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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Celtic Magazine, Vol I, No. IV,
-February 1876, by Various
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-Title: The Celtic Magazine, Vol I, No. IV, February 1876
-       A Monthly Periodical Devoted to the Literature, History,
-       Antiquities, Folk Lore, Traditions, and the Social and
-       Material Interest of the Celt at Home and Abroad.
-
-Author: Various
-
-Editor: Alexander Mackenzie
-        Alexander Macgregor
-        Alexander Macbain
-
-Release Date: July 18, 2012 [EBook #40267]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CELTIC MAGAZINE, FEBRUARY 1876 ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Tamise Totterdell, Margo von Romberg and the
-Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-(This file was produced from images generously made
-available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-THE CELTIC MAGAZINE.
-
-No. IV.          FEBRUARY 1876.
-
-
-
-
-THE STATE OF THE OSSIANIC CONTROVERSY.
-
-[CONCLUDED.]
-
-
-IN prosecuting the geological and geographical confirmation of Ossian on
-which we have lately been engaged, the most convincing proofs and the
-greatest difficulties alike are to be found in the Frith of Clyde. The
-levels of the water in that frith penetrating far inland, by Paisley,
-Rutherglen, and Kilsyth, assumed unconsciously as matter of fact in the
-text of Ossian, are in such obvious harmony with every word of the poems
-which relate to that region, that the poems in question cannot otherwise
-be understood; and we therefore cannot help believing not only that the
-poems themselves are genuine, but that they represent a geological
-phenomenon hitherto unsuspected in the world--are, in fact, a revelation
-in science. On the other hand, the levels thus assumed are so very far
-beyond anything admitted by geologists within the era assigned, as to
-seem not only extravagant but incredible; and if they cannot be
-maintained, their assumption as a fact will destroy the credibility of
-the poems in which the assumption is made. As regards the authenticity
-of these poems, however, the assumption itself is conclusive; for the
-translator did not see it, and could therefore never have fabricated the
-poems in which it appears. Such poems must have been written by some
-eye-witness of the fact, who did not require to exaggerate; and the only
-question as regards reliability now to be settled, is whether he did
-exaggerate or no? Was the Clyde a sea to Rutherglen, as he seems to
-affirm? Was the Kelvin a fiord to Kilsyth, or nearly so, as he implies?
-Was the Leven an estuary to Loch Lomond, as we are bound to conclude?
-Was the Black Cart a marine canal to Ardrossan in the days of Agricola?
-If so, the Clyde must have been from 60 to 80 feet above its present
-level at the date supposed--and then, where was the Roman Wall? Traces
-of that wall upon the Clyde at a much lower level, it is said, still
-exist; and the old fortifications between Dunglass and Kilpatrick
-only 50 feet or thereby above the present level, put an end to the
-reliability, if not to the authenticity of Ossian. This is the
-difficulty now to be disposed of; and of which, in passing, we need only
-say, that if Macpherson had seen it he would certainly have avoided it;
-and therefore, that whoever was the author of the poems in which it
-occurs, Macpherson was not.
-
-But it is with the difficulty itself we are now concerned, and not with
-the authorship. I. First then, suppose any statement, direct or
-indirect, had occurred in any Greek or Roman writer of the time--Cæsar,
-Tacitus, Dion Cassius, or Ptolemy--affirming, or even implying, such a
-level in the Clyde at the date in question, notwithstanding the Roman
-Wall, would the testimony of such authors have been rejected? If not,
-how would our geologists have disposed of it? or how would they have
-reconciled it with existing matters of fact? One can imagine the
-jealousy with which such texts would have been criticised; the assiduity
-with which every crevice on the coast would have been surveyed, not to
-contradict but to confirm them; and the fertility of invention with
-which theories would have been multiplied to harmonise them. Strange as
-it may appear, however, facts and statements amounting very nearly to
-this do occur, and have hitherto been overlooked, or purposely omitted
-in silence. The Roman Wall, for example, stops short with a town at
-Balmulzie on one side of the Kelvin, and begins again with another town
-at Simmerton, nearly a mile distant, on the opposite side of the Kelvin;
-but why should such a gap be there, if the Kelvin, which flows between,
-had not been something like a fiord at the moment? Again, it is
-distinctly affirmed by Herodian that the marshes of Clydesdale south of
-the Wall were constantly--end of the third, or beginning of the fourth
-century--emitting vapours which obscured the sky. But how could this be
-the case, if volcanic heat had not already been operating underneath,
-and the waters of the frith were then beginning to subside from their
-original higher levels?
-
-On the other hand, not only do statements to the effect alleged occur
-frequently in Ossian, but whole poems are founded on the assumption of
-their truth, and cannot be understood without them. Why then are not
-these taken into account by our geologists as contemporaneous testimony,
-in the same way as similar statements, if they had occurred in Cæsar or
-in Tacitus, would have been? Because Ossian hitherto has been looked
-upon by men of science as a fable; as a witness utterly unfit to be
-produced in court, and no more to be cared for or quoted in an
-ordnance survey, or in a professor's chair, than the Arabian Nights'
-Entertainments are in a pulpit. By which very oversight or contempt, the
-most important revelations have been lost, and the most elaborate
-theories will soon be rendered useless. Ossian, in fact, is as much an
-authority as either Cæsar, or Tacitus, or Ptolemy; and in estimating the
-physical conditions of the world to which he refers, and which he
-describes, can no longer be either ignored or doubted. If his text seems
-to be at variance with existing facts, it must be more carefully
-studied; and if new theories are required to harmonise details they must
-be accepted or invented. We have had theories enough already, which have
-perished with the using; something more in harmony with facts, or that
-will better explain the facts, must now be forthcoming.
-
-II. But the Roman Wall itself, which is supposed to be the greatest
-barrier in the way of our accepting Ossian, has actually a literature of
-its own, little understood, in his favour. The three forts farthest
-west, and on which so much reliance has been placed as indicating the
-levels of the Clyde when they were built and occupied, are those at
-Chapel Hill, near Old Kilpatrick, at Duntocher, and at Castlehill a
-little farther to the east; all under the ridge of the Kilpatrick Hills,
-and all--one of them very closely--overlooking the Clyde. But in
-excavating the remains of Roman architecture in these forts, stones have
-been found with symbolical sculptures upon them which are still in
-existence, or which have been accurately copied for public use. On one
-of the stones at Chapel Hill, farthest west, we have the figure of a
-wild boar in flight; on one at Duntocher we have another wild boar, on
-two more there we have sea-dogs or seals and winged horses; on two more
-at Castlehill we have another boar, and another seal, and an osprey or
-sea-eagle on the back of the seal; but beyond this to the eastward,
-although a boar still occurs, not another seal appears. How then is all
-this descriptive or symbolical sculpture, so plain and so significant,
-to be accounted for, if the Frith of Clyde had not then been a sea
-flowing up into the recesses of the land, as high almost as Duntocher
-and Castlehill? The wild boar is traceable throughout, for he inhabited
-the woods on the Kilpatrick range, as far eastward, perhaps, as
-Simmerton; and we find him eating acorns, even beyond that. On the other
-hand, no seal is represented at Chapel Hill, for the water there was too
-deep, and the banks too precipitous. It appears first at Duntocher, and
-again at Castlehill, because the sea flowed up into quiet bays and
-inlets there, where such amphibia could bask--of which, more hereafter;
-but it totally disappears beyond that, because the salt water ceased in
-the distance. The winged-horse, or pegasus, is more difficult to account
-for, and has greatly perplexed the learned antiquarians who have
-commented on him; but if the Roman Legionaries who built and occupied
-these western stations ever heard the Caledonian harp, or listened to a
-Celtic bard, or received an embassy, as we are expressly told they did,
-from men like Ossian as ambassadors--the difficulty requires no farther
-explanation. The Romans were neither blind nor senseless, and knew well
-enough how to represent the poetical genius of the country which they
-were attempting in vain to conquer, as well as the wild boars of its
-woods, and the sea-dogs in its estuaries; and have thus left behind
-them, in rude but significant sculpture, as true a picture as could be
-imagined of the men on the soil, and the beasts in the field, and the
-fish so-called in the sea, and the bird in the air--between Simmerton
-and Duntocher, in absolute conformity with the text of Ossian. Nor is
-there any possible reply to this by our antiquarian friends. The Roman
-Wall itself, to which they constantly appeal, supplies the evidence, and
-they are bound, without a murmur, to accept it.
-
-III. But the levels of the Wall, it may be said, as now ascertainable by
-actual survey--what other sort of evidence do _they_ afford? This
-question implies--(1) A range of observation from the Kelvin at
-Simmerton westward to Duntocher in the first place, and then to Chapel
-Hill between Old Kilpatrick and Dunglass. The intermediate forts on that
-line are separated by equal distances, nearly as follows:--From
-Simmerton to New Kilpatrick, 1¾ miles; from New Kilpatrick to Castlehill,
-1¾ miles; from Castlehill to Duntocher, 1¾ miles; the lowest point
-in which range at Duntocher is from 155 to 200 feet above the level
-of the Clyde, leaving sufficient room, therefore, for the Wall above
-the highest level assumed in the text of Ossian. From Duntocher to
-Chapel Hill there is a distance of 2½ miles, with no trace whatever
-of the Wall between. Chapel Hill is considerably lower than Duntocher,
-undoubtedly; but why is there so great a gap there, and no trace of a
-wall in the interval? Either, because there never was a wall so close to
-the tide; or because the tide itself washed the wall away, having been
-built too close to its confines; or for some other more probable reason
-yet to be assigned. The fort at Chapel Hill itself, indeed, is the most
-indistinct of them all; and if a regular fort of any importance ever
-existed there, it must have suffered either partial inundation, or some
-other serious shock, unquestionably.
-
-(2) It implies also a corresponding survey of the ground intermediate
-between the Wall and the river. Now the intervening ground along the
-banks of the Clyde, from Chapel Hill to the Pointhouse at Glasgow, is a
-low-lying flat with a gradual rise inland, at the present moment, of not
-more than 25 or 30 feet. But according to Professor Geikie's latest
-survey, the Clyde must have been about 25 feet higher in the time of the
-Romans than it now is--and Professor Geikie, we presume, is an authority
-on such subjects, who may be quoted along with Hugh Miller and Smith of
-Jordanhill:--therefore the whole of that strath, and the strath on the
-opposite side, from Renfrew to Paisley, on this assumption, must have
-been submerged at the same time; and there could be no dwelling-place
-for human beings--neither local habitation nor a name--within the entire
-compass of that now fertile and populous region. But two or three Gaelic
-names survive on the northern verge of it, which not only indicate the
-presence of the sea there, but fix the very limits of its tide. Dalmuir,
-for example, which means the Valley of the Sea; and Garscadden, which
-means the Bay of Pilchards or of foul herring, must, in fact, have
-carried the waters up their respective streams to within less than a
-mile of the Roman Wall at Duntocher and Castlehill. It was in such
-retreats, then, that both salmon and herring (as the name of one of them
-imports) would take refuge in the spawning season; it was into such
-retreats also, they would be pursued by the seals; it was on the shore
-of such inlets the seals themselves would bask, when the Romans saw
-them; and it is at the two forts respectively at the head of these
-inlets--Duntocher and Castlehill--that they have been actually
-represented in Sculpture. Could anything be more conclusive as to the
-proximity of the tide, and very character of the shore, within a bowshot
-or two of the Wall in that neighbourhood, where there is now a distance
-of more than two miles between it and the river? and yet even more
-conclusive, in connection with this, is the fact that on the southern
-verge of the strath, right opposite to these, are other Gaelic names
-equally significant--such as Kennis, the Head of the island; Ferinis,
-the Hero's island; and Fingal-ton, which speaks for itself--at the same
-or a similar level with Dalmuir and Garscadden, that is from 100 to 200
-feet above the present level of the Clyde, which seems to demonstrate
-beyond doubt that the whole intervening space of seven miles in breadth,
-with the exception of such small islands as those named above, was then
-an arm of the sea to the depth of 50 feet at least, if not more.
-
-(3) Our survey is thus narrowed to a single point--the existence and
-alleged position of the fort at Chapel Hill, between Old Kilpatrick and
-Dunglass, on the banks of the river; and here it should be observed as
-between the two extremities of the Wall, east and west, that where it
-touches the Frith of Forth at Carriden the height of its foundation
-ranges from about 150 to 200 feet above the level of the sea, and where
-it approaches the Clyde at Duntocher it is nearly the same--which was
-probably its terminus. There is scarcely a vestige of it now traceable
-beyond that, and that it was ever carried farther in reality is a matter
-of acknowledged uncertainty. But scattered fragments of masonry, as we
-have seen, and the dimmest indications of a fort deep down in the earth
-have been discovered or imagined at Chapel Hill to the westward, which
-seems to be about 50 feet above the level of the Clyde--leaving still a
-very large margin beyond Professor Geikie's estimate; and a great deal
-of conjecture about what might, or might not have been there, has been
-indulged in by antiquarians. For the present, however, until proof to
-the contrary has been shown, let us accept as a fact that some military
-station had really been established there in connection with the
-Wall--then, how have its fragments been so widely scattered? how has it
-been so completely entombed that it can only be guessed at under the
-soil? and how has the connection between it and the Wall, more than two
-miles distant, been obliterated? No other fort on the line, that we know
-of, is now in the same condition; and therefore, we repeat, either the
-Romans were foolishly contending with the tide, by building too close to
-its confines, and the tide drove them back and overthrew their works; or
-the fort itself was originally on a higher level, and the shock of an
-earthquake, or a landslip from the mountains, or both together, carried
-the whole mass of masonry and earthwork at this particular point down to
-their present level, where they would be washed by the tide and silted
-up in their own ruins. This is a view of the matter, indeed, which no
-antiquarian, so far as we are aware, has hitherto adopted; but any one
-who chooses to look with an unprejudiced eye, for a moment, at the
-enormous gap in the hills immediately behind, reaching down to the shore
-and including this very region, must be satisfied that the case was so;
-and recent discoveries--one of a quay-wall or foundation of a bridge at
-Old Kilpatrick, about 4 feet deep in a field; and another of a causeway,
-more than 20 feet submerged and silted up under sea-sand, on the same
-side of the river, near Glasgow, will most probably confirm it.
-
-One other question, however, yet remains, touching this mysterious fort,
-which we may be allowed to say only "Ossian and the Clyde" can enable us
-to answer--Why was such a fort ever thought of there at all? It was
-either to receive provisions and reinforcements from the sea; and if so,
-then it must have been on the very verge of the frith, and the water
-must have been sufficiently deep there. Or it was to watch the estuary
-of the Leven, and to prevent the native Caledonians either landing from
-the sea, or coming down from the hills to turn the flank of the Wall at
-Duntocher, and so surprising the Romans in the rear; and this, beyond
-doubt, was its most important purpose as a military station on the line.
-But we have elsewhere explained (in the work above alluded to) that
-there was a regular route for the Caledonians from Dunglass to Campsie,
-which still bears the name of Fingal; and Fyn-loch, the very first
-rendezvous on that line, is on the top of the hill immediately above the
-fort in question. The Romans, who must have been fully aware of this,
-made their own provision accordingly. In sight of that fort, therefore,
-Fingal and his people might embark or disembark on their expeditions
-through Dumbartonshire at pleasure; but it would require to be at a
-reasonable distance westward, on the sides of Dumbuck or in the quiet
-creek at Milton, if they wished to escape the catapults and crossbows of
-the conquerors of the world. Now the earthquake, which extended up the
-whole basin of the Clyde, seems to have changed all that. The fort was
-sunk or shattered, as we suppose, and the frith began to fall; and
-antiquarians who do not believe in Ossian, or who do not keep such
-obvious facts in view, have been puzzled ever since, and will be puzzled
-ever more, attempting to account for it.
-
-IV. In adducing this evidence--partly antiquarian and partly
-geological--we have restricted our survey exclusively to the Roman Wall,
-for it is on this important barrier between the Forth and Clyde that
-those who object to the geography of Ossian are accustomed to fall back.
-But the sort of testimony it affords might be easily supplemented by a
-survey of the Clyde itself, which can be shown, and has been shown, by
-incontestable measurement on the coast of Ayrshire, to be sinking at the
-rate of ¾ of an inch annually for the last forty or fifty years at
-least; and if such subsidence has been going on for fifteen hundred
-years at the same rate, the level of the frith in the days of the Romans
-must have been even higher than we now allege. A critic in the
-_Scotsman_, who, himself, first demanded such a survey, and to whom the
-survey when reported in the same paper--August 30th, 1875--was
-troublesome, appeals boldly in an editorial note to the authority of
-Hugh Miller, and again demands that the survey be transferred from
-Girvan to Glasgow, because "the height to which the tide rises is a very
-fluctuating quantity"--in Ayrshire, we presume. As for Hugh Miller, we
-can find nothing whatever in his pages to the purpose; and if such a
-distinguished authority is to be relied on in the present controversy,
-we must insist on his very words being quoted. As for the fluctuation of
-the tide, if it fluctuates in one place more than another, what is the
-use of appealing to it at all? and as between the Ayrshire coast, and
-the Renfrewshire or Lanarkshire coast, on the same side of the frith,
-unless "the moon and one darn'd thing or another" have special
-disturbing influence in Ayrshire, what difference can there be in the
-regularity of flow between Girvan and Glasgow? This learned adversary in
-the _Scotsman_ must surely have been at his wit's end when he took
-refuge in such an absurdity, and we may safely leave him where he is, to
-revise his own calculations and recover his composure.
-
-All this might be insisted on anew; but the object of the present
-argument is simply to show to the readers of the _Celtic Magazine_ that
-the Ossianic controversy must of necessity be removed to another and a
-higher sphere than ever. There are certain points, indeed, on which
-philological inquiries may still be of the utmost importance as regards
-the Gaelic original, and these we cheerfully consign for discussion to
-those whom they most concern; but these will never decide the question
-of authenticity in its proper form, or establish Ossian in his proper
-place as a witness-bearer of the past. The sense of Macpherson's
-translation, as it stands, must be honestly ascertained; its testimony
-verified, or otherwise, by direct appeal to the subject matter of its
-text; and its value in the literature of the world determined, on the
-same principles, and by the very same process as that of any other
-public record would be in the history of the world. Such investigation
-has now become indispensable. In Ossian's name alike, and in that of
-science, as well as of common sense, we demand it, and will never be
-satisfied until it has been accorded.
-
-                                                    P. HATELY WADDELL.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-
-
-We direct the reader's careful attention to the following interesting
-statistics regarding occupiers of land in Ireland:--The agricultural
-statistics of Ireland recently completed for 1873 show that in that year
-there were in that country 590,172 separate holdings, being 5,041 less
-than in the preceding year. The decrease was in the small holdings. The
-number of holdings not exceeding one acre fell to 51,977, a decrease of
-908, and the number above one acre and not exceeding 15 acres, shows a
-decrease of 3,777. The holdings above one acre can be compared with the
-numbers in 1841. Since that date the total number has decreased 22 per
-cent. The number of farms above one and not exceeding five acres has
-fallen to 72,088 (in 1873), a decrease of 76.8 per cent.; the number of
-farms above five and not exceeding 15 acres has diminished to 168,044, a
-decrease of 33.5 per cent.; the number above 15 and not exceeding 30
-acres has risen to 138,163, an increase of 74.1 per cent.; and the
-number above 30 acres has increased to 159,900, an increase of 228.8 per
-cent. Of the total number of holdings in 1873, 8.8 per cent. did not
-exceed 1 acre; 12.2 per cent. were above 1 and not exceeding 5 acres;
-28.5 per cent., 5 to 15 acres; 23.4 per cent., 15 to 30 acres; 12.4 per
-cent., 30 to 50 acres; 9.4 per cent., 50 to 100 acres; 3.7 per cent.,
-100 to 200 acres; 1.4 per cent., 200 to 500 acres; 0.2 per cent., above
-500 acres. More than 60 acres in every 100 of the land comprising farms
-above 500 acres are bog or waste. As the farms diminish in size, the
-proportion under bog and waste decreases until it amounts to only 7.1
-per cent. on the smallest holdings. The average extent of the holdings
-not exceeding 1 acre is 1 rood and 32 perches, and of farms above 500
-acres 1,371 acres and 19 perches. As in many instances landholders
-occupy more than one farm, it has been considered desirable to ascertain
-the number of such persons, and it has been found that in 1873 the
-590,172 holdings were in the hands of 539,545 occupiers, or 2,293 fewer
-than in the preceding year. There were in 1873 50,758 occupiers whose
-total extent of land did not exceed 1 acre; 65,051 holdings above 1 and
-not exceeding 5 acres; 150,778 holdings above 5 but not exceeding 15
-acres; 124,471 holdings above 15 but not exceeding 30 acres; 65,991
-holdings above 30 and not exceeding 50 acres; 50,565 holdings above 50
-but not exceeding 100 acres; 20,764 holdings above 100 but not exceeding
-200 acres; 8,799 holdings above 200 but not exceeding 500 acres; and
-2,368 holdings above 500 acres. The whole 590,172 holdings extended over
-20,327,196 acres, of which 5,270,746 were under crops, 10,413,991 were
-grazing land, 13,455 fallow, 323,656 woods and plantations, and
-4,305,348 bog and waste. The estimated population of Ireland in the
-middle of the year 1873 was 5,337,261.
-
-
-
-
-NEW YEAR IN THE OLD STYLE IN THE HIGHLANDS.
-
-
-Old Mr Chisholm sat at his parlour fire after a hearty New Year dinner.
-His wife occupied the cosy arm-chair in the opposite corner; and
-gathered round them were a bevy of merry grand-children, enjoying New
-Year as only children can. Their parents were absent at the moment, and
-the family group was completed by a son and daughter of the old couple.
-
-Mr Chisholm was in a meditative mood, looking into the bright blazing
-fire. "Well," he observed at last with an air of regret, "The New Year
-is not observed as it was when we were children, wife. It's dying out,
-dying out greatly. When these children are as old as we are there will
-be no trace of a Christmas or a New Year holiday. What did you say you
-had been doing all day Bill?" he asked, turning to his son.
-
-"Shooting," said Bill, "and deuced cold I was. Catch me trying for the
-'silver medal and other prizes' another New Year's Day."
-
-"Shooting may be interesting" said Mr Chisholm, "but as you say it is
-cold work. We had sometimes a shot at a raffle in my young days, but
-usually we had more exciting business. Shinty my boy, shinty was our
-great game," and Mr Chisholm looked as if he greatly pitied the
-degeneracy of the latter days.
-
-"I have played shinty myself" said Bill, "and I see it is still played
-in Badenoch and Strathglass, and among wild Highlanders in Edinburgh.
-But it's too hard on the lungs for me, and besides we never play it
-here."
-
-"The more's the pity, Bill. There's no game ever I saw I could compare
-to shinty. Talk about cricket, that's nothing to it. Shinty was suited
-to a New Year's day; it kept the spirits up and the body warm. I should
-like to have a turn at it yet--wouldn't I run?" And the old man's heavy
-frame shook as he chuckled at the idea. "However, there's no use
-speaking; is tea ready wife?"
-
-"No, and it won't be for half-an-hour yet, perhaps longer" said Mrs
-Chisholm. "You know we have to wait Bella and John," indicating her
-married daughter and her husband.
-
-"Then," said the old man, "come here bairns and I shall tell you how I
-spent one of my early New Year's days."
-
-"Yes, do, grandfather," shouted a happy chorus; "now for a story."
-
-"Not much of a story" replied Mr Chisholm, "but such as it is you shall
-have it. I was born and bred in the country, you know, my father being a
-small farmer. The district was half-Lowland, half-Highland, and we mixed
-the customs of both. At that time shinty was a universal winter game,
-and greatly we prided ourselves on our smartness at the sport. And it
-was a sport that required a great deal of smartness, activity, strength,
-presence of mind, and a quick sure eye. Many a moonlight night did the
-lads contend for the honour of hailing the ball. On this particular day
-there was to be a match between two districts--twenty men a-side, and
-the stake £5 and a gallon of whisky. Our leader was a carpenter, named
-Paterson, who was the hero of many a keenly contested shinty match.
-
-"The eagerly expected morning at last arrived. The New Year was taken in
-by the young folk trying for their fortune in 'sooans.' Bless me bairns,
-don't you know what 'sooans' is? No; then the thin sooans was made for
-drinking like good thick gruel; the thick was like porridge, but that we
-never took on a Christmas or New Year morning. About four o'clock I came
-down to the kitchen, and there found my mother superintending the
-boiling of the 'sooans,' and the place filled with the servants, girls,
-and men, and some of our neighbours. My friend Paterson, who had an eye
-to one of the servants (a pretty country lassie) had walked four miles
-to be present. Wishing them all a happy Christmas I sat down to share
-the 'sooans' with the rest.
-
-"'Well Paterson,' said I, 'how do you feel this morning? Nothing, I
-hope, to interfere with your running powers.'
-
-"'No thank ye, Willie,' said he, 'I'm as supple as a deer.'
-
-"'Supple enough,' said one of the men with a grin; 'he was here first
-this morning. Wasn't he, Maggie?'
-
-"''Twould be lang afore ye were first,' retorted Maggie; 'the laziest
-loon on the whole country side.'
-
-"By this time the 'sooans' were ready, and we were all unceremoniously
-turned out of doors. In our absence ten bowls were filled. In two of
-these a ring was placed, signifying, of course, speedy marriage; a
-shilling put into two others represented the old bachelor or old maid;
-and a half-crown in another represented riches. Called in, we had each
-to choose a dish, beginning at the youngest. Great was the merriment as
-we drained our dishes, but at the last mouthful or two we paused, as if
-afraid to peer into dark futurity.
-
-"'Here goes,' exclaimed Paterson first of all, and he emptied his dish.
-At the bottom lay a shilling, which he exhibited amidst a general shout
-of laughter.
-
-"'What have _you_ got Maggie,' was the next exclamation. With a titter
-Maggie produced a ring.
-
-"'And here's the other ring' cried Jock, the 'laziest loon in the
-country side.' 'Maggie, you're my lass for this year anyway.'
-
-"Maggie tossed her head in superb disdain.
-
-"'I'll try my luck now,' said I, and drained my dish. My luck was to get
-the second shilling. So you see wife, though I got you I was intended to
-be a bachelor. The half-crown, I think, fell to a man who could never
-keep a sixpence in his purse.
-
-"After breakfast we started for the place of meeting. Our men joined us
-one by one, and many more came to see the game. As we passed the
-cottages the girls called to us to see that we supported the honour of
-the place, and returned victorious, to which we replied 'ay, that we
-will,' and flourished our clubs with vigour. Before we reached the
-appointed ground the procession had greatly increased in numbers, and a
-large crowd at the spot welcomed us with tossing up of bonnets and
-rounds of cheering. Soon afterwards our opponents arrived, headed by a
-piper, and their leader Jack Macdonald. Their appearance also excited
-hearty cheering, and preliminaries were soon arranged.
-
-"The sides were very equally matched. Macdonald was an active young
-ploughman, who came neatly dressed in a velveteen jacket and corduroy
-trousers, the latter adorned with rows of buttons. Paterson, of course,
-was our mainstay; and besides him, we had an innkeeper, as stout and
-round as one of his own barrels, who, singular to say, was a capital
-shinty player. Our opponents had the assistance of an enthusiastic
-schoolmaster, who, even in those days, encouraged sports among his
-pupils, in spite of the remonstrances of some of the wiseacres. Our
-clubs were carefully selected. Some preferred a sharp square crook,
-some a round one, just as they happened to excel in hitting or
-'birling'--that is, in getting the ball within the bend, and running it
-along upon the ground. The ball, composed of cork and worsted, was at
-once strong and elastic.
-
-"The hails, four hundred yards apart, were duly measured out and marked
-by upright poles. Then the players ranged themselves in the centre of
-the field, Macdonald and Paterson hand to hand; and at the understood
-sign the ball was thrown down and the strife commenced. I don't know
-whether the rules were the same in all places, but with us no kicking or
-throwing of the ball was allowed. We could stop it by any means we
-pleased, but we could strike it forward only with our clubs. The players
-were ranged in opposing ranks; and it was against all rule for a player,
-even in the heat of contest, to turn round to his opponents' side,
-though he might, by so doing, obtain a more convenient stroke. Should
-such a thing happen, the roar of "Clipsides ye" from a dozen throats,
-and the thwack of two or three clubs on his legs would soon apprise the
-unlucky individual of his fault.
-
-"As long as the ball was in the midst of the players there was great
-scrambling and confusion. The lads pushed and shouted; club stuck fast
-in club; and the ball was tossed from side to side without any advantage
-to either party. Paterson watched his opportunity, and cleverly picking
-the ball from the other clubs, he gave it a hasty stroke which brought
-it close to me, eagerly waiting for it outside the thick of battle. In a
-moment I had caught it, and sped along the field, 'birling' rather than
-hitting, followed by the whole troop, cheered by my friends and stormed
-at by my opponents. Macdonald, rushing fast and furious, first came up
-and seized my club with his as I was about to administer a stroke. For a
-second or two we were both helpless; Macdonald first succeeded in
-extricating his weapon, and struck the ball backwards two or three
-yards. The other players were almost upon us, when I struck up
-Macdonald's club, caught the ball again and shot a-head. Macdonald
-overtook me with a few bounds, for he was now thoroughly roused and
-heated; but stretching too far to hit the ball he fell on his knee. The
-schoolmaster, however, was now upon me, and the ball was hurled back by
-him among the troop of players. Macdonald had sprung to his feet almost
-in an instant, and darted back to the contest.
-
-"Again the scene of confusion recommenced. Backwards and forwards,
-backwards and forwards, swayed the excited crowd, every face flushed,
-and every muscle strained to the utmost. Shins and arms received some
-awkward blows in the strife, but no one cared as long as the injuries
-were unimportant. Macdonald at last succeeded in pulling out the ball,
-and getting it for a moment into a clear space, he delivered a
-tremendous blow, which drove it far on the road to hail. There was a
-race who should reach it first. Paterson succeeded, and drove the ball
-far down the field, but out of the direct way and into a whin bush.
-'Hands,' shouted his nearest opponent; and at this call the stout
-innkeeper, who was nearest the bush, caught up the ball and brought it
-into the open field.
-
-"'High or low' said the innkeeper, holding his club in his right hand
-and the ball in his left.
-
-"'High,' said his opponent.
-
-"The ball was immediately thrown into the air and both tried to strike
-it as it fell. The innkeeper was successful, but the blow was
-necessarily a feeble one, and carried the ball but a few yards.
-
-"The contest continued during the greater part of the day, neither side
-being able to claim a decided advantage. During a momentary pause
-Paterson flung off his boots, sharp frost as it was, and was followed by
-Macdonald, the innkeeper, and myself. The innkeeper freely regaled
-himself from his pocket-flask, and actually became more eager and
-active. Late in the afternoon he got a-head with the ball, and skipped
-forward, sometimes 'birling' and sometimes hitting it, until he was
-within twenty yards of hail. Another blow would have finished the match,
-when Macdonald caught the ball and ran back with it, most wonderfully
-eluding all the clubs, now wielded by arms for the most part greatly
-fatigued. Paterson, thrown off his guard by the suddenness of the
-movement, was left behind. The innkeeper pursued Macdonald closely--so
-closely, indeed, that his bulky body obstructed all movements but his
-own. Macdonald was in high spirits, when, running against an opponent in
-front, he turned round for a moment to our side to secure a better
-stroke. The innkeeper, foaming with rage and disappointment, roared out
-'Clipsides ye,' and administered a blow to Macdonald's leg that caused
-him to halt for an instant. That halt was fatal. I darted past and
-hoisted the ball to Paterson, who seized it and carried it easily
-through the now scattered ranks of our opponents. Once out into the open
-field it was a direct chase. Paterson had better wind than any man on
-the field, and having got so far ahead he made the most of his
-advantage. Macdonald pursued him hotly. Twice he came up with Paterson,
-twice he struck at the ball, and both times struck the ground just as
-the object of his pursuit was carried forward by our leader's weapon.
-After that all was over. Paterson took the ball to within twenty yards
-of hail, and then with a well-directed blow sent it between the winning
-posts. A loud shout rent the air. In the excitement of the moment I
-attempted leapfrog over the stout innkeeper, and both came to the
-ground.
-
-"After this the whisky was broached, and mutual healths followed. The
-game had been so well contested that there was no ill-feeling; and we
-promised to give our opponents an opportunity of revenge another day.
-Late at night we returned to my father's house, where a good supper was
-spread for us in the barn. A hearty dance followed, and so New Year's
-Day, old style, came to a close. Don't you think it was a jovial day?"
-
-"Not a doubt about it" said Bill, "only the sport was rather rough. Do
-you really mean to say that you threw off your boots for the play?"
-
-"That we did my boy in the heat of the match, and it was not so unusual
-as you may suppose. Highlanders were tough lads in those days, and they
-didn't fear a blow or a bruise."
-
-"Did many accidents happen?" asked Bill. "When clubs were swinging about
-freely I should think heads were in danger."
-
-"Serious accidents were rare" replied Mr Chisholm. "Ankles and legs and
-hands did get some smart knocks, but heads generally escaped. In the
-thick of the strife there was no use swinging clubs in the air. We could
-only push and thrust, and pull the ball out with the crook. In a race we
-struck as we ran, giving short rapid strokes; and when a player
-delivered a sweeping blow, he had generally space for the swing of his
-club. I remember a boy getting his face laid open by an awkward fellow;
-but such an occurrence was rare among experienced players. We could
-handle our clubs as you handle your guns--scientifically. There are not
-usually many casualties at a shooting match--eh Bill?"
-
-"But, grandfather, what came of Paterson?" asked little Mary. "Did he
-marry Maggie?"
-
-"Oh, that's the subject of interest to you, lassie. No, he didn't. Women
-are always contrary. Maggie married the 'lazy loon' Jock; he made the
-most of his good fortune in getting the ring, and the marriage was long
-cited as a proof of the unfailing certainty of the oracle."
-
-"Grandfather," cried Henry, "have you made us the totum? Didn't you used
-to play the totum on New Year's Day?"
-
-"That we did boy" said Mr Chisholm. "The youngsters thought it a capital
-game, and the elders did not refuse to join in it. Yes, Harry, I made
-you the totum, and by-and-bye we shall have a game."
-
-"Let us have it now" cried the children springing up in eager
-excitement. "Let us have it now; we have all brought our pins."
-
-Mr Chisholm cheerfully acquiesced. The group gathered round a little
-table, each with a stock of pins displayed, to be staked on the game now
-about to be commenced. Look at the totum as Harry takes it up and
-balances it between the thumb and second finger of the right hand. It is
-only a piece of wood about half an inch long, cut away to a sharp point
-below, and having a slender spike thrust in at the top to serve as a
-handle. It is four square, and a letter is carved on each side--namely,
-"T," "D," "N," and "A." Each player stakes a single pin, and each in
-rotation gets his chance of whirling the totum. If, after whirling, the
-totum falls with the letter "A" uppermost, all the stakes become the
-prize of the player; if "T" is the uppermost letter he only takes one;
-if "N" appears he gets nothing at all; while "D" obliges him to
-contribute a pin from his private stock to the heap in the centre.
-Every whirl comes to be watched with as much eagerness as if a fortune
-depended on the result.
-
-The nature of the game having been made sufficiently plain, Mr Chisholm
-leads off with a whirl which sends the totum spinning round so fast as
-to be almost invisible; but gradually relaxing its speed it falls at
-last, exposing upon its upper surface the letter "N," carved, if not
-with elegance, at least with sufficient plainness to show that it is a
-veritable "N" and no other letter of the alphabet.
-
-"Nickle nothing," shout the children, as they clap their hands with
-delight.
-
-Then Harry takes his turn. He holds the totum very carefully between his
-finger and thumb, poising it with intense gravity; then looks at the
-letter next him, twirls the toy backward and forward, and finally
-propels it by a sudden jerk from his fingers. It whirls like a top for a
-few seconds, watched by eager faces, and ultimately falls with the
-letter "D" uppermost.
-
-"D put down" bursts from the merry group; and the boy looks very
-disappointed as he withdraws a pin from his private stock and places it
-among the general deposit. Grandfather enters into the fun with as much
-enthusiasm as the children, and the spirit of gambling has taken
-possession of the New Year party.
-
-The smallest girl--four years old--next takes the totum. She places it
-between the thumb and forefinger, screws her mouth to make an effort,
-and placing the point on the table gives it a whirl. It goes round three
-or four times with a convulsive staggering motion, and at last falls,
-"A" uppermost, amidst a general shout of laughter and applause.
-
-"A, take them all--Lizzy has got the pins"--and the surprised and happy
-child, proud of her success, gathers the heap to her own stock, while
-the others each replace a stake.
-
-So the lively little game proceeds amidst varying success. Possessions
-grow and diminish as the totum makes its rounds; and before the game
-ends Mr Chisholm is reduced to his last pin. He holds it up with rueful
-countenance, confessing himself a ruined man, while the children clutch
-their treasures, and boast of their success.
-
-"Grandfather is beaten--is beaten at the totum" cried Mary as her father
-and mother at length arrived. "He showed us how to play, and look at the
-pins we have gained."
-
-"May you always be as happy with your gains," said the old man resuming
-his paternal attitude. "Now you know how we spent our Old New Years.
-Sooans and shinty, and the totum--they were all simple maybe, but there
-was pleasure in them all. Many a heart was lost at the 'sooans'; many a
-hand made strong at shinty; and many a little head got its first notion
-of worldly competition from the totum. Take your seats, boys and girls,
-for here's the tea!"
-
-                                                             KNOCKFIN.
-
-
-
-
-CUMHA----MHIC-AN-TOISICH.
-
-
-      Why shrouded in gloom is Clan Chattan?
-            Clan Chattan! Clan Chattan!
-      Tears circle the crest of Clan Chattan!
-            Clan Chattan! Clan Chattan!
-      Ochone! our light is reft,
-            Burning too brief,
-      Ochone! the darkness left,
-            Fills us with grief.
-      Streamlets are singing woe,
-      Torrents in sorrow flow,
-      Flow'rets on ev'ry leaf,
-      Bear the red dew of grief.
-    Ochone! the Beam of Clan Chattan is low.--
-
-      Deep-bosomed the woe of Clan Chattan!
-            Clan Chattan! Clan Chattan!
-      Far rings the lament of Clan Chattan!
-            Clan Chattan! Clan Chattan!
-      Ochone! our joy-lit star,
-            Sunk in the night.
-      Ochone! his soul afar,
-            Swiftly took flight:
-      Hero-sires welcomed him,
-      Pealing their deathless hymn,
-      Loud on their happy shore,
-      Angels the pæan bore:
-    Ochone! the Pride of Clan Chattan sleeps on.--
-
-      Still brightly he smiles on Clan Chattan!
-            Clan Chattan! Clan Chattan!
-      His spirit is guarding Clan Chattan!
-            Clan Chattan! Clan Chattan!
-      Ochone! his mem'ry lives,
-            Ever in bloom.
-      Ochone! its beauty gives
-            Light to his tomb:
-      Matrons and maidens mourn,
-      Life in its glory shorn,
-      Stalwart sons, fathers grey,
-      Dash the sad tear away.
-    Ochone! the _Love[A] of Clan Chattan ne'er dies_.
-
-                                           WM. ALLAN.
-
-    SUNDERLAND.
-
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[A] "Love" here means the Chief.
-
-
-
-
-THE GAME LAWS.
-
-
-    [The conductors of the _Celtic Magazine_ in their prospectus, and in
-    their first number, state that "they will at all times be ready to
-    receive contributions from both sides on any question connected with
-    the Highlands, and of interest to Highlanders." In whatever light
-    the subject of the following remarks may be viewed, it will readily
-    be admitted that it has an interest for Highlanders sufficient to
-    entitle it to temperate discussion in these pages]:--
-
-The Game Laws in Scotland, as our readers are aware, consist chiefly of
-various statutes designed to secure to landed proprietors what the
-common law, while it leaves them without the means of effectually
-securing, declares them entitled to, the exclusive possession and use of
-their land. The common law maxim, that an owner is entitled to the sole
-enjoyment of his own ground, the legislature has practically given
-effect to from time to time by passing various enactments pointing to
-that end. These somewhat numerous statutes are almost identical in
-effect in the three kingdoms, to which some of them extend; nor does the
-common law throughout materially vary. It is not our intention, however,
-to emulate Sir Roger de Coverley, whose explanations of the Game Acts
-used to gain great applause at quarter sessions, by entering upon a
-minute analysis of them here. We mean to confine ourselves simply to a
-critical examination of the various attacks to which they have been
-subjected, and an endeavour to make a brief and impartial survey of
-their effect on the prosperity of the Highlands.
-
-In entering upon the consideration of adverse criticisms, we find that
-they are easily resolved into two classes:--First, there are those as to
-what opponents term the unnecessary severity and injurious influence of
-the Game Laws upon poachers; and secondly, the injury indirectly
-effected by them upon tenant-farmers, agricultural and pastoral.
-
-Sympathy for the poacher is frequently proclaimed by anti-game law
-agitators. They will tell you that the disposition to pursue game is
-inherent in human nature; that the indulgence of this irrepressible
-propensity ought to be regarded with a lenient eye: that game cannot be
-identified as property, and that the man who takes it should not be
-considered or treated as a thief; dilating the while on the sad
-misfortunes that an occasional lapse into the fields in search of a hare
-or a rabbit may bring upon an agricultural labourer and his family,
-ultimately it may be involving them in ruin. These arguments, however,
-though at first sight appearing to have some foundation in reason, do
-not satisfactorily stand the test of serious scrutiny. They are such as
-could be brought to bear for what they are worth against the operation
-of almost all repressive laws in the kingdom. Smuggling, for instance,
-is not generally looked upon as a breach of the moral law, nor does it
-present itself to common eyes in an odious light; yet it is a crime
-punishable by penal laws for the sake of increasing revenue. The man
-who takes his own agricultural produce and converts it into a wholesome
-and refreshing beverage for his own domestic use is liable to a very
-much heavier penalty than he who steps on to his neighbour's property
-and puts out his hands to take what he has neither laboured for nor
-purchased. In the one case we can imagine an honest industrious
-labourer, actuated only by a desire for the comfort of himself and his
-family, manufacturing his own goods into nourishing and sustaining ale,
-heavily punished for his untaxed enjoyment of the bounties of
-Providence; whereas, in the other case, the poacher, as a rule, is a
-person with a turn for idleness, an aversion to all honest and steady
-labour, and a taste for luxurious indulgences above his means, who
-persists in illegally invading another's property in the pursuit and
-seizure of its produce.
-
-This character is specially applicable to the poaching class in the
-Highlands. Any one familiar with prosecutions in poaching cases there
-must see that the offenders brought up for trial form a limited list
-of mean-spirited cringing creatures, upon whom any sort of sympathy
-would be sadly thrown away, whose faces are well known to the
-procurator-fiscal as they appear in rather regular succession in the
-dock. It may be said that almost nine poaching prosecutions out of ten
-are instituted against old and habitual offenders, who calculate, like
-blockade runners, that a few successful raids will enable them
-cheerfully to pay the fines inflicted on the occasions of their capture.
-As deer-stalking and grouse shooting, to be effective, require
-day-light, and pheasant breeding is the exception not the rule in the
-north, cases of night poaching, the worst and most severely punishable,
-are of unfrequent occurrence, while fines of two pounds, the highest
-that can be inflicted for day poaching, in the most aggravated cases, is
-not heavy enough even when coupled with costs to make habitual and
-systematic poaching an altogether unprofitable occupation. We have no
-difficulty therefore in saying that the Game Laws do not press with
-undue severity upon the labouring classes in the Highlands, by whom, on
-the whole, poaching is now an offence rarely committed; and we believe
-that in saying so we express the opinion of those classes themselves.
-Any complaints that have been made have not proceeded from them but from
-third parties who have endeavoured to range themselves as pretended
-friends to compass their own ends. There is just one direction in which
-we might hint that improvement is possible. We would wish to see a
-sliding scale of fines legalised, by which lighter penalties would be
-exigible for first offences and repeated transgressions less leniently
-punishable than at present.
-
-We have now to consider that more vexed and intricate portion of our
-subject, the operation of the Game Laws upon the position of the
-tenant-farmer. This we have stated to be indirect, because, in reality,
-many of the results complained of might be continued in existence
-independently of the operations of these laws. The points at issue
-between landlord and tenant, over which such torrents of discussion have
-been poured, are really questions of contract been individuals, which
-could and would arise, were the Game Laws abolished. But as complaints
-are coupled with a demand for the abolition of these laws as a panacea,
-we cannot avoid briefly examining their relation to the interests of
-agriculture. Whether owing to bucolic trust in the friendly intentions
-of a Conservative Government, or to hopelessness of there being any
-advantages derivable therefrom, it is worthy of observation that the
-recent agitation on this question, as well as on the kindred subjects of
-unexhausted improvements and hypothec denominated by Mr Hope in his
-observations in "Recess Studies," "Hindrances to Agriculture," have now
-entered upon a quiescent phase. A few years ago an agricultural dinner
-was no sooner eaten by the assembled agriculturists than the Game Laws
-were tabled with the toddy, and both hotly, and in some cases ably
-discussed. But a change for the better is now noticeable in the
-atmosphere of Cattle Club Meetings and Wool Fair dinners whereat the
-voices of game preservers may even be heard amid applause. Monotony was
-the rock on which the agitation was in danger of being shipwrecked, and
-as the results did not appear to be commensurate to the labour, as the
-stone seemed to be rolled up the hill in vain, so far as concerned the
-passing of any favourable parliamentary measure, swords have again been
-turned into more useful ploughshares, and spears into less ornamental
-pruning hooks. The opportunity is therefore not an unfavourable one for
-a calm survey of the situation.
-
-It is a well-known principle in jurisprudence that a contract between
-two parties capable of contracting in respect to a subject matter known
-to both, if adhered to by either, is inviolably binding; and with the
-free action of this principle as between parties, except in a matter of
-life and death, the legislature always has had, and we confidently
-believe, always will have a delicacy in interfering. If there is no
-vital principle, or specialty in a contract between landlord and tenant
-in regard to an heritable subject, such as an arable farm, that
-necessarily takes it out of the list of ordinary contracts, no
-Government would seriously entertain or assist the passing of a measure
-for imposing fetters upon one of the parties to that contract,
-exceptional legislation to obtain an advantage for the lessee to the
-detriment of the lessor. Are there then such specialties? Tenant-farmers
-allege (1) that land is not an ordinary subject of contract owing to the
-extent being limited, and is a possession the owners of which stand in
-the relation merely of national trustees, bound to administer in the way
-most beneficial to the people; (2), that tenants are not capable of
-contracting on equal terms with their landlords, and that the weaker
-party should receive legislative protection in the shape of an
-inalienable right to ground game; and (3), that in being compelled to
-sign game preservation clauses, the subject matter of that part of their
-agreement is one the full extent of which must, from its nature, be
-unknown to them. To this reply is made--(1), That the possession of land
-is no more a monopoly than the possession of cattle or any other
-commodity, that is continually in the market and sold to the highest
-bidder; that the fact of the supply being limited, and necessarily in
-the hands of the few, in comparison with the many who wish to use it, is
-no reason why exceptional restrictions should be placed on its being let
-out for hire, but rather the reverse; as well might the possessors of
-money, who are few in comparison with those who wish to borrow it, be
-statutorily bound to lend it out at less than it would otherwise bring;
-and that those who invest money in land, having no contract with the
-State, cannot be interfered with by the State in the management of it in
-the way they believe most advantageous to themselves; (2), that farmers
-as a rule, and particularly those who make the greatest noise about the
-Game Laws, are quite capable of attending to their own interests in any
-contract with proprietors as to leasing of land; that if they are glad
-to obtain it on the proprietors' terms, that is occasioned by the
-legitimate operation of the laws of supply and demand, which equally
-affect all other contracts; and that to give them an inalienable right
-to ground game, which they would immediately convert into money value by
-sub-letting, would simply amount to confiscation of part of the
-enjoyment of property, and in effect amount to depriving proprietors of
-a considerable part of the equivalent for which they gave their money;
-and (3), that when a tenant makes an acceptable offer for a farm, he
-does so after the fullest investigation as to its capabilities and
-disadvantages, and with a good knowledge of the amount of game on the
-ground, and the damage likely to be occasioned thereby; and, as thus,
-the amount of rent offered is fixed by him after all these points have
-received due consideration at his hands, he is precluded from afterwards
-crying out against the one-sidedness of his contract. It will thus be
-seen that there is just as much to be said on the one side as the other;
-and clamour notwithstanding, we believe, the day is still distant when
-the legislature will step in to interfere with free contract between
-landlord and tenant, by laying down conditions which even both parties
-with their eyes open, and of mutual consent, will not be allowed to
-alter. In other words, in an age when the cry is for freedom from all
-special advantages to owners of land, such as hypothec and entail, so as
-to place it on an open footing with all other subjects, it would be
-strange, indeed, were exceptional legislation required for the lessees
-of land to give them the special advantages which the spirit of the age
-denied to their landlords. Are we to have landlord right levelled down
-while tenant right is to be levelled up? We have yet to see it. It
-cannot, however, in fairness be denied that there are certain
-circumstances in which the tenants' third complaint above-mentioned is
-just and reasonable. While a tenant is strictly tied down under the
-conditions of his lease to a certain rotation of cropping, and various
-other regulations regarding his use of the land, the proprietor is left
-practically unfettered as to the extent of increase of game that he may
-allow to take place. Immunity in such an event is secured to the latter,
-either by a clause to that effect in the lease or by the prudent
-reluctance of the tenant to pursue his landlord through court after
-court in the knowledge that even the extra-judicial expense of such
-procedure would quickly amount to more than the ultimate damages
-awarded, if awarded at all, and that the feelings engendered by the
-contest would stand in the way of a renewal at the expiry of the lease.
-There is here, undoubtedly, a manifest hardship to the tenant, for which
-the legislature would be justified in passing a remedial measure. It
-would quite consist with the acknowledged and equitable principles of
-jurisprudence that cheap and speedy redress for the tenant against such
-uncontemplated and undue increase of game should be provided by
-legislative enactment. All wrongs have their remedies; but the remedy in
-such a case is not the giving an inalienable right to ground game to the
-tenant, as that would amount to a wronging of the landlord, who might
-wish to reserve such right at any cost of compensation to the tenant for
-damage really inflicted. What is desirable is, that such damage should
-be assessable, and the value thereof recoverable with the least possible
-trouble and expense to the tenant. We think that this could be most
-effectually secured by the statutory appointment in each county of a
-competent, impartial, and reliable assessor whose duty it would be to
-inspect and record the amount of game existing on every farm in that
-county at the entry of the tenant, and who would be bound at any future
-season on the application, either of the proprietor or of the tenant, to
-re-inspect that farm and report as to whether there was any appreciable
-increase in the stock of game thereon, and if so to issue an award and
-valuation of the amount of damage thereby occasioned, the amount of
-which the tenant would be legally entitled to deduct at payment of the
-next half-year's rent. The expense of this inspection, according to a
-fixed scale of charge, should be payable by the landlord where damages
-were found exigible; but, otherwise, where the tenant's claim was
-decided to be unfounded, the whole expense would, in equity, be payable
-by him to the assessor. Of course, there are objections that can be
-raised to the adoption of this, as of any other proposed compromise; but
-on a careful consideration they will not be found insuperable.
-Enthusiasts there are and will remain who will demand that an
-inalienable right to ground game be gratuitously conferred upon them.
-But by the great majority of agriculturalists who think temperately it
-is agreed that the only possible settlement of the ground game question
-is one of compromise. We have been credibly informed that in the
-counties of Forfar and Caithness, farmers, to whom the right to ground
-game had been made over, after short experience of the unexpected
-trouble and expense connected with the due keeping down of hares and
-rabbits, had entreated their landlords to relieve them of the burden,
-which they had at first unreflectingly and gladly assumed.
-
-The damage done by game on agricultural farms in the Highlands is
-altogether inconsiderable in affecting the agricultural prosperity of
-the country. Our opinion is that if the truth were fairly told farmers
-would confess that where the shoe pinches is in the pressure of high
-rents caused by their own mutual competitions for farms, rather than the
-trifling damage done by game. The bringing forward of the game question
-has been merely the trotting out of a stalking horse. There were no
-complaints of game or game laws in the good old times when the rents
-were low. Our grandfathers and great-grandfathers were rejoiced to
-furnish the laird with a good day's sport, in the fruits of which they
-generally participated. Game must have done as much harm then as now,
-but farmers in those days did not feel pushed to meet the rent day. They
-could live on a smaller income; they did not seek or require the same
-luxuries, and had less outlay in labour. Of course, a great deal has
-happened since then, but it cannot be said that for this the lairds are
-entirely to blame. Then to rent a farm was synonymous with making money;
-now it as often means losing it. With higher rents, the result of a
-keener demand, a farmer's profits have been sadly diminished, and he too
-often exerts his ingenuity in discovering grounds of deduction from a
-rent he feels to be burdensome. On the sound enough principle of
-abolishing special privileges of all kinds he can fairly advocate the
-abolition of hypothec, but when in the same breath he turns his back
-upon that principle by calling for the creation of the extraordinary
-privilege of an inalienable right to ground game, he asks too much and
-has every probability of getting too little.
-
-There is no necessity for saying anything in reply to the attacks of a
-few pastoral tenants or large sheep farmers. It is now matter of history
-that by repeated and uncontradicted assertion a comparatively small and
-uninfluential sheep-farmer clique had thoroughly convinced themselves,
-and almost persuaded a portion of the public, that deer forests were
-responsible for all the misery and poverty in the Highlands, for all the
-cruel evictions which were carried out to make room, not for deer, but
-for those very farmers who made such a noise. Having succeeded in
-infecting some impressionable people, including not a few writers in the
-press who knew as little of a deer forest and its surroundings as they
-did of the great Sahara, there was at one time some danger of the outcry
-becoming general; but the report of the Parliamentary Commission so
-completely exposed the nakedness of the land, so thoroughly demonstrated
-the absence of anything like reasonable foundation for complaint, as to
-convince even the most extreme politician of the utter absurdity of the
-position assumed. The cry never did find an echo in the heart of the
-Highlander. He knew too well that the same justice had been meted out to
-him and his by the predecessors of those very farmers, as they
-themselves were then receiving at the hands of the wealthy Sassenach. He
-knew that the evil of depopulation had been accomplished in the
-Highlands, not by the introduction of deer, but of sheep on a large
-scale by Lowland farmers before ever deer forests had come to be
-considered a source of revenue. It was, therefore, somewhat amusing to
-the Highland people to witness the descendants of these Lowland _novi
-homines_ smitten upon the thigh and roaring lustily. The only bribe they
-promised allies was the offer of mutton a twentieth of a penny per pound
-cheaper, and Highlanders refused to be bought over at that price,
-especially as its payment was more than doubtful. The deer forest
-agitation has died a natural death. Peace to its ashes.
-
-We have hitherto confined ourselves to discussing the so-called
-disadvantages of the Game Laws: we have yet to consider the facts on the
-other side of the question, by which those disadvantages are altogether
-overbalanced. As the space allotted to us in this Magazine, however, has
-its limits, we will meanwhile content ourselves with enumerating
-_seriatim_ a few of the manifold benefits accruing to the Highlands from
-Game Laws and game. These are--(1), The great increase of rental from
-land, which is manifestly beneficial, not only to the proprietors, but
-to all classes in the country in which they spend their incomes; (2),
-The residence in the Highlands for so many months yearly of wealthy
-sportsmen, who, if game were unpreserved and consequently non-existent,
-would have no inducement so to reside; (3), The remunerative employment
-afforded by those sportsmen to the labouring classes; (4), The profits
-made by shopkeepers and others in the various Highland towns, by
-supplying the requirements of such sportsmen; (5), The opening up of the
-country by railways, which could not have been remuneratively effected
-for years yet to come in the Highlands without the traffic afforded by
-the conveyance of sportsmen and their belongings; (6), The advancement
-of civilization in the north, by the opening up of roads and the
-building of handsome Lodges in remote localities, and the circulation of
-money involved in the execution of these improvements.
-
-This enumeration might be extended to various minor details, but we
-think we have said enough to satisfy every candid and impartial reader
-that a very serious blow would be inflicted upon the prosperity of the
-Highlands by the abolition of the Game Laws--laws which are by no means
-the antiquated and useless remains of feudalism so strongly denounced by
-Radicalism run mad. The truth of this need not be altogether left to
-abstract speculation. We have a crucial instance in the case of the
-American Republic, where the absence of such laws was felt to be so
-prejudicial to the general welfare that game regulations were passed
-much more stringent than in this country, and where, at present, as Mr
-J.D. Dougall in his admirable treatise on "Shooting" informs us, "there
-exist over one hundred powerful associations for the due prosecution of
-Game law delinquents, and these associations are rapidly increasing, and
-appear to be highly popular." "Here," he adds, "we have one struggling
-Anti-Game Law League: in the States there are over one hundred
-flourishing Pro-Game Law Leagues. The cry of a party here is:--Utterly
-exterminate all game as vermin; leave nothing to shoot at. The
-increasing general cry across the Atlantic is:--Preserve our game and
-our fish for our genuine field sports." So long as our Game Laws
-continue to increase the prosperity of the country without infringing
-upon the liberty of the people, they stand in little need of defence;
-are not much endangered by attack.
-
-                                                       EVAN MACKENZIE.
-
-
-
-
-A REMARKABLE FEUDAL CUSTOM.
-
-
-It is happy for the present age that the ancient manners and customs,
-which were practised in the Highlands and Islands under the Feudal
-system, have long since fallen into oblivion. It would fill volumes to
-relate the numerous practices which were then resorted to by the feudal
-lords, many of which were cruel in themselves, and entailed great
-hardships on their submissive vassals who were bound to obey. As the
-chiefs had full power over the life and death of their retainers, such
-of them as betrayed any disobedience or opposition to the stern demands
-of their superiors, rendered themselves liable to the severest
-punishment, and frequently to nothing less than the penalty of death.
-The national laws of Kings and Queens had then but little influence in
-checking or counteracting the peremptory enactments of Feudalism.
-
-The following striking instance of the remarkable practices alluded to
-will furnish a specimen to the readers of the _Celtic Magazine_, of what
-took place in Skye, not much more than a century and a half ago.
-
-No sooner did the death of a tenant take place than the event was
-announced to the laird of the soil. The Land-Stewart, or ground-officer,
-incurred the displeasure of his master unless that announcement were
-made no later than three days after it had occurred. Immediately after
-the deceased farmer had been consigned to the grave, the disconsolate
-widow, if he had left one, was waited upon by a messenger from the
-landlord, to deliver up to him the best horse on the farm, such being
-reckoned then the legal property of the owner of the soil. This rule was
-as unalterable as the laws of the Medes and Persians. On large and
-extensive farms the demand was submitted to without much complaint, by
-the widow, children, or heirs of the deceased, but it pressed hard upon
-the occupiers of small tenements of land, and particularly so on
-helpless widows. But whoever refused, or attempted to evade this
-heartless enactment, forfeited every right to their farms in future, and
-became liable to have all their goods and chattels confiscated to the
-laird. It frequently happened that a poor farmer had but one horse, yet
-even this circumstance did not mitigate the cruelty of the practice; for
-the solitary animal was taken away, and frequently so to the great
-distress of the younger branches of the orphan family, who mourned
-bitterly, and often shed tears for the loss of their favourite animal.
-
-A circumstance took place in the parish of Strath, which was, it is
-said, the means of abolishing this abominable rule. About the beginning
-of the seventeenth century a farmer, of the name of Mackinnon, was
-gathered to his fathers in the parish, and after his interment the
-laird's messenger visited the afflicted widow, and, as usual, demanded
-the best horse on her little farm. Her husband having been a kinsman of
-the laird, and expecting, in her distress, to receive some sympathy from
-her chief, and at all events, some relaxation of that rule which had
-been all along so resistlessly put in force, she showed much reluctance
-to part with the animal. Seeing this, the officer became more and more
-determined to have it. The widow, in the same manner, became more and
-more determined in her refusal, and appealed to him in vain to submit
-the case to the decision of her chief. The officer was inexorable, and
-becoming incensed at the woman's pertinacity he turned from words to
-blows, and inflicted some severe wounds on the helpless female to the
-effusion of blood. She, however, retaliated, and through desperation,
-assuming more courage, addressed her little son, a boy of four, that
-stood weeping by her side, and said to him in her own emphatic
-vernacular:--
-
-    "Cha mhac mar an t-athair thu, a' Lachlainn Oig,
-    Mar diol thu le fuil droch caithreamh do mhàthar;
-    'S mar smàil thu gu bàs, le diòghaltas air chòir,
-    Am borb-fhear fiadhaich so, am mòrtair gu'n nàr!"
-
-                    _Literally translated:--_
-
-    "Thou art not a son like the father, my young Lachlan,
-    Unless thou requite with blood the ill-treatment of thy mother;
-    And unless thou dash to death, with due revenge,
-    This fierce and savage fellow--this bare-faced murderer!"
-
-The mother's charge to her boy cannot be said to be tempered with much
-Christian feeling or principle, yet it was according to the generally
-cherished practices of the system under which she lived. Then it was
-that might was right, and revenge bravery. But to return to the
-subject--the widow's cries and tears, excitement and eloquence, were all
-in vain. The officer made off with the horse and delivered it to his
-chief.
-
-Matters went on in this way, in various quarters, for a considerable
-time, until at length, and about twenty years thereafter, the same
-officer appeared on the same errand at a neighbouring widow's door, and
-deprived her as usual of her best horse. The circumstance was brought
-under the notice of Lachlan Og, and having been, no doubt, frequently
-reminded of the cruelty inflicted by that official on his mother, was
-determined to embrace the present befitting occasion for displaying his
-dire revenge. It may be stated that young Lachlan was noted in the
-district for his great agility and muscular strength. He made no delay
-in pursuing the officer, and having come up to him at the distance of
-some miles, he seized him by the neck and sternly demanded the widow's
-horse, reminding him, at the same time, of the treatment inflicted by
-him on his mother twenty years before. The officer stood petrified with
-fear, seeing fierceness and revenge depicted so very unmistakably in
-young Mackinnon's face. Yet still he grasped the animal by the halter,
-and would not permit his youthful assailant to intermeddle with it. The
-strife commenced, and that in right earnest, but in a few moments the
-officer fell lifeless on the ground. Mackinnon, seizing his dirk,
-dissevered the head from the body, and washed it in a fountain by the
-wayside, which is still pointed out to the traveller as "_Tobar a'
-chinn_," or "The Well of the Head." He then, at once, mounted the horse,
-and galloped off to the residence of his chief, carrying the bloody head
-in his left hand on the point of his dirk. His appearance at the main
-entrance, with the ghastly trophy still bleeding in his hand, greatly
-alarmed the menials of the mansion. Without dismounting he inquired if
-Mackinnon was at home, and being told that he was, he said, "Go and tell
-my Chief that I have arrived to present him with the head of his officer
-'Donnuchadh Mor,' in case that he might wish to embalm it and hang it up
-in his baronial hall as a trophy of heartlessness and cruelty." The
-message was instantly delivered to the laird, who could not believe that
-such a diabolical deed could be perpetrated by any of his clan, but
-still he came out to see. On his appearance in the court, Lachlan Og
-dismounted, did obeisance to his chief, and prominently exhibited the
-dripping head, by lifting it up on his dirk. "What is this, Lachlan,
-what murder is this?" asked the excited chief. Lachlan explained the
-whole in full detail, and related the circumstances of the present
-transaction, as well as of the inhuman treatment which his mother had
-received when he was a child. The chieftain pondered, paused, and
-declared that these cruelties had been practised unknown to him. He
-granted a free pardon to Lachlan Og, appointed him his officer in room
-of Donnuchadh Mor, and issued an edict over all his estate that
-thereafter neither widow nor orphan, heir, nor kindred, would ever be
-deprived by him of their horse, or of any other part of their property.
-
-                                                          SGIATHANACH.
-
-
-
-
-GENERAL SIR ALAN CAMERON, K.C.B.,
-
-COLONEL 79TH CAMERON HIGHLANDERS.
-
-[CONTINUED].
-
-
-CHAPTER IV.
-
-These acts of loyalty by the Highlanders in recognition of their Stewart
-Princes were not long concluded when the same virtue was called into
-action to defeat the intentions of _other rebels_ (as they were rudely
-termed) from disputing the authority of the British Sovereign, or
-dismembering any portion of his territory in the American colonies. An
-abridged outline of what came to be the War of Independence may not be
-out of place or uninteresting even at this distant date.
-
-North America had been chiefly colonised by the British people--the
-settlements of the Dutch and French were few and unimportant. The
-colonists were in the enjoyment of liberal institutions, and the country
-being fertile, the population rapidly increased; while, at the same
-time, immigrants from Europe continued to arrive annually on its shores.
-The mother country being oppressed with debt, it was proposed to make
-her Transatlantic subjects contribute a portion towards her relief. This
-resulted in the imposition of a stamp duty on various articles. The
-Americans would neither afford assistance, nor would they sanction the
-taxation proposed to be placed on tea, &c.; and at a meeting of Congress
-resolutions of separation were adopted, followed by the Act of
-Declaration of Independence. George III. and his Parliament determined
-on chastising the recusants, and hence the commencement of the American
-Civil War. Jealousy of Great Britain, and a desire to humble her,
-induced France to join the Americans, as also did Spain. Against the
-combined efforts of these allies, however, the British sustained
-unsullied their ancient renown. The war continued with alternate
-successes, and disappointments to the contending parties for about six
-years, at the end of which honourable peace was concluded between them,
-and America was henceforth declared an Independent State; and in
-acknowledgment of the able services rendered to her, the colonists
-elected General Washington as the first president of the new Republic.
-
-During the progress of the war the Americans were guilty of many acts of
-cruelty to whomsoever fell into their hands, some of which fell to the
-share of Alan Cameron. The Royal Highland Regiment, to which he was
-attached, was stationed in Quebec when Canada was threatened with
-invasion by General Arnold at the head of 3000 men. The colonel of
-Alan's regiment (Maclean) who had been detached up the river St
-Lawrence, returned by forced marches and entered Quebec without being
-noticed by Arnold. The fortifications of the city had been greatly
-neglected, and were scarcely of any use for the purposes of defence. The
-strength of the British within its walls was under 1200, yet they
-repulsed the repeated attacks of the American generals. Here it was that
-Alan Cameron came for the first time into hostile contact with the
-enemy, and both his regiment and himself acquitted themselves with
-great gallantry--on one occasion in particular, when an assault was made
-by Generals Arnold and Montgomery, in which the latter was killed and
-the other wounded. Arnold foiled in this attempt, established himself on
-the heights of Abraham, thus blockading the town and reducing the
-garrison to great straits; but this was all he succeeded in, as he was
-beaten in every attempt to gain possession of the lower town, by the
-intrepid gallantry of Colonel Maclean and his Highlanders.
-
-On the approach of spring General Arnold despairing of success, withdrew
-his forces, raised the siege, and evacuated the whole of Canada.
-Released from this defence the battalion entered on enterprises in
-different parts of the province, and to enable it to do so more
-effectually, Colonel Maclean transformed a limited number of it into a
-cavalry corps, for out-post duties and otherwise acting as _scouts_.
-Of this body Alan Cameron got the command. Daring and sometimes
-over-zealous, he often led himself and his company into situations of
-desperate danger. On one occasion they were surrounded by a strong force
-of the enemy, from which they escaped with the utmost difficulty, and
-only by the personal prowess of each individual and the fleetness of
-their steeds. The Americans communicated with the British commander to
-the effect that "this fellow (Alan) and his men had been guilty of the
-_un_military proceeding of tampering with the native Indians in their
-loyalty to American interests," stating a determination of vengeance as
-the consequence. It is not known whether Alan was apprised of this
-charge or not; at any rate he continued his incursions for some time.
-The threat was not unintentional, as the succeeding events proved, and
-an unfortunate opportunity enabled the enemy to give it effect. Alan and
-nearly one-half of his company were seized. The latter they made
-prisoners of war, but committed him to the jail of Philadelphia as a
-common felon, where he was kept for two years and treated with the most
-vindictive harshness. This proceeding was denounced by the British
-General as "contrary to all military usage," but his representations
-proved unavailing.
-
-The ardent nature of the imprisoned Highlander chafed under restraint,
-and finding no hope of release he was constant in vigilance to procure
-his escape. This he was at last enabled to effect through his jailer
-having neglected to fasten the window of his place of confinement, which
-was on the third storey. His ingenuity was put to the severest test. He,
-however, managed to tie part of the bed-clothes to the bars of the
-window, and descended with its aid. The blanket was either too short, or
-it gave way; anyhow Alan came to the ground from a considerable height,
-and being a heavy man, in the fall he severely injured the ankles of
-both feet. In this crippled state he was scarcely able to get away to
-any great distance, but somehow managed to elude the search of his
-enemies.
-
-Although the Americans, as a nation, were in arms against Great Britain,
-still among them were many families and individuals who were slow to
-forget their ties of kinship with the people of the "old country," and
-Philadelphia contained many possessing such a feeling. Alan, on his
-first arrival in that country, became acquainted with and obtained the
-friendship of more than one of these families. To the house of one of
-them, in his emergency, he decided on going. This was a Mr Phineas Bond
-(afterwards Consul-General in that city) who received the prisoner
-without hesitation, and treated him with the utmost consideration. Alan,
-however, before he would accept shelter and hospitality, explained to Mr
-Bond his condition and how he became a prisoner, adding that he merely
-desired rest for a day or two to enable him to escape towards the
-British cantonments. Mr Bond made him welcome and promised him every
-assistance. Both were fully impressed with the danger and delicacy of
-their position, and Alan like an honourable soldier was now more anxious
-about that of his host than his own. He, therefore, embraced the very
-first opportunity of relieving his chivalrous friend of so undesirable a
-guest.
-
-Without entering into details as to the nature of his escape, it is enough
-to state that after frequent chances of being recaptured, he arrived at a
-station where some British troops were quartered. Among these were some
-officers and men with whom he had served in the early part of the
-campaign, but he had become so altered in condition that they scarcely
-believed him to be the Alan Cameron they knew. His relative (Colonel
-Maclean) sent his aide-camp to have him conveyed to head-quarters, on
-arrival at which he was most attentive to do everything that could be
-done. Medical inspection however, pronounced Alan unfit for active service
-for at least a year. This was disappointing news to him, as he feared his
-career in the army was likely in consequence to come to an untimely end.
-Colonel Maclean recommended him to repair at once to Europe and procure
-the most skilful advice for the treatment of his wounds and broken limbs.
-Alan concurred and returned to England on sick leave, where he arrived in
-1780.
-
-He had not been many months at home when news arrived of the conclusion
-of the war; and with that happy consummation Colonel Maclean's corps was
-reduced, the officers were placed on the "provincial list"--a grade not
-known in the army at the present day--Government, in addition to their
-pay, giving them and the other men grants of lands in the following
-proportions--5000 acres to a field officer; 3000 to a captain; 500 to a
-subaltern; 200 to a sergeant; and a 100 to each soldier. These
-conditions were applicable only to those who remained in or returned
-within a given time to the colony. In the case of absentees one-half of
-the above number of acres was the extent of the grants, but they were
-allowed to sell their lots. As Alan had been promoted to the rank of
-Captain he had 1500 acres which he turned into cash. This capital and
-his pay was the only means possessed by this "provincial officer." He
-was, however, only one of many similarly situated on the termination of
-the American War.
-
-
-CHAPTER V.
-
-The transport ship brought home other invalids besides Alan Cameron, one
-of whom, Colonel Mostyn, and himself came to be on terms of warm
-friendship. This gentleman, descended from one of the best families in
-Wales, and having many relatives resident in London, was of considerable
-service to Alan in the matter of introductions to the society of these
-relations and other friends. "American officers," as those returned from
-the war, were termed, were welcomed wherever met with. Among them Alan was
-not the least distinguished, perhaps the more so on account of his
-unfortunate adventure with his Lochaber adversary in the duel; and his
-subsequent distinguished career in America.
-
-At the house of one of Colonel Mostyn's relatives, Alan met a young lady
-who was destined not many months after to become his wife. This was the
-only child of Nathaniel Philips of Sleebeich Hall, Pembrokeshire. The
-heiress of a wealthy squire was beyond Alan's expectations; besides he
-understood there were more than one aspirant for her hand, who were
-themselves possessors of many broad acres, therefore it could scarcely
-occur to the mind of the "provincial officer" to enter the lists against
-such influential competitors. However that may be, Alan's success with
-the lady may have been much the same as that of another with Desdemona:
-"Her father bade me tell the story of my life, the battles, sieges, and
-fortunes I had passed. I ran it through, even from my boyish days; of
-the moving accidents by flood and field; of the hair-breadth 'scapes and
-the imminent deadly breach; and of being taken by the insolent foe. To
-these things would Desdemona seriously incline, and devour up my
-discourse. When I did speak of some distressful stroke, that I had
-suffered, she gave me a world of sighs. She wished she had not heard it;
-but bade me, if I had a friend that loved her, I should teach him how to
-tell my story, and _that_ would woo her." Duke--"I think this tale would
-win my daughter too."
-
-Alan Cameron became the favoured suitor of Miss Philips, but both felt
-the barrier of the Squire's consent to be insurmountable. Nor was there
-any circumstance likely to arise in favour of Alan's worldly position to
-make him acceptable to Mr Philips as his son-in-law. Honourable conduct
-acted on Alan's feelings, and directed the proper course to be pursued.
-He made his visits to the house of their mutual friend less often and at
-greater intervals. Squire Philips was at the time, and had for some few
-years, been a widower; and it was reported and believed that he was
-contemplating a second marriage. Moreover, the intended spouse was
-scarcely yet out of her teens, while he was past middle age, and his
-daughter was also her senior. Her father's intentions created
-disappointment, if not dissatisfaction in Miss Philips' mind, which, it
-is alleged, was one of the causes that moved her not to view elopement
-with serious objection. There is no record of the occurrence to guide
-further reference than that Alan Cameron and Miss Philips had betaken
-themselves to Gretna Green without the knowledge or consent of her
-father, where marriages were solemnised without the preliminary
-formalities necessary at Hanover Square. Notwithstanding that a pursuit
-ensued either by the parent or other friends, it was not successful in
-interrupting the marriage of the runaway pair.
-
-Instead of returning to London with his bride, Alan went towards the
-capital of his native country, where he and his wife remained for
-several months. It now, however, became almost a necessity that he would
-get into some office, the emoluments of which would add to his slender
-income. After some delay he was fortunate in getting an appointment
-through the intercession of a friend with whom he had served in America.
-This appointment was on the militia staff of one of the English
-counties. Alan retained it until the fortune of events reduced the
-displeasure of the father-in-law to that state when mutual friends
-thought they could do something to induce the Squire to forgive and
-forget. These friends did not fail to take advantage of this state of
-feeling, and embraced the opportunity to obtain for Alan an interview
-with his wife's father, which resulted, as desired by all, in full
-forgiveness to both son and daughter. This reconciliation, like the
-wooing of Miss Philips, was also somewhat after the manner of that of
-Desdemona's father, who replied, "I had rather adopt a child than get
-it. Come hither. I do give thee that with all my heart, which--but thou
-hast already--with all my heart, I would keep from thee. For your sake I
-am glad I have no other child, thy escape would teach me tyranny." This
-act of grace was important to Alan, as the allowance to his wife, which
-followed, enabled them to live in affluence in comparison with their
-past state.
-
-Squire Philips had not married at the time rumour had formerly assigned,
-but he did enter into that state, and that after he had become a
-sexagenarian. By the second marriage the Squire--unlike the father in
-the play--"had another child." This child is yet living, in the person
-of the venerable Dowager Countess of Lichfield, herself the mother of a
-numerous family of sons and daughters, including the present peer, as
-also the wife of the noble lord the member for the county of Haddington.
-
-_(To be Continued)._
-
-
-
-
-    HIGHLAND MELODIES.--The Gaelic Society of London finding that regret
-    has been frequently expressed that the plaintive melodies of the
-    Highlands should be allowed to pass away, have, we are glad to
-    learn, taken steps to preserve them in a permanent form, and are now
-    preparing for publication a selection of the best and most popular
-    airs. The verses will be given in Gaelic and English, and the
-    pianoforte accompaniments are arranged with special attention to
-    their distinctive characteristics by Herr Louis Honig, Professor of
-    Music, London; while slight variations are introduced to render the
-    melodies more acceptable to the general taste. Editions of the Dance
-    Tunes of our country are numerous, but the Gaelic vocal airs, set to
-    music, have not hitherto been attainable. The issue is limited to
-    250 copies, which the Society are patriotically supplying at cost
-    price--namely, 10s 6d per copy; or free by post to the Colonies for
-    12s. We feel assured that this want has only to be known to secure
-    the necessary number of subscribers for the few remaining copies.
-
-
-
-
-_LITERATURE._
-
-
-_THE "ARYAN ORIGIN OF THE CELTIC RACE AND LANGUAGE."_
-
-The above is the title on the outside of a book by the Rev. Canon
-Bourke, president of St Jarlath's College, Tuam, Ireland. The book is in
-every respect a wonderful and interesting one to the Celt, at home and
-abroad, whether he be Scotch or Irish. Time was when the Scottish Celt
-looked with great suspicion on his Irish cousin, while the Irishman had
-no great love for his Scottish neighbour. Even yet a good deal of this
-feeling prevails, particularly among the uneducated.
-
-Our own experience, however, has been that the Irish Celt is not behind
-the Scotch Gael in generosity and all the other virtues which are the
-special characteristics of the race. The book before us is in several
-respects calculated to strengthen the friendship which is being rapidly
-formed, and which ought to subsist among the intelligent of each of the
-two great branches of the Celtic family--Scotch and Irish. Frequent
-references of an appreciating and commendable kind are made in this work
-to the labours of Scotchmen in the field of Celtic literature. Canon
-Bourke, like a true-hearted son of Ireland, with that magnanimity
-characteristic of the race, holds out his right hand to every Scottish
-scholar in the field of Celtic or Keltic research, and says in
-effect--_Cia mar a tha thu? Buaidh gu'n robh air d'obair!_
-
-Although the "Aryan Origin of the Celtic Races and Language" is all the
-title on the cover, inside the book, the title is much more comprehensive,
-consisting, as it does, altogether of 27 lines. But even this large and
-comprehensive title-page does not give anything like an adequate idea of
-the extent and variety of the contents of the book. Taking it up with the
-expectation of finding a learned treatise on the Aryan origin of the
-Celtic race and Celtic languages one will be disappointed; but no one will
-be disappointed with the work as a whole, for though its contents do not
-bear throughout on the above subject, they are all thoroughly Celtic; and
-as a collection of Celtic gleanings, will well repay a perusal. It is,
-indeed, a sort of Celtic repository--the writer's Celtic reading for many
-years being apparently thrown into a crucible, and having undergone a
-certain process there, are forged out into the handsome and bulky volume
-before us. It has, however, all the appearance of having been very hastily
-got up. Indeed, in the preface, which is dated, "Feast of the Nativity of
-the B.V.M., 1875," we are told that a mere accident has given the first
-impulse to the composition of the work, and that accident appears to have
-been that at a social meeting of Irish clergymen in 1874 the subject of
-conversation turned on the language and antiquities of Ireland.
-
-After doing justice to the "Four Masters," of whom Irishmen are, with
-good reason, so very proud, the decay of the Gaelic language in Ireland
-is alluded to, and the cause of that decay described at some length, and
-it is pointed out that, in consequence of this neglect, when an Irish
-patriot appeals to the sentiment of his race, the appeal must be made,
-not in the language of old Ireland, but in the language of the
-conquering Saxon. Father Mullens in his lament for the Celtic language
-of his countrymen "must wail his plaint in Saxon words and Saxon idiom,
-lest his lamentation should fall meaningless on the ears of Ireland."
-And this decay Father Mullens pathetically describes:--
-
-    It is fading! it is fading! like the leaves upon the trees,
-    It is dying! it is dying! like the Western Ocean breeze,
-    It is fastly disappearing as the footsteps on the shore,
-    Where the Barrow and the Erne, and Loch Swilly's waters roar;
-    Where the parting sunbeam kisses the Corrib in the west,
-    And the ocean like a mother clasps the Shannon to its breast:
-    The language of old Eire, of her history and name,
-    Of her monarchs and her heroes, of her glory and her fame;
-    The sacred shrine where rested through her sunshine and her gloom
-    The spirit of her martyrs as their bodies in the tomb!
-    The time-wrought shell, where murmured through centuries of wrong
-    The secret shrine of freedom in annal and in song,
-    Is surely fastly sinking into silent death at last,
-    To live but in the memory and relics of the past!
-
-In Ireland as in some other countries (perhaps we may say with some
-degree of truth in our own Highlands of Scotland) the simple uneducated
-peasants are, in the law courts, treated with the greatest display of
-harshness because they cannot give evidence in the English tongue. Canon
-Bourke refers to a case of this nature that occurred during the last
-year in Tuam. A witness, Sally Ryan, who appeared to have understood
-English, but could not speak it, and consequently would not give her
-evidence in that language, was removed as an incompetent witness! Is
-that justice? We know that in the courts in Scotland a good deal of
-harshness is occasionally used towards witnesses who cannot speak
-English.
-
-The fact remains, that in the Highlands there are many whose only
-language is Gaelic, and if their Saxon rulers have a desire to
-administer the law justly they must learn to deal more gently with such
-as are ignorant of the English language. We also know from personal
-observation that Gaelic witnesses frequently give evidence by means of
-very incompetent interpreters, thoroughly ignorant of the idiom of the
-language, and are thus very often misrepresented. A bungling interpreter
-bungles a witness, and nothing is more calculated to invalidate evidence
-than being given in a loose incoherent manner. On this point we are at
-one with the learned Canon Bourke.
-
-Considerable space is devoted to the pronunciation of the word
-Celtic--the question being whether it should be pronounced Keltic or
-Seltic. Professor Bourke argues, and gives good reasons, that it should
-be written Keltic and pronounced Keltic. He is unquestionably right in
-his contention for the pronunciation, but as we have no K in the Scotch
-or Irish Gaelic alphabet it is difficult to agree with him as to the
-spelling, but the fact remains that it is almost universally pronounced
-Seltic and written Celtic, and has in that form taken such a root that
-it can scarcely be ever altered. What then is the use of fighting over
-it? In the compass of this necessarily short review it is quite
-impossible to give an adequate idea of the work before us. While the
-work exhibits great learning and research, we think the rev. author
-might have bestowed more care on such a valuable work. Several
-typographical errors present themselves, and in many cases the
-Professor's composition exhibits clear evidence of undue haste in the
-writing and arrangement. But _humanum est errare_. Nothing is perfect,
-and the book before us is no exception to the general rule. The Celtic
-student will, however, find it invaluable, and no one who takes an
-interest in Celtic philology, antiquity, manners, and customs (indeed
-everything and anything Celtic), should be without a copy; for it is a
-perfect store of Celtic learning.
-
-
-
-
-_THE SCOTTISH GAEL, OR CELTIC MANNERS AS PRESERVED AMONG THE
-HIGHLANDERS. By the LATE JAMES LOGAN, F.S.A.S. Edited with Memoir
-and Notes by the_ REV. ALEX. STEWART, "Nether Lochaber." _Issued in 12
-Parts at 2s each. Inverness: Hugh Mackenzie, Bank Lane. Edinburgh:
-Maclachlan & Stewart. Glasgow:_ John Tweed.
-
-We have before us the first and second parts of this valuable work. The
-Frontispiece is a coloured plate of two Highland Chiefs dressed in the
-Stewart and Gordon tartans; and the other engravings, which are well got
-up, are in every case _fac-similes_ of those in the original Edition,
-which had become so scarce that it was difficult to procure it even at a
-very high price. Logan's _Scottish Gael_ has long been held as the best
-authority on the antiquities and national peculiarities of Scotland,
-especially on those of the Northern or Gaelic parts of the country where
-some of the peculiar habits of the aboriginal race have been most
-tenaciously retained.
-
-The valuable superintendence and learned notes of "Nether-Lochaber,"
-one of our best Celtic scholars and antiquarians, will very materially
-enhance the value of the work, which is well printed in clear bold
-type, altogether creditable to the printer and to the editor, but,
-particularly so, to the public-spirited publisher. We have no hesitation
-in recommending the work to all who take an interest in the Literature of
-the Gael.
-
-
-
-
-SONG OF THE SUMMER BREEZE.
-
-_Dedicated by permission to the_ REV. GEORGE GILFILLAN.
-
-          When balmy spring
-          Has ceased to wring
-    The youthful bud from the old oak tree,
-          And the sweet primrose
-          No longer glows
-    On the glad hill-side by the sunfilled sea;
-          When the Cuckoo's wail
-            Has ceased to go
-          O'er hill and dale
-            In a pensive flow,
-          And the deepest shade
-          In the woods is made,
-    And the brightest bloom on the fields is laid;
-          When the lord of light
-            With a lover's pride
-          Pours a beauty bright
-            O'er his blushing bride,
-          That lies below
-          His glowing gaze,
-    In a woodland glow, and a flowery blaze;
-          When winter's gloom
-            Of wind and rain
-          Is lost in the bloom
-            Of the flower-lit plain,
-          And his ruins grey
-          Have died away
-    In the love-sent breath of the smiling day;
-          When the beauteous hours
-          Of the twilight still
-    With dewy tears in their joy-swelled eyes
-          See the peaceful flowers
-          On the cloudless hill
-    Send scented gifts to the grateful skies;
-          And the wave-like grain
-          O'er the sea-like plain
-    In peaceful splendour essays to rise;--
-    From my silent birth in the flowery land
-          Of the sunny south
-          At time's command.
-    As still as the breath of a rosy mouth,
-    Or rippling wave on the sighing sand,
-    Or surging grass by the stony strand,
-    I come with odour of shrub and flower
-    Stolen from field and sunny bower
-    From lowly cot and lordly tower.
-    Borne on my wings the soul-like cloud--
-    That snowy, mountain-shading shroud
-          That loves to sleep
-            On the sweet hill's crest,
-          As still as the deep
-          With its voice at rest,--
-    Is wafted in dreams to its peaceful nest;
-          At my command
-          The glowing land
-    Scorched by the beams of the burning sun,
-      Listing the sounds of the drowsy bees,
-    Thirsting for rain, and the dews that come
-      When light has died on the surging seas,
-    Awakes to life, and health, and joy;
-      I pour a life on the sickening trees,
-    And wake the birds to their sweet employ,
-      Amidst the flowers of the lowly leas;
-          From the sweet woodbine
-          That loves to twine
-    Its arms of love round the homes of men,
-          Or laugh in the sight
-          Of the sun's sweet light
-    'Midst the flower gemmed scenes of the song-filled glen,
-    And the full-blown rose that loves to blush
-          'Midst the garden bowers
-          Where the pensive hours
-    Awaiting the bliss of the summer showers
-    List to the songs of the warbling thrush,--
-    I steal the sweets of their fragrant breath;
-          From the lily pale
-          That seems to wail
-          With snow-like face
-          And pensive grace
-    O'er the bed that bends o'er the deeds of death,
-          I brush the tears
-            That she loves to shed
-          For the early biers
-            Of the lovely dead.
-    When still twilight with dew-dimmed eye
-    Sees the lord of light from the snow-white sky,
-          Descend at the sight
-          Of the coming night,
-    'Midst the waves of the deathful sea to die!
-          When glowing day
-          Has passed away
-    In peace on the tops of the dim-seen hills,
-    That pour from their hearts the tinkling rills
-          That dance and leap
-          In youthful pride,
-    To the brimming river, deep and wide,
-    That bears them in rest to their distant sleep;
-          And the gladsome ocean
-          That ever presses
-    The bridal earth in fond caresses,
-    Rages no more in a wild commotion;
-    When the distant hills appear to grow
-    At the touch of evening bright,
-    And the sunless rivers seem to go
-    With a deeper music in their flow,
-    Like dreams thro' the peaceful night,
-          I fade away
-          With the dying day,
-    Like the lingering gleam of the sun's sweet ray!
-
-                                DAVID R. WILLIAMSON.
-
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
-
-The spellings "ahead" and "a-head" are both used in this text.
-
-The following amendments have been made to the text:
-
-p. 106 "wont" changed to "won't";
-
-p. 114 "familar" changed to "familiar";
-
-p. 115 "buccolic" changed to "bucolic";
-
-p. 122 "Soverign" changed to "Sovereign";
-
-p. 124 "similiarly" changed to "similarly";
-
-p. 129 "errane" changed to "errare";
-
-p. 130 full stop added after "DAVID R".
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Celtic Magazine, Vol I, No. IV,
-February 1876, by Various
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CELTIC MAGAZINE, FEBRUARY 1876 ***
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