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diff --git a/40271-h/40271-h.htm b/40271-h/40271-h.htm index d084343..7da8f88 100644 --- a/40271-h/40271-h.htm +++ b/40271-h/40271-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <title> London before the Conquest, by W. R. Lethaby—A Project Gutenberg eBook </title> @@ -51,46 +51,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of London Before the Conquest, by W. R. Lethaby - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: London Before the Conquest - -Author: W. R. Lethaby - -Release Date: July 18, 2012 [EBook #40271] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LONDON BEFORE THE CONQUEST *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40271 ***</div> <div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p> </p><p> </p> @@ -138,8 +99,8 @@ MCMII</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> <tr><td>“<i>Lundres est mult riche cite,<br /> -Meliur n’ad en Cristienté<br /> -Pur vaillance, ni melx assisé,<br /> +Meliur n’ad en Cristienté<br /> +Pur vaillance, ni melx assisé,<br /> Melx gaurnie, de grant prisee;<br /> Al pe del mur li curt Tamise<br /> Pur li vent la marchandise<br /> @@ -231,7 +192,7 @@ Enlarged. The first shows an equestrian statue over a triumphal arch lettered <s <span class="smcaplc">BEAT TRANQLITAS</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="smcap">Fig. 8.</span>—Christian Monogram from Cakes of Pewter found at Battersea. Now in the British Museum. One, in addition to the -<span class="smcaplc">ΧΡ</span>, has the words <span class="smcaplc">SPES IN DEO</span>; the other <span class="smcaplc">Α·Ω·</span></td> +<span class="smcaplc">ΧΡ</span>, has the words <span class="smcaplc">SPES IN DEO</span>; the other <span class="smcaplc">Α·Ω·</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span> <span class="smcap">Fig. 9.</span>—Bronze Bracelet found in London; ornamented with a Cross. Now in the British Museum</td> @@ -264,7 +225,7 @@ and Edmonton, called also the Stone Street south of London; the Here Street thro <span class="smcap">Fig. 20.</span>—From the Common Seal. Reverse, enlarged, 1224. See also <a href="#Page_86">Fig. 23</a>; it shows the city wall with battlements and turrets</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Fig. 21.</span>—Section of Roman Wall and Ditch. Restored from excavation near Aldersgate recorded in <i>Archæologia</i></td> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Fig. 21.</span>—Section of Roman Wall and Ditch. Restored from excavation near Aldersgate recorded in <i>Archæologia</i></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="smcap">Fig. 22.</span>—From Matthew Paris, 1236. From MS. in the British Museum, describing the route to Jerusalem. It gives the names of six gates, the spire of St. Paul’s, etc., and refers to the legend of “Troie la Nuvela”</td> @@ -306,7 +267,7 @@ author’s collection</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_200">199</a></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="smcap">Fig. 36.</span>—Roman Brick, inscribed London, about one-twelfth full size. From Roach Smith</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Fig. 37.</span>—Inscriptions from Roman Brick. <span class="smcaplc">P·BRI·LON</span></td> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Fig. 37.</span>—Inscriptions from Roman Brick. <span class="smcaplc">P·BRI·LON</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="smcap">Fig. 38.</span>—Roman Tomb from outside of the East Walls. Restored from fragments found together, and now in the British Museum</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_206">205</a></td></tr> @@ -364,7 +325,7 @@ attempt at unity, and none at a pictorial treatment of the subject.</p> <p>Of mistaken views still largely or nearly <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>universally accepted which will be traversed here, I may mention a few salient examples. For instance, Stow’s opinion that London Bridge before the twelfth century was far to -the east of the later bridge, and that the mural ditch was a mediæval +the east of the later bridge, and that the mural ditch was a mediæval work; Stukeley’s opinion that the old approach through Southwark pointed on Dowgate, that Old Street was the great west-to-east Roman road, and that Watling Street in the city carries on the name of a street which @@ -383,13 +344,13 @@ the Langbourne appears as a stream, and there is a curious selection of churches, amongst which is St. Denis, for which we are referred to a note in Thorpe’s <i>Ancient Laws</i>, regarding a gift of London property to the monastery of <i>St. Denis in Francia</i>. Mr. Loftie holds that Aldgate was -first opened in the time of Henry I., and that no mediæval gate exactly +first opened in the time of Henry I., and that no mediæval gate exactly occupied a Roman site; that the eastern road turned off outside Bishopsgate; that Ludgate was still more recent than Aldgate, and that it only opened on the Fleet river; that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> Strand was not a route before -mediæval days; that there was a Roman citadel on the high ground from the +mediæval days; that there was a Roman citadel on the high ground from the Walbrook to Mincing Lane, and that the Langbourne was a ditch to this -stronghold. In the last book on the subject, called <i>Mediæval London</i>, we +stronghold. In the last book on the subject, called <i>Mediæval London</i>, we are again told of the oblique Roman Watling Street; Cheap is described as “a great square”; and it is assumed that not only the Langbourne, but the equally mythical Oldbourne, supplied the city with water.</p> @@ -532,7 +493,7 @@ retraced. The Britons required an eponimous founder for their race as much as the Israelites required an Israel, or the Romans a Romulus. This founder (a supposititious Brittus) was at some time equated with Brutus, and Britain, like so many cities in Italy, was said to be founded by a -fugitive from Troy. From Cæsar we learn that a tribe of the Trinobantes +fugitive from Troy. From Cæsar we learn that a tribe of the Trinobantes was found by him near the north bank of the Thames. This true name of a tribe was in the legend made to yield a city, Trinovantum, and this step had been made before Bede and Nennius, who say that Julius defeated the @@ -587,22 +548,22 @@ that it extended over the Broken Wharf and came farther into the city, in so much that it approached near to Billingsgate, and as it is thought, some of the ruins of his house are yet extant, howbeit patched up and made warehouses, in that tract of ground in our times” (Holinshed). Belinus -seems at times to have been confused with Cæsar, and so we get the Cæsar’s +seems at times to have been confused with Cæsar, and so we get the Cæsar’s Tower of Shakespeare and other writers. Stow, writing of the same “ruins,” -says, “The common people affirm Julius Cæsar to be the builder thereof, as +says, “The common people affirm Julius Cæsar to be the builder thereof, as also of the Tower itself.”</p> <p>Nennius uses the name Belinus for Cassibelaunus, which latter, indeed, is evidently derived from the former; for he speaks of Belinus -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>(Cassibelaunus) fighting against Cæsar. A parallel passage in Geoffrey +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>(Cassibelaunus) fighting against Cæsar. A parallel passage in Geoffrey gives Belinus the command of the army of Cassibelaunus, but in the account of the battle which follows we have no word of Belinus, but “Nennius,” a brother of Cassibelaunus and Lud, takes his place and perishes from a blow -of Cæsar’s sword, <i>Crocea Mors</i>. “Nennius” was then buried at the North +of Cæsar’s sword, <i>Crocea Mors</i>. “Nennius” was then buried at the North Gate of “Trinovantum” with the sword that had slain him.<a name='fna_18' id='fna_18' href='#f_18'><small>[18]</small></a> All this is too confused to work out in detail, but it almost looks like a repeated echo of some legend which made Cassibelaunus fall in a <i>personal</i> -encounter with Cæsar. At bottom perhaps it may have been some inscription, +encounter with Cæsar. At bottom perhaps it may have been some inscription, or coin, lettered Cuno-belin, which associated the name of Belinus with a gate of London. Such coins have been found in London. We can only be certain that at the beginning of the twelfth century the existing name of @@ -631,7 +592,7 @@ the palladium of Caer Lud, “and the sygte ther of the Saxons aferde.” <p>For me the old British Solar God lights up the squalor of Billingsgate. The Sea God, Lud, and the brazen horse give me more pleasure than the -railway bridge at Ludgate. Cæsar’s sword at Bishopsgate and the head of +railway bridge at Ludgate. Cæsar’s sword at Bishopsgate and the head of Bran buried on Tower Hill are real city assets. London is rich in romantic lore. In her cathedral Arthur was crowned and drew the sword from the stone. Here Iseult attended the council called by King Mark. From the quay @@ -1148,20 +1109,20 @@ Shitteborwe in 1272, and the last syllable must be “bury,” not ̶ <hr class="break" style="width: 25%;" /> <p><i>Fords.</i>—The best account of the Thames fords is given by Dr. Guest.<a name='fna_48' id='fna_48' href='#f_48'><small>[48]</small></a> -Cæsar tells us that the river called Thames was passable on foot only in +Cæsar tells us that the river called Thames was passable on foot only in one place, and this ford was defended against him by stakes. Bede says that the remains of the stakes were to be seen there “to this very day.” Camden suggested that the site of this ford was Coway Stakes, near Walton; -King Alfred, however, in an addition he made to Orosius, says that Cæsar, +King Alfred, however, in an addition he made to Orosius, says that Cæsar, after defeating the “Bryttas in Cent-land,” fought again “nigh the Temese by the ford called Welinga-ford.” Wallingford, where the Icknield Way crossed the river, was certainly the chief ford below Oxford.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> Dr. Guest showed that a place near Coway Stakes is called Halliford, and argued that although a Roman army, that of Claudius, may have crossed at Wallingford, -Cæsar’s passage of the river was at the stakes, and the two passages of +Cæsar’s passage of the river was at the stakes, and the two passages of the river came to be confused in the tradition. The general argument is too subtle to go into here, but it is less than convincing to make Bede’s -account of a ford where stakes yet remained in the river apply to Cæsar +account of a ford where stakes yet remained in the river apply to Cæsar and the Coway Stakes, while Alfred’s applied to Wallingford and the army of Claudius, especially as we may suppose that a principal ford would be fortified if a lesser one were. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, @@ -1188,7 +1149,7 @@ Staines (<i>Pontes</i>) may be the one, the existence of which is implied in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 1013, and in 1009 we are told that the army went over the river at Staines.<a name='fna_50' id='fna_50' href='#f_50'><small>[50]</small></a> In the Middle Ages there was a bridge between Staines and London on the river at Kingston, and Horsley thought -that Cæsar crossed by a ford here.</p> +that Cæsar crossed by a ford here.</p> @@ -1368,8 +1329,8 @@ Lincoln,—one round to the west by the Watling Street, and one to the east by Colchester,—it seems probable that the direct Erming Street was made in the later Roman era.</p> -<p>The best critical account of the four Roman ways is in <i>Origines Celticæ</i> -and the <i>Archæological Journal</i> for 1857, in which Dr. Guest, working from +<p>The best critical account of the four Roman ways is in <i>Origines Celticæ</i> +and the <i>Archæological Journal</i> for 1857, in which Dr. Guest, working from charters, verifies their position. He considers that the portion of the Erming Street between London and Huntingdon was not a Roman paved road, although “it must have existed in the days of Edgar, and perhaps as early @@ -1378,7 +1339,7 @@ alongside the turnpike road which leads from London to Royston,” beyond which the road passes straight on over the fens to a place called Ermingford in Domesday and Earmingaford in a charter of Edgar. To the south of London he lays down a “Stone Street” from Chichester through -Bignor (Roman villa) and Dorking. In vol. ix. of <i>Archæologia</i>, Bray, the +Bignor (Roman villa) and Dorking. In vol. ix. of <i>Archæologia</i>, Bray, the co-author of the <i>History of Surrey</i>, traces this “Roman road through Sussex and Surrey to London.” “That there was a great road from Arundel which ran north<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> and north-east to London is very certain, considerable @@ -1538,8 +1499,8 @@ of a statue placed on the bridge to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id=" always been too valuable a material for the head to have been wilfully cast away. Moreover, we have evidences of two bridges by the Roman Wall which were the work of Hadrian. That at Newcastle, called after him, Pons -Ælii, had a history curiously parallel with London Bridge, for it gave way -to a mediæval bridge in 1248, which was destroyed in the flood of 1771. +Ælii, had a history curiously parallel with London Bridge, for it gave way +to a mediæval bridge in 1248, which was destroyed in the flood of 1771. During the rebuilding parts of the Roman structure were found. Near Hexham, where the line of the wall crosses the North Tyne, there are still vestiges of a bridge which seems to have lasted down to 1771; it has three @@ -1641,7 +1602,7 @@ used in the <i>Liber Trinitatis</i> in a way that infers its existence before section of the ditch outside the wall. It was 14 feet deep, 35 feet wide at bottom, and 75 feet wide at the top of the sloping sides. The top of the inner slope was 10 feet from the wall. This is drawn and described in -vol. lii. of <i>Archæologia</i>, and a comparison subsequently made with the +vol. lii. of <i>Archæologia</i>, and a comparison subsequently made with the ditch at Silchester showed that, like it, it was certainly of Roman work. In each there was found a raised foundation in the bed of the ditch for a trestle bridge crossing from the gate (<a href="#Page_80">Fig. 21</a>).</p> @@ -1674,7 +1635,7 @@ surrounded London with the wall which is still standing.”</p> <hr class="break" style="width: 25%;" /> <p><i>Gates.</i>—Opposite the entrance to the city by the bridge was the <i>North -Gate</i>, called Bishopsgate. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, Cæsar’s +Gate</i>, called Bishopsgate. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, Cæsar’s sword “Yellow Death” was buried here with a Briton who had been slain by it. This legend is at least enough to show that the gate was ancient at the beginning of the twelfth century. Bishopsgate is mentioned in @@ -1688,12 +1649,12 @@ says he found it named in a charter given by King Edgar to the Cnihten Gild, but it seems that he founded this on a later legend which professed to recite the terms of such a charter. However, the Saxon Chronicle, giving an account<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> of the dispute between the Confessor and Godwine in -1052, says that some of the Earl’s party <i>gewendon ut æt Æst geate</i> and +1052, says that some of the Earl’s party <i>gewendon ut æt Æst geate</i> and got them to Eldulfsness (Walton-on-the-Naze). Mr. W. H. Stevenson, in an interesting note on personal names associated with town gates, cites an eleventh-century life of St. Edmund, in which it is called Ealsegate, and suggests that it may be named from one Ealh; the East Gate of Gloucester -was called Ailesgate from Æthel.<a name='fna_77' id='fna_77' href='#f_77'><small>[77]</small></a> A survey of Holy Trinity precinct +was called Ailesgate from Æthel.<a name='fna_77' id='fna_77' href='#f_77'><small>[77]</small></a> A survey of Holy Trinity precinct made about 1592, and now at Hatfield, gives the plan of the gate as it then existed (possibly in part Roman), and a length of the city wall with its semicircular bastions.<a name='fna_78' id='fna_78' href='#f_78'><small>[78]</small></a> Outside this gate the great Roman road @@ -1844,7 +1805,7 @@ charter of 749<a name='fna_90' id='fna_90' href='#f_90'><small>[90]</small></a> <p>The next most important quay is Queenhythe, otherwise, as Stow says, “called Edredshithe because it at first belonged to one called Edred.” -This is confirmed by the name of the Church of St. Michael “Ædredeshuda” +This is confirmed by the name of the Church of St. Michael “Ædredeshuda” found about 1148 in the St. Paul’s documents; about 1220 it appears as St. Michael’s de Hutha Regina in the same. The queen who gave her name to this quay was Matilda, wife of Stephen; in the Cotton Charters (xvi. 35) is a @@ -1854,8 +1815,8 @@ entries in regard to the Necessary House formerly built by<span class="pagenum"> Queen, at Queenhythe for the common use of the city; it was to be made as long as the quay of Alan Balun, so that it might have a free course of water. Dugdale cites a grant (<i>temp.</i> Henry II.) of a rent-charge on Ripa -Reginæ called “Aldershithe” [?] to St. Giles. In 1247 the wharf was -granted to the city at a farm of £50 a year.<a name='fna_91' id='fna_91' href='#f_91'><small>[91]</small></a> From a charter of King +Reginæ called “Aldershithe” [?] to St. Giles. In 1247 the wharf was +granted to the city at a farm of £50 a year.<a name='fna_91' id='fna_91' href='#f_91'><small>[91]</small></a> From a charter of King Alfred himself, dated 899, we find that the Edred who gave his name to this wharf was none other than Ethered, Alfred’s son-in-law and his lieutenant in London (died 912).<a name='fna_92' id='fna_92' href='#f_92'><small>[92]</small></a> In a second<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> version of the charter @@ -1893,7 +1854,7 @@ Douuegate as they have had from the time of King Edward.” After warning other ships off the wharf, they were free to cut them adrift.<a name='fna_94' id='fna_94' href='#f_94'><small>[94]</small></a> “Here then we have evidence that even before the Conquest the citizens of Rouen had a haven at the mouth of the Walbrook.”<a name='fna_95' id='fna_95' href='#f_95'><small>[95]</small></a> A chapter in the Laws of -Æthelred names the traders who were free to come to the Port of London, +Æthelred names the traders who were free to come to the Port of London, and amongst these appear men of Flanders, France, and the Emperor’s men. The men of Rouen, then, as in 1150, brought wine and craspisce (dried sturgeon or whale). From the fact that the Walbrook issued here, Dowgate @@ -1902,13 +1863,13 @@ interesting fact, if there were any certainty in it.</p> <p><i>Steelyard and the Vintry Wharf.</i>—In the privileges of the Emperor’s men just mentioned we seem to have, as Dr. Sharpe suggests,<a name='fna_96' id='fna_96' href='#f_96'><small>[96]</small></a> the beginnings -of the Gilda Teutonicorum, the great mediæval Hanse by Baynard’s Castle +of the Gilda Teutonicorum, the great mediæval Hanse by Baynard’s Castle called at a late time the Steelyard. In the time of Henry II. the House of the Cologne Merchants in London is mentioned, and Richard I., when passing through Cologne, remitted the rent-charge on their Gildhall.<a name='fna_97' id='fna_97' href='#f_97'><small>[97]</small></a> This privilege was confirmed by John in 1213.<a name='fna_98' id='fna_98' href='#f_98'><small>[98]</small></a></p> -<p>We can probably trace the port of “the Flanders men” of Æthelred’s laws in +<p>We can probably trace the port of “the Flanders men” of Æthelred’s laws in a charter granted by the Conqueror to the Abbey of St. Peter’s, Ghent, in 1081, granting Lewisham, Woolwich, etc.: and within London, the land which King Edward [the Confessor] gave, namely, a portion of Waremanni-Acra with @@ -1932,7 +1893,7 @@ when exiled from England.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span><i>Fish hythe</i>, in the western part of London, is named in the Saxon charter 718 of Kemble’s collection. Riley, in his introduction to the <i>Liber -Custumarum</i>, which contains a valuable mediæval survey of the wharves, +Custumarum</i>, which contains a valuable mediæval survey of the wharves, puts Fish hythe near the bottom of Bread Street. <i>Ebbegate</i>, which is mentioned in twelfth-century documents, is, Riley says, the same as Swan Wharf.<a name='fna_101' id='fna_101' href='#f_101'><small>[101]</small></a></p> @@ -2002,11 +1963,11 @@ Held booths in level Southwark.<br /> <p><i>The Citadel.</i>—The Saxon Chronicle under the year 886 reads: “In this -year <i>gesette</i> Alfred <i>Lundenburh</i> and gave the <i>burh</i> to Æthered the +year <i>gesette</i> Alfred <i>Lundenburh</i> and gave the <i>burh</i> to Æthered the ealdorman to hold.” This is usually understood to mean that Alfred restored the city wall, but Mr. John Earle in a note on the passage argues -that the <i>burh</i> was a citadel. He points out that Æthelweard’s Latin -paraphrase reads, “<i>dux Æthered ... custodiendi arcem</i>”; he says further +that the <i>burh</i> was a citadel. He points out that Æthelweard’s Latin +paraphrase reads, “<i>dux Æthered ... custodiendi arcem</i>”; he says further that <i>gesette</i> meant “founded,” “peopled,” and concluding that the passage means that Alfred established a military colony with an endowment of land, he suggests that we have here an account of the military<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> occupation of @@ -2108,7 +2069,7 @@ which were appurtenant to them.”</p> satisfied by Southwark.<a name='fna_113' id='fna_113' href='#f_113'><small>[113]</small></a> Dr. Maitland concludes generally that the boroughs had their origin in such royal burhs founded for national defence. “The borough belongs to the genus villa (<i>tun</i>), but it was in -its inception royal.” The South-work was evidently a <i>tête-du-pont</i>, and +its inception royal.” The South-work was evidently a <i>tête-du-pont</i>, and became a royal borough. By means of special privileges such burhs, like the bastides of Edward I., attracted a heterogeneous population of traders, and Southwark<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> became the great “cheaping town” of the @@ -2294,7 +2255,7 @@ tillage.<a name='fna_126' id='fna_126' href='#f_126'><small>[126]</small></a> A its present form must have been governed by the growth of extra-mural population; this is also shown by the way in which extensions of boundary overlie the main roads. The Portsoken Ward must formerly have been part of -this <i>pomærium</i> of the city, and it occupied most of the eastern side. Mr. +this <i>pomærium</i> of the city, and it occupied most of the eastern side. Mr. Coote, in the authoritative article on the subject, calls it the city manor. The Cnihten Gild, which held it until 1125, possessed a charter of Edward the Confessor confirming to them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> the customs which they had in @@ -2369,7 +2330,7 @@ was peculiarly attached to London, and, in its modern form at least, must represent the portion of the old East Saxon kingdom cut off by Alfred’s treaty with Guthrum.<a name='fna_134' id='fna_134' href='#f_134'><small>[134]</small></a> The East Saxon kingdom, Malmesbury says, comprised the modern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> Essex, Middlesex, and half Hertfordshire. The Saxon -Chronicle under 912 says: “This year died Æthered, and King Edward +Chronicle under 912 says: “This year died Æthered, and King Edward [Alfred’s son] took possession of London and Oxford and of all the lands which owed obedience thereto.”<a name='fna_135' id='fna_135' href='#f_135'><small>[135]</small></a> A charter professedly dated as early as 704 names Twickenham in the province of Middlesex, but nothing is known @@ -2448,7 +2409,7 @@ city magnates of the great time just after the war of the city with the king, when Thomas FitzThomas, the mayor, was imprisoned—some have said never to appear again; but I find in the Close Rolls for 1269-70 (53 Henry III.) that in that year “Thomas son of Thomas, late Mayor of London,” -entered into recognisances for a debt of £500 to Edward the king’s son, +entered into recognisances for a debt of £500 to Edward the king’s son, finding sureties for the same and for his fealty to the king and his heirs.</p> @@ -2655,7 +2616,7 @@ W. H. Stevenson, “it means a large house.” Bucklersbury and Bloomsbu were the properties—post-Conquest—of one Blemund, and of the family of Bockerel. A Saxon will makes a bequest to Paul’s byrig.<a name='fna_151' id='fna_151' href='#f_151'><small>[151]</small></a> The termination “haw,” present still in Bassishaw, is also common. A charter -of the Confessor giving Stæninghaga in London to Westminster is printed by +of the Confessor giving Stæninghaga in London to Westminster is printed by Kemble; Dr. Maitland in <i>Domesday and Beyond</i> has shown that this was occupied by the men of Staines, and that Staining Lane probably preserves its memory even unto this day. There were forty-eight burgesses of London @@ -2694,7 +2655,7 @@ included the ground between the boundary of St. Paul’s (along Carter Lane) and the river and from the city wall to Old Fish Street. It must have been an important castle, not a mere tower.</p> -<p>Henry II. is made by Fantosme to ask how “mes baruns de Lundres ma cité” +<p>Henry II. is made by Fantosme to ask how “mes baruns de Lundres ma cité” fared in the troubles of that time, and is told that Gilbert de Munfichet had strengthened his “castle,” and that the Clares were leagued with him. This Montfichet’s Castle is mentioned by FitzStephen, and Stow says that @@ -2710,7 +2671,7 @@ just refers to the story, but says any evidence had been destroyed, and he was evidently disgusted at a then recent “improvement.” Some accounts of 23 Henry VIII., given in the <i>Calendar of St. Paul’s Documents</i>, refer to the “clensying of certyn old ruinouse houses in Aldermanbury, sometime the -palace of Saincte Æthelbert Kyng ... and making of five new tenements.” It +palace of Saincte Æthelbert Kyng ... and making of five new tenements.” It is curious that there is an Adle Hill, also in Castle Baynard Ward. The records of St. Alban’s show that Abbot Paul (from 1077) obtained by exchange with the Abbot of Westminster what was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> said had been the chapel @@ -2736,9 +2697,9 @@ thirty guests. Withall he had thirty house carles to work all needful service in the garth. In the garth also was a mickle hall wherein slept the body-guard, and there was withal a mickle chamber where the king held his court chambers.” Of Olaf the Quiet we are told: “That was the ancient -wont in Norway that the king’s high seat was midst of the long daïs, and +wont in Norway that the king’s high seat was midst of the long daïs, and ale was borne over the fire. But King Olaf was the first let do his high -seat on the high daïs athwart the hall.... He let stand before his board +seat on the high daïs athwart the hall.... He let stand before his board trencher-swains. He had also candle-swains, who held up candles before his board. Out away from the trapeza was the marshal’s stool.”</p> @@ -2801,7 +2762,7 @@ Eastcheap, but Cannon Street, like Gracechurch Street, was free from them.</p> muddy marsh, an open space for market booths, and that a stream ran from it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> into Walbrook, etc.<a name='fna_161' id='fna_161' href='#f_161'><small>[161]</small></a> Two deeds, however, given in Dugdale under Barnstaple, record the gift of a new house and land in “<i>Foro</i>” or “<i>Magno -Vico Londoniæ quam habuit Odone Bajocensi</i>” by William Gifford, Bishop of +Vico Londoniæ quam habuit Odone Bajocensi</i>” by William Gifford, Bishop of Winchester, to S. Martin Paris, 1110-15, and this reference to the property of Odo of Bayeux carries Cheapside right back to Conquest days. It is not unlikely, indeed, that the east end of the “Great Street” was @@ -2811,7 +2772,7 @@ the Saxon market-place, it was the proper place of assembly. According to the <i>Acta Stephani</i> the Empress Maud was acclaimed Lady of England in the Forum of Winchester. There is no doubt Cheap was the Saxon High Street and the official meeting-place of the citizens from the earliest days of the -English settlement. Early in the twelfth century Thomas à Becket was born +English settlement. Early in the twelfth century Thomas à Becket was born in his father’s house<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> in Cheap, on a site we can still identify, and Eudo, Dapifer to the Conqueror, also appears to have had a stone house in West Cheap, by Newchurch.</p> @@ -2823,7 +2784,7 @@ foundation, all firmly cemented. This causeway was 4 feet thick, and underneath was the natural clay. He built the tower “upon the very Roman causeway.” He was of the opinion that this highway ran along the north boundary of the Roman city, the breadth of which was from this “causeway” -to the Thames, and “the principal middle street or Prætorian way” being +to the Thames, and “the principal middle street or Prætorian way” being Watling Street; north of the “causeway” the ground was a morass, so that he had to pile for building the new east front to St. Lawrence by the Guildhall.<a name='fna_163' id='fna_163' href='#f_163'><small>[163]</small></a> Too much has been made of this morass, for remains of @@ -2853,7 +2814,7 @@ which Stukeley suggested, and more recent writers have accepted as quite proven. On the other hand, we have Wren’s great authority for thinking that Watling Street was in its present direction the “High Street” of the ancient city. In calling it this he must have followed Leland, who says -that it was formerly called Ætheling Street, and it is so named in +that it was formerly called Ætheling Street, and it is so named in thirteenth-century documents.<a name='fna_166' id='fna_166' href='#f_166'><small>[166]</small></a> In 1212 I find <i>ad viam que vocatur</i> Athelingestrate. The name is one of a class of which Athelney (Athelingey—Noble’s Island) is an instance. Addle Hill, which Stow calls @@ -2867,7 +2828,7 @@ to the eighth century (see <a href="#Page_54">p. 54</a>).</p> Saxons; at Rochester as early as the seventh century Southgate Street and Eastgate Street are named in a charter. A charter of Alfred’s time (889) mentions a court and ancient stone edifice in London, called by the -citizens Hwætmundes Stone, between the <i>public street</i> and the wall of the +citizens Hwætmundes Stone, between the <i>public street</i> and the wall of the city. A property in London between Tiddberti Street and Savin Street (? Seething Lane) is mentioned as a gift of Ethelbald’s.<a name='fna_168' id='fna_168' href='#f_168'><small>[168]</small></a> The Watmund’s Stone named above may have been a house. A curious piece of topographical @@ -2938,7 +2899,7 @@ with Stukeley’s site.<a name='fna_174' id='fna_174' href='#f_174'><small>[ by the east bank of the Walbrook as far as Cannon Street. The assumption of old writers, that Roman London would be symmetrically planned, with streets crossing at right angles, is not necessarily true. The streets of -mediæval London in their main lines were not more irregularly laid out +mediæval London in their main lines were not more irregularly laid out than the streets of Pompeii. The recently excavated city of Silchester is more regular, but this city was probably laid out once for all, whereas London was just as probably the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> result of gradual growth. In many @@ -2998,7 +2959,7 @@ time the members of crafts were grouped together, as witness Candlewright Street, Milk Street, and the Shambles. We hear of a weaver’s gild in 1130.<a name='fna_176' id='fna_176' href='#f_176'><small>[176]</small></a> Even before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> the Conquest, probably, craftsmen wrought and sold their ordinary wares in the traditional open-fronted shops known as well -in the East as in mediæval Europe.</p> +in the East as in mediæval Europe.</p> <p>FitzStephen says there were three principal schools in London when he wrote (in the twelfth century). St. Paul’s School, almost certainly, was @@ -3086,7 +3047,7 @@ graves of later ages, in a row below them, the burial-places of Saxon times—some in graves lined with chalk stones, some in coffins of whole stones. Below these were British graves. In the same row but deeper were Roman urns—this was 18 feet deep or more.” Wren thought that the -Prætorian camp had been here in Roman days.<a name='fna_179' id='fna_179' href='#f_179'><small>[179]</small></a></p> +Prætorian camp had been here in Roman days.<a name='fna_179' id='fna_179' href='#f_179'><small>[179]</small></a></p> <p><i>St. Peter’s-upon-Cornhill</i> claims to be the oldest church in London, and to have been the stool or a Romano-British archbishop. The pretension @@ -3099,8 +3060,8 @@ Gregory’s letter of directions to Mellitus he says that the temples of idols ought not to be pulled down, but be consecrated and converted from the worship of devils. The Church of St. Peter must have been very ancient, as the legend in regard to it appears in Jocelyn of Furness, a -writer of the twelfth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> century. Bishop Ælfric, who died in 1038, gave in -his will a “hage into Sce Pætre binnon Lunden.”<a name='fna_180' id='fna_180' href='#f_180'><small>[180]</small></a> A beautifully written +writer of the twelfth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> century. Bishop Ælfric, who died in 1038, gave in +his will a “hage into Sce Pætre binnon Lunden.”<a name='fna_180' id='fna_180' href='#f_180'><small>[180]</small></a> A beautifully written Saxon charter in the British Museum, calendared as probably of the date 1038, records the gift of a messuage in London to St. Peter’s Church.<a name='fna_181' id='fna_181' href='#f_181'><small>[181]</small></a> This church, seated at the Carfax of the city, has at the same time the @@ -3200,7 +3161,7 @@ make it probable that they were founded before the Conquest.</p> <p>The Assise of 1189(?), speaking of a fire in the first year of Stephen (1136), says it burnt from London Bridge to <i>S. Clementis Danorum</i>; in a -charter of Henry II. this church is called <i>S. Clementis quæ dicitur +charter of Henry II. this church is called <i>S. Clementis quæ dicitur Dacorum</i> (Dugdale, under “Temple”). It was still earlier the subject of a charter of the Conqueror’s (see <a href="#Page_85">p. 85</a>). According to M. of Westminster the body of Harold I., buried at Westminster, was dug up in 1040 and thrown @@ -3213,7 +3174,7 @@ in the city, where they were all murdered. Stow says they were slain in a place called the Church of the Danes.</p> <p><i>St. Mary le Strand.</i>—Here Becket held his first cure. His biographer -FitzStephen calls it <i>S. Mariæ Littororiam</i>. <i>St. Andrew’s</i>, Holborn, is +FitzStephen calls it <i>S. Mariæ Littororiam</i>. <i>St. Andrew’s</i>, Holborn, is mentioned in the somewhat doubtful charter dated 951 (see <a href="#Page_60">p. 60</a>). <i>St. Bridget</i>, Fleet Street, was also of early foundation (Stow). <i>St. Sepulchre’s</i> is mentioned in the twelfth century.<a name='fna_189' id='fna_189' href='#f_189'><small>[189]</small></a> Of the monasteries @@ -3526,7 +3487,7 @@ says, “The presiding magistrate was the gerefa.” The king’s wi Lundonwic is mentioned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> in the Saxon Laws of <i>c.</i> 685 (Thorpe).<a name='fna_206' id='fna_206' href='#f_206'><small>[206]</small></a> The charter of the Conqueror ran, “I, King William, greet William the Bishop and Gosfregth the Portreeve,” and two of the Confessor’s charters were -addressed to bishop and portreeve. In the <i>Judicia Civitatis Londoniæ</i> of +addressed to bishop and portreeve. In the <i>Judicia Civitatis Londoniæ</i> of Athelstane a reference is found to “the bishops and gereves that to London borough belong.” Norton says that these Laws show that in Athelstane’s time the bishops and reeves were the chief magistrates of London, and they @@ -3577,14 +3538,14 @@ far as they overlap, the three can be compared.<a name='fna_208' id='fna_208' hr <p>According to Hearne’s list the principal governor of the citizens of London in the days of the Confessor was Wulfgar, called <i>Portshyreve</i>. In the reign of William Rufus, Geoffrey de Magnaville was <i>vicecomes</i> and R. -del Parc <i>præpositus</i>. In the time of Henry I. came Hugo de Boch’ +del Parc <i>præpositus</i>. In the time of Henry I. came Hugo de Boch’ [Bochland], v., and Leofstan, p. Albericus de Ver, v., and Robertus de Berquereola, p., followed.</p> <p>In the reign of Stephen we have the names of Gilbertus Beket, v., and Andreas Buchuint, p. Under Henry II. Petrus filius Walteri was vicecomes, then Johannes filius Nigelli, then Ernulfus Buchel, then Willelmus filius -Isabellæ, the last of whom was buried in Holy Trinity Church, Aldgate.</p> +Isabellæ, the last of whom was buried in Holy Trinity Church, Aldgate.</p> <p>Richard I. was crowned September 1189. In his days first began to be two vicecomites at the same time, who were usually chosen 21st September. In @@ -3635,7 +3596,7 @@ Stow.” Stow’s authority, however, must have been this same list of sheriffs, for that notes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> that “he was buried at the entrance to the chapter of the Church of Holy Trinity, under a marble slab.” Mr. Round has done much to clear up the history of our first mayor in the <i>Dictionary of -National Biography</i>, the <i>Archæological Journal</i>, and his <i>Commune of +National Biography</i>, the <i>Archæological Journal</i>, and his <i>Commune of London</i>; but every detail is valuable of the head of the City Republic of whom the citizens said, “Come what will, in London we will never have another king except our mayor, Henry Fitailwin of London Stone.”<a name='fna_210' id='fna_210' href='#f_210'><small>[210]</small></a> @@ -3656,7 +3617,7 @@ day; but this is not borne out by the facts, although it is frequently reasserted, as in Brewer’s <i>Phrase and Fable</i>. Munday says, “The weight used for gold and silver called Troy weight was in the time of the Saxons called ‘the Hustings weight of London,’ and kept there in the Hustings. So -an ancient record in the Book of Ramsey (sect. 32, 127): ‘I Æthelgiva +an ancient record in the Book of Ramsey (sect. 32, 127): ‘I Æthelgiva Countess, etc., bequeath two silver cups of twelve marks of the Hustings weight of London.’”<a name='fna_211' id='fna_211' href='#f_211'><small>[211]</small></a> This is interesting as an early notice of the Hustings Court, which is thought by some to have originated under the @@ -3862,7 +3823,7 @@ the British Museum, and from this my figure is made.<a name='fna_219' id='fna_21 church stood in a main street on such a site as the present St. Peter’s upon Cornhill. The Forum, as has been said, probably lay north of London Stone, which may have been the golden milestone of London. Wren thought -that the Prætorium occupied the ground between the two west gates; but the +that the Prætorium occupied the ground between the two west gates; but the Tower site seems even more probable.</p> <p>Bagford refers to the discovery of some Roman water-pipes in Creed Lane @@ -3875,7 +3836,7 @@ timbering; other indications of this have been found, and a rough scratching of a house on a tile shows timber construction. This has recently been confirmed by the discovery at Silchester of houses which had timbered framing covered with clay daubing over wattle work, the outside -surface being ornamented with zigzag patterns like mediæval pargeting, all +surface being ornamented with zigzag patterns like mediæval pargeting, all of brick-red colour.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>Before the Roman forces were drawn back to the heart of the empire, London @@ -4012,8 +3973,8 @@ Bruges, signed by Marcus Gerard, pictor, 1562. Altogether I am inclined to think that there was such a plan of London existing before Braun’s, and that the Anonymous plan is a coarse copy of one of those made in Holland for popular sale some time before 1580. Braun’s plan, in any case, carries -us back on firm ground to the end of the mediæval period, and by its aid -we can check over our former results for an accurate plan of mediæval +us back on firm ground to the end of the mediæval period, and by its aid +we can check over our former results for an accurate plan of mediæval London.</p> <p>Beyond this point we have an overwhelming mass of documentary evidence, by @@ -4055,7 +4016,7 @@ learned of a still more remote London.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> <hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p class="title">WORKS ON ARCHÆOLOGY AND ANTIQUITIES.</p> +<p class="title">WORKS ON ARCHÆOLOGY AND ANTIQUITIES.</p> <div class="verts"> <p class="hang">THE CHURCH OF ST. SOPHIA AT CONSTANTINOPLE. By <span class="smcap">W. R. Lethaby</span> and <span class="smcap">Harold @@ -4104,7 +4065,7 @@ and Sub-Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford. Crown 8vo. 5s.</p> Study of Roman Religion. By <span class="smcap">W. Warde Fowler</span>, M.A. Extra Crown 8vo. 6s.</p> <p class="hang">HANDBOOK OF GREEK SCULPTURE. Illustrated. By <span class="smcap">Ernest Arthur Gardner</span>, M.A., -formerly Director of the British School of Archæology at Athens. Extra +formerly Director of the British School of Archæology at Athens. Extra Crown 8vo. Parts I. and II., 5s. each. Complete, 10s.</p> <p class="hang">GREEK CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY. By <span class="smcap">A. H. J. Greenidge</span>, M.A., Lecturer and @@ -4116,11 +4077,11 @@ Brasenose College, Oxford. Extra Crown 8vo. 5s.</p> <p class="hang">A HANDBOOK OF GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. By <span class="smcap">G. F. Hill</span>. Illustrated. Extra Crown 8vo. 9s.</p> -<p class="hang">CHRISTIAN ART AND ARCHÆOLOGY. Being a Handbook to the Monuments of the +<p class="hang">CHRISTIAN ART AND ARCHÆOLOGY. Being a Handbook to the Monuments of the Early Church. By <span class="smcap">Walter Lowrie</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d.</p> <p class="hang">SCULPTURED TOMBS OF HELLAS. By <span class="smcap">Percy Gardner</span>, Litt.D., Lincoln and Merton -Professor of Classical Archæology and Art in the University of Oxford. +Professor of Classical Archæology and Art in the University of Oxford. With thirty Plates and eighty-seven Engravings in the text. Super Royal 8vo. 25s. net.</p> @@ -4165,7 +4126,7 @@ interest in London topography.</p> <p><a name='f_2' id='f_2' href='#fna_2'>[2]</a> <i>E.g.</i> Mr. Loftie’s most recent book, <i>London Afternoons</i>.</p> -<p><a name='f_3' id='f_3' href='#fna_3'>[3]</a> <i>Origines Celticæ.</i></p> +<p><a name='f_3' id='f_3' href='#fna_3'>[3]</a> <i>Origines Celticæ.</i></p> <p><a name='f_4' id='f_4' href='#fna_4'>[4]</a> Loftie, vol. i. ch. ii.</p> @@ -4225,7 +4186,7 @@ vol. v.</p> <p><a name='f_29' id='f_29' href='#fna_29'>[29]</a> <i>Three Fifteenth Century Chronicles</i>, Camden Society.</p> <p><a name='f_30' id='f_30' href='#fna_30'>[30]</a> See Green, <i>Making of England</i>, vol. i. p. 105; <i>Surrey Collections</i>, -vol. iii.; and <i>Athenæum</i>, 1901, No. 3838.</p> +vol. iii.; and <i>Athenæum</i>, 1901, No. 3838.</p> <p><a name='f_31' id='f_31' href='#fna_31'>[31]</a> <i>Polyolbion.</i></p> @@ -4236,7 +4197,7 @@ vol. iii.; and <i>Athenæum</i>, 1901, No. 3838.</p> <p><a name='f_34' id='f_34' href='#fna_34'>[34]</a> Dugdale’s <i>Monasticon</i>, art. “Temple”; and Round’s <i>Geoffrey de Mandeville</i>.</p> -<p><a name='f_35' id='f_35' href='#fna_35'>[35]</a> <i>Transactions of London and Middlesex Archæological Society</i>, vol. +<p><a name='f_35' id='f_35' href='#fna_35'>[35]</a> <i>Transactions of London and Middlesex Archæological Society</i>, vol. iv.</p> <p><a name='f_36' id='f_36' href='#fna_36'>[36]</a> Hardy and Page, <i>London and Middlesex Fines</i>, vol. i. p. 3; see also @@ -4261,16 +4222,16 @@ St. Martin Orgar, St. Martin Outwich, etc.</p> <p><a name='f_43' id='f_43' href='#fna_43'>[43]</a> Dr. Sharpe, <i>Letter Book A</i>.</p> -<p><a name='f_44' id='f_44' href='#fna_44'>[44]</a> <i>Archæological Journal</i>, vol. i. p. 111.</p> +<p><a name='f_44' id='f_44' href='#fna_44'>[44]</a> <i>Archæological Journal</i>, vol. i. p. 111.</p> <p><a name='f_45' id='f_45' href='#fna_45'>[45]</a> <i>Roman Antiquities on Site of Safe Deposit</i>, and <i>Roman Pavement in -Bucklersbury</i>; see also <i>Archæological Review</i>, vol. iv.</p> +Bucklersbury</i>; see also <i>Archæological Review</i>, vol. iv.</p> <p><a name='f_46' id='f_46' href='#fna_46'>[46]</a> <i>Letter Book A.</i></p> <p><a name='f_47' id='f_47' href='#fna_47'>[47]</a> Price, <i>Safe Deposit</i>, p. 30.</p> -<p><a name='f_48' id='f_48' href='#fna_48'>[48]</a> <i>Origines Celticæ</i>, vol. ii.</p> +<p><a name='f_48' id='f_48' href='#fna_48'>[48]</a> <i>Origines Celticæ</i>, vol. ii.</p> <p><a name='f_49' id='f_49' href='#fna_49'>[49]</a> Sir J. H. Ramsay.</p> @@ -4292,22 +4253,22 @@ name wherever found.</p> <p><a name='f_55' id='f_55' href='#fna_55'>[55]</a> Hardy and Page, <i>Fines</i>; and see Stow.</p> -<p><a name='f_56' id='f_56' href='#fna_56'>[56]</a> <i>London and Middlesex Archæological Society Trans.</i>, vol. iii. p. +<p><a name='f_56' id='f_56' href='#fna_56'>[56]</a> <i>London and Middlesex Archæological Society Trans.</i>, vol. iii. p. 563.</p> <p><a name='f_57' id='f_57' href='#fna_57'>[57]</a> <i>London and Middlesex Fines.</i></p> <p><a name='f_58' id='f_58' href='#fna_58'>[58]</a> Ackerman’s <i>Westminster</i>, vol. i. p. 74.</p> -<p><a name='f_59' id='f_59' href='#fna_59'>[59]</a> For Old Ford see <i>London and Middlesex Archæological Society Trans.</i>, +<p><a name='f_59' id='f_59' href='#fna_59'>[59]</a> For Old Ford see <i>London and Middlesex Archæological Society Trans.</i>, vol. iii. p. 206.</p> <p><a name='f_60' id='f_60' href='#fna_60'>[60]</a> <i>Crawford Charters.</i></p> <p><a name='f_61' id='f_61' href='#fna_61'>[61]</a> Bentley’s <i>Cartulary of Westminster Abbey</i>, p. 4.</p> -<p><a name='f_62' id='f_62' href='#fna_62'>[62]</a> See <i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xxvi., and, on the Tyburn, the <i>London and -Middlesex Archæological Society Trans.</i>, vol. vi.</p> +<p><a name='f_62' id='f_62' href='#fna_62'>[62]</a> See <i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xxvi., and, on the Tyburn, the <i>London and +Middlesex Archæological Society Trans.</i>, vol. vi.</p> <p><a name='f_63' id='f_63' href='#fna_63'>[63]</a> <i>Surrey Collections</i>, vol. i.</p> @@ -4339,7 +4300,7 @@ Edgware Road. It was 20 feet wide, 3.6 below surface, and pitched with <p><a name='f_72' id='f_72' href='#fna_72'>[72]</a> I do not share this view as to Claudius and the bridge. Sir J. H. Ramsay even suggests that it may have been the work of Cunobeline.</p> -<p><a name='f_73' id='f_73' href='#fna_73'>[73]</a> Roach Smith, <i>Archæological Journal</i>, vol. i. p. 112.</p> +<p><a name='f_73' id='f_73' href='#fna_73'>[73]</a> Roach Smith, <i>Archæological Journal</i>, vol. i. p. 112.</p> <p><a name='f_74' id='f_74' href='#fna_74'>[74]</a> Bruce, <i>Handbook to the Roman Wall</i>.</p> @@ -4358,12 +4319,12 @@ xii. p. 49.</p> <p><a name='f_81' id='f_81' href='#fna_81'>[81]</a> <i>Cal.</i> p. 25.</p> -<p><a name='f_82' id='f_82' href='#fna_82'>[82]</a> <i>Archæologia</i>, lii.</p> +<p><a name='f_82' id='f_82' href='#fna_82'>[82]</a> <i>Archæologia</i>, lii.</p> <p><a name='f_83' id='f_83' href='#fna_83'>[83]</a> In the A.S. dictionaries <i>Crepel</i> stands for an underground passage: there is said to be a Cripplegate on the Wansdyke.</p> -<p><a name='f_84' id='f_84' href='#fna_84'>[84]</a> <i>Archæologia</i>, lii.</p> +<p><a name='f_84' id='f_84' href='#fna_84'>[84]</a> <i>Archæologia</i>, lii.</p> <p><a name='f_85' id='f_85' href='#fna_85'>[85]</a> Loftie’s <i>London</i>, and <i>London</i> in “Historic Towns” series; maps in Green’s <i>Short History</i>, and in Miss Norgate’s <i>Angevin Kings</i>.</p> @@ -4381,7 +4342,7 @@ Street.” In his <i>London Afternoons</i> Ludgate appears as probably the l of the gates. All this is conjecture and, as I have shown, contrary to the evidence.</p> -<p><a name='f_87' id='f_87' href='#fna_87'>[87]</a> <i>London and Middlesex Archæological Society Trans.</i> vol. iii.</p> +<p><a name='f_87' id='f_87' href='#fna_87'>[87]</a> <i>London and Middlesex Archæological Society Trans.</i> vol. iii.</p> <p><a name='f_88' id='f_88' href='#fna_88'>[88]</a> <i>Illustrations of Roman London.</i></p> @@ -4435,7 +4396,7 @@ Monastery, but this Mr. Round has shown is a misconception.</p> <p><a name='f_108' id='f_108' href='#fna_108'>[108]</a> Alfred Memorial volume.</p> -<p><a name='f_109' id='f_109' href='#fna_109'>[109]</a> <i>Journal British Archæological Association</i>, 1900.</p> +<p><a name='f_109' id='f_109' href='#fna_109'>[109]</a> <i>Journal British Archæological Association</i>, 1900.</p> <p><a name='f_110' id='f_110' href='#fna_110'>[110]</a> <i>Domesday and Beyond</i>, p. 192.</p> @@ -4451,14 +4412,14 @@ disdaining to be so protected.</p> <p><a name='f_114' id='f_114' href='#fna_114'>[114]</a> As to the Danes holding the burh with London, see above, <a href="#Page_68">p. 68</a>. I find London “and the Boro” mentioned together early in the thirteenth century.</p> -<p><a name='f_115' id='f_115' href='#fna_115'>[115]</a> See G. R. Corner, <i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xxv.</p> +<p><a name='f_115' id='f_115' href='#fna_115'>[115]</a> See G. R. Corner, <i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xxv.</p> <p><a name='f_116' id='f_116' href='#fna_116'>[116]</a> Saxon Chronicle.</p> <p><a name='f_117' id='f_117' href='#fna_117'>[117]</a> On the boundary of Paris Gardens was an embankment called the Old Broad Wall.</p> -<p><a name='f_118' id='f_118' href='#fna_118'>[118]</a> See “House of Lewes Priory,” <i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xxxviii.</p> +<p><a name='f_118' id='f_118' href='#fna_118'>[118]</a> See “House of Lewes Priory,” <i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xxxviii.</p> <p><a name='f_119' id='f_119' href='#fna_119'>[119]</a> So well informed a guide as Baedeker says the Abbey was so named with reference to Eastminster by the Tower, which was only founded in the @@ -4474,7 +4435,7 @@ Folyot from a well-known family.</p> <p><a name='f_123' id='f_123' href='#fna_123'>[123]</a> A sixteenth-century London document has “stoop or post.”</p> -<p><a name='f_124' id='f_124' href='#fna_124'>[124]</a> <i>Athenæum</i>, 8th July 1899.</p> +<p><a name='f_124' id='f_124' href='#fna_124'>[124]</a> <i>Athenæum</i>, 8th July 1899.</p> <p><a name='f_125' id='f_125' href='#fna_125'>[125]</a> Compare “portmeadows” and lands belonging to citizens elsewhere. At Colchester in 1086 there was a strip eight perches wide surrounding the @@ -4485,7 +4446,7 @@ Borough</i>. The London boundary was called the Line of Separation.</p> <p><a name='f_126' id='f_126' href='#fna_126'>[126]</a> The common pasturage of Westminster is mentioned in a charter.</p> -<p><a name='f_127' id='f_127' href='#fna_127'>[127]</a> <i>London and Middlesex Archæological Society Trans.</i>, vol. v. See +<p><a name='f_127' id='f_127' href='#fna_127'>[127]</a> <i>London and Middlesex Archæological Society Trans.</i>, vol. v. See also for these documents Dr. Sharpe’s <i>Letter Book C</i>.</p> <p><a name='f_128' id='f_128' href='#fna_128'>[128]</a> See also Stow’s account of the alienation of common lands. Mile-End, @@ -4535,7 +4496,7 @@ Aldgate was “of old” (pre-Conquest) one parish of Holy Rood. Two adj parishes are mentioned in a twelfth century charter (<i>Commune of Lond.</i> p. 253)—St. Laurence de Judaismo and St. Marie de Aldermanebury.</p> -<p><a name='f_146' id='f_146' href='#fna_146'>[146]</a> <i>Judicia civitatis Londoniæ.</i></p> +<p><a name='f_146' id='f_146' href='#fna_146'>[146]</a> <i>Judicia civitatis Londoniæ.</i></p> <p><a name='f_147' id='f_147' href='#fna_147'>[147]</a> <i>Liber Albus</i>, p. 80.</p> @@ -4544,7 +4505,7 @@ parishes are mentioned in a twelfth century charter (<i>Commune of Lond.</i> p. <p><a name='f_149' id='f_149' href='#fna_149'>[149]</a> <i>Liber Albus</i>, p. 32.</p> -<p><a name='f_150' id='f_150' href='#fna_150'>[150]</a> <i>Archæological Journal</i>, vol. iv. p. 278.</p> +<p><a name='f_150' id='f_150' href='#fna_150'>[150]</a> <i>Archæological Journal</i>, vol. iv. p. 278.</p> <p><a name='f_151' id='f_151' href='#fna_151'>[151]</a> Kemble, <i>Codex Dip.</i> 685.</p> @@ -4570,9 +4531,9 @@ Dowgate, so called from La Reole, near Bordeaux.</p> <p><a name='f_158' id='f_158' href='#fna_158'>[158]</a> T. E. Price, <i>Safe Deposit</i>, p. 29.</p> -<p><a name='f_159' id='f_159' href='#fna_159'>[159]</a> <i>Archæol.</i> xxix.</p> +<p><a name='f_159' id='f_159' href='#fna_159'>[159]</a> <i>Archæol.</i> xxix.</p> -<p><a name='f_160' id='f_160' href='#fna_160'>[160]</a> J. Kempe, <i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xxiv.</p> +<p><a name='f_160' id='f_160' href='#fna_160'>[160]</a> J. Kempe, <i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xxiv.</p> <p><a name='f_161' id='f_161' href='#fna_161'>[161]</a> A large open Cheap is put in various parts by different writers. Mr. Joseph Jacobs, in an interesting inquiry as to the Jewry, makes the ground @@ -4638,7 +4599,7 @@ Gold Street.</p> <p><a name='f_183' id='f_183' href='#fna_183'>[183]</a> See W. Maitland’s <i>London</i>, and Green’s <i>Conquest of England</i>.</p> -<p><a name='f_184' id='f_184' href='#fna_184'>[184]</a> <i>London and Middlesex Archæological Society’s Trans.</i> vol. ii.</p> +<p><a name='f_184' id='f_184' href='#fna_184'>[184]</a> <i>London and Middlesex Archæological Society’s Trans.</i> vol. ii.</p> <p><a name='f_185' id='f_185' href='#fna_185'>[185]</a> Sir H. Ellis, <i>Introduction to Domesday</i>.</p> @@ -4653,7 +4614,7 @@ ancient from their dedication, such as St. Pancras (destroyed at the great fire). Green (<i>Conquest of England</i>) attributes St. Augustine, St. Gregory, St. Benet, and St. Faith, to Bishop Erkenwald.</p> -<p><a name='f_189' id='f_189' href='#fna_189'>[189]</a> For Strand churches see Sanders in <i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xxvi. Gibbs +<p><a name='f_189' id='f_189' href='#fna_189'>[189]</a> For Strand churches see Sanders in <i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xxvi. Gibbs found work which he thought was Roman under St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields. For an early foundation at Smithfield see Malcolm.</p> @@ -4685,7 +4646,7 @@ expense.”</p> <i>Roman Pavement in Bucklersbury</i>. It is not necessary that the note should be as old as the book.</p> -<p><a name='f_201' id='f_201' href='#fna_201'>[201]</a> <i>London and Middlesex Archæological Society</i>, vol. v.</p> +<p><a name='f_201' id='f_201' href='#fna_201'>[201]</a> <i>London and Middlesex Archæological Society</i>, vol. v.</p> <p><a name='f_202' id='f_202' href='#fna_202'>[202]</a> <i>Parentalia.</i></p> @@ -4703,7 +4664,7 @@ be as old as the book.</p> <p><a name='f_209' id='f_209' href='#fna_209'>[209]</a> See Round in <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i> and <i>Commune of London</i>.</p> -<p><a name='f_210' id='f_210' href='#fna_210'>[210]</a> F. Palgrave, <i>Rotuli Curiæ Regis</i>, vol. i. p. 12.</p> +<p><a name='f_210' id='f_210' href='#fna_210'>[210]</a> F. Palgrave, <i>Rotuli Curiæ Regis</i>, vol. i. p. 12.</p> <p><a name='f_211' id='f_211' href='#fna_211'>[211]</a> Skeat says the weight was called from Troyes, but gives no conclusive reasons. See also <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 1871. Cripp’s <i>English @@ -4711,7 +4672,7 @@ Plate</i> seems to prove this point.</p> <p><a name='f_212' id='f_212' href='#fna_212'>[212]</a> In Rolls Series.</p> -<p><a name='f_213' id='f_213' href='#fna_213'>[213]</a> <i>Illus. Rom. Lond.</i> and valuable article, <i>Archæol.</i> xxix.</p> +<p><a name='f_213' id='f_213' href='#fna_213'>[213]</a> <i>Illus. Rom. Lond.</i> and valuable article, <i>Archæol.</i> xxix.</p> <p><a name='f_214' id='f_214' href='#fna_214'>[214]</a> There may have been a tower on the Bush Lane site: I am speaking of a large walled castrum.</p> @@ -4727,7 +4688,7 @@ instance, at the south end of Bishopsgate Street, in Threadneedle Street, Lombard Street, at the Bank, the Royal Exchange, Bucklersbury, Cannon Street, and the north side of Thames Street.</p> -<p><a name='f_218' id='f_218' href='#fna_218'>[218]</a> Roach Smith in <i>London and Middlesex Archæological Trans.</i> vol i.</p> +<p><a name='f_218' id='f_218' href='#fna_218'>[218]</a> Roach Smith in <i>London and Middlesex Archæological Trans.</i> vol i.</p> <p><a name='f_219' id='f_219' href='#fna_219'>[219]</a> I may say here that the drawing of the Roman pavement (<a href="#Page_200">Fig. 35</a>) was originally made for Roach Smith by Fairholt.</p> @@ -4738,384 +4699,6 @@ originally made for Roach Smith by Fairholt.</p> little use except for giving the extent of suburban building at the moment of the execution of each.</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's London Before the Conquest, by W. 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