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diff --git a/40225-8.txt b/40225-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index d16e4b7..0000000 --- a/40225-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4747 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of America Discovered by the Welsh in 1170 A.D., by -Benjamin Franklin Bowen - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: America Discovered by the Welsh in 1170 A.D. - -Author: Benjamin Franklin Bowen - -Release Date: July 13, 2012 [EBook #40225] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICA DISCOVERED BY THE WELSH *** - - - - -Produced by sp1nd, Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -AMERICA DISCOVERED BY THE WELSH IN 1170 A.D. - -BY - -REV. BENJAMIN F. BOWEN. - - - Y Gwir yn erbyn y Byd. - - "The Truth against the World." - - -Philadelphia: - -J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 1876. - - -Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by - -BENJAMIN F. BOWEN, - -In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -Some time since, J. Sabin, the well-known book antiquarian of New York, -related a very amusing story to me of a clergyman from Rhode Island -coming into his store and inquiring whether he wished to purchase an -Indian Bible. At once Mr. Sabin replied that he did, and that he would -pay him five hundred dollars for it. The clergyman was delighted, -returned to his home in Rhode Island, and, fearing to intrust so costly -a relic to the express, determined to carry it himself to the city. With -great eagerness he opened the book in Mr. Sabin's presence, when the -latter, equally surprised and amused, exclaimed,-- - -"Why, sir, that's not an Indian Bible!" - -"Not an Indian Bible!" - -"Why, no, sir!" - -The clergyman at first thought the antiquarian was quizzing him, but, -seeing him so serious, asked,-- - -"Well, Mr. Sabin, what makes you think so?" - -"Because it is a _Welsh_ Bible." - -The clergyman hastily picked up the volume and disappeared. - -The two languages bear a marked resemblance to each other. In the -classification of the letters, the consonants in particular, including -the gutturals, palatals, dentals, and labials, with their forms and -mutations, hold such an identity in sound that any person not familiar -with either language might take them to be the same, while he who -understood both would as readily allow that in many respects they were -akin. - -The following pages are the result of an earnest desire to settle the -question of, and, if possible, to fix the belief in, the voyages of -Prince Madoc and his followers in 1170 A.D., and to assign them their -rightful place in American history. Although this recognition has been -very tardily given, by the almost utter silence of our historians, and -the apparent unconcern of those linked with the Prince by blood, -language, and country, the honor will be none the less real if bestowed -now. Indeed, in this age of claims, and when every scrap of our general -and local history is eagerly sought and read, it cannot be otherwise -than that what is set forth in his favor will receive some share of -attention from an intelligent public. Besides, so much earnest study has -been given by those in other countries to the subject of the early -discoveries on the American Continent, that it is hoped this -contribution to its literature will serve to foster still further the -spirit of inquiry, and be at the same time an acknowledgment of our debt -to those countries for what they have furnished us in brain, heart, -muscle, and life. - -At intervals extending through several years, when released from the -pressure of my public work, I have been engaged in the collection of the -materials, both at home and abroad, from old manuscripts, books, -pamphlets, magazines, and papers. The subject was not common, neither -were the materials. What are the facts? That is the question. Facts of -history, experience, observation. Speculative verbiage is avoided, for -want of time and space. Others are made to take my place, for the sake -of presenting what _they knew_. Such a method is more convincing than -the expression of empty opinions. - -B. F. B. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - -CHAPTER I. - PAGE -THE MIGRATIONS OF THE WELSH 9 - - -CHAPTER II. - -BY WHOM WAS AMERICA FIRST PEOPLED? 17 - - -CHAPTER III. - -THE VOYAGES OF PRINCE MADOC 25 - - -CHAPTER IV. - -SUPPORTED BY WELSH AND OTHER HISTORIANS 34 - - -CHAPTER V. - -THE NARRATIVE OF REV. MORGAN JONES 47 - - -CHAPTER VI. - -THE NARRATIVE OF REV. CHARLES BEATTY 59 - - -CHAPTER VII. - -THE WELSH INDIANS MOVING WEST 71 - - -CHAPTER VIII. - -THE DISPERSION OF THE WELSH INDIANS 85 - - -CHAPTER IX. - -MAURICE GRIFFITH'S AND HIS COMPANIONS' EXPERIENCE 96 - - -CHAPTER X. - -CAPTAIN ISAAC STUART, GOVERNORS SEVIER AND DINWIDDIE, -GENERAL MORGAN LEWIS--THEIR KNOWLEDGE -OF THE WELSH INDIANS 109 - - -CHAPTER XI. - -THE MANDAN INDIANS: WHO ARE THEY? 120 - - -CHAPTER XII. - -WELSH BLOOD IN THE AZTECS 130 - - -CHAPTER XIII. - -THE MOQUIS, MOHAVES, AND MODOCS 145 - - -CHAPTER XIV. - -SIGNS OF FREEMASONRY AMONG INDIANS 156 - - -CHAPTER XV. - -THE WELSH LANGUAGE AMONG AMERICAN INDIANS 159 - - -CHAPTER XVI. - -THE WELSH OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 165 - - -CHAPTER XVII. - -ADDRESS OF REV. DAVID JONES AT TICONDEROGA 180 - - - - -AMERICA DISCOVERED BY THE WELSH. - - - - -CHAPTER I. - -THE MIGRATIONS OF THE WELSH. - - -The etymology of the names of persons, places, and things is a curious -subject of inquiry. It is one of the safest guides in an attempt to -distinguish the race-differences of a people whose history reaches back -to an immemorial era. - -The names of _Wales_ and the _Welsh_ are comparatively of recent origin. -The Welsh have always called themselves Cymru or Cymry,--Romanized into -Cambria or Cambrians. This has been the generic name of the race as far -back as any trace can be found of their existence. The Romans changed -Gal into Gaul; the Welsh sound _u_ as _e_: hence they pronounced the -Romanized word Gaul as Gael. The Saxons, as was their wont, substituted -_w_ for _g_: hence, as the people of Cambria were esteemed to be -analogous to the Gauls, they called their country Waels or Wales, and -its people Waelsh or Welsh; and these names have continued to the -present time. But this people always have called themselves "Y Cymry," -of which the strictly literal meaning is _aborigines_. They call their -language "Y Cymraeg,"--the primitive tongue. Celt, meaning a covert or -shelter, and Gaul, meaning an open plain or country, are terms applied -to various subdivisions by which the Cymric race have been known. In -this connection it may be appropriate to say that the word "Indian" is -one that does not apply or belong to the red race of the American -Continent, but was used by Columbus, who, anxious to discover the East -Indies by a northwest route, imagined that he had reached that country, -and called the inhabitants Indians. Subsequent events have proved his -mistake. The primitive races of this continent are more properly -designated by the word aborigines, as in the case of the Cymry. - -Through the rich and copious language and literature of Wales, the -student of history is able to gather a vast store of knowledge -respecting its inhabitants and their early ancestors. The substantial -result arrived at as to their origin and migrations may be briefly -stated as follows: - -First. That the inhabitants of Wales, known to Homer as the Cimmerii, -migrated thither from the great fountain-head of nations,--the land of -the Euphrates and Tigris. - -Second. That they went in successive bands, each in a more advanced -state of civilization than the former. - -Third. That they carried with them a peculiar language, peculiar arts -and superstitions, marking their settlement on the Island of Britain at -a very early period. - -Fourth. That their journey through Europe is marked with the vestiges of -tumuli, mounds, skulls, rude utensils, ornaments, and geographical names -in their language. - -The Welsh language is of a pure radical construction, and remarkably -free from admixture with other tongues. It is as copious, flexible, and -refined as it was two thousand years ago, when it existed alongside the -Greek and Latin, both of which it antedates and survives, for it is not, -like them, a dead language, but is in living use at the present day in -literature, commerce, home, and worship. - -"'Dim Saesenaig! Dim Saesenaig!'" exclaimed the astonished Thomas -Carlyle, when visiting the vale of Glamorgan, "'Dim Saesenaig!' (No -English! No English!) from every dyke-side and house comes. The first -thing these poor bodies have to do is to learn English." - -Thomas Carlyle was greatly mistaken, if he ever believed that the Welsh -would tamely surrender their Cymraeg. It has been the symbol of their -unconquerable hope, and they watch with jealous care any inroads made -upon it. Upon the principle that might is right, nations have been -forced from their own soil, but with a most passionate tenacity they -have still clung to their native tongue. True, there have been languages -which have become extinct, like the nations which have spoken them, by -conquest; but the Welsh continues to exist, because either the people -who speak it have never been conquered, or it has proved itself superior -to conquest. - -Edward the First is supposed to have directed the final blow towards -crushing Welsh independence; and yet there is at present preserved in -the cathedral of St. Asaph, North Wales, the celebrated Rhuddlan -Parliament Stone, on which is written this inscription: - - - This Fragment is the Remains - Where Edward the First held his - Parliament A.D. 1283; in which the - Statute of Rhuddlan was enacted - Securing to the Principality of Wales - _Its Judicial Rights and Independence_. - - -The Welsh have a property in the British Isle which no earthly power can -wrest from them. Henry the Second once asked a Welsh chieftain, "Think -you the rebels can withstand my army?" He replied, "King, your power may -to a certain extent harm and enfeeble this nation, but the anger of God -alone can destroy it. Nor do I think in the day of doom any other race -than the Cymry will answer for this corner of the earth to the Sovereign -Judge." - -Many centuries have elapsed since these brave and hopeful words were -uttered, and the destiny of Wales is more manifest,--that her -nationality will be swallowed up or merged with English laws, customs, -and habits: still her language and literature will survive, and the -names will continue fixed to assert the antiquity and greatness of her -people. More than half the names borne by the population of England are -of Cymric origin or derivation. More than three-fourths of the names in -Scotland, and about one-half of those of France, are from the same -source. Cambrian names are found all through Europe,--in Italy, -Switzerland, Holland, Germany, and about the Pyrenees. - -The Welsh name for London is _Llundain_. It was Latinized into -_Lundinum_, and Anglicized into Lundon or London. Its etymology is from -_llyn_, a pool or lake, and _Dain_ or _Tain_ for _Thames_ (the sound of -_d_ being like that of _t_): hence, a pool or lake on the Thames. The -low flat on the east side of London, known as "The Isle of Dogs," now a -part of the mainland, was at one time flooded by the Thames; and hence -the name of _Llundain_, or _Thames Lake_. Liverpool came from _Flowing -Pool_; that is, the tide flowed in and out. - -_Avon_ is the generic Welsh name for river: hence Avon-Clyde, -Avon-Conwy, Avon-Stratford. Cumberland stands for Cymbri-land; -Northumberland for North Cymbri-land. _Aber_ is the mouth of a river, -Anglicized into _harbor_: hence there is Aber-Conway, Aberdeen. There is -scarcely a river, mountain, or lake in England or in Scotland the -etymology of which is not found in the Welsh language at the present -day. - -The ancient British language, physique, skull, hair, eyes, and flexure -of pronunciation still preponderate in England, notwithstanding the -incessant boasts of the Saxon, who was a barbarous savage when he -arrived, and who did not exhibit a single instance of knowledge and -learning until after he had come in contact with the Cymric race. - -With a view to tracing the migrations of this race throughout Europe, -observe the ancient geographical terms, with their strong physical -traits. - -Caucasus is derived from the two Welsh words _cau_, to shut up, to fence -in, and _cas_, separated, insulated. This mountain-chain has borne this -name from the earliest human records; and how expressive of their -position and character, to inclose Europe from Asia! - -The Caspian Sea means, when derived, _cas_, separated, and _pen_, head; -literally, a sea with a head or source, but insulated and without an -outlet. Any one familiar with this body of water can understand the -force of the words. - -Crimea comes from the Welsh word _crymu_ (pronounced kri´me, the _c_ -being sounded as _k_, and the _u_ as _e_), which means to bend or -curve; literally, a circular peninsula. The Crimea was the Gwlad yr Haf -(summer land) of the Cymry. - -Alps is derived from _al_, grand, sublime, and _pen_, head,--a sublime -head. - -Armorica comes from _ar-y-môr_, upon the sea. - -Danube finds its derivation from _dan_, under, below, and _uf_ -(pronounced _uv_ or _ub_), spreading or diffused. Some of the Cymric -bands or colonies, in their migrations westward, halted along the banks -of the Danube; others settled on the Elbe, and were called the Wendi, -and their descendants speak at the present time a slightly-corrupted -Welsh language. Bautzen, in Bavaria, and Glogau, in Prussia, are old -Cymric towns; and an eminent German scholar has shown what ancient -Cymric relics are to be found in the museums of Dresden and Berlin. -Recently many learned philologists were excited into a sharp discussion -to account for the name of the German capital, Berlin. Its origin is -plainly Cymric, and is derived from _ber_, a curve, and _lin_, a river. - -There is such a striking resemblance between the ancient Cymric laws, as -compiled by Dyfnval Moelmud, and the Institutes of Menu, that many of -the most able Oriental and Welsh scholars have concluded that another -branch of the Cymric race must have gone eastward from the Caucasus and -penetrated into India. Sir William Jones, a son of a Welshman, -translated these Institutes of Menu, or Brahminic Laws, and says, "The -name '_Menu_' is clearly derived from _menses_, _mens_, or mind, as all -the Pandits agree that it means intelligent." _Menw_ in Welsh means the -seat of intelligence. - -Moreover, it is generally admitted that the Welsh contains a sufficient -number of root-words by which the original connection of the Semitic -(Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Egyptian, etc.) and the Indo-European -languages is distinctly shown. And, as will be subsequently proved, a -large number of words have been found in use by the aborigines of the -American Continent, whose roots or simplest forms were related to roots -of words in the old languages, many of which were directly connected -with the Cymric tongue. - -The object of this cursory sketch has been to show that, from the very -earliest period, the branches of the Cymric race have been extensively -spread over the earth, as indicated by the sure testimony of their -language; that they moved from east to west, preceding all other -races--the Teutonic, Sarmatian, etc.--by long intervals of time. From -the certain data of history these things are placed beyond doubt,--by -Herodotus, Cæsar, and others. Would it be surprising, then, if, in -accordance with the same nomadic principle and these westward -migrations, together with the fierce persecutions of the northern -hordes, some portions of the Cymry were driven still farther westward -and were wafted to the American Continent? - - - - -CHAPTER II. - -BY WHOM WAS AMERICA FIRST PEOPLED? - - -By whom and by what means the American Continent was originally peopled -has been, in the main, an unsolved problem. That it will always remain -so does not appear from new proofs which are being adduced to support -favorite theories. Four of these theories have, at different times, and -with much intelligent zeal, been maintained. - -(1.) That the ancestors of the American aborigines came from -Europe,--that they were Caucasians, but became changed in color by the -use of red roots and the bleachings of the sun; and of these were -represented the Romans, Grecians, Spaniards, Irish, Norsemen, -Courlanders, Russians, and Welsh. - -(2.) That they came from Asia, and comprised Israelites, Canaanites, -Assyrians, Phoenicians, Persians, Tartars, East Indians, Chinese, and -Japanese. - -(3.) That they came from Africa, the original cradle, it is maintained, -of the American aborigines, who are made the descendants of the -Egyptians, Carthaginians, or Numidians. - -(4.) That the American aborigines are the descendants of all the nations -in the world. - -The last is certainly the most accommodative, and can be made to bend -to suit the shifting exigencies of an imperfect state of knowledge. The -skeptical view would not be accepted, inasmuch as it broke the unity of -the race,--namely, that all the original people and animals of America -were distinct creations. - -Beginning with Peleg, whose name signifies division, when Noah divided -the earth between his sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, there is found a -basis for the repeopling of the earth. Africa was assigned to Ham, the -temperate zones to Shem, and the frigid zones to Japheth. Heathen altars -and the mounds of early Scripture are taken as the original types of the -earthen monumental remains of America. At the dispersion on the plains -of Shinar, and after the confusion of tongues, "the Lord scattered them -abroad from thence upon the face of _all_ the earth." It was the opinion -of Ogilby, cosmographer to the English king in 1671, that men and -animals came soon after the flood from Armenia to Tartary, and thence, -by continuous land-route by way of the present Behring Straits, to -America. - -The Atlantis of Homer, Solon, Plato, and Hesiod, which was supposed to -unite the continents of Africa and America, or which was a great island -situated between them, seems to lose, by time, more of its mythical -character, and to be brought to the plane of a historic fact. It -certainly cannot be treated as a pure fiction. The story that Solon -brought from Egypt to Greece of the Atlantic island was not new there; -for a great festival was held in Greece, accompanied with symbols, to -show what advantage the Athenians had in their wars with the Atlantes. - -Diodorus Siculus (book v. chap. ii.) seems to refer to America in the -following: "Over-against Africa lies a very great island in the vast -ocean, many days' sail from Libya westward. The soil is very fruitful. -It is diversified with mountains and pleasant vales, and the towns are -adorned with stately buildings." He then alludes to the Phoenicians -sailing along the Atlantic coast of Africa. The theory that the land -forming the bed of the Atlantic Ocean between Brazil and Africa is a -vast sunken tract is hardly defensible. The remnants of Cape Verd and -Ascension Islands, and the numerous rock-formations and sand-banks -surveyed with great accuracy by Bauche, have been submitted in its -favor. Traditions exist that a people on the Mediterranean, sailing -through the Straits of Gibraltar, the ancient Calpe, were driven -westward by a storm, and were heard of no more. It is thought they -reached the American coast. Some time since, at a meeting of the Mexican -Geographical Society, it was stated that some _brass tablets_ had been -discovered in the northern part of Brazil, covered with Phoenician -inscriptions, which tell of the discovery of America five centuries -B.C. They are now in the museum of Rio Janeiro. They state that a -Sidonian fleet left a port of the Red Sea, rounding the Cape of Good -Hope, and following the southeast trade-winds until the northeast -trade-winds prevented farther progress north, and they were driven -across the Atlantic. The number of the vessels, the number of the crews, -the name of Sidon as their home, and many other particulars, are given. - -It is given as veritable history that a farmer near Montevideo, South -America, discovered in one of his fields, in 1827, a flat stone which -bore strange and unknown characters; and beneath this stone was a vault -made of masonry, in which were deposited two ancient swords, a helmet, -and a shield. The stone and the deposits were brought to Montevideo, and -most of the inscriptions of the former were sufficiently legible to be -deciphered. They ran as follows: - - - "_During the dominion of Alexander, the son of - Philip, King of Macedon, in the sixty-third - Olympiad, Ptolemais._" - - -On the handle of one of the swords was a man's portrait, supposed to -represent Alexander. The helmet had on it fine sculptured work, -representing Achilles dragging the corpse of Hector around the walls of -Troy. This would seem to point to an early Grecian discovery of America. - -Humboldt cites a passage of Plutarch, in which he thinks that both the -Antilles and the great continent itself are described. - -In "Varia Historia," book iii. chap, xviii., Ælian tells how one -Theopompus relates the particulars of an interview between Midas, King -of Phrygia, and Silenus, in which the latter reported the existence of a -great continent beyond the Atlantic, "larger than Asia, Europe, and -Libya together." - -In 1761, Deguignes, a French scholar, made known to the world that the -Chinese discovered America in the fifth century. He derived his -knowledge from Chinese official annals. He affirmed that in the year 499 -A.D., Hoei Shin (Universal Compassion), a Chinese Buddhist priest, -returned to Singan, the capital of China, and declared that he had been -to Tahan (Kamtschatka), and from thence on to a country about twenty -thousand _li_ (short Chinese miles), or about seven thousand English -miles. The measurements are taken to be about the distance between China -and California, or Mexico. He called the country Fusang, from the name -of an abundant plant,--the Mexican "maguey," or American aloe. - -He described the gold, silver, copper, and other ores which abounded; -also the customs, rites, and cycles of time; and these are made to agree -with what has been known of the American aborigines. Oriental scholars, -like Klaproth and Bretschneider, have handled these pretensions with -keen severity; while there have not been wanting others who allege that -the Japanese and Chinese do not record myths. There is a description of -Fusang in the Japanese Encyclopædia,--Wa-kan-san-taï-dzon-yé. - -Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg says, in his "Popol Vuh," a book on the -ancient people of Mexico and Central America, "There is an abundance of -legends and traditions concerning the passage of the Irish into America, -and their habitual communication with that continent, many centuries -before the time of Columbus. We should bear in mind that Ireland was -colonized by the Phoenicians. An Irish saint, named Vigile, who lived -in the eighth century, was accused to Pope Zachary of having taught -heresies on the subject of the antipodes. At first he wrote to the Pope -in reply to the charge, but afterwards went to Rome in person to justify -himself, and there proved to the Pope that the Irish had been accustomed -to communicate with a transatlantic world." - -Brereton's account of Gosnold's voyage to the New England coast in 1602 -mentions an occurrence off the coast of Maine, of his having met "eight -Indians, in a Basque shallop, with mast and sail, an iron grapple, and a -kettle; that they came aboard boldly, one of them being appareled with a -waistcoat and breeches of black serge, made after our sea-fashion, hose -and shoes on his feet: all the rest (saving one that had a pair of -breeches of blue cloth) were naked." - -Michel, in his "Les Pays Basques," thinks that the Basques, being -adventurous fishermen, were accustomed to visit the American coast from -time immemorial. They were engaged in the whale and other fisheries. - -The voyages of the Norsemen, and their temporary settlements on the -American Continent, are now too well authenticated to admit of any -doubt. - -In the preceding chapter it was shown that the Welsh were a migratory -race, and had moved from the lands of the Euphrates and Tigris in an -eastward direction, and also westwardly, till, in the time of Homer, -they occupied the British Island. They were surrounded by water. Their -very necessities made them navigators. They conducted large fisheries. -The Phoenicians and Greeks traded with them in tin and lead, and in the -Baltic for amber. Their commercial relations were extensive before -Julius Cæsar reached the island. He came to attack and subdue them, -because their naval power, as he himself says, assisted the Gauls. Their -ships were made of oak, and were so strong as to be impenetrable to the -beaks of the Roman ships, and so high that they could not be annoyed by -the darts of the Roman soldiers. - -King Canute, in the eleventh century, had vessels with sixty -rowing-benches. Early voyagers traversed seas and oceans with -comparative safety. Though they had not the compass (which, by the way, -is uncertain), they studied the elements of nature,--the winds, -currents, sun, and stars. Modern sailors have the advantage of accurate -instruments to reduce their observations. The ascensions and descensions -of the sun by day, and the polar star by night, are sufficient guides to -prevent sailing wide of points. - -Between America and Europe are two great currents,--the southwesterly -bearing towards the former continent, and the northeasterly towards the -latter. The majestic Gulf Stream sweeps around from Newfoundland till it -almost crosses the Atlantic near the British Island. That is why the -steamship-lines adopt the course of sailing-vessels. By the aid of the -simple forces of nature, early voyagers reached the American Continent. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - -THE VOYAGES OF PRINCE MADOC. - - -Owain Gwynedd was esteemed one of the greatest princes Wales ever -produced. - -Upon the death of his father, which occurred in 1137 A.D., he took his -share of the possessions, which were divided, according to the custom of -the nation, among the sons, and he ruled North Wales, his seat of -government being at Aberfraw, till 1169 A.D., when he died. - -Gwalchmai, a Bard of his times, addressed to him the following spirited -ode in celebration of an important victory he achieved over the English -at the battle of Tal y Moelvre: - - - "The generous chief I sing of Rhodri's line, - With princely gifts endow'd, whose hand - Hath often curb'd the border land, - Owain, great heir of Britain's throne,-- - Whom fair Ambition marks her own, - Who ne'er to yield to man was known, - Nor heaps he stores at Avarice's shrine. - - "Three mighty legions o'er the sea-flood came, - Three fleets intent on sudden fray; - One from Erin's verdant coast, - One with Lochlin's arméd host, - Long burdens of the billowy way; - The third, from far, bore them of Norman's name, - To fruitless labor doom'd, and barren fame. - - "'Gainst Mona's gallant lord, where, lo! he stands, - His warlike sons ranged at his side, - Rushes the dark tumultuous tide, - Th' insulting tempest of the hostile bands: - Boldly he turns the furious storm, - Before him wild Confusion flies, - While Havoc rears her hideous form, - And prostrate Rank expiring lies; - Conflict upon conflict growing, - Gore on gore in torrents flowing, - Shrieks answering shrieks, and slaughter raving, - And high o'er Modore's front a thousand banners waving. - - "Now thickens still the frantic war; - The flashing death-strokes gleam afar, - Spear rings on spear, flight urges flight, - And drowning victims plunge to night; - Check'd by the torrent-tide of blood, - Backward Menai rolls his flood; - The mailéd warriors on the shore, - With carnage strew'd, and dyed with gore, - In awful anguish drag their mangled forms along, - And high the slaughter'd throng - Is heap'd, the King's red chiefs before. - - "Lloegria's onset thus, Lloegria's flight, - The struggle doom'd her power to tame, - Shall, with her routed sons, unite - To raise great Owain's sword to fame; - Whilst sevenscore tongues of his exploits shall tell, - And all their high renown through future ages swell." - - -Many other odes are extant in the Welsh language, written in honor of -this great prince, which have never been surpassed in true poetic -spirit, elegance of diction, and metrical ease, by the productions of -any other country. - -Owain Gwynedd had nineteen children. The names of the sons were Rhodri, -Cynoric, Riryd, Meredydd, Edwal, Cynan, Rien, Maelgon, Llewelyn, -Iorweth, Davydd, Cadwallon, Hywell, Cadell, Madoc, Einon, and Phylip; -and of this number Rhodri, Hywell, Davydd, and Madoc were the most -distinguished. - -Iorweth, being the eldest son, was entitled to succeed his father, but -was declared unfit to occupy such a position, on account of an injury -done to his nose, which gained for him the not very euphonious name of -Drwyndwn (Swarthy-nose). - -Hywell was a brilliant soldier and poet, and many of his best -productions are still preserved. His mother was a native of Ireland, and -although not born in wedlock, thus being regarded as an illegitimate -son, he aspired to the crown after the death of his father, and -succeeded in obtaining it, at the same time granting to Iorweth the -cantrevs of Nanconwy and Ardudwy. - -Soon after, he went to Ireland to receive possession of his mother's -property, but upon his return he found Davydd, the legitimate son of -Owain by another wife, asserting in arms his right to the throne under -the sanction of a legitimate birth. The consequence was that the entire -country became embroiled in a bitter civil war, Hywell was slain in -battle, and Davydd ab Owain occupied his father's throne. As a stroke -of perfidy, or policy, he married the sister of King Henry the Second, -whereby he succeeded in breaking for a time the independent spirit of -the Welsh. He gave aid to his brother-in-law in money and men, and -attended the Parliament at Oxford. Such a treacherous course excited the -disgust and hatred of his brothers, as well as of his subjects -generally, so that his realm continued in a state of wild revolt and -dissension. Davydd, suspicious and alarmed lest he might lose his throne -through some unforeseen intrigues, seized and imprisoned Rhodri, slew -Iorweth, and drove his other brethren into exile. - -He was so intractable in spirit, and so cruel, that he put out the eyes -of large numbers who were not subservient to his will. - -From all the concurrent evidences which can be gleaned, it appears that -Madoc was the commander of his father's fleet, which at that time was so -considerable as successfully to oppose that of England at the mouth of -the Menai in the year 1142. The poem in which Gwalchmai has celebrated -this victory has already been given in this chapter. There is also an -allusion to it in Caradoc's History, p. 163, 4th ed., 1607. - -Madoc was of a mild, gentle temperament, and must have felt deeply -grieved at the unnatural dissensions existing between his own brothers. -Moreover, he was an object of suspicion himself, exposed to his brother -Davydd's ferocity, who imagined that he might also dispute the question -of succession to the throne. Doubtless it was this that led Madoc to -resolve that he would leave those scenes of contention, and seek, in -exile from his native country, some other land in the west, if such -could be found. Being commander-in-chief of the fleet, he was able to -take a speedy departure. - -This emigration of Prince Madoc seems to have been commemorated by Bards -who lived very near the time in which it took place. According to -various old documents, his enterprise of exploring the ocean westward -resulted in the discovery of a new world, from which he returned to make -known his good fortune and to gather other emigrants to accompany him -thither. He accordingly fitted out a second expedition, and, taking his -brother Riryd, Lord of Clocran in Ireland, with him, they prevailed upon -a number to accompany them, sufficient to fill ten ships. They set sail -from a small port, five miles from Holyhead, in the island of Anglesea. - -There is a large book of pedigrees still extant, written by Jeuan -Brecva, who flourished in the age preceding the time of Columbus, where -the above event is thus noticed in treating of the genealogy of Owain -Gwynedd: "Madoc and Riryd found land far in the sea of the west, and -there they settled." - -The Bards were the historians of those times. By a perusal of the -compositions of those who were contemporary with Madoc, it is found -that his name is mentioned three or four times by Cynddelw, Llywarch, -and Gwalchmai. These are held to be among the most celebrated of the -Welsh Bards. Their works, which are mostly extant in manuscript, would -each of them make a respectable volume. - -Llywarch, who was the son of Llewelyn, wrote a poem while undergoing the -ordeal of the hot iron to prove his innocence respecting Madoc's death. -He invoked the aid of the Saviour "lest he should injure his hand with -the shining sword and his kinsmen should have to pay the _galanas_." It -is addressed - -"TO THE HOT IRON. - - - "Good Iron! free me from the charge - Of slaying. Show that he - Who smote the prince with murderous hand - Heaven's kingdoms nine shall never see, - Whilst I the dwelling-place of God - Shall share, safe from all enmity." - - -The same poet, in a panegyric, addressed to Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd, of -Hywell and Madoc, his brothers, says,-- - - - "Two princes were there, who in wrath dealt woe, - Yet by the people of the earth were loved: - One who in Arvon quench'd ambition's flame, - Leading on land his bravely toiling men; - And one of temper mild, in trouble great, - Far o'er the bosom of the mighty sea - Sought a possession he could safely keep, - From all estrangéd for a country's sake." - - -In a poem addressed to Prince Llywelyn ab Iorweth by the same bard, -there appear the following lines: - - - "Needless it is to ask all anxiously, - Who from invaders will our waters guard? - Llywelyn, he will guard the boundary wave; - The lion i' the breach, ruler of Gwynedd. - The land is his to Powys' distant bounds, - He met the Saxons by Llanwynwy lake, - Across the wave is he victorious, - Nephew of Madoc, whom we more and more - Lament that he is gone." - - -Gwalchmai addressed an ode to Davydd ab Owain Gwynedd, lamenting his -being deprived of that prince's brothers: - - - "Silent I cannot be without mentioning who they were, - Who so well of me merited praise: - Owain the fierce, above the muse's song, - The manly hero of the conflict; - Cadwallon, ere he was lost, - It was not with smooth words he praised me; - Cadwaladyr, lover of the harmony of exhilarating songs, - He was wont to honor me; - Madoc, distributing his goods, - More he did to please than displease me." - - -In an elegy on the family of Owain Gwynedd, by Cynddelw, Madoc is twice -mentioned, one passage particularly seeming worthy of attention: - - - "And is not Madoc by the whelming wave - Slain? How I sorrow for the helpful friend! - Even in battle was he free from hate, - Yet not in vain grasp'd he the warrior's spear." - - -There is a Welsh triad entitled "The Three Losses by Disappearance." -The first loss was that of Gavran, the son of Aeddan Vradog, a chieftain -of distinguished celebrity of the latter part of the fifth century. He -went on an expedition to discover some islands which are known by the -name of Gwerddonan Llion, or the Green Islands of the Ocean. He was -never heard of afterwards, and the situation of these islands became -lost to the Welsh. - -The second loss was that of Merddin, who was the Bard of Emrys Wledig, -or the Ambrosius of Saxon history, by whose command Stonehenge was -erected. - -Merddin is held as one of the three Christian Bards of Wales,--Merddin -Wyllt and Taliesin being the other two. - -This Merddin, with twelve Bards, went to sea, and they were heard of no -more. - -The third loss of this remarkable triad was Madoc ab Owain Gwynedd, who, -with three hundred men, went to sea in ten ships, and it is not known -whither they went. - -About 1440 A.D., Meredydd ab Rhys, having obtained the loan of a -fishing-net by a poem, sent a second poem with it when he returned it, -and wrote thus: - - - "Let Ivan, of a generous stock, - Hunt, like his father, on the land; - In good time, on the waters, I, - By liberal aid, will hunter be. - Madoc the brave, of aspect fair, - Owain of Gwynedd's offspring true, - Would have no land,--man of my soul!-- - Nor any wealth, except the seas. - Madoc am I, who, through my life, - By sea will seek my wonted prey." - - -Madoc was a navigator, and made the sea his home. No doubt can be -entertained on that point. In the above quotation the poet likens -himself to Madoc as the true type of a sailor. - -It has been said that the Welsh Bards were historians. They were -retained in families of importance to record the actions of their -ancestors and those of the Bards themselves in odes and songs. While -they may have employed a poetic license in their construction, the facts -themselves were not lost out of sight. So far as can be known, it -appears that these odes were written prior to any definite notion of a -Western world, known subsequently as the American Continent. Madoc's -voyages might not have been very familiar to many except the Welsh, and -they were ignorant whither he went. One thing, however, is absolutely -certain, that this tradition having existed for centuries could not have -been invented, as some have suspected, to support the English against -the Spanish claims of prior discovery. A period of three hundred and -twenty-two years intervened between that of Madoc and that of Columbus. - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - -SUPPORTED BY WELSH AND OTHER HISTORIANS. - - -Many valuable historical documents in prose and in poetry relating to -the Welsh nation were destroyed by the order of Edward the First of -England about the time that he so inhumanly massacred the Welsh Bards. -He feared that their recitations of patriotic poetry among the people -might serve to awaken and preserve the spirit of liberty and -independence among them, and lead eventually to their casting off the -yoke he was so cruelly imposing upon them. - -Sir John Wynne, who was born in 1553 and died in 1626, wrote the history -of the Gwedir family, which remained in manuscript until published by -Hon. Daines Barrington in 1773. It contains an enumeration of the -various branches of the descendants of Owen Gwynedd, especially those -who were claimed to be the more immediate ancestors of Sir John's -family. He mentions Madoc as the son of Owen Gwynedd, but makes no -reference to his voyages. He touches upon the subject of the massacre of -the Bards by Edward the First, "who," he says, "caused them all to be -hanged by martial law as stirrers-up of the people to sedition." Some of -the records of Welsh history were removed from their usually secure -retreats in abbeys to London, as testified to by Sir John and others, -particularly William Salesbury, who declared that they were burned, "and -that there escaped not one that was not incurably maimed, and -irrecuperably torn and mangled." - -This happened in the Tower, where, previous to their destruction, many -of the political prisoners from Wales obtained leave to read "such books -of their tongue as they most delighted in." - -In view of these facts, and considering that the history of the events -contemporaneous with the period at which Madoc is alleged to have left -his native land is unusually scanty on this subject, it is more than -probable that some of these lost manuscripts contained particular -accounts of Madoc's departure. Fortunately, however, enough has escaped -the spoiler's hand to furnish such proof to every rational mind that the -question must be regarded as settled. - -Caradoc, of Llancarvan, Glamorganshire, wrote, in his native language, a -history of Wales. He lived at the time Owen Gwynedd was in the height of -his power and fame, and was familiar with all the more important events -in connection with his country. His history was translated into English -by Humphrey Lloyd, and published by Dr. David Powel in the year 1584, -and has been reprinted several times since. In it is contained the -following narrative, which bears all the semblance of historical truth -that any narration of facts can. Its plainness, naturalness, and -simplicity are at once evident: - -"On the death of Owain Gwynedd, Prince of North Wales, about the year -1169, several of his children contended for his dominions; and Madoc, -one of his sons, perceiving his native land engaged, or on the eve of -being engaged, in a civil war, thought it best to try his fortune in -some foreign clime. Leaving North Wales in a very unsettled state, he -sailed, with a few ships which he had fitted up and manned for that -purpose, to the westward, leaving Ireland to the north. He came at -length to an unknown country, where most things appeared to him new and -uncustomary, and the manners of the natives far different from what he -had seen in Europe. Madoc, having viewed the fertility and pleasantness -of the country, left the most part of those he had taken with him behind -(Sir Thomas Herbert says that the number he left behind was one hundred -and twenty), and returned to North Wales. Upon his arrival he described -to his friends what a fair and extensive land he had met with, void of -any inhabitants, whilst they employed themselves and all their skill to -supplant one another for only a ragged portion of rocks and mountains. -Accordingly, having prevailed with considerable numbers to accompany -him to that country, he sailed back with ten ships, and bid adieu to his -native land." There is an apparent contradiction between "the manners of -the natives" and "void of inhabitants." The historian meant to convey -the idea by the latter phrase that the portion Madoc discovered was -thinly peopled, and might be occupied without much difficulty. - -But it is conjectured that Caradoc's writings do not reach any lower -than the year 1157,--which would be thirteen years earlier than the time -of Madoc's departure, or 1170. Some suppose that Caradoc must have died -in 1157, because the _Brut_ or Annales from which Humphrey Lloyd chiefly -compiled his history of Cambria, and which bore Caradoc's name, did not -extend beyond that year. There is no sound reason for this belief: many -of the various _Bruts_ bore his name, and it is altogether likely that -he was living when Madoc set sail and returned, prior to his final -leave. It would not be wise, however, to dispute Humphrey Lloyd, -Caradoc's translator into English, who says that that part of the -history beyond 1157, and, of course, that including Madoc's voyages, was -compiled from collections made from time to time, and kept in the abbeys -of Conway in Carnarvonshire, North Wales, and Strata Florida, -Cardiganshire, South Wales. These and other abbeys were the repositories -of literature and history for many centuries, whose registers were -carefully compared together every third year, when the Beirdd or Bards -belonging to these houses went on their customary visitations, which -were called _clera_. This practice continued until the death of Prince -Llewelyn, or a little prior, about the year 1270. If Caradoc did not -continue his history beyond 1157, and that because of his death in that -year, even then there is no reason to question the veracity of those -monks of Conway and Strata Florida who continued the same history in -their registers. Guttun Owen, a Bard in the reign of Edward the Fourth -of England, about the year 1480 obtained one of the most perfect copies -of these registers. He doubtless had special facilities, since he was -personally commissioned by Henry the Seventh to search the pedigree of -Owen Tudor, that king's grandfather, among the Welsh annals. Another -Bard about the same time with Guttun Owen mentioned this event. His name -was Cynfrig ab Gronow. Thus, step by step, for the space of three -hundred years, can be traced through Bards and historians this recital -respecting Madoc, and all prior to the discovery of America by Columbus; -so that it cannot possibly be said that the claims afterwards advanced -in favor of Madoc were an after-thought. - -Rev. Josiah Rees, the editor of a Welsh magazine published in Wales in -1770, told the Welsh scholar Edward Williams that he had in his -possession at that time two or three fair manuscripts of Caradoc of -Llancarvan, with the continuation by the monks of Strata Florida, -Guttun Owen, and others. He furthermore said that he had compared these -originals with Dr. Powel's translation, or, more strictly speaking, with -Humphrey Lloyd's translation, which Dr. Powel published in 1584. Mr. -Rees said that it was the most faithful he ever met with in any -language. Lord Lyttleton, in the last century, then, was very much -mistaken, and withal quite ignorant, when he said that Dr. Powel -"dressed up some tradition concerning Madoc in order to convey an idea -that his countrymen had the honor of first discovering America." Dr. -Powel himself did not entirely depend on Lloyd's translation in the -preparation of the work for the press, for he says that he compared that -translation with the original records, and therefore was able to correct -his copy. All this proves that Caradoc's history, with the continuation -from the registers of Conway and Strata Florida, the writings of Guttun -Owen, Cynfrig ab Gronow, Sir Meredyth ab Rhys, and others, were extant -in the days of Lloyd and Powel, and consequently these two latter -historians would have been detected if they had been in any degree -guilty of misrepresentation or forgery. - -In Hakluyt's "Collection of Voyages," a large and costly edition -published in 1589, there is found, in connection with other important -statements, the following: - -"After the death of Owen Gwynedd, his sons fell at debate who should -inherit after him; for the eldest son born in matrimony, Iorweth, or -Edward (Drwyndwn), was counted unmeet to govern, because of the maim -upon his face, and Howel, that took upon him the rule, was a base son, -begotten upon an Irishwoman. Therefore David, another son, gathered all -the power he could, and came against Howel, and, fighting with him, slew -him, and afterwards enjoyed quietly the whole land of North Wales until -his brother Edward's son [Llewelyn] came to age. - -"Madoc, another of Owen Gwynedd's sons, left the land in contentions -betwixt his brethren, and prepared certain ships with men and munition, -and sought adventures by seas, sailing west, and leaving the coast of -Ireland so far north that he came to a land unknown, where he saw many -strange things. This land must needs be some part of the country of -which the Spaniards affirm themselves to be the first finders since -Hanno's time (the Carthaginian admiral, supposed to have flourished -about four hundred and fifty years before Christ); whereupon it is -manifest that that country was by Britons discovered long before -Columbus led any Spaniards thither. - -"Of the voyage and return of this Madoc there be many fables framed, as -the common people do use, in distance of place and length of time, -rather to augment than to diminish; _but sure it is, there he was_. And -after he had returned home and declared the pleasant and fruitful -countries that he had seen, and, upon the contrary, for what barren and -wild ground his brethren and nephews did murder one another, he prepared -a number of ships, and got with him such men and women as were desirous -to live in quietness, and, taking leave of his friends, took his journey -thitherwards again. - -"Therefore it is supposed that he and his people inhabited part of those -countries; for it appears by Francis Lopez de Gomara that in Acuzamil, -and other places, the people honored the cross. Whereby it may be -gathered that Christians had been there before the coming of the -Spaniards; but, because this people were not many, they followed the -manner of the land which they came to, and the language they found -there. This Madoc, arriving in that western country, unto the which he -came in the year 1170, left the most of his people there, and, returning -back for more of his own nation, acquaintance, and friends to inhabit -that fair and large country, went thither again with ten sails, _as I -find noted by Guttun Owen_. I am of opinion that the land whereunto he -came was some part of the West Indies." - -It is worthy of observation that Hakluyt distinctly says that he derived -his account from Guttun Owen, and, therefore, from the original sources -themselves, as it has been shown that Owen secured perfect copies from -the abbeys. Hakluyt does not refer to Lloyd and Powel as his -authorities, because he was fortunate in gaining access to the writings -from which they too had compiled their histories. Thus the historical -veracity of Lloyd and Powel is, without design, sustained by the learned -Hakluyt. - -Another point that should not be passed is in relation to the last -sentence of the extract just given, wherein Hakluyt expresses his -opinion that Madoc touched the West Indies. It will be understood that -during the earlier discoveries that name--West Indies--embraced not only -those islands which are now known by it, but also so much of the -continent or mainland as had been occupied. - -During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, who ascended the throne in 1558, -the belief seems to have been universal that Madoc did sail and discover -America; and most historical writers of the time have introduced the -subject into their writings with the same credence that any other -well-ascertained fact deserves. - -Hornius, in his "De Originibus Americanis," gives an account of the same -event. The following is an extract translated from the Latin: - -"From hence he [Hakluyt] concludes that Madoc, with his Cambrians, -discovered a part of North America. A cursory attention to the figure of -the earth must convince every one that on this direction he must have -landed on that continent; for beyond Ireland no land can be found except -Bermuda to this day [1650] uncultivated but the extensive continent of -America. As Madoc directed his course westward, it cannot be doubted but -that he fell in with Virginia or New England, and there settled. - -"Nor is this contradicted by its being said that the country was -uninhabited and uncultivated; for that country is very extensive, and in -our times, after six centuries, is but thinly peopled. Besides, that -tract on which Madoc landed might be desert, and yet other places in the -interior parts, possessed by the barbarous Chichimecas, might be -populous, with whom the Cambrians mingled, and, the communication being -dropped between them and their mother-country, they adopted the language -and manners of the country. The traditions prevailing among the natives -strongly confirm me in this opinion; for the Virginians and -Guahutemallians, from ancient times, worshipped one Madoc as a hero. -Concerning the Virginians, see Martyr, decade vii. chap. 3; concerning -the Guahutemallians, decade viii. chap. 5. Among them we have Matec -Zungam and Mat Ingam; and why this should not be Madoc the Cambrian, -whom the monuments in the country prove to have been in those parts, no -reason can be given. As to antiquity, five centuries are sufficient, -beyond which American traditions do not ascend." - -In another part he says, "For when it is demonstrated that Madoc, a -prince of Cambria, with some of his nation, discovered and inhabited -some lands in the West, and that his name and memory are still retained -among them, scarcely any doubt remains." - -Peter Martyr, alluded to in the above extract, lived in the court of -Ferdinand, King of Spain. He was the author of several works, among them -the "Decades," which contain the references to Matec Zungam, or Madoc -the Cambrian. He was at court when Columbus returned from his first -voyage, and is considered good authority with respect to what he wrote -about in those times. He distinctly affirms that some nations in America -honored the memory of one Madoc when Columbus landed on that coast. - -Our next quotation will be from "Letters writ by a Turkish Spy," who -lived forty-five years undiscovered in Paris, giving an impartial -account to the Divan at Constantinople of the most remarkable -transactions of Europe from the year 1673 to 1682. They were originally -written in Arabic. The author of this work, which caused a great -sensation at the time, as well from the highly-interesting character of -its contents as from the profound secrecy in which the name of the -writer was long involved, was John Paul Marana, a native of Italy. He -says, "This prince [Charles II.] has several nations under his -dominions, and it is thought he scarce knows the just extent of his -territories in America. There is a region on that continent inhabited by -a people whom they call Tuscorards and Doegs. Their language is the -same as is spoken by the Welsh. They are thought to descend from them. -It is certain that when the Spaniards first conquered Mexico they were -surprised to hear the inhabitants discourse of a strange people that -formerly came thither in corraughs, who taught them the knowledge of God -and immortality, instructed them also in virtue and morality, and -prescribed holy rites and ceremonies of religion. 'Tis remarkable, also, -what an Indian king said to a Spaniard, viz., that in foregoing ages a -strange people arrived there by sea, to whom his ancestry gave -hospitable entertainment, in regard they found them men of wit and -courage, endued also with many other excellencies, but he could give no -account of their original or name. The Welsh language is so prevalent in -that country that the very towns, bridges, beasts, birds, rivers, hills, -etc., are called by Welsh names. Who can tell the various -transmigrations of mortals on earth, or trace out the true originals of -any people?" - -Sir Thomas Herbert visited Persia and many other countries about 1626, -and in connection with his travels mentioned Madoc's emigration to the -West. He states that Madoc embarked at Abergwilly, and first reached -Newfoundland, whence, coasting along, he in time came to a convenient -place for settlement; that, after recruiting the health of his men, and -fortifying the spot he had pitched upon, leaving a hundred and twenty of -his crew, he returned to Wales, and conducted back to his new home a -fleet of ten barks, and found but few of those he left remaining. With -the aid of Einon and Idwal, he soon put things in order again, and -waited vainly for the arrival of other emigrants from Wales, of those -who were to have followed him; but none came, owing to the wars with -England. Sir Thomas concludes by saying that "had this voyage of the -Prince of Gwynedd been known and inherited, _then had not Columbus, -Americus Vespucius, Magellan, nor others, carried away the honor of so -great a discovery, nor had Madoc been defrauded of his memory, nor our -kings of their just title to a portion of the West Indies_." - - - - -CHAPTER V. - -THE NARRATIVE OF REV. MORGAN JONES. - - -In the year 1740 there appeared in the "Gentleman's Magazine," London, -England, a very remarkable narration, written by Rev. Morgan Jones. It -is as follows: - -"These presents may certify all persons whatever, that in the year 1660, -being an inhabitant of Virginia, and chaplain to Major-General Bennet, -of Mansoman County, the said Major Bennet and Sir William Berkeley sent -two ships to Port Royal, now called South Carolina, which is sixty -leagues to the southward of Cape Fair, and I was sent therewith to be -their minister. Upon the 8th of April we set out from Virginia, and -arrived at the harbor's mouth of Port Royal the 19th of the same month, -where we waited for the rest of the fleet, that was to sail from -Barbadoes and Bermuda, with one Mr. West, who was to be Deputy Governor -of said place. As soon as the fleet came in, the smallest vessels that -were with us sailed up the river to a place called the Oyster Point. -Here I continued about eight months, all which time being almost starved -for want of provisions, five others, with myself, travelled through the -wilderness till we came to the Tuscarora Country. Here the Tuscarora -Indians took us prisoners, because we told them that we were bound to -Roanoke. That night they carried us to their town, and shut us up close, -to our no small dread. The next day they entered into a consultation -about us, which after it was over, their interpreter told us that we -must prepare ourselves to die next morning. Whereupon, being very much -dejected, and speaking to this effect in the British tongue: Have I -escaped so many dangers, and must I now be knocked on the head like a -dog? then presently an Indian came to me, which afterwards appeared to -be a war-captain belonging to the sachem of the Doegs (whose original I -find must needs be from the old Britons), and took me up by the middle, -and told me in the British tongue I should not die, and thereupon went -to the Emperor of the Tuscaroras, and agreed for my ransom and the men -who were with me. They then welcomed us to their town, and entertained -us very civilly and cordially four months, during which time I had the -opportunity of conversing with them familiarly in the British language, -_and did preach to them three times a week in the same language_, and -they would confer with me about anything that was difficult therein. At -our departure they abundantly supplied us with whatever was necessary to -our support and well-doing. They are settled upon Pontigo River, not -far from Cape Atros [Hatteras]. This is a brief recital of my travels -among the Doeg Indians. - -"MORGAN JONES, -"Son of John Jones, Basaleg, -near Newport, County of Monmouth. - -"I am ready to conduct any Welshmen or others to the country. - -"NEW YORK, March 10, 1685-6." - -It appears that the origin of this narration came about in the following -way, as described by Charles Lloyd, Esq., of Dôl y Frân, -Montgomeryshire, in a letter which he has written. He says, "My brother, -Dr. Thomas Lloyd, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, having heard of Rev. -Morgan Jones's adventures, and meeting him in New York, desired him to -write them out with his own hand in his house; and to please me and my -cousin, Thomas Price, of Llanvyllin, he sent me the original. Mr. Jones -was living then within twelve miles of New York, and was contemporary -with me and my brother at Oxford. He was of Jesus College, and called -there 'Senior Jones,' by way of distinction." - -The original was given to Dr. Thomas Lloyd, and transmitted to his -brother, as mentioned above; subsequently it came into the possession of -Dr. Robert Plott, through Edward Lloyd, A.M., keeper of the Ashmolean -Museum at Oxford, the former having maintained in his writings his -implicit belief in Madoc's emigration and Mr. Jones's narrative. Rev. -Theophilus Evans afterwards communicated the narration to the -"Gentleman's Magazine." He was a Welsh clergyman, vicar of St. David's -in Brecon, and well versed in the history of his nation. It is to be -regretted that other accounts of the travels of Mr. Jones among the -Doegs of the Tuscaroras, which were published at an earlier period, have -not been preserved, inasmuch as they would materially assist in more -fully establishing the veracity of the writer. As it is, however, it -does not appear that his truthfulness has ever been questioned. He was -an educated man, a graduate of Oxford, and not likely to be mistaken or -led into an easy credulity. He is explicit as to the mode of his rescue, -while engaged in prayer and deploring his wretched fate, the time he -remained among them, his conversing with them and explaining anything -difficult between them,--nothing unreasonable to expect, after the lapse -of so many centuries,--his preaching to them three times a week. All -these things, taken in connection with his accurate description of the -location of this tribe, must impress the candid reader that this -clergyman gave a recital of unvarnished facts. - -At the time Mr. Jones was captured, the Tuscaroras inhabited a range of -country that extended from Virginia down into the Carolinas. They -comprised several branches, known as Doegs, Chowans, Meherrins, and -Nottoways, who dwelt along the rivers bearing some of their names. They -were often called the Southern Iroquois, because they were chiefly -kindred in dialect with the main body of that mighty confederacy, the -Five Nations, or Iroquois proper. They made frequent incursions into the -territory of the Carolinians, by whom they were severely defeated in -1712: large numbers were taken prisoners, while the remainder fled -northward and formed the sixth nation of the celebrated Iroquois -Confederacy. Iroquois was a term applied to this confederacy by the -French; Mingoes was the name given to those composing it by the great -Algonquin race of red men, by whom they were largely surrounded, and -with whom they were almost incessantly engaged in bloody and decimating -wars. - -The Five Nations called themselves Konoskioni, or "Cabin-Builders." The -territory they occupied when Europeans obtained a more general -acquaintance with them, which embraced New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, -Virginia, and portions of the Carolinas, evidently had not been in their -possession a very great length of time. From all that can be -ascertained, they came from the west, in an easterly direction, crossing -the Nauraesi Sipu (Mississippi), and made war upon another nation, -called the Alligewi or Alleghanians, destroyed their works, and drove -them into the interior, the conquerors taking possession of the eastern -country. Now, who were these Alligewi? That they were expelled from the -lands held by the Five Nations there can be no doubt; that they moved -westward is equally certain. But who were they? They were supposed to be -whites. McCulloh, in his "Researches on America," says that an -exterminating war appears to have taken place between the barbarous -natives (Iroquois) and their more refined and civilized neighbors, -ending in the nearly total destruction of the latter, the few survivors -of whom fled to happier climes; and to these aboriginal whites, perhaps, -the Mexicans were indebted for their refinement and knowledge. Traces of -these Alligewi are found throughout those portions of the country of the -Eastern States once held by them, afterwards by Iroquois. Their line of -march westward may be clearly traced by the earthen fortifications they -threw up for purposes of defence against their savage and wily enemies. -Almost without exception the traditions of the red men ascribe the -construction of these works to white men. Some of them belonging to -different tribes at the present say that they had understood from their -prophets and old men that it had been a tradition among their several -nations that the eastern country and Ohio and Kentucky had once been -inhabited by white people, but that they were mostly exterminated at the -Falls of Ohio. The red men drove the whites to a small island (Sandy -Island) below the rapids, where they were cut to pieces. _Kentuckee_, in -Indian, signifies _river of blood_. Some of the fragments of the -ancient tribe of the Sacs expressed astonishment to a gentleman at St. -Louis that any person should live in Kentucky. The country, they said, -had been the scene of much blood, and was filled with the _manes_ of the -butchered inhabitants, who were white people. - -The westward movements of the tribes which were overpowered and -displaced by the Iroquois are distinctly marked, and show that a -European civilization had some influence in directing the construction -of those lines of defences along the largest valleys and streams of the -countries through which they passed, until, arriving at the Ohio, they -made a vigorous stand, with the resolution not to be driven any farther -into the interior. This will account for the much greater number of -earthen defences found along the Ohio, and, besides, agrees with the -traditions of the red men. When, however, defeated here, after a -residence extending over many years, the remnants of those tribes which -survived the bloody battles fled up the Missouri. - -But who were these Alligewi, or Alligenians? The word is strikingly -familiar to the Welsh ear, with its double _l_, and corresponds with the -Welsh words _alii_, mighty, and _geni_, born, or "mighty born." - -Although the Tuscaroras, among whom Mr. Jones lived and preached, were -supposed to be akin to the Iroquois in language and finally -confederated with them, it is altogether probable that they were more -anciently a branch of the Alligewi, who could not be driven from their -soil. These Tuscaroras were lighter in color than the other tribes, and -so noticeable was this peculiarity that they were generally mentioned as -_White Indians_. Emanating from this source, many travellers -subsequently applied the title to tribes through whose boundaries they -passed in the West and South. Doubtless they had a common origin. - -They stated that their ancestors were Welsh. If the objection is made, -how they could have lost traces of European civilization so soon, it may -be recollected that the buccaneers of St. Domingo had in thirty years -forgotten all knowledge of Christianity. Such radical differences as -exist between the white and red races could not have been lost without -the lapse of centuries; while their languages would undergo, more or -less, some marked modifications. Dr. Williams, writing upon this subject -in his "Enquiry," published in 1791, says, "When it is considered that -Mr. Jones's visit to these nations was nearly five hundred years after -the emigration of Prince Madoc, it can be no wonder that the language of -both Mr. Jones and the Indians was very much altered. After so long a -period, Mr. Jones must have been obliged to make use of words and -phrases in preaching Christianity with which they must have been -altogether unacquainted. Besides, all living languages are continually -changing: therefore, during so many centuries, the original tongue must -have been very much altered, by the introduction of new words borrowed -from the inhabitants of the country. Though the language was _radically_ -the same, yet Mr. Jones, especially when treating of abstract subjects, -was hardly intelligible to them without some explanations. We are told -that the religious worship of the Mexicans, with all its absurdities, -was less superstitious than that of the ancient and learned Greeks and -Romans. May we not conclude that the Mexicans derived some part of their -religious knowledge from a people enlightened by a Divine revelation, -which, though very much corrupted in the days of Madoc, yet was superior -to heathen darkness?" - -Many of the names mentioned by Mr. Jones in his narrative seem to have a -Welsh origin, and bear a precisely similar sound to words in that -language. - -_Pontigo_--a name applied to a river in that country where he found -them--seems derived from Pont y Go, "The Smith's Bridge," or Pant y Go, -"The Smith's Valley;" a smith dwelling beside a river or bridge being -sufficient to originate such a name. Dr. Robertson says, in his "History -of America," vol. ii. p. 126, that "the Indians were very ignorant of -the use of metals; artificers in metals were scarce, and on that account -a name might be given to a bridge or valley where one dwelt." Doeg -Indians might be a corruption of Madog's Indians. The majority of those -who have had any convictions on this subject have believed that Madoc -first landed with his colony somewhere in New England, and that they -then moved down the coast and inhabited portions of the country between -Virginia and Florida. New England has some vestiges of European -civilization which were there before the Pilgrim Fathers landed. The -celebrated round tower at Newport, Rhode Island, about the origin of -which tradition and history are silent, is certainly constructed on the -same principle as Stonehenge, England, and many other Cambrian -memorials. It conforms exactly to the Druidic circle. Its materials are -unhewn stone. It rests upon eight round columns, twenty-three feet in -diameter, and twenty-four feet in height. Any person familiar with -Cambrian and Scandinavian archæology will not hesitate to attribute the -construction of this tower rather to the Cambrian than to the -Scandinavian navigators. - -A letter written by Charles Lloyd, Esq., of Dôl y Frân, in -Montgomeryshire, already mentioned, published in 1777 by Rev. N. Owen, -jun., A.M., in a pamphlet entitled "British Remains," strongly confirms -Mr. Jones's narrative, and the truth of Madoc's voyages. - -Mr. Lloyd says that he had been informed by a friend that a Mr. Stedman, -of Breconshire, about thirty years before the date of his letter, was -on the coast of America in a Dutch bottom, and being about to land for -refreshment the natives kept them off by force, till at last this -Stedman told his fellow Dutch seamen that he understood what the natives -spoke. The Dutch bade him speak to them, and they were thereupon very -courteous; they supplied them with the best things they had, and told -Stedman that they came from a country called Gwynedd (North Wales), in -Prydain Fawr (Great Britain). Prydain was the son of Hugh the Mighty, -and supposed to have been the first to establish government and set up -royalty in the isle of Britain, and the island was called by his name. -Mr. Lloyd said that Mr. Stedman found these Welsh Indians along the -coast between Virginia and Florida. Furthermore, this gentleman said -that a Mr. Oliver Humphreys, a merchant, who died not long before the -date of Mr. Lloyd's letter, told him that when he lived at Surinam he -spoke with an English privateer, or pirate, who, being near Florida, -careening his vessel, had learned, as he thought, the Indian language, -which his friend said was perfect Welsh. - -It is to be regretted that Rev. Morgan Jones and these others could not -have given more of the traditional history of these Indians; but what -they have recited is explicit. Here is no collusion, no attempt to meet -the tradition concerning Madoc, for they, in all probability, knew -nothing about it. - -If the Welsh Indians could be identified as descendants of Madoc's -colony, or if the Alligewi could be ascertained to have been the Welsh, -the discovered traces of civilization, Christianity, and the arts might -partly be referred to their instrumentality. They may have contributed -to swell the tide of population, and aided in constructing those forts -and works which so much resemble those of their own country. Our -American mounds agree in the minutest particulars with those described -by Pennant as found during his "Tour in Wales." - -This is the opinion of De Laet, Hornius, Mitchel, and others. - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - -THE NARRATIVE OF REV. CHARLES BEATTY. - - -In a "Journal of a Two Months' Tour," written by Rev. Charles Beatty, -A.M., and dedicated to the Earl of Dartmouth, London, 1768, the author -presents a sketch of a visit to some of the inland parts of North -America during the year 1766. He was accompanied by a Mr. Duffield. Mr. -Beatty was a missionary from New York, and travelled several hundred -miles in a southwest direction from that city. During his tour he met -several persons who had been among the Indians from their youth, or who -had been taken captives by them and lived with them several years. - -When at the foot of the Alleghany Mountains, Pennsylvania, he stopped at -the house of Mr. John Miller, where he met with one Benjamin Sutton, who -had been taken captive by the Indians, had been in different nations, -and had lived many years among them. He informed Mr. Beatty and his -companion that "when he was with the Choctaw nation or tribe of Indians, -at the Mississippi, he went to an Indian town a very considerable -distance from New Orleans, whose inhabitants were of different -complexions,--not so tawny as those of the other Indians,--and who spoke -Welsh. He said that he saw a book among them, which he supposed was a -Bible, which they kept carefully wrapped up in a skin, but they could -not read it; and that he heard some of these Indians afterwards in the -lower Shawanese town speak Welsh with one Lewis, a Welshman, who was a -captive there. This Welsh tribe now live on the west side of the -Mississippi, a great way above New Orleans." - -At Tuscarora Valley--a name, be it remembered, the same as that of the -tribe among which Rev. Morgan Jones found those speaking Welsh--Mr. -Beatty met with another man, named Levi Hicks, who had been a captive -from his youth. He said that he "was once attending an embassy at an -Indian town on the west side of the Mississippi, where the inhabitants -spoke Welsh (as he was told, for he did not understand them); and our -Indian interpreter, Joseph Peepy, said he once saw some Indians, whom he -supposed to be of the same tribe, who talked Welsh. He was sure that it -was Welsh, for he had been acquainted with Welsh people and understood -some words. - -"Mr. Sutton farther told us that he had often heard the following -traditions among them; that of old time their people were divided by a -river, and one part tarrying behind; that they knew not for certainty -how they first came to this continent, but account for their coming into -these parts near where they are now settled; that a king of their -nation left his kingdom to his two sons; that the one son making war -upon the other the latter thereupon determined to depart and seek some -new habitation; that accordingly he set out accompanied by a number of -his people, and that after wandering to and fro for the space of forty -years they at length came to the Delaware River, where they settled, -three hundred and seventy years ago. The way, he says, they keep an -account of this is by putting a black bead of wampum every year since on -a belt they had for that purpose. He farther added that the king of that -country from whence they came, some years ago, when the French were in -possession of Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg), sent out some of his people in -order, if possible, to find out that part of their nation that departed -to seek a new country, and that these men, after seeking six years, came -at length to the Pickt Town, on the Ouabache River, and there happened -to meet with a Delaware Indian named Jack, after the English, whose -language they could understand; and that by him they were conducted to -the Delaware towns, where they tarried one year, and returned; that the -French sent a white man with them, properly furnished, to bring back an -account of their country, who, the Indians said, could not return in -less than fourteen years, for they lived a great way toward the setting -sun. It is now, Sutton says, about ten or twelve years since they went -away." - -Dr. Williams, who wrote upon this subject, thought that these traditions -referred to the unsettled state of North Wales, the departure of Madoc, -and his travels before he finally settled. - -It would not be surprising if Mr. Beatty's Indian interpreter, Joseph -Peepy, had been among Welsh people in Pennsylvania, for large colonies -of Welsh settled, in early colonial days, in and around Philadelphia. -"The Welsh Tract" is still well known. William Penn and his family were -of Welsh extraction. A large number of his followers were Welshmen. -Philadelphia contains a larger proportion of Welsh descendants than any -other city in the United States. The first mayor of the city, Anthony -Morris, and the first Governor of the colony of Pennsylvania, Thomas -Lloyd, were both Welshmen. - -These colonies extended more and more into the interior, and came in -contact with the nearest tribes. Traffic was carried on between them, -and in this way Mr. Beatty's interpreter became somewhat acquainted with -the Welsh tongue. Afterwards, penetrating far into the interior, where -he spent many years, he found, as he informed Mr. Beatty, Indians -speaking the same language he had heard among the Welsh people of -Pennsylvania. To his testimony is added that of Benjamin Sutton and Levi -Hicks, each independent of and consistent with the other. By means of -these, and others, the residents of Pennsylvania were made acquainted -with the existence of Welsh Indians. It is not at all likely that all, -if indeed any, of them then knew of the historical records in Wales -relating to Madoc; it was afterwards that they found out there were -such. - -The Rev. Thomas Jones, of Nottage, in the county of Glamorgan, came to -America in 1737. His son, Samuel, was then about three years of age. He -gave him a liberal education in Philadelphia, where he took the degree -of Doctor of Divinity. He, (Dr.) Samuel Jones, wrote a letter to Rev. -William Richards, of Lynn, in Norfolk. In that letter, speaking of the -Madocian Indians, he says, "The finding of them would be one of the most -pleasing things to me that could happen. I think I should go immediately -amongst them, though I am now turned fifty-five; and there are in -America Welsh preachers ready to set out to visit them as soon as the -way to their country is discovered. I know now several in Pennsylvania -who have been amongst those Indians." - -The following words are in a letter from Mr. Reynold Howells to a Mr. -Mills, dated Philadelphia, 1752: "The Welsh Indians are found out: they -are situated on the west side of the great river Mississippi." - -William Pritchard, a bookseller and printer of Philadelphia, when in -London, in 1791, told some Welsh scholars, among them Mr. Owen and Dr. -Williams, that he had often heard of the Welsh Indians, that in -Pennsylvania they were universally believed to be very far westward of -the Mississippi, that he had often heard of people who had been among -them, and that if he should be but very little assisted he should -immediately visit them. - -A writer in the "Mount Joy Herald," after alluding to Powel's "History" -upon this subject, which has been quoted already, gives this additional -extract from the same:--"Three hundred and twenty-two years after this -date,--Madoc's departure,--when Columbus discovered this continent a -second time and returned to Europe to make his report, it caused great -excitement, and he was justly applauded. But his enemies, and those who -envied his fame, boldly charged him with acquiring his knowledge from -the charts and manuscripts of Madoc. In the year 1854 I had a -conversation with an old Indian prophet, who styled himself the -fifteenth in the line of succession. He told me, in broken English, that -long ago a race of white people had lived at the mouth of Conestoga -Creek, who had red hair and blue eyes, who cleared the land, fenced, -plowed, raised grain, etc., that they introduced the honey-bee, unknown -to them. He said the Indians called them the Welegcens, and that in the -time of the fifth prophet the Conestoga Indians made war with them, -and, after great slaughter on both sides, the white settlers were -driven away. Our fathers and grandfathers used to tell us what a hatred -and prejudice the Conestoga Indians had against red-haired and blue-eyed -people in all their wars in Eastern Pennsylvania. When taking white -prisoners, they would discriminate between the black-haired and the red, -showing mercy to the former, and reserving the latter for torture and -death. This would seem to indicate that they knew from tradition of -Prince Madoc and his followers, and of the fearful fight they had made. - -"About the year 1800 (for I must quote from memory), a man digging a -cellar in the vicinity of the Indian Steppes came upon a lot of small -iron axes, thirty-six in number. My father, who resided in Manor -township and followed blacksmithing, was presented with one of these -relics; and I recollect seeing it in his shop twenty-five years after -that date. It was curiously constructed; the eye was joined after the -fashion of the old garden hoe; it had no pole end, and had never been -ground to an edge, nor had the others ever been. It had lain so long in -the ground that the eye was almost eaten through with rust; and its -construction was so ancient that I looked upon it as the first exodus -from the stone to the iron axe." - -Rev. Morgan Jones, of Hammersmith, England, wrote a letter to Dr. John -Williams, in which he says that his father and his family went to -Pennsylvania about the year 1750, where he met with several persons whom -he knew in Wales,--one in particular with whom he had been intimate. -This person had formerly lived in Pennsylvania, but then lived in North -Carolina. Upon his return to Pennsylvania, the following year, to settle -his affairs, they met a second time. Mr. Jones's friend told him that he -then was very sure there were Welsh Indians, and gave as a reason, that -his house in North Carolina was situated on the great Indian road to -Charlestown, where he often lodged parties of them. In one of these -parties, an Indian, hearing the family speak Welsh, began to jump and -caper as if he had been out of his senses. Being asked what was the -matter with him, he replied, "I know an Indian nation who speak that -language, and have learnt a little of it myself by living among them;" -and when examined, he was found to have some knowledge of it. When asked -where they lived, he said, "A great way beyond the Mississippi." Being -promised a handsome reward, he said that he would endeavor to bring some -of them to that part of the country; but Mr. Jones, soon after returning -to England, never heard any more of the Indian. - -In the "Gentleman's Magazine" for July, 1791, page 612, Mr. Edward -Williams says that about twenty years prior he became acquainted with a -Mr. Binon, of Coyty, in the county of Glamorgan, who had been absent -from his native country over thirty years. Mr. Binon said he had been -an Indian trader from Philadelphia for several years; that about the -year 1750 he and five or six others penetrated much farther than usual -to the westward of the Mississippi, and found a nation of Indians who -spoke the Welsh tongue. They had iron among them, lived in stone built -villages, and were better clothed than the other tribes. They gave Mr. -Binon a kind reception, but were suspicious of his companions, taking -them for Spaniards or Frenchmen, with whom they seemed to be at war. -They showed him a manuscript book, which they carefully kept, believing -that it contained the mysteries of religion, and said _that it was not -long since a man had been among them who understood it_. This man, whom -they esteemed a prophet (could it have been the Rev. Morgan Jones?), -told them, they said, that a people would some time visit them and -explain to them the mysteries contained in their book, which would make -them completely happy. They very anxiously asked Mr. Binon if he -understood it, and, being answered in the negative, they appeared very -sad, and earnestly desired him to send some one to them who could -explain it. After he and his fellow-travellers had been for some time -among them, they departed, and were conducted by those friendly Indians -through vast deserts, and were supplied by them with plenty of -provisions, which the woods afforded; and after they had been brought -to a place they well knew, they parted with their numerous Indian -guides, who wept bitterly on their taking leave, and very urgently -entreated them to send a person to them who could interpret their book. -On Mr. Binon's arrival in Philadelphia, and relating the story, he found -that the inhabitants of the Welsh Tract had some knowledge of these -Indians, and that some Welshmen had been among them. He also learned -then that on several occasions parties of thirty and forty of these -Welsh Indians had visited the Welsh settled on the Tract near -Philadelphia. Mr. Binon furthermore said that when he told those -Indians, whom he had visited, that he came from Wales, they replied, "It -was from thence our ancestors came, but we do not now know in what part -of the world Wales is." - -Mr. Edward Williams, who gave to the world the above account from Mr. -Binon, also had an interview with a Mr. Richard Burnell, a gentleman who -went to America about the year 1763, and who returned to England when -the American war broke out. - -During Mr. Burnell's residence in and near Philadelphia, he became well -acquainted with the Welsh people, who informed him that the Welsh -Indians were well known to many in Pennsylvania. He personally knew Mr. -Beatty, whose narrative opens this chapter, and a Mr. Lewis, who saw -some of these Welsh Indians in a congress among the Chickasaws, with -whom and the Natchez Mr. Burnell says they are in alliance. He also said -that there was in Philadelphia a Mr. Willin, a very rich Quaker, who had -obtained a grant of a large extent of country on the Mississippi, in the -district of the Natchez; and, having taken with him a great number of -settlers, he had among them Welshmen who understood the Indians. Mr. -Burnell, anxious to be informed, waited upon Mr. Willin, who assured him -that among his colony there were two Welshmen who perfectly understood -the Indians and would converse with them for hours together, and that -these Welshmen had often assured him the Indians spoke the Welsh -language; that some of them were settled in those parts, some on the -west side of the Mississippi, and others in remote parts. At this time -Mr. Burnell had a son, Cradog Burnell, settled at Buck's Island, near -Augusta, Georgia. He was a capital trader in the back settlements. A -company of about a hundred persons had purchased forty millions of acres -from the Natchez and Yazoos along the Mississippi and the rivers Yazoo -and Tombecbe, which fall into it. Mr. Burnell's son was connected with -this large colony; and he said that probably his son knew more about -these Welsh Indians "than any man living. He had the best opportunities, -for he reads and writes the Welsh language extremely well." - -If it be granted that Mr. Binon saw a manuscript book among those whom -he visited, and that neither they nor he could read it, that would not -be surprising; for many persons of greater intelligence in these times -cannot read old books in the manuscript or old-style print of centuries -ago. Most of them were written in the Roman character; but there are -some in the Greek character, which, transferred to the Welsh or old -English, would demand scholarship to interpret. - -Let it be borne in mind, too, that the time is not very far back when it -was considered quite an accomplishment for kings and queens to be able -simply to read. There are books in manuscript and print in the public -libraries of the world, dating back many centuries, which cannot be read -and understood by those in whose vernacular they were written or -printed. - -Enough recitals have been added to the narrative of Rev. Charles Beatty -to render it absolutely certain that in his time and during his tour -through Pennsylvania there existed a firm conviction, based on personal -knowledge and experience, that there was a tribe of Indians who spoke -the Welsh language; that they formerly had occupied the eastern portions -of the country, but, pressed by their enemies, red and white, they had -retreated farther and farther into the interior, and had become broken -into scattering fragments, incorporating themselves in some cases with -other tribes. Can they be pursued by the antiquary or the historian? Let -the succeeding pages answer. - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - -THE WELSH INDIANS MOVING WEST. - - -Modern investigations and discoveries show that there once existed an -almost unbroken system of defences, extending from New York, -Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the Carolinas, in a diagonal direction, to -the valley of the Ohio, and thence into the great basin of the -Mississippi. These works increase in size and number as they advance -towards the centre, and may properly be classified into forts for -defence and tumuli or mounds for sepulture. They are chiefly found along -the fertile valleys through which run large rivers, and at their -junctions with one another. It is quite usual with writers on these -remarkable works to assign to them so great an antiquity that the -employment of figures is almost useless if they tell the truth. But -there are substantial reasons for the belief that they were erected by -the Welsh, aided by those Indians with whom they became incorporated and -whom they directed in their labor. The route they took, either by choice -or necessity, and the exact correspondence of these earthen monuments -with those found in England and Europe known to be of Cambrian origin, -go very far to support this belief. - -In Onondaga, New York, there are vestiges of ancient settlements dating -back beyond the time when the council-fires of the Six Nations burned -there. These are protected by three circular forts. - -Isaac Chapman, Esq., says, in his "History of Wyoming," Pennsylvania, -"In the valley of Wyoming there exist some remains of ancient -fortifications, which appear to have been constructed by a race of -people very different in their habits from those who occupied the place -when first discovered by the whites. Most of these ruins have been so -obliterated by the operations of agriculture that their forms cannot now -be distinctly ascertained. That which remains the most entire was -examined by the writer during the summer of 1817, and its dimensions -carefully ascertained, although from frequent plowing its form had -become almost destroyed. It is situated in the township of Kingston, -upon a level plain, on the north side of Toby's Creek, about one hundred -and fifty feet from its bank, and about half a mile from its confluence -with the Susquehanna. From present appearances, it consisted probably of -only one mound, which in height and thickness appears to have been the -same on all sides, and was constructed of earth, the plain on which it -stands not abounding in stone. On the outside of the rampart is an -intrenchment, or ditch. When the first settlers came to Wyoming, this -plain was covered with its native forest, consisting principally of oak -and yellow pine, and the trees which grew in the rampart and the -intrenchment are said to have been as large as those in any other part -of the valley; one large oak particularly, upon being cut down, was -ascertained to be _seven hundred years old_. The Indians had no -tradition concerning these fortifications; neither did they appear to -have any knowledge of the purposes for which they were constructed. They -were, perhaps, erected about the same time with those upon the waters of -the Ohio, and probably by a similar people and for similar purposes." - -Directly opposite, on the eastern bank of the Susquehanna, a little -above the city of Wilkesbarre, another fortification has been discovered -and measured, and found to have been of precisely the same size and -dimensions as that described by Mr. Chapman. - -In these earthen works, and along the banks of the river up as far as -Towanda, have been found human skeletons,--as many as six at one time -having been washed out from old fire-places by the freshets,--large -earthen vessels, and relics of various kinds. One of these earthen -vessels was twelve feet in diameter, thirty-six feet in circumference, -and three inches thick. It was found on the farm of a Mr. Kinney. Relics -of iron instruments have also been found--which agrees with a -remarkable tradition of the Shawanese Indians who emigrated from -Pennsylvania to Ohio, "that the coasts were inhabited by white men who -used iron instruments." - -Six buttons were also discovered bearing on their faces the _mermaid_, -the coat of arms of the Principality of Wales. - -Passing thence westward to the streams which empty into the Ohio,--the -Alleghany, Monongahela, Muskingum,--and down the Ohio itself on both -sides, many wonderful earthen remains have been brought to view, those -circular in form being the most frequent. They show, too, that they were -constructed by a people who were migrating from one part of the country -to another through the pressure of enemies or the inducement of more -fertile lands. - -In the year 1784, Mr. John Filson published a pamphlet entitled "The -Discovery, Settlement, and Present State of Kentucky," wherein, after -mentioning the story of Madoc, he has these words: "This account has at -different times drawn the attention of the world; but, as no vestiges of -them [the Welsh] had then been found, it was concluded, perhaps too -rashly, to be a fable,--at least, that no remains of the colony existed. -But of late years the Western settlers have received frequent accounts -of a nation at a great distance up the Missouri (a branch of the -Mississippi) in manners and appearance resembling other Indians, but -speaking Welsh and retaining some ceremonies of the Christian worship; -and at length this is universally believed to be fact. Captain Abraham -Chaplain, a gentleman whose veracity may be entirely depended upon, -assured me that in the late war, being with his company in garrison at -Kaskaskia, some Indians came there, and, speaking the Welsh language, -were perfectly understood, and conversed with two Welshmen in his -company, and that they informed them of their situation as mentioned -above." Mr. Filson then continues: "That there are remains in Kentucky -which prove that the country was formerly inhabited by a nation farther -advanced in the arts of life than the Indians, and that these are -usually attributed to the Welsh, who are supposed formerly to have -inhabited these parts; that a great number of regular intrenchments are -found there, and ancient fortifications with ditches and bastions,--one -in particular containing about six acres of land, and others three -acres; that pieces of earthenware were plowed up, a manufacture the -Indians were never acquainted with." - -About the time Mr. Filson's pamphlet appeared, Rev. Mr. Rankin, a -resident of Kentucky, told William Owen, of London, that it was certain -that a tribe or tribes of Welsh Indians then existed far westward, and -that a vast uncultivated hunting-ground intervened, through which it was -dangerous to pass, because of the depredations of the wild Indians, who -destroyed everything that came in their way. He declared that there were -unmistakable evidences of their formerly having occupied the country -about Kentucky, such as _wells dug_ which remained unfilled, _the ruins -of buildings_, _mill-stones_, _implements of iron_, _ornaments_, etc. - -The statements of these early writers have been abundantly confirmed, -respecting the existence of monumental remains and traces of civilized -life, by the patient explorations of such workers as Schoolcraft, -Squier, Davis, Pidgeon, and others, who have opened up many of these -half-concealed monuments and disclosed their contents. Squier, in -speaking of those found along the Ohio Valley, says, "The British -Islands only afford works with which any comparison can safely be -instituted. The 'ring-forts' of the ancient Celts are nearly identical -in form and structure with a large class of remains in our own country." -The same author has given some deeply interesting accounts in his -"Aboriginal Monuments" of his explorations of mounds, his finding human -skeletons in rude frame-works of timber, instruments and ornaments of -silver, copper, stone, and bone, sculptures of the human head, pottery -of various kinds, and a large number of articles, some of which evince -great skill in art. He says, "In every instance falling within our -observation, the skeleton has been so much decayed that any attempt to -restore the skull, or indeed any portion of it, was hopeless. -Considering that the earth around these skeletons is wonderfully compact -and dry, and that the conditions for their preservation were exceedingly -favorable, while in fact they are so much decayed, we may form some -estimate of their remote antiquity. In the barrows and cromlechs of the -ancient Britons, entire and well-preserved skeletons are found, although -having an undoubted antiquity of eighteen hundred years." There is, -however, no safe rule by which to judge the antiquity of human skeletons -by the surroundings. Some have been kept in a wonderful state of -preservation under apparently the least favorable conditions, while -others have crumbled to dust when it was thought they ought to have been -preserved. - -It must be borne in mind that these mounds bear no resemblance to Indian -burying-grounds. They are the sepulchres of a superior people. - -In 1844 a gentleman in Ohio sent to the librarian of the American -Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts, a cross, the emblem of -the Christian faith. It was made of silver, and was about two and a half -inches long. It was found on the breast of a female skeleton which was -dug from a mound at Columbus, over which a forest of trees had grown. On -this cross the capital letters I. S. are perfectly visible. These -initials are interpreted to mean the sacred name, Iesus Salvator. - -A relic which obtained great celebrity some years ago, and which is now -in the possession of some person in Richmond, Virginia, was found at -Grave Creek, Virginia, near the Ohio, in the upper vault of the -celebrated mound there. The attention of the learned world was brought -to it by Mr. Schoolcraft, who made a correct drawing and published it. -The mound went by the suggestive name of "_The Grave_." It was pointed -out to travellers on the Ohio, and was frequently visited. Dates were -cut upon the trees surmounting it as early as 1734. The relic was found, -with other things, by the side of some skeletons. It is nearly circular -in form, and composed of a compact sandstone of a light color. The -inscription upon it runs in three parallel lines, and comprises -twenty-four distinct characters, having at the bottom a hieroglyphic or -ideographic sign. It has been subjected to the studious scrutiny of many -learned men, with various results. The most of the characters have been -decided to be Celtic or old British; and therefore they afford some clue -as to the origin of the relic itself. The very fact of these characters -being alphabetical indicates that the inscription was made by those of -European origin. - -What, then, is the conclusion? That it was inscribed by those who -understood the old British or Welsh language, who occupied the valley of -the Ohio centuries ago, and who were the followers or descendants of -Madoc. - -Some years ago, a circular plate, made of copper and overlaid with a -thick plate of silver on one side, was found near the city of Marietta, -Ohio. The copper was nearly reduced to an oxide, or rust. The silver was -black, but could be brightened by being rubbed. A small piece of leather -was inserted between the two plates of silver and copper, and both held -together with a central rivet. This relic exactly resembled the bosses -or ornaments appended to the belt of the broadsword of the ancient -Briton or Welshman. It lay on the face of the skeleton, preserving the -bone, as it did the leather and the lint or flax around the rivet. Near -the body was found a plate of silver, six inches long and two in -breadth, and weighing one ounce. There were also several pieces of a -copper tube, filled with rust. - -These are supposed to have belonged to the equipage of a sword; though -nothing but iron rust could be found to answer for such a weapon. Near -the feet of the skeleton was a copper plumb, of about three ounces' -weight, and resembling an ordinary clock-weight. - -The construction of the earthen defences found in the valley of the Ohio -and along the Mississippi evinces that those who erected them had great -proficiency in engineering and military skill. They comprised all the -parts of a systematic defence,--walls, ramparts, fosses, intrenchments, -and even the lookout, corresponding to the _barbican_ in the British -system of the Middle Ages. So that it may be asked, in the language of -Dr. S. P. Hildreth, a zealous antiquarian of Marietta, Ohio, "Of what -age, or of what nation, was this race that once inhabited the territory -drained by the Ohio? From what we see of their works, they must have -been acquainted with some of the fine arts and sciences. They have left -us perfect specimens of circles, squares, octagons, parallel lines, on a -grand and noble scale; and, unless it can be proved that they had -intercourse with Asia or Europe, we must attribute to them the art of -working metals." - -But the red race knew nothing of the art or science of smelting raw -ores. Their copper instruments were beaten into shape from the native -metal, and these at best were very rare and rude. The hundreds and -thousands of relics in the various metals, many curiously finished, -found in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi, in mounds and caves, -must, therefore, be the product of another people. Nor is it necessary -to go back to dim or immemorial ages to account for their origin. - -The Welsh are the best miners and workers in metals in the world. The -Phoenicians carried on a large trade in the metals with the inhabitants -of the British Isles centuries before the Christian era, and their mines -of iron, copper, tin, etc., have since enriched the British Empire. - -The mines of the Upper Lake regions were doubtless worked by the Welsh -in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries, all the -evidences seeming to allow four or five hundred years since their -opening. Old trees showing three hundred and ninety-five rings of annual -growth have been found standing among the débris at the surface of some -of these mines. Huge chunks of copper, in some cases weighing six tons, -have been lifted out of their beds by finished tools and mining -appliances. - -Wooden frame-works and skids have been found, which were made with -sharp-edged instruments, but upon being exposed to the air have turned -to dust. It is thought that the area covered by the ancient works in the -Lake Superior region is more extensive than that which includes the -modern mines, but that the forests have overgrown and conceal from view -the excavations. Of course a considerable period elapsed after the Welsh -occupied the Ohio valley before they and those with whom they became -incorporated penetrated so far northward to work these mines. Most of -the relics which have been discovered in the mounds were, in all -probability, made from the metals of that region. Colonel Whittlesey, -who is an authority on this subject, thinks that the miners "went up -from the settlements farther south in the summers, remained in the -copper regions through the season, and worked the mines in organized -companies until the advance of winter terminated their operations. As -they were more advanced in civilization than the aborigines, they -probably had better means of transportation than bark canoes." - -In the enthusiasm of antiquarian research, many have been led to assign -too great an age to the earthen defences and mounds of our country. The -Cardiff Giant was pronounced, with scholarly awe, to be a fine specimen -of an extinct race which trod this earth thousands of years before Adam -drew breath, but was subsequently discovered to have been made from a -chunk of gypsum taken from a quarry in Iowa. The remains of Fort -Necessity, erected to cover the retreat of Braddock's defeated army, now -wear such an antiquarian aspect that if there were no historical data -respecting them they would be classed with the mounds. So with Forts -Hamilton and Meigs, on the Miami and Maumee Rivers, and others, -constructed only about one hundred years ago. When native forest trees -are cleared away and the soil is turned over for the purpose of -embankments, a new growth of vegetation is quickly started. - -Some years ago, a large oak was cut down in Lyons, New York, and on its -being sawed there were found near the centre the marks of an axe. On -counting the concentric circles, it was discovered that four hundred and -sixty had been formed since the cutting was made. The block was brought -to Newark and exhibited in a hotel there. All who saw it declared that -the work had been done with an _edged_ tool. - -The trees covering the mounds in Wyoming, as described by Chapman, had -annular rings numbering from six to seven hundred. President Harrison -observed that it would take the trees, growing where a forest was cut -down fifty years since, five hundred years to equal in height the -surrounding woods; and that a forest of the largest trees at the mouth -of the Great Miami, consisting of fifteen acres, covers the ruins left -by former races. - -It is worthy of notice, too, that the age of the trees found standing on -these ancient fortifications and mounds, and the number of their annular -circles, diminish with striking regularity in the ratio of their -distance from the eastern coast. The first found reach as high a number -as seven hundred; then, decreasing, they are found in Ohio with from -four hundred to five hundred; and then in the copper regions of Lake -Superior with from three hundred and fifty to four hundred annular -rings. Comparing these figures with the time (1170) when Madoc and his -followers landed on this continent, and allowing for their progress into -the interior such reasonable periods as their peculiar circumstances -demanded, adding also whatever other proofs have been adduced, scarcely -a single doubt can linger in the mind of the candid inquirer as to the -origin of these earthen defences and mounds, the removal of the native -forests, the working of the mines, and the many relics unearthed. - -If it be objected that a small band of a few hundreds could not cover -so much territory or accomplish so much work, it may be said, in reply, -that one century alone offers sufficient time for the achievement of -wonders. Under favorable conditions peoples multiply rapidly. Surrounded -as the Welsh were with populous tribes of red men, they affiliated with -some of them for self-protection and aid, and degraded remnants of them -are found at the present time in different parts of the far West. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - -THE DISPERSION OF THE WELSH INDIANS. - - -It was only after the most stubborn and sanguinary resistance that the -Welsh Indians yielded the fertile plains of the Ohio valley to their -enemies. They moved down the Ohio River to its confluence with the -Mississippi, and here for a period took another stand, as is evinced by -the many remarkable remains and relics which have been brought to light -by accident and the diligent researches of antiquarians and -archæologists. - -At this point there began a series of dispersions, south, west, and -north, by which they became spread over a vast area of the Western -country. The Lower and Upper Mississippi, the Missouri, and many of the -smaller rivers abound with remains which exhibit the same knowledge and -skill with those along the Ohio. Such a dispersion offers the best -solution for the construction of the numerous accounts given of them -into an intelligible and consistent whole. These accounts coming from so -many different parties, separated from one another in time and distance, -and independent of one another, excluding the possibility of preconcert -or collusion, it would not be wonderful if they appeared to vary in the -minor details. Their differences are a proof of the absence of falsehood -or trickery. That the Welsh did not lose all the radical characteristics -of their race can be made evident: still, when it is considered how -numerous the peoples were with whom they amalgamated, it will be seen -that it did not require a great length of time for them to exhibit also -traits of savage life. Such a result would follow from physical laws and -the conditions of their wild state. - -This dispersion, and their being discovered in various sections of the -country along and west of the Mississippi, will account for the -different names by which they were called by intelligent travellers and -captured whites, who had either heard of them or had been in their -country and conversed with them. - -In 1792 a gentleman who had resided more than twenty years in New -Orleans and on the banks of the Mississippi wrote a letter to Griffith -Williams, London, being on a visit to the latter city himself at the -time, from which the following extract is given: "That the natives of -America have, for many years past, emigrated from the east to the west -is a known fact. That the tribes mentioned by Mr. Jones, who spoke the -Welsh tongue, may have done so is much within the order of probability; -and that a people called the Welsh or White Indians now reside at or -near the banks of the Missouri, I have not the least doubt of, having -been so often assured of it by people who have traded in that river, and -who could have no possible inducement to relate such a story unless it -had been founded in fact. - -"Since writing the above, a merchant from the Illinois country, and a -person of reputation, is arrived in London. He assures me there is not -the smallest doubt of a people existing on the west side of the -Mississippi, called by the French the White Bearded Indians, none of the -natives of America wearing beards; that these people are really white; -that they are said to consist of thirty-two villages or towns, are -exceeding civilized, and vastly attached to certain religious -ceremonies; that a Mr. Ch., a merchant of reputation at the Illinois, -has been to their country, which is, as he supposes, upwards of a -thousand miles from the Illinois. - -"Yours, etc., -"J. J." - -Mr. Williams, to whom the above was written, adds, "I have met the above -gentleman several times, and he confirms the latter part of this -narrative; that Mr. Ch. is a near relation of his; that Mr. Ch. was -introduced to the chief of the Padoucas, by whom he was received with -much solemnity, owing to his being of white complexion, from which -circumstance, as far as Mr. Ch. could understand by being amongst them, -he was deemed an angel of God, his hands and his feet being washed by -order of the chief, who appeared much advanced in years, his hair being -long and perfectly white; that the people chiefly subsist by the produce -of the chase; that the instruments they use on the occasion are -generally bows and arrows; that the farther he advanced from the -frontiers, the different tribes he passed through were the more -civilized." - -Upon the occasion of the visit of General Bowles, a chief of the -Cherokees, to London, on official business, in 1792, he was waited on by -several eminent Welsh gentlemen to inquire if he knew anything of the -Welsh Indians. He replied, "Yes, I know them, and they are called the -Padoucas, or White Indians. This title is given them because of their -complexions." When a map was laid before him on which that name was -inscribed, he said that these were the people, and showed the limits of -their country. He said that "generally they were called the White -Padoucas, but those who live in the northern parts are called Black -Padoucas, because they are a mixture of the White Padoucas and other -Indians. The White Padoucas are as you are, having some of them sandy, -some red, and some black hair. They are very numerous, and one of the -most warlike people on the continent." - -The gentlemen present then informed General Bowles of the times and -circumstances of Madoc's voyages, when he replied, "They must have been -as early as that period, otherwise they could not have increased to be -so numerous a people. I have travelled their southern boundaries from -one side to the other, but have never entered their country. Another -reason I have for thinking them to be Welsh is, that a Welshman was with -me at home for some time, who had been a prisoner among the Spaniards -and had worked in the mines of Mexico, and by some means he contrived to -escape, got into the wilds, and made his way across the continent, and -eventually passed through the midst of the Padoucas, and at once found -himself with a people with whom he could converse, and he stayed for -some time. He told me that they had several books, which were most -religiously preserved in skins and were considered by them as mysteries. -These they believed gave an account from whence they came. They said -they had not seen a white man like themselves, who was a stranger, for a -long time." - -General Bowles was of Irish descent, and had many respectable relatives -residing in London, whither he had come on a public mission in behalf of -the Cherokees. - -Mr. Price, another chief, who was born among the Creeks, said that he -understood not the Welsh tongue, but that his father, who was a -Welshman, had frequent interviews and conversed with the Padoucas in his -native language. He lived the greatest part of his life in the Creek -country, and died there. - -In Cox's description of Louisiana, 1782, p. 63, it is said "that Baron -La Hontan, having traced the Missouri for eight hundred miles due west, -found an east lake, along which resided two or three great nations, much -more civilized than other Indians; and that out of this lake a great -river disembogues itself into the South Sea." - -The name by which he designates these people is Metocantes. - -Charlevoix, vol. ii. p. 225 of the English translation, mentions "a -great lake very far to the west of the Mississippi, on the banks of -which are a people resembling the French, with buttons on their clothes, -living in cities, and using horses in hunting buffaloes; that they are -clothed with the skins of that animal, but without any arms but the bow -and arrow." He calls them the Mactotatas. - -Bossu, in his account of Louisiana, vol. i. p. 182, says that he had -been informed by the Indians of a nation of clothed people, far to the -westward of the Mississippi, who inhabited great villages built with -white stone, navigated in great piraguas on the great salt-water lakes, -and were governed by one despotic chief, who sent great armies into the -field. - -On page 393 he gives a particular account of Madoc's alleged voyages, -and observes, "The English believe that this prince discovered -Virginia. Peter Martyr seems to give a proof of it when he says that -the nations of Virginia and Guatemala celebrate the memory of one of -their ancient heroes, whom they call Madoc. Several modern travellers -have found ancient British words used by the North American nations. The -celebrated Bishop Nicholson believes that the Welsh language has formed -a considerable part of the languages of the American nations. There are -antiquarians who pretend that the Spaniards got their double or guttural -_l_ (_ll_) from the Americans, who, according to the English, must have -got it from the Welsh." - -Bossu adds that these Welsh Indians seem to go by various names, such as -Panes, Panis (Pawnees). - -During the war of the Revolution, Sir John Caldwell, Bart., was -stationed on the east side of the Mississippi. He lived in the country a -long time, acquired a perfect knowledge of the language of the -inhabitants, was adopted by them, and married a daughter of one of their -chiefs. He was informed by them that the Panis (Pawnees) were a people -considerably civilized, that they cultivated the ground, and built -houses. Some Welshmen in his company understood their language, which -they said was Welsh. Sir John said that he became acquainted with a Mr. -Pond, a very sensible and intelligent Indian trader, who frequented the -country of the Panis, which lies about the head of the river Osages. He -said that they were whiter and more civilized than any other Indian -tribe. - -Mr. Rimington said that he had known for a long time that there were -civilized Indians west of the Mississippi, who were called by those on -the eastern side (the Chickasaws, etc.) Ka Anzou or Ka Anjou (Kansas), -which in their language signifies _first of men_, or _first men_, and he -was very strongly inclined to think that they were the Welsh Indians. - -Mr. Rimington, who was a native of England, had been a long time among -the Indians. He said that being once with several Englishmen and one -Jack Hughes, a Welshman, at the Forks of the Ohio, where was an Indian -mart, some strange Indians came there from the west of the Mississippi. -A Shawanese Indian, who understood English, came to Mr. Rimington and -desired him to be his interpreter. He went, but found that the language -of these strangers was not intelligible to him. When he returned, and -told his companions that he knew not their language, one of them -exclaimed, "Oh, they are the Welsh Indians!" Jack Hughes was sent, who -understood them well; and he was their interpreter while they continued -there. He said that these Indians are tolerably white in complexion, and -their dress like that of the Europeans,--a kind of trousers, coats with -sleeves, and hats or caps made of small and very beautiful feathers -curiously wrought. Furthermore he said that these white Indians are to -be met with at the Indian marts on the Mississippi, at the Natches, -Forks of the Ohio, Kaskaskies, etc., for all the Indian tribes on this -continent, even from the shores of the South Sea, resort thither. - -Thus it may be seen that the Welsh Indians went by different names, the -most of them bearing a similitude to what they called themselves, and by -which they were known to the Indians and the whites: as Padoucas by Mr. -Binon, General Bowles, Mr. Ch., Mr. Price and his father; Panis -(Pawnees) by Sir John Caldwell, Mr. Pond, and others; Ka Anzou (Kansas) -by the Chickasaws, and Mr. Rimington; Matocantes by Coxe; Mactotatas by -Charlevoix; and Madawgwys, Madogian or Madogiaint by many others. - -Padoucas would more nearly approach the general name in sound if the -letter _m_ were substituted for _p_, thus changing the word into -Madoucas, the former being regarded as a corruption which might arise -from the difficulty some tribes have experienced in pronouncing certain -letters. - -In the common maps of the country a century ago, an extensive nation -called the White Padoucas were placed about eighty-eight degrees north -latitude, and one hundred and two degrees west longitude of London; but -they extended in detached communities from about thirty-seven degrees -north latitude and ninety-seven degrees west longitude to forty-three -degrees north latitude and one hundred and ten degrees west longitude. -The city of Paducah, Kentucky, doubtless derived its name from this -nation, which once occupied the region in which it is situated. The -Padoucas, Pawnees, and Kansas were intermixed with one another, and -suffered a fearful decimation by wars and diseases, so that the tribal -name of the first is now extinct; but a few straggling bands still -survive under the second and third names. In 1874 the Pawnees numbered -about two thousand eight hundred and thirty-one, and the Kansas or Kaws -less than that number. From the document accompanying President -Jefferson's message to Congress in 1806, it may be discovered that the -Pania Pique in Arkansas were formerly known by the name of the White -Panias, and are of the same family as the Panias of the river Platte. -According to that communication, the Padoucas, a once powerful nation, -had apparently disappeared. In 1724 they resided in villages at the head -of the Kansas River. Oppressed by the Missourians, they removed to the -upper part of the river Platte, where they had but little intercourse -with the whites. The northern branch of that river is still called the -Padoucas Fork. It is conjectured that, being still more oppressed, they -divided into small wandering bands, which assumed the names of the -subdivisions of the Padoucas nation which have since been known under -the appellation of Wetepahatoes, Kiawas, Kanenavish, Katteka, and -Dotamie, who still inhabit the country to which the Padoucas are said -to have removed. - -In the map attached to Du Pratz's Louisiana the "White Panis" are placed -at the head of the Arkansas; Panis Mahas, or White Panis, at the head of -the south branch of the Missouri; and between those rivers is marked the -country of the Padoucas. - -During the last two centuries the Indian races have waned so rapidly, -their places of habitation have been so often changed, and so many of -the tribes have become amalgamated, that names are not an unerring guide -by which to determine their early history, or to what stock many of the -remnants still surviving belong. - -As to the names given by the French travellers cited -elsewhere,--Matocantes, etc.,--there is some resemblance to the name of -Madoc. A Welshwoman in South Wales calling her son by that name would -say Matoc, which is pure Silurian Welsh, the _d_ being changed into _t_: -hence there might follow such names as Matociait, Matociaint, -Matocantes, as applied to the followers of Madoc. These changes are not -arbitrary, but inhere in the laws and euphony of human language. - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - -MAURICE GRIFFITH'S AND HIS COMPANIONS' EXPERIENCE. - - -The following letter, published in the "Kentucky Palladium" in 1804, by -Judge Toulmin, of Mississippi, will be read with keen interest by those -who have any desire to study everything relating to this subject: - - -"SIR,--No circumstance relating to the history of the Western country -probably has excited, at different times, more general attention and -anxious curiosity than the opinion that a nation of white men speaking -the Welsh language reside high up the Missouri. By some the idea is -treated as nothing but the suggestion of bold imposture and easy -credulity; whilst others regard it as a fact fully authenticated by -Indian testimony, and the report of various travellers worthy of credit. - - * * * * * - -"Could the fact be well established, it would afford perhaps the most -satisfactory solution of the difficulty occasioned by a view of the -various ancient fortifications with which the Ohio country abounds, of -any that has been offered. Those fortifications were evidently never -made by the Indians. The Indian art of war presents nothing of the kind. -The probability, too, is that the persons who constructed them were, _at -that time_, acquainted with the use of iron. The situation of these -fortifications, which are uniformly in the most fertile land of the -country, indicates that those who made them were an agricultural people; -and the remarkable care and skill with which they were executed afford -traits of the genius of a people who relied more on their military skill -than on their numbers. The growth of the trees upon them is very -compatible with the idea that it is not more than three hundred years -ago that they were abandoned. - -"These hints, however, are thrown out rather to excite inquiry than by -way of advancing any decided opinion on the subject. Having never met -with any of the persons who had seen these white Americans, nor even -received their testimony near the source, I have always entertained -considerable doubts about the fact. - -"Last evening, however, Mr. John Childs, of Jessamine County, a -gentleman with whom I have been long acquainted, and who is well known -to be a man of veracity, communicated a relation to me which at all -events appears to merit serious attention. After he had related it in -conversation, I requested him to repeat it, and committed it to -writing. It has certainly some internal marks of authenticity. The -country described was altogether unknown in Virginia when the relation -was given, and probably very little known to the Shawanese Indians. Yet -the account of it agrees very remarkably with later discoveries. On the -other hand, the story of the large animal, though by no means -incredible, has something of the air of fable, and it does not -satisfactorily appear how the long period which the party were absent -was spent,--though the Indians are, however, so much accustomed to -loiter away their time that many weeks, and even months, may probably -have been spent in indolent repose. Without detaining you any more with -preliminary remarks, I will proceed to the narration as I received it -from Mr. Childs. - -"Maurice Griffiths, a native of Wales, which country he left when he was -about sixteen years of age, was taken prisoner by a party of Shawanese -Indians, about forty years ago, near Vosses Fort, on the head of the -Roanoke River, in Virginia, and carried to the Shawanese Nation. Having -stayed there about two years and a half, he found that five young men of -the tribe had a desire of attempting to explore the sources of the -Missouri. He prevailed upon them to admit him as one of their party. -They set out with six good rifles and with six pounds of powder apiece, -of which they were, of course, very careful. - -"On reaching the mouth of the Missouri, they were struck with the -extraordinary appearance occasioned by the intermixture of the muddy -waters of the Missouri and the clear, transparent element of the -Mississippi. They stayed there two or three days, amusing themselves -with the view of this novel sight; they then determined on the course -which they should pursue, which happened to be so nearly in the course -of the river that they frequently came within sight of it as they -proceeded on their journey. After travelling about thirty days through -pretty farming woodland, they came into fine open prairies, on which -nothing grew but long luxuriant grass. Here was a succession of these, -varying in size, some being eight or ten miles across, but one of them -was so long that it occupied three days to travel through it. In passing -through this large prairie, they were much distressed for water and -provisions, for they saw neither beast nor bird; and, though there was -an abundance of salt springs, fresh water was very scarce. In one of -these prairies the salt springs ran into small ponds, in which, as the -weather was hot, the water had sunk and left the edges of the pond so -covered with salt that they fully supplied themselves with that article, -and might easily have collected bushels of it. - -"As they were travelling through the prairies, they had likewise the -good fortune to kill an animal which was nine or ten feet high and a -bulk proportioned to its height. They had seen two of the same species -before, and they saw four of them afterwards. They were swift-footed, -and had neither tusks nor horns. After passing through the long prairie, -they made it a rule never to enter on one which they could not see -across, till they had supplied themselves with a sufficiency of jerked -venison to last several days. After having travelled a considerable time -through the prairies, they came to very extensive lead-mines, where they -melted the ore and furnished themselves with what lead they wanted. They -afterwards came to two copper-mines, one of which was three miles -through, and in several places they met with rocks of copper ore as -large as houses. - -"When about fifteen days' journey from the second copper-mine, they came -in sight of white mountains, which, though it was in the heat of summer, -appeared to them to be covered with snow. The sight naturally excited -considerable astonishment; but, on their approaching the mountains, they -discovered that, instead of snow, they were covered with immense bodies -of white sand. - -"They had in the mean time passed through about ten nations of Indians, -from whom they received very friendly treatment. It was the practice of -the party to exercise the office of spokesman in rotation; and when the -language of any nation through which they passed was unknown to them, -it was the duty of the spokesman, a duty in which the others never -interfered, to convey their meaning by appropriate signs. - -"The labor of travelling through the deep sands was excessive; but at -length they relieved themselves of this difficulty by following the -course of a shallow river, the bottom of which being level, they made -their way to the top of the mountains with tolerable convenience. After -passing the mountains they entered a fine fertile tract of land, which -having travelled through for several days, they accidentally _met with -three white men in the Indian dress_. Griffith immediately understood -their language, as it was pure Welsh, though they occasionally made use -of a few words with which he was not acquainted. However, as it happened -to be the turn of one of his Shawanese companions to act as spokesman or -interpreter, he preserved a profound silence, and never gave them any -intimation that he understood the language of their new companions. - -"After proceeding with them four or five days' journey, they came to the -village of these white men, where they found that the _whole nation was -of the same color_, having all the European complexion. The three men -took them through their villages for about the space of fifteen miles, -when they came to the council-house, at which an assembly of the king -and chief men of the nation was immediately held. The council lasted -three days, and, as the strangers were not supposed to be acquainted -with their language, they were suffered to be present at their -deliberations. - -"The great question before the council was, what conduct should be -observed towards the strangers. From their fire-arms, their knives, and -their tomahawks, it was concluded that they were a warlike people. It -was conceived that they were sent to look out for a country for their -nation; that if they were suffered to return, they might expect a body -of powerful invaders; but that if these six men were put to death, -nothing would be known of their country, and they would still enjoy -their possessions in security. It was finally determined that they -should be put to death. - -"Griffith then thought it was time for him to speak. _He addressed the -council in the Welsh language._ He informed them that they had not been -sent by any nation; that they were actuated merely by private curiosity, -and had no hostile intentions; that it was their wish to trace the -Missouri to its source; and that they should return to their country -satisfied with the discoveries they had made, without any wish to -disturb the repose of their new acquaintances. - -"An instant astonishment glowed in the countenances, not only of the -council, but of his Shawanese companions, who clearly saw that he was -understood by the people of the country. Full confidence was at once -given to his declarations. The king advanced and gave him his hand. -They abandoned the design of putting him and his companions to death, -and from that moment treated him with the utmost friendship. Griffith -and the Shawanese continued eight months in the nation, but were -deterred from prosecuting their researches up the Missouri by the advice -of the people of the country, who informed them that they had gone a -twelvemonth's journey up the river, but found it as large there as it -was in their own country. - -"As to the history of this people he could learn nothing satisfactory. -The only account they could give was, that their forefathers had come up -the river from a very distant country. They had no books, no records, no -writings. They intermixed with no other people by marriage: there was -not a dark-skinned man in the nation. Their numbers were very -considerable. There was a continued range of settlements on the river -for fifty miles, and there were within this space three large -watercourses which fell into the Missouri, on the banks of each of which -they were likewise settled. He supposed that there must be fifty -thousand men in the nation capable of bearing arms. Their clothing was -skins well dressed. Their houses were made of upright posts and barks of -trees. The only implements they had to cut them with were stone -tomahawks; they had no iron. Their arms were bows and arrows. They had -some silver which had been hammered with stones into coarse ornaments, -but it did not appear to be pure. They had neither horses, cattle, -sheep, hogs, nor any domestic or tame animals. They lived by hunting. He -said nothing about their religion. - -"Griffith and his companions had some large iron tomahawks with them. -With these they cut down a tree and prepared a canoe to return home in; -but their tomahawks were so great a curiosity, and the people of the -country were so eager to handle them, that their canoe was completed -with very little labor to them. When this work was accomplished, they -proposed to leave their new friends, Griffith, however, having promised -to visit them again. - -"They descended the river with considerable speed, but amidst frequent -dangers from the rapidity of the current, particularly when passing -through the white mountains. When they reached the Shawanese Nation, -they had been absent about two years and a half. Griffith supposed that -when they travelled they went at the rate of about fifteen miles per -day. He stayed but a few months with the Indians after his return, as a -favorable opportunity offered itself to him to reach his friends in -Virginia. He came with a hunting-party of Indians to the head-waters of -Coal River, which runs into New River not far above the falls. Here he -left the Shawanese, and easily reached the settlements on the Roanoke. - -"Mr. Childs knew him before he was taken prisoner, and saw him a few -days after his return, when he narrated to him the preceding -circumstances. Griffith was universally regarded as a steady, honest -man, and a man of strict veracity. Mr. Childs has always placed the -utmost confidence in his account of himself and his travels, and has no -more doubt of the truth of his relations than if he had seen the whole -himself. Whether Griffith be still alive or not he does not know. -Whether his ideas be correct or not, we shall probably have a better -opportunity of judging on the return of Captains Lewis and Clarke, who, -though they may not penetrate as far as Griffith alleged he had done, -will probably learn enough of the country to enable us to determine -whether the account given by Griffith be fiction or truth. - -"I am, sir, -"Your humble servant, -"HARRY TOULMIN. - -"FRANKFORT, December 12, 1804." - - -With regard to the exploring expeditions of Lewis and Clarke, to which -Judge Toulmin refers, it was found in their published records that -although they pursued a different branch of the Missouri from the one -which was supposed to lead to the Welsh Indians, they discovered -straggling Indians similar to those mentioned by Griffith, Vancouver, -and many others. They belonged to those who had a tribal existence in -other localities. - -However, they describe long lines of embankments which they saw before -leaving the main channel of the Missouri, some of them enclosing an area -of six hundred acres. They found them as high up as one thousand miles -from the junction with the Mississippi. Captain Lewis was a Welshman. In -their long and perilous journey, extending to the Columbia River, they -lost but one man, William Floyd, also a Welshman, and who was buried on -top of one of these mounds west of the Missouri,--called to this day -"_Floyd's Mound_." - -The Missouri, taken in connection with the Mississippi, is the longest -river in the world, its length from the highest navigable stream to the -Gulf of Mexico being four thousand four hundred and ninety-one miles, -and its length to its junction with the Mississippi, three thousand and -ninety-six miles. Add to this the immense distance not navigable because -of the cataracts and falls, next to Niagara the grandest on this globe, -and reaching to the Rocky Mountains, and some idea may be formed of the -great extent of this river. The entrance of the Yellow-Stone is nearly -two thousand miles above its mouth. A journey of one thousand miles up -the Missouri a century or more since, while it was an undertaking of no -slight magnitude and attended with many hardships and dangers, did not -bring the traveller over more than one-fourth of its length. The course -pursued by Griffith and his companions can be marked out with singular -accuracy by the use of subsequent knowledge, obtained during the last -one hundred years, respecting the country that river traverses. - -He speaks of finding lead-mines. The lead-mines of Missouri are -extremely valuable, and yield millions of pounds annually. - -He speaks of salt springs. The line of his journey conducted him by the -salt licks of Nebraska, which, when the springs are low and evaporation -is rapid, have the appearance of layers of snow. - -He speaks of white mountains. Passing from the broad open prairies to -the uplands and mountains, the soil is sandy and in many places -remarkably white. The writer himself has often seen on the Missouri bold -projections of limestone which in the distance appeared like banks of -snow. - -He speaks of the Indians being all white. This presents a difficulty not -easily reconcilable with the intermixture theory. The predominating -color, it would be supposed, was that of the red race. But he partially -explains this by saying that "they intermixed with no other people by -marriage: there was not a dark-skinned man in the nation." Could they -without intermixture have increased to such considerable numbers as to -be able, as he supposes, to put into the field "fifty thousand men -capable of bearing arms"? It need not be thought impossible, but it -certainly is improbable. At any rate, this people were sufficiently -white to be called, by Griffith and by a large number of reliable -witnesses, "White Padoucas," "White Panis," "White Indians." - -He speaks of their having no records and no horses. In this respect his -recital differs somewhat from those given by others, some of whom assert -that they saw some old manuscript books, and that they had horses for -the chase. His statement, however, offers no contradiction to that made -by others, because it is pretty certain that many of them came upon -different branches of the same extensive nation. - -He speaks of their speaking "pure Welsh," but qualifies it by saying -that they occasionally made use of a few words with which he was not -acquainted. He meant no more than that the radical structure of the -language was still preserved and could be readily distinguished, though -some of the words had undergone modification. This is the case with all -languages, not even excepting the Welsh in Wales, which has shown itself -superior to all others to resist any great change. - -It is somewhat surprising that Griffith did not give some account of the -religious institutions of this people; for if they were the descendants -of Madoc some traces of the Christian religion might have been -discovered. Or had they been all effaced in six hundred years? - -It must be admitted that what he does relate bears every internal mark -of simple, honest truth. - - - - -CHAPTER X. - -CAPTAIN ISAAC STUART--GOVERNORS SEVIER AND DINWIDDIE--GENERAL MORGAN -LEWIS--THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF THE WELSH INDIANS. - - -Captain Stuart was an officer in the Provincial Cavalry of South -Carolina, and the following sketch was taken from his own lips by I. C., -Esq., an intelligent gentleman, in March, 1782. Lieutenant-Colonel -Conger, of South Carolina, regarded Captain Stuart as a man who could be -implicitly trusted in what he said. - -"I was taken prisoner about fifty miles to the westward of Fort Pitt, -about eighteen years ago, by the Indians, and was carried by them to the -Wabash, with many more white men, who were executed with circumstances -of horrid barbarity. It was my good fortune to call forth the sympathy -of what is called the good woman of the town, who was permitted to -redeem me from the flames by giving as my ransom a horse. - -"After remaining two years in bondage among the Indians, a Spaniard came -to the nation, having been sent from Mexico on discoveries. He made -application to the chief for redeeming me and another white man, who -was in like situation, named John Davey (David), which they complied -with. - -"And we took our departure, in company with the Spaniard, to the -westward, crossing the Mississippi near Rouge, or Red, River, up which -we travelled seven hundred miles, when we came to a nation remarkably -white, and whose hair was of a reddish color, or mostly so. They lived -on the banks of a small river which is called the river Post. In the -morning of the day after our arrival, the Welshman informed me that he -was determined to remain with them, giving as a reason that he -understood their language, it being very little different from the -Welsh. My curiosity was excited very much by this information, and I -went with my companion to the chief men of the town, who informed him, -in a language I had no knowledge of, and which had no affinity to that -of other Indian tongues that I ever heard, that their forefathers of -this nation came from a foreign country and landed on the east side of -the Mississippi, describing the country particularly now called Florida, -and that on the Spaniards taking possession of Mexico they fled to their -then abode. - -"And, as a proof of the truth of what he advanced, he brought forth _a -roll of parchment_, which was carefully tied up in otters' skins, on -which were large characters written with blue ink. The characters I did -not understand; and, the Welshman being unacquainted with letters, even -of his own language, I was not able to know the meaning of the writing. -They are a bold, hardy, and intrepid people, very warlike, and the women -beautiful when compared with other Indians." - -John Sevier, at one time Governor of Tennessee, in a letter dated -October 9, 1810, and published by Major Stoddard in his "Sketches, -Historical and Descriptive, of Louisiana," Philadelphia, 1812, p. 483, -says that in 1782 he was on a campaign against the Cherokees. Observing -on his route traces of very ancient fortifications, he afterwards took -occasion, on exchange of prisoners, to inquire into their origin, of -Oconostoto, who for sixty years had been a ruling chief of the Cherokee -Nation, and particularly as to the origin of the remarkable -fortifications on the branch of the Highwasse River. The venerable chief -replied, that it was handed down by their forefathers that those works -were made by _white people_ who had formerly inhabited the country. When -the Cherokees lived in the country now South Carolina, wars existed -between them, and were only ended when the whites consented to abandon -the country. Accordingly, they ascended the Tennessee to the Ohio, then -to the big river Mississippi, then up the muddy Missouri to a very great -distance. They are now on some of its branches, but are no longer white -people; they have become Indians, and look somewhat like the other red -people of the country. "I then asked him," continues Governor Sevier, -"if he had ever heard any of his ancestors say to what nation of people -the whites belonged. He answered, 'I heard my grandfather and other old -people say that they were a people called Welsh; that they had crossed -the great waters and landed near the mouth of the Alabama River, and -were finally driven to the heads of its waters, and even to the -Highwasse River, by the Mexican Spaniards.' - -"Oconostoto also said that an old woman in his nation had some parts of -an old book given her by an Indian living high up the Missouri, and -thought he was one of the Welsh tribe. Unfortunately," observes Governor -Sevier, "before I had an opportunity of seeing the book, her house and -all its contents were destroyed by fire. I have conversed with several -persons who saw and examined it; but it was so worn and disfigured that -nothing intelligible remained." - -Governor Sevier was informed by a Frenchman, a great explorer of the -country west of the Mississippi, that he had been high up the Missouri, -and traded several months with the Welsh tribes, who spoke much of the -Welsh dialect. Although their customs were savage and wild, yet many of -them, particularly the females, were fair and white. They often told him -that they had sprung from a white people; and that they had yet some -small scraps of books remaining, but in such a tattered and mutilated -order that they were unintelligible. - -The very year that Robert Dinwiddie, Governor of Virginia, sent a -letter of remonstrance to M. de St. Pierre, the French commander, -complaining of the hostile movements of The Ohio Company, George -Washington, then a young man of twenty-two, being chosen bearer of the -dispatches, the Governor received a letter from a gentleman named George -Chrochan, showing that the French knew of the Welsh Indians. This was in -1753. The original letter was deposited in the Foreign Office in London, -and several gentlemen were enabled to obtain copies of it through -Maurice Morgan, Esq., secretary to Sir Guy Carleton. It is as follows: - -"Last year I understood, by Colonel Lomax, that your Honor would be glad -to have some information of a nation of people settled to the west, on a -large river that runs to the Pacific Ocean, _commonly called the Welsh -Indians_. - -"As I had an opportunity of gathering some accounts of those people, I -make bold, at the instance of Colonel Cressup, to send you the following -accounts. As I formerly had an opportunity of being acquainted with -several French traders, and particularly with one who was bred up from -his infancy amongst the Western Indians on the west side of Lake Erie, -he informed me that the first intelligence the French had of them was by -some Indians settled at the back of New Spain, who, in their way home, -happened to lose themselves, and fell down on this settlement of -people, which they took to be French by their talking very quick; so, -on their return to Canada, they informed the Governor that there was a -large settlement of French on a river that ran to the sun's setting; -that they were not Indians, although they lived within themselves as -Indians; for they could not perceive that they traded with any people, -or had any trade to sea, for they had no boats or ships as they could -see; and, though they had guns amongst them, yet they were so old and so -much out of order that they made no use of them, but hunted with their -bows and arrows for the support of their families. - -"On this account the Governor of Canada determined to send a party to -discover whether they were French or not, and had three hundred men -raised for that purpose. - -"But, when they were ready to go, the Indians would not go with them, -but told the Governor if he sent but a few men they would go and show -them the country; on which the Governor sent three young priests, who -dressed themselves in Indian dresses and went with those Indians to the -place where these people were settled, and found them to be Welsh. - -"They brought some old Welsh Bibles, to satisfy the Governor that they -were there; and they told him that these people had a great aversion to -the French; for they found by them that they had been at first settled -at the mouth of the Mississippi, but had been almost cut off by the -French there: so that a small remnant of them escaped back to where they -were then settled, but had since become a numerous people. The Governor -of Canada, on this account, determined to raise an army of French -Indians to go and cut them off; but, as the French have been embarrassed -in war with several other nations nearer home, I believe they have laid -that project aside. The man who furnished me with this account told me -that the messengers who went to make this discovery were gone sixteen -months before they returned to Canada: so that these people must live at -a great distance from thence due west. This is the most particular -account I ever could get from those people as yet. - -"I am yours, etc., -"GEORGE CHROCHAN. - -"WINCHESTER, August 24, 1753." - -Governor Dinwiddie became so positively assured of their existence that -he agreed with a party of black traders to go in quest of the Welsh -Indians, and promised to give them for that purpose the sum of five -hundred pounds; but he was recalled before they could set out on the -expedition. - -General Morgan Lewis was an officer in the American Revolutionary army. -He was the son of Francis Lewis, one of the signers of the Declaration -of Independence. The general was a well-known citizen of New York. He -was aide-de-camp to General Gates at the battle of Saratoga, and, on the -surrender of the English army at that place, was requested by him to -receive the sword of General Burgoyne. In Turnbull's picture, -commemorative of the event, found in the rotunda of the Capitol at -Washington, the figure of General Lewis occupies a prominent position. -He was distinguished for many honorable military and civil services. He -was the successor of George Clinton as Governor of the State. In 1838 he -became president of the Society of Cincinnati, an institution founded by -Washington, who was its first president. His portrait hangs in the -Governor's room of the New York City Hall. He died on the 7th of May, -1844, in his ninetieth year, beloved and respected by all. He used -frequently to relate many stirring incidents which occurred during the -life of his father. The latter, while on a military expedition in the -French War, was captured at Oswego, and was assigned over, with thirty -others, by Montcalm, the acting French commander, to certain Indians, as -their share of prisoners. Among the Indians was a chief whose language -resembled the Gaelic (a dialect of the Celtic with which Mr. Lewis, who -was a native of Wales, was thoroughly acquainted). On hearing him -converse, Mr. Lewis understood him sufficiently to discover that his -language was of that ancient dialect, although modified by usage and -lapse of time. He then addressed the chief in Welsh, and was understood. -The chief selected Mr. Lewis from the rest of the prisoners, and -accompanied and guarded him personally. Subsequently Mr. Lewis was sent -to England in a cartel for exchange of prisoners, and after his return -frequently mentioned to his family and others the circumstances. His -name and memory are linked with the immortal band of signers. He was a -merchant of New York city, owned property on Long Island which was -destroyed by the English, and died in 1803, aged ninety years, the -father and the son having attained the same age. - -Here are several strong testimonies from four entirely independent -sources, each separate from the others, with no motives of prejudice or -self-interest to mislead wilfully, and the parties too intelligent to be -betrayed into a blind credulity. The disclosures of this chapter, if -they stood alone, would be sufficient to carry conviction to every -candid inquirer, that there was a remarkable people, different from the -common red races of this continent, inhabiting a portion of the Western -country during the last century. And to such an extent did this -conviction prevail that it was made the basis of official action by -Governor Dinwiddie, whose plans were frustrated by his recall, and the -Governor of Canada, who sent out an expedition, which returned in -safety and reported the existence of Welsh Indians. - -Mr. Binon, Captain Stuart, Governor Sevier, the members of the Canadian -expedition, and others, state that these people had manuscript books in -parchment, but that they could not be read or understood even by those -Welshmen who were with some of these parties. Some of these manuscripts -contained the mysteries of religion, and were carefully preserved. - -Even to this day there are classes of the population of Wales who cannot -read and write; a century ago their condition was far worse, before the -establishment of parish schools; but, granting that all were learned in -the rudiments of education, there is not probably one in a thousand who -could read a manuscript of the twelfth century. Most of them stagger -those who claim to have scholarly attainments. If they were in the Greek -instead of the Roman character, as some of them have been discovered to -be, the mystery would be still greater. The Greek alphabetical character -was used in the British Island prior to the invasion by Julius Cæsar, -after which the Roman character was adopted and became generally used in -common life and writing. - -Yet so sacred was the Greek character held by monastic schools, because -the gospel was written in it, that many transcribers--and they were the -book-makers--clung with a religious enthusiasm to it. Christianity was -certainly introduced into the Island in the second century, the Greek -forms in the Welsh language had not become lost, and it is likely that -many parchment manuscripts were extant. Madoc's position as a member of -the royal house of Wales, notwithstanding the scarcity and great cost of -books in those times, would enable him to possess some of the most -valuable, even those illuminated in rich, fixed colors, and which -required many years of patient toil to manufacture. It is far more -within the order of reason to believe that Madoc and his emigrants, upon -leaving their own native shores, would take with them copies of the -great book of books,--the king of books on the throne of letters,--than -that they would leave them behind. Some of his followers, perhaps the -most of them, were not able to read them then, but knew somewhat their -contents. Under their new conditions of life, relapsing gradually from a -civilized state, these manuscripts came at length to be invested with a -certain sacred mystery, as the depository of their ancestors' religious -faith. No wonder that they should be so carefully preserved. - - - - -CHAPTER XI. - -THE MANDAN INDIANS: WHO ARE THEY? - - -During the present century various travellers have called the attention -of the civilized world to a small body of Indians inhabiting the banks -of the Upper Missouri, called Mandans. They, with the Minatarees and -Crows, are classed with the Dacotahs or Sioux, although it is known that -their language bears no affinity whatever with the latter people. The -Mandans are very light-colored. - -George Catlin, the well-known student of Indian life, character, -language, and manners, was, without any doubt, more intimately -acquainted with this people than any others who preceded him or have -followed him. - -Mr. Catlin was born in Wyoming, Pennsylvania, and was for some years a -practising lawyer. He removed to Philadelphia, and, upon meeting with a -delegation of Indians, resolved to employ his talents as a painter in -the best school, by painting man in the simplicity of his nature. -Accordingly, he made arrangements to spend the most of his time among -the Indian tribes of the Western country. His enthusiasm in his work -arose to the height of an intense passion. He studied every phase of -Indian life, nothing seeming to have escaped his attention. Withal, he -was an ardent admirer of the Indian character; and he says, "No Indian -ever struck me, betrayed me, or stole from me a shilling's worth of my -property, that I am aware of." In another place he says, with a touching -pathos, "They are fast travelling to the shades of their fathers, -towards the setting sun." In his "Notes on the American Indians" he has -portrayed a complete picture of the Mandans, giving the minutest -details, so that the reader can study them as well from his two volumes -as if he were daily living among them,--indeed, better than if he wished -to visit them at present, they have been of late years so much reduced -by the ravages of that fearful scourge, smallpox. After Mr. Catlin -visited them, this disease was introduced by one of the steamers of the -Fur Company, which had two cases aboard. - -One reason assigned why so many perished was, that the Mandan villages -were surrounded by the hostile Sioux. Many destroyed themselves with -knives and guns, while others dashed their brains out against rocks, by -leaping from the ledges. When the disease was at its greatest height, -there was one incessant crying to the Great Spirit. The bodies lay in -loathsome piles in their wigwams, and there remained to decay or be -devoured by dogs. Some became crazed, and plunged into the coldest -water when the fever was raging, and died before they could get out. - -Mat-to-toh-pa, "Four Bears," great chief of the Mandans, watched his -tribe, wives, and children die about him, then starved himself, dying on -the ninth day, his body prostrate over the remains of his kinsmen. Their -numbers are now so reduced that the last statistics give them four -hundred only. - -When Mr. Catlin made his first entrance into this nation, numbering -several thousands, he was struck with their appearance, and at once -concluded that they belonged to an amalgam of native and white. He was -at a loss for some time how to account for this; and it was only after -the most careful study that he reached the conviction that the Mandans -were a branch of the descendants of Madoc's colony. He believed that the -ten ships of Madoc, or at least a part of them, either entered the -Balize at the mouth of the Mississippi, or the colonists landed on the -Florida coast and made their way inward. They began agriculture, but -were attacked and driven to erect those immense earthen fortifications, -and subsequently were driven still farther and farther inward. Mandans -was a corruption of Madawgwys, a name applied by Cambrians to the -followers of Madoc. - -The following brief summary, arranged by the writer of these pages, may -be taken as Mr. Catlin's principal reasons why he thought the Mandans -were Welsh: - -(1.) Their physical appearance. - -They were of medium height, and stout. They did not share that high, -stalwart physical frame which is so usual with Indians of the forest -before they have become degraded by the vices of civilization. - -Their complexions were very light-colored, but not uniform in shade. - -Their hair was of all colors found in civilized societies. The hair of -the unmixed Indian is a straight black. They wore beards,--which Indians -do not have. They must have been the people who were called the Bearded -Indians. They had different-colored eyes,--hazel, gray, and blue. - -(2.) Form of Mandan villages. Here it may be remarked that the -Minatarees construct their villages upon the same plan. They sink holes -in the ground to the depth of two feet and having a diameter of forty -feet, of a circular form, for the foundation of their wigwams, which are -built of substantial materials and display more skill than is found -among the other Indians. - -(3.) Mandan remains. The method of sinking down into the earth for the -purpose of obtaining a foundation has, singularly enough, offered a clue -as to the authors of all those remains along the Ohio, at the confluence -of the Mississippi and Ohio, and along up the Missouri to the present -abode of the Mandans. Their earthen works and huts, built in Druidic -circles, are exact counterparts of those along the paths of their -migrations. Of course the larger works have no modern counterparts, for -those were erected when they were more numerous and able to cope with -their foes. - -The villages of the dead are uniformly built in circles. - -(4.) Their social and domestic customs. - -They exhibit great skill in the manufacture of pottery, and the -specimens found in the earthen remains of the Ohio Valley, many of them -at present in the museum at Cincinnati, correspond with many of the -products of the Mandans. The Mandan women mould vases, cups, pitchers, -and pots out of the black clay, and bake them in little kilns in the -sides of the hill, or under the bank of the river. They possess secrets -of manufacturing known only to themselves. They have the extraordinary -art of making a very beautiful and lasting kind of blue glass beads, -which they wear on their necks in great abundance. This must be the -nation, or at least a portion of it, which Captains Lewis and Clarke -saw, and whom they declared to be light-colored, and whose manufacture -of beads and glass articles they described thirty years before Mr. -Catlin. - -Their canoes are the exact shape of the Welsh coracle, made of raw -hides,--skins of buffaloes,--stretched underneath a frame made of -willows or other boughs, and shaped nearly round like a tub, which the -women carry on their heads. The Welsh coracle, a boat which has been -used by fishermen from time immemorial, is made in the same way by -covering a wicker frame with leather or oil-cloth, and is carried on the -head or with straps from the shoulders. - -In their social and domestic habits generally they are different from -other Indians. - -(5.) Their religious belief and ceremonies. - -There is something reaching the marvellous connected with their -religion. Their traditional belief one would imagine was nothing less -than a corrupted epitome of the Christian belief. - -(_a._) The account of the transgression of mother Eve, involving the -doctrine of the temptation, is quite explicit. The Evil Spirit, who was -a black fellow, came and sat down by a woman and told her to take a -piece out of his side, which she did, and ate it, which proving to be -buffalo fat, she became _enceinte_. - -(_b._) The traditions of the Deluge are far more rational, and could -more easily be believed, than many which have been entertained by other -nations. - -(_c._) The most important religious ceremony among the Mandans is a -representation of the death and sacrifice of Jesus Christ. It takes -place annually, as soon as the willow is in full leaf; for, they say, -"the twig which the bird brought in was a willow bough, and had -full-grown leaves upon it." The spectacle presented in the crucifixion -of the Saviour by the young men of the Mandan nation might not accord -with our civilized tastes and notions of propriety, yet it is -wonderfully impressive, and calculated to turn the spectator's thoughts -to the tragedy of Calvary. The finest-looking young man is selected as -the central figure, and others surround him, when they are stuck full of -skewers, and suspended on beams around their rude temple where they -worship. - -(6.) The Mandan language. - -In their own language they call themselves See-pohs-ka-mi-mah-ka-kee -(the people of the pheasants), which Mr. Catlin thinks they would not do -if they had not lived where pheasants abounded, as in Pennsylvania, -Ohio, and Indiana, for there are none on the prairies until within six -or seven hundred miles of the Rocky Mountains. - -The most convincing proof, probably, to the mind of Mr. Catlin, and to -all others who have studied the possible identification of the Mandans -with Madoc's colony, is found in their language. The resemblance in form -and sound is so very marked that it cannot escape the eye and ear of any -individual, much less those of a Welshman. It is expected that he would -catch the soonest any similarity in the two languages,--the Mandan and -the Welsh. And fortunately there are too many instances of this -similarity to admit for a moment the idea of chance or coincidence. - -That the reader may see that this is the case, his attention is called -to the subjoined table of words selected from the English, Mandan, and -Welsh, and their pronunciations: - - - ENGLISH. MANDAN. WELSH. PRONOUNCED. - - I Me Mi Me. - You Ne Chwi Chwe. - He E A A. - She Ea E A. - It Ount Hwynt Hooynt. - We Eonah Huna, _masc._ Hoona. - Hona, _fem._ Hona. - - Those ones ... ... Yrhai Hyna. - No, or there Megosh Nagoes Nagosh. - is not {Nage - No Meg {Nag - {Na - Head Pan Pen Pen. - The Great Maho peneta Mawr penaethir Maoor penaethir - Spirit Ysprid mawr Usprid maoor. - - Father Tautah Tadwys Tadoos. - Foh! Ugh! Paeechah Pah Pah. - Hammock Caupan Gaban Gaban. - To call Eenah Enwi Enwah. - - -Many other words might be given, but the above is sufficient to show the -remarkable similarity of form, and that where they do not agree as to -certain letters the resemblance is preserved in the pronunciation. Every -language has its own individuality in respect to that. The Welsh is -noted for its deep gutturals, and, to the ear unaccustomed to hear it, -it seems very harsh. Travellers have observed this guttural -pronunciation very extensively among the American Indians. Lossing says -that the language of the Uchees, the remnant of a once powerful nation -who were seated in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and farther west, was -exceedingly harsh, and unlike that of any other nation. Mr. Baldwin, in -his recent work on "Ancient America," in his endeavors to determine the -origin of the Natches Indians, says, "they differed in language, -customs, and condition from all other Indians in the country." He then -attempts to affix their traditions with the people of Mexico. It may be -remembered that elsewhere it is stated that it was right in the midst of -the territory occupied by the Natches that Mr. Willin, a rich Quaker, -had among his settlers a number of Welshmen, who conversed in their -native tongue with the Indians. Also, that Mr. Burnell and his son, -Cradog, were part of a company who purchased forty millions of acres -from the Natches and Yazous, and that both father and son, particularly -the latter, understanding the Welsh language, could converse with the -Indians. Is it not altogether likely, then, that the Uchees and Natches, -being known to be so very different from the surrounding nations in -language, spoke the same as the Mandans, and that the language of the -three did not differ much from the Welsh? - -Dr. Morse, in the report of his tour (printed in New Haven in 1822) -among the Western Indians, performed in the behalf of the Government, -in 1820, mentions, upon the information furnished by Father Reichard, of -Detroit, a report that prevailed at Fort Chartres, among the old people, -in 1781, that Mandan Indians had visited that post and could converse -intelligibly with some Welsh soldiers then in the British army. Dr. -Morse suggested the information as a hint to any person who might have -an opportunity of ascertaining whether there was any affinity between -the two languages. By a guidance more than human, Mr. Catlin was led -into the midst of that people, and he has shown that such an affinity -does exist, and has performed a service of permanent value by his -contributions to the literature of a question which was thought to be a -bold imposture foisted upon a credulous age by an equally credulous but -more ignorant rabble. But time is making things more equal, and the -sturdy defenders of Madoc's voyages and American colony are having his -claims ratified in a most astonishing manner. It is very fortunate that -more recent researches have brought to light the language of a people so -rapidly melting away, and thus supplied an answer to the question as to -how the many Welshmen who came in contact with them could understand and -converse with these Welsh Bearded Indians. - - - - -CHAPTER XII. - -WELSH BLOOD IN THE AZTECS. - - -Mexico and Peru were the most civilized parts of the continent when the -Spaniards arrived. If it had not been for the bigoted zeal of the -Spanish priests, and most signally that of Zumarraga, the abundant and -astonishing national picture-writings which were the historical records -of the Aztecs might still be in existence, and serve to reveal the -successive links in the mighty chain of migrations of the early peoples, -so that much of the mystery that still lingers in regard to their -settlement and civilization could be removed. But these priests looked -upon those writings as the memorials of pagan idolatry, and, having -collected them together, committed them to the flames, thus -extinguishing in a day, as it were, the history of a once powerful -empire. The historian is consequently forced to rely upon whatever -fugitive pieces escaped the hands of those infamous ravagers, the study -of the monumental remains, and the broken and scattered remnants of this -people, scarcely recognizable, found on the Mexican plateau and in the -various parts of the American territories. - -According to the most authentic records which remain, the Aztecs came -from the regions of the North, "the populous hive of nations in the New -World, as it has been in the Old." - -Clavigero, the patient and voluminous historian of New Spain, assigns -the following dates to some of the most important events in the early -history of Mexico: - - - A.D. - The Toltecs arrived in Anahuac 648 - They abandoned their country 1051 - The Chichemecs arrived 1170 - The Acolhuans arrived about 1200 - - The Aztecs or Mexicans reached Tula 1196 - They founded the Mexican Empire 1325 - - Conquest by Cortez 1521 - - -Zurita, a celebrated jurist, whose personal experience and observation -among the Aztecs extended over a period of nineteen years, and who -returned to Spain in 1560, was indignant at the epithet _barbarian_ as -applied to the Aztecs,--an epithet, he says, "which could come from no -one who had personal knowledge of the capacity of the people or their -institutions, and which in some respects is quite as well merited by the -European nations." - -Their high degree of civilization, their remarkable advance in the -knowledge and practice of the arts and sciences, so wondrously displayed -in their architecture, their causeways, their temples, their homes and -their adornments, their agriculture and systems of irrigation, their -floating gardens and beautiful feather-work, their strange religion and -military displays, must have produced an impression upon the Spaniards -which they never forgot. The vast wealth of the Aztecs so excited the -spirit of avarice in them, however, that, for a time, each one planned -how best to enrich himself. - -In complexion they were much lighter than the common American Indians. -Their style of dress, which was often the most elaborate, and made from -the finest materials of their own weaving, more nearly approached that -of Europeans,--trousers, jacket, surtout, cloak, and cap or hat -ornamented with fine feather-work. The same dress is worn by their -descendants in Mexico at the present time. Their treatment of their -women was not Asiatic, but resembled more that which is accorded to them -by the civilized nations of the world. Their duties were domestic, and -they were not degraded by servile bondage. Throughout the different -cities were barber-shops, where the men assembled to have their beards -shaved. No such thing was known among the American Indians. - -"Quetzalcoatl, god of the air," says Prescott, "instructed them in the -use of the metals, in agriculture, and the arts of government. It was -the golden age. For some cause he was compelled to abandon the country. -On his way he stopped at the city of Cholula, where a temple was -dedicated to his worship, the massy ruins of which still form one of the -most interesting relics of antiquity in Mexico. When he reached the -shores of the Mexican Gulf, _he took leave of his followers, promising -that he and his descendants would revisit them hereafter_, and then, -entering his wizard skiff made of serpents' skins, embarked on the great -ocean for the fabled land of Tlapallan [are there not here the Welsh -words _lla_, place, softened into _tla_, and _pell_, distant, meaning -"distant place"?] He was said to have been tall in stature, _with a -white skin, long dark hair, and a flowing beard_. The Mexicans looked -confidently to the return of this benevolent deity; and this remarkable -tradition, deeply cherished in their hearts, prepared the way for the -success of the Spaniards." - -Their religion was a compound of Christianity and mythology, of -spiritual refinement and ferocity. Indeed, so much was this the case -that the most intelligent and judicious historians of the Aztecs could -not resist the conviction that one part of their religion emanated from -a comparatively refined people, while the other sprang from barbarians. -Everything pointed to the doctrine that their religion had _two distinct -sources_. - -Some historians have erred in supposing that they indiscriminately -sacrificed human beings. Their sacrifices were criminals collected from -all parts of the country, kept in cages, and slain upon the same day to -make a religious exhibition. This ought to be stated, so that, if -possible, there might be some mitigation of their dark and bloody -practices. - -They recognized the existence of one God, Supreme Creator and Lord of -the Universe. In their prayers they addressed Him as their God, "by whom -they lived, omnipresent, who knoweth all thoughts and giveth all gifts, -without whom man is as nothing, the incorporeal, invisible, one God, of -perfect perfection and purity, under whose wings we find repose and a -sure defence." - -They made confession but once, and that usually was deferred to a late -period of life. The following was the language of the confessor for the -penitent: "O merciful Lord, thou knowest the secrets of all hearts, let -thy forgiveness and favor descend like the pure waters of heaven, to -wash away the stains from the soul. Thou knowest that this poor man has -sinned, not from his own free will, but from the influence of the sign -under which he was born." He then teaches charity: "Clothe the naked and -feed the hungry, whatever privations it may cost thee; for, remember, -their flesh is like thine, and they are men like thee." - -The ceremony of naming children shows a wonderful coincidence with what -are called Christian rites. The lips and bosom of the infant were -sprinkled with water, and "the Lord was implored to permit the holy -drops to wash away the sin that was given to it before the foundation -of the world, so that the child might be born anew." - -Their prayers, too, inculcated Christian morality: "Wilt thou blot us -out, O Lord, forever? Is this punishment intended not for our -reformation, but for our destruction? Impart to us out of thy great -mercy thy gifts, which we are not worthy to receive through our own -merits." - -"Keep peace with all." "Bear injuries with humility. God who sees will -avenge you." "He who looks curiously on a woman commits adultery with -his eyes." What parallels with Scripture teachings! - -The Aztec nobles had bards in their houses, who composed ballads suited -to the times, and sang and played on instruments in honor of the -achievements of their lord. In this is discovered a resemblance to the -customs of Welsh minstrelsy. - -They had also musical councils, held on special days in the presence of -large public assemblies, for the trials of historians, poets, and -musicians, in their respective compositions, before the monarchs of -Mexico, Tezcuco, and Tlacopan. These were exactly identical with the -Welsh Eisteddfods,--bardic and musical contests, which have long been -and are still held in Wales, and in other countries where the -descendants of the people of that country reside. They had also a -complete system of orders and badges resembling those in Europe. By a -study of their stone calendars, they are known to have had regular -divisions of time; and their years consisted of three hundred and -sixty-five days. Historians relate that in the first interview of Cortez -with Montezuma in his palace, the latter said that his ancestors were -not the original proprietors of the land. They had occupied it but a few -ages, and had been led there by a great Being, _who, after giving them -laws and ruling over the nation for a time, had withdrawn to the region -where the sun rises_. He had declared upon his departure that he or his -descendants would again visit them and resume his empire. The wonderful -deeds of the Spaniards, their fair complexion, and the quarter whence -they came, led him to believe that they were his descendants. - -It was this tradition, inflexibly maintained by all the natives, which -enabled Cortez and his followers to secure such a complete conquest -throughout the Aztec empire; and yet so cruel a monster was he that he -put to death the two emperors, Montezuma and Guatemozin, and nearly four -millions of their subjects, in the most cruel manner. At least, this is -stated by historians; possibly the number is exaggerated. At any rate, -he slew an immense number. - -A gentleman who was in Mexico saw in 1748, in a Spanish manuscript -there, the speech which Montezuma delivered to his subjects just prior -to his death, and which is probably still in existence: - -"Kinsmen, Friends, Countrymen, and Subjects: You know I have been -eighteen years your sovereign and your natural king, as my illustrious -predecessors and fathers were before me, and all the descendants of my -race since we came from _a far distant northern nation, whose tongue and -manners we yet have partly preserved_. I have been to you a father, a -guardian, and a loving prince, while you have been to me faithful -subjects and obedient servants. - -"Let it be held in your remembrance that you have a claim to a noble -descent, because you are sprung from a race of freemen and heroes, who -scorned to deprive the native Mexicans of their ancient liberties, but -added to their national freedom principles which do honor to human -nature. Our divines have instructed you of our natural descent from a -people the most renowned upon earth for liberty and valor; because of -all nations they were, as our first parents told us, the only unsubdued -people upon the earth by that warlike nation [Romans] whose tyranny and -ambition assumed the conquest of the world; but nevertheless our great -forefathers checked their ambition, and fixed limits to their conquests, -although but the inhabitants of a _small island_, and but few in number, -compared to the ravagers of the earth, who attempted in vain to conquer -our great, glorious, and free forefathers," etc. - -In the above, Montezuma and his people looked upon themselves as the -descendants of freemen and heroes who had not been subdued, who were -the inhabitants of a small island in the north. The description very -strikingly answers to the character, manners, and principles of the -Welsh, and the place as the British Island. When Cortez came to their -country, Montezuma was the eleventh emperor of Mexico in the Aztec line. -Now, allowing an average reign to each emperor of twenty years, it will -be found that Prince Madoc's arrival in this country will about coincide -with the time of the establishment of this empire. This is also true -with regard to the Peruvian empire. Atahualpa, who was treacherously and -inhumanly put to death by the cruel and avaricious Pizarro, was the -twelfth emperor of Peru in succession from Manco Capac. By the same -method of calculation it will be seen that the dynasty of the Incas was -established about the time of Madoc's arrival. In consequence of this, -with many other proofs which cannot be introduced here, it has been -maintained that he also was the founder of the Peruvian empire and -civilization. John Williams, an author of no small repute, in his -"Natural History of the Mineral Kingdom," vol. ii. p. 410, maintains -that not only Mexico but Peru also was discovered by Madoc; that the few -fair and white persons found there by the Spaniards were the descendants -of Madoc's colony; and that Manco Capac and Mamma Ocello were Madoc and -his wife. They are supposed to be the progenitors of the Peruvian -Incas. As they were so different from the original natives in their -complexions, they were thought to be the children of the sun; a -sentiment which Manco might encourage for his own preservation. Mamma -Ocello he thinks a corruption of Mamma Ichel, or Uchel, the Welsh for -"high or stately mother." He gives it as his opinion that Madoc in his -first voyage landed in the Gulf of Mexico, and that when he went back to -his native country he promised those whom he left behind to return to -them; but that in his second voyage he was driven by a storm from the -north down as low as Brazil, and was shipwrecked near the mouth of the -Amazon River; that he and his wife and the survivors sailed up that -river; that after some time he arrived at Cuzco, the capital of the -Peruvian empire; and that he never came to his first colony. He then -assigns many reasons for his belief. It cannot be denied that some of -those reasons are ingenious. The fact of Madoc or some of his followers -having reached Peru is not denied; but they reached that country from -the _western_, not the _eastern_, side of the continent. They went down -the sea-coast west of Mexico to make explorations, or were carried -against their choice by a storm to Peru, where they settled. Such a -theory is in harmony with the foregoing pages, while it does not in any -way conflict with the founding of that empire by Madoc. - -Three South American nations ascribe their civilization and religion to -three white men who appeared among them. - -Abbé Molina, in his "History of Chili," vol. ii. book i. chap. i., says -that "there is a tribe of Indians in Baroa, Chili, whose complexions are -a clear white and red." - -Baron Humboldt, in his "Political Essays," remarks that "in the forests -of Guiana, especially near the sources of the river Oronoco, are several -tribes of a whitish complexion." - -Captain John Drummond, who resided in Mexico for many years in a -military capacity, as an engineer, geographer, and naturalist, favored -Dr. Williams, the author of the "Enquiry," with his opinion on the -subject. He said that he "was fully persuaded and convinced that Madoc -was one of the confederate chiefs who went upon an expedition westward -from Britain about the year 1170; and that he has heard of colonies of -Welsh people now existing, who, he thinks, are descendants of Madoc's -people; that the emigrants were a mixture of Welsh, North Britons, and -Irish, and that Madoc was naval commander." - -This was not at all unlikely, since upon Madoc's return from his first -voyage he made his discoveries as public as possible. The North Britons -and Irish were on friendly terms with the Welsh, and all were hostile to -the English. Jeuan Brecva, a Bard who flourished about the year 1480, -says that Rhiryd, an illegitimate son of Owen Gwynedd, and who, -according to Powell, was Lord of Clochran, in Ireland, "accompanied -Madoc across the Atlantic (Morwerydd) to some lands they had found -there, and there dwelt." There can be no doubt, therefore, that some -Irish went with Madoc to America. - -It is probable, too, that some Scots were in the expedition; for Captain -Drummond said that at one time he was accompanied by his servant, who -was a Highlander, on a journey through the country, when they came to a -Mexican hut where they heard a woman singing to her child. His servant -began to show signs of astonishment, and turned to the captain and told -him that the woman was using words from the Erse,--the language of the -Highlands in Scotland. - -The captain further observed, that Don Juan de Grijalva, a Spaniard, -said that "he found the Celts of Mexico, some having little or no arms, -but clothed in hides; and that the fierceness of their manners and their -undaunted courage resembled the old Britons, as described by Henry II. -to the Emperor Emmanuel Commenes. He also found others with -short-skirted vests of different colors, with targets and short black -spears, and that these new men in Mexico were adored by the natives for -their courage and dexterity, for that they never had seen ships till -they came among them from afar." - -Antonio Goluasco, a Portuguese author of great celebrity, mentions the -expedition of a Captain Machan, a British adventurer, in 1344, who had -been in Mexico, and had got store of wealth and silver from the native -sovereign of that day, but who was cast away on his return to Europe, -with all his treasure, near Madeira. - -Also, from the negotiations of Sir John Hawkins, an English admiral, in -the latter part of Queen Elizabeth's reign, and from the speeches of -various Mexican chiefs to Sir John's officers who were sent from Vera -Cruz to Mexico to negotiate with the Spanish Viceroy, is deduced strong -proof that these chiefs looked upon themselves as descended from the -Welsh. - -The Tlascalans belonged to the same great family with the Aztecs. They -came on the grand Mexican plateau about the same time with the kindred -races, at the close of the _twelfth_ century. Their immense -fortifications and walls, which extended for many miles, show the same -methods of construction, in semicircular lines and overlapping one -another, as those in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi. - -Most of the historians say that the two great pyramids--teocalli--just -northeast of the city of Mexico were constructed by an ancient people -that came to Mexico from some country east situated on the Atlantic -Ocean. - -What, then, is the conclusion? That the Aztecs were the Alligewi, who -were found in Virginia and the Carolinas by Madoc's colony, and with -whom the latter became amalgamated and moved westward. Being more and -more pressed by the powerful Indian nations which subsequently gained -control of the middle and eastern countries, they were at length obliged -to abandon the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. Some portions of these -people had reached, as a sort of advance-guard, the Mexican plateau -before those who were left behind entirely surrendered the country. The -date of founding the Aztec empire--1325--necessitates this view, and -Clavigero, whose table of dates has been given in another part of this -chapter, places the first arrival of the Aztecs in Tula as early as -1196,--twenty-six years after the arrival of Madoc. - -When this mighty migration took place, a portion, from necessity, -convenience, or inclination, ascended the Missouri; and of these the -Mandans are the descendants; while the main body moved in a southwest -direction, leaving unmistakable traces of their progress from the -Mississippi to Mexico. Some of these will be noticed in a subsequent -chapter. - -The Aztec empire became a controlling power on this continent, and -exacted tribute for the Mexican kings from all the Indian tribes. But -the Welsh element was no more in point of numbers, though they were in -power, to the Aztecs than the Tartars were to the Chinese. The ships -which are represented on Mexican monuments as crossing an ocean are -Madoc's vessels, floating on the Atlantic from Wales to America. - -Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, the most profound investigator in Mexican -and Peruvian antiquities, says, "The native traditions generally -attribute their civilization to bearded white men, who came across the -ocean from the east." - - - - -CHAPTER XIII. - -THE MOQUIS, MOHAVES, AND MODOCS. - - -Sebastian Cabot, in 1495, some two or three years after the first voyage -of Columbus, discovered Florida and Mexico, and found along the coast -the descendants of the Welsh discoverers who eventually settled in -Mexico. - -Sir George Mackenzie, in a letter to his grandfather, the fourth Earl of -Perth, writing on the subject of Celtic discoveries in Europe and -America, cites Baronius, Scaliger, Salmasius, Lipsius, and others as -authorities for believing in these early emigrations. As early as the -sixteenth century are found explicit accounts of strange peoples -inhabiting certain portions of America and possessing different -characteristics from the aborigines. Hakluyt, in his third volume, has -an extract from Antonio de Epejo, written in 1583: "The Spaniards along -the Rio del Norte, latitude 37° upwards, found the Indians far more -civilized, and having a better form of government, than any others in -Mexico. They had a great number of large and very populous towns, well -built of stone and lime, three or four stories high; their country is -very large and extensive. The chief town, called Cia, has not less than -eight markets. The inhabitants are very warlike, have great plenty of -cows and sheep, dress neat's leather very fine, and make of it shoes and -boots, which no other Americans do. They have also deer-skins and -chamois equal to those of Flanders (probably brought to Flanders from -Switzerland), and abound with excellent provision in the greatest -profusion. They have large fields of corn, and make curious things of -feathers of various colors. They manufacture cotton, of which they make -fine mantles, striped with blue and white. They have many salt lakes in -their country, that abound with excellent fish, and from the waters of -which they make excellent white salt. The country abounds with wild -beasts, wild fowl, and all sorts of game. They breed great numbers of -hens. The climate is very fine, the soil rich, producing great -quantities of delicious fruits. They have amongst them grapes the same -as those of Castile, and fine roses like those of Europe. They have also -abundance of excellent metals, gold and silver. The people are very -industrious and laborious, and the cultivation of the ground occupies -all their time. Their houses are flat-roofed. The country is very -mountainous, and has excellent timber; and the inhabitants seem to have -some knowledge of the Christian faith. They have many chapels, and erect -crosses, and they live in general in great security and peace. The -largest lake is in the western part of the country, and around it is a -great number of large, well-built, and populous towns. The people are -neatly dressed, in clothes made of exceeding well-dressed skins and -cotton cloth." - -Captain Carver, in his "Travels in North America," says that "northwest -of the Missouri and St. Pierre, the Indians farther told me that there -was a nation rather smaller and whiter than the neighboring tribes, who -cultivate the ground, and (as far as I could gather from their -expressions) in some measure the arts. They are supposed to be some of -the different tribes that were tributary to the Mexican kings, and who -fled from their native country to seek an asylum in these parts about -the time of the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards, about two centuries -ago." - -Farther on (page 386), he says, "The Jesuits and French missionaries -also pretended that the Indians had, when they first travelled into -America, some notions--though these were dark and confused--of the -Christian institutions, for they were greatly agitated at the sight of -the cross, which made such impressions on them that showed that they -were not unacquainted with the sacred mysteries of Christianity." - -Very little has been known until late years of the Rio del Norte and its -source or sources, which flows in a southerly direction through New -Mexico and empties into the Gulf. But as the population has increased in -this country with astonishing rapidity, and settlements have been opened -in the Territories, and there was a necessity for a well-organized -Indian Bureau to provide for the scattered tribes living in the -Southwest, the condition and character of the country and of the people -in New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona are being brought to light. -Military and scientific expeditions have been sent into those countries, -which have returned with reports of having discovered new nations about -whom nothing has been hitherto known. - -In the campaign of General Crook against the Apaches, a large tract of -country, rich with the relics of the past, was opened. It contains a -chain of cities in ruins and ancient towns still inhabited by a race -which holds itself aloof from Mexicans, Indians, and Americans, and -prides itself on its descent from the ancient inhabitants of the -country, and maintains a religion and government peculiar to itself. The -largest settlement was found in Mexico, about thirty miles south of the -border line. A strong wall surrounds it. Within are houses for about -four thousand people. The population had dwindled at the time they were -discovered to about eighteen hundred. Montezuma is their deity, and his -coming is looked for at sunrise each day. Their priests wear -heavily-embroidered robes, while their religious ceremonies are very -formal and pompous. They have a high order of morality. The chief powers -of government are vested in thirteen caciques, six of whom are elected -for life. They are quite advanced in civilization. Their women are not -treated as beasts of burden, but are respected, and permitted to confine -themselves to housekeeping. From all that can be gleaned, it appears -that these people have maintained their traditions unbroken for at least -three centuries and a half. - -Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Baca published, in 1529, a description of his -wanderings in America. He was in New Mexico, and, in writing of the -Indian villages, said, "The New Mexico pueblos--villages--are generally -two stories high, with doors on the roof and the staircase ladders on -the outside." Within a circle of sixty miles from Santa Fé there are to -be found the ruins of over forty deserted towns; and in various other -portions of New Mexico and Arizona similar ruins are in existence, all -showing that there once resided here a powerful people essentially -differing from the common American Indians. They were not placed here by -the Spaniards, but had occupied these towns and cities long before their -coming. By some it is believed that Montezuma originated in New Mexico; -and some even designate his birthplace. Some locate it at the old pueblo -of Pecos; while others maintain that it was near Ojo Caliente, the ruins -of which are still to be seen. A document is now extant purporting to -be copied from one of the legends at the capital in Mexico, in which it -is stated that Montezuma was born in Teguayo, one of the ancient pueblos -of New Mexico. This was not his original name, but was applied to him -upon his elevation to the Aztec throne, as it was to his predecessors. -It is supposed by some that in this region was situated the Aztlan, -whence came the Aztecs to Mexico; by others that it was along the Gila -River, in Arizona. But throughout that entire country the ancient towns -which are now inhabited and the deserted ruins show a common origin. - -The view has been entertained by some who have given this subject -attention that it was at this point in the progress of the migrations -that Madoc and his followers finally became amalgamated with the Aztecs. - -Within the past few years, several visits have been made by the members -of Wheeler's Surveying Expedition--Samuel Woodworth Cozzens and a few -others--to the seven wonderful cities of the Moquis, situated near the -Colorado Chiquito, in Arizona. - -Dr. Oscar Leow, chemist to Wheeler's Surveying Expedition, has -contributed a brief but intensely interesting article to the "Popular -Science Monthly" for July, 1874, on "The Moquis Indians of Arizona." By -reference to the Indian reports, it appears that this nation has never -been brought in contact with the Indian Bureau, nor with the Arizona -agency, although within its jurisdiction. Small appropriations have -recently been made for them; and it is likely that much more will soon -be learned about them,--their habits, industries, language, and strange -history. - -Their seven cities stand upon very high, precipitous cliffs of -sandstone, which, when seen in the distance, present such bold fronts -that it appears out of the question for any one to think of climbing -them. As the traveller approaches, however, he discovers narrow and -circuitous paths, which must be passed over single file, up and up, till -the summit is reached. On this giddy height is the home of the Moquis. -Dr. Leow terms it the "Gibraltar of the West," which the Navajos and -Apaches have never been able to conquer. The Moquis number about two -thousand five hundred. The cities rest on four sandstone -_mesas_,--tables,--which are about eight miles apart. On the first table -are three of the cities, named Tehua, Tsitsumo-vi, and Obiki; on the -second are Mushangene-vi and Shebaula-vi; the third is Shongoba-vi; and -on the fourth is Orai-vi. - -The houses are built in rows of two, three, and four stories in height, -and constructed in terrace style, with the upper stories removed a few -feet back from the lower ones. The sides fronting the bluffs are quite -near, with only a narrow ledge along which to walk, and where the -children were seen by the doctor, playing, unconscious of danger, while -the mothers were within the houses performing their duties, though an -awful gulf hundreds of feet in depth yawned beneath. Here the -habitations are not built of adobe, like Indian and Mexican huts, but of -stones firmly held in place by a cement of clay and sand. The stories -are about seven feet high, divided into rooms, and each provided with a -fire-place. Windows are cut into the walls about a foot square. - -The architecture of these stone houses bears a marked conformity with -that of the ruder ages among the Welsh. - -The physical appearance of the Moquis is a nearer approach to that of -the Caucasian than to that of the Mongolian race. The complexion is a -light red-brown, and the countenance unusually intelligent. - -Mr. Cozzens says that "their faces were so bright and intelligent that I -fancied they only required to be clothed in American dress, and shorn of -their long locks of coarse black hair, to enable them to easily pass for -people of our own race who had become brown from exposure to the sun. - -"Their clothing is neat, and they have an abundance of it. They knit, -spin, and weave blankets, cloaks, etc. They also manufacture certain -kinds of pottery. They have a system of reservoirs or stone tanks, built -of masonry in a substantial manner, and which hold millions of gallons -of water. These are connected with smaller ones below by pipes, and -thus utilized for their stock, which comprise dogs, donkeys, sheep, -goats, and chickens. The sheep and goats are driven some eight or ten -miles from the mesas to some pasture-lands. The principal crop is corn, -which is planted deep in the ground to obtain a greater degree of -moisture. The corn is ground, and then mixed with water, so as to form a -paste. The woman who makes it dips her hand in the paste and rapidly -passes some of it over hot stones, where it is soon baked. The cakes -resemble the Welsh _bara llechan_, noted in their cookery. They have a -kind of food called _panoche_, and still another called _tomales_,--by -mixing flour and meat in a powdered state. They also raise beans, -cotton, and tobacco. - -"The women appear more intelligent than the men, and dress with far more -taste. The daughters of the chief are said to be exceedingly interesting -ladies. The hair is worn à la Pompadour, with two inverse rolls on the -side of the head, by the unmarried. When married, the rolls give place -to broad braids. The Moquis girls have one privilege which ladies do not -generally enjoy: they have the right to propose for their own husbands. -When they have made their proposals, the fathers make the arrangements. -The bride then prepares with her own hands the wedding-dinner. - -"Females are not permitted to dance; their places are taken by young men -who dress in imitation of the women. All the dancers wear masks made of -peeled willow twigs nicely woven together; males have theirs dyed brown, -and supposed females bright yellow. - -"The vice of drunkenness and crime of murder are not known among this -people. - -"They are kind, warm-hearted, and hospitable. They believe that their -great father, Montezuma, lives where the sun rises." - -Mr. Cozzens studied their manners and customs, and endeavored to learn -something of the history of this singular race. He says that it is -asserted by the people of the other pueblos "that they are descendants -of the Aztecs, though with Welsh blood in their veins." - -That they have occupied their present location for a long time may be -inferred from the fact that their feet have worn down the path in the -rock between the several villages to the depth of some inches. - -The Mohaves, who are on the Colorado River Reservation, Arizona, are a -small, isolated tribe, not more than perhaps a thousand all told. They -are different from all other Indians. The women are tall, cleanly, and -less servile than most Indian women. Their language is peculiar, and has -Welsh words in it. The more recent reports of the United States -Government agents contain complaints against the vile traders who are -leading this once sober and respectable tribe into all sorts of vice, -drunkenness, immorality, loathsome diseases, and crimes. White men, with -their boasted civilization and virtues, drag the Indians to the brink of -ruin, and then crowd them over as vile and disgusting creatures. - -The perfidious and barbarous massacre of General Canby, Rev. Eleazer -Thomas, and others, by that savage band called the Modocs, brought them -into an unenviable notoriety; but, while passing, it is worthy of query -how they came by a name so much like that of Madoc. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV. - -SIGNS OF FREEMASONRY AMONG INDIANS. - - -The first printed evidence of the introduction of Freemasonry in America -is found in the "Pennsylvania Gazette" of December 8th, 1730, published -by Benjamin Franklin. It is as follows: "As there are several lodges of -Freemasons erected in this province, and people have been lately much -amused with conjectures concerning them, we think the following account -of Freemasonry from London will not be unacceptable to our readers." -This is followed by a letter on the mystery. But, if the testimony of -intelligent travellers can be accepted, it seems quite evident that -lodges of Freemasons were in existence among the American Indians -centuries prior to this time, all of which point to a Welsh origin. They -certainly had private societies, which met at certain times, and the -proceedings of which were kept inviolably secret under an oath. - -Governor De Witt Clinton believed that the signs of Freemasonry were -found among the Indians. He was an eminent member of the craft himself, -and was as familiar with its history, government, rules, and signs as -any person of his time. In an interview that he had with an Indian -preacher, the latter unmistakably made revelations which convinced the -former that he was familiar with the order. This Indian said that he had -obtained this knowledge from a Menomonie chief. - -There was one order among the Iroquois consisting of five Oneidas, two -Cayugas, two St. Regis, and six Senecas. The period of their meeting -could never be ascertained. These private societies were not confined to -the Iroquois, but seem to have extended among all the tribes. Their -rules of government and the admission of members were the same as among -the whites. No one could be received as a member of the fraternity -except by ballot, and the concurrence of the whole body was necessary to -a choice. They had different degrees in the order. Their ceremonies of -initiation were remarkable, and the mode of passing from one degree to -another would awaken astonishment among civilized Masons. - -Whence did they originate? There was a long period in Europe when the -knowledge of Freemasonry was mostly confined to the Druids, and in Wales -this order was the most generally found. It was their home. There they -had their colleges and schools of learning. They were, indeed, priests, -legislators, and historians. Through their order the principles of the -mystic craft were preserved throughout Europe. It was associated with -the later system of Bardism; and when under James the First there was -such a revival of the order, and it began to spread with such rapidity, -embracing all classes, from the king on his throne down to his humblest -subject, it was known that its deepest roots were struck in the soil of -Wales. Madoc, the son of a king, and surrounded by a heroic band of -eminent men, could not be ignorant of the principles of Freemasonry, and -when they landed in America they brought those principles with them, to -be afterwards imparted to such of those with whom they mingled as to -offer material means of safety. There are not wanting instances where -the lives of many whites have been spared by the Indians because they -understood certain secret signs communicated to them. - - - - -CHAPTER XV. - -THE WELSH LANGUAGE AMONG AMERICAN INDIANS. - - -An eminent modern linguist has said "that the genealogy and antiquities -of nations can be learned only from the sure testimony of their -languages." Admitting the correctness of such a statement, though it -does not possess axiomatic accuracy, it may furthermore be added, that -the discovery of portions of a language among other distant nations, -separated by a vast ocean, and differing in race, language, habits, and -conditions of life, surely indicates that some who spoke that language -must have brought it there. It may be urged that distant resemblances -have led enthusiastic philologists in support of their cause to imagine -a similarity in the form and sound of certain words, when, in fact, -those words are entirely different in meaning. Instances of this kind -have occurred in the study of the European languages. But when it is -found that an identity exists in (1) the form, (2) the sound, and (3) -the signification, and that, too, in multiplied instances, there is -reason to believe that this identity does not rest on accident or -coincidence. The student of language searches for some more -satisfactory solution of the question, by ascertaining, if possible, how -those portions were introduced. - -Now, this is just the case with the Celtic language found among the -Indian dialects. From New England to South America, Celtic words have -been found whose structure, pronunciation, and signification were the -same as those in use by the Gaels, Erse or Irish, and Welsh. Names of -tribes, persons, places, rivers, and of many living and inanimate -objects on the American continent, have been applied, and are now used, -which can find their right place only by assigning to them a Celtic -origin. This very soon came to be observed by all Europeans who arrived -in the country, and some set themselves diligently to work to find out -the cause. Some said that was not to be wondered at,--the finding of -Celtic words among Americans,--for undoubtedly the Celts have been very -widely spread over the globe. This, however, was too general an -affirmation to satisfy others. The celebrated Bishop Nicholson believed -that the Welsh language formed a considerable part of the languages of -the American nations. Sir Thomas Herbert, who published his travels in -London in 1683, has given a list of words taken from the Indian -dialects, which have an undoubted Welsh origin: _groeso_, "welcome," -_gwenddwr_, "white or limpid water," _bara_, "bread," _tad_, "father," -_mam_, "mother," _buch_ or _buwch_, "cow," _llwnog_, "fox," _coch y -dwr_, "a red water-bird," _clugjar_ (American, _clugar_), "partridge." -Some doubt the derivation of "penguin" from _pengwyn_, because it is -thought that "white head"--its literal meaning--would be a misnomer when -applied to the American penguin. By no means. As it stands on its short -legs it presents a white front from its head and exposed breast, and -might very well have received this appellation. There is some similarity -in the name of a once powerful chief who lived in New England to that of -Madoc, viz., Madokawando,--Madoc and _gwrando_, "to listen" or "to be -obedient to," "to submit to or follow." The guttural g in the Welsh -language is often dropped, especially before a vowel. Take the Welsh -verb _gallu_, "to be able," or the noun _gall_, "energy, might," and by -the omission of the letter _g_ the words will stand _allu_, _all_. _U_ -is sounded like _e_ in English, hence allu would be pronounced alle. -Alligeni (Alleghany) is a compound word, composed of _allu_, "mighty," -and _geni_, "born," or "mighty born." This is the name of the people who -once dwelt along the immense range called by that name, and were -displaced by the powerful nations, particularly the Iroquois, who came -from the northwest. Potomac has a more evident Greek origin, for its -word for "river" is _potamos_. Pontigo seems to come from _pont_, "a -bridge," and _go_, "a smith,"--"a smith's bridge." Nanticoke is found in -_nant-y-cwch_, "a curved brook or river,"--a very appropriate -designation for that tribe, whether applied prior to their leaving the -river in Maryland or after ascending the Susquehanna. - -Appomattox--now well known to the world--signifies _appwy_, "appoint" or -"name," and _Mattox_, "Madoc" or "Mattoc," the latter having the soft -Silurian sound; hence, "Madoc's name." - -Madoc's Creek is known by most Virginians, and by others. - -It is well known that in the origin of Indian names it was customary for -the tribes to assume those of the country they inhabited which had some -distinct peculiarities. By this means, as they removed from one place to -another, these names became multiplied. For example, the U-in-tats, -known as a branch of the Utes, belonged to the Uintah Valley. U-imp is -the name for pine; U-imtoo-meap, pine-land, which, contracted, means -U-intahs. The origin of Ute is as follows: U is a term signifying arrow; -U-too-meap, arrow-land, because the country bordering Utah Lake -furnished the reeds for arrow-shafts. - -Aztlan seems clearly to have been derived from Welsh words having become -mingled with Indian dialects, as _as_, "plane surface" or "area," and -_lan_, "up," an elevated area or table-land. What better definition -could be found to describe the Aztec plateau, beginning in Aztlan proper -and continuing to widen into the Mexican plateau? The termination _lan_ -is very common in the Aztec language. It is found in the names of -tribes, their cities, and a multitude of other objects,--Tlascalans, -Cholulans, and other peoples who dwelt in and around the upper countries -of the Aztec empire. The terminations _an_ and _pan_, the latter -indicating locality, as prefix or suffix, are very noticeable. So -frequent also is the use of _ch_, _th_, and _ll_, that the Welsh student -who speaks or reads aloud Aztec words is simply astounded by their -perfect consonance with those of his native tongue. - -Rev. Morgan Jones affirms that in 1660 he conversed with Indians who -spoke and understood the Welsh language, that he remained among them and -preached in that language four months, and that it was his intention -when he left to return and visit them. Rev. Charles Beatty, General -Bowles, Messrs. Price, Binon, Willin, Burnell, Griffith, Stuart, Sevier, -Lewis, and many others unhesitatingly relate that they personally, or -those whom they knew to be veracious, intelligent witnesses, had visited -Indians who spoke the Welsh language sufficiently to be understood by -them, without taking into account their other peculiarities of color, -beard, customs, traditions, arts, etc. - -George Catlin, who spent years of patient investigation into the -language of the Mandans and of other Indians, has given a table of -Mandan and Welsh words, with their pronunciations. Those who have any -acquaintance with the Moquis and Mohave tongues declare that they -contain Welsh words. Relics with Celtic inscriptions have been -unearthed. Aztec and Spanish chroniclers confirm more recent researches -respecting the presence of Celtic words in the old Aztec language. The -speech of Montezuma discloses their eastern origin, and that their -astounding civilization was due to white men. - -What then? - -Why, that such a mass of testimony under such a variety of -circumstances, precluding the idea of preconcert, interest, prejudice, -or downright ignorance, establishes the fact that the Welsh were on this -continent prior to its discovery by Columbus, and that those Welsh were -led thither by Prince Madoc in 1170 A.D. Many historical facts to which -the world has given implicit credence are far less supported than the -above. Hereafter let not American historians pass over these facts in -contemptuous silence. - - - - -CHAPTER XVI. - -THE WELSH OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. - - -The Welsh have claims for recognition and patriotic gratitude by the -American people, because of the prominent part taken by some of their -descendants in founding the American Republic. The Welsh mind and heart -have contributed no small share, in common with the good, the noble, and -the enlightened of other lands, to mould its institutions and to make -possible a country where the highest conditions of a Christian -civilization may be enjoyed. - -That little vessel of one hundred and eighty tons' burden, the -Mayflower, embryo of a free republic, was commanded by a Welshman, -Captain Jones. Among those who came as passengers were several of Welsh -origin,--Thomas Rogers, Stephen Hopkins, John Alden, and John Howland. -The last one named was attached to Governor Carver's household. So the -Welsh have a share in the celebration of the landing of the Pilgrim -Fathers. What must have been the thoughts of that band of forty-one men -(one hundred and one souls in all) as they stood on Plymouth Rock and -looked into the vast forests before them, so soon by their sturdy energy -and that of their descendants to be transformed into fruitful farms and -splendid cities and towns! - -Roger Williams was born in Wales in 1599. He was a relative of the -Protector, Oliver Cromwell. Banished from Massachusetts in 1635, he -penetrated the forests in mid-winter till he came to the country of the -Narragansets,--where the chief sachem, Canonicus, gave him a grant of -land, which, in token of "God's merciful providence to him in his -distress," he called Providence. Here he established a pure democracy, -all equally sharing the dignity and privileges of the government. He was -so kind in his treatment of the surrounding Indians that he was much -beloved by them, and it was by his great power over them that he saved -his white persecutors from destruction. Yet his enemies did not revoke -his sentence of banishment. The city government of Providence is -honoring his memory by the erection of a bronze statue. - -Of that immortal band of men who composed the Continental Congress, and -were signers of the Declaration of Independence, eighteen were Welshmen: - - - John Adams Massachusetts. - Samuel Adams " - Stephen Hopkins Rhode Island. - William Williams Connecticut. - William Floyd New York. - Francis Lewis " " - Lewis Morris " " - Francis Hopkinson New Jersey. - Robert Morris Pennsylvania. - George Clymer " - John Morton " - John Penn North Carolina. - Arthur Middleton South Carolina. - Button Gwinnett Georgia. - Thomas Jefferson Virginia. - Benjamin Harrison " - Richard Henry Lee " - Francis Henry Lightfoot Lee " - - -Notwithstanding abler pens have sketched them all, it may not be -uninteresting to touch upon a few facts in the biography of the above -list. Commencing with New England, where so many of Welsh blood came -after the Restoration, having been the followers of Cromwell, it will be -in order to notice John and Samuel Adams. - -John Adams was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1735. His services were -distinguished in the American Revolution; he was a member of the -committee which made the draft of the Declaration, and a signer of the -document. He was President and Vice-President of the United States. He -died at the age of ninety-one, in 1826, just half a century after the -Declaration. - -Samuel Adams was born in Boston, in 1722. He was a fearless patriot and -a stirring orator. He was educated for the ministry at Harvard College, -but became so engrossed in politics that he relinquished that -profession. He was in the Continental Congress, was Governor of -Massachusetts, and left the impress of his power on the Constitution of -his State, which he helped to frame. He died at the age of eighty-one, -in 1803. - -Stephen Hopkins was born in Providence, and was a self-taught man. He -wrote and acted against the oppression of the colonies by the -home-government long prior to the Revolution. He filled important -offices in his State, became a member of the Continental Congress, and -signed the Declaration. He died in July, 1785. - -From Connecticut came William Williams. He graduated at Harvard College, -at the age of twenty, in 1751. He became a lawyer, but afterwards chose -the profession of arms, and was aide to his brother who fell at Fort -George in 1755. He died at the age of eighty-one, in 1811. - -New York furnished three Welshmen out of her four delegates,--the -fourth, Mr. Livingston, being of Scotch origin, though the family came -from Holland. William Floyd was born in the year 1734, on Long Island. -He was possessed of large means. He was in the first Continental -Congress in 1774, and signed the Declaration in 1776. His losses of -property by the English were large. He died at the age of eighty-seven, -in 1821. - -Francis Lewis was born in South Wales, in 1713. His education was partly -acquired in Scotland and in Westminster, London. He was in business in -that city, came to New York, and conducted business for English -merchants. He was taken prisoner in the French War and carried to -France; after his return to New York he was sent to Congress, and signed -the Declaration in 1776. His property on Long Island was destroyed by -the English. He died at the age of ninety, in 1803. - -Lewis Morris, the fourth and last from New York, was born of a Welsh -family, in 1726. He was a graduate of Yale, and afterwards settled on -his father's farm, now known as Morrisania, Westchester County. Lewis's -father was the son of an officer in Cromwell's army, and first royal -governor of New Jersey, in 1738. Lewis was sent to the Continental -Congress in 1775, and served till 1777. His losses by the Revolution -were immense. He died at the age of seventy-two, in 1798. - -Francis Hopkinson, a delegate from New Jersey, was from a Welsh family. -He was born in Philadelphia, in 1737. He was noted as a lawyer, wit, and -poet. He wrote several political pamphlets, and was the author of many -poetical _jeux-d'esprit_, one of the best-known of which is "The Battle -of the Kegs," which begins,-- - - - "Gallants, attend, and hear a friend - Trill forth harmonious ditty; - Strange things I'll tell, which late befell - In Philadelphia City." - - -Mr. Hopkinson signed the Declaration, afterwards was eminent as a judge, -and died at the age of fifty-three, in 1791. His son, Joseph Hopkinson, -was the author of the national song "Hail Columbia," the origin of which -was as follows. It was in 1798. The country was excited in anticipation -of war with France. Mr. Fox, a theatrical singer and actor, called upon -Mr. Hopkinson and remarked, "To-morrow evening is appointed for my -benefit at the theatre. Not a single box has been taken, and I fear -there will be a thin house. If you will write some patriotic verse to -the tune of the 'President's March,' I feel sure of a full house." Mr. -Hopkinson went to his study, wrote the first verse and chorus, then -submitted them to Mr. Fox, who sang them to a harpsichord accompaniment. -The song was completed, the next morning the placards announcing that -Mr. Fox would sing a new patriotic song. The theatre was crowded, the -song was sung, and the audience thrilled with patriotic delight. - -The name of George Clymer indicates his Welsh origin. Thomas Jefferson -boarded in the house of Mrs. Clymer, on the southwest corner of Seventh -and High Streets, Philadelphia, where he drew the original draft of the -Declaration. - -John Morton, although a resident of Pennsylvania, was born in Delaware, -and was descended from a Welsh family on his mother's side. His father -was of Swedish descent. He was on the committee which reported the -Articles of Confederation. - -John Penn, of a Welsh family, was born in Virginia. He studied law with -Mr. Pendleton, and subsequently settled in North Carolina. From there he -was sent as delegate, and signed the Declaration. - -Arthur Middleton, from South Carolina, was a Welshman. He was a graduate -of Cambridge University, England, and arrived in America in 1773. He was -taken prisoner when Charleston surrendered to the British. He lost most -of his fortune by the Revolution. He died in January, 1789, aged -forty-four. - -Button Gwinnett was a native of Wales. He was born in 1732, was well -educated, entered mercantile life, went to Georgia and purchased a large -tract of land. He signed the Declaration, aided in framing the State -Constitution, was Governor, and fell in a duel which he fought with -General McIntosh, aged forty-six. - -Thomas Jefferson's ancestors came from the foot of Mount Snowdon, Wales, -to the colony of Virginia. He boasted of his Welsh blood. He stands in -the front as a defender of civil and religious liberty, and had engraved -upon his seal, "_Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God_." - -As the author of the Declaration, of the abolition of the connection -between Church and State, the laws of primogeniture, the restrictions -upon the Federal Constitution respecting the States, so as forever to -prevent a centralized and an aristocratic government, he must be -recognized as one of the most valuable men this country has ever had. By -a strange coincidence--shall it be called that?--at the age of -eighty-four, he breathed his last on the same day that John Adams did, -July 4, 1826. They were life-long personal friends, with a brief -interruption, but political opponents. On a plain marble slab at -Monticello is the following inscription: - - - HERE LIES THOMAS JEFFERSON: - _Author of the Declaration of Independence; - of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom; - and Father of the University of Virginia._ - - -Benjamin Harrison, chairman of the Committee that reported the -Declaration, was descended from the Welsh. He was related to General -Thomas Harrison, one of the regicides, the Commonwealth men of Cromwell, -and who was executed at Newgate. When he was approaching the scaffold, -one of the king's scoffers stood by and tauntingly asked, "Where is your -good old cause now?" The brave Harrison, with a cheerful smile, replied, -clapping his hand on his breast, "_Here it is, and I am going to seal -it with my blood_." Some of that grand stuff was afterwards found in his -descendants. Benjamin Harrison filled various positions, and was -Governor of the State from 1782 to 1784. He died on his farm in 1790. -His son, William Henry Harrison, served in the War of 1812, and was -elected President of the United States in 1840, but died on the 4th of -April, 1841, precisely one month after his inauguration. - -Richard Henry Lee was from a Welsh family, as, in fact, were all the -Lees of that period. He was born in 1732, educated in England, and after -his return to America in 1757 was elected a member of the House of -Burgesses. - -He was elected to the Continental Congress in 1774, and in July, 1776, -he had the honor to offer the resolution declaring the colonies free and -independent. The day before the appointment of the committee to draft -the Declaration, Mr. Lee was called away to the bedside of a sick wife, -or he would doubtless have been appointed chairman. In 1773 he, Thomas -Jefferson, and Patrick Henry had a serious consultation in the old -Raleigh Tavern, at Williamsburg, Virginia, in respect to submitting a -resolution to the Virginia House, recommending the appointment of a -Committee of Vigilance and Correspondence, and expressing the hope that -the other colonies would do the same. It was passed; and from that time -the Revolution began to assume organic form, and prepared the way for -1776. Mr. Lee was United States Senator under the Constitution, which -office he held with signal ability. He died June 14, 1794, in his -sixty-second year. - -Francis Henry Lightfoot Lee was of Welsh origin, and a signer. He was -born in Virginia on the 10th of September, 1734. He was educated at -home, and from 1765 to 1775 served his State as a member of the House of -Burgesses. He died in April, 1797, in his sixty-third year. - -Many of the facts given above concerning these signers are not found in -their usual biographies, and therefore they are inserted here. - -Robert Morris, who came to this country when a child, served an -apprenticeship with a merchant, became a successful business man by his -energy and integrity, and during the Revolution his fortune and -unlimited commercial credit were superior to Congress itself. In the -darkest days, when the army was unfed and unclothed, Washington could -turn to his dear friend Robert Morris for help. He gave his immense -means to his country, and died, in comparative poverty, in 1806, aged -seventy-three years. - -Gouverneur Morris, who wrote the first connected draft of the American -Constitution, was a Welshman. - -Among those who fought in the Revolution may be found a long list of -Welsh by nativity or descent: - - - GENERALS. - - Charles Lee, - Isaac Shelby, - Anthony Wayne, - Morgan Lewis, - William R. Davie, - Edward Stevens, - Richard Winn, - Daniel Morgan, - John Cadwallader, - Andrew Lewis, - Otho H. Williams, - John Thomas, - Joseph Williams, - James Reese. - - COLONELS. - - David Humphreys, - Lambert Cadwallader, - Richard Howell, - Ethan Allen, - Henry Lee, - Thomas Marshall, - James Williams (_killed at Bennington_). - - CAPTAINS. - - John Marshall (_afterwards Chief Justice_), - Isaac Davis, - Anthony Morris, - Captain Rogers. - - -Besides these, there was a host of subordinate officers who could claim -descent from the Welsh. - -In the navy were Commodore Hopkins and others; and at a later period -Commodores Rogers, Perry, Jacob Jones, and Ap Catesby Jones. - -Dr. John Morgan was Surgeon-in-Chief of the American army, and one of -the founders of the Philadelphia Medical School, the first of the kind -established in America, and the beginning of the great University. He -came from a Welsh family. - -Among the divines were Revs. David Jones, Samuel Davie, David Williams, -Morgan Edwards, and others. Perhaps the most distinguished of these was -Mr. Jones. His ancestors came from Wales, and settled on the "Welsh -Tract" in Delaware county, Pa. He was on a mission among the Shawanese -and Delaware Indians in 1772-73. In 1776 he was appointed chaplain to -Colonel St. Clair's regiment, and was on duty at Ticonderoga when the -enemy was momentarily expected from Crown Point. He delivered a -characteristic discourse, which produced a powerful impression upon the -troops. When with General Wayne, he saw an English dragoon alight and -enter a house for refreshments. The chaplain went to the dragoon's -horse, took the pistols from the holsters, went into the house, made him -a prisoner, and marched him into camp: Wayne complimented him for his -bravery. He was also with General Gates; also at the battles of -Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth; with the army at Valley Forge, and -in all subsequent campaigns to the surrender of Yorktown by Cornwallis. -At the age of seventy-six he served as chaplain in the War of 1812. He -died in February, 1820, aged eighty-four. - -Rev. Samuel Davies became President of Princeton College. When -Washington was colonel, and after Braddock's defeat, Mr. Davies, who was -addressing the volunteer company, used this language in allusion to -Washington: "I cannot but hope that Providence has hitherto preserved -him in so signal a manner for some important service to his country." - -General Washington's family associations were with the descendants of -the Welsh. His wife, Martha, whom he called, familiarly "Patsy," was the -grand-daughter of Rev. Orlando Jones, who came to Virginia from Wales. -Colonel Fielding Lewis, of Welsh descent, married Washington's sister; -and his son, George Washington Lewis, was commander of the general's -life-guard. - -Elihu Yale, the founder of Yale College, Jonathan Edwards, Daniel -Webster, Charles Davies the mathematician, and a long array of brilliant -men and women who have adorned every station in American society, were -of Welsh origin or descent. Mr. Webster, however, was descended only -from his mother's side. - -Seven Presidents of the United States have descended from the Welsh -race,--John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John -Quincy Adams, and William Henry Harrison. - -Chief-Justice John Marshall, the first to expound the Constitution, was -the grandson of a native of Wales; and, as if the office should continue -in such a lineage, Chief-Justice Roger B. Taney was sprung from a family -descended from the northern part of Wales. - -William Penn, founder of the great State of Pennsylvania, Thomas Floyd, -the first Governor of the colony, and Anthony Morris, the first mayor of -the refined city of Philadelphia, were Welsh. - -Oliver Evans, so famous for his inventions in high-pressure engines, by -means of which all turbid streams could be successfully navigated, was -born of a Welsh family near that city. It was found that the sediment of -the water choked up or wore off the sliding-valves of the low-pressure -engines. He was the third person who received a patent from the United -States--Samuel Hopkins being the first--for his inventions, and -concerning which President Jefferson remarked that they were "too -valuable to be covered by a patent, for they were such things that the -people could not do without, once they were known." - -Mrs. De Witt Clinton was the daughter of Dr. Thomas Jones, the son of a -Welsh physician whose father settled at Jamaica, Long Island, and who -was widely known as Dr. John Jones. He was attached to the Revolutionary -army as a surgeon, and a personal friend of Washington and Franklin. He -was one of the founders of the New York Hospital, and a professor in the -medical faculty in Columbia College at its institution. He was the first -successful lithotomist in the country. Mrs. Clinton was his -grand-daughter, having Dr. Thomas Jones for her father, and a daughter -of Philip Livingston, signer of the Declaration, for her mother. Maturin -Livingston, a son of Philip, married a daughter of General Morgan -Lewis. Of Mrs. Clinton it has been said that "she was in every sense a -remarkable woman,--not less for her strength of mind than for her noble -good breeding, purity, and polish of manners. She was liberal and frank, -and fully appreciated the great mind of her noble husband; and the -harder the storms of personal and political strife blew upon him, the -closer her affections twined around him, while she nobly and devoutly -cherished his memory to the last." - -Their services, in connection with those of almost every other land, -have helped to lay the foundations, deep and broad, of the great -American republic, whose majestic proportions are rising higher and -still higher, commanding the wonder and admiration of all; but, while -the later builders are at work, they will not forget to offer some -souvenir in behalf of those who worked so wisely and so well. - -The memory of ALL "smells sweet, and blossoms in the dust." - - - - -CHAPTER XVII. - -ADDRESS OF REV. DAVID JONES TO GENERAL ST. CLAIR'S BRIGADE, AT -TICONDEROGA, WHEN THE ENEMY WERE HOURLY EXPECTED, OCTOBER 20, 1776. - - -"My countrymen, fellow-soldiers, and friends: - -"I am sorry that during this campaign I have been favored with so few -opportunities of addressing you on subjects of the greatest importance, -both with respect to this life and that which is to come; but what is -past cannot be recalled, and NOW time will not admit an enlargement, as -we have the greatest reason to expect the advancement of our enemies as -speedily as Heaven will permit. [The wind blew strongly to the north.] -Therefore, at present let it suffice to bring to your remembrance some -necessary truths. - -"It is our common faith, and a very just one too, that all events on -earth are under the notice of that God in whom we live, move, and have -our being: therefore we must believe that in this important struggle -with the worst of enemies he has assigned us our post here at -Ticonderoga. Our situation is such that, if properly defended, we shall -give our enemies a fatal blow, and in a great measure prove the means of -the salvation of North America. Such is our present case, that we are -fighting for all that is near and dear to us, while our enemies are -engaged in the worst of causes, their design being to subjugate, -plunder, and enslave a free people that have done them no harm. Their -tyrannical views are so glaring, their cause so horribly bad, that there -still remains too much goodness and humanity in Great Britain to engage -unanimously against us: therefore they have been obliged--and at a most -amazing expense, too--to hire the assistance of a barbarous, mercenary -people, that would cut your throat for the small reward of a sixpence. -No doubt these have hopes of being our task-masters, and would rejoice -at our calamities. - -"Look, oh, look, therefore, at your respective States, and anticipate -the consequences if these vassals are suffered to enter! It would fail -the most fruitful imagination to represent in a proper light what -anguish, what horror, what distress, would spread over the whole! See, -oh, see the dear wives of your bosoms forced from their peaceful -habitations, and perhaps used with such indecency that modesty would -forbid the description! Behold, the fair virgins of your land, whose -benevolent souls are now filled with a thousand good wishes and hopes of -seeing their admirers return home crowned with victory, would not only -meet with a doleful disappointment, but also with such insults and -abuses that would induce their tender hearts to pray for the shades of -death! See your children exposed as vagabonds to all the calamities of -this life! Then, oh, then adieu to all felicity this side of the grave! -Now, all these calamities must be prevented if our God be for us,--and -who can doubt of this who observes the point in which the wind now -blows?--if you will only acquit yourselves like men, and with firmness -of mind go forth against your enemies, _resolving either to return with -victory or to die gloriously_. - -"Every one who may fall in this dispute will be justly esteemed a martyr -to liberty, and his name will be had in precious memory while the love -of freedom remains in the breasts of men. All whom God will favor to see -a glorious victory will return to their respective States with every -mark of honor, and be received with joy and gladness of heart by all -friends to liberty and lovers of mankind. As our present case is -singular, I hope, therefore, that the candid will excuse me if I -conclude with an uncommon address, in substance principally extracted -from the writings of the Bible, though at the same time it is freely -acknowledged that I am not possessed of any similar power either of -blessing or cursing. - -"1. Blessed be that man who is possessed of a true love of liberty; and -let all the people say, _Amen_. - -"2. Blessed be that man who is a friend to the United States of -America; and let all the people say, _Amen_. - -"3. Blessed be that man who will use his utmost endeavors to oppose the -tyranny of Great Britain, and to vanquish all her forces invading North -America; and let all the people say, _Amen_. - -"4. Blessed be that man who is resolved never to submit to Great -Britain; and let all the people say, _Amen_. - -"5. Blessed be that man who in the present dispute esteems not his life -too good to fall a sacrifice in defence of his country: let his -posterity, if any he has, be blessed with riches, honor, virtue, and -true religion; and let all the people say, _Amen_. - -"Now, on the other hand, as far as is consistent with the Holy -Scriptures, let all these blessings be turned into curses to him who -deserts the noble cause in which we are engaged, and turns his back to -the enemy before he receives proper orders to retreat; and let all the -people say, _Amen_. - -"Let him be abhorred by all the United States of America. - -"Let faintness of heart and fear never forsake him on earth. - -"Let him be a _major miserabile_, a terror to himself and all around -him. - -"Let him be accursed in his outgoings, and cursed in his incomings; -cursed in his lying down, and cursed in his uprising; cursed in basket, -and cursed in store. - -"Let him be cursed in all his connections, till his wretched head, with -dishonor, is laid low in the dust; and let all the soldiers say, _Amen_. - -"And may the God of all grace, in whom we live, enable us, in defence of -our country, to acquit ourselves like men, to his honor and praise. -_Amen_ and _Amen_." - -There were no traitors or cowards _that_ day; and the deeds of the -patriots have been emblazoned in prose and song, in monuments of brass -and stone, in a great and glorious government, and in the praise and -gratitude of a free people who meet to do them honor. - -THE END. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of America Discovered by the Welsh in -1170 A.D., by Benjamin Franklin Bowen - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICA DISCOVERED BY THE WELSH *** - -***** This file should be named 40225-8.txt or 40225-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/2/2/40225/ - -Produced by sp1nd, Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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