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diff --git a/40236-h/40236-h.htm b/40236-h/40236-h.htm index f8cedb6..5274d3b 100644 --- a/40236-h/40236-h.htm +++ b/40236-h/40236-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin; Written by Himself, Volume II (of 2), by Benjamin Franklin</title> <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> <style type="text/css"> @@ -159,25 +159,10 @@ </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40236 ***</div> <h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin; Written by Himself, Volume II (of 2), by Benjamin Franklin</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin; Written by Himself, Volume II (of 2)</p> -<p> With his Most Interesting Essays, Letters, and Miscellaneous Writings; Familiar, Moral, Political, Economical, and Philosophical, Selected with Care from All His Published Productions, and Comprising Whatever Is Most Entertaining and Valuable to the General Reader</p> -<p>Author: Benjamin Franklin</p> -<p>Release Date: July 14, 2012 [eBook #40236]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN; WRITTEN BY HIMSELF, VOLUME II (OF 2)***</p> <p> </p> -<h3 class="pg">E-text prepared by Steven Gibbs, Richard J. Shiffer,<br /> - and the Distributed Proofreading volunteers<br /> - (http://www.pgdp.net)<br /> - for Project Gutenberg</h3> <div class="trans-note"> <p class="heading">Transcriber's Note</p> <p>Every effort has been made to replicate this text as @@ -341,7 +326,7 @@ THE SECOND VOLUME.</h2> <div class="center"> <table width="80%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Subjects"> -<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Phil1">To the Abbé Soulavie.—Theory of the Earth</a></td><td align="right">203</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Phil1">To the Abbé Soulavie.—Theory of the Earth</a></td><td align="right">203</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="#Phil2">To Dr. John Pringle.—On the different Strata of the Earth</a></td><td align="right">207</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="#Phil3">To Mr. Bowdoin.—Queries and Conjectures relating to Magnetism and the Theory of the Earth</a></td><td align="right">208</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="#Phil4">To M. Dubourg.—On the Nature of Seacoal</a></td><td align="right">211</td></tr> @@ -1059,7 +1044,7 @@ brings to my mind some scraps of Horace:</p> <span class="i0">Though crows and ravens do the same,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Unlucky birds of hateful name,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Ravens or crows might fill their places,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And swallow corn and eat carcáses,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And swallow corn and eat carcáses,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Then, if their tombstone, when they die,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Be n't taught to flatter and to lie.<br /></span> <span class="i0">There's nothing better will be said,<br /></span> @@ -1249,7 +1234,7 @@ that commonly learned at schools, serving to a just formation of the mind, enlarging its capacity, and strengthening it so as to render the same capable of exact reasoning, and discerning truth from falsehood in all occurrences, even subjects not mathematical. For which reason it is -said the Egyptians, Persians, and Lacedæmonians seldom elected any new +said the Egyptians, Persians, and Lacedæmonians seldom elected any new kings but such as had some knowledge in the mathematics; imagining those who had not men of imperfect judgments, and unfit to rule and govern.</p> @@ -1306,7 +1291,7 @@ consequence to obtain the one kind and avoid the other, for, whether real or imaginary, pain is pain and pleasure is pleasure. If we can sleep without dreaming, it is well that painful dreams are avoided. If, while we sleep, we can have any pleasing dreams, it is, as the French -say, <i>autant de gagné</i>, so much added to the pleasure of life.</p> +say, <i>autant de gagné</i>, so much added to the pleasure of life.</p> <p>To this end it is, in the first place, necessary to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> be careful in preserving health, by due exercise and great temperance; for in sickness @@ -1627,7 +1612,7 @@ honey-dew on this leaf, which I cannot live to enjoy? What the political struggles I have been engaged in for the good of my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> compatriot inhabitants of this bush, or my philosophical studies for the benefit of our race in general! for, in politics, what can laws do without morals? -Our present race of ephemeræ will in a course of minutes become corrupt +Our present race of ephemeræ will in a course of minutes become corrupt like those of other and older bushes, and, consequently, as wretched. And in philosophy how small our progress! Alas! art is long and life is short! My friends would comfort me with the idea of a name they say I @@ -1639,7 +1624,7 @@ be buried in universal ruin?"</p> <p>To me, after all my eager pursuits, no solid pleasures now remain but the reflection of a long life spent in meaning well, the sensible -conversation of a few good lady ephemeræ, and now and then a kind smile +conversation of a few good lady ephemeræ, and now and then a kind smile and a tune from the ever amiable <i>Brillante</i>.</p> <hr class="tb" /> @@ -1745,7 +1730,7 @@ particular. We assemble parliaments and councils to have the benefit of their collected wisdom; but we necessarily have, at the same time, the inconvenience of their collected passions, prejudices, and private interests. By the help of these, artful men overpower their wisdom and -dupe its possessors: and if we may judge by the acts, <i>arrêts</i>, and +dupe its possessors: and if we may judge by the acts, <i>arrêts</i>, and edicts, all the world over, for regulating commerce, an assembly of great men is the greatest fool upon earth.</p> @@ -2234,7 +2219,7 @@ which I see is already begun."</p> <p>Thus far this agreeable unknown writer—too agreeable, we may hope, to remain always concealed. The fine allusion to the character of <i>Julius -Cæsar</i>, whose words he has put into the mouth of this illustrious son of +Cæsar</i>, whose words he has put into the mouth of this illustrious son of <i>Hypanis</i>, is perfectly just and beautiful, and aptly points out the moral of this inimitable piece, the design of which would have been quite perverted, had a virtuous character, a <i>Cato</i> or a <i>Cicero</i>, been @@ -2583,7 +2568,7 @@ pruning off the exuberant branches, he would be apt to destroy the tree.</p> <p>It is certain that he who robs another of his moral reputation, more richly merits a gibbet than if he had plundered him of his purse on the -highway. <i>Augustus Cæsar</i>, under the specious pretext of preserving the +highway. <i>Augustus Cæsar</i>, under the specious pretext of preserving the character of the Romans from defamation, introduced the law whereby libelling was involved in the penalties of treason against the state. This law established his tyranny; and for one mischief which it @@ -3219,7 +3204,7 @@ possession of the premises, and forthwith puts all his books and papers instance:</p> <p>A gentleman was sued by the executors of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> tradesman, on a charge found -against him in the deceased's books to the amount of £30. The defendant +against him in the deceased's books to the amount of £30. The defendant was strongly impressed with an idea that he had discharged the debt and taken a receipt; but, as the transaction was of long standing, he knew not where to find the receipt. The suit went on in course, and the time @@ -3291,8 +3276,8 @@ to complain of the matrimonial bond.</p> <p>Among the pamphlets you lately sent me was one entitled <i>Thoughts on Executive Justice</i>. In return for that, I send you a French one on the -same subject, <i>Observations concernant l'Exécution de l'Article II. de -la Déclaration sur le Vol</i>. They are both addressed to the judges, but +same subject, <i>Observations concernant l'Exécution de l'Article II. de +la Déclaration sur le Vol</i>. They are both addressed to the judges, but written, as you will see, in a very different spirit. The English author is for hanging <i>all</i> thieves. The Frenchman is for proportioning punishments to offences.</p> @@ -3303,7 +3288,7 @@ human, on what principle do we ordain death as the punishment of an offence which, according to that law, was only to be punished by a restitution of fourfold? To put a man to death for an offence which does not deserve death, is it not a murder? And as the French writer says, -<i>Doit-on punir un délit contre la société par un crime contre la +<i>Doit-on punir un délit contre la société par un crime contre la nature?</i><a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> <p>Superfluous property is the creature of society. Simple and mild laws @@ -3381,13 +3366,13 @@ occasions, and what the effects of those feelings; and, so far from thinking that severe and excessive punishments prevent crimes, he asserts, as quoted by our French writer, that</p> -<p>"L'atrocité des loix en empêche l'exécution.</p> +<p>"L'atrocité des loix en empêche l'exécution.</p> -<p>"Lorsque la peine est sans mesure, on est souvent obligé de lui préférer -l'impunité.</p> +<p>"Lorsque la peine est sans mesure, on est souvent obligé de lui préférer +l'impunité.</p> -<p>"La cause de tous les relâchemens vient de l'impunité des crimes, et non -de la modération des peines."<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> +<p>"La cause de tous les relâchemens vient de l'impunité des crimes, et non +de la modération des peines."<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> <p>It is said by those who know Europe generally that there are more thefts committed and punished annually in England than in all the other nations @@ -4878,7 +4863,7 @@ and pay me half the money they paid to them. You see the gentry might well afford this, and I could then enlist these friseurs, (who are at least 100,000), and with the money I would maintain them, make a visit with them to England, and dress the heads of your ministers and privy -counsellors; which I conceive at present to be <i>un peu derangées</i>. +counsellors; which I conceive at present to be <i>un peu derangées</i>. Adieu! madcap, and believe me ever your affectionate friend and humble servant,</p> @@ -4920,10 +4905,10 @@ should be in itself reasonable. Hereby he will give a favourable impression of his understanding, and create a desire of farther acquaintance. Now it happened that you were negligent in <i>all</i> these points: for, first, you desired to have means procured for you of taking -a voyage to America '<i>avec sureté</i>,<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> which is not possible, as the +a voyage to America '<i>avec sureté</i>,<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> which is not possible, as the dangers of the sea subsist always, and at present there is the additional danger of being taken by the English. Then you desire that -this may be '<i>sans trop grandes dépenses</i>,'<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> which is not +this may be '<i>sans trop grandes dépenses</i>,'<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> which is not intelligible enough to be answered, because, not knowing your ability of bearing expenses, one cannot judge what may be <i>trop grandes</i>. Lastly, you desire letters of address to the Congress and to General Washington, @@ -4931,9 +4916,9 @@ which it is not reasonable to ask of one who knows no more of you than that your name is <span class="smcap">Lith</span>, and that you live at <span class="smcap">Bayreuth</span>.</p> <p>"In your last, you also express yourself in vague terms when you desire -to be informed whether you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> may expect '<i>d'étre reçu d'une maniére +to be informed whether you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> may expect '<i>d'étre reçu d'une maniére cenvenable</i>'<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> in our troops. As it is impossible to know what your -ideas are of the <i>maniére convenable</i>, how can one answer this? And then +ideas are of the <i>maniére convenable</i>, how can one answer this? And then you demand whether I will support you by my authority in giving you letters of recommendation. I doubt not your being a man of merit, and, knowing it yourself, you may forget that it is not known to everybody; @@ -5385,7 +5370,7 @@ quitted the clerical function for literature, at Paris, where he acquired so great a reputation as an antiquary and philosopher that he was appointed to attend one of the museums. His reputation suffered by his zeal in favour of animal magnetism. He died at Paris, May 13, 1784. -His great work is entitled, "Monde Primitif, analysé et comparé avec le +His great work is entitled, "Monde Primitif, analysé et comparé avec le Monde Moderne," 9 tom. 4to. The excellence of his character may be appreciated from the fact, that, on quitting Switzerland, he voluntarily gave to his sister the principal part of his patrimony, reserving but @@ -5632,7 +5617,7 @@ enriching virtue, a virtue I never could acquire in myself, but I was once lucky enough to find it in a wife, who thereby became a fortune to me. Do you possess it? If you do, and I were twenty years younger, I would give your father one thousand guineas for you. I know you would be -worth more to me as a <i>menagére</i>. I am covetous, and love good bargains. +worth more to me as a <i>menagére</i>. I am covetous, and love good bargains. Adieu, my dear friend, and believe me ever yours most affectionately,</p> <p class="ltr-from">"B. Franklin."</p> @@ -6428,7 +6413,7 @@ honour than ten that live in it.</p> <p>"I received your very kind letter of February 27, together with the cask of porter you have been so good as to send me. We have here at present -what the French call <i>une assemblée des notables</i>, a convention composed +what the French call <i>une assemblée des notables</i>, a convention composed of some of the principal people from the several states of our confederation. They did me the honour of dining with me last Wednesday, when the cask was broached, and its contents met with the most cordial @@ -6990,7 +6975,7 @@ your most obedient and most humble servant,</p> <h2><a name="PHILOSOPHICAL_SUBJECTS" id="PHILOSOPHICAL_SUBJECTS">PHILOSOPHICAL SUBJECTS.</a></h2> -<p class="center"><a name="Phil1" id="Phil1"><i>To the Abbé Soulavie.</i></a><a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p> +<p class="center"><a name="Phil1" id="Phil1"><i>To the Abbé Soulavie.</i></a><a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p> <p class="center"><i>Theory of the Earth.</i>—Read in the American Philosophical Society, November 22, 1782.</p> @@ -7352,7 +7337,7 @@ substantial sulphur, and takes fire of itself.</p> <p>The difference between these three terrible phenomena he takes only to consist in this: that the sulphur in the former is fired in the air, and in the latter under ground. Which is a notion Pliny had long before him: -"<i>Quid enim</i>," says he, "<i>aliud est in terrâ tremor, quam in nube +"<i>Quid enim</i>," says he, "<i>aliud est in terrâ tremor, quam in nube tonitru?</i>" For wherein does the trembling of the earth differ from that occasioned by thunder in the clouds?</p> @@ -7434,7 +7419,7 @@ and make its way through all obstacles, falls as foul on the waters of the abyss beneath as on the earth above, forcing it forth, which way soever it can find vent or passage, as well through its ordinary exits, wells, springs, and the outlets of rivers, as through the chasms then -newly opened, through the <i>camini</i> or spiracles of Ætna, or other +newly opened, through the <i>camini</i> or spiracles of Ætna, or other neighbouring volcanoes, and those hiatuses at the bottom of the sea whereby the abyss below opens into it and communicates with it. That as the water resident in the abyss is, in all parts of it, stored with a @@ -7471,7 +7456,7 @@ earthquakes; these countries being all mountainous and cavernous, abounding with stone and marble, and affording sulphur and nitre in great plenty.</p> -<p>Farther, that Ætna, Vesuvius, Hecla, and the other volcanoes, are only +<p>Farther, that Ætna, Vesuvius, Hecla, and the other volcanoes, are only so many spiracles, serving for the discharge of this subterraneous fire, when it is thus preternaturally assembled. That where there happens to be such a structure and conformation of the interior part of the earth, @@ -7494,7 +7479,7 @@ sufficient for all the phenomena of earthquakes; if they should both fail, we have a third agent scarce inferior to either of them; the reader must not be surprised when we tell him it is air.</p> -<p>Monsieur Amontons, in his <i>Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, An. +<p>Monsieur Amontons, in his <i>Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, An. 1703</i>, has an express discourse to prove, that on the foot of the new experiments of the weight and spring of the air, a moderate degree of heat may bring the air into a condition capable of causing earthquakes. @@ -7531,7 +7516,7 @@ six or seven hours time will have a prodigious effect; the earth will begin to tremble, crack, and smoke, and fire and flame burst through.</p> <p>Such is the effect even of the two cold bodies in cold ground; there -only wants a sufficient quantity of this mixture to produce a true Ætna. +only wants a sufficient quantity of this mixture to produce a true Ætna. If it were supposed to burst out under the sea, it would produce a spout; and if it were in the clouds, the effect would be thunder and lightning.</p> @@ -8403,7 +8388,7 @@ daytime. The terrible whirlwind which damaged a great part of Rome, June 11, 1749, happened in the night of that day. The same was supposed to have been first a spout, for it is said to be beyond doubt that it gathered in the neighbouring sea, as it could be tracked from Ostia to -Rome. I find this in Père Boschovich's account of it, as abridged in the +Rome. I find this in Père Boschovich's account of it, as abridged in the Monthly Review for December, 1750.</p> <p>In that account, the whirlwind is said to have appeared as a very black, @@ -8417,7 +8402,7 @@ well with a supposed vacuum in the centre of the whirlwind), and the very rafters of the houses were broken and dispersed, and even hurled against houses at a considerable distance, &c.</p> -<p>It seems, by an expression of Père Boschovich's, as if the wind blew +<p>It seems, by an expression of Père Boschovich's, as if the wind blew from all sides towards the whirlwind; for, having carefully observed its effects, he concludes of all whirlwinds, "that their motion is circular, and their action attractive."</p> @@ -8832,7 +8817,7 @@ Allowing common fire, as well as electrical, to be a fluid capable of permeating other bodies and seeking an equilibrium, I imagine some bodies are better fitted by nature to be conductors of that fluid than others; and that, generally,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> those which are the best conductors of the -electric fluid are also the best conductors of this; and <i>è contra</i>.</p> +electric fluid are also the best conductors of this; and <i>è contra</i>.</p> <p>Thus a body which is a good conductor of fire readily receives it into its substance, and conducts it through the whole to all the parts, as @@ -9280,7 +9265,7 @@ add a particular late instance, which I had from a Swedish gentleman of good credit. In the green timber intended for shipbuilding at the king's yard in that country, a kind of worms was found, which every year became more numerous and more pernicious, so that the ships were greatly -damaged before they came into use. The king sent Linnæus, the great +damaged before they came into use. The king sent Linnæus, the great naturalist, from Stockholm, to inquire into the affair, and see if the mischief was capable of any remedy. He found, on examination, that the worm was produced from a small egg, deposited in the little roughnesses @@ -9288,7 +9273,7 @@ on the surface of the wood, by a particular kind of fly or beetle; from whence the worm, as soon as it was hatched, began to eat into the substance of the wood, and, after some time, came out again a fly of the parent kind, and so the species increased. The season in which the fly -laid its eggs Linnæus knew to be about a fortnight (I think) in the +laid its eggs Linnæus knew to be about a fortnight (I think) in the month of May, and at no other time in the year. He therefore advised, that some days before that season, all the green timber should be thrown into the water, and kept under water till the season was over. Which @@ -9824,360 +9809,6 @@ contrast is marvellous indeed between the monarch and the printer."</p> </div> -<hr class="pg" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN; WRITTEN BY HIMSELF, VOLUME II (OF 2)***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 40236-h.txt or 40236-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/0/2/3/40236">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/2/3/40236</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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