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diff --git a/40215-h/40215-h.htm b/40215-h/40215-h.htm index 8843e9e..d39ceaa 100644 --- a/40215-h/40215-h.htm +++ b/40215-h/40215-h.htm @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title> Descriptive Zoopraxography </title> @@ -60,46 +60,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Descriptive Zoopraxography, by Eadweard Muybridge - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Descriptive Zoopraxography - or the science of animal locomotion made popular - -Author: Eadweard Muybridge - -Release Date: July 11, 2012 [EBook #40215] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DESCRIPTIVE ZOOPRAXOGRAPHY *** - - - - -Produced by Mark C. Orton, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40215 ***</div> <div class="figcenter" style="width:42%;"> <a href="images/illus_004.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/illus_004.jpg" @@ -266,7 +227,7 @@ IN THE POSSESSION OF THE AUTHOR.</h5> <p>Under this impression he delayed his far Occidental expedition and returned to Chicago to find a commodious theater erected for this special purpose on the grounds of the Exposition, to which the name of - Zoöpraxographical Hall had been given; the Science of Zoöpraxography + Zoöpraxographical Hall had been given; the Science of Zoöpraxography having had its origin in the Author's first experiments in 1872. It is not intended in this monograph to give more than a synopsis of the usual course of Lectures on the subject, nor to reproduce any of the pictured @@ -277,12 +238,12 @@ IN THE POSSESSION OF THE AUTHOR.</h5> phases of these movements by tracings from the original photogravures of the Author's work.</p> - <p>In the presentation of a Lecture on Zoöpraxography the course usually + <p>In the presentation of a Lecture on Zoöpraxography the course usually adopted is to project, much larger than the size of life upon a screen, a series of the most important phases of some act of animal motion—the stride of a horse, while galloping for example—which are analytically described. These successive phases - are then combined in the Zoöpraxiscope, which is set in motion, and a + are then combined in the Zoöpraxiscope, which is set in motion, and a reproduction of the original movements of life is distinctly visible to the audience.</p> @@ -296,7 +257,7 @@ IN THE POSSESSION OF THE AUTHOR.</h5> jumping, trotting and kicking, are illustrated in the same manner. By this method of analysis and synthesis the eye is taught how to observe and to distinguish the differences between a true and a false impression - of animal movements. The Zoöpraxiscopical exhibition is followed by + of animal movements. The Zoöpraxiscopical exhibition is followed by illuminated copies of paintings and sculptures, demonstrating how the movement has been interpreted by the Artists of all ages; from the primitive engravers of the cave dwelling period, to the most eminent @@ -340,7 +301,7 @@ IN THE POSSESSION OF THE AUTHOR.</h5> understand why there should ever have been any difference of opinion on the subject.</p> - <p>These first experiments of Zoöpraxography were made at Sacramento, + <p>These first experiments of Zoöpraxography were made at Sacramento, California, in May, 1872. A few impressions were printed from the selected negative for private distribution, and were commented upon by the "Alta California," a newspaper published in San Francisco.</p> @@ -368,7 +329,7 @@ IN THE POSSESSION OF THE AUTHOR.</h5> <p>It being desirable that the horses used as models should be representatives of their various breeds, and the Author not being the owner of any that could be fairly classed as such, obtained the - coöperation of Mr. Stanford, who owned a fine stud of horses at his farm + coöperation of Mr. Stanford, who owned a fine stud of horses at his farm at Palo Alto, and there continued his labors.</p> <p>The apparatus used at this stage of the investigation was essentially @@ -397,13 +358,13 @@ IN THE POSSESSION OF THE AUTHOR.</h5> Meissonier's assertions, the modifications in the expression of animal movements now progressing in the works of the Painter and the Sculptor, or to the fact of their being the result of studious attention to the - science of Zoöpraxography.</p> + science of Zoöpraxography.</p> <p>In the same year, during a lecture on "The Science of Animal Locomotion in Its Relation to Design in Art," given at the Royal Institution (see <i>Proceedings</i> of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, March 13, 1882), the author exhibited the results of his - experiments at Palo Alto, when he, with the Zoöpraxiscope and an + experiments at Palo Alto, when he, with the Zoöpraxiscope and an oxy-hydrogen lantern, projected on the wall a synthesis of many of the actions he had photographed.</p> @@ -474,7 +435,7 @@ IN THE POSSESSION OF THE AUTHOR.</h5> shed 37 metres or about 120 feet, long, the front of which is open, and divided by vertical and horizontal threads into spaces 5 centimetres, or about 2 inches, square, and by broader threads into larger spaces 50 - centimetres, or about 19¾ inches, square.</p> + centimetres, or about 19¾ inches, square.</p> <p>At C and C, 37 metres, or about 120 feet, apart are "<i>fixed</i>" backgrounds, with vertical threads 5 centimetres, or about two inches, @@ -513,8 +474,8 @@ IN THE POSSESSION OF THE AUTHOR.</h5> with the system and used in their regular sequence.</p> <p>R. A portable battery of 12 automatic electro-photographic cameras, - the lenses of which are 1¼ inches diameter and 5 inches equivalent focus; - the lenses are arranged 7½ centimetres, or about 3 inches, from their + the lenses of which are 1¼ inches diameter and 5 inches equivalent focus; + the lenses are arranged 7½ centimetres, or about 3 inches, from their centres. When the battery is used vertically, lens 6 is usually on the same horizontal plane as the lenses of the lateral battery.</p> @@ -838,7 +799,7 @@ IN THE POSSESSION OF THE AUTHOR.</h5> and essential distinctness of detail.</p> <p>The power used for operating the magnets, through the exposing motor, - was given from a lé Clanché battery of fifty-four cells, arranged in + was given from a lé Clanché battery of fifty-four cells, arranged in multiple arc of three series, each of eighteen cells.</p> <p>During the investigation at the University of Pennsylvania, more than @@ -1335,8 +1296,8 @@ IN THE POSSESSION OF THE AUTHOR.</h5> <p>They were traced by the well known artist, Erwin Faber, and are reproduced one-third the diameter of the circles arranged for the - zoöpraxiscope. Many of the original phases of movement are omitted on - account of the optical law which in the construction of a zoöpraxiscope + zoöpraxiscope. Many of the original phases of movement are omitted on + account of the optical law which in the construction of a zoöpraxiscope requires that the number of illustrations must bear a certain relationship to the number of perforations through which they are viewed.</p> @@ -1395,7 +1356,7 @@ TO DESIGN IN ART.</h5> erect—The Normal Method of Locomotion by all animals essentially the same—The Quadrupedal Walk as interpreted by Prehistoric Man, by the Egyptians, Assyrians, Phœnicians, Etruscans, Greeks, Romans, - Byzantines, and by eminent artists of mediæval and of modern + Byzantines, and by eminent artists of mediæval and of modern times—The Statue of Marcus Aurelius the great source of modern errors; Marcus Aurelius in London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dublin, Paris, Berlin, Amsterdam, New York, Boston, and many other cities—Albert @@ -1404,12 +1365,12 @@ TO DESIGN IN ART.</h5> Amble, Rack, Trot and Canter—Twelve phases in the Gallop of a Horse—Origin of the modern representation of the Gallop—Gallop as depicted by the Hittites, North American Indians, - Egyptians, Assyrians, Greeks, the mediæval artists—The modern + Egyptians, Assyrians, Greeks, the mediæval artists—The modern conventional gallop; evidences of its absurdity; acknowledgment by the Artist of the necessity of reformation—Leap of the Horse, Kick of the Mule, &c., all illustrated by photographs the size of life, from nature, and comparisons made with the interpretation of the same - movements by artists of pre-historic, ancient, mediæval and modern + movements by artists of pre-historic, ancient, mediæval and modern times—Demonstration of the action of the primary feathers in the wing of a Bird while Flying, and a solution of the complex problem of Soaring.</p> @@ -1439,7 +1400,7 @@ London Institution, Glasgow Philosophical Society.<br /> Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society.<br /> Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society.<br /> Town Hall, Birmingham; Nottingham Arts Society.<br /> -Manchester Athenæum.<br /> +Manchester Athenæum.<br /> University of Oxford.<br /> Eton College, Clifton College.<br /> Wellington College, Yorkshire College,<br /> @@ -1641,9 +1602,9 @@ Learning in the United States of America.</i></h5> <p>"Meissonier, devoting himself to his friends, evidently cared little for personal compliments; he was anxious for the well-deserved - distinction of his <i>protégé</i> Muybridge.... 'C'est merveilleusement - arrangé!' said Alexandre Dumas. 'C'est que la nature <i>compose</i> - crânement bien!' replied Meissonier."—<i>Le Temps</i>, Paris.</p> + distinction of his <i>protégé</i> Muybridge.... 'C'est merveilleusement + arrangé!' said Alexandre Dumas. 'C'est que la nature <i>compose</i> + crânement bien!' replied Meissonier."—<i>Le Temps</i>, Paris.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width:46%;"> <a href="images/illus_076.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/illus_076.jpg" @@ -1687,7 +1648,7 @@ Learning in the United States of America.</i></h5> </div> <p>"The lecture theatre of the <span class="sc">Royal Academy of - Arts</span> was filled to overflowing."—<i>Athenæum, + Arts</span> was filled to overflowing."—<i>Athenæum, London.</i></p> <p>"The Royal Dublin Society's Theatre was filled to its utmost capacity @@ -1862,7 +1823,7 @@ Learning in the United States of America.</i></h5> <p>"Mr. Muybridge might well be proud of the reception accorded him by his distinguished audience; it would have been difficult to add to the - <i>éclat</i> of his appearance, and his lecture was welcomed by a warmth + <i>éclat</i> of his appearance, and his lecture was welcomed by a warmth as hearty as it was spontaneous."—<i>The Photographic News, London.</i></p> @@ -1988,7 +1949,7 @@ Learning in the United States of America.</i></h5> </div> <p>"Noted artists, such as Menzel, Knaus, Begas; eminent scientists, such - as von Helmholtz, Siemens and Förster and even the imperturbable + as von Helmholtz, Siemens and Förster and even the imperturbable field-marshal, Count von Moltke, were enthusiastic in their applause."—<i>Illustrirte Zeitung.</i></p> @@ -2001,7 +1962,7 @@ Learning in the United States of America.</i></h5> <p>"The lecture was given in a popular manner, with scientific accuracy and artistic taste.... The room was filled to the last corner; nearly all - the Royal Family and the Ministers were present."—<i>Münchener + the Royal Family and the Ministers were present."—<i>Münchener Neueste Nachrichten</i>, Munich.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width:45%;"> @@ -2162,9 +2123,9 @@ from the Laterals.</td> gelatinised copper-plates, by the New York Photo-Gravure Company, on thick linen plate-paper.</p> - <p>The size of the paper is 45 × 60 centimetres—(19 × 24 inches), - and the printed surface varies from 15 × 45 to 20 × 30 - centimetres—(6 × 18 to 9 × 12 inches).</p> + <p>The size of the paper is 45 × 60 centimetres—(19 × 24 inches), + and the printed surface varies from 15 × 45 to 20 × 30 + centimetres—(6 × 18 to 9 × 12 inches).</p> <p>The number of figures on each plate varies from 12 to 36.</p> @@ -2341,7 +2302,7 @@ Containing more than 20,000 Figures.</td> therefrom are however given in Appendix A.</p> <p>For the value of the present work to the general student of Nature and - the lover of Art, no less than to the Artist and the Archæologist, the + the lover of Art, no less than to the Artist and the Archæologist, the Physiologist and the Anatomist, it is with much pride and gratitude that he refers to the annexed list of some of his subscribers.</p> @@ -2364,22 +2325,22 @@ Bruxelles<br /> Edinburgh<br /> Erlangen </td><td class="vtp w25">Freiburg<br /> -Genève<br /> +Genève<br /> Genova<br /> Glasgow<br /> -Göttingen<br /> +Göttingen<br /> Griefswald<br /> -Hallé<br /> +Hallé<br /> Heidelberg<br /> -Innsbrück<br /> +Innsbrück<br /> Jena<br /> Kiel -</td><td class="vtp w25">Königsberg<br /> +</td><td class="vtp w25">Königsberg<br /> Leiden<br /> Leipzig<br /> -Liège<br /> +Liège<br /> Louvain<br /> -München<br /> +München<br /> Napoli<br /> Oxford<br /> Padova<br /> @@ -2389,11 +2350,11 @@ Roma<br /> Rostock<br /> Strassburg<br /> Torino<br /> -Tübingen<br /> +Tübingen<br /> Utrecht<br /> Wien<br /> -Würzberg<br /> -Zürich +Würzberg<br /> +Zürich </td></tr></table> <h5 class="scac">IMPERIAL, NATIONAL, OR ROYAL ACADEMIES OF FINE ARTS.</h5> @@ -2409,17 +2370,17 @@ Breslau<br /> Bruxelles </td><td class="vtp w25">Budapest<br /> Dresden<br /> -Düsseldorf<br /> +Düsseldorf<br /> Firenze<br /> Frankfurt<br /> Genova<br /> Gent<br /> Leipzig -</td><td class="vtp w25">Liège<br /> +</td><td class="vtp w25">Liège<br /> London<br /> Manchester<br /> Milano<br /> -München<br /> +München<br /> Napoli<br /> Paris<br /> Praha @@ -2428,8 +2389,8 @@ Sheffield<br /> Torino<br /> Venezia<br /> Wien<br /> -Zürich -</td></tr><tr><td class="ac" colspan="4">Architectural Institute, München<br /> +Zürich +</td></tr><tr><td class="ac" colspan="4">Architectural Institute, München<br /> Herkomer School of Art, Bushey </td></tr></table> @@ -2441,20 +2402,20 @@ Amsterdam </td><td class="vtp w25">Budapest </td></tr></table> -<h5 class="scac">ARCHÆOLOGICAL INSTITUTES AND MUSEUMS.</h5> +<h5 class="scac">ARCHÆOLOGICAL INSTITUTES AND MUSEUMS.</h5> <table class="mc fwtab"><tr><td class="vtp w25"> Dresden<br /> Griefswald<br /> Heidelberg -</td><td class="vtp w25">Königsberg<br /> +</td><td class="vtp w25">Königsberg<br /> Leipzig<br /> Prag </td><td class="vtp w25">Rostock<br /> Strassburg<br /> Wien -</td><td class="vtp w25">Würzburg<br /> -Zürich +</td><td class="vtp w25">Würzburg<br /> +Zürich </td></tr></table> <h5 class="scac">INDUSTRIAL ART AND SCIENCE MUSEUMS.</h5> @@ -2475,8 +2436,8 @@ Amsterdam<br /> Breslau </td><td class="vtp w25">Budapest<br /> Frankfurt -</td><td class="vtp w25">Nürnberg -</td><td class="vtp w25">Zürich +</td><td class="vtp w25">Nürnberg +</td><td class="vtp w25">Zürich </td></tr></table> <h5 class="scac">LIBRARIES.</h5> @@ -2500,18 +2461,18 @@ Paris, National Library Bern<br /> Breslau<br /> Freiburg<br /> -Hallé -</td><td class="vtp w25">Innsbrück<br /> +Hallé +</td><td class="vtp w25">Innsbrück<br /> Kiel<br /> -Königsberg<br /> +Königsberg<br /> Leipzig -</td><td class="vtp w25">München<br /> +</td><td class="vtp w25">München<br /> Pisa<br /> Prag<br /> Rostock -</td><td class="vtp w25">Tübingen<br /> -Würzburg<br /> -Zürich +</td><td class="vtp w25">Tübingen<br /> +Würzburg<br /> +Zürich </td></tr></table> <h5 class="scac">ROYAL COLLEGES OF SURGEONS.</h5> @@ -2534,26 +2495,26 @@ Bruxelles<br /> Erlangen </td><td class="vtp w25">Freiburg<br /> Genova<br /> -Göttingen<br /> +Göttingen<br /> Griefswald<br /> -Hallé<br /> +Hallé<br /> Heidelberg<br /> -Innsbrück<br /> +Innsbrück<br /> Jena </td><td class="vtp w25">Kiel<br /> -Königsberg<br /> +Königsberg<br /> Leipzig<br /> Louvain<br /> -München<br /> +München<br /> Napoli<br /> Prag<br /> Rostock </td><td class="vtp w25">Strassburg<br /> Torino<br /> -Tübingen<br /> +Tübingen<br /> Wien<br /> -Würzburg<br /> -Zürich +Würzburg<br /> +Zürich </td></tr></table> <h5 class="scac">VETERINARY INSTITUTES.</h5> @@ -2573,7 +2534,7 @@ Dresden </td><td class="ac w50">Firenze </td></tr></table> -<h5 class="scac">ETHNOLOGICAL, NATURAL HISTORY, AND ZOÖLOGICAL<br /> +<h5 class="scac">ETHNOLOGICAL, NATURAL HISTORY, AND ZOÖLOGICAL<br /> INSTITUTES AND MUSEUMS.</h5> <table class="mc fwtab"><tr><td class="vtp w25"> @@ -2582,7 +2543,7 @@ Bruxelles<br /> Freiburg </td><td class="vtp w25">Kiel<br /> Leiden -</td><td class="vtp w25">Liège<br /> +</td><td class="vtp w25">Liège<br /> Napoli </td><td class="vtp w25">Paris<br /> Rostock @@ -2594,7 +2555,7 @@ Rostock Basel<br /> Bologna<br /> Bruxelles -</td><td class="vtp w25">Genève<br /> +</td><td class="vtp w25">Genève<br /> Heidelberg<br /> Padova </td><td class="vtp w25">Prag<br /> @@ -2609,7 +2570,7 @@ Utrecht Berlin </td><td class="w25">Firenze </td><td class="w25">Wien -</td><td class="w25">Zürich +</td><td class="w25">Zürich </td></tr></table> <h5 class="scac">COLLEGES.</h5> @@ -2633,9 +2594,9 @@ Berlin <h5 class="scac">ARTISTIC, LITERARY OR SCIENTIFIC CLUBS.</h5> <table class="mc fwtab"><tr><td class="w50"> -Düsseldorf, <i>Malkesten</i><br /> +Düsseldorf, <i>Malkesten</i><br /> Glasgow, <i>Western</i> -</td><td class="w50">London, <i>Athenæum</i><br /> +</td><td class="w50">London, <i>Athenæum</i><br /> Rome, <i>Internazionale</i> </td></tr></table> @@ -2695,7 +2656,7 @@ American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.<br /> College of Physicians, Philadelphia.<br /> Essex Institute, Salem.<br /> Franklin Institute, Philadelphia.<br /> -Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Cambridge.<br /> +Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Cambridge.<br /> Museum of Natural History, New York.<br /> Peabody Museum of Yale College. </td></tr></table> @@ -2725,7 +2686,7 @@ Yale <table class="mc fwtab"><tr><td class="vtp w50"> Baltimore—Peabody<br /> -Boston—Athenæum<br /> +Boston—Athenæum<br /> Boston—Public<br /> Brooklyn—L. I. Historical<br /> Brooklyn Library<br /> @@ -2780,12 +2741,12 @@ Dubois<br /> Eisenmenger<br /> Ende<br /> Faed -</td><td class="vtp w25">Falguière<br /> +</td><td class="vtp w25">Falguière<br /> Fildes<br /> Fremiet<br /> Frith<br /> Garnier<br /> -Gérôme<br /> +Gérôme<br /> Gilbert<br /> Gordigiani<br /> Gow<br /> @@ -2797,7 +2758,7 @@ Knight<br /> Kopf<br /> Leighton, Sir F.<br /> von Lenbach<br /> -von Löfftz<br /> +von Löfftz<br /> Marks </td><td class="vtp w25">du Maurier<br /> Meissonier<br /> @@ -2813,12 +2774,12 @@ Poynter<br /> Puvis, de Ch<br /> Richardson<br /> Richmond<br /> -Rivière-Briton<br /> +Rivière-Briton<br /> Robert-Fleury<br /> Rodin<br /> Roll<br /> Roth -</td><td class="vtp w25">Rümann<br /> +</td><td class="vtp w25">Rümann<br /> Schilling<br /> Siemering<br /> St. Gaudens<br /> @@ -2835,10 +2796,10 @@ Weeks<br /> Wells<br /> von Werner<br /> Whistler<br /> -Zügel. +Zügel. </td></tr></table> -<h5 class="scac">ARCHÆOLOGISTS, AUTHORS OF ART WORKS, ETC.</h5> +<h5 class="scac">ARCHÆOLOGISTS, AUTHORS OF ART WORKS, ETC.</h5> <table class="mc fwtab"><tr><td class="vtp w33"> von Berlepsch<br /> @@ -2862,7 +2823,7 @@ Wolff, Albert. </td></tr></table> <h5 class="scac">ANATOMISTS, ANTHROPOLOGISTS, BIOLOGISTS, ETHNOLOGISTS,<br /> -PALÆONTOLOGISTS, PATHOLOGISTS, PHYSIOLOGISTS,<br /> +PALÆONTOLOGISTS, PATHOLOGISTS, PHYSIOLOGISTS,<br /> PSYCHOLOGISTS, ZOOLOGISTS, ETC.</h5> <table class="mc fwtab"><tr><td class="vtp w33"> @@ -2891,7 +2852,7 @@ Hering<br /> Humphry<br /> Huxley<br /> Jensink<br /> -von Kölliker<br /> +von Kölliker<br /> von Kries<br /> Lankester<br /> Leidy<br /> @@ -2906,16 +2867,16 @@ Mivart<br /> Moleschott </td><td class="vtp w33">Mosso<br /> Munk<br /> -Müller, Max<br /> +Müller, Max<br /> Owen, Sir R.<br /> Pasteur<br /> Pepper W.<br /> Pettigrew Rabl<br /> Romanes<br /> -Rückert<br /> +Rückert<br /> Schiff<br /> -Schütz<br /> +Schütz<br /> Virchow, R.<br /> von Voit<br /> Wear-Mitchell<br /> @@ -2978,7 +2939,7 @@ General R. B. Hayes. <h5><span class="sm">A STRONG CLOTH PORTFOLIO,</span></h5> - <p>size 10×12 inches; price, Five Dollars in the United States; or One + <p>size 10×12 inches; price, Five Dollars in the United States; or One Guinea in Great Britain.</p> <p>Sent free of postage upon receipt of price, to any country within the @@ -3055,382 +3016,6 @@ General R. B. Hayes. </div> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Descriptive Zoopraxography, by Eadweard Muybridge - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DESCRIPTIVE ZOOPRAXOGRAPHY *** - -***** This file should be named 40215-h.htm or 40215-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/2/1/40215/ - -Produced by Mark C. 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