present century. Fires are still lighted in England and Scotland as well
+as Ireland for superstitious purposes; so that the people of Great
+Britain, it may be said, are still in some sense in the midst of the
+ancient sun-worship of Atlantis.
+
+We find among the Irish of to-day many Oriental customs. The game of
+"jacks," or throwing up five pebbles and catching them on the back of
+the hand, was known in Rome. "The Irish keen (caoine), or the lament
+over the dead, may still be heard in Algeria and Upper Egypt, even as
+Herodotus heard it chanted by the Libyan women." The same practice
+existed among the Egyptians, Etruscans, and Romans. The Irish wakes are
+identical with the funeral feasts of the Greeks, Etruscans, and Romans.
+(Cusack's "History of Ireland," p. 141.) The Irish custom of saying "God
+bless you!" when one sneezes, is a very ancient practice; it was known
+to the Romans, and referred, it is said, to a plague in the remote past,
+whose first symptom was sneezing.
+
+We find many points of resemblance between the customs of the Irish and
+those of the Hindoo. The practice of the creditor fasting at the
+door-step of his debtor until he is paid, is known to both countries;
+the kindly "God save you!" is the same as the Eastern "God be gracious
+to you, my son!" The reverence for the wren in Ireland and Scotland
+reminds us of the Oriental and Greek respect for that bird. The practice
+of pilgrimages, fasting, bodily macerations, and devotion to holy wells
+and particular places, extends from Ireland to India.
+
+All these things speak of a common origin; this fact has been generally
+recognized, but it has always been interpreted that the Irish came from
+the East, and were in fact a migration of Hindoos. There is not the
+slightest evidence to sustain this theory. The Hindoos have never within
+the knowledge of man sent out colonies or fleets for exploration; but
+there is abundant evidence, on the other hand, of migrations from
+Atlantis eastward. And how could the Sanscrit writings have preserved
+maps of Ireland, England, and Spain, giving the shape and outline of
+their coasts, and their very names, and yet have preserved no memory of
+the expeditions or colonizations by which they acquired that knowledge?
+
+Another proof of our theory is found in "the round-towers" of Ireland.
+Attempts have been made to show, by Dr. Petrie and others, that these
+extraordinary structures are of modern origin, and were built by the
+Christian priests, in which to keep their church-plate. But it is shown
+that the "Annals of Ulster" mention the destruction of fifty-seven of
+them by an earthquake in A.D. 448; and Giraldus Cambrensis shows that
+Lough Neagh was created by an inundation, or sinking of the land, in
+A.D. 65, and that in his day the fishermen could
+
+     "See the round-towers of other days
+     In the waves beneath them shining."
+
+Moreover, we find Diodorus Siculus, in a well-known passage, referring
+to Ireland, and describing it as "an island in the ocean over against
+Gaul, to the north, and not inferior in size to Sicily, the soil of
+which is so fruitful that they mow there twice in the year." He mentions
+the skill of their harpers, their sacred groves, and their singular
+temples of round form.
+
+                  THE BURGH OF MOUSSA, IN THE SHETLANDS
+
+We find similar structures in America, Sardinia, and India. The remains
+of similar round-towers are very abundant in the Orkneys and Shetlands.
+"They have been supposed by some," says Sir John Lubbock, "to be
+Scandinavian, but no similar buildings exist in Norway, Sweden, or
+Denmark, so that this style of architecture is no doubt anterior to the
+arrival of the Northmen." I give above a picture of the Burgh or Broch
+of the little island of Moussa, in the Shetlands. It is circular in
+form, forty-one feet in height. Open at the top; the central space is
+twenty feet in diameter, the walls about fourteen feet thick at the
+base, and eight feet at the top. They contain a staircase, which leads
+to the top of the building. Similar structures are found in the Island
+of Sardinia.
+
+         ROUND-TOWER OF THE CANYON OF THE MANCOS, COLORADO, U.S.
+
+In New Mexico and Colorado the remains of round-towers are very
+abundant. The illustration below represents one of these in the valley
+of the Mancos, in the south-western corner of Colorado. A model of it is
+to be found in the Smithsonian collection at Washington. The tower
+stands at present, in its ruined condition, twenty feet high. It will be
+seen that it resembles the towers of Ireland, not only in its circular
+form but also in the fact that its door-way is situated at some distance
+from the ground.
+
+It will not do to say that the resemblance between these prehistoric and
+singular towers, in countries so far apart as Sardinia, Ireland,
+Colorado, and India, is due to an accidental coincidence. It might as
+well be argued that the resemblance between the roots of the various
+Indo-European languages was also due to accidental coincidence, and did
+not establish any similarity of origin. In fact, we might just as well
+go back to the theory of the philosophers of one hundred and fifty years
+ago, and say that the resemblance between the fossil forms in the rocks
+and the living forms upon them did not indicate relationship, or prove
+that the fossils were the remains of creatures that had once lived, but
+that it was simply a way nature had of working out extraordinary
+coincidences in a kind of joke; a sort of "plastic power in nature," as
+it was called.
+
+We find another proof that Ireland was settled by the people of Atlantis
+in the fact that traditions long existed among the Irish peasantry of a
+land in the "Far West," and that this belief was especially found among
+the posterity of the Tuatha-de-Dananns, whose connection with the
+Formorians we have shown.
+
+The Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, in a note to his translation of the
+"Popol Vuh," says:
+
+"There is an abundance of legends and traditions concerning the passage
+of the Irish into America, and their habitual communication with that
+continent many centuries before the time of Columbus. We should bear in
+mind that Ireland was colonized by the Phoenicians (or by people of that
+race). An Irish Saint named Vigile, who lived in the eighth century, was
+accused to Pope Zachary of having taught heresies on the subject of the
+antipodes. At first he wrote to the pope in reply to the charge, but
+afterward he went to Rome in person to justify himself, and there he
+proved to the pope that the Irish had been accustomed to communicate
+with a transatlantic world."
+
+"This fact," says Baldwin, "seems to have been preserved in the records
+of the Vatican."
+
+The Irish annals preserve the memory of St. Brendan of Clonfert, and his
+remarkable voyage to a land in the West, made A.D. 545. His early youth
+was passed under the care of St. Ita, a lady of the princely family of
+the Desii. When he was five years old he was placed under the care of
+Bishop Ercus. Kerry was his native home; the blue waves of the Atlantic
+washed its shores; the coast was full of traditions of a wonderful land
+in the West. He went to see the venerable St. Enda, the first abbot of
+Arran, for counsel. He was probably encouraged in the plan he had formed
+of carrying the Gospel to this distant land. "He proceeded along the
+coast of Mayo, inquiring as he went for traditions of the Western
+continent. On his return to Kerry he decided to set out on the important
+expedition. St. Brendan's Hill still bears his name; and from the bay at
+the foot of this lofty eminence be sailed for the 'Far West.' Directing
+his course toward the southwest, with a few faithful companions, in a
+well-provisioned bark, he came, after some rough and dangerous
+navigation, to calm seas, where, without aid of oar or sail, he was
+borne along for many weeks." He had probably entered upon the same great
+current which Columbus travelled nearly one thousand years later, and
+which extends from the shores of Africa and Europe to America. He
+finally reached land; he proceeded inland until he came to a large river
+flowing from east to west, supposed by some to be the Ohio. "After an
+absence of seven years he returned to Ireland, and lived not only to
+tell of the marvels he had seen, but to found a college of three
+thousand monks at Clonfert." There are eleven Latin MSS. in the
+Bibliothèque Impériale at Paris of this legend, the dates of which vary
+from the eleventh to the fourteenth century, but all of them anterior to
+the time of Columbus.
+
+The fact that St. Brendan sailed in search of a country in the west
+cannot be doubted; and the legends which guided him were probably the
+traditions of Atlantis among a people whose ancestors had been derived
+directly or at second-hand from that country.
+
+This land was associated in the minds of the peasantry with traditions
+of Edenic happiness and beauty. Miss Eleanor C. Donnelly, of
+Philadelphia, has referred to it in her poem, "The Sleeper's Sail,"
+where the starving boy dreams of the pleasant and plentiful land:
+
+     "'Mother, I've been on the cliffs out yonder,
+     Straining my eyes o'er the breakers free
+     To the lovely spot where the sun was setting,
+     Setting and sinking into the sea.
+
+     "'The sky was full of the fairest colors
+     Pink and purple and paly green,
+     With great soft masses of gray and amber,
+     And great bright rifts of gold between.
+
+     "'And all the birds that way were flying,
+     Heron and curlew overhead,
+     With a mighty eagle westward floating,
+     Every plume in their pinions red.
+
+     "'And then I saw it, the fairy city,
+     Far away o'er the waters deep;
+     Towers and castles and chapels glowing
+     Like blesséd dreams that we see in sleep.
+
+     "'What is its name?' 'Be still, acushla
+     (Thy hair is wet with the mists, my boy);
+     Thou hast looked perchance on the Tir-na-n'oge,
+     Land of eternal youth and joy!
+
+     "'Out of the sea, when the sun is setting,
+     It rises, golden and fair to view;
+     No trace of ruin, or change of sorrow,
+     No sign of age where all is new.
+
+     "'Forever sunny, forever blooming,
+     Nor cloud nor frost can touch that spot,
+     Where the happy people are ever roaming,
+     The bitter pangs of the past forgot.'
+
+This is the Greek story of Elysion; these are the Elysian Fields of the
+Egyptians; these are the Gardens of the Hesperides; this is the region
+in the West to which the peasant of Brittany looks from the shores of
+Cape Raz; this is Atlantis.
+
+The starving child seeks to reach this blessed land in a boat and is
+drowned.
+
+     "High on the cliffs the light-house keeper
+     Caught the sound of a piercing scream;
+     Low in her hut the lonely widow
+     Moaned in the maze of a troubled dream;
+
+     "And saw in her sleep a seaman ghostly,
+     With sea-weeds clinging in his hair,
+     Into her room, all wet and dripping,
+     A drownéd boy on his bosom bear.
+
+     "Over Death Sea on a bridge of silver
+     The child to his Father's arms had passed!
+     Heaven was nearer than Tir-na-n'oge,
+     And the golden city was reached at last."
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE OLDEST SON OF NOAH.
+
+That eminent authority, Dr. Max Müller, says, in his "Lectures on the
+Science of Religion,"
+
+"If we confine ourselves to the Asiatic continent, with its important
+peninsula of Europe, we find that in the vast desert of drifting human
+speech three, and only three, oases have been formed in which, before
+the beginning of all history, language became permanent and
+traditional--assumed, in fact, a new character, a character totally
+different from the original character of the floating and constantly
+varying speech of human beings. These three oases of language are known
+by the name of Turanian, Aryan, and Semitic. In these three centres,
+more particularly in the Aryan and Semitic, language ceased to be
+natural; its growth was arrested, and it became permanent, solid,
+petrified, or, if you like, historical speech. I have always maintained
+that this centralization and traditional conservation of language could
+only have been the result of religious and political influences, and I
+now mean to show that we really have clear evidence of three independent
+settlements of religion--the Turanian, the Aryan, and the
+Semitic--concomitantly with the three great settlements of language."
+
+There can be no doubt that the Aryan and another branch, which Müller
+calls Semitic, but which may more properly be called Hamitic, radiated
+from Noah; it is a question yet to be decided whether the Turanian or
+Mongolian is also a branch of the Noachic or Atlantean stock.
+
+To quote again from Max Müller:
+
+"If it can only be proved that the religions of the Aryan nations are
+united by the same bonds of a real relationship which have enabled us to
+treat their languages as so many varieties of the same type--and so also
+of the Semitic--the field thus opened is vast enough, and its careful
+clearing, and cultivation will occupy several generations of scholars.
+And this original relationship, I believe, can be proved. Names of the
+principal deities, words also expressive of the most essential elements
+of religion, such as prayer, sacrifice, altar, spirit, law, and faith,
+have been preserved among the Aryan and among the Semitic nations, and
+these relics admit of one explanation only. After that, a comparative
+study of the Turanian religions may be approached with better hope of
+success; for that there was not only a primitive Aryan and a primitive
+Semitic religion, but likewise a primitive Turanian religion, before
+each of these primeval races was broken up and became separated in
+language, worship and national sentiment, admits, I believe, of little
+doubt.... There was a period during which the ancestors of the
+Semitic family had not yet been divided, whether in language or in
+religion. That period transcends the recollection of every one of the
+Semitic races, in the same way as neither Hindoos, Greeks, nor Romans
+have any recollection of the time when they spoke a common language, and
+worshipped their Father in heaven by a name that was as yet neither
+Sanscrit, nor Greek, nor Latin. But I do not hesitate to call this
+Prehistoric Period historical in the best sense of the word. It was a
+real period, because, unless it was real, all the realities of the
+Semitic languages and the Semitic religions, such as we find them after
+their separation, would be unintelligible. Hebrew, Syriac, and Arabic
+point to a common source as much as Sanscrit, Greek, and Latin; and
+unless we can bring ourselves to doubt that the Hindoos, the Greeks, the
+Romans, and the Teutons derived the worship of their principal deity
+from their common Aryan sanctuary, we shall not be able to deny that
+there was likewise a primitive religion of the whole Semitic race, and
+that El, the Strong One in heaven, was invoked by the ancestors of all
+the Semitic races before there were Babylonians in Babylon, Phoenicians
+in Sidon and Tyrus--before there were Jews in Mesopotamia or Jerusalem.
+The evidence of the Semitic is the same as that of the Aryan languages:
+the conclusion cannot be different....
+
+"These three classes of religion are not to be mistaken--as little as the
+three classes of language, the Turanian, the Semitic, and the Aryan.
+They mark three events in the most ancient history of the world, events
+which have determined the whole fate of the human race, and of which we
+ourselves still feel the consequences in our language, in our thoughts,
+and in our religion."
+
+We have seen that all the evidence points to the fact that this original
+seat of the Phoenician-Hebrew family was in Atlantis.
+
+The great god of the so-called Semites was El, the Strong One, from
+whose name comes the Biblical names Beth-el, the house of God; Ha-el,
+the strong one; El-ohim, the gods; El-oah, God; and from the same name
+is derived the Arabian name of God, Al-lah.
+
+Another evidence of the connection between the Greeks, Phoenicians,
+Hebrews, and Atlanteans is shown in the name of Adonis.
+
+The Greeks tell us that Adonis was the lover of Aphrodite, or Venus, who
+was the offspring of Uranus--"she came out of the sea;" Uranus was the
+father of Chronos, and the grandfather of Poseidon, king of Atlantis.
+
+Now we find Adonâi in the Old Testament used exclusively as the name of
+Jehovah, while among the Phoenicians Adonâi was the supreme deity. In
+both cases the root Ad is probably a reminiscence of Ad-lantis.
+
+There seem to exist similar connections between the Egyptian and the
+Turanian mythology. The great god of Egypt was Neph or Num; the chief
+god of the Samoyedes is Num; and Max Müller established an identity
+between the Num of the Samoyedes and the god Yum-ala of the Finns, and
+probably with the name of the god Nam of the Thibetians.
+
+That mysterious people, the Etruscans, who inhabited part of Italy, and
+whose bronze implements agreed exactly in style and workmanship with
+those which we think were derived from Atlantis, were, it is now
+claimed, a branch of the Turanian family.
+
+"At a recent meeting of the English Philological Society great interest
+was excited by a paper on Etruscan Numerals, by the Rev. Isaac Taylor.
+He stated that the long-sought key to the Etruscan language had at last
+been discovered. Two dice had been found in a tomb, with their six faces
+marked with words instead of pips. He showed that these words were
+identical with the first six digits in the Altaic branch of the Turanian
+family of speech. Guided by this clew, it was easy to prove that the
+grammar and vocabulary of the 3000 Etruscan inscriptions were also
+Altaic. The words denoting kindred, the pronouns, the conjugations, and
+the declensions, corresponded closely to those of the Tartar tribes of
+Siberia. The Etruscan mythology proved to be essentially the same as
+that of the Kalevala, the great Finnic epic."
+
+According to Lenormant ("Ancient History of the East," vol. i., p. 62;
+vol. ii., p. 23), the early contests between the Aryans and the
+Turanians are represented in the Iranian traditions as "contests between
+hostile brothers ... the Ugro-Finnish races must, according to all
+appearances, be looked upon as a branch, earlier detached than the
+others from the Japhetic stem."
+
+If it be true that the first branch originating from Atlantis was the
+Turanian, which includes the Chinese and Japanese, then we have derived
+from Atlantis all the building and metalworking races of men who have
+proved themselves capable of civilization; and we may, therefore, divide
+mankind into two great classes: those capable of civilization, derived
+from Atlantis, and those essentially and at all times barbarian, who
+hold no blood relationship with the people of Atlantis.
+
+Humboldt is sure "that some connection existed between ancient Ethiopia
+and the elevated plain of Central Asia." There were invasions which
+reached from the shores of Arabia into China. "An Arabian sovereign,
+Schamar-Iarasch (Abou Karib), is described by Hamza, Nuwayri, and others
+as a powerful ruler and conqueror, who carried his arms successfully far
+into Central Asia; he occupied Samarcand and invaded China. He erected
+an edifice at Samarcand, bearing an inscription, in Himyarite or Cushite
+characters, 'In the name of God, Schamar-Iarasch has erected this
+edifice to the sun, his Lord." (Baldwin's "Prehistoric Nations," p.
+110.) These invasions must have been prior to 1518 B.C.
+
+Charles Walcott Brooks read a paper before the California Academy of
+Sciences, in which he says:
+
+"According to Chinese annals, Tai-Ko-Fokee, the great stranger king,
+ruled the kingdom of China. In pictures he is represented with two small
+horns, like those associated with the representations of Moses. He and
+his successor are said to have introduced into China 'picture-writing,'
+like that in use in Central America at the time of the Spanish conquest.
+He taught the motions of the heavenly bodies, and divided time into
+years and months; he also introduced many other useful arts and sciences.
+
+"Now, there has been found at Copan, in Central America, a figure
+strikingly like the Chinese symbol of Fokee, with his two horns; and, in
+like manner, there is a close resemblance between the Central American
+and the Chinese figures representing earth and heaven. Either one people
+learned from the other, or both acquired these forms from a common
+source. Many physico-geographical facts favor the hypothesis that they
+were derived in very remote ages from America, and that from China they
+passed to Egypt. Chinese records say that the progenitors of the Chinese
+race came from across the sea."
+
+The two small horns of Tai-Ko-Fokee and Moses are probably a
+reminiscence of Baal. We find the horns of Baal represented in the
+remains of the Bronze Age of Europe. Bel sometimes wore a tiara with his
+bull's horns; the tiara was the crown subsequently worn by the Persian
+kings, and it became, in time, the symbol of Papal authority. The
+Atlanteans having domesticated cattle, and discovered their vast
+importance to humanity, associated the bull and cow with religious
+ideas, as revealed in the oldest hymns of the Aryans and the cow-headed
+idols of Troy, a representation of one of which is shown on the
+preceding page. Upon the head of their great god Baal they placed the
+horns of the bull; and these have descended in popular imagination to
+the spirit of evil of our day. Burns says:
+
+     "O thou! whatever title suit thee,
+     Auld Hornie, Satan, Nick, or Clootie."
+
+"Clootie" is derived from the cleft hoof of a cow; while the Scotch name
+for a bull is Bill, a corruption, probably, of Bel. Less than two
+hundred years ago it was customary to sacrifice a bull on the 25th of
+August to the "God Mowrie" and "his devilans" on the island of Inis
+Maree, Scotland. ("The Past in the Present," p. 165.) The trident of
+Poseidon has degenerated into the pitchfork of Beelzebub!
+
+And when we cross the Atlantic, we find in America the horns of Baal
+reappearing in a singular manner. The first cut on page 429 represents
+an idol of the Moquis of New Mexico: the head is very bull-like. In the
+next figure we have a representation of the war-god of the Dakotas, with
+something like a trident in his hand; while the next illustration is
+taken from Zarate's "Peru," and depicts "the god of a degrading
+worship." He is very much like the traditional conception of the
+European devil-horns, pointed ears, wings, and poker. Compare this last
+figure, from Peru, with the representation on page 430 of a Greek siren,
+one of those cruel monsters who, according to Grecian mythology, sat in
+the midst of bones and blood, tempting men to ruin by their sweet music.
+Here we have the same bird-like legs and claws as in the Peruvian demon.
+
+Heeren shows that a great overland commerce extended in ancient times
+between the Black Sea and "Great Mongolia;" he mentions a "Temple of the
+Sun," and a great caravansary in the desert of Gobi. Arminius Vámbéry,
+in his "Travels in Central Asia," describes very important ruins near
+the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea, at a place called Gömüshtepe; and
+connected with these are the remains of a great wall which he followed
+"ten geographical miles." He found a vast aqueduct one hundred and fifty
+miles long, extending to the Persian mountains. He reports abundant
+ruins in all that country, extending even to China.
+
+The early history of China indicates contact with a superior race.
+"Fuh-hi, who is regarded as a demi-god, founded the Chinese Empire 2852
+B.C. He introduced cattle, taught the people how to raise them, and
+taught the art of writing." ("American Cyclopædia," art. China.) He
+might have invented his alphabet, but he did not invent the cattle; he
+must have got them from some nation who, during many centuries of
+civilization, had domesticated them; and from what nation was he more
+likely to have obtained them than from the Atlanteans, whose colonies we
+have seen reached his borders, and whose armies invaded his territory!
+"He instituted the ceremony of marriage." (Ibid.) This also was an
+importation from a civilized land. "His successor, Shin-nung, during a
+reign of one hundred and forty years, introduced agriculture and medical
+science. The next emperor, Hwang-ti, is believed to have invented
+weapons, wagons, ships, clocks, and musical instruments, and to have
+introduced coins, weights, and measures." (Ibid.) As these various
+inventions in all other countries have been the result of slow
+development, running through many centuries, or are borrowed from some
+other more civilized people, it is certain that no emperor of China ever
+invented them all during a period of one hundred and sixty-four years.
+These, then, were also importations from the West. In fact, the Chinese
+themselves claim to have invaded China in the early days from the
+north-west; and their first location is placed by Winchell near Lake
+Balkat, a short distance east of the Caspian, where we have already seen
+Aryan Atlantean colonies planted at an early day. "The third successor
+of Fuh-hi, Ti-ku, established schools, and was the first to practise
+polygamy. In 2357 his son Yau ascended the throne, and it is from his
+reign that the regular historical records begin. A great flood, which
+occurred in his reign, has been considered synchronous and identical
+with the Noachic Deluge, and to Yau is attributed the merit of having
+successfully battled against the waters."
+
+There can be no question that the Chinese themselves, in their early
+legends, connected their origin with a people who were destroyed by
+water in a tremendous convulsion of the earth. Associated with this
+event was a divine personage called Niu-va (Noah?).
+
+Sir William Jones says:
+
+"The Chinese believe the earth to have been wholly covered with water,
+which, in works of undisputed authenticity, they describe as flowing
+abundantly, then subsiding and separating the higher from the lower ages
+of mankind; that this division of time, from which their poetical
+history begins, just preceded the appearance of Fo-hi on the mountains
+of Chin." ("Discourse on the Chinese; Asiatic Researches," vol. ii., p.
+376.)
+
+The following history of this destruction of their ancestors vividly
+recalls to us the convulsion depicted in the Chaldean and American
+legends:
+
+"The pillars of heaven were broken; the earth shook to its very
+foundations; the heavens sunk lower toward the north; the sun, the moon,
+and the stars changed their motions; the earth fell to pieces, and the
+waters enclosed within its bosom burst forth with violence and
+overflowed it. Man having rebelled against Heaven, the system of the
+universe was totally disordered. The sun was eclipsed, the planets
+altered their course, and the grand harmony of nature was disturbed."
+
+A learned Frenchman, M. Terrien de la Couperie, member of the Asiatic
+Society of Paris, has just published a work (1880) in which he
+demonstrates the astonishing fact that the Chinese language is clearly
+related to the Chaldean, and that both the Chinese characters and the
+cuneiform alphabet are degenerate descendants of an original
+hieroglyphical alphabet. The same signs exist for many words, while
+numerous words are very much alike. M. de la Couperie gives a table of
+some of these similarities, from which I quote as follows:
+
+                  +------------+----------+----------+
+                  | English.   | Chinese. | Chaldee. |
+                  +------------+----------+----------+
+                  | To shine   | Mut      | Mul.     |
+                  +------------+----------+----------+
+                  | To die     | Mut      | Mit.     |
+                  +------------+----------+----------+
+                  | Book       | King     | Kin.     |
+                  +------------+----------+----------+
+                  | Cloth      | Sik      | Sik.     |
+                  +------------+----------+----------+
+                  | Right hand | Dzek     | Zag.     |
+                  +------------+----------+----------+
+                  | Hero       | Tan      | Dun.     |
+                  +------------+----------+----------+
+                  | Earth      | Kien-kai | Kiengi.  |
+                  +------------+----------+----------+
+                  | Cow        | Lub      | Lu, lup. |
+                  +------------+----------+----------+
+                  | Brick      | Ku       | Ku.      |
+                  +------------+----------+----------+
+
+This surprising discovery brings the Chinese civilization still nearer
+to the Mediterranean head-quarters of the races, and increases the
+probability that the arts of China were of Atlantean origin; and that
+the name of Nai Hoang-ti, or Nai Korti, the founder of Chinese
+civilization, may be a reminiscence of Nakhunta, the chief of the gods,
+as recorded in the Susian texts, and this, in turn, a recollection of
+the Deva-Nahusha of the Hindoos, the Dionysos of the Greeks, the king of
+Atlantis, whose great empire reached to the "farther parts of India,"
+and embraced, according to Plato, "parts of the continent of America."
+
+Linguistic science achieved a great discovery when it established the
+fact that there was a continuous belt of languages from Iceland to
+Ceylon which were the variant forms of one mother-tongue, the
+Indo-European; but it must prepare itself for a still wider
+generalization. There is abundant proof--proof with which pages might be
+filled--that there was a still older mother-tongue, from which Aryan,
+Semitic, and Hamitic were all derived--the language of Noah, the
+language of Atlantis, the language of the great "aggressive empire" of
+Plato, the language of the empire of the Titans.
+
+The Arabic word bin, within, becomes, when it means interval, space,
+binnon; this is the German and Dutch binnen and Saxon binnon, signifying
+within. The Ethiopian word aorf, to fall asleep, is the root of the word
+Morpheus, the god of sleep. The Hebrew word chanah, to dwell, is the
+parent of the Anglo-Saxon inne and Icelandic inni, a house, and of our
+word inn, a hotel. The Hebrew word naval or nafal signifies to fall;
+from it is derived our word fall and fool (one who falls); the Chaldee
+word is nabal, to make foul, and the Arabic word nabala means to die,
+that is, to fall. From the last syllable of the Chaldee nasar, to saw,
+we can derive the Latin serra, the High German sagen, the Danish sauga,
+and our word to saw. The Arabic nafida, to fade, is the same as the
+Italian fado, the Latin fatuus (foolish, tasteless), the Dutch vadden,
+and our to fade. The Ethiopic word gaber, to make, to do, and the Arabic
+word jabara, to make strong, becomes the Welsh word goberu, to work, to
+operate, the Latin operor, and the English operate. The Arabic word
+abara signifies to prick, to sting; we see this root in the Welsh bar, a
+summit, and pâr, a spear, and per, a spit; whence our word spear. In the
+Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic zug means to join, to couple; from this the
+Greeks obtained zugos, the Romans jugum, and we the word yoke; while the
+Germans obtained jok or jog, the Dutch juk, the Swedes ok. The Sanscrit
+is juga. The Arabic sanna, to be old, reappears in the Latin senex, the
+Welsh hen, and our senile. The Hebrew banah, to build, is the Irish bun,
+foundation, and the Latin fundo, fundare, to found. The Arabic baraka,
+to bend the knee, to fall on the breast, is probably the Saxon brecau,
+the Danish bräkke, the Swedish bräcka, Welsh bregu, and our word to
+break. The Arabic baraka also signifies to rain violently; and from this
+we get the Saxon roegn, to rain, Dutch regen, to rain, Cimbric roekia,
+rain, Welsh rheg, rain. The Chaldee word braic, a branch, is the Irish
+braic or raigh, an arm, the Welsh braic, the Latin brachium, and the
+English brace, something which supports like an arm. The Chaldee frak,
+to rub, to tread out grain, is the same as the Latin frico, frio, and
+our word rake. The Arabic word to rub is fraka. The Chaldee rag, ragag,
+means to desire, to long for; it is the same as the Greek oregw, the
+Latin porrigere, the Saxon roeccan, the Icelandic rakna, the German
+reichen, and our to reach, to rage. The Arabic rauka, to strain or
+purify, as wine, is precisely our English word rack, to rack wine. The
+Hebrew word bara, to create, is our word to bear, as to bear children: a
+great number of words in all the European languages contain this root in
+its various modifications. The Hebrew word kafar, to cover, is our word
+to cover, and coffer, something which covers, and covert, a secret
+place; from this root also comes the Latin cooperio and the French
+couvrir, to cover. The Arabic word shakala, to bind under the belly, is
+our word to shackle. From the Arabic walada and Ethiopian walad, to
+beget, to bring forth, we get the Welsh llawd, a shooting out; and hence
+our word lad. Our word matter, or pus, is from the Arabic madda; our
+word mature is originally from the Chaldee mita. The Arabic word amida
+signifies to end, and from this comes the noun, a limit, a termination,
+Latin meta, and our words meet and mete.
+
+I might continue this list, but I have given enough to show that all the
+Atlantean races once spoke the same language, and that the dispersion on
+the plains of Shinar signifies that breaking up of the tongues of one
+people under the operation of vast spaces of time. Philology is yet in
+its infancy, and the time is not far distant when the identity of the
+languages of all the Noachic races will be as clearly established and as
+universally acknowledged as is now the identity of the languages of the
+Aryan family of nations.
+
+And precisely as recent research has demonstrated the relationship
+between Pekin and Babylon, so investigation in Central America has
+proved that there is a mysterious bond of union connecting the Chinese
+and one of the races of Mexico. The resemblances are so great that Mr.
+Short ("North Americans of Antiquity," p. 494) says, "There is no doubt
+that strong analogies exist between the Otomi and the Chinese." Señor
+Najera ("Dissertacion Sobre la lingua Othomi, Mexico," pp. 87, 88) gives
+a list of words from which I quote the following:
+
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+  | Chinese. | Othomi. | English.   | Chinese. | Othomi | English.   |
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+  | Cho      | To      | The, that. | Pa       | Da     | To give.   |
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+  | Y        | N-y     | A wound.   | Tsun     | Nsu    | Honor.     |
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+  | Ten      | Gu, mu  | Head.      | Hu       | Hmu    | Sir, Lord. |
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+  | Siao     | Sui     | Night      | Na       | Na     | That.      |
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+  | Tien     | Tsi     | Tooth      | Hu       | He     | Cold.      |
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+  | Ye       | Yo      | Shining    | Ye       | He     | And.       |
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+  | Ky       | Hy (ji) | Happiness. | Hoa      | Hia    | Word.      |
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+  | Ku       | Du      | Death      | Nugo     | Nga    | I          |
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+  | Po       | Yo      | No         | Ni       | Nuy    | Thou.      |
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+  | Na       | Ta      | Man        | Hao      | Nho    | The good.  |
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+  | Nin      | Nsu     | Female     | Ta       | Da     | The great. |
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+  | Tseu     | Tsi, ti | Son        | Li       | Ti     | Gain.      |
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+  | Tso      | Tsa     | To perfect | Ho       | To     | Who.       |
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+  | Kuan     | Khuani  | True       | Pa       | Pa     | To leave.  |
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+  | Siao     | Sa      | To mock    | Mu, mo   | Me     | Mother.    |
+  +----------+---------+------------+----------+--------+------------+
+
+Recently Herr Forchhammer, of Leipsic, has published a truly scientific
+comparison of the grammatical structure of the Choctaw, Chickasaw,
+Muscogee, and Seminole languages with the Ural-Altaic tongues, in which
+he has developed many interesting points of resemblance.
+
+It has been the custom to ascribe the recognized similarities between
+the Indians of America and the Chinese and Japanese to a migration by
+way of Behring's Strait from Asia into America; but when we find that
+the Chinese themselves only reached the Pacific coast within the
+Historical Period, and that they came to it from the direction of the
+Mediterranean and Atlantis, and when we find so many and such distinct
+recollections of the destruction of Atlantis in the Flood legends of the
+American races, it seems more reasonable to conclude that the
+resemblances between the Othomi and the Chinese are to be accounted for
+by intercourse through Atlantis.
+
+We find a confirmation in all these facts of the order in which Genesis
+names the sons of Noah:
+
+"Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah: Shem, Ham, and
+Japheth, and unto them were sons born after the flood."
+
+Can we not suppose that those three sons represent three great races in
+the order of their precedence?
+
+The record of Genesis claims that the Phoenicians were descended from
+Ham, while the Hebrews were descended from Shem; yet we find the Hebrews
+and Phoenicians united by the ties of a common language, common
+traditions, and common race characteristics. The Jews are the great
+merchants of the world eighteen centuries after Christ, just as the
+Phoenicians were the great merchants of the world fifteen centuries
+before Christ.
+
+Moreover, the Arabians, who are popularly classed as Semites, or sons of
+Shem, admit in their traditions that they are descended from "Ad, the
+son of Ham;" and the tenth chapter of Genesis classes them among the
+descendants of Ham, calling them Seba, Havilah, Raamah, etc. If the two
+great so-called Semitic stocks--the Phoenicians and Arabians--are
+Hamites, surely the third member of the group belongs to the same
+"sunburnt" race.
+
+If we concede that the Jews were also a branch of the Hamitic stock,
+then we have, firstly, a Semitic stock, the Turanian, embracing the
+Etruscans, the Finns, the Tartars, the Mongols, the Chinese, and
+Japanese; secondly, a Hamitic family, "the sunburnt" race--a red
+race--including the Cushites, Phoenicians, Egyptians, Hebrews, Berbers,
+etc.; and, thirdly, a Japhetic or whiter stock, embracing the Greeks,
+Italians, Celts, Goths, and the men who wrote Sanscrit--in other words,
+the entire Aryan family.
+
+If we add to these three races the negro race--which cannot be traced
+back to Atlantis, and is not included, according to Genesis, among the
+descendants of Noah--we have the four races, the white, red, yellow, and
+black, recognized by the Egyptians as embracing all the people known to
+them.
+
+There seems to be some confusion in Genesis as to the Semitic stock. It
+classes different races as both Semites and Hamites; as, for instance,
+Sheba and Havilah; while the race of Mash, or Meshech, is classed among
+the sons of Shem and the sons of Japheth. In fact, there seems to be a
+confusion of Hamitic and Semitic stocks. "This is shown in the blending
+of Hamitic and Semitic in some of the most ancient inscriptions; in the
+facility of intercourse between the Semites of Asia and the Hamites of
+Egypt; in the peaceful and unobserved absorption of all the Asiatic
+Hamites, and the Semitic adoption of the Hamitic gods and religious
+system. It is manifest that, at a period not long previous, the two
+families had dwelt together and spoken the same language." (Winchell's
+"Pre-Adamites," p. 36.) Is it not more reasonable to suppose that the
+so-called Semitic races of Genesis were a mere division of the Hamitic
+stock, and that we are to look for the third great division of the sons
+of Noah among the Turanians?
+
+Francis Lenormant, high authority, is of the opinion that the Turanian
+races are descended from Magog, the son of Japheth. He regards the
+Turanians as intermediate between the white and yellow races, graduating
+insensibly into each. "The Uzbecs, the Osmanli Turks, and the Hungarians
+are not to be distinguished in appearance from the most perfect branches
+of the white race; on the other hand, the Tchondes almost exactly
+resemble the Tongouses, who belong to the yellow race.
+
+The Turanian languages are marked by the same agglutinative character
+found in the American races.
+
+The Mongolian and the Indian are alike in the absence of a heavy beard.
+The royal color of the Incas was yellow; yellow is the color of the
+imperial family in China. The religion of the Peruvians was sun-worship;
+"the sun was the peculiar god of the Mongols from the earliest times."
+The Peruvians regarded Pachacamac as the sovereign creator. Camac-Hya
+was the name of a Hindoo goddess. Haylli was the burden of every verse
+of the song composed in praise of the sun and the Incas. Mr. John
+Ranking derives the word Allah from the word Haylli, also the word
+Halle-lujah. In the city of Cuzco was a portion of land which none were
+permitted to cultivate except those of the royal blood. At certain
+seasons the Incas turned up the sod here, amid much rejoicing, and many
+ceremonies. A similar custom prevails in China: The emperor ploughs a
+few furrows, and twelve illustrious persons attend the plough after him.
+(Du Halde, "Empire of China," vol. i., p. 275.) The cycle of sixty years
+was in use among most of the nations of Eastern Asia, and among the
+Muyscas of the elevated plains of Bogota. The "quipu," a knotted
+reckoning-cord, was in use in Peru and in China. (Bancroft's "Native
+Races," vol. v., p. 48.) In Peru and China "both use hieroglyphics,
+which are read from above downward." (Ibid.)
+
+"It appears most evident to me," says Humboldt, "that the monuments,
+methods of computing time, systems of cosmogony, and many myths of
+America, offer striking analogies with the ideas of Eastern
+Asia--analogies which indicate an ancient communication, and are not
+simply the result of that uniform condition in which all nations are
+found in the dawn of civilization." ("Exam. Crit.," tom. ii., p. 68.)
+
+"In the ruined cities of Cambodia, which lies farther to the east of
+Burmah, recent research has discovered teocallis like those in Mexico,
+and the remains of temples of the same type and pattern as those of
+Yucatan. And when we reach the sea we encounter at Suku, in Java, a
+teocalli which is absolutely identical with that of Tehuantepec. Mr.
+Ferguson said, 'as we advance eastward from the valley of the Euphrates,
+at every step we meet with forms of art becoming more and more like
+those of Central America.'" ("Builders of Babel," p. 88.)
+
+Prescott says:
+
+"The coincidences are sufficiently strong to authorize a belief that the
+civilization of Anahuac was in some degree influenced by that of Eastern
+Asia; and, secondly, that the discrepancies are such as to carry back
+the communication to a very remote period." ("Mexico," vol. iii., p.
+418.)
+
+"All appearances," continues Lenormant ("Ancient History of the East,"
+vol. i., p. 64), "would lead us to regard the Turanian race as the first
+branch of the family of Japheth which went forth into the world; and by
+that premature separation, by an isolated and antagonistic existence,
+took, or rather preserved, a completely distinct physiognomy.... It
+is a type of the white race imperfectly developed."
+
+We may regard this yellow race as the first and oldest wave from
+Atlantis, and, therefore, reaching farthest away from the common source;
+then came the Hamitic race; then the Japhetic.
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE ANTIQUITY OF SOME OF OUR GREAT INVENTIONS.
+
+It may seem like a flight of the imagination to suppose that the
+mariner's compass was known to the inhabitants of Atlantis. And yet, if
+my readers are satisfied that the Atlantean were a highly civilized
+maritime people, carrying on commerce with regions as far apart as Peru
+and Syria, we must conclude that they possessed some means of tracing
+their course in the great seas they traversed; and accordingly, when we
+proceed to investigate this subject, we find that as far back as we may
+go in the study of the ancient races of the world, we find them
+possessed of a knowledge of the virtues of the magnetic stone, and in
+the habit of utilizing it. The people of Europe, rising a few centuries
+since out of a state of semi-barbarism, have been in the habit of
+claiming the invention of many things which they simply borrowed from
+the older nations. This was the case with the mariner's compass. It was
+believed for many years that it was first invented by an Italian named
+Amalfi, A.D. 1302. In that interesting work, Goodrich's "Life of
+Columbus," we find a curious history of the magnetic compass prior to
+that time, from which we collate the following points:
+
+"In A.D. 868 it was employed by the Northmen." ("The Landnamabok," vol.
+i., chap. 2.) An Italian poem of A.D. 1190 refers to it as in use among
+the Italian sailors at that date. In the ancient language of the
+Hindoos, the Sanscrit--which has been a dead language for twenty-two
+hundred years--the magnet was called "the precious stone beloved of
+Iron." The Talmud speaks of it as "the stone of attraction;" and it is
+alluded to in the early Hebrew prayers as Kalamitah, the same name given
+it by the Greeks, from the reed upon which the compass floated. The
+Phoenicians were familiar with the use of the magnet. At the prow of
+their vessels stood the figure of a woman (Astarte) holding a cross in
+one hand and pointing the way with the other; the cross represented the
+compass, which was a magnetized needle, floating in water crosswise upon
+a piece of reed or wood. The cross became the coat of arms of the
+Phoenicians--not only, possibly, as we have shown, as a recollection of
+the four rivers of Atlantis, but because it represented the secret of
+their great sea-voyages, to which they owed their national greatness.
+The hyperborean magician, Abaras, carried "a guiding arrow," which
+Pythagoras gave him, "in order that it may be useful to him in all
+difficulties in his long journey." ("Herodotus," vol. iv., p. 36.)
+
+The magnet was called the "Stone of Hercules." Hercules was the patron
+divinity of the Phoenicians. He was, as we have shown elsewhere, one of
+the gods of Atlantis--probably one of its great kings and navigators.
+The Atlanteans were, as Plato tells us, a maritime, commercial people,
+trading up the Mediterranean as far as Egypt and Syria, and across the
+Atlantic to "the whole opposite continent that surrounds the sea;" the
+Phoenicians, as their successors and descendants, and colonized on the
+shores of the Mediterranean, inherited their civilization and their
+maritime habits, and with these that invention without which their great
+voyages were impossible. From them the magnet passed to the Hindoos, and
+from them to the Chinese, who certainly possessed it at an early date.
+In the year 2700 B.C. the Emperor Wang-ti placed a magnetic figure with
+an extended arm, like the Astarte of the Phoenicians, on the front of
+carriages, the arm always turning and pointing to the south, which the
+Chinese regarded as the principal pole. (See Goodrich's "Columbus," p.
+31, etc.) This illustration represents one of these chariots:
+
+In the seventh century it was used by the navigators of the Baltic Sea
+and the German Ocean.
+
+                          CHINESE MAGNETIC CAR
+
+The ancient Egyptians called the loadstone the bone of Haroeri, and iron
+the bone of Typhon. Haroeri was the son of Osiris and grandson of Rhea,
+a goddess of the earth, a queen of Atlantis, and mother of Poseidon;
+Typhon was a wind-god and an evil genius, but also a son of Rhea, the
+earth goddess. Do we find in this curious designation of iron and
+loadstone as "bones of the descendants of the earth," an explanation of
+that otherwise inexplicable Greek legend about Deucalion "throwing the
+bones of the earth behind him, when instantly men rose from the ground,
+and the world was repeopled?" Does it mean that by means of the magnet
+he sailed, after the Flood, to the European colonies of Atlantis,
+already thickly inhabited?
+
+A late writer, speaking upon the subject of the loadstone, tells us:
+
+"Hercules, it was said, being once overpowered by the heat of the sun,
+drew his bow against that luminary; whereupon the god Phoebus, admiring
+his intrepidity, gave him a golden cup, with which he sailed over the
+ocean. This cup was the compass, which old writers have called Lapis
+Heracleus. Pisander says Oceanus lent him the cup, and Lucian says it
+was a sea-shell. Tradition affirms that the magnet originally was not on
+a pivot, but set to float on water in a cup. The old antiquarian is
+wildly theoretical on this point, and sees a compass in the Golden
+Fleece of Argos, in the oracular needle which Nero worshipped, and in
+everything else. Yet undoubtedly there are some curious facts connected
+with the matter. Osonius says that Gama and the Portuguese got the
+compass from some pirates at the Cape of Good Hope, A.D. 1260. M.
+Fauchet, the French antiquarian, finds it plainly alluded to in some old
+poem of Brittany belonging to the year A.D. 1180. Paulo Venetus brought
+it in the thirteenth century from China, where it was regarded as
+oracular. Genebrand says Melvius, a Neapolitan, brought it to Europe in
+A.D. 1303. Costa says Gama got it from Mohammedan seamen. But all
+nations with whom it was found associate it with regions where Heraclean
+myths prevailed. And one of the most curious facts is that the ancient
+Britons, as the Welsh do to-day, call a pilot llywydd (lode).
+Lodemanage, in Skinner's 'Etymology,' is the word for the price paid to
+a pilot. But whether this famous, and afterward deified, mariner
+(Hercules) had a compass or not, we can hardly regard the association of
+his name with so many Western monuments as accidental."
+
+Hercules was, as we know, a god of Atlantis, and Oceanos, who lent the
+magnetic cup to Hercules, was the name by which the Greeks designated
+the Atlantic Ocean. And this may be the explanation of the recurrence of
+a cup in many antique paintings and statues. Hercules is often
+represented with a cup in his hand; we even find the cup upon the handle
+of the bronze dagger found in Denmark, and represented in the chapter on
+the Bronze Age, in this work. (See p. 254 ante.)
+
+So "oracular" an object as this self-moving needle, always pointing to
+the north, would doubtless affect vividly the minds of the people, and
+appear in their works of art. When Hercules left the coast of Europe to
+sail to the island of Erythea in the Atlantic, in the remote west, we
+are told, in Greek mythology (Murray, p. 257), that he borrowed "the
+cup" of Helios, in (with) which "he was accustomed to sail every night."
+Here we seem to have a reference to the magnetic cup used in night
+sailing; and this is another proof that the use of the magnetic needle
+in sea-voyages was associated with the Atlantean gods.
+
+                          ANCIENT COINS OF TYRE
+
+Lucian tells us that a sea-shell often took the place of the cup, as a
+vessel in which to hold the water where the needle floated, and hence
+upon the ancient coins of Tyre we find a sea-shell represented.
+
+Here, too, we have the Pillars of Hercules, supposed to have been placed
+at the mouth of the Mediterranean, and the tree of life or knowledge,
+with the serpent twined around it, which appears in Genesis; and in the
+combination of the two pillars and the serpent we have, it is said, the
+original source of our dollar mark [$].
+
+                        COIN FROM CENTRAL AMERICA
+
+Compare these Phoenician coins with the following representation of a
+copper coin, two inches in diameter and three lines thick, found nearly
+a century ago by Ordonez, at the city of Guatemala. "M. Dupaix noticed
+an indication of the use of the compass in the centre of one of the
+sides, the figures on the same side representing a kneeling, bearded,
+turbaned man between two fierce heads, perhaps of crocodiles, which
+appear to defend the entrance to a mountainous and wooded country. The
+reverse presents a serpent coiled around a fruit-tree, and an eagle on a
+hill." (Bancroft's "Native Races," vol. iv., p. 118.) The mountain leans
+to one side: it is a "culhuacan," or crooked mountain.
+
+We find in Sanchoniathon's "Legends of the Phoenicians" that Ouranus, the
+first god of the people of Atlantis, "devised Bætulia, contriving stones
+that moved as having life, which were supposed to fall from heaven."
+These stones were probably magnetic loadstones; in other words, Ouranus,
+the first god of Atlantis, devised the mariner's compass.
+
+I find in the "Report of United States Explorations for a Route for a
+Pacific Railroad" a description of a New Mexican Indian priest, who
+foretells the result of a proposed war by placing a piece of wood in a
+bowl of water, and causing it to turn to the right or left, or sink or
+rise, as he directs it. This is incomprehensible, unless the wood, like
+the ancient Chinese compass, contained a piece of magnetic iron hidden
+in it, which would be attracted or repulsed, or even drawn downward, by
+a piece of iron held in the hand of the priest, on the outside of the
+bowl. If so, this trick was a remembrance of the mariner's compass
+transmitted from age to age by the medicine men. The reclining statue of
+Chac-Mol, of Central America, holds a bowl or dish upon its breast.
+
+Divination was the ars Etrusca. The Etruscans set their temples squarely
+with the cardinal points of the compass; so did the Egyptians, the
+Mexicans, and the Mound Builders of America. Could they have done this
+without the magnetic compass?
+
+The Romans and the Persians called the line of the axis of the globe
+cardo, and it was to cardo the needle pointed. Now "Cardo was the name
+of the mountain on which the human race took refuge from the Deluge...
+the primitive geographic point for the countries which were the cradle
+of the human race." (Urquhart's "Pillars of Hercules," vol. i., p. 145.)
+From this comes our word "cardinal," as the cardinal points.
+
+Navigation.--Navigation was not by any means in a rude state in the
+earliest times:
+
+"In the wanderings of the heroes returning from Troy, Aristoricus makes
+Menelaus circumnavigate Africa more than 500 years before Neco sailed
+from Gadeira to India." ("Cosmos," vol. ii., p. 144.)
+
+"In the tomb of Rameses the Great is a representation of a naval combat
+between the Egyptians and some other people, supposed to be the
+Phoenicians, whose huge ships are propelled by sails." (Goodrich's
+"Columbus," p. 29.)
+
+The proportions of the fastest sailing-vessels of the present day are
+about 300 feet long to 50 wide and 30 high; these were precisely the
+proportions of Noah's ark--300 cubits long, 50 broad, and 30 high.
+
+"Hiero of Syracuse built, under the superintendence of Archimedes, a
+vessel which consumed in its construction the material for fifty
+galleys; it contained galleries, gardens, stables, fish-ponds, mills,
+baths, a temple of Venus, and an engine to throw stones three hundred
+pounds in weight, and arrows thirty-six feet long. The floors of this
+monstrous vessel were inlaid with scenes from Homer's 'Iliad.'" (Ibid.,
+p. 30.)
+
+The fleet of Sesostris consisted of four hundred ships; and when
+Semiramis invaded India she was opposed by four thousand vessels.
+
+It is probable that in the earliest times the vessels were sheeted with
+metal. A Roman ship of the time of Trajan has been recovered from Lake
+Ricciole after 1300 years. The outside was covered with sheets of lead
+fastened with small copper nails. Even the use of iron chains in place
+of ropes for the anchors was known at an early period. Julius Cæsar
+tells us that the galleys of the Veneti were thus equipped. (Goodrich's
+"Columbus," p. 31.)
+
+Gunpowder.--It is not impossible that even the invention of gunpowder
+may date back to Atlantis. It was certainly known in Europe long before
+the time of the German monk, Berthold Schwarz, who is commonly credited
+with the invention of it. It was employed in 1257 at the siege of
+Niebla, in Spain. It was described in an Arab treatise of the thirteenth
+century. In A.D. 811 the Emperor Leo employed fire-arms. "Greek-fire" is
+supposed to have been gunpowder mixed with resin or petroleum, and
+thrown in the form of fuses and explosive shells. It was introduced from
+Egypt A.D. 668. In A.D. 690 the Arabs used fire-arms against Mecca,
+bringing the knowledge of them from India. In A.D. 80 the Chinese
+obtained from India a knowledge of gunpowder. There is reason to believe
+that the Carthaginian (Phoenician) general, Hannibal, used gunpowder in
+breaking a way for his army over the Alps. The Romans, who were ignorant
+of its use, said that Hannibal made his way by making fires against the
+rocks, and pouring vinegar and water over the ashes. It is evident that
+fire and vinegar would have no effect on masses of the Alps great enough
+to arrest the march of an army. Dr. William Maginn has suggested that
+the wood was probably burnt by Hannibal to obtain charcoal; and the word
+which has been translated "vinegar" probably signified some preparation
+of nitre and sulphur, and that Hannibal made gunpowder and blew up the
+rocks. The same author suggests that the story of Hannibal breaking
+loose from the mountains where he was surrounded on all sides by the
+Romans, and in danger of starvation, by fastening firebrands to the
+horns of two thousand oxen, and sending them rushing at night among the
+terrified Romans, simply refers to the use of rockets. As Maginn well
+asks, how could Hannibal be in danger of starvation when he had two
+thousand oxen to spare for such an experiment? And why should the
+veteran Roman troops have been so terrified and panic-stricken by a lot
+of cattle with firebrands on their horns? At the battle of Lake
+Trasymene, between Hannibal and Flaminius, we have another curious piece
+of information which goes far to confirm the belief that Hannibal was
+familiar with the use of gunpowder. In the midst of the battle there
+was, say the Roman historians, an "earthquake;" the earth reeled under
+the feet of the soldiers, a tremendous crash was heard, a fog or smoke
+covered the scene, the earth broke open, and the rocks fell upon the
+heads of the Romans. This reads very much as if the Carthaginians had
+decoyed the Romans into a pass where they had already planted a mine,
+and had exploded it at the proper moment to throw them into a panic.
+Earthquakes do not cast rocks up in the air to fall on men's heads!
+
+And that this is not all surmise is shown by the fact that a city of
+India, in the time of Alexander the Great, defended itself by the use of
+gunpowder: it was said to be a favorite of the gods, because thunder and
+lightning came from its walls to resist the attacks of its assailants.
+
+As the Hebrews were a branch of the Phoenician race, it is not surprising
+that we find some things in their history which look very much like
+legends of gunpowder.
+
+When Korah, Dathan, and Abiram led a rebellion against Moses, Moses
+separated the faithful from the unfaithful, and thereupon "the ground
+clave asunder that was under them: and the earth opened her mouth, and
+swallowed them up, and their houses, and all the men that appertained
+unto Korah, and all their goods.... And there came out a fire from
+the Lord, and consumed the two hundred and fifty men that offered
+incense.... But on the morrow all the congregation of the children of
+Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron, saying, Ye have killed
+the people of the Lord." (Numb. xvi., 31-41.)
+
+This looks very much as if Moses had blown up the rebels with gunpowder.
+
+Roger Bacon, who himself rediscovered gunpowder, was of opinion that the
+event described in Judges vii., where Gideon captured the camp of the
+Midianites with the roar of trumpets, the crash caused by the breaking
+of innumerable pitchers, and the flash of a multitude of lanterns, had
+reference to the use of gunpowder; that the noise made by the breaking
+of the pitchers represented the detonation of an explosion, the flame of
+the lights the blaze, and the noise of the trumpets the thunder of the
+gunpowder. We can understand, in this wise, the results that followed;
+but we cannot otherwise understand how the breaking of pitchers, the
+flashing of lamps, and the clangor of trumpets would throw an army into
+panic, until "every man's sword was set against his fellow, and the host
+fled to Beth-shittah;" and this, too, without any attack upon the part
+of the Israelites, for "they stood every man in his place around the
+camp; and all the host ran and cried and fled."
+
+If it was a miraculous interposition in behalf of the Jews, the Lord
+could have scared the Midianites out of their wits without the smashed
+pitchers and lanterns; and certain it is the pitchers and lanterns
+would not have done the work with out a miraculous interposition.
+
+Having traced the knowledge of gunpowder back to the most remote times,
+and to the different races which were descended from Atlantis, we are
+not surprised to find in the legends of Greek mythology events described
+which are only explicable by supposing that the Atlanteans possessed the
+secret of this powerful explosive.
+
+A rebellion sprang up in Atlantis (see Murray's "Mannal of Mythology,"
+p. 30) against Zeus; it is known in mythology as the "War of the
+Titans:"
+
+"The struggle lasted many years, all the might which the Olympians could
+bring to bear being useless, until, on the advice of Gæa, Zeus set free
+the Kyklopes and the Hekatoncheires" (that is, brought the ships into
+play), "of whom the former fashioned thunder-bolts for him, while the
+latter advanced on his side with force equal to the shock of an
+earthquake. The earth trembled down to lowest Tartarus as Zeus now
+appeared with his terrible weapon and new allies. Old Chaos thought his
+hour had come, as from a continuous blaze of thunder-bolts the earth
+took fire, and the waters seethed in the sea. The rebels were partly
+slain or consumed, and partly hurled into deep chasms, with rocks and
+hills reeling after them."
+
+Do not these words picture the explosion of a mine with a "force equal
+to the shock of an earthquake?"
+
+We have already shown that the Kyklopes and Hekatoncheires were probably
+great war-ships, armed with some explosive material in the nature of
+gunpowder.
+
+Zeus, the king of Atlantis, was known as "the thunderer," and was
+represented armed with thunder-bolts.
+
+Some ancient nation must, in the most remote ages, have invented
+gunpowder; and is it unreasonable to attribute it to that "great
+original race" rather than to any one people of their posterity, who
+seem to have borrowed all the other arts from them; and who, during many
+thousands of years, did not add a single new invention to the list they
+received from Atlantis?
+
+Iron.--have seen that the Greek mythological legends asserted that
+before the submergence of the great race over whom their gods reigned
+there had been not only an Age of Bronze but an Age of Iron. This metal
+was known to the Egyptians in the earliest ages; fragments of iron have
+been found in the oldest pyramids. The Iron Age in Northern Europe far
+antedated intercourse with the Greeks or Romans. In the mounds of the
+Mississippi Valley, as I have shown, the remains of iron implements have
+been found. In the "Mercurio Peruano" (tom. i., p. 201, 1791) it is
+stated that "anciently the Peruvian sovereigns worked magnificent iron
+mines at Ancoriames, on the west shore of Lake Titicaca." "It is
+remarkable," says Molina, "that iron, which has been thought unknown to
+the ancient Americans, had particular names in some of their tongues."
+In official Peruvian it was called quillay, and in Chilian panilic. The
+Mound Builders fashioned implements out of meteoric iron. (Foster's
+"Prehistoric Races," p. 333.)
+
+As we find this metal known to man in the earliest ages on both sides of
+the Atlantic, the presumption is very strong that it was borrowed by the
+nations, east and west, from Atlantis.
+
+Paper.--The same argument holds good as to paper. The oldest Egyptian
+monuments contain pictures of the papyrus roll; while in Mexico, as I
+have shown, a beautiful paper was manufactured and formed into books
+shaped like our own. In Peru a paper was made of plantain leaves, and
+books were common in the earlier ages. Humboldt mentions books of
+hieroglyphical writings among the Panoes, which were "bundles of their
+paper resembling our volumes in quarto."
+
+Silk Mannfacture.--The manufacture of a woven fabric of great beauty out
+of the delicate fibre of the egg-cocoon of a worm could only have
+originated among a people who had attained the highest degree of
+civilization; it implies the art of weaving by delicate instruments, a
+dense population, a patient, skilful, artistic people, a sense of the
+beautiful, and a wealthy and luxurious class to purchase such costly
+fabrics.
+
+We trace it back to the most remote ages. In the introduction to the
+"History of Hindostan," or rather of the Mohammedan Dynasties, by
+Mohammed Cassim, it is stated that in the year 3870 B.C. an Indian king
+sent various silk stuffs as a present to the King of Persia. The art of
+making silk was known in China more than two thousand six hundred years
+before the Christian era, at the time when we find them first possessed
+of civilization. The Phoenicians dealt in silks in the most remote past;
+they imported them from India and sold them along the shores of the
+Mediterranean. It is probable that the Egyptians understood and
+practised the art of manufacturing silk. It was woven in the island of
+Cos in the time of Aristotle. The "Babylonish garment" referred to in
+Joshua (chap. vii., 21), and for secreting which Achan lost his life,
+was probably a garment of silk; it was rated above silver and gold in
+value.
+
+It is not a violent presumption to suppose that an art known to the
+Hindoos 3870 B.C., and to the Chinese and Phoenicians at the very
+beginning of their history--an art so curious, so extraordinary--may
+have dated back to Atlantean times.
+
+Civil Government.--Mr. Baldwin shows ("Prehistoric Nations," p. 114)
+that the Cushites, the successors of the Atlanteans, whose very ancient
+empire extended from Spain to Syria, were the first to establish
+independent municipal republics, with the right of the people to govern
+themselves; and that this system was perpetuated in the great Phoenician
+communities; in "the fierce democracies" of ancient Greece; in the
+"village republics" of the African Berbers and the Hindoos; in the "free
+cities" of the Middle Ages in Europe; and in the independent governments
+of the Basques, which continued down to our own day. The Cushite state
+was an aggregation of municipalities, each possessing the right of
+self-government, but subject within prescribed limits to a general
+authority; in other words, it was precisely the form of government
+possessed to-day by the United States. It is a surprising thought that
+the perfection of modern government may be another perpetuation of
+Atlantean civilization.
+
+Agriculture.--The Greek traditions of "the golden apples of the
+Hesperides" and "the golden fleece" point to Atlantis. The allusions to
+the golden apples indicate that tradition regarded the "Islands of the
+Blessed" in the Atlantic Ocean as a place of orchards. And when we turn
+to Egypt we find that in the remotest times many of our modern garden
+and field plants were there cultivated. When the Israelites murmured in
+the wilderness against Moses, they cried out (Numb., chap. xi., 4, 5),
+"Who shall give us flesh to eat? We remember the fish which we did eat
+in Egypt freely; the cucumbers, and the melons, and the leeks, and the
+onions, and the garlic." The Egyptians also cultivated wheat, barley,
+oats, flax, hemp, etc. In fact, if we were to take away from civilized
+man the domestic animals, the cereals, and the field and garden
+vegetables possessed by the Egyptians at the very dawn of history, there
+would be very little left for the granaries or the tables of the world.
+
+Astronomy.--The knowledge of the ancients as to astronomy was great and
+accurate. Callisthenes, who accompanied Alexander the Great to Babylon,
+sent to Aristotle a series of Chaldean astronomical observations which
+he found preserved there, recorded on tablets of baked clay, and
+extending back as far as 2234 B.C. Humboldt says, "The Chaldeans knew
+the mean motions of the moon with an exactness which induced the Greek
+astronomers to use their calculations for the foundation of a lunar
+theory." The Chaldeans knew the true nature of comets, and could
+foretell their reappearance. "A lens of considerable power was found in
+the ruins of Babylon; it was an inch and a half in diameter and
+nine-tenths of an inch thick." (Layard's "Nineveh and Babylon," pp.
+16, 17.) Nero used optical glasses when he watched the fights of the
+gladiators; they are supposed to have come from Egypt and the East.
+Plutarch speaks of optical instruments used by Archimedes "to manifest
+to the eye the largeness of the sun." "There are actual astronomical
+calculations in existence, with calendars formed upon them, which
+eminent astronomers of England and France admit to be genuine and true,
+and which carry back the antiquity of the science of astronomy, together
+with the constellations, to within a few years of the Deluge, even on
+the longer chronology of the Septuagint." ("The Miracle in Stone," p.
+142.) Josephus attributes the invention of the constellations to the
+family of the antediluvian Seth, the son of Adam, while Origen affirms
+that it was asserted in the Book of Enoch that in the time of that
+patriarch the constellations were already divided and named. The Greeks
+associated the origin of astronomy with Atlas and Hercules, Atlantean
+kings or heroes. The Egyptians regarded Taut (At?) or Thoth, or
+At-hotes, as the originator of both astronomy and the alphabet;
+doubtless he represented a civilized people, by whom their country was
+originally colonized. Bailly and others assert that astronomy "must have
+been established when the summer solstice was in the first degree of
+Virgo, and that the solar and lunar zodiacs were of similar antiquity,
+which would be about four thousand years before the Christian era. They
+suppose the originators to have lived in about the fortieth degree of
+north latitude, and to have been a highly-civilized people." It will be
+remembered that the fortieth degree of north latitude passed through
+Atlantis. Plato knew ("Dialogues, Phædo," 108) that the earth "is a
+body in the centre of the heavens" held in equipoise. He speaks of it as
+a "round body," a "globe;" he even understood that it revolved on its
+axis, and that these revolutions produced day and night. He
+says--"Dialogues, Timæus"--"The earth circling around the pole (which is
+extended through the universe) be made to be the artificer of night and
+day." All this Greek learning was probably drawn from the Egyptians.
+
+Only among the Atlanteans in Europe and America do we find traditions
+preserved as to the origin of all the principal inventions which have
+raised man from a savage to a civilized condition. We can give in part
+the very names of the inventors.
+
+Starting with the Chippeway legends, and following with the Bible and
+Phoenician records, we make a table like the appended:
+
++------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+
+| The Invention or Discovery.  | The Race. | The Inventors.             |
++------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+
+| Fire                         | Atlantean | Phos, Phur, and Phlox.     |
++------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+
+| The bow and arrow            | Chippeway | Manaboshu.                 |
++------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+
+| The use of flint             | "         | "                          |
++------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+
+| The use of copper            | "         | "                          |
++------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+
+| The manufacture of bricks    | Atlantean | Autochthon and Technites.  |
++------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+
+| Agriculture and hunting      | "         | Argos and Agrotes.         |
++------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+
+| Village life, and the        | "         | Amynos and Magos.          |
+| rearing of flocks            |           |                            |
++------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+
+| The use of salt              | "         | Misor and Sydyk.           |
++------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+
+| The use of letters           | "         | Taautos, or Taut.          |
++------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+
+| Navigation                   | "         | The Cabiri, or Corybantes. |
++------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+
+| The art of music             | Hebrew    | Jubal.                     |
++------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+
+| Metallurgy, and the use of   | "         | Tubal-cain.                |
+| iron                         |           |                            |
++------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+
+| The syrinx                   | Greek     | Pan.                       |
++------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+
+| The lyre                     | "         | Hermes.                    |
++------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+
+
+We cannot consider all these evidences of the vast antiquity of the
+great inventions upon which our civilization mainly rests, including the
+art of writing, which, as I have shown, dates back far beyond the
+beginning of history; we cannot remember that the origin of all the
+great food-plants, such as wheat, oats, barley, rye, and maize, is lost
+in the remote past; and that all the domesticated animals, the horse,
+the ass, the ox, the sheep, the goat, and the hog had been reduced to
+subjection to man in ages long previous to written history, without
+having the conclusion forced upon us irresistibly that beyond Egypt and
+Greece, beyond Chaldea and China, there existed a mighty civilization,
+of which these states were but the broken fragments.
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE ARYAN COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS.
+
+We come now to another question: "Did the Aryan or Japhetic race come
+from Atlantis?"
+
+If the Aryans are the Japhetic race, and if Japheth was one of the sons
+of the patriarch who escaped from the Deluge, then assuredly, if the
+tradition of Genesis be true, the Aryans came from the drowned land, to
+wit, Atlantis. According to Genesis, the descendants of the Japheth who
+escaped out of the Flood with Noah are the Ionians, the inhabitants of
+the Morea, the dwellers on the Cilician coast of Asia Minor, the
+Cyprians, the Dodoneans of Macedonia, the Iberians, and the Thracians.
+These are all now recognized as Aryans, except the Iberians.
+
+"From non-Biblical sources," says Winchell, "we obtain further
+information respecting the early dispersion of the Japhethites or
+Indo-Europeans--called also Aryans. All determinations confirm the
+Biblical account of their primitive residence in the same country with
+the Hamites and Semites. Rawlinson informs us that even Aryan roots are
+mingled with Presemitic in some of the old inscriptions of Assyria. The
+precise region where these three families dwelt in a common home has not
+been pointed out." ("Preadamites," p. 43.)
+
+I have shown in the chapter in relation to Peru that all the languages
+of the Hamites, Semites, and Japhethites are varieties of one aboriginal
+speech.
+
+The centre of the Aryan migrations (according to popular opinion) within
+the Historical Period was Armenia. Here too is Mount Ararat, where it is
+said the ark rested--another identification with the Flood regions, as
+it represents the usual transfer of the Atlantis legend by an Atlantean
+people to a high mountain in their new home.
+
+Now turn to a map: Suppose the ships of Atlantis to have reached the
+shores of Syria, at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, where dwelt a
+people who, as we have seen, used the Central American Maya alphabet;
+the Atlantis ships are then but two hundred miles distant from Armenia.
+But these ships need not stop at Syria, they can go by the Dardanelles
+and the Black Sea, by uninterrupted water communication, to the shores
+of Armenia itself. If we admit, then, that it was from Armenia the
+Aryans stocked Europe and India, there is no reason why the original
+population of Armenia should not have been themselves colonists from
+Atlantis.
+
+But we have seen that in the earliest ages, before the first Armenian
+migration of the historical Aryans, a people went from Iberian Spain and
+settled in Ireland, and the language of this people, it is now admitted,
+is Aryan. And these Iberians were originally, according to tradition,
+from the West.
+
+The Mediterranean Aryans are known to have been in Southeastern Europe,
+along the shores of the Mediterranean, 2000 B.C. They at that early date
+possessed the plough; also wheat, rye, barley, gold, silver, and bronze.
+Aryan faces are found depicted upon the monuments of Egypt, painted four
+thousand years before the time of Christ. "The conflicts between the
+Kelts (an Aryan race) and the Iberians were far anterior in date to the
+settlements of the Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Noachites on
+the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea." ("American Cyclopædia," art.
+Basques.) There is reason to believe that these Kelts were originally
+part of the population and Empire of Atlantis. We are told (Rees's
+"British Encyclopædia," art. Titans) that "Mercury, one of the Atlantean
+gods, was placed as ruler over the Celtæ, and became their great
+divinity." F. Pezron, in his "Antiquity of the Celtæ," makes out that
+the Celtæ were the same as the Titans, the giant race who rebelled in
+Atlantis, and "that their princes were the same with the giants of
+Scripture." He adds that the word Titan "is perfect Celtic, and comes
+from tit, the earth, and ten or den, man, and hence the Greeks very
+properly also called them terriginæ, or earth-born." And it will be
+remembered that Plato uses the same phrase when he speaks of the race
+into which Poseidon intermarried as "the earth-born primeval men of that
+country."
+
+The Greeks, who are Aryans, traced their descent from the people who
+were destroyed by the Flood, as did other races clearly Aryan.
+
+"The nations who are comprehended under the common appellation of
+Indo-European," says Max Müller--"the Hindoos, the Persians, the Celts,
+Germans, Romans, Greeks, and Slavs--do not only share the same words and
+the same grammar, slightly modified in each country, but they seem to
+have likewise preserved a mass of popular traditions which had grown up
+before they left their common home."
+
+"Bonfey, L. Geiger, and other students of the ancient Indo-European
+languages, have recently advanced the opinion that the original home of
+the Indo-European races must be sought in Europe, because their stock of
+words is rich in the names of plants and animals, and contains names of
+seasons that are not found in tropical countries or anywhere in Asia."
+("American Cyclopædia," art. Ethnology.)
+
+By the study of comparative philology, or the seeking out of the words
+common to the various branches of the Aryan race before they separated,
+we are able to reconstruct an outline of the civilization of that
+ancient people. Max Müller has given this subject great study, and
+availing ourselves of his researches we can determine the following
+facts as to the progenitors of the Aryan stock: They were a civilized
+race; they possessed the institution of marriage; they recognized the
+relationship of father, mother, son, daughter, grandson, brother,
+sister, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law,
+brother-in-law, and sister-in-law, and had separate words for each of
+these relationships, which we are only able to express by adding the
+words "in-law." They recognized also the condition of widows, or "the
+husbandless." They lived in an organized society, governed by a king.
+They possessed houses with doors and solid walls. They had wagons and
+carriages. They possessed family names. They dwelt in towns and cities,
+on highways. They were not hunters or nomads. They were a peaceful
+people; the warlike words in the different Aryan languages cannot be
+traced back to this original race. They lived in a country having few
+wild beasts; the only wild animals whose names can be assigned to this
+parent stock being the bear, the wolf, and the serpent. The name of the
+elephant, "the beast with a hand," occurs only twice in the "Rig-Veda;"
+a singular omission if the Aryans were from time immemorial an Asiatic
+race; and "when it does occur, it is in such a way as to show that he
+was still an object of wonder and terror to them." (Whitney's "Oriental
+and Linguistic Studies," p. 26.) They possessed nearly all the domestic
+animals we now have--the ox and the cow, the horse, the dog, the sheep,
+the goat, the hog, the donkey, and the goose. They divided the year into
+twelve months. They were farmers; they used the plough; their name as a
+race (Aryan) was derived from it; they were, par excellence, ploughmen;
+they raised various kinds of grain, including flax, barley, hemp, and
+wheat; they had mills and millers, and ground their corn. The presence
+of millers shows that they had proceeded beyond the primitive condition
+where each family ground its corn in its own mill. They used fire, and
+cooked and baked their food; they wove cloth and wore clothing; they
+spun wool; they possessed the different metals, even iron: they had
+gold. The word for "water" also meant "salt made from water," from which
+it might be inferred that the water with which they were familiar was
+saltwater. It is evident they manufactured salt by evaporating salt
+water. They possessed boats and ships. They had progressed so far as to
+perfect "a decimal system of enumeration, in itself," says Max Müller,
+"one of the most marvellous achievements of the human mind, based on an
+abstract conception of quantity, regulated by a philosophical
+classification, and yet conceived, nurtured, and finished before the
+soil of Europe was trodden by Greek, Roman, Slav, or Teuton."
+
+                         ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PLOUGH
+
+And herein we find another evidence of relationship between the Aryans
+and the people of Atlantis. Although Plato does not tell us that the
+Atlanteans possessed the decimal system of numeration, nevertheless
+there are many things in his narrative which point to that conclusion
+"There were ten kings ruling over ten provinces; the whole country was
+divided into military districts or squares ten stadia each way; the
+total force of chariots was ten thousand; the great ditch or canal was
+one hundred feet deep and ten thousand stadia long; there were one
+hundred Nereids," etc. In the Peruvian colony the decimal system clearly
+obtained: "The army had heads of ten, fifty, a hundred, five hundred, a
+thousand, ten thousand.... The community at large was registered in
+groups, under the control of officers over tens, fifties, hundreds, and
+so on." (Herbert Spencer, "Development of Political Institutions," chap.
+x.) The same division into tens and hundreds obtained among the
+Anglo-Saxons.
+
+Where, we ask, could this ancient nation, which existed before Greek was
+Greek, Celt was Celt, Hindoo was Hindoo, or Goth was Goth, have been
+located! The common opinion says, in Armenia or Bactria, in Asia. But
+where in Asia could they have found a country so peaceful as to know no
+terms for war or bloodshed--a country so civilized as to possess no
+wild beasts save the bear, wolf, and serpent? No people could have been
+developed in Asia without bearing in its language traces of century-long
+battles for life with the rude and barbarous races around them; no
+nation could have fought for ages for existence against "man-eating"
+tigers, lions, elephants, and hyenas, without bearing the memory of
+these things in their tongue. A tiger, identical with that of Bengal,
+still exists around Lake Aral, in Asia; from time to time it is seen in
+Siberia. "The last tiger killed in 1828 was on the Lena, in latitude
+fifty-two degrees thirty minutes, in a climate colder than that of St.
+Petersburg and Stockholm."
+
+The fathers of the Aryan race must have dwelt for many thousand years so
+completely protected from barbarians and wild beasts that they at last
+lost all memory of them, and all words descriptive of them; and where
+could this have been possible save in some great, long-civilized land,
+surrounded by the sea, and isolated from the attack of the savage tribes
+that occupied the rest of the world? And if such a great civilized
+nation had dwelt for centuries in Asia, Europe, or Africa, why have not
+their monuments long ago been discovered and identified? Where is the
+race who are their natural successors, and who must have continued to
+live after them in that sheltered and happy land, where they knew no
+human and scarcely any animal enemies? Why would any people have
+altogether left such a home? Why, when their civilization had spread to
+the ends of the earth, did it cease to exist in the peaceful region
+where it originated?
+
+Savage nations cannot usually count beyond five. This people had names
+for the numerals up to one hundred, and the power, doubtless, of
+combining these to still higher powers, as three hundred, five hundred,
+ten hundred, etc. Says a high authority, "If any more proof were wanted
+as to the reality of that period which must have preceded the dispersion
+of the Aryan race, we might appeal to the Aryan numerals as irrefragable
+evidence of that long-continued intellectual life which characterizes
+that period." Such a degree of progress implies necessarily an alphabet,
+writing, commerce, and trade, even as the existence of words for boats
+and ships has already implied navigation.
+
+In what have we added to the civilization of this ancient people? Their
+domestic animals were the same as our own, except one fowl adopted from
+America. In the past ten thousand years we have added one bird to their
+list of domesticated animals! They raised wheat and wool, and spun and
+wove as we do, except that we have added some mechanical contrivances to
+produce the same results. Their metals are ours. Even iron, the triumph,
+as we had supposed, of more modern times, they had already discovered.
+And it must not be forgotten that Greek mythology tells us that the
+god-like race who dwelt on Olympus, that great island "in the midst of
+the Atlantic," in the remote west, wrought in iron; and we find the
+remains of an iron sword and meteoric iron weapons in the mounds of the
+Mississippi Valley, while the name of the metal is found in the ancient
+languages of Peru and Chili, and the Incas worked in iron on the shores
+of Lake Titicaca.
+
+A still further evidence of the civilization of this ancient race is
+found in the fact that, before the dispersion from their original home,
+the Aryans had reached such a degree of development that they possessed
+a regularly organized religion: they worshipped God, they believed in an
+evil spirit, they believed in a heaven for the just. All this
+presupposes temples, priests, sacrifices, and an orderly state of
+society.
+
+We have seen that Greek mythology is really a history of the kings and
+queens of Atlantis.
+
+When we turn to that other branch of the great Aryan family, the
+Hindoos, we find that their gods are also the kings of Atlantis. The
+Hindoo god Varuna is conceded to be the Greek god Uranos, who was the
+founder of the royal family of Atlantis.
+
+In the Veda we find a hymn to "King Varuna," in which occurs this
+passage:
+
+"This earth, too, belongs to Varuna, the king, and this wide sky, with
+its ends far apart. The two seas are Varuna's loins; he is contained
+also in this drop of water."
+
+Again in the Veda we find another hymn to King Varuna:
+
+"He who knows the place of the birds that fly through the sky; who on
+the waters knows the ships. He, the upholder of order, who knows the
+twelve months with the offspring of each, and knows the month that is
+engendered afterward."
+
+This verse would seem to furnish additional proof that the Vedas were
+written by a maritime people; and in the allusion to the twelve months
+we are reminded of the Peruvians, who also divided the year into twelve
+parts of thirty days each, and afterward added six days to complete the
+year. The Egyptians and Mexicans also had intercalary days for the same
+purpose.
+
+But, above all, it must be remembered that the Greeks, an Aryan race, in
+their mythological traditions, show the closest relationship to
+Atlantis. At-tika and At-hens are reminiscences of Ad, and we are told
+that Poseidon, god and founder of Atlantis, founded Athens. We find in
+the "Eleusinian mysteries" an Atlantean institution; their influence
+during the whole period of Greek history down to the coming of
+Christianity was extraordinary; and even then this masonry of
+Pre-Christian days, in which kings and emperors begged to be initiated,
+was, it is claimed, continued to our own times in our own Freemasons,
+who trace their descent back to "a Dionysiac fraternity which originated
+in Attika." And just as we have seen the Saturnalian festivities of
+Italy descending from Atlantean harvest-feasts, so these Eleusinian
+mysteries can be traced back to Plato's island. Poseidon was at the base
+of them; the first hierophant, Eumolpus, was "a son of Poseidon," and
+all the ceremonies were associated with seed-time and harvest, and with
+Demeter or Ceres, an Atlantean goddess, daughter of Chronos, who first
+taught the Greeks to use the plough and to plant barley. And, as the
+"Carnival" is a survival of the "Saturnalia," so Masonry is a survival
+of the Eleusinian mysteries. The roots of the institutions of to-day
+reach back to the Miocene Age.
+
+We have seen that Zeus, the king of Atlantis, whose tomb was shown at
+Crete, was transformed into the Greek god Zeus; and in like manner we
+find him reappearing among the Hindoos as Dyaus. He is called
+"Dyaus-pitar," or God the Father, as among the Greeks we have
+"Zeus-pater," which became among the Romans "Jupiter."
+
+The strongest connection, however, with the Atlantean system is shown in
+the case of the Hindoo god Deva-Nahusha.
+
+We have seen in the chapter on Greek mythology that Dionysos was a son
+of Zeus and grandson of Poseidon, being thus identified with Atlantis.
+"When he arrived at manhood," said the Greeks, "he set out on a journey
+through all known countries, even into the remotest parts of India,
+instructing the people, as he proceeded, how to tend the vine, and how
+to practise many other arts of peace, besides teaching them the value of
+just and honorable dealings. He was praised everywhere as the greatest
+benefactor of mankind." (Murray's "Mythology," p. 119.)
+
+In other words, he represented the great Atlantean civilization,
+reaching into "the remotest parts of India," and "to all parts of the
+known world," from America to Asia. In consequence of the connection of
+this king with the vine, he was converted in later times into the
+dissolute god Bacchus. But everywhere the traditions concerning him
+refer us back to Atlantis. "All the legends of Egypt, India, Asia Minor,
+and the older Greeks describe him as a king very great during his life,
+and deified after death.... Amon, king of Arabia or Ethiopia, married
+Rhea, sister of Chronos, who reigned over Italy, Sicily, and certain
+countries of Northern Africa." Dionysos, according to the Egyptians, was
+the son of Amon by the beautiful Amalthea. Chronos and Amon had a
+prolonged war; Dionysos defeated Chronos and captured his capital,
+dethroned him, and put his son Zeus in his place; Zeus reigned nobly,
+and won a great fame. Dionysos succeeded his father Amon, and "became
+the greatest of sovereigns. He extended his sway in all the neighboring
+countries, and completed the conquest of India.... He gave much
+attention to the Cushite colonies in Egypt, greatly increasing their
+strength, intelligence, and prosperity." (Baldwin's "Prehistoric
+Nations," p. 283.)
+
+When we turn to the Hindoo we still find this Atlantean king.
+
+In the Sanscrit books we find reference to a god called Deva-Nahusha,
+who has been identified by scholars with Dionysos. He is connected "with
+the oldest history and mythology in the world." He is said to have been
+a contemporary with Indra, king of Meru, who was also deified, and who
+appears in the Veda as a principal form of representation of the Supreme
+Being.
+
+"The warmest colors of imagination are used in portraying the greatness
+of Deva-Nahusha. For a time he had sovereign control of affairs in Meru;
+he conquered the seven dwipas, and led his armies through all the known
+countries of the world; by means of matchless wisdom and miraculous
+heroism he made his empire universal." (Ibid., p. 287.)
+
+Here we see that the great god Indra, chief god of the Hindoos, was
+formerly king of Meru, and that Deva-Nahusha (De(va)nushas--De-onyshas)
+had also been king of Meru; and we must remember that Theopompus tells us
+that the island of Atlantis was inhabited by the "Meropes;" and
+Lenormant has reached the conclusion that the first people of the
+ancient world were "the men of Mero."
+
+We can well believe, when we see traces of the same civilization
+extending from Peru and Lake Superior to Armenia and the frontiers of
+China, that this Atlantean kingdom was indeed "universal," and extended
+through all the "known countries of the world."
+
+"We can see in the legends that Pururavas, Nahusha, and others had no
+connection with Sanscrit history. They are referred to ages very long
+anterior to the Sanscrit immigration, and must have been great
+personages celebrated in the traditions of the natives or Dasyus....
+Pururavas was a king of great renown, who ruled over thirteen islands of
+the ocean, altogether surrounded by inhuman (or superhuman) personages;
+he engaged in a contest with Brahmans, and perished. Nahusha, mentioned
+by Maull, and in many legends, as famous for hostility to the Brahmans,
+lived at the time when Indra ruled on earth. He was a very great king,
+who ruled with justice a mighty empire, and attained the sovereignty of
+three worlds." (Europe, Africa, and America?) "Being intoxicated with
+pride, he was arrogant to Brahmans, compelled them to bear his
+palanquin, and even dared to touch one of them with his foot" (kicked
+him?), "whereupon he was transformed into a serpent." (Baldwin's
+"Prehistoric Nations," p. 291.)
+
+The Egyptians placed Dionysos (Osiris) at the close of the period of
+their history which was assigned to the gods, that is, toward the close
+of the great empire of Atlantis.
+
+When we remember that the hymns of the "Rig-Veda" are admitted to date
+back to a vast antiquity, and are written in a language that had ceased
+to be a living tongue thousands of years ago, we can almost fancy those
+hymns preserve some part of the songs of praise uttered of old upon the
+island of Atlantis. Many of them seem to belong to sun-worship, and
+might have been sung with propriety upon the high places of Peru:
+
+"In the beginning there arose the golden child. He was the one born Lord
+of all that is. He established the earth and the sky. Who is the god to
+whom we shall offer sacrifice?
+
+"He who gives life; He who gives strength; whose command all the bright
+gods" (the stars?) "revere; whose light is immortality; whose shadow is
+death.... He who through his power is the one God of the breathing
+and awakening world. He who governs all, man and beast. He whose
+greatness these snowy mountains, whose greatness the sea proclaims, with
+the distant river. He through whom the sky is bright and the earth firm....
+He who measured out the light in the air... Wherever the mighty
+water-clouds went, where they placed the seed and lit the fire, thence
+arose He who is the sole life of the bright gods.... He to whom
+heaven and earth, standing firm by His will, look up, trembling
+inwardly.... May he not destroy us; He, the creator of the earth; He,
+the righteous, who created heaven. He also created the bright and mighty
+waters."
+
+This is plainly a hymn to the sun, or to a god whose most glorious
+representative was the sun. It is the hymn of a people near the sea; it
+was not written by a people living in the heart of Asia. It was the hymn
+of a people living in a volcanic country, who call upon their god to
+keep the earth "firm" and not to destroy them. It was sung at daybreak,
+as the sun rolled up the sky over an "awakening world."
+
+The fire (Agni) upon the altar was regarded as a messenger rising from
+the earth to the sun:
+
+"Youngest of the gods, their messenger, their invoker.... For thou, O
+sage, goest wisely between these two creations (heaven and earth, God
+and man) like a friendly messenger between two hamlets."
+
+The dawn of the day (Ushas), part of the sun-worship, became also a god:
+
+"She shines upon us like a young wife, rousing every living being to go
+to his work. When the fire had to be kindled by man, she made the light
+by striking down the darkness."
+
+As the Egyptians and the Greeks looked to a happy abode (an under-world)
+in the west, beyond the waters, so the Aryan's paradise was the other
+side of some body of water. In the Veda (vii. 56, 24) we find a prayer
+to the Maruts, the storm-gods: "O, Maruts, may there be to us a strong
+son, who is a living ruler of men; through whom we may cross the waters
+on our way to the happy abode." This happy abode is described as "where
+King Vaivasvata reigns; where the secret place of heaven is; where the
+mighty waters are ... where there is food and rejoicing ... where
+there is happiness and delight; where joy and pleasure reside."
+(Rig-Veda ix. 113, 7.) This is the paradise beyond the seas; the
+Elysion; the Elysian Fields of the Greek and the Egyptian, located upon
+an island in the Atlantic which was destroyed by water. One great chain
+of tradition binds together these widely separated races.
+
+"The religion of the Veda knows no idols," says Max Müller; "the worship
+of idols in India is a secondary formation, a degradation of the more
+primitive worship of ideal gods."
+
+It was pure sun-worship, such as prevailed in Peru on the arrival of the
+Spaniards. It accords with Plato's description of the religion of
+Atlantis.
+
+"The Dolphin's Ridge," at the bottom of the Atlantic, or the high land
+revealed by the soundings taken by the ship Challenger, is, as will be
+seen, of a three-pronged form--one prong pointing toward the west coast
+of Ireland, another connecting with the north-east coast of South
+America, and a third near or on the west coast of Africa. It does not
+follow that the island of Atlantis, at any time while inhabited by
+civilized people, actually reached these coasts; there is a strong
+probability that races of men may have found their way there from the
+three continents of Europe, America, and Africa; or the great continent
+which once filled the whole bed of the present Atlantic Ocean, and from
+whose débris geology tells us the Old and New Worlds were constructed,
+may have been the scene of the development, during immense periods of
+time, of diverse races of men, occupying different zones of climate.
+
+There are many indications that there were three races of men dwelling
+on Atlantis. Noah, according to Genesis, had three sons--Shem, Ham, and
+Japheth--who represented three different races of men of different
+colors. The Greek legends tell us of the rebellions inaugurated at
+different times in Olympus. One of these was a rebellion of the Giants,
+"a race of beings sprung from the blood of Uranos," the great original
+progenitor of the stock. "Their king or leader was Porphyrion, their
+most powerful champion Alkyoneus." Their mother was the earth: this
+probably meant that they represented the common people of a darker line.
+They made a desperate struggle for supremacy, but were conquered by
+Zeus. There were also two rebellions of the Titans. The Titans seem to
+have had a government of their own, and the names of twelve of their
+kings are given in the Greek mythology (see Murray, p. 27). They also
+were of "the blood of Uranos," the Adam of the people. We read, in fact,
+that Uranos married Gæa (the earth), and had three families: 1, the
+Titans; 2, the Hekatoncheires; and 3, the Kyklopes. We should conclude
+that the last two were maritime peoples, and I have shown that their
+mythical characteristics were probably derived from the appearance of
+their ships. Here we have, I think, a reference to the three races: 1,
+the red or sunburnt men, like the Egyptians, the Phoenicians, the
+Basques, and the Berber and Cushite stocks; 2, the sons of Shem,
+possibly the yellow or Turanian race; and 3, the whiter men, the Aryans,
+the Greeks, Kelts, Goths, Slavs, etc. If this view is correct, then we
+may suppose that colonies of the pale-faced stock may have been sent out
+from Atlantis to the northern coasts of Europe at different and perhaps
+widely separated periods of time, from some of which the Aryan families
+of Europe proceeded; hence the legend, which is found among them, that
+they were once forced to dwell in a country where the summers were only
+two months long.
+
+From the earliest times two grand divisions are recognized in the Aryan
+family: "to the east those who specially called themselves Arians, whose
+descendants inhabited Persia, India, etc.; to the west, the Yavana, or
+the Young Ones, who first emigrated westward, and from whom have
+descended the various nations that have populated Europe. This is the
+name (Javan) found in the tenth chapter of Genesis." (Lenormant and
+Chevallier, "Ancient History of the East," vol. ii., p. 2.) But surely
+those who "first emigrated westward," the earliest to leave the parent
+stock, could not be the "Young Ones;" they would be rather the elder
+brothers. But if we can suppose the Bactrian population to have left
+Atlantis at an early date, and the Greeks, Latins, and Celts to have
+left it at a later period, then they would indeed be the "Young Ones" of
+the family, following on the heels of the earlier migrations, and herein
+we would find the explanation of the resemblance between the Latin and
+Celtic tongues. Lenormant says the name of Erin (Ireland) is derived
+from Aryan; and yet we have seen this island populated and named Erin by
+races distinctly connected with Spain, Iberia, Africa, and Atlantis.
+
+There is another reason for supposing that the Aryan nations came from
+Atlantis.
+
+We find all Europe, except a small corner of Spain and a strip along the
+Arctic Circle, occupied by nations recognized as Aryan; but when we turn
+to Asia, there is but a corner of it, and that corner in the part
+nearest Europe, occupied by the Aryans. All the rest of that great
+continent has been filled from immemorial ages by non-Aryan races. There
+are seven branches of the Aryan family: 1. Germanic or Teutonic; 2.
+Slavo-Lithuanic; 3. Celtic; 4. Italic; 5. Greek; 6. Iranian or Persian;
+7. Sanscritic or Indian; and of these seven branches five dwell on the
+soil of Europe, and the other two are intrusive races in Asia from the
+direction of Europe. The Aryans in Europe have dwelt there apparently
+since the close of the Stone Age, if not before it, while the movements
+of the Aryans in Asia are within the Historical Period, and they appear
+as intrusive stocks, forming a high caste amid a vast population of a
+different race. The Vedas are supposed to date back to 2000 B.C., while
+there is every reason to believe that the Celt inhabited Western Europe
+5000 B.C. If the Aryan race had originated in the heart of Asia, why
+would not its ramifications have extended into Siberia, China, and
+Japan, and all over Asia? And if the Aryans moved at a comparatively
+recent date into Europe from Bactria, where are the populations that
+then inhabited Europe--the men of the ages of stone and bronze? We
+should expect to find the western coasts of Europe filled with them,
+just as the eastern coasts of Asia and India are filled with Turanian
+populations. On the contrary, we know that the Aryans descended upon
+India from the Punjab, which lies to the north-west of that region; and
+that their traditions represent that they came there from the west, to
+wit, from the direction of Europe and Atlantis.
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+ATLANTIS RECONSTRUCTED.
+
+The farther we go back in time toward the era of Atlantis, the more the
+evidences multiply that we are approaching the presence of a great,
+wise, civilized race. For instance, we find the Egyptians, Ethiopians,
+and Israelites, from the earliest ages, refusing to eat the flesh of
+swine. The Western nations departed from this rule, and in these modern
+days we are beginning to realize the dangers of this article of food, on
+account of the trichina contained in it; and when we turn to the Talmud,
+we are told that it was forbidden to the Jews, "because of a small
+insect which infests it."
+
+The Egyptians, the Ethiopians, the Phoenicians, the Hebrews, and others
+of the ancient races, practised circumcision. It was probably resorted
+to in Atlantean days, and imposed as a religious duty, to arrest one of
+the most dreadful scourges of the human race--a scourge which continued
+to decimate the people of America, arrested their growth, and paralyzed
+their civilization. Circumcision stamped out the disease in Atlantis; we
+read of one Atlantean king, the Greek god Ouranos, who, in a time of
+plague, compelled his whole army and the armies of his allies to undergo
+the rite. The colonies that went out to Europe carried the practice but
+not the disease out of which it originated with them; and it was not
+until Columbus reopened communication with the infected people of the
+West India Islands that the scourge crossed the Atlantic and "turned
+Europe," as one has expressed it, "into a charnal-house."
+
+Life-insurance statistics show, nowadays, that the average life and
+health of the Hebrew is much greater than that of other men; and he owes
+this to the retention of practices and beliefs imposed ten thousand
+years ago by the great, wise race of Atlantis.
+
+Let us now, with all the facts before us, gleaned from various sources,
+reconstruct, as near as may be, the condition of the antediluvians.
+
+They dwelt upon a great island, near which were other smaller islands,
+probably east and west of them, forming stepping-stones, as it were,
+toward Europe and Africa in one direction, and the West India Islands
+and America in the other. There were volcanic mountains upon the main
+island, rising to a height of fifteen hundred feet, with their tops
+covered with perpetual snow. Below these were elevated table-lands, upon
+which were the royal establishments. Below these, again, was "the great
+plain of Atlantis." There were four rivers flowing north, south, east,
+and west from a central point. The climate was like that of the Azores,
+mild and pleasant; the soil volcanic and fertile, and suitable at its
+different elevations for the growth of the productions of the tropical
+and temperate zones.
+
+The people represented at least two different races: a dark brown
+reddish race, akin to the Central Americans, the Berbers and the
+Egyptians; and a white race, like the Greeks, Goths, Celts, and
+Scandinavians. Various battles and struggles followed between the
+different peoples for supremacy. The darker race seems to have been,
+physically, a smaller race, with small hands; the lighter-colored race
+was much larger--hence the legends of the Titans and Giants. The
+Guanches of the Canary Islands were men of very great stature. As the
+works of the Bronze Age represent a small-handed race, and as the races
+who possessed the ships and gunpowder joined in the war against the
+Giants, we might conclude that the dark races were the more civilized,
+that they were the metal-workers and navigators.
+
+The fact that the same opinions and customs exist on both sides of the
+ocean implies identity of origin; it might be argued that the fact that
+the explanation of many customs existing on both hemispheres is to be
+found only in America, implies that the primeval stock existed in
+America, the emigrating portion of the population carrying away the
+custom, but forgetting the reason for it. The fact that domestic cattle
+and the great cereals, wheat, oats, barley, and rye, are found in Europe
+and not in America, would imply that after the population moved to Atlantis
+from America civilization was developed in Atlantis, and that in the
+later ages communication was closer and more constant between Atlantis
+and Europe than between Atlantis and America. In the case of the bulky
+domestic animals, it would be more difficult to transport them, in the
+open vessels of that day, from Atlantis across the wider expanse of sea
+to America, than it would be to carry them by way of the now submerged
+islands in front of the Mediterranean Sea to the coast of Spain. It may
+be, too, that the climate of Spain and Italy was better adapted to the
+growth of wheat, barley, oats and rye, than maize; while the drier
+atmosphere of America was better suited to the latter plant. Even now
+comparatively little wheat or barley is raised in Central America,
+Mexico, or Peru, and none on the low coasts of those countries; while a
+smaller quantity of maize, proportionately, is grown in Italy, Spain,
+and the rest of Western Europe, the rainy climate being unsuited to it.
+We have seen (p. 60, ante) that there is reason to believe that maize
+was known in a remote period in the drier regions of the Egyptians and
+Chinese.
+
+As science has been able to reconstruct the history of the migrations of
+the Aryan race, by the words that exist or fail to appear in the kindred
+branches of that tongue, so the time will come when a careful comparison
+of words, customs, opinions, arts existing on the opposite sides of the
+Atlantic will furnish an approximate sketch of Atlantean history.
+
+The people had attained a high position as agriculturists. The presence
+of the plough in Egypt and Peru implies that they possessed that
+implement. And as the horns and ox-head of Baal show the esteem in which
+cattle were held among them, we may suppose that they had passed the
+stage in which the plough was drawn by men, as in Peru and Egypt in
+ancient times, and in Sweden during the Historical Period, and that it
+was drawn by oxen or horses. They first domesticated the horse, hence
+the association of Poseidon or Neptune, a sea-god, with horses; hence
+the race-courses for horses described by Plato. They possessed sheep,
+and manufactured woollen goods; they also had goats, dogs, and swine.
+They raised cotton and made cotton goods; they probably cultivated
+maize, wheat, oats, barley, rye, tobacco, hemp, and flax, and possibly
+potatoes; they built aqueducts and practised irrigation; they were
+architects, sculptors, and engravers; they possessed an alphabet; they
+worked in tin, copper, bronze, silver, gold, and iron.
+
+During the vast period of their duration, as peace and agriculture
+caused their population to increase to overflowing, they spread out in
+colonies east and west to the ends of the earth. This was not the work
+of a few years, but of many centuries; and the relations between these
+colonies may have been something like the relation between the different
+colonies that in a later age were established by the Phoenicians, the
+Greeks, and the Romans; there was an intermingling with the more ancient
+races, the autochthones of the different lands where they settled; and
+the same crossing of stocks, which we know to have been continued all
+through the Historical Period, must have been going on for thousands of
+years, whereby new races and new dialects were formed; and the result of
+all this has been that the smaller races of antiquity have grown larger,
+while all the complexions shade into each other, so that we can pass
+from the whitest to the darkest by insensible degrees.
+
+In some respects the Atlanteans exhibited conditions similar to those of
+the British Islands: there were the same, and even greater, race
+differences in the population; the same plantation of colonies in
+Europe, Asia, and America; the same carrying of civilization to the ends
+of the earth. We have seen colonies from Great Britain going out in the
+third and fifth centuries to settle on the shores of France, in
+Brittany, representing one of the nationalities and languages of the
+mother-country--a race Atlantean in origin. In the same way we may
+suppose Hamitic emigrations to have gone out from Atlantis to Syria,
+Egypt, and the Barbary States. If we could imagine Highland Scotch,
+Welsh, Cornish, and Irish populations emigrating en masse from England
+in later times, and carrying to their new lands the civilization of
+England, with peculiar languages not English, we would have a state of
+things probably more like the migrations which took place from Atlantis.
+England, with a civilization Atlantean in origin, peopled by races from
+the same source, is repeating in these modern times the empire of Zeus
+and Chronos; and, just as we have seen Troy, Egypt, and Greece warring
+against the parent race, so in later days we have seen Brittany and the
+United States separating themselves from England, the race
+characteristics remaining after the governmental connection had ceased.
+
+In religion the Atlanteans had reached all the great thoughts which
+underlie our modern creeds. They had attained to the conception of one
+universal, omnipotent, great First Cause. We find the worship of this
+One God in Peru and in early Egypt. They looked upon the sun as the
+mighty emblem, type, and instrumentality of this One God. Such a
+conception could only have come with civilization. It is not until these
+later days that science has realized the utter dependence of all earthly
+life upon the sun's rays:
+
+"All applications of animal power may be regarded as derived directly or
+indirectly from the static chemical power of the vegetable substance by
+which the various organisms and their capabilities are sustained; and
+this power, in turn, from the kinetic action of the sun's rays.
+
+"Winds and ocean currents, hailstorms and rain, sliding glaciers,
+flowing rivers, and falling cascades are the direct offspring of solar
+heat. All our machinery, therefore, whether driven by the windmill or
+the water-wheel, by horse-power or by steam--all the results of
+electrical and electro-magnetic changes--our telegraphs, our clocks, and
+our watches, all are wound up primarily by the sun.
+
+"The sun is the great source of energy in almost all terrestrial
+phenomena. From the meteorological to the geographical, from the
+geological to the biological, in the expenditure and conversion of
+molecular movements, derived from the sun's rays, must be sought the
+motive power of all this infinitely varied phantasmagoria."
+
+But the people of Atlantis had gone farther; they believed that the soul
+of man was immortal, and that he would live again in his material body;
+in other words, they believed in "the resurrection of the body and the
+life everlasting." They accordingly embalmed their dead.
+
+The Duke of Argyll ("The Unity of Nature") says:
+
+"We have found in the most ancient records of the Aryan language proof
+that the indications of religious thought are higher, simpler, and purer
+as we go back in time, until at last, in the very oldest compositions of
+human speech which have come down to us, we find the Divine Being spoken
+of in the sublime language which forms the opening of the Lord's Prayer.
+The date in absolute chronology of the oldest Vedic literature does not
+seem to be known. Professor Max Müller, however, considers that it may
+possibly take us back 5000 years.... All we can see with certainty is
+that the earliest inventions of mankind are the most wonderful that the
+race has ever made.... The first use of fire, and the discovery of
+the methods by which it can be kindled; the domestication of wild
+animals; and, above all, the processes by which the various cereals were
+first developed out of some wild grasses--these are all discoveries with
+which, in ingenuity and in importance, no subsequent discoveries may
+compare. They are all unknown to history--all lost in the light of an
+effulgent dawn."
+
+The Atlanteans possessed an established order of priests; their
+religious worship was pure and simple. They lived under a kingly
+government; they had their courts, their judges, their records, their
+monuments covered with inscriptions, their mines, their founderies,
+their workshops, their looms, their grist-mills, their boats and
+sailing-vessels, their highways, aqueducts, wharves, docks, and canals.
+They had processions, banners, and triumphal arches for their kings and
+heroes; they built pyramids, temples, round-towers, and obelisks; they
+practised religious ablutions; they knew the use of the magnet and of
+gunpowder. In short, they were in the enjoyment of a civilization nearly
+as high as our own, lacking only the printing-press, and those
+inventions in which steam, electricity, and magnetism are used. We are
+told that Deva-Nahusha visited his colonies in Farther India. An empire
+which reached from the Andes to Hindostan, if not to China, must have
+been magnificent indeed. In its markets must have met the maize of the
+Mississippi Valley, the copper of Lake Superior, the gold and silver of
+Peru and Mexico, the spices of India, the tin of Wales and Cornwall, the
+bronze of Iberia, the amber of the Baltic, the wheat and barley of
+Greece, Italy, and Switzerland.
+
+It is not surprising that when this mighty nation sank beneath the
+waves, in the midst of terrible convulsions, with all its millions of
+people, the event left an everlasting impression upon the imagination of
+mankind. Let us suppose that Great Britain should to-morrow meet with a
+similar fate. What a wild consternation would fall upon her colonies and
+upon the whole human family! The world might relapse into barbarism,
+deep and almost universal. William the Conqueror, Richard Coeur de Lion,
+Alfred the Great, Cromwell, and Victoria might survive only as the gods
+or demons of later races; but the memory of the cataclysm in which the
+centre of a universal empire instantaneously went down to death would
+never be forgotten; it would survive in fragments, more or less
+complete, in every land on earth; it would outlive the memory of a
+thousand lesser convulsions of nature; it would survive dynasties,
+nations, creeds, and languages; it would never be forgotten while man
+continued to inhabit the face of the globe.
+
+Science has but commenced its work of reconstructing the past and
+rehabilitating the ancient peoples, and surely there is no study which
+appeals more strongly to the imagination than that of this drowned
+nation, the true antediluvians. They were the founders of nearly all our
+arts and sciences; they were the parents of our fundamental beliefs;
+they were the first civilizers, the first navigators, the first
+merchants, the first colonizers of the earth; their civilization was old
+when Egypt was young, and they had passed away thousands of years before
+Babylon, Rome, or London were dreamed of. This lost people were our
+ancestors, their blood flows in our veins; the words we use every day
+were heard, in their primitive form, in their cities, courts, and
+temples. Every line of race and thought, of blood and belief, leads back
+to them.
+
+Nor is it impossible that the nations of the earth may yet employ their
+idle navies in bringing to the light of day some of the relics of this
+buried people. Portions of the island lie but a few hundred fathoms
+beneath the sea; and if expeditions have been sent out from time to time
+in the past, to resurrect from the depths of the ocean sunken
+treasure-ships with a few thousand doubloons hidden in their cabins, why
+should not an attempt be made to reach the buried wonders of Atlantis? A
+single engraved tablet dredged up from Plato's island would be worth
+more to science, would more strike the imagination of mankind, than all
+the gold of Peru, all the monuments of Egypt, and all the terra-cotta
+fragments gathered from the great libraries of Chaldea.
+
+May not the so-called "Phoenician coins" found on Corvo, one of the
+Azores, be of Atlantean origin? Is it probable that that great race,
+pre-eminent as a founder of colonies, could have visited those islands
+within the Historical Period, and have left them unpeopled, as they were
+when discovered by the Portuguese?
+
+We are but beginning to understand the past: one hundred years ago the
+world knew nothing of Pompeii or Herculaneum; nothing of the lingual tie
+that binds together the Indo-European nations; nothing of the
+significance of the vast volume of inscriptions upon the tombs and
+temples of Egypt; nothing of the meaning of the arrow-headed
+inscriptions of Babylon; nothing of the marvellous civilizations
+revealed in the remains of Yucatan, Mexico, and Peru. We are on the
+threshold. Scientific investigation is advancing with giant strides. Who
+shall say that one hundred years from now the great museums of the world
+may not be adorned with gems, statues, arms, and implements from
+Atlantis, while the libraries of the world shall contain translations of
+its inscriptions, throwing new light upon all the past history of the
+human race, and all the great problems which now perplex the thinkers of
+our day?
+
+THE END.
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 4032 ***