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diff --git a/40282-h/40282-h.htm b/40282-h/40282-h.htm index c1e100a..bcd93bf 100644 --- a/40282-h/40282-h.htm +++ b/40282-h/40282-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Evolution And Classification Of The Pocket Gophers Of The Subfamily Geomyinae, by Robert J. Russell. @@ -77,45 +77,7 @@ table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-collapse: collapse;} </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Evolution and Classification of the Pocket -Gophers of the Subfamily Geomyinae, by Robert J. Russell - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Evolution and Classification of the Pocket Gophers of the Subfamily Geomyinae - -Author: Robert J. Russell - -Release Date: July 20, 2012 [EBook #40282] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POCKET GOPHERS--SUBFAMILY GEOMYINAE *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Tom Cosmas and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40282 ***</div> <div class="fig_center" style="width: 251px;"> <a name="cover" id="cover"></a> @@ -699,7 +661,7 @@ the basitemporal fossa.</p> <a name="Fig_1" id="Fig_1"></a> <img src="images/fig_1.png" width="435" height="543" alt="" title="" /> <p class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> -Types of skulls in the subfamily Geomyinae. × 1.</p> +Types of skulls in the subfamily Geomyinae. × 1.</p> <p class="key2sp1">A. and B. Generalized type of skull. <i>Geomys bursarius lutescens</i>, adult, male, No. 77955 KU, 10 mi. N Springview, Keya Paha Co., @@ -708,12 +670,12 @@ Types of skulls in the subfamily Geomyinae. × 1.</p> B. Ventral view of lower jaw.</p> <p class="key2sp1">C. and D. Dolichocephalic type of skull. <i>Orthogeomys</i> (<i>Orthogeomys</i>) <i>grandis guerrerensis</i>, adult, female, No. 39807 KU, 1/2 mi. E - La Mira, 300 ft., Michoacán, México.</p> + La Mira, 300 ft., Michoacán, México.</p> <p class="key2sp2">C. Dorsal view of skull.<br /> D. Ventral view of lower jaw.</p> <p class="key2sp1">E. and F. Platycephalic type of skull. <i>Pappogeomys</i> (<i>Cratogeomys</i>) <i>gymnurus tellus</i>, adult, female, No. 33454 KU, 3 mi. W Tala, - 4300 ft., Jalisco, México.</p> + 4300 ft., Jalisco, México.</p> <p class="key2sp2">E. Dorsal view of skull.<br /> F. Ventral view of lower jaw.</p> </div> @@ -1067,16 +1029,16 @@ are available from the Pleistocene of North America. Specimens of the genera <i>Geomys</i> and <i>Thomomys</i> are especially common. Few specimens are known of the genera <i>Orthogeomys</i> and <i>Pappogeomys</i>, especially from the early and middle Pleistocene, owing, -probably, to slight knowledge of the early Pleistocene of México +probably, to slight knowledge of the early Pleistocene of México where these two genera are thought to have evolved (see map, <a href="#Fig_2">Figure 2</a>). This lack of knowledge about early Pleistocene deposits -in México is a handicap in the present instance since the center of +in México is a handicap in the present instance since the center of differentiation for several of the modern genera is judged to have -been in México, probably on, and at the edge of, the Central +been in México, probably on, and at the edge of, the Central Plateau. The relative abundance of the remains of <i>Geomys</i> and <i>Thomomys</i> from Pleistocene deposits farther north, and the marked absence of other genera, may mean that <i>Orthogeomys</i> and <i>Pappogeomys</i> -did not range northward from southern and central México +did not range northward from southern and central México in most of the Pleistocene. One species of <i>Pappogeomys</i> eventually ranged into the southwestern United States in the late Pleistocene (toward the end of the Wisconsin) and it occurs there today, but @@ -1092,9 +1054,9 @@ glacial or the Yarmouthian interglacial, and his correlation is tentatively followed here. In deposits laid down later than those of Irvingtonian age no remains of <i>Zygogeomys</i> have been found. Today a single species exists as a relic in the mountains of central -México and <i>Zygogeomys</i> may have retreated southward to its present +México and <i>Zygogeomys</i> may have retreated southward to its present refugium in the late Pleistocene. Perhaps, <i>Zygogeomys</i> occurred -in northern México and the southwestern United States in +in northern México and the southwestern United States in the early and middle Pleistocene (see <a href="#Fig_2">p. 2</a>), occupying the area between the ranges of <i>Pappogeomys</i> to the south and <i>Geomys</i> to the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">[491]</a></span> @@ -1224,7 +1186,7 @@ in the eastern United States, and today the genus does not occur east of the Great Plains.</p> <p><i>Thomomys</i> of Rancholabrean provincial age from the western -United States and México is known only from Wisconsin beds.</p> +United States and México is known only from Wisconsin beds.</p> <p>Three extinct species of <i>Thomomys</i>, all referable to the subgenus <i>Thomomys</i>, have been described. <i>Thomomys microdon</i> Sinclair @@ -1292,7 +1254,7 @@ as <i>T. leucodon</i>, now a subspecies of <i>T. bottae</i>; also see Hay, 1927:214-215).</p> <p><i>Thomomys umbrinus</i> has been reported from San Josecito Cave, -Nuevo León, México (Russell, 1960:542); Upper Bercerra, México +Nuevo León, México (Russell, 1960:542); Upper Bercerra, México (Hibbard, 1955a:51—identified only as <i>Thomomys</i> sp., but undoubtedly referable to <i>T. umbrinus</i>). Post-Wisconsin remains of <i>Thomomys umbrinus</i> are reported by Alvarez (1964:6) from capa @@ -1301,7 +1263,7 @@ Hay (1927:222-223) reported specimens of the genus <i>Thomomys</i> from Wisconsin deposits in Hawver Cave, Eldorado County, California, but did not assign them to species. Gilmore (1947:158) found the remains of <i>Thomomys umbrinus</i> in cave deposits near -Quatro Ciénegas in central Coahuila. These cave deposits may +Quatro Ciénegas in central Coahuila. These cave deposits may have been laid down during the Wisconsin, but more likely accumulated in the post-Wisconsin.</p> @@ -1332,7 +1294,7 @@ all the cheek teeth on the left side and the upper incisors. In addition, two lower jaws, one with the first three cheek teeth, are referred to the species (see Gazin, 1942:507). The fossils identified as <i>Geomys</i> from the Arroyo San Francisco, Cedazo fauna, in Aguascalientes, -México, by Mooser (1959:413) may be referable instead +México, by Mooser (1959:413) may be referable instead to <i>Zygogeomys</i>. I have not seen the specimens and no figures are available; Mooser states that a cranium was recovered. If either the upper premolar or third molar is in place, generic identification @@ -1475,14 +1437,14 @@ probably Illinoian deposits, but certainly no older than that.</p> <p>Mooser (1959:413) identified as <i>Geomys</i> the pocket gopher from Irvingtonian deposits in Arroyo San Francisco (loc. no. 5) near -the city of Aguascalientes, México. As suggested elsewhere in this +the city of Aguascalientes, México. As suggested elsewhere in this account, these fossils may be referable to <i>Zygogeomys</i> rather than <i>Geomys</i>. The Irvingtonian provincial age of this fauna was established by Hibbard and Mooser (1963:245-250). Other alleged occurrences have recently been compiled by Alvarez (1965:19-20). Maldonado-Koerdell (1948:20) noted four fossil occurrences of -the genus <i>Geomys</i> in México. Two of these from San Josecito Cave -in Nuevo León have since been identified with the genera <i>Orthogeomys</i> +the genus <i>Geomys</i> in México. Two of these from San Josecito Cave +in Nuevo León have since been identified with the genera <i>Orthogeomys</i> and <i>Pappogeomys</i> (Russell, 1960:543-548); the third listed by Maldonado-Koerdell from "near Ameca, Jalisco," was based on Brown's (1912:167) mention of some bones supposedly of the @@ -1649,7 +1611,7 @@ above) shows that <i>Pappogeomys</i> had been differentiated by late Pliocene time. The absence of <i>Pappogeomys</i>, beginning in the early Pleistocene and continuing well into the late Pleistocene, is attributed to the southern distribution of the genus, where its range -probably was centered on the Central Plateau of México. The +probably was centered on the Central Plateau of México. The paucity of early and middle Pleistocene deposits from this critical region prevents any definite statements about phyletic development within the genus. All of the late Pleistocene records pertain to the @@ -1670,7 +1632,7 @@ range in the late Pleistocene; therefore the small mandible is most likely that of a young individual of <i>Pappogeomys castanops</i>. Russell <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504">[504]</a></span> (1960:543) referred specimens collected at San Josecito Cave in -Nuevo León, México, to the group of small subspecies <i>Cratogeomys</i> +Nuevo León, México, to the group of small subspecies <i>Cratogeomys</i> [= <i>Pappogeomys</i>] <i>castanops</i>. Also, Russell (<i>loc. cit.</i>) identified a rostral fragment as of the genus <i>Cratogeomys</i> [= subgenus <i>Cratogeomys</i>] although the fragment had a combination of features different @@ -1680,7 +1642,7 @@ that could clarify its taxonomic relationships.</p> <p>Hibbard (1955a:52-53) identified <i>Cratogeomys</i> [= <i>Pappogeomys</i>] <i>tylorhinus</i> from the Becerra Superior deposits in the valley of -Tequixquic in the northern part of the state of México. The Wisconsin +Tequixquic in the northern part of the state of México. The Wisconsin age of these beds suggests an earlier Pleistocene derivation of the <i>gymnurus</i>-group of species.</p> @@ -1689,11 +1651,11 @@ reported from beds of latest Wisconsin (certainly after the glacial maximum) or post-Wisconsin age. Gilmore (1947:158) found fossil remains of <i>Cratogeomys</i> [= <i>Pappogeomys</i>] <i>castanops</i> commonly in Quaternary cave deposits on the mountain slopes in the vicinity -of Cuatro Ciénegas, in central Coahuila. These deposits actually +of Cuatro Ciénegas, in central Coahuila. These deposits actually may be of post-Wisconsin origin (see discussion above). Alvarez (1964:8) obtained fragments of <i>Cratogeomys</i> [= <i>Pappogeomys</i>] <i>tylorhinus</i> from sub-Recent deposits of Capa III in the Cueva La -Nopalera in southwestern Hidalgo, México. <i>Pappogeomys merriami</i> +Nopalera in southwestern Hidalgo, México. <i>Pappogeomys merriami</i> lives in the area today. Mayer-Oakes (1959:373) reported remains of <i>Cratogeomys</i> [= <i>Pappogeomys</i>] <i>merriami</i> from levels eight and eleven of the excavations at El Risco II, in the northern part of @@ -1706,7 +1668,7 @@ beds dating from the post-Wisconsin.</p> <p>This genus is not known from the Pleistocene, except for its occurrence in the San Josecito cave deposits of southwestern Nuevo -León, México (Russell, 1960:544). Although <i>Orthogeomys</i> does +León, México (Russell, 1960:544). Although <i>Orthogeomys</i> does not occur in the immediate vicinity of the cave at the present time, the northern limits of its range is nearby in southern Tamaulipas. The <i>Orthogeomys</i> from San Josecito Cave differs from living species, @@ -1729,7 +1691,7 @@ described Hernandez's Tucan under the name <i>Sorex mexicana</i> on the basis of Hernandez's account without having seen any specimens. Lichtenstein in 1827 applied the technical name <i>Ascomys mexicana</i> to three specimens collected by Deppe from unknown -localities on the tableland of México. Merriam (<i>loc. cit.</i>) pointed +localities on the tableland of México. Merriam (<i>loc. cit.</i>) pointed out that the name <i>mexicanus</i> of Lichtenstein in 1827 is a <i>nomen nudum</i>, and that it is preoccupied by <i>mexicanus</i> used by Kerr in 1792. The latter can not be technically identified with any particular @@ -1798,7 +1760,7 @@ by Gill in treating the pocket gophers as a family. Alston in 1876 proposed another classification based on Baird (1858), with two subfamilies, the Geomyinae and the Heteromyinae, united together in the family Geomyidae; thus, he recognized that the genus <i>Saccomys</i> -Frédéric Cuvier, 1823, was a synonym of <i>Heteromys</i> Desmarest, +Frédéric Cuvier, 1823, was a synonym of <i>Heteromys</i> Desmarest, 1817, as had been pointed out by Gray (1868:201) and Peters (1874:356). Coues (1877:487-490) acknowledged the invalidity of the genus <i>Saccomys</i>, but refused to give up the name in supergeneric @@ -1812,7 +1774,7 @@ on retaining the technical terms Saccomyidae and Saccomyini.</p> in 1895 all the known species of living pocket gophers were referred to two genera, <i>Geomys</i> and <i>Thomomys</i>. Merriam described <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">[507]</a></span> -much new material, especially from México and Central America, +much new material, especially from México and Central America, and proposed seven new genera (see <a href="#Table_1">Table 1</a>). His complete and detailed study of the dentitions and osteology of the skull remains today as the definitive work on this subject, and is the point where @@ -2761,7 +2723,7 @@ Tribe <span class="smcap"><b>Thomomyini</b></span>, new tribe</p> <p class="wrd_sp"><i>Chronologic and geographic range.</i>—Known from late Pliocene (early Blancan) to Recent. Known primarily from western North America from -southern Canada south to Central México in Pliocene, Pleistocene and Recent +southern Canada south to Central México in Pliocene, Pleistocene and Recent and in middle and late Pleistocene of Maryland and Florida.</p> <p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size small to medium (basilar length exclusive of <i>T. bulbivorus</i>, @@ -2850,7 +2812,7 @@ a late Pleistocene assemblage that probably was deposited in the Sangamon. The middle and late Pleistocene records are from the eastern United States, suggesting that the subgenus <i>Pleisothomomys</i> was restricted to that region while the subgenus <i>Thomomys</i> occupied the western United States and parts of -Canada and México as it does today.</p> +Canada and México as it does today.</p> <p><i>Description and Comparison.</i>—Separated from subgenus <i>Thomomys</i> only on basis of sub-crescentic shaped molars (only jaw fragments and isolated teeth @@ -2936,7 +2898,7 @@ and Hall and Kelson, 1959:412-447).</p> Type from Fossil Lake beds, late Pleistocene, Oregon.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Thomomys umbrinus</i> (Richardson, 1829). Fauna Boreali-Americana, - 1:202. Type from southern México, probably near Boca de + 1:202. Type from southern México, probably near Boca de Monte, Veracruz.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Thomomys bottae</i> (Eydoux and Gervais, 1836). Mag. de Zool., Paris, @@ -2980,7 +2942,7 @@ Tribe <span class="smcap"><b>Geomyini</b></span>, new tribe</p> <p class="wrd_sp"><i>Chronologic and geographic range.</i>—Known from late middle Pliocene deposits to Recent. The range of living members extends from extreme southern -Manitoba and the southeastern United States south to southern Panamá, and +Manitoba and the southeastern United States south to southern Panamá, and probably northern Colombia, South America.</p> <p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size small to large (condylobasal length of skull 33.0 to 73.0 in @@ -3162,7 +3124,7 @@ Beaver County, Oklahoma.</p> <p class="spec_acc">1942. <i>Nerterogeomys</i> Gazin, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 92:507 (type, <i>Geomys persimilis</i> Hay, 1927).</p> -<p class="wrd_sp"><i>Type.</i>—<i>Zygogeomys trichopus</i> Merriam, 1895, from Nahuatzen, Michoacán.</p> +<p class="wrd_sp"><i>Type.</i>—<i>Zygogeomys trichopus</i> Merriam, 1895, from Nahuatzen, Michoacán.</p> <p class="wrd_sp"><i>Chronologic range.</i>—Late Pliocene (Benson and Curtis Ranch local faunas, Arizona, and ?Rexroad Formation, Kansas) to Recent.</p> @@ -3250,11 +3212,11 @@ but shallow (late Pliocene specimens of <i>Z. minor</i>).</p> Pleistocene), Cochise County, Arizona.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Zygogeomys trichopus trichopus</i> Merriam, 1895. N. Amer. Fauna, - 8:196, January 31. Type from Nahuatzen, Michoacán.</p> + 8:196, January 31. Type from Nahuatzen, Michoacán.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Zygogeomys trichopus tarascensis</i> Goldman, 1938. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 51:211, December 23. Type from 6 mi. SE - Pátzcuaro, 8,000 ft., Michoacán.</p> + Pátzcuaro, 8,000 ft., Michoacán.</p> </div> @@ -3472,10 +3434,10 @@ Type from 7 mi. NW Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia.</p> <p class="spec_acc">1895. <i>Macrogeomys</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna 8:185, January 31 (type, <i>Geomys heterodus</i> Peters, 1865).</p> -<p class="wrd_sp"><i>Type.</i>—<i>Geomys scalops</i> Thomas, 1894, from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México.</p> +<p class="wrd_sp"><i>Type.</i>—<i>Geomys scalops</i> Thomas, 1894, from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México.</p> <p class="wrd_sp"><i>Chronologic range.</i>—Late Pleistocene Wisconsin deposits (San Josecito Cave -local fauna, Nuevo León, México) to Recent.</p> +local fauna, Nuevo León, México) to Recent.</p> <p><i>Description and discussion.</i>—Species of this genus are of medium to large size. The skull is strongly dolichocephalic in most species; the posterior part @@ -3555,7 +3517,7 @@ Subgenus <b>Orthogeomys</b> Merriam</p> <div class="smaller"> <p class="spec_acc">1895. <i>Orthogeomys</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 8:172, January 31.</p> -<p class="wrd_sp"><i>Type.</i>—<i>Geomys scalops</i> Thomas, 1894, from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México.</p> +<p class="wrd_sp"><i>Type.</i>—<i>Geomys scalops</i> Thomas, 1894, from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México.</p> <p class="wrd_sp"><i>Chronologic range.</i>—Known only from the Recent.</p> @@ -3594,11 +3556,11 @@ in lowland forms, so sparse as to impart appearance of nakedness.</p> Oaxaca, Oaxaca.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Orthogeomys grandis huixtlae</i> Villa, 1944. Anal. Inst. Biol. Univ. - Nac. México, 15:319. Type from Finca Lubeca, 12 km. NE + Nac. México, 15:319. Type from Finca Lubeca, 12 km. NE Huixtla, 850 m., Chiapas.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Orthogeomys grandis grandis</i> (Thomas, 1893). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., - ser. 6, 12:270, October. Type from Dueñas, Guatemala.</p> + ser. 6, 12:270, October. Type from Dueñas, Guatemala.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Orthogeomys grandis latifrons</i> Merriam, 1895. N. Amer. Fauna, 8:178, January 31. Type from Guatemala, exact locality @@ -3615,12 +3577,12 @@ in lowland forms, so sparse as to impart appearance of nakedness.</p> ser. 6, 13:437, May. Type from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Orthogeomys grandis soconuscensis</i> Villa, 1949. Anal. Inst. Biol. - Univ. Nac. México, 19:267, April 8. Type from Finca + Univ. Nac. México, 19:267, April 8. Type from Finca Experanza, 710 m., 45 km. (by road) NW Huixtla, Chiapas.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Orthogeomys grandis guerrerensis</i> Nelson and Goldman, 1930. Jour. - Mamm., 11:158, May 9. Type from El Limón, in valley of Río de - las Balsas approximately 20 mi. NW La Unión, Guerrero.</p> + Mamm., 11:158, May 9. Type from El Limón, in valley of RÃo de + las Balsas approximately 20 mi. NW La Unión, Guerrero.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Orthogeomys cuniculus</i> Elliot, 1905. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 18:234, December 9. Type from Zanatepec, Oaxaca.</p> @@ -3638,7 +3600,7 @@ in lowland forms, so sparse as to impart appearance of nakedness.</p> <p class="wrd_sp"><i>Type.</i>—<i>Geomys hispidus</i> Le Conte, 1852, from near Jalapa, Veracruz.</p> <p class="wrd_sp"><i>Chronologic range.</i>—Late Pleistocene, Wisconsin deposits (San Josecito -Cave local fauna, Nuevo León) to the Recent.</p> +Cave local fauna, Nuevo León) to the Recent.</p> <p><i>Description.</i>—Skull dolichocephalic (less so than in the other subgenera); zygomata more widely spreading than in <i>Orthogeomys</i>; ramus and angular @@ -3658,7 +3620,7 @@ never so sparse as to impart appearance of nakedness.</p> <p class="spec_acc">*<i>Orthogeomys onerosus</i> (Russell, 1960). Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 9 (21):544, January 14. Type from San Josecito - Cave local fauna, Upper Pleistocene, Nuevo León.</p> + Cave local fauna, Upper Pleistocene, Nuevo León.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Orthogeomys hispidus cayoensis</i> (Burt, 1937). Occ. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 365:1, December 16. Type from Mountain @@ -3670,7 +3632,7 @@ never so sparse as to impart appearance of nakedness.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Orthogeomys hispidus concavas</i> (Nelson and Goldman, 1929). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 42:148, March 30. Type from Pinal de - Amoles, Querétaro.</p> + Amoles, Querétaro.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Orthogeomys hispidus hispidus</i> (Le Conte, 1852). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6:158. Type from near Jalapa, Veracruz.</p> @@ -3733,23 +3695,23 @@ some species having white markings, especially on lumbar region and head.</p> Cartago, Costa Rica.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Orthogeomys heterodus dolichocephalus</i> (Merriam, 1895). N. Amer. - Fauna, 8:189, January 31. Type from San José, Costa Rica.</p> + Fauna, 8:189, January 31. Type from San José, Costa Rica.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Orthogeomys heterodus heterodus</i> (Peters, 1865). Monatsb. preuss. Acad. Wiss., Berlin, 1865:177. Type from Costa Rica, exact locality unknown.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Orthogeomys cavator nigrescens</i> (Goodwin, 1943). Amer. Mus. Novit., - 1227:3, April 22. Type from El Muneco (Río Navarro), 10 mi. S + 1227:3, April 22. Type from El Muneco (RÃo Navarro), 10 mi. S Cartago, 4000 ft., Province Cartago, Costa Rica.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Orthogeomys cavator pansa</i> (Bangs, 1902). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., - 39:44, April. Type from Bogava (= Bugaba), 600 ft., Chiriquí, - Panamá.</p> + 39:44, April. Type from Bogava (= Bugaba), 600 ft., ChiriquÃ, + Panamá.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Orthogeomys dariensis</i> (Goldman, 1912). Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 60(2):8, September 20. Type from Cana, 2000 ft., mountains of - eastern Panamá.</p> + eastern Panamá.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Orthogeomys underwoodi</i> (Osgood, 1931). Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ. 295, Zool. Ser., 185:143, Aug. 3. Type from Alto de @@ -3768,7 +3730,7 @@ some species having white markings, especially on lumbar region and head.</p> Fauna, 8:192, January 31. Type from Pacuare, Costa Rica.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Orthogeomys matagalpae</i> (J. A. Allen, 1910). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. - Hist., 28:97, April 30. Type from Peña Blanca, Matagalpa, + Hist., 28:97, April 30. Type from Peña Blanca, Matagalpa, Nicaragua.</p> </div> @@ -3792,7 +3754,7 @@ de Mascota, 8500 ft. (actually about 5000 ft.), Jalisco.</p> (Benson local fauna, Arizona) to the Recent. However in the Pleistocene, only late Pleistocene records are known, and <i>Pappogeomys</i> has not been found in early (late Blancan) or middle (Irvingtonian) Pleistocene local -faunas. Presumably the genus was restricted to México during the Pleistocene +faunas. Presumably the genus was restricted to México during the Pleistocene until post-Wisconsin time.</p> <p><i>Description and discussion.</i>—The size ranges from as little as in the smaller @@ -3956,11 +3918,11 @@ Subgenus <b>Cratogeomys</b> Merriam</p> <p class="spec_acc">1895. <i>Platygeomys</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 8:162, January 31. Type: <i>Geomys gymnurus</i> Merriam, 1892.</p> -<p class="wrd_sp"><i>Type.</i>—<i>Geomys merriami</i> Thomas, 1893, from "Southern México," probably -in Valley of México.</p> +<p class="wrd_sp"><i>Type.</i>—<i>Geomys merriami</i> Thomas, 1893, from "Southern México," probably +in Valley of México.</p> <p class="wrd_sp"><i>Chronologic range.</i>—Late Pleistocene, from Wisconsin deposits (San Josecito -Cave, Nuevo León, Upper Bercerra, México, and Burnet Cave, New +Cave, Nuevo León, Upper Bercerra, México, and Burnet Cave, New Mexico, local faunas) to the Recent.</p> <p><i>Description.</i>—Size medium to large; skull becoming angular and rugose @@ -4025,7 +3987,7 @@ the primitive subtriangular pattern without significant modification.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Pappogeomys merriami</i> (Thomas, 1893). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 12:271, October. Type from "southern Mexico," probably Valley - of México (see Merriam, 1895:152).</p> + of México (see Merriam, 1895:152).</p> <p><i>gymnurus</i> species-group</p> @@ -4039,7 +4001,7 @@ the primitive subtriangular pattern without significant modification.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Pappogeomys neglectus</i> (Merriam, 1902). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15:68, March 22. Type from Cerro de la Calentura, - about 8 mi. NW Pinal de Amoles, Querétaro.</p> + about 8 mi. NW Pinal de Amoles, Querétaro.</p> <p class="spec_acc"><i>Pappogeomys tylorhinus</i> (Merriam, 1895). N. Amer. Fauna, 8:167, January 31. Type from Tula, Hidalgo.</p> @@ -4266,7 +4228,7 @@ the southward retreat of the Neotropical flora of the Tertiary from the western United States and southward movement of the Arctic flora of the Tertiary (see Axlerod, 1950; Berry, 1937:31-46; Chaney, 1947:139-148; and Kendeigh, 1961:280-283). In the early Tertiary -the Neotropical-tertiary geoflora occurred northward to at least 49° +the Neotropical-tertiary geoflora occurred northward to at least 49° latitude in western North America, and the boreal Arctic-tertiary flora was restricted to a circumpolar zone. The southward and eastward shift of the Neotropical-tertiary flora, associated with the @@ -4568,7 +4530,7 @@ are ordinarily well developed except in <i>Thomomys bulbivorus</i>); Ontogenetically, the stages of wear are arranged from left to right in each row. Stages not represented by actual specimens have been carefully reconstructed from information provided by known stages in the sequence of wear and the -dentitions of other geomyines. × 5.</p> +dentitions of other geomyines. × 5.</p> <div class="smaller"> <p class="key2sp1">A-D. <i>Dikkomys woodi</i>, right lower tooth-row, including p4-m3. Patterns @@ -4635,7 +4597,7 @@ and Thomomyini depicting patterns of wear on the occlusal surface. A-D represent, in ontogenetic sequence from left to right, upper tooth-rows of the tribe Geomyini. E-H represent, in the same sequence of stages, lower tooth-rows of the tribe Geomyini. I-L represents both upper and lower tooth-rows -of both pre-final and final stages of wear in the tribe Thomomyini. All × 5.</p> +of both pre-final and final stages of wear in the tribe Thomomyini. All × 5.</p> <div class="smaller"> <p class="key2sp1">A and E. <i>Geomys bursarius majusculus</i>, No. 2948 (KU), Douglas Co., Kansas. @@ -4920,7 +4882,7 @@ about selection pressure resulting in fossorial specializations. In late Oligocene and early Miocene, according to Axelroad (1958:433-509), arid conditions did not exist in the United States, and the only xerophytic environments in North America occurred on the -Central Plateau of México. Moreover (Axelroad, <i>loc. cit.</i>), arid +Central Plateau of México. Moreover (Axelroad, <i>loc. cit.</i>), arid conditions did not develop in the western United States until the early Pliocene. Geomyids evidently became extinct in this region at the close of the Middle Miocene, and none appear in fossil @@ -4929,7 +4891,7 @@ deposits in the western United States until the latest Lower Pliocene the western United States coincides with a trend toward aridity and the northward movement of the Madro-tertiary geoflora into the Great Basin and Great Plains from its place of origin on the -Central Plateau of México (Axelroad, <i>loc. cit.</i>). Later, in the middle +Central Plateau of México (Axelroad, <i>loc. cit.</i>). Later, in the middle and later Pliocene, the Madro-tertiary geoflora gave rise to the modern xerophytic plants that now characterize the desert vegetation of North America.</p> @@ -4939,10 +4901,10 @@ the Miocene, but probably originated earlier. According to Axelroad (<i>loc. cit.</i>), this xerophytic flora evolved from elements of the Neotropical-tertiary geoflora that became adapted to arid conditions that developed in the rain shadow of the high mountains flanking -the Central Plateau of México. Originally, the Madro-tertiary flora +the Central Plateau of México. Originally, the Madro-tertiary flora consisted of small trees, shrubs, and grasses. Although some elements of this flora moved northward in the late Miocene, the major -part of it remained in México until the early Pliocene. In the +part of it remained in México until the early Pliocene. In the western United States, mountain formation increased in intensity in the Pliocene and continued on into the early Pleistocene. As the mountains became more elevated, especially the Sierra Nevada and @@ -4955,7 +4917,7 @@ Great Basin, and the western parts of the Great Plains.</p> <p>While the Entoptychinae probably evolved in response to the Arcto-tertiary flora, the late Tertiary geomyines probably evolved in response to the Madro-tertiary geoflora on the Central Plateau -of México. Some of these early geomyines, especially ancestors of +of México. Some of these early geomyines, especially ancestors of the modern lineages, probably were pushed southward by competition with the more specialized entoptychines. Most geomyines were pushed out of the northern area of distribution, except for <i>Dikkomys</i> @@ -4963,7 +4925,7 @@ that survived in association with the entoptychids throughout the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_558" id="Page_558">[558]</a></span> early and middle Miocene. During this time, and probably continuing on into the late Miocene, the geomyines occurring to the south -in México became adapted to the arid environments of the Madro-tertiary +in México became adapted to the arid environments of the Madro-tertiary geoflora.</p> <p>Of course, information is lacking about climates in several parts @@ -5019,7 +4981,7 @@ Plio-Pleistocene radiation of the Tribe Geomyini.</p> <p class="caption4"><a name="Morphotype" id="Morphotype"></a><i>Morphotype</i></p> <p>The immediate, unknown, ancestor probably lived on the Central -Plateau of México. After the radiation began the ancestors of +Plateau of México. After the radiation began the ancestors of <i>Geomys</i> and <i>Zygogeomys</i> extended their ranges northward.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_560" id="Page_560">[560]</a></span></p> @@ -5137,7 +5099,7 @@ and 7), 28 (c and d), 34 (7 through 15), and 35 (8).</p> <img src="images/fig_7.png" width="450" height="692" alt="" title="" /> <p class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 7.</span> Molariform dentitions of the Tribe Geomyini. Drawings illustrating enamel patterns characteristic of <i>Pliogeomys</i>, <i>Zygogeomys</i>, and the subgenera -of <i>Orthogeomys</i> (<i>Orthogeomys</i>, <i>Heterogeomys</i> and <i>Macrogeomys</i>). × 5.</p> +of <i>Orthogeomys</i> (<i>Orthogeomys</i>, <i>Heterogeomys</i> and <i>Macrogeomys</i>). × 5.</p> <div class="smaller"> <p class="key2sp1">A. <i>Pliogeomys buisi</i>, No. 29157 (UMMP), holotype, Buis Ranch @@ -5145,11 +5107,11 @@ of <i>Orthogeomys</i> (<i>Orthogeomys</i>, <i>Heterogeomys</i> and <i>Macrogeomy p4-m2 (m3 unknown).</p> <p class="key2sp1">B and C. <i>Zygogeomys trichopus trichopus</i>, adult female, No. 51971 (FMNH), -Mt. Tancítaro, 10,500 ft., Michoacán. Left upper (B), P4-M3; +Mt. TancÃtaro, 10,500 ft., Michoacán. Left upper (B), P4-M3; right lower (C), p4-m3.</p> <p class="key2sp1">D and E. Subgenus <i>Orthogeomys</i>. <i>Orthogeomys grandis guerrerensis</i>, adult -female, No. 39807 (KU), 1/2 mi. E La Mira, 300 ft., Michoacán. +female, No. 39807 (KU), 1/2 mi. E La Mira, 300 ft., Michoacán. Left upper (D), P4-M3; right lower (E), p4-m3.</p> <p class="key2sp1">F and G. Subgenus <i>Heterogeomys</i>. <i>Orthogeomys hispidus hispidus</i>, adult @@ -5157,8 +5119,8 @@ female, No. 23975 (KU), 4 km. W Tlapacoyan, 700 ft., Veracruz. Left upper (F), P4-M3; right lower (G), p4-m3.</p> <p class="key2sp1">H and I. Subgenus <i>Macrogeomys</i>. <i>Orthogeomys heterodus cartagoensis</i>, adult -female, No. 60664 (KU), Rancho Redando, Volcán Lrozá, Prov. -San José, Costa Rica. Left upper (H), P4-M3; right lower (I), +female, No. 60664 (KU), Rancho Redando, Volcán Lrozá, Prov. +San José, Costa Rica. Left upper (H), P4-M3; right lower (I), p4-m3.</p> </div> </div> @@ -5238,7 +5200,7 @@ only a few fossils are known and they are fragmentary as discussed before. The genus is represented in the late Pliocene (<i>Z. minor</i>), middle Pleistocene (<i>Z. persimilis</i>), and Recent (<i>Z. trichopus</i>). The living species is a relict population in the mountains of Central -México. Judging from the known material, the phyletic trends in +México. Judging from the known material, the phyletic trends in the genus have been increase in size, reduction of enamel on the posterior face of P4 (occurring only in the living species) where a short enamel plate is retained on the lingual side of the tooth (see @@ -5459,7 +5421,7 @@ M1 and M2. Each trend is thought to be adaptive.</p> <img src="images/fig_9.png" width="424" height="689" alt="" title="" /> <p class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 9.</span> Molariform dentitions of the Tribe Geomyini. Drawings illustrating enamel patterns characteristic of <i>Geomys</i> and <i>Pappogeomys</i> (including the -subgenera <i>Pappogeomys</i> and <i>Cratogeomys</i>). × 5.</p> +subgenera <i>Pappogeomys</i> and <i>Cratogeomys</i>). × 5.</p> <div class="smaller"> <p class="key2sp1">A and B. <i>Geomys bursarius bursarius</i>, adult female, No. 46275 (KU), Elk @@ -5534,7 +5496,7 @@ LITERATURE CITED</p> cerca de Tepeapulco, Hidalgo, Mexico. Publ. Inst. Nac. Antro, e Hist., 15:1-15.</p> -<p class="references">1965. Catálago Paleomastozoológico Mexicano. Publ. Inst. Nac. Antro, e +<p class="references">1965. Catálago Paleomastozoológico Mexicano. Publ. Inst. Nac. Antro, e Hist., 17:1-70.</p> @@ -5582,7 +5544,7 @@ River Formations of Montana. Postilla, Yale Peabody Museum, <p><span class="smcap">Brandt, J. F.</span></p> -<p class="references">1855. Beiträge zur mähern Kenntiss der Säugethiere Russlands. Acad. +<p class="references">1855. Beiträge zur mähern Kenntiss der Säugethiere Russlands. Acad. Imp. des Sciences St. Petersburg, 7:79-336, 11 pls.</p> @@ -5703,7 +5665,7 @@ Arizona. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 92(3155):475:518, 2 pls., 9 figs.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Gervais, P.</span></p> -<p class="references">1849. Rongeurs. <i>In</i> Dictionnaire universel d'historie naturelle, Dirigé par +<p class="references">1849. Rongeurs. <i>In</i> Dictionnaire universel d'historie naturelle, Dirigé par M Ch. d'Orbigny, Paris, M. M. Renard, Martinet et Cie, vol. 11:198-204.</p> @@ -5776,7 +5738,7 @@ U. S. Nat. Mus., 59:599-642.</p> <p class="references">1923. The Pleistocene of North America and its vertebrated animals from the states east of the Mississippi River and from the Canadian provinces -east of longitude 95°. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. 322: +east of longitude 95°. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. 322: 1-499, February 24.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_575" id="Page_575">[575]</a></span></p> @@ -6034,8 +5996,8 @@ Florida. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 119:421-449, 5 figs., November.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Russell, R. J.</span></p> -<p class="references">1960. Pleistocene pocket gophers from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, -México. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:539-548, January 14.</p> +<p class="references">1960. Pleistocene pocket gophers from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, +México. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:539-548, January 14.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Savage, D. E.</span></p> @@ -6052,7 +6014,7 @@ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 87:273-298, 37 figs., 6 pls.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Schultz, C. B.</span>, <span class="smcap">Lueninghoener, G. C.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Frankforter, W. D.</span></p> -<p class="references">1951. A graphic résumé of the Pleistocene of Nebraska. Bull. Univ. +<p class="references">1951. A graphic résumé of the Pleistocene of Nebraska. Bull. Univ. Nebraska State Mus., 3(6):1-41, July.</p> @@ -6269,383 +6231,6 @@ made to standardize the text to match the most prevalent form used.</p> </table> </div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Evolution and Classification of the -Pocket Gophers of the Subfamily Geomyinae, by Robert J. 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