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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-08 23:46:12 -0800 |
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diff --git a/40290-h/40290-h.htm b/40290-h/40290-h.htm index 835a472..b6b5558 100644 --- a/40290-h/40290-h.htm +++ b/40290-h/40290-h.htm @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> @@ -98,46 +98,7 @@ text-align: center; </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's The Testimony of Tradition, by David MacRitchie - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Testimony of Tradition - -Author: David MacRitchie - -Release Date: July 21, 2012 [EBook #40290] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TESTIMONY OF TRADITION *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40290 ***</div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p> <h3>THE TESTIMONY OF TRADITION.</h3> @@ -155,7 +116,7 @@ Internet Archive) <span class="add2em">and Edited. With Map and 2 Illustrations.</span><br /> <span class="add2em">Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.</span></p></blockquote> -<h5>London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.</h5> +<h5>London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.</h5> <hr style="width: 65%;" /> @@ -183,7 +144,7 @@ Internet Archive) <h4>LONDON<br /> -KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., <span class="smcap">Limited</span><br /> +KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÃœBNER & CO., <span class="smcap">Limited</span><br /> 1890</h4> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span><br /></p> @@ -201,7 +162,7 @@ PRINTED BY WOODFALL AND KINDER,<br /> <p>A large portion of this work has already appeared in -the form of a series of articles contributed to the <i>Archæological +the form of a series of articles contributed to the <i>Archæological Review</i> (Aug.-Oct., 1889, and Jan., 1890), but these have here undergone some alteration and have been supplemented to a considerable extent.</p> @@ -224,7 +185,7 @@ endeavoured to set forth has the peculiar advantage of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> possessing a tangible test of its worth. What that test is will be readily seen by every reader. If the result of future -archæological excavations should be to confirm tradition +archæological excavations should be to confirm tradition (as it is needless to say the writer of these pages believes will be the case), the question then will be one, not of interpreting tradition so that it may square with current beliefs, @@ -272,7 +233,7 @@ the Seventeenth Century—"Barbarous Men"<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page <p class="toc"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a></p> -<p>Feens or Cruithné—Fin in the Kingdom of the Big Men— +<p>Feens or Cruithné—Fin in the Kingdom of the Big Men— Dwarfish Tyrants<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_51">51</a>-<a href="#Page_57">57</a></span></p> @@ -330,7 +291,7 @@ Mounds<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_141">141</a>-<a href="#Page_155">155</ <p>Scott's "Rob Roy"—Shaggy Men—Red Fairies of Wales— Brownies and Forest-Men—The Ainos—A Hairy Race—Modern -"Pechts"—Cave-Men—Dwarf-Tribes and Reindeer—<i>Pÿgmei +"Pechts"—Cave-Men—Dwarf-Tribes and Reindeer—<i>Pÿgmei Vulgo Screlinger Dicti</i><span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_156">156</a>-<a href="#Page_175">175</a></span></p> <p class="toc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">CHAPTER XVII.</a></p> @@ -339,7 +300,7 @@ Vulgo Screlinger Dicti</i><span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_156">156</a>-<a hr <p><a href="#APPENDIX_A">Appendix A.</a>—<i>The Brugh of the Boyne</i><span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_181">181</a>-<a href="#Page_189">189</a></span></p> -<p><a href="#APPENDIX_B">Appendix B.</a>—<i>The Skrælings</i><span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_190">190</a>-<a href="#Page_193">193</a></span></p> +<p><a href="#APPENDIX_B">Appendix B.</a>—<i>The Skrælings</i><span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_190">190</a>-<a href="#Page_193">193</a></span></p> <p><a href="#INDEX">Index</a><span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_195">195</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a></span></p> @@ -513,7 +474,7 @@ appearing therein as a magic medicine-man:—</p> <div style="margin-left: 2em;"> A Finn came ow'r fa Norraway,<br /> -Fir ta pit töth-ache away—<br /> +Fir ta pit töth-ache away—<br /> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> Oot o' da flesh an' oot o' da bane;<br /> Oot o' da sinew an' oot o' da skane;<br /> @@ -547,7 +508,7 @@ says:</p> "'I am a man upo' da land;<br /> I am a selkie i' da sea.<br /> An' whin I'm far fa every strand,<br /> -My dwelling is in Shöol Skerry.'" +My dwelling is in Shöol Skerry.'" </div> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> @@ -1049,7 +1010,7 @@ their lives in the tempests, which always followed her appearance." Apparently, this refers more particularly to Norway. In the Channel Islands a similar belief exists regarding the mer-man, who is styled "the King of the <i>Auxcriniers</i>." "<i>Il -est le baladin lugubre de la tempête</i>," says M. Victor Hugo, in +est le baladin lugubre de la tempête</i>," says M. Victor Hugo, in describing this mer-man of the Channel.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> The probable <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> explanation of this belief is that, when a tempest was @@ -1349,7 +1310,7 @@ Eskimo.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> -<p>The author of the "Gallovidian Encyclopædia" gives also +<p>The author of the "Gallovidian Encyclopædia" gives also a hint of the existence of such a population in Galloway: when (under the name "cutty glies") he refers to "a class of females," whom he describes as "little" and "squat-made," @@ -1698,7 +1659,7 @@ I am a selkie i da sea.<br /> </div> <p>Indeed, the concluding lines of that verse are peculiarly -appropriate to the Hebridean. For the "shöol skerry," which +appropriate to the Hebridean. For the "shöol skerry," which is the rocky islet of <i>Sule</i> or <i>Sula</i>, lying about forty miles N.N.E. of Cape Wrath, formed a very convenient refuge for him when "far from every strand," during his voyages between @@ -1955,7 +1916,7 @@ and dignity, and the advancement of mere "earls" instead; "for they [Harald's sons] thought earls were of inferior birth to them." Consequently, Halfdan and his brother Gudrod "set off one spring with a great force, and came -suddenly upon Earl Rognvald, Earl of Möre, and surrounded +suddenly upon Earl Rognvald, Earl of Möre, and surrounded <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> the house in which he was, and burnt him and sixty men in it." Then, leaving his brother in temporary possession @@ -2002,7 +1963,7 @@ kings of Ringerike, Hadeland, and Thoten), we have the in King Inge's rents and duties" at Viken, Norway, in the twelfth century ("Heimskringla," Saga XIV, chap. vii). And a certain notable Ketill flat-nose,<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> or Ketill Finn, whose memory -is doubtless embalmed in Ketill's-sæter (now Kettlester), in +is doubtless embalmed in Ketill's-sæter (now Kettlester), in the island of Yell, Shetland, was clearly of Finn blood. When he, and such as he—the semi-Ugrian sons of Harald, for example—held sway in Shetland and Orkney, and when @@ -2228,10 +2189,10 @@ Feens, who drew tribute from them, the real owners of these various territories were the powerful though scattered overlords, and not the races that were under their sway.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> Mr. J. F. Campbell also states that the Feenic king was not -distinguished by any <i>territorial</i> title: "always 'Rìgh na -Fînne or Fēinne'" ("West Highland Tales," I, xiii). And in +distinguished by any <i>territorial</i> title: "always 'Rìgh na +Fînne or Fēinne'" ("West Highland Tales," I, xiii). And in the pedigree which he gives on page 34 of his "Leabhar na -Feinne," and which was compiled by a good archæologist, the +Feinne," and which was compiled by a good archæologist, the title given to three successive generations of the "royal family" of the Irish Feens is "General of the Feens" of Ireland; not "King of Ireland" itself.</p> @@ -2353,19 +2314,19 @@ there are just two people mentioned in the Irish records who had settlements in Ireland, and who yet were connected with Great Britain and the region between the Rhine and the Elbe. These were the people termed the Tuatha De Danann, -and the Cruithné." So says the learned annotator of +and the Cruithné." So says the learned annotator of "The Dean of Lismore's Book."<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p> <p>These two last-named races, we are told, are both traditionally brought from the Elbe and Rhine districts to Ireland and Scotland, and both are eventually subdued by the later-arriving Milesian Scots. The period given for the Milesian -conquest of the Cruithné of Scotland, is the ninth century of +conquest of the Cruithné of Scotland, is the ninth century of the Christian era.</p> <p>Leaving the "Tuatha De Danann" out of the question in the meantime, let us look at the contemporary and probably -kindred "Cruithné." The Cruithné, Cruithneach, or Cruithnigh, +kindred "Cruithné." The Cruithné, Cruithneach, or Cruithnigh, are unquestionably deserving of study, for Dr. Skene has shown us<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> that this is merely another name for those people whom history chiefly knows as "the Picts." The @@ -2389,16 +2350,16 @@ Both of these names are unquestionably derived from the time when there was a "land of the Picts" in either of these neighbourhoods. But the Picts, as such, are remembered all over Scotland, in history and in tradition. It is chiefly in -connection with Ireland that they are spoken of as Cruithné.</p> +connection with Ireland that they are spoken of as Cruithné.</p> -<p>If the "Feens" of tradition were <i>Cruithné</i>, or <i>Picts</i>, it is +<p>If the "Feens" of tradition were <i>Cruithné</i>, or <i>Picts</i>, it is evident that whatever is known with regard to the history, customs, appearance, and language of the Picts will help us to decide as to whether the <i>Feens</i> were really one with the <i>Finns</i> of history, ethnology, and tradition. This, as already remarked, on general grounds, seems very probable. But, when a very able historian assures us that the historical -Cruithné or Picts must certainly be at least classed with the +Cruithné or Picts must certainly be at least classed with the Feens of tradition, if these three terms do not actually include one people, we are enabled, by proceeding upon this assumption, to obtain further proofs in corroboration of this @@ -2428,12 +2389,12 @@ immediately preceding or following the birth of Christ, the probability is that that race belonged to one division or another of these dispossessed Ugrian people.</p> -<p>If this were so—if the Cruithné or Picts, who came to +<p>If this were so—if the Cruithné or Picts, who came to Britain from the Baltic lands, were one with, or closely akin to, the Finns and Lapps—their characteristics must have been those of such people. For example, their religious beliefs. Now, one cannot read Dr. Skene's references to the -heathen religion of the Cruithné without seeing that it +heathen religion of the Cruithné without seeing that it strongly resembles that of the Lapps and Finns.<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> Without quoting these references in detail, it may be pointed out that the power of bringing on a snowstorm and darkness, and @@ -2463,7 +2424,7 @@ namely, the magic-working Finns of Shetland, have borne that title, we may adhere to the practice of referring to both divisions as "Finns."</p> -<p>The Picts or Cruithné, therefore, practised the magic of +<p>The Picts or Cruithné, therefore, practised the magic of the Finns. That is, the <i>Feens</i> practised the magic of the <i>Finns</i>.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p> @@ -2505,7 +2466,7 @@ something like a true conception of these legendary Feens, is to regard them from the ethnological point of view, as well, that is, as our imperfect information will allow. We shall therefore look at them in this aspect, whether considered -as <i>Picts</i> or <i>Cruithné</i> or as <i>Feens</i>.</p> +as <i>Picts</i> or <i>Cruithné</i> or as <i>Feens</i>.</p> <p>The great hero of the Feenic legends, and the "King" or "General" of the Feens of Ireland, was the famous "Finn" @@ -2537,10 +2498,10 @@ coracle was an open boat, capable of holding at least four persons; as is shown on the return voyage.</p> <p>After landing, Fin encountered a "big wayfarer" (<i>tais-dealach -mòr</i>), who informed him that his king had long been +mòr</i>), who informed him that his king had long been in want of a dwarf (<i>troich</i>), and that Fin would suit him capitally. "He took with him Fin; but another big man -(<i>fear mòr</i>) came, and was going to take Fin from him. The +(<i>fear mòr</i>) came, and was going to take Fin from him. The two fought; but when they had torn each other's clothes, they left it to Fin to judge. He chose the first one. He took Fin with him to the palace of the king, whose worthies @@ -2608,10 +2569,10 @@ of the former inhabitants of the country," says a writer on Shetland,<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> "was, that the remains of old dwellings were Pechts' houses, and that those who lived in them were little men." And, in reporting to the Anthropological Society of -London the result of an archæological tour in Shetland, Dr. +London the result of an archæological tour in Shetland, Dr. James Hunt<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> remarks of such "old dwellings"—"These remains are called 'Pights' or Picts' houses.' Mr. Umfray -[a local archæologist] surmises that they were originally +[a local archæologist] surmises that they were originally 'pights' or dwarfs' houses.' Dwarfs, in this locality, are still called <i>pechts</i>."<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> And the present writer, when visiting a "Pict's <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> @@ -2651,7 +2612,7 @@ dwarfish person, and Dr. Jamieson, in recording the fact,<a name="FNanchor_92_92 suggests its connection with "the <i>pichts</i> or <i>pechts</i>, whom the vulgar view as a race of pigmies." In the south of Scotland also, this signification appears to prevail; for the Ettrick -Shepherd, in the "Noctes Ambrosianæ," employs "pegh" as +Shepherd, in the "Noctes Ambrosianæ," employs "pegh" as an everyday synonym for "dwarf." In point of fact, although it has just been stated that dwarfs "are still called <i>pechts</i>" in Shetland, because of the small size of the race so known to @@ -2798,7 +2759,7 @@ This lamp, which is never extinguished, serves at once for light, warmth, and cooking."<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a></p></blockquote> <p>It is not out of place to refer here also to an instructive article -on "The Archæology of Lighting Appliances," read before +on "The Archæology of Lighting Appliances," read before the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland by Mr. J. Romilly Allen, F.S.A.Scot., in the course of which he describes the stone lamps found in the habitations known as "brochs" @@ -2807,7 +2768,7 @@ stone lamps found in the habitations known as "brochs" lamps he states that although not quite identical in shape with those used by modern Eskimos, they are substantially identical, and must have been used in precisely the same -way. Comparing this with Baron Nordenskiöld's accounts, +way. Comparing this with Baron Nordenskiöld's accounts, Mr. Romilly Allen observes: "The picture here given of the domestic life of the Eskimos at the present time enables us to form a tolerably correct idea of the way in which the @@ -3249,7 +3210,7 @@ nation.<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_1 the "Pechts," and were themselves veritable Pechts, it is evident that the Feens built and inhabited the dwellings known as "Pechts' houses." This is quite borne out when -we regard that class of building which, although an archæologist +we regard that class of building which, although an archæologist already quoted (Mr. Petrie) does not hold it to be strictly entitled to the designation of "Pecht's house," is nevertheless a variety of the same species, and often receives @@ -3280,7 +3241,7 @@ Wordsworth knows, Oisin himself is said to be buried.</p> <p>The true "Pecht's house," however, is not this dry-stone circular "castle," open to air and sun. These "castles" are, indeed, popularly included among "Pechts' houses," but -such an archæologist as the one recently referred to prefers +such an archæologist as the one recently referred to prefers to speak of them as "brochs." This word "broch" (akin to <i>burgh</i>, etc.) has been adopted by Dr. Joseph Anderson and other eminent students of such buildings, to distinguish this @@ -3342,7 +3303,7 @@ according to its pronunciation, this distinctive <i>sith</i> becomes spelt <i>shee</i>; as in the case of <i>Gleann-sith</i>, which is written "Glenshee." And, similarly, <i>sithean</i> becomes <i>sheean</i>. It is the "sheean," then, and not the "broch" proper, that is -regarded by such archæologists as Mr. Petrie as peculiarly +regarded by such archæologists as Mr. Petrie as peculiarly the dwelling of the Pechts.</p> <p>Now, if any Highlander were asked his opinion as to the @@ -3413,7 +3374,7 @@ all colours."<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Foot there a fortress, or a fastness, or a mound, or a church, or a sacred place, or a sanctuary," which the Danes had not plundered when it fell to their arms. The first three terms, -which in the Gaelic are <i>dún</i>, <i>daingean</i>, and <i>diongna</i>, are +which in the Gaelic are <i>dún</i>, <i>daingean</i>, and <i>diongna</i>, are closely allied, and each designates something akin to the "hollow mounds" of which we have been speaking.<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> But the succeeding sentence is quite explicit: "Neither was there @@ -3428,12 +3389,12 @@ fairies of old for the concealment of their hidden treasures, the Danes, by their pagan magic and the diabolical power of their idols, were enabled to find them out."<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> (The Gaelic from which Dr. Todd translates the above sentences is as -follows:—"Ni raibh imorro <i>dún</i> no <i>daingean</i>, no <i>diongna</i>, no -ceall, no cadhas, no neimedh do gabhadh ris an ngláim -nglifidhigh, nglonnmair, ngnuismhir do bhí ag teaglaim, ocus -ag teaccar na hédala sin, óir ni raibhe ifolach <i>fo thalmain</i> in -Erinn ina fá dhiamhraibh díchealta ag <i>fianaibh</i> no ag -<i>síthcuiraibh</i> ní na fuaratar na Danmargaigh allmardha ingantacha +follows:—"Ni raibh imorro <i>dún</i> no <i>daingean</i>, no <i>diongna</i>, no +ceall, no cadhas, no neimedh do gabhadh ris an ngláim +nglifidhigh, nglonnmair, ngnuismhir do bhà ag teaglaim, ocus +ag teaccar na hédala sin, óir ni raibhe ifolach <i>fo thalmain</i> in +Erinn ina fá dhiamhraibh dÃchealta ag <i>fianaibh</i> no ag +<i>sÃthcuiraibh</i> nà na fuaratar na Danmargaigh allmardha ingantacha sin, tre geintlidhecht, ocus tre iodhaladhradh.")<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></p> <p>Like the Pechts in Northumbrian tradition, the Feens @@ -3444,7 +3405,7 @@ the Feens themselves testify to a distinction between the two. Thus, in the "Dan an Fhir Shicair," or Ballad of the Fairy Man,<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> Fin and his six nobles, while walking out one evening, see a fairy-man coming towards them, who announces that -he comes from the neighbouring Golden Doon (<i>Dún an oir</i>), +he comes from the neighbouring Golden Doon (<i>Dún an oir</i>), and that his purpose is to cause those Feens to come, by enchantment, to dine that day with him and his people in their "hill." Here, then, we have the Feens associating, to @@ -3509,7 +3470,7 @@ when the Danes overran the whole district of the Boyne and Blackwater (co. Meath), and broke into the "fairy hills" of that region; one of which, that of New Grange, is probably the most interesting example of its class that is at -present known to archæologists.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> Therefore, the booty which +present known to archæologists.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> Therefore, the booty which the Danes thus obtained in 862 must have formed a portion of that captured by King Brian, after his victory, in the year 1000. And it is clear enough that it was this special @@ -3551,7 +3512,7 @@ to quote a few of the Breton beliefs bearing upon this subject.</p> <p>Of those whom he states are called the <i>Christian</i> fairies of -Brittany, M. Paul Sébillot gives several particulars.<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> These +Brittany, M. Paul Sébillot gives several particulars.<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> These so-called "Christian" fairies were, he says, "neither wholly Christian nor wholly pagan," and in the traditions relating to them he dimly recognizes their possible identification @@ -3562,9 +3523,9 @@ builders of churches. And just as local tradition states that the Pechts who built the Round Tower of Abernethy, in the manner already described, accomplished their work in the course of a single night, so a certain chapel in -the Côtes-du-Nord is said to have been built in one +the Côtes-du-Nord is said to have been built in one night by the "fairies." Moreover, in two of the instances -referred to by M. Sébillot, the top stone of the building +referred to by M. Sébillot, the top stone of the building is or was lacking, for the reason that the daylight had surprised the builders at their work.<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> Now, this is precisely what is stated of the Pictish builders of the Round @@ -3598,7 +3559,7 @@ such everyday drudgery as washing the clothes of the taller race living near them, for no higher remuneration than their daily food.<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> The "castle" in which they dwelt is not spoken of as visible at the present day, but the probability is that -it was of the same nature as the <i>Aschberg</i>, near Casterlé, +it was of the same nature as the <i>Aschberg</i>, near Casterlé, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> which M. Pol de Mont states<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> is declared by tradition to be a chambered mound, capable of housing as many as fifty @@ -3744,7 +3705,7 @@ held unworthy of a man to practise seid, and the seid-man was prosecuted and burned as an atrocious trollman.<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> The seid-women received money to make men hard, so that iron could not wound them." "The most remarkable class of -seid-women were the so-called Valas, or Völvas. We find +seid-women were the so-called Valas, or Völvas. We find them present at the birth of children, when they seem to represent the Norns." "That the Norns, who appeared at the birth of children, were of the race of the dwarfs," is elsewhere @@ -3803,7 +3764,7 @@ the Fir Sidhe named <i>Fierna</i>,<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_14 leader of the "little people" of the south-west. His chief residence appears to have been a certain <i>Knockfierin</i>, or Fierna's Hillock, which has perhaps been investigated by -local archæologists. Several of the Limerick traditions +local archæologists. Several of the Limerick traditions relating to Fierna have been contributed by Mr. David Fitzgerald to the "Revue des Traditions populaires" (April 1889), and one of these tells how a mysterious stranger @@ -3838,7 +3799,7 @@ wherein they differed.</p> <p>Nor is this deduction at variance with the belief that the people just named were one with the Pechts of history. For -the <i>Cruithné</i> of Ulster formed a distinct division of the +the <i>Cruithné</i> of Ulster formed a distinct division of the Pechts; and, indeed, to be still more specific, were latterly associated with the <i>eastern</i> part of that province. And, as for internecine warfare, that forms no obstacle to the identification @@ -3953,18 +3914,18 @@ Caithness so recently as the twelfth century. In a very full and exhaustive "Notice of Remains of the Rein-Deer, <i>Cervus tarandus</i>, found in Ross-shire, Sutherland, and Caithness,"<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> the late Dr. John A. Smith, Sec. S. A., Scot., has -pointed out that the seventeenth-century historian, Torfæus, +pointed out that the seventeenth-century historian, Torfæus, mentions that it was the custom of two earls of Orkney, during the twelfth century, to cross over to Caithness from the Orkneys, for the purpose of hunting the roe-deer <i>and the -reindeer</i>. Dr. Smith adds that the correctness of Torfæus' +reindeer</i>. Dr. Smith adds that the correctness of Torfæus' statement having been at one time called in question, the matter was placed beyond all doubt by a reference to the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> -work of a learned annotator and editor of Torfæus (of the +work of a learned annotator and editor of Torfæus (of the year 1780), who shows that the original manuscript whence -Torfæus derived his information uses the words "rauddýri edr -<i>hreína</i>" to denote those roes and reindeer of Caithness. Indeed, +Torfæus derived his information uses the words "rauddýri edr +<i>hreÃna</i>" to denote those roes and reindeer of Caithness. Indeed, Dr. Smith's paper affords plenty of confirmation of this historical statement, since it is chiefly devoted to a consideration of the reindeer's horns found in various parts of @@ -4084,7 +4045,7 @@ carrying one of the largest! This stone was allowed to lie <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> where it fell, and is pointed out to this day on the north-east slope of the mountain! This tradition, it may be remarked," -continues our authority,<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> "however <i>outré</i>, is curious from its +continues our authority,<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> "however <i>outré</i>, is curious from its analogy to that concerning the castles of Mulgrave and Pickering in Yorkshire, the extensive causeways of which are said to have been paved by genii named Wada and his wife @@ -4131,7 +4092,7 @@ of "the Fairies."</p> in the northern counties of Scotland if not elsewhere, is more specially indicated by the term "Earth House," or "Eirde House." With regard to this class of structure, an -experienced archæologist<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> makes the following remarks:—</p> +experienced archæologist<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> makes the following remarks:—</p> <blockquote><p>"The whole of these have been formed after one idea, viz. to secure an unobserved entrance, and to preserve a curved shape. From the @@ -4164,7 +4125,7 @@ Kildrummy, in Aberdeenshire, a group of nearly fifty were discovered.</p> of abode, a purpose for which they seem in no degree to be suited.</p> <p>"But as to this there can be no real doubt. The substances found in -many of them have been the accumulated <i>débris</i> of food used by man, +many of them have been the accumulated <i>débris</i> of food used by man, and indicate his presence as surely as the kindred kitchen-middens which have recently attracted so much attention, while their occurrence in groups marks the gregarious habits of the early people. The bones of @@ -4255,7 +4216,7 @@ widening out at the western extremity to the form of a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> chamber of five feet square; ponderous slabs of mica-slate form the lintels. These stones have been transported from -Norwick, which is the nearest depôt for such, and distant +Norwick, which is the nearest depôt for such, and distant two miles." Like other similar structures this was locally known as a "Fairy Ha'."<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a></p> @@ -4293,7 +4254,7 @@ race, is furnished us by Sir Walter Scott. The ballad of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> "moody Elfin King, who won'd<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> within the hill." And we are told in the <i>Appendix</i> that this legend "is founded upon -a very curious Danish Ballad, which occurs in the 'Kæmpe +a very curious Danish Ballad, which occurs in the 'Kæmpe Viser,' a collection of heroic songs first published in 1591." It begins "<i>Der ligger en vold i Vester Haf</i>," which is rendered in English, "There lies a wold in Wester Haf." @@ -4370,7 +4331,7 @@ counsels and warnings, "gave many instructions how to provide against the enchantments used by Trows for the purpose of decoying unsuspecting girls into their unhallowed domain." And her parting injunction was to be sure and have the -maidens "weel cöst about" (? protected by charms) "when +maidens "weel cöst about" (? protected by charms) "when the grey women-stealers are wandering." But instances of such intercourse between the dwarf races and others, the abduction being by no means confined to one side, could be @@ -4795,12 +4756,12 @@ It is thus described by a local gillie:—</p> <blockquote><p>"Coming up the Ulnach, sir, you saw a corrie away to the left? Well, that's Corrie-Vinnean; and the round hillock in the centre, which you -must also have noticed, is a Shiän or fairy-knowe; and in all the <i>garbh-chnochan</i> +must also have noticed, is a Shiän or fairy-knowe; and in all the <i>garbh-chnochan</i> (rough-bounds) around us, from Kinloch Leven to Ardverikie, -there is no other shiän so famous as this shiän, and it is the chief palace +there is no other shiän so famous as this shiän, and it is the chief palace of the fairies of all these upland wilds, and it is always occupied by a company of them. It is never altogether deserted even for a day, -though many other shiäns are sometimes unoccupied for weeks together."<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a></p></blockquote> +though many other shiäns are sometimes unoccupied for weeks together."<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a></p></blockquote> @@ -4812,7 +4773,7 @@ though many other shiäns are sometimes unoccupied for weeks together."<a name="F <p>So numerous are the mounds that, owing to the traditions attaching to them, invite their own destruction at the -hands of the archæologist, that only a limited number of +hands of the archæologist, that only a limited number of them can be specified in these pages. Among these were, until recent years, two "fairy knowes," long known by that term in the adjoining countryside. They lie between the @@ -4899,7 +4860,7 @@ the man and boy in the foreground. This entrance or doorway <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> is represented below, and, like the others of this series, it is the work of an artist who is also an eminent Irish -archæologist, than whom no one possesses a more intimate +archæologist, than whom no one possesses a more intimate acquaintance with the interior and exterior of the Boyne mounds. This, then, is an Irish illustration of what the Shetland boys used to call a "trow's door!"<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a></p> @@ -5002,7 +4963,7 @@ chamber. Although the earlier one was "delineated with care and accuracy, upon the place," by "Mr. Samuel Molyneux, a young gentleman of the college of Dublin," one must rather accept the testimony of so experienced and -careful an archæologist as Mr. Wakeman. But the plan of +careful an archæologist as Mr. Wakeman. But the plan of 1724 has this great merit, that it was executed only twenty-nine years after the re-opening of the "brugh"; and, consequently, it shows (marked with the letter H) "a pyramid @@ -5014,7 +4975,7 @@ when these were much fresher than at any period during this century. A fac-simile of this picture is here given; and if the artistic style of the draughtsman is not very admirable it will at least be admitted that his work possesses a high -archæological value. But before quitting the subject of the +archæological value. But before quitting the subject of the drawing of 1724, it must be pointed out that although Mr. Molyneux shows, in the northern recess of his ground-plan, a rude basin similar to those still occupying the eastern and @@ -5250,17 +5211,17 @@ hall or residence" of the <i>sidh</i>-folk Mr. O'Curry cites a stanza "taken from an ancient poem by Mac Nia, son of Oenna (in the Book of Ballymote, fol. 190, b.) on the wonders of <i>Brugh</i> (or <i>Brog</i>) <i>na Boinne</i> (the Palace of the Boyne), -the celebrated Hall of the Daghda Mór, who was the great -king and oracle of the <i>Tuata Dé Danann</i>. This poem," continues +the celebrated Hall of the Daghda Mór, who was the great +king and oracle of the <i>Tuata Dé Danann</i>. This poem," continues Mr. O'Curry, "begins: '<i>A Chaemu Bregh Brig nad Breg</i>' ('Ye Poets of Bregia, of truth, not false,') and this is the second stanza of that poem:</p> <div style="margin-left: 2em;"><p> -'<i>Fegaid in sid ar for súil<br /> +'<i>Fegaid in sid ar for súil<br /> Is foderc dib is treb rig,<br /> -Ro guíd laisin Dagda ndúir,<br /> -Ba dinn, ba dun, amra bríg.</i>'<br /> +Ro guÃd laisin Dagda ndúir,<br /> +Ba dinn, ba dun, amra brÃg.</i>'<br /> <br /> 'Behold the <i>Sidh</i> before your eyes,<br /> It is manifest to you that it is a king's mansion,<br /> @@ -5272,14 +5233,14 @@ It was a wonder, a court, an admirable hill.'"<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNa time of St. Patrick and subsequent to the Battle of Gawra, when the conquered "Fianns" were only represented by a few straggling survivors, one of whom was the well-known -<i>Caeilté</i> (as the name is here spelt). "Saint Patrick, with -his travelling missionary retinue, including Caeilté we are +<i>Caeilté</i> (as the name is here spelt). "Saint Patrick, with +his travelling missionary retinue, including Caeilté we are told, was one day sitting on the hill which is now well known as Ard-Patrick, in the county of Limerick." Questioning -Caeilté as to the former name of this hill, St. Patrick learned -that it had been called <i>Tulach-na-Feiné</i>, and obtained also +Caeilté as to the former name of this hill, St. Patrick learned +that it had been called <i>Tulach-na-Feiné</i>, and obtained also an anecdote suggested by it. "One day that we were on -this hill," says Caeilté, speaking of himself and his brother +this hill," says Caeilté, speaking of himself and his brother "Fianns," "Finn observed a favourite warrior of his company, named Cael O'Neamhain, coming towards him, and when he had come to Finn's presence, he asked him where he had @@ -5288,8 +5249,8 @@ the north (that is the fairy mansion of <i>Brugh</i>, on the Boyne).<a name="FNa 'What was your business there?' said Finn. 'To speak to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> my nurse, Muirn, the daughter of Derg,' said Cael. 'About -what?' said Finn. 'Concerning Credé, the daughter of -Cairbré, King of Kerry (<i>Ciarraighe Luachra</i>),' said Cael?" +what?' said Finn. 'Concerning Credé, the daughter of +Cairbré, King of Kerry (<i>Ciarraighe Luachra</i>),' said Cael?" And so on. At another place<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> the dialogue goes thus:—"'Where hast thou come from, Cael?' said Finn. 'From the teeming <i>Brugh</i>, from the North,' said Cael. ('<i>As in Brug @@ -5302,14 +5263,14 @@ celebrated chief of the Tuatha De Danann, and was afterwards tenanted by his son, Angus Og.</p> <p>Among Mr. O'Curry's notes there is this reference to -Angus Og:<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> "In the <i>Dinnsenchus</i> it is stated that '<i>Eóin -Bailé</i>' were Four Kisses of Aengus of <i>Brugh na Boinné</i> (son +Angus Og:<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> "In the <i>Dinnsenchus</i> it is stated that '<i>Eóin +Bailé</i>' were Four Kisses of Aengus of <i>Brugh na Boinné</i> (son of the <i>Daghda Mor</i>, the great necromancer and king of -the <i>Tuatha Dé Danann</i>), which were converted by him into +the <i>Tuatha Dé Danann</i>), which were converted by him into 'birds which haunted the youths of Erinn.' This allusion," remarks Mr. O'Curry, "requires more investigation than I have yet been able to bestow on the passage." Whatever -the "<i>Eóin Bailé</i>" may have been, or have been assumed to +the "<i>Eóin Bailé</i>" may have been, or have been assumed to be, this passage brings into prominence the fact that the people known as Tuatha De Danann, or Fir-Sidhe, were regarded by other races as possessed of supernatural power, @@ -5372,14 +5333,14 @@ hi Mugdhornaibh Maighen, Uaimh Cnoghbhai, Uaimh Feirt Bodan os Dubath, 7 Uaimh mna an Gobhand ag Drochat atha do croth 7 d orggain las na Gall cedna."<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a></p> -<p>This is rendered into Latin by Dr. O'Conor thus: "Ætas +<p>This is rendered into Latin by Dr. O'Conor thus: "Ætas Christi DCCCLXI..... Amlafus, Imarus et Magnates trium Ducum Alienigenarum, et Lorcanus filius Cathaldi -Princeps Midiæ, vastant terras Flanni filii Conangi. Crypta +Princeps Midiæ, vastant terras Flanni filii Conangi. Crypta subterranea campi Alda in regione Mugdornorum planitiei, -Crypta Cnovæ, Cryptæ miraculorum Bodani supra Dubath, -et Crypta fœminæ fabri apud Droghedam, vastatæ et -destructæ ab Alienigenis iisdem."</p> +Crypta Cnovæ, Cryptæ miraculorum Bodani supra Dubath, +et Crypta fœminæ fabri apud Droghedam, vastatæ et +destructæ ab Alienigenis iisdem."</p> <p>Neither Dr. Todd nor Dr. Skene, however, have a high opinion of O'Conor's translation.<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a> And his rendering of @@ -5463,7 +5424,7 @@ Will be with Oscar of <i>Eamhain</i>."<br /> Gawra, and the power of the "Fians" destroyed, one is tempted to believe that the legendary battle of Gawra coincides with the historical capture of Oscar's stronghold of -Emhain, and the downfall of the historical Cruithné of +Emhain, and the downfall of the historical Cruithné of Ulster. However, <i>Sith Eamhna</i> has been mentioned here not for its own sake, but for the casual references in that poem to the "Brugh of the Boyne" and "the cave of Ferna, @@ -5499,7 +5460,7 @@ is the <i>Uath Uama Cruachan</i>, or the Plundering of the Weem of Cruachan. This is referred to as "a very curious story," and the ravagers are said to have been "the men of Connacht, in the time of Ailill and Meadhbh, as told in the old tale of -<i>Táin Bo Aingen</i>." This Meadhbh, or Maev, of Cruachan, +<i>Táin Bo Aingen</i>." This Meadhbh, or Maev, of Cruachan, "the Semiramis of Irish history," as Lady Ferguson calls her, has herself been identified with the "Queen Mab" of fairy tradition. She appears to have occupied this "Uama @@ -5510,11 +5471,11 @@ who were compelled to labour unremittingly at the earthworks, and are said to have completed the dyke in one day."<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> Mr. O'Curry has another reference to this place. "I have in my possession," he says, "a poem in the Ossianic style, -which gives an account of a foot race between Cailté, the +which gives an account of a foot race between Cailté, the celebrated champion of Finn Mac Cumhaill, and an unknown knight who had challenged him. The race terminated by the stranger running into the Cave of Cruachain, followed -by Cailté, where he found a party of smiths at work, etc. +by Cailté, where he found a party of smiths at work, etc. No copy of the full Tale has come down to us." This incident is remarkable for its association of one of the "Fians" with the underground smiths of tradition. Another <i>uath</i> @@ -5558,7 +5519,7 @@ killed by Leinstermen," assume that this was the same as mounds of the Boyne valley which are here given, it is not necessary to say much in these pages. "Dowth" has been explored and described by others, although the accompanying -pictures, being new, and the work of the experienced archæologist +pictures, being new, and the work of the experienced archæologist referred to, add very considerably to the knowledge of the subject. The main gallery and chamber of Dowth resembles generally that of the "Brugh of the Boyne" at New @@ -5613,7 +5574,7 @@ were not "hidden" places; whether the entrances were uniformly made at one side of the mound, or were otherwise indicated to the initiated. In the case of "Knowth" there is less dubiety; as what appears to be the entrance to its -interior is known to Irish archæologists. But local difficulties +interior is known to Irish archæologists. But local difficulties have hitherto stood in the way, and the mound is said never to have been entered since the ninth century; which, however, may be doubted. Dr. Molyneux, at any @@ -5679,7 +5640,7 @@ that foretold the destinies of the house of her over-lord. It is a significant fact that the possession of a family "banshee" in Ireland is restricted to these families who trace their descent <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> -from the Milesians (Scots), the conquerers of the Cruithné or +from the Milesians (Scots), the conquerers of the Cruithné or Pechts. And we are told that, at one time, in Shetland, where the Pechts became the subject race, "almost every family had a <i>brownie</i> ... which served them."<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> Innumerable references @@ -5696,7 +5657,7 @@ by "ladies and gentlemen," and must be assigned to the period when such "red caps" existed, was not unlikely a "house" of the same order as the castles just spoken of.</p> -<p>Such an example of a mediæval castle, the flower of a +<p>Such an example of a mediæval castle, the flower of a plant rooted in the interior of such a mound, may be recognized in Kenilworth. According to local tradition, the hill upon which Kenilworth Castle is built was once inhabited by @@ -5742,9 +5703,9 @@ possessed of a more advanced civilization.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p> <p>The castle of Doune, in Perthshire, is another probable -instance of the mediæval castle evolved from the primitive +instance of the mediæval castle evolved from the primitive mound. What is nowadays known as the castle of "Doune," -was formerly spoken of as "The Dùn (or Doon) of Menteith." +was formerly spoken of as "The Dùn (or Doon) of Menteith." "Doune (Dun, no doubt) had once, where its castle now stands, an ancient fortress; but the name is all that now remains to bespeak it," says a lady-writer on this subject.<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> It @@ -5767,7 +5728,7 @@ to as the appanage of old Milesian families, Sir Walter Scott states that "most great families in the Highlands" were thus distinguished, and that "Grant of Rothiemurcus had an <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> -attendant called <i>Bodach-an-dùn</i>";<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> in other words, "The +attendant called <i>Bodach-an-dùn</i>";<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> in other words, "The Goblin of the Doon." And when Scott states, in the <i>note</i> immediately preceding that just quoted, that "a goblin, dressed in antique armour, and having one hand covered with @@ -6132,7 +6093,7 @@ the English and the enemies of Bruce.</p> test of the "realistic" theory of the fairy tales. Tradition has truly stated, during many generations, that such apparently-natural hillocks as Maes-how and Coldoch were inhabited by -little people. All archæologists are agreed that many artificial +little people. All archæologists are agreed that many artificial hillocks are at present standing with their secrets unrevealed. But if, by following the lead of tradition, we find it a reasonably safe<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> guide to those primitive habitations, then its @@ -6151,8 +6112,8 @@ opened had long had its real nature foretold by the voice of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> local tradition. But the surest test of the authenticity of tradition lies in its future application. It is known to all -archæologists in Western Europe that it is not necessary to go -so far east as Mycenæ to find the chambered mound, with its +archæologists in Western Europe that it is not necessary to go +so far east as Mycenæ to find the chambered mound, with its dry-stone walls and "Pelasgic" arch. And tradition points to many a seeming "hillock,"<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a> and says that it, too, is a "treasure-house of Atreus." The question to be decided is, @@ -6176,7 +6137,7 @@ beautifully-wrought goblets of gold and silver, silver-mounted bridles, garments of silk, and personal ornaments of precious metals and precious stones, are all associated with them. They are deeply versed in "magic" (a term generally held to -denote the science of the Chaldæan Magi), and this renders +denote the science of the Chaldæan Magi), and this renders them the teachers of the taller race, in religion, and in many forms of knowledge. In short, it is only in physical stature that they are below the latter people: in everything else @@ -6266,7 +6227,7 @@ terrier." But in that part of Armstrong's "Dictionary" <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> where this adjective is spelt <i>maildheach</i> and <i>mailgheach</i> (of -which the pronunciation is still <i>mâl'yach</i>), its meaning is +which the pronunciation is still <i>mâl'yach</i>), its meaning is defined as "having large shaggy eyebrows." And this, it will be seen, is specially a characteristic not only of the traditional dwarfs, but of a race known to ethnology. But it @@ -6274,7 +6235,7 @@ is probable that the general meaning of "hirsute" is signified when the derivative noun <i>mailleachan</i> is used as an equivalent of <i>brownie</i> or <i>uruisg</i>;<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> and that a <i>mailleachan</i> was a "hairy one." Similarly, a special brownie, known as <i>Pcallaidh an -spùit</i>, or "Peallaidh of the waterfall," once well known "at +spùit</i>, or "Peallaidh of the waterfall," once well known "at those congresses" "in a certain district of the Highlands,"<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a> may be Englished into "The Shaggy One of the waterfall." Thus, although <i>uruisg</i> does not literally mean "a shaggy @@ -6419,7 +6380,7 @@ remarkably like them in several striking characteristics. With them also may be compared the shaggy dwarfs remembered in Brittany under the name of <i>viltansou</i>, who are doubtless the same as the long-bearded <i>barbao</i> of the same province. -(<i>See</i> M. Sébillot's list of such names in the "Revue des +(<i>See</i> M. Sébillot's list of such names in the "Revue des Traditions Populaires," Feb. 1890, pp. 101-104.)</p> <p>The German traditional idea of the mound-dwelling, metal-working @@ -6435,7 +6396,7 @@ the base of Barbarossa's statue. The little gnomes, then, underneath him, are clearly meant to represent his companions in the "berg" where he and they are popularly believed to be still living—whether that be the Thuringian -Kyffhäuser, or the Untersberg, near Salzburg. And the hairiness +Kyffhäuser, or the Untersberg, near Salzburg. And the hairiness of skin, so characteristic of the Scottish <i>brownie</i> or <i>pecht</i>, is equally marked in this case. The term "shaggy men" could be applied to them with very great appropriateness. @@ -6519,9 +6480,9 @@ great nation. They have no traditions of internecine strife, and the art of war seems to have been lost long ago. I asked Benri [a chief] about this matter, and he says that formerly Ainos fought with spears and knives, as well as with -bows and arrows, but that Yoshitsuné, their hero god, forbade +bows and arrows, but that Yoshitsuné, their hero god, forbade war for ever, and since then the two-edged spear, with a shaft -nine feet long, has only been used in hunting bears."<a name="FNanchor_296_296" id="FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a> Yoshitsuné, +nine feet long, has only been used in hunting bears."<a name="FNanchor_296_296" id="FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a> Yoshitsuné, it may be explained, is stated (<i>op. cit. infra</i>, II. 94, <i>note</i>) to have been the brother of a Japanese general of the twelfth century, famous for his victories over "barbarians." @@ -6577,7 +6538,7 @@ his waist over his furry chest, and, with his black locks hanging in masses over his shoulders, he would have looked a thorough savage had it not been for the exceeding sweetness of his smile and eyes. The Volcano Bay Ainos are far more -hairy than the mountain Ainos." Again—"These Lebungé +hairy than the mountain Ainos." Again—"These Lebungé Ainos differ considerably from those of the eastern villages, and I have again to notice the decided sound or <i>click</i> of the <i>ts</i> at the beginning of many words. Their skins are as @@ -6633,7 +6594,7 @@ magicians (Gaelic <i>druidhean</i>) of early Britain are famous for their flowing beards.</p> <p>An earlier Aino than those pictured by Miss Bird is that -which Baron Nordenskiöld gives in his "Voyage of the Vega." +which Baron Nordenskiöld gives in his "Voyage of the Vega." With regard to it he says:—"The drawing is taken from a Japanese work, whose title, when translated, runs thus—'A <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> @@ -6778,30 +6739,30 @@ Magnus pictures the people of "Lappia" as also using the "Scridfinni." But what appears to be of much more importance than this etymological point is the fact that the gloss which Olaus Magnus places opposite "Scricfinnia" is -to this effect:—"<i>Hic habitant Pÿgmei Vulgo Screlinger dicti</i>." -The earliest cited mention of the <i>Screlinger</i>, or <i>Skrælings</i>, +to this effect:—"<i>Hic habitant Pÿgmei Vulgo Screlinger dicti</i>." +The earliest cited mention of the <i>Screlinger</i>, or <i>Skrælings</i>, occurs in the accounts of the Norse visits to North America, at the end of the tenth century; and the people thus referred to are generally identified with the Esquimaux. "The Northmen -were used to call the Esquimaux Skrælings, a term of +were used to call the Esquimaux Skrælings, a term of contempt, meaning, says Crantz, 'chips, parings, <i>i.e.</i>, dwarfs.'" -And the North American Skrælings of the tenth century, +And the North American Skrælings of the tenth century, who are described as paddling about in skin-canoes, "skimming the surface of the water in their swift flight," are quite obviously either of the same race as the modern Eskimos, or else closely allied to them.<a name="FNanchor_313_313" id="FNanchor_313_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_313_313" class="fnanchor">[313]</a> In the course of eight or nine -centuries, the "Skrælings" may have become modified to +centuries, the "Skrælings" may have become modified to some extent; and, indeed, modern travellers<a name="FNanchor_314_314" id="FNanchor_314_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_314_314" class="fnanchor">[314]</a> are wonderfully unanimous in remarking upon the effect that nineteenth-century intermixture has had upon Asiatic and Greenland Eskimos, and upon the Ainos. But whatever the exact -appearance of the tenth-century "Skræling," the map of +appearance of the tenth-century "Skræling," the map of Olaus Magnus denotes that, five or six centuries later, the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> extreme north of Norway was inhabited by a race of -"Skrælings"; and that these people were the same as the +"Skrælings"; and that these people were the same as the "pygmies" of classical writers. It has already been pointed -out<a name="FNanchor_315_315" id="FNanchor_315_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_315_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a> that the Greenland "Skrælings" were also spoken of +out<a name="FNanchor_315_315" id="FNanchor_315_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_315_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a> that the Greenland "Skrælings" were also spoken of as "goblins," and this again shows that that American type, whether most akin to the modern Eskimo or to the Aino, was not a <i>new</i> type to those European explorers,—whose @@ -6809,7 +6770,7 @@ legendary history was already teeming with stories of encounters with "goblins."<a name="FNanchor_316_316" id="FNanchor_316_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a></p> <p>Whatever may have been the ethnical position of the tenth-century -"Skræling" of America, this sixteenth-century +"Skræling" of America, this sixteenth-century map of North Europe certainly signifies that the "pigmies," "Screlings," or "Scric-Finns" of the extreme north of Scandinavia were neither "Finns" nor "Lapps," but a race that @@ -6826,7 +6787,7 @@ of this stretch remains of their earth-huts, which must have been very unlike the present dwellings of the Chukches; they have the form of small mounds, are half sunk in the ground and closed above with whale ribs, which are covered -with a thick layer of earth." Baron Nordenskiöld, who is +with a thick layer of earth." Baron Nordenskiöld, who is here quoting Wrangel's "Reise" (1825), gives himself a representation of one of those Onkilon earth-dwellings, seen by him at Cape North.<a name="FNanchor_317_317" id="FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a> In these now-extinct "Onkilon," @@ -6849,12 +6810,12 @@ must also be made of an anatomical peculiarity of the Aino skeleton, consisting of a remarkable flattening of the arm- and leg-bones."<a name="FNanchor_318_318" id="FNanchor_318_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_318_318" class="fnanchor">[318]</a> This peculiarity, which is known scientifically as "platycnemism," forms a part of Herr von Siebold's -"Ethnologische Studien über die Aino, auf der Insel Yesso."<a name="FNanchor_319_319" id="FNanchor_319_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_319_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a> +"Ethnologische Studien über die Aino, auf der Insel Yesso."<a name="FNanchor_319_319" id="FNanchor_319_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_319_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a> Much may be learned with regard to platycnemism in a paper "On the Discovery of Platycnemic Men in Denbighshire,"<a name="FNanchor_320_320" id="FNanchor_320_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_320_320" class="fnanchor">[320]</a> by Professors Busk and Boyd Dawkins; and the subject of platycnemism generally has been very fully discussed -in Dr. L. Manouvrier's "Mémoire sur la Platycnémie."<a name="FNanchor_321_321" id="FNanchor_321_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a> +in Dr. L. Manouvrier's "Mémoire sur la Platycnémie."<a name="FNanchor_321_321" id="FNanchor_321_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a> The question is full of interest; but what we are here concerned with is the fact that, characterizing the dwarfish, hairy Ainos of the nineteenth century, this flattening of the leg-bones @@ -6951,7 +6912,7 @@ in his haste to attack the Romanized and civilized people in the neighbourhood of the Wall. The reference to their appearance generally is, moreover, very much like the terms used by the Norse writers in speaking of the tenth-century -"Skrælings."</p> +"Skrælings."</p> <p>That the historical Picts were as "amphibious" as any other "sea-folk" of the kind here discussed, is further testified @@ -6972,10 +6933,10 @@ appears at a distance).</p> <p>Thus, although the dwarfs of Shetland tradition are separately remembered as "sea-trows" and "hill-trows" -(otherwise "hill-people," or "högfolk"), it seems quite evident +(otherwise "hill-people," or "högfolk"), it seems quite evident that these two names simply refer to two different aspects of one race. The memory of them, in connection -with their homes in chambered mounds ("hows," "högs," or +with their homes in chambered mounds ("hows," "högs," or "pechts' houses"), has gradually become dissociated from the memory of them in their character of sea-rovers, when in their swift "sea-skins" they darted after and easily overtook @@ -7379,10 +7340,10 @@ a certain peculiar "underground" race.</p> <h2><a name="APPENDIX_B" id="APPENDIX_B"></a>APPENDIX B.</h2> -<h3>THE SKRÆLINGS.</h3> +<h3>THE SKRÆLINGS.</h3> -<p>There are many references to the North American Skrælings in -Rafn's great work entitled "Antiquitates Americanæ: sive Scriptores +<p>There are many references to the North American Skrælings in +Rafn's great work entitled "Antiquitates Americanæ: sive Scriptores Septentrionales Rerum Ante-Columbianarum in America," published under the auspices of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries (Copenhagen, 1837). This is a collection of the accounts in the old @@ -7390,98 +7351,98 @@ Northern chronicles, relating to the Northmen's (<i>gamle Nordboers</i>) voyages of discovery to America, between the tenth and fourteenth centuries. And from these accounts it is seen that the tribes then inhabiting the territories on either side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, -and as far south as Massachusetts, were the Skrælings; with whom +and as far south as Massachusetts, were the Skrælings; with whom the Northmen occasionally fought, and at other times traded, giving them pieces of red cloth in exchange for furs.</p> <p>That the term by which they are chiefly known to modern writers was not the only one given to them by the Northmen is seen from a remark made by one of the chroniclers of Thorfinn Karlsefne, who -states that "these people are called Lapps in some books (<i>thær -thjódhir kalla sumir bækr Lappa</i>)."<a name="FNanchor_340_340" id="FNanchor_340_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a> On the other hand, the map +states that "these people are called Lapps in some books (<i>thær +thjódhir kalla sumir bækr Lappa</i>)."<a name="FNanchor_340_340" id="FNanchor_340_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a> On the other hand, the map of Olaus Magnus, referred to in the foregoing pages, shows that the northern corner of Norway was then inhabited by a race of <i>Scric-Finni</i>, "commonly called 'Screlings,'" who at least were the neighbours of Lapps.</p> -<p>In connection with the North American "Lapps" or "Skrælings," -the editor of <i>Antiquitates Americanæ</i> supplies the following note -(p. 45):—"Skrælingos appellatos autumat Bussæus ob humilem -staturam; quam ob rem et interdum ab Islandis <i>Smælíngjar</i> (homunculi) -audiunt. Hæc vero communis appellationis ratio vix -esse potest. Arnas Magnæus in collectaneis ad novam editionem +<p>In connection with the North American "Lapps" or "Skrælings," +the editor of <i>Antiquitates Americanæ</i> supplies the following note +(p. 45):—"Skrælingos appellatos autumat Bussæus ob humilem +staturam; quam ob rem et interdum ab Islandis <i>SmælÃngjar</i> (homunculi) +audiunt. Hæc vero communis appellationis ratio vix +esse potest. Arnas Magnæus in collectaneis ad novam editionem <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> -Schedarum Arii polyhistoris, vocem <i>Skrælíngjar</i> interpretatur errones, +Schedarum Arii polyhistoris, vocem <i>SkrælÃngjar</i> interpretatur errones, incertum qua ratione, cum ipse nullam attulerit. Suhmius -(<i>Kjöbenhavnske Selskabs Skrifter</i>, VIII., pag. 81) eos ita propter +(<i>Kjöbenhavnske Selskabs Skrifter</i>, VIII., pag. 81) eos ita propter vilem armaturam appellatos putat. Nonne potius nomen istud ob -ora macilenta adepti sunt, ab <i>at skræla</i>, arefacere? Nota, Petrum -Clausenium Undalinum, in descriptione Norvegiæ, ed. Hafn. 1632, +ora macilenta adepti sunt, ab <i>at skræla</i>, arefacere? Nota, Petrum +Clausenium Undalinum, in descriptione Norvegiæ, ed. Hafn. 1632, pag. 375-6, hoc nomen scribere <i>Skregklinge</i> et <i>Skreglinge</i>, qs. a -<i>skrækja</i>, clamare, ejulare, cfr. Partic. de Karlsefnio, cap. 10 +<i>skrækja</i>, clamare, ejulare, cfr. Partic. de Karlsefnio, cap. 10 infra."</p> <p>Whatever may be the etymology of this word (which in some of its forms approaches the "<i>Scric</i>-Finni" of Norway), it is quite -clear from the <i>Antiquitates Americanæ</i> that those tenth-century +clear from the <i>Antiquitates Americanæ</i> that those tenth-century natives of what is now New England and New Brunswick strongly -resembled the modern Eskimos. "Hæc descriptio Skrælingorum -accurate quadrat in hodiernos Grænlandos sive Eskimoos," is the +resembled the modern Eskimos. "Hæc descriptio Skrælingorum +accurate quadrat in hodiernos Grænlandos sive Eskimoos," is the observation made by the editor (p. 149, <i>n</i>.) on a description of some of those people encountered by the Northmen. And, similarly, the -note relative to their skin-canoes, or kayaks, is as follows:<a name="FNanchor_341_341" id="FNanchor_341_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_341_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a>—"<i>húdhkeipr</i>, +note relative to their skin-canoes, or kayaks, is as follows:<a name="FNanchor_341_341" id="FNanchor_341_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_341_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a>—"<i>húdhkeipr</i>, species navigii, acatium coriaceum vel corio contextum, -quo usi sunt indigenæ, ut etiamnunc Grænlandi ex genere Eskimoorum; +quo usi sunt indigenæ, ut etiamnunc Grænlandi ex genere Eskimoorum; itaque per carabum redditum, qui secundum Isidorum Hispal. in Orig. Libr. 19, cap. 1. est 'parva scapha ex vimine facta, -qui contexta crudo corio genus navigii præbet.'—Vocem illustrat vir +qui contexta crudo corio genus navigii præbet.'—Vocem illustrat vir doctissimus Gunnar Pauli, f. in annotationibus, insertis indici vocum -<i>Orkneyinga sagæ: 'Húdhkeipr</i>, navis sutilis, vel, si mavis, corio +<i>Orkneyinga sagæ: 'Húdhkeipr</i>, navis sutilis, vel, si mavis, corio obducta vel circumdata. Nam phocarum ad hunc usum pelles adhibere -Grænlandos notum est, quorum naves <i>húdhkeipar</i> nostratibus -olim sunt appellatæ.'"</p> +Grænlandos notum est, quorum naves <i>húdhkeipar</i> nostratibus +olim sunt appellatæ.'"</p> <p>In these references there is much that is suggestive. One would like to know the occasions on which the Latin term "acatium" was used; and also the circumstances which induced an editor of the -<i>Orkneyinga Saga</i> to enlarge upon the appearance of the <i>húdhkeipr</i>. +<i>Orkneyinga Saga</i> to enlarge upon the appearance of the <i>húdhkeipr</i>. Taken in connection with the existence of kayak-using Finnmen, in the Orkney Isles, less than two centuries ago, this latter allusion is very striking. Similarly, an explanation of the term "Skregklinge" or "Skreglinge," occurring in a description of <i>Norway</i>, of the year 1632 (above referred to), arouses equal interest in that work.</p> -<p>That the Skrælings, wherever situated, were "pigmies," is evident +<p>That the Skrælings, wherever situated, were "pigmies," is evident from the testimony of Olaus Magnus,—and the accounts of the eleventh-century Northmen fully corroborate this. One of their references is as follows: "They were small, ugly men, with horrible <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> -heads of hair, great eyes, and broad cheek-bones: (<i>Their voru smáir -menn ok illiligir, ok íllt höfdhu their hár á höfdhi, eygdhir voru their -mjök ok breidhir í kinnunum</i>)."<a name="FNanchor_342_342" id="FNanchor_342_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_342_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a> Another description occurs in the +heads of hair, great eyes, and broad cheek-bones: (<i>Their voru smáir +menn ok illiligir, ok Ãllt höfdhu their hár á höfdhi, eygdhir voru their +mjök ok breidhir à kinnunum</i>)."<a name="FNanchor_342_342" id="FNanchor_342_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_342_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a> Another description occurs in the <i>Saga of Thorfinn Karlsefne</i> which relates how, in the year 1011 <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> -(three years after his first encounter with the American Skrælings), +(three years after his first encounter with the American Skrælings), he and his people arrived at Markland,—a country identified with the modern New Brunswick and other lands lying round the Gulf of -St. Lawrence. Here they encountered five Skrælings, one man, two -women and two boys: ("... <i>ok funnu thar Skrælingja 5, ok -var einn skeggiadhr; konur voru 2, ok börn tvö</i>;" in which passage it +St. Lawrence. Here they encountered five Skrælings, one man, two +women and two boys: ("... <i>ok funnu thar Skrælingja 5, ok +var einn skeggiadhr; konur voru 2, ok börn tvö</i>;" in which passage it may be noted that the man was distinguished by the term "bearded,"—<i>skeggjadhr</i>). They captured the two boys, "but the others -escaped, and sank beneath the ground:" ("<i>Verosimile est, Skrælingos +escaped, and sank beneath the ground:" ("<i>Verosimile est, Skrælingos in cavernas subterraneas se abdidisse</i>," is the explanation given by the -commentator in <i>Antiquitates Americanæ</i>).<a name="FNanchor_343_343" id="FNanchor_343_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a> Karlsefne's people took +commentator in <i>Antiquitates Americanæ</i>).<a name="FNanchor_343_343" id="FNanchor_343_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a> Karlsefne's people took the boys away with them, had them baptized, and taught them Icelandic. These stated that their father and mother (no doubt, the "bearded one" and one of the two women, then lamenting them in their underground dwelling) were respectively named -Uvæge and Vethillde;<a name="FNanchor_344_344" id="FNanchor_344_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a> and that their people had no houses, but -lived in dens and caves: ("<i>í hellum edha holum</i>"). The country -of the Skrælings, they said, was governed by two kings or chiefs, +Uvæge and Vethillde;<a name="FNanchor_344_344" id="FNanchor_344_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a> and that their people had no houses, but +lived in dens and caves: ("<i>à hellum edha holum</i>"). The country +of the Skrælings, they said, was governed by two kings or chiefs, one named Avalldamon (or Avalldumon) and the other Valldidida."</p> <p>It will be seen from these references that although those -Skrælings of nine centuries ago are rightly regarded as probable +Skrælings of nine centuries ago are rightly regarded as probable progenitors of modern Eskimos, there were some differences between the two. The term "shaggy" or "bearded," used to distinguish the man from his two female companions, certainly does @@ -7502,7 +7463,7 @@ yet an incident of earlier date shows clearly that the latter quite understood the subterranean ideas of those North American "Lapps." The incident referred to is this: In the year 1004, Thorwald Ericson and his followers had surprised a small party -of nine Skrælings at the entrance to Plymouth Harbour, on the +of nine Skrælings at the entrance to Plymouth Harbour, on the coast of Massachusetts,<a name="FNanchor_345_345" id="FNanchor_345_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a> and of these they killed eight. The ninth sped away in his skin-canoe to the inner end of the bay, out of which there presently emerged an infuriated swarm of @@ -7510,11 +7471,11 @@ kayakkers. But before they appeared, the Northmen had had time to note a group of "hillocks" on the beach (apparently on the interior curve of the promontory terminating in the modern "Gurnet Point,") and these "hillocks" they assumed to be the abodes -of the Skrælings.<a name="FNanchor_346_346" id="FNanchor_346_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_346_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a> This was seven years before the capture of the +of the Skrælings.<a name="FNanchor_346_346" id="FNanchor_346_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_346_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a> This was seven years before the capture of the boys by Karlsefne's party, and the inference clearly is that they were accustomed to regard kayak-using dwarfs as mound-dwellers. Indeed, the very fact that they styled the natives "Lapps" and -"goblins,"<a name="FNanchor_347_347" id="FNanchor_347_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a> as well as Skrælings, shows that they regarded them +"goblins,"<a name="FNanchor_347_347" id="FNanchor_347_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a> as well as Skrælings, shows that they regarded them as belonging to the same race as similar people well known to them in Europe.</p> @@ -7587,7 +7548,7 @@ to the Pechts, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> <span class="min3em">Arthur's Seat, Edinburgh, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> <br /> - <span class="min3em">Aschberg, Casterlé, province of Antwerp.</span><br /> + <span class="min3em">Aschberg, Casterlé, province of Antwerp.</span><br /> <span class="min2em">A reputed chambered mound,</span> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -7969,7 +7930,7 @@ the Pechts, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>-<a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</span><br /> <br /> <span class="min3em"> Fairy Knowe of Aberfoyle, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-<a href="#Page_154">4</a>.</span><br /> <br /> - <span class="min3em"> Fairy Knowe beside Broch of Coldoch (itself a <i>çi-devant</i> Fairy + <span class="min3em"> Fairy Knowe beside Broch of Coldoch (itself a <i>çi-devant</i> Fairy Knowe), <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</span><br /> <br /> <span class="min3em"> Fearna, Weem of, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>-<a href="#Page_137">7</a>.</span><br /> @@ -8342,7 +8303,7 @@ Gaelic-Scotland to families of Milesian descent, <span class="min2em">Ashbury, Berkshire, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> <span class="min2em">Denghoog, Sylt, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>-<a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br /> <span class="min2em">Eskimo Mounds in Labrador and Greenland, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>-<a href="#Page_64">4</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</span><br /> - <span class="min2em">Mycenæ "treasure house," <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</span><br /> + <span class="min2em">Mycenæ "treasure house," <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</span><br /> <br /> <a id="moundsreputed" name="moundsreputed"></a> <span class="min3em"> Mounds reputed to be chambered:</span><br /> @@ -8367,7 +8328,7 @@ Lochaber, Inverness-shire, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</span><br /> <span class="min1em"><i>Sithean Mor</i> and <i>Sithean Beag</i>, in island of Colonsay, Argyleshire, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</span><br /> <span class="min1em">"Digh" at Borra-cheill, in island of Islay, Argyleshire -(? the "<i>Digh mhòr Thallanta</i>" of McAlpine's Dictionary), +(? the "<i>Digh mhòr Thallanta</i>" of McAlpine's Dictionary), <a href="#Page_79">79</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> <span class="min1em"><i>Ben-cnock</i>, island of Islay, Argyleshire, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</span><br /> <span class="min1em"><i>Cnock-doun</i>, (?) island of Islay, Argyleshire, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</span><br /> @@ -8388,17 +8349,17 @@ Meath, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> <br /> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> <span class="min2em">In Denmark:—</span><br /> - <span class="min1em">Mangelbierg, Hirschholm, Hösterkiöb Mark, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> - <span class="min1em">Gillesbierg, Hirschholm, Hösterkiöb Mark, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> + <span class="min1em">Mangelbierg, Hirschholm, Hösterkiöb Mark, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> + <span class="min1em">Gillesbierg, Hirschholm, Hösterkiöb Mark, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> <span class="min1em">Wheel-hill, Gudmandstrup, Lordship of Odd, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> - <span class="min1em">Steensbierg, Ouröe, Joegerspriis, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> + <span class="min1em">Steensbierg, Ouröe, Joegerspriis, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> <span class="min1em">Kundebye, Holbeck, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> <span class="min1em">Gultebierg, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> - <span class="min1em">Söbierg, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> + <span class="min1em">Söbierg, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> <span class="min1em">Mound (or underground gallery) between Aagerup and Mamp, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> <span class="min1em">The residence of a certain "hill-man" near Eckwadt, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> <span class="min2em">In Belgium:—</span><br /> - <span class="min1em">Aschberg, Casterlé, province of Antwerp, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>-<a href="#Page_87">7</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> + <span class="min1em">Aschberg, Casterlé, province of Antwerp, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>-<a href="#Page_87">7</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><i>n</i>.</span><br /> <span class="min2em">In North America:—</span><br /> <span class="min1em">Group of "hillocks" situated, it is believed, on the northern side of Plymouth Harbour, assumed to be the @@ -8659,7 +8620,7 @@ dwelling-places, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_102">2</a>, <a href= <span class="min3em"> Urus. (<i>See</i> <a href="#bugle">Bugle</a>.)</span><br /> <br /> <br /> - <span class="min3em"> Valas, or Völvas, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-<a href="#Page_92">2</a>.</span><br /> + <span class="min3em"> Valas, or Völvas, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-<a href="#Page_92">2</a>.</span><br /> <br /> <span class="min3em"> Villenshaw: (?) a locality in Orkney, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span><br /> <br /> @@ -8708,7 +8669,7 @@ series entitled "Waifs and Strays of Celtic Tradition" <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> A reprint of 1883: William Brown, Edinburgh.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>Antiquitates Americanæ.</i> <i>See</i> <a href="#APPENDIX_B">Appendix B</a>.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>Antiquitates Americanæ.</i> <i>See</i> <a href="#APPENDIX_B">Appendix B</a>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> It may be from them that an inlet at Bergen is called "<i>Fens</i> Fiord." Bergen is so much associated with the @@ -8811,11 +8772,11 @@ Summers in Greenland." London, Chapman & Hall, 1890.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <i>Contemporary Review</i>, September, 1881.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> <i>Contemporary Review</i>, August, 1881. In the -<i>Archæological Review</i> (June, 1889, pp. 219-220) Mr. G. +<i>Archæological Review</i> (June, 1889, pp. 219-220) Mr. G. L. Gomme gives various references of this kind, Irish and Shetlandic. One instance describes the "Merrow" ancestress as "half fish and half woman," which -corresponds with the Shetlandic "sêlkie-wife," or +corresponds with the Shetlandic "sêlkie-wife," or seal-woman. More extreme still is the tradition that the Irish clan of Coneely, like the natives of Burra Firth, in Unst, are actually descended from "seals."</p></div> @@ -8865,7 +8826,7 @@ referred to, "the sacred promontory" (<i>Sacrum Promōtoriū</i>) is Cape St. Vincent; which would place the Hesperides at even a greater distance from England than the Oestrymnic Isles. The islands called -<i>Londobries</i> and <i>Deorum Insulæ</i> on Ptolemy's map may be +<i>Londobries</i> and <i>Deorum Insulæ</i> on Ptolemy's map may be those referred to. Neither they nor the Oestrymnic Isles exist at the present day; but in questions of ancient history the fact ought never to be overlooked that the @@ -8887,7 +8848,7 @@ British Islanders and the Eskimos. But I am indebted to Dr. Joseph Anderson for pointing out that the passage distinctly states that the boats were of wood, and that the allusion is to the "sewing" alone. As an article -contributed by me to the <i>Archæological Review</i> (Vol. +contributed by me to the <i>Archæological Review</i> (Vol. IV., Aug. 1889) contains this erroneous assumption, I take this opportunity of stating that my inference is contradicted by the original passage, with which I was @@ -9013,7 +8974,7 @@ features and figure to the Mongols'" (Howorth's "History of the Mongols," part ii, p. 2, and part iii, p. 71).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Such as <i>roo</i> and <i>mûl</i> (each used to denote a +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Such as <i>roo</i> and <i>mûl</i> (each used to denote a headland); <i>skerry</i>, a reef; <i>couthe</i>, the "cuddy" or coal-fish, and <i>broch</i>; all of which are found in Gaelic as <i>ru</i> (<i>rudha</i>), <i>maol</i>, <i>sgeir</i>, <i>cudan</i>, and <i>brog</i>.</p></div> @@ -9108,7 +9069,7 @@ Scots."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> "Celtic Scotland," vol. ii, pp. 108-16.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> M. J. Tuchmann, in "Mélusine," t. iv, no. 16.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> M. J. Tuchmann, in "Mélusine," t. iv, no. 16.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Mr. Charles de Kay, in one of the valuable articles already referred to, remarks ("Woman in Early Ireland," @@ -9116,7 +9077,7 @@ already referred to, remarks ("Woman in Early Ireland," Kalewala the tribes of Pohjola, or the Lapps, are considered foul magicians, and ever the foe of the heroes of Kaleva, or the Finns, yet it is from Pohjola that -Waïnamoïnen and his comrades always take their brides by +Waïnamoïnen and his comrades always take their brides by force or by purchase." This quotation not only confirms the above account of M. Tuchmann, but it also illustrates the fact that even the most antagonistic races do not @@ -9380,7 +9341,7 @@ story of Mr. J. F. Campbell's (<i>West Highland Tales</i>, ii, J. H. Todd, D.D. London, 1867, p. 115. In the above quotation, the word translated "bronze" is <i>finndruine</i>. This is referred to as "a metal, the constituents of -which are not well known. O'Clery describes it as <i>prás +which are not well known. O'Clery describes it as <i>prás go n-airgead buailte</i>, 'brass, with silver hammered on to it.'" It is also referred to as "white silver," "silver or white bronze," "brass," and "copper." It was employed @@ -9422,9 +9383,9 @@ former instance).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> Dr. Todd (<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 40, <i>note</i>), in referring to another instance in which these terms occur, -says:—"The words here used, <i>Dún</i>, <i>Daingen</i>, <i>Dingna</i>, +says:—"The words here used, <i>Dún</i>, <i>Daingen</i>, <i>Dingna</i>, all signify a fort or fortress. It is not easy to define -the precise difference between them. <i>Dún</i> ... seems to +the precise difference between them. <i>Dún</i> ... seems to signify a fortified hill or mound. <i>Daingen</i> (dungeon) is a walled fort or strong tower; hence <i>daingnigim</i>, I fortify. <i>Dingna</i> [which he translates 'mound' in the @@ -9465,16 +9426,16 @@ Introd. to the 'Feis Tighe Chonain' (Ossianic Soc.) p. 98 Dublin, 1849, p. 202. The same work refers (p. 24) to "sidh Nectain, the fairy hill of Nechtain," where the river Boyne rises, but does not state whether early Dane -or modern archæologist has ever investigated it. (It is +or modern archæologist has ever investigated it. (It is now known as the Hill of Carbury.)</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> "Scottish Dictionary," s. v. <i>Fane</i>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> <i>See</i> the "Revue des Traditions populaires," Nov. 1889, p. 613. The reader is there referred to M. Paul -Sébillot's "Contes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne" for -those <i>Fions</i>; and also to Bézier's "Inventaire des -monuments mégalithiques de l'Ille-et-Vilaine," (p. 26) +Sébillot's "Contes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne" for +those <i>Fions</i>; and also to Bézier's "Inventaire des +monuments mégalithiques de l'Ille-et-Vilaine," (p. 26) for certain <i>Feins</i>, who seem very likely to be the same people.</p></div> @@ -9539,7 +9500,7 @@ Mythology</i>, I., 14, 212, 213, 214, and 238.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> The flat stone, supported on three or four posts, or pillars (as Thorpe calls them), upon which the seid-woman stood, is very suggestive of the <i>cromleac</i> or -<i>dolmen</i>. (Cf. the <i>grottes aux fées</i> of Brittany.)</p></div> +<i>dolmen</i>. (Cf. the <i>grottes aux fées</i> of Brittany.)</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> The magical power of the Finns is still recognized by the Swedish peasantry of to-day. An illustration of @@ -9810,11 +9771,11 @@ destroyed, and the stream was flowing as before.</p></div> 1886, pp. 159-61.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> See the modern <i>Scots Magazine</i>, Vol. I., No. 1, -Dec., 1887 ("Damh Blàr Bheinn Chrulaist," a sporting +Dec., 1887 ("Damh Blà r Bheinn Chrulaist," a sporting story).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> This "fairy knowe" is described in the "Archæologia +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> This "fairy knowe" is described in the "Archæologia Scotica," vol. v. and the "Proc. of the Soc. of Antiq. of Scot.," 1st Series, ix. 37-38.</p></div> @@ -10037,7 +9998,7 @@ traditions; and Kenilworth, Arthur's Seat, and Craig y Ddinas all testify to an identification of Arthur and his "primitive Britons," with the underground "fairies" and "Pechts." It may be objected that the tradition of -Barbarossa, as in Rückert's ballad, asleep in his +Barbarossa, as in Rückert's ballad, asleep in his underground castle, with his dwarf beside him, is evidently of the same origin as those just referred to. This is manifest. But, before attempting to reconcile @@ -10177,7 +10138,7 @@ Perthshire," Edinburgh, 1806, p. 19.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> This spelling is only tentative. On hearing it thus pronounced, a resident in that district corrected the pronunciation to <i>Doo'n</i>, or <i>Doo'an</i>, which may signify -a quite different meaning from <i>Dùn</i>.</p></div> +a quite different meaning from <i>Dùn</i>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> One would like to regard tradition as infallible in this respect. But, unfortunately, the age of the @@ -10192,20 +10153,20 @@ dictionaries give a hint) is really common.</p></div> numerous. In Denmark alone, according to J. M. Thiele, tradition points out as chambered mounds "two hills, Mangelbierg and Gillesbierg, in the environs of -Hirschholm, on Hösterkiöb Mark": "a hill called +Hirschholm, on Hösterkiöb Mark": "a hill called Wheel-hill, at Gudmandstrup, in the Lordship of Odd": "a -large knoll called Steensbierg, at Ouröe, near +large knoll called Steensbierg, at Ouröe, near Joegerspriis": "the high ridge on which the church stands, at Kundebye, in the Bailiewick of Holbeck"; and, in the same bailiewick, at a place between the towns of Mamp and Aagerup, "near the Strand": Gultebierg also -supplies another to the list: while "between Jerslöse and -Söbierg, lies Söbierg bank, which is the richest knoll in +supplies another to the list: while "between Jerslöse and +Söbierg, lies Söbierg bank, which is the richest knoll in the land." (For similar references in this neighbourhood, see also Mr. W. G. Black's "Heligoland.") And Thorpe's "Northern Mythology" specifies many such mounds. M. Pol de Mont (in his Flemish "Volkskunde," ii. 5, pp. 89-90) -points out an "Aschberg," at Casterlé, in the province of +points out an "Aschberg," at Casterlé, in the province of Antwerp, which is said to have held fifty <i>bergmannetjes</i>, or hill-dwarfs. (With this may fitly be compared three Eskimo "mounds" at Hopedale, Labrador, @@ -10302,10 +10263,10 @@ to the <i>brollachan</i>, compare the statement in Defoe's "Duncan Campbell" (London, 1856, p. 129) that the brownie "appeared like a rough man."</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> <i>The Archæological Review</i>, Jan. 1890, pp. 433, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> <i>The Archæological Review</i>, Jan. 1890, pp. 433, 434.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> <i>See</i> Vol. 13, pp. 424-6 (<i>Nugæ Cambrica</i>).</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> <i>See</i> Vol. 13, pp. 424-6 (<i>Nugæ Cambrica</i>).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_286_286" id="Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> It is to be noted that this writer renders "Gwylliaid" by "Banditti," and never refers to them as @@ -10454,11 +10415,11 @@ Rae had referred to this subject.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_312_312" id="Footnote_312_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312_312"><span class="label">[312]</span></a> Brooke's "Travels in Lapland," London, 1827, p. 3.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_313_313" id="Footnote_313_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313_313"><span class="label">[313]</span></a> For these references see <a href="#APPENDIX_B">Appendix B</a> and the -"Antiquitates Americanæ" (Copenhagen, 1837), conveniently +"Antiquitates Americanæ" (Copenhagen, 1837), conveniently condensed in W. C. Bryant and S. H. Gay's "History of the United States," Chap. III.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_314_314" id="Footnote_314_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> Such as Nordenskiöld, Carstensen, Joest, &c.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_314_314" id="Footnote_314_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> Such as Nordenskiöld, Carstensen, Joest, &c.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_315_315" id="Footnote_315_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315_315"><span class="label">[315]</span></a> <i>Ante</i>, p. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <i>note</i>.</p></div> @@ -10505,7 +10466,7 @@ Forth basin, which at that period was probably a mixture of land and water,—a northern Bedford Level, or fen-country.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_329_329" id="Footnote_329_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> Gildas' "De Excidio Britanniæ," Stevenson's +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_329_329" id="Footnote_329_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> Gildas' "De Excidio Britanniæ," Stevenson's edition, London, 1838, pp. 24-25.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_330_330" id="Footnote_330_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> Elton's "Origins," p. 169. The first sentence is @@ -10568,9 +10529,9 @@ made.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_342_342" id="Footnote_342_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342_342"><span class="label">[342]</span></a> Pages 180-1. It ought to be added that the version which is given on p. 149 has <i>svartir</i> ("swarthy" or -"black") instead of <i>smáir</i>. But whichever of these +"black") instead of <i>smáir</i>. But whichever of these versions has the correct word, the small stature of the -Skrælings is beyond dispute.</p></div> +Skrælings is beyond dispute.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_343_343" id="Footnote_343_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343_343"><span class="label">[343]</span></a> Page 162, note <i>a</i>. The account above referred to is given at pp. 161-2, and again at pp. 182-3.</p></div> @@ -10578,7 +10539,7 @@ is given at pp. 161-2, and again at pp. 182-3.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_344_344" id="Footnote_344_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344_344"><span class="label">[344]</span></a> According to the version on p. 162. That of p. 182 makes both names feminine, and indicates that the boys were not sons of one mother. A footnote on p. 162 gives -many variants of these names, <i>e.g.</i>, Ægi, Ovægi, etc., +many variants of these names, <i>e.g.</i>, Ægi, Ovægi, etc., Weihilldi, Veinhildi, etc.</p></div> @@ -10603,389 +10564,6 @@ spellings due to language differences or variations within languages. <p>Minor punctuation errors have been repaired.</p> - - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Testimony of Tradition, by David MacRitchie - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TESTIMONY OF TRADITION *** - -***** This file should be named 40290-h.htm or 40290-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/2/9/40290/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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