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diff --git a/40205-h/40205-h.htm b/40205-h/40205-h.htm index 466a71c..823c32f 100644 --- a/40205-h/40205-h.htm +++ b/40205-h/40205-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, by Jacob Abbott</title> <style type="text/css"> @@ -50,25 +50,10 @@ </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40205 ***</div> <h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, History of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, by Jacob Abbott</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: History of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt</p> -<p>Author: Jacob Abbott</p> -<p>Release Date: July 11, 2012 [eBook #40205]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF CLEOPATRA, QUEEN OF EGYPT***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="http://archive.org">http://archive.org</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -131,7 +116,7 @@ feels desirous of informing himself of the leading outlines of their history, that he may know, in brief, what it was in their characters or their doings which has given them so widely-extended a fame. This knowledge, which it seems incumbent on every one to obtain in respect to -such personages as Hannibal, Alexander, Cæsar, Cleopatra, Darius, Xerxes, +such personages as Hannibal, Alexander, Cæsar, Cleopatra, Darius, Xerxes, Alfred, William the Conqueror, Queen Elizabeth, and Mary, queen of Scots, it is the design and object of these volumes to communicate, in a faithful, and, at the same time, if possible, in an attractive manner. @@ -167,7 +152,7 @@ usefulness.</p> <td>ACCESSION TO THE THRONE</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_VI">VI.</a></td> - <td>CLEOPATRA AND CÆSAR</td> + <td>CLEOPATRA AND CÆSAR</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_VII">VII.</a></td> <td>THE ALEXANDRINE WAR</td> @@ -208,7 +193,7 @@ usefulness.</p> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">50</a></td></tr> <tr><td>ANTONY CROSSING THE DESERT</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>CLEOPATRA ENTERING THE PALACE OF CÆSAR</td> +<tr><td>CLEOPATRA ENTERING THE PALACE OF CÆSAR</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr> <tr><td>VIEW OF ALEXANDRIA</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td></tr> @@ -639,8 +624,8 @@ the kingdom of Egypt fell, as has already been stated, at the death of Alexander the Great—was a Macedonian general in Alexander’s army. The circumstances of his birth, and the events which led to his entering into the service of Alexander, were somewhat peculiar. His mother, whose name -was Arsinoë, was a personal favorite and companion of Philip, king of -Macedon, the father of Alexander. Philip at length gave Arsinoë in +was Arsinoë, was a personal favorite and companion of Philip, king of +Macedon, the father of Alexander. Philip at length gave Arsinoë in marriage to a certain man of his court named Lagus. A very short time after the marriage, Ptolemy was born. Philip treated the child with the same consideration and favor that he had evinced toward the mother. The @@ -655,16 +640,16 @@ Ptolemy involved himself in serious difficulty with Philip, though by the same means he made Alexander very strongly his friend. There was a province of the Persian empire called Caria, situated in the southwestern part of Asia Minor. The governor of this province had offered his daughter -to Philip as the wife of one of his sons named Aridæus, the half brother -of Alexander. Alexander’s mother, who was not the mother of Aridæus, was +to Philip as the wife of one of his sons named Aridæus, the half brother +of Alexander. Alexander’s mother, who was not the mother of Aridæus, was jealous of this proposed marriage. She thought that it was part of a -scheme for bringing Aridæus forward into public notice, and finally making +scheme for bringing Aridæus forward into public notice, and finally making him the heir to Philip’s throne; whereas she was very earnest that this splendid inheritance should be reserved for her own son. Accordingly, she proposed to Alexander that they should send a secret embassage to the Persian governor, and represent to him that it would be much better, both for him and for his daughter, that she should have Alexander instead of -Aridæus for a husband, and induce him, if possible, to demand of Philip +Aridæus for a husband, and induce him, if possible, to demand of Philip that he should make the change.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>Alexander entered readily into this scheme, and various courtiers, Ptolemy @@ -674,7 +659,7 @@ change which they proposed to him. In fact, the whole plan seemed to be going on very successfully toward its accomplishment, when, by some means or other, Philip discovered the intrigue. He went immediately into Alexander’s apartment, highly excited with resentment and anger. He had -never intended to make Aridæus, whose birth on the mother’s side was +never intended to make Aridæus, whose birth on the mother’s side was obscure and ignoble, the heir to his throne, and he reproached Alexander in the bitterest terms for being of so debased and degenerate a spirit as to desire to marry the daughter of a Persian governor; a man who was, in @@ -1161,7 +1146,7 @@ the merchants, and navigators, and artisans of Alexandria.</p> <p>Alexandria became, in fact, very soon after it was founded, a very great and busy city. Many things conspired to make it at once a great commercial -emporium. In the first place, it was the depôt of export for all the +emporium. In the first place, it was the depôt of export for all the surplus grain and other agricultural produce which was raised in such abundance along the Egyptian valley. This produce was brought down in boats to the upper point of the Delta, where the branches of the river @@ -1613,19 +1598,19 @@ under an obligation to sustain him on his throne in the event of any threatened danger.</p> <p>The Roman government was a sort of republic, and the two most powerful men -in the state at this time were Pompey and Cæsar. Cæsar was in the +in the state at this time were Pompey and Cæsar. Cæsar was in the ascendency at Rome at the time that Ptolemy made his application for an alliance. Pompey was absent in Asia Minor, being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> engaged in prosecuting a war with Mithradates, a very powerful monarch, who was at that time -resisting the Roman power. Cæsar was very deeply involved in debt, and +resisting the Roman power. Cæsar was very deeply involved in debt, and was, moreover, very much in need of money, not only for relief from existing embarrassments, but as a means of subsequent expenditure, to enable him to accomplish certain great political schemes which he was -entertaining. After many negotiations and delays, it was agreed that Cæsar +entertaining. After many negotiations and delays, it was agreed that Cæsar would exert his influence to secure an alliance between the Roman people and Ptolemy, on condition that Ptolemy paid him the sum of six thousand talents, equal to about six millions of dollars. A part of the money, -Cæsar said, was for Pompey.</p> +Cæsar said, was for Pompey.</p> <p>The title of ally was conferred, and Ptolemy undertook to raise the money which he had promised by increasing the taxes of his kingdom. The @@ -1733,16 +1718,16 @@ attendants and followers, it was decided to be too late now to return. The whole party accordingly <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>re-embarked on board their galleys, and pursued their way to Rome.</p> -<p>Ptolemy found, on his arrival at the city, that Cæsar was absent in Gaul, +<p>Ptolemy found, on his arrival at the city, that Cæsar was absent in Gaul, while Pompey, on the other hand, who had returned victorious from his campaigns against Mithradates, was now the great leader of influence and power at the Capitol. This change of circumstances was not, however, particularly unfavorable; for Ptolemy was on friendly terms with Pompey, -as he had been with Cæsar. He had assisted him in his wars with +as he had been with Cæsar. He had assisted him in his wars with Mithradates by sending him a squadron of horse, in pursuance of his policy of cultivating friendly relations with the Roman people by every means in his power. Besides, Pompey had received a part of the money which Ptolemy -had paid to Cæsar as the price of the Roman alliance, and was to receive +had paid to Cæsar as the price of the Roman alliance, and was to receive his share of the rest in case Ptolemy should ever be restored. Pompey was accordingly interested in favoring the royal fugitive’s cause. He received him in his palace, entertained him in magnificent style, and took @@ -2104,9 +2089,9 @@ such urgent need of their property to meet his obligations.</p> raised from the position of a disgraced and homeless fugitive to that of one of the most wealthy and renowned, and, consequently, one of the most powerful personages in Rome. The great civil war broke out about this time -between Cæsar and Pompey. Antony espoused the cause of Cæsar.</p> +between Cæsar and Pompey. Antony espoused the cause of Cæsar.</p> -<p>In the mean time, while the civil war between Cæsar and Pompey was raging, +<p>In the mean time, while the civil war between Cæsar and Pompey was raging, Ptolemy succeeded in maintaining his seat on the throne, by the aid of the Roman soldiers whom Antony and Gabinius had left him, for about three years. When he found himself drawing toward<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> the close of life, the @@ -2127,7 +2112,7 @@ by a provision of the instrument itself, to the Roman senate. The senate accepted the appointment, and appointed Pompey as the agent, on their part, to perform the duties of the trust. The attention of Pompey was, immediately after that time, too much engrossed by the civil war waged -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>between himself and Cæsar, to take any active steps in respect to the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>between himself and Cæsar, to take any active steps in respect to the duties of his appointment. It seemed, however, that none were necessary, for all parties in Alexandria appeared disposed, after the death of the king, to acquiesce in the arrangements which he had made, and to join in @@ -2203,7 +2188,7 @@ and both sides began to prepare for battle.</p> certain great and unforeseen events which at this crisis suddenly burst upon the scene of Egyptian history, and turned the whole current of affairs into new and unexpected channels. The breaking out of the civil -war between the great Roman generals<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> Cæsar and Pompey, and their +war between the great Roman generals<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> Cæsar and Pompey, and their respective partisans, has already been mentioned as having occurred soon after the death of Cleopatra’s father, and as having prevented Pompey from undertaking the office of executor of the will. This war had been raging @@ -2218,7 +2203,7 @@ way. At length a great final battle had been fought at Pharsalia. Pompey had been totally defeated. He had fled to the sea-shore, and there, with a few ships and a small number of followers, he had pushed out upon the Mediterranean, not knowing whither to fly, and overwhelmed with -wretchedness and despair. Cæsar followed him in eager pursuit. He had a +wretchedness and despair. Cæsar followed him in eager pursuit. He had a small fleet of galleys with him, on board of which he had embarked two or three thousand men. This was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> a force suitable, perhaps, for the pursuit of a fugitive, but wholly insufficient for any other design.</p> @@ -2237,14 +2222,14 @@ concluded to go to the shore in the boat which Pothinus sent for him. As soon as he landed, the Egyptians, by Pothinus’s orders, stabbed and beheaded him on the sand. Pothinus and his council had decided that this would be the safest course. If they were to receive Pompey, they reasoned, -Cæsar would be made their enemy; if they refused to receive him, Pompey +Cæsar would be made their enemy; if they refused to receive him, Pompey himself would be offended,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> and they did not know which of the two it would be safe to displease; for they did not know in what way, if both the generals were to be allowed to live, the war would ultimately end. “But by -killing Pompey,” they said, “we shall be sure to please Cæsar, and Pompey +killing Pompey,” they said, “we shall be sure to please Cæsar, and Pompey himself will <i>lie still</i>.”</p> -<p>In the mean time, Cæsar, not knowing to what part of Egypt Pompey had +<p>In the mean time, Cæsar, not knowing to what part of Egypt Pompey had fled, pressed on directly to Alexandria. He exposed himself to great danger in so doing, for the forces under his command were not sufficient to protect him in case of his becoming involved in difficulties with the @@ -2254,7 +2239,7 @@ occurred, there was a periodical wind which blew steadily toward that part of the coast, and, while it made it very easy for a fleet of ships to go to Alexandria, rendered it almost impossible for them to return.</p> -<p>Cæsar was very little accustomed to shrink from danger in any of his +<p>Cæsar was very little accustomed to shrink from danger in any of his enterprises and plans, though still he was usually prudent and circumspect. In this instance, however, his ardent interest in the pursuit of Pompey overruled all considerations of personal safety. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> arrived at @@ -2277,9 +2262,9 @@ Achillas, too, either accompanied them, or followed soon afterward. They carried with them the head of Pompey, which they had cut off on the shore where they had killed him, and also a seal which they took from his finger.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> When they arrived at Alexandria, they sent the head, wrapped up -in a cloth, and also the seal, as presents to Cæsar. Accustomed as they +in a cloth, and also the seal, as presents to Cæsar. Accustomed as they were to the brutal deeds and heartless cruelties of the Ptolemies, they -supposed that Cæsar would exult at the spectacle of the dissevered and +supposed that Cæsar would exult at the spectacle of the dissevered and ghastly head of his great rival and enemy. Instead of this, he was shocked and displeased, and ordered the head to be buried with the most solemn and imposing funeral ceremonies. He, however, accepted and kept the seal. The @@ -2291,12 +2276,12 @@ quarrels.</p> <p>The army of Ptolemy, while he himself and his immediate counselors went to Alexandria, was left at Pelusium, under the command of other officers, to watch Cleopatra. Cleopatra herself would have been pleased, also, to -repair to Alexandria and appeal to Cæsar, if it had been in her power to +repair to Alexandria and appeal to Cæsar, if it had been in her power to do so; but she was beyond the confines of the country, with a powerful army of her enemies ready to intercept her on any attempt to enter or pass through it. She remained, therefore, at Pelusium, uncertain what to do.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>In the mean time, Cæsar soon found himself in a somewhat embarrassing +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>In the mean time, Cæsar soon found himself in a somewhat embarrassing situation at Alexandria. He had been accustomed, for many years, to the possession and the exercise of the most absolute and despotic power, wherever he might be; and now that Pompey, his great rival, was dead, he @@ -2318,13 +2303,13 @@ prepare and lay before him a statement of his claims, and the grounds on which he maintained his right to the throne to the exclusion of Cleopatra.</p> <p>On the other hand, Pothinus, who had been as little accustomed to -acknowledge a superior as Cæsar, though his supremacy and domination had +acknowledge a superior as Cæsar, though his supremacy and domination had been exercised on a somewhat humbler scale, was obstinate and pertinacious in resisting all these demands, though the means and methods which he resorted to were of a character corresponding to his weak and ignoble mind. He fomented quarrels in the streets between the Alexandrian populace -and Cæsar’s soldiers. He thought that, as the number of troops under -Cæsar’s command in the city, and of vessels in the port, was small, he +and Cæsar’s soldiers. He thought that, as the number of troops under +Cæsar’s command in the city, and of vessels in the port, was small, he could tease and worry the Romans with impunity, though he had not the courage openly to attack them. He pretended to be a friend, or, at least, not an enemy, and yet he conducted toward them in an overbearing and @@ -2334,21 +2319,21 @@ wretched quality; and when the soldiers remonstrated, he said to<span class="pag that they who lived at other people’s cost had no right to complain of their fare. He caused wooden and earthen vessels to be used in the palace, and said, in explanation, that he had been compelled to sell all the gold -and silver plate of the royal household to meet the exactions of Cæsar. He +and silver plate of the royal household to meet the exactions of Cæsar. He busied himself, too, about the city, in endeavoring to excite odium -against Cæsar’s proposal to hear and decide the question at issue between +against Cæsar’s proposal to hear and decide the question at issue between Cleopatra and Ptolemy. Ptolemy was a sovereign, he said, and was not amenable to any foreign power whatever. Thus, without the courage or the energy to attempt any open, manly, and effectual system of hostility, he contented himself with making all the difficulty in his power, by urging an incessant pressure of petty, vexatious, and provoking, but useless -annoyances. Cæsar’s demands may have been unjust, but they were bold, +annoyances. Cæsar’s demands may have been unjust, but they were bold, manly, and undisguised. The eunuch may have been right in resisting them; but the mode was so mean and contemptible, that mankind have always taken -part with Cæsar in the sentiments which they have formed as spectators of +part with Cæsar in the sentiments which they have formed as spectators of the contest.</p> -<p>With the very small force which Cæsar had at his command, and shut up as +<p>With the very small force which Cæsar had at his command, and shut up as he was in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> midst of a very great and powerful city, in which both the garrison and the population were growing more and more hostile to him every day, he soon found his situation was beginning to be attended with @@ -2368,13 +2353,13 @@ celerity.</p> <hr style="width: 50%;" /> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> <h2><a name="Chapter_VI" id="Chapter_VI"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter VI.</span></h2> -<p class="title"><span class="smcap">Cleopatra and Cæsar.</span></p> +<p class="title"><span class="smcap">Cleopatra and Cæsar.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">In</span> the mean time, while the events related in the last chapter were taking place at Alexandria, Cleopatra remained anxious and uneasy in her camp, quite uncertain, for a time, what it was best for her to do. She wished to -be at Alexandria. She knew very well that Cæsar’s power in controlling the +be at Alexandria. She knew very well that Cæsar’s power in controlling the course of affairs in Egypt would necessarily be supreme. She was, of course, very earnest in her desire to be able to present her cause before him. As it was, Ptolemy and Pothinus were in communication with the @@ -2392,14 +2377,14 @@ officers under the orders of Pothinus, and she would be certainly intercepted. She had no fleet, and could not, therefore, make the passage by sea. Besides, even if she could by any means reach the gates of Alexandria, how was she to pass safely through the streets of the city to -the palace where Cæsar resided, since the city, except in Cæsar’s +the palace where Cæsar resided, since the city, except in Cæsar’s quarters, was wholly in the hands of Pothinus’s government? The difficulties in the way of accomplishing her object seemed thus almost insurmountable.</p> <p>She was, however, resolved to make the attempt. She sent a message to -Cæsar, asking permission to appear before him and plead her own cause. -Cæsar replied, urging her by all means to come. She took a single boat, +Cæsar, asking permission to appear before him and plead her own cause. +Cæsar replied, urging her by all means to come. She took a single boat, and with the smallest number of attendants possible, made her way along the coast to Alexandria. The man on whom she principally relied in this hazardous expedition was a domestic named Apollodorus. She had, however, @@ -2411,12 +2396,12 @@ as to give it the appearance of a bale of ordinary merchandise, and then throwing the load across his shoulder, he advanced into the city. Cleopatra was at this time about twenty-one years of age, but she was of a slender and graceful form, and the burden was, consequently, not very -heavy. Apollodorus came to the gates of the palace where Cæsar was +heavy. Apollodorus came to the gates of the palace where Cæsar was residing. The guards at the gates asked him what it was that he was -carrying. He said that it was a present for Cæsar. So they allowed him to +carrying. He said that it was a present for Cæsar. So they allowed him to pass, and the pretended porter carried his package safely in.</p> -<p>When it was unrolled, and Cleopatra came out to view, Cæsar was perfectly +<p>When it was unrolled, and Cleopatra came out to view, Cæsar was perfectly charmed with the spectacle. In fact, the various conflicting emotions which she could not but feel under such circumstances as these, imparted a double interest to her beautiful and expressive face, and to her naturally @@ -2432,10 +2417,10 @@ woman.</p> <p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p> <div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img05.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Cleopatra entering the Palace of Cæsar.</span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Cleopatra entering the Palace of Cæsar.</span></p> <p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>The conversation which Cæsar held with Cleopatra deepened the impression +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>The conversation which Cæsar held with Cleopatra deepened the impression which her first appearance had made upon him. Her intelligence and animation, the originality of her ideas, and the point and pertinency of her mode of expressing them, made her, independently of her personal @@ -2447,7 +2432,7 @@ their respective rights to the crown. We call Ptolemy Cleopatra’s brother; for, though he was also, in fact, her husband, still, as he was only ten or twelve years of age at the time of Cleopatra’s expulsion from Alexandria, the marriage had been probably regarded, thus far, only as a -mere matter of form.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> Cæsar was now about fifty-two. He had a wife, named +mere matter of form.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> Cæsar was now about fifty-two. He had a wife, named Calpurnia, to whom he had been married about ten years. She was living, at this time, in an unostentatious and quiet manner at Rome. She was a lady of an amiable and gentle character, devotedly attached to her husband, @@ -2455,7 +2440,7 @@ patient and forbearing in respect to his faults, and often anxious and unhappy at the thought of the difficulties and dangers in which his ardent and unbounded ambition so often involved him.</p> -<p>Cæsar immediately began to take a very strong interest in Cleopatra’s +<p>Cæsar immediately began to take a very strong interest in Cleopatra’s cause. He treated her personally with the fondest attention, and it was impossible for her not to reciprocate in some degree the kind feeling with which he regarded her. It was, in fact, something altogether new to her to @@ -2480,7 +2465,7 @@ him all her interests, and gave herself up wholly into his power.</p> <p>Nor was the unbounded confidence which she reposed in him undeserved, so far as related to his efforts to restore her to her throne. The legions -which Cæsar had sent for into Syria had not yet arrived, and his situation +which Cæsar had sent for into Syria had not yet arrived, and his situation in Alexandria was still very defenseless and very precarious. He did not, however, on this account, abate in the least degree the loftiness and self-confidence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> of the position which he had assumed, but he commenced @@ -2491,24 +2476,24 @@ landed and found rival claimants disputing for the succession, while he was still wholly destitute of the means of enforcing the superiority which he so coolly assumed, marks the immense ascendency which the Roman power had attained at this time in the estimation of mankind, and is, besides, -specially characteristic of the genius and disposition of Cæsar.</p> +specially characteristic of the genius and disposition of Cæsar.</p> -<p>Very soon after Cleopatra had come to him, Cæsar sent for the young +<p>Very soon after Cleopatra had come to him, Cæsar sent for the young Ptolemy, and urged upon him the duty and expediency of restoring Cleopatra. Ptolemy was beginning now to attain an age at which he might be supposed to have some opinion of his own on such a question. He declared himself utterly opposed to any such design. In the course of the conversation he learned that Cleopatra had arrived at Alexandria, and that -she was then concealed in Cæsar’s palace. This intelligence awakened in +she was then concealed in Cæsar’s palace. This intelligence awakened in his mind the greatest excitement and indignation. He went away from -Cæsar’s presence in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> a rage. He tore the diadem which he was accustomed to +Cæsar’s presence in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> a rage. He tore the diadem which he was accustomed to wear from his head in the streets, threw it down, and trampled it under his feet. He declared to the people that he was betrayed, and displayed the most violent indications of vexation and chagrin. The chief subject of his complaint, in the attempts which he made to awaken the popular -indignation against Cæsar and the Romans, was the disgraceful impropriety +indignation against Cæsar and the Romans, was the disgraceful impropriety of the position which his sister had assumed in surrendering herself as -she had done to Cæsar. It is most probable, however, unless his character +she had done to Cæsar. It is most probable, however, unless his character was very different from that of every other Ptolemy in the line, that what really awakened his jealousy and anger was fear of the commanding influence and power to which Cleopatra was likely to attain through the @@ -2519,7 +2504,7 @@ his sister’s good name or his own marital honor.</p> <p>However this may be, Ptolemy, together with Pothinus and Achillas, and all his other friends and adherents, who joined him in the terrible outcry that he made against the coalition which he had discovered between -Cleopatra and Cæsar, succeeded in producing a very general<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> and violent +Cleopatra and Cæsar, succeeded in producing a very general<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> and violent tumult throughout the city. The populace were aroused, and began to assemble in great crowds, and full of indignation and anger. Some knew the facts, and acted under something like an understanding of the cause of @@ -2531,27 +2516,27 @@ knew nothing and understood nothing but that there was to be tumult and a riot in and around the palaces, and were, accordingly, eager to be there.</p> <p>Ptolemy and his officers had no large body of troops in Alexandria; for -the events which had thus far occurred since Cæsar’s arrival had succeeded +the events which had thus far occurred since Cæsar’s arrival had succeeded each other so rapidly, that a very short time had yet elapsed, and the main army remained still at Pelusium. The main force, therefore, by which -Cæsar was now attacked, consisted of the population of the city, headed, +Cæsar was now attacked, consisted of the population of the city, headed, perhaps, by the few guards which the young king had at his command.</p> -<p>Cæsar, on his part, had but a small portion of his forces at the palace +<p>Cæsar, on his part, had but a small portion of his forces at the palace where he was attacked.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> The rest were scattered about the city. He, however, seems to have felt no alarm. He did not even confine himself to acting on the defensive. He sent out a detachment of his soldiers with orders to seize Ptolemy and bring him in a prisoner. Soldiers trained, disciplined, and armed as the Roman veterans were, and nerved by the ardor and enthusiasm which seemed always to animate troops which were under -Cæsar’s personal command, could accomplish almost any undertaking against +Cæsar’s personal command, could accomplish almost any undertaking against a mere populace, however numerous or however furiously excited they might be. The soldiers sallied out, seized Ptolemy, and brought him in.</p> <p>The populace were at first astounded at the daring presumption of this deed, and then exasperated at the indignity of it, considered as a violation of the person of their sovereign. The tumult would have greatly -increased, had it not been that Cæsar—who had now attained all his ends +increased, had it not been that Cæsar—who had now attained all his ends in thus having brought Cleopatra and Ptolemy both within his power—thought it most expedient to allay it. He accordingly ascended to the window of a tower, or of some other elevated portion of his palace, so @@ -2574,19 +2559,19 @@ between Cleopatra and Ptolemy, and he did not doubt but that they would all be satisfied with his decision.</p> <p>This speech, made, as it was, in the eloquent and persuasive, and yet -dignified and imposing manner for which Cæsar’s harangues to turbulent +dignified and imposing manner for which Cæsar’s harangues to turbulent assemblies like these were so famed, produced a great effect. Some were convinced,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> others were silenced; and those whose resentment and anger were not appeased, found themselves deprived of their power by the pacification of the rest. The mob was dispersed, and Ptolemy remained with -Cleopatra in Cæsar’s custody.</p> +Cleopatra in Cæsar’s custody.</p> -<p>The next day, Cæsar, according to his promise, convened an assembly of the +<p>The next day, Cæsar, according to his promise, convened an assembly of the principal people of Alexandria and officers of state, and then brought out Ptolemy and Cleopatra, that he might decide their cause. The original will which Ptolemy Auletes had executed had been deposited in the public archives of Alexandria, and carefully preserved there. An authentic copy -of it had been sent to Rome. Cæsar caused the original will to be brought +of it had been sent to Rome. Cæsar caused the original will to be brought out and read to the assembly. The provisions of it were perfectly explicit and clear. It required that Cleopatra and Ptolemy should be married, and then settled the sovereign power upon them jointly, as king and queen. It @@ -2594,16 +2579,16 @@ recognized the Roman commonwealth as the ally of Egypt, and constituted the Roman government the executor of the will, and the guardian of the king and queen. In fact, so clear and explicit was this document, that the simple reading of it seemed to be of itself a decision of the question. -When,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> therefore, Cæsar announced that, in his judgment, Cleopatra was +When,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> therefore, Cæsar announced that, in his judgment, Cleopatra was entitled to share the supreme power with Ptolemy, and that it was his duty, as the representative of the Roman power and the executor of the will, to protect both the king and the queen in their respective rights, there seemed to be nothing that could be said against his decision.</p> <p>Besides Cleopatra and Ptolemy, there were two other children of Ptolemy -Auletes in the royal family at this time. One was a girl, named Arsinoë. +Auletes in the royal family at this time. One was a girl, named Arsinoë. The other, a boy, was, singularly enough, named, like his brother, -Ptolemy. These children were quite young, but Cæsar thought that it would +Ptolemy. These children were quite young, but Cæsar thought that it would perhaps gratify the Alexandrians, and lead them to acquiesce more readily in his decision, if he were to make some royal provision for them. He accordingly proposed to assign the island of Cyprus as a realm for them. @@ -2617,7 +2602,7 @@ went away from the assembly moodily determining that he would not submit to the decision, but would immediately adopt efficient measures to prevent its being carried into effect.</p> -<p>Cæsar made arrangements for a series of festivals and celebrations, to +<p>Cæsar made arrangements for a series of festivals and celebrations, to commemorate and confirm the re-establishment of a good understanding between the king and the queen, and the consequent termination of the war. Such celebrations, he judged, would have great influence in removing any @@ -2626,22 +2611,22 @@ dominion of a kind and friendly feeling throughout the city. The people fell in with these measures, and cordially co-operated to give them effect; but Pothinus and Achillas, though they suppressed all outward expressions of discontent, made incessant efforts in secret to organize a -party, and to form plans for overthrowing the influence of Cæsar, and +party, and to form plans for overthrowing the influence of Cæsar, and making Ptolemy again the sole and exclusive sovereign.</p> <p>Pothinus represented to all whom he could induce to listen to him that -Cæsar’s real design was to make Cleopatra queen alone, and to depose +Cæsar’s real design was to make Cleopatra queen alone, and to depose Ptolemy, and urged them to combine with him to resist a policy which would end in bringing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> Egypt under the dominion of a woman. He also formed a plan, in connection with Achillas, for ordering the army back from Pelusium. The army consisted of thirty thousand men. If that army could be -brought to Alexandria and kept under Pothinus’s orders, Cæsar and his +brought to Alexandria and kept under Pothinus’s orders, Cæsar and his three thousand Roman soldiers would be, they thought, wholly at their mercy.</p> <p>There was, however, one danger to be guarded against in ordering the army to march toward the capital, and that was, that Ptolemy, while under -Cæsar’s influence, might open communications with the officers, and so +Cæsar’s influence, might open communications with the officers, and so obtain command of its movements, and thwart all the conspirators’ designs. To prevent this, it was arranged between Pothinus and Achillas that the latter should make his escape from Alexandria, proceed immediately to the @@ -2654,7 +2639,7 @@ him through Pothinus himself.</p> avenues leading from the city, Achillas contrived to effect his escape<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> and to join the army. He placed himself at the head of the forces, and commenced his march toward the capital. Pothinus remained all the time -within the city as a spy, pretending to acquiesce in Cæsar’s decision, and +within the city as a spy, pretending to acquiesce in Cæsar’s decision, and to be on friendly terms with him, but really plotting for his overthrow, and obtaining all the information which his position enabled him to command, in order that he might co-operate with the army and Achillas when @@ -2662,7 +2647,7 @@ they should arrive.</p> <p>All these things were done with the utmost secrecy, and so cunning and adroit were the conspirators in forming and executing their plots, that -Cæsar seems to have had no knowledge of the measures which his enemies +Cæsar seems to have had no knowledge of the measures which his enemies were taking, until he suddenly heard that the main body of Ptolemy’s army was approaching the city, at least twenty thousand strong. In the mean time, however, the forces which he had sent for from Syria had not @@ -2684,14 +2669,14 @@ Ptolemy in the city, considered it more prudent to kill them at once, without hearing their message, rather than to allow the orders to be delivered and then take the responsibility of disobeying them. If he could succeed in marching to Alexandria and in taking possession of the city, -and then in expelling Cæsar and Cleopatra and restoring Ptolemy to the +and then in expelling Cæsar and Cleopatra and restoring Ptolemy to the exclusive possession of the throne, he knew very well that the king would rejoice in the result, and would overlook all irregularities on his part in the means by which he had accomplished it, short of absolute disobedience of a known command. Whatever might be the commands that these messengers were bringing him, he supposed that they doubtless originated, not in Ptolemy’s own free will, but that they were dictated by the -authority of Cæsar. Still, they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> would be commands coming in Ptolemy’s +authority of Cæsar. Still, they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> would be commands coming in Ptolemy’s name; and the universal experience of officers serving under the military despots of those ancient days showed that, rather than to take the responsibility of directly disobeying a royal order once received, it was @@ -2705,7 +2690,7 @@ assassination, and perhaps something like a sentiment of compassion restrained their hands. At any rate, though both the men were desperately wounded, one only died. The other lived and recovered.</p> -<p>Achillas continued to advance toward the city. Cæsar, finding that the +<p>Achillas continued to advance toward the city. Cæsar, finding that the crisis which was approaching was becoming very serious in its character, took, himself, the whole command within the capital, and began to make the best arrangements possible under the circumstances of the case to defend @@ -2723,52 +2708,52 @@ be found, urging the authorities there to forward re-enforcements to him with the utmost possible dispatch.</p> <p>During all this time Cleopatra and Ptolemy remained in the palace with -Cæsar, both ostensibly co-operating with him in his councils and measures +Cæsar, both ostensibly co-operating with him in his councils and measures for defending the city from Achillas. Cleopatra, of course, was sincere and in earnest in this co-operation; but Ptolemy’s adhesion to the common cause was very little to be relied upon. Although, situated as he was, he -was compelled to seem to be on Cæsar’s side, he must have secretly desired -that Achillas should succeed and Cæsar’s plans be overthrown. Pothinus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> +was compelled to seem to be on Cæsar’s side, he must have secretly desired +that Achillas should succeed and Cæsar’s plans be overthrown. Pothinus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> was more active, though not less cautious in his hostility to them. He opened a secret communication with Achillas, sending him information, from time to time, of what took place within the walls, and of the arrangements made there for the defense of the city against him, and gave him also directions how to proceed. He was very wary and sagacious in all these -movements, feigning all the time to be on Cæsar’s side. He pretended to be -very zealously employed in aiding Cæsar to secure more effectually the +movements, feigning all the time to be on Cæsar’s side. He pretended to be +very zealously employed in aiding Cæsar to secure more effectually the various points where attacks were to be expected, and in maturing and completing the arrangements for defense.</p> <p>But, notwithstanding all his cunning, he was detected in his double dealing, and his career was suddenly brought to a close, before the great -final conflict came on. There was a barber in Cæsar’s household, who, for +final conflict came on. There was a barber in Cæsar’s household, who, for some cause or other, began to suspect Pothinus; and, having little else to do, he employed himself in watching the eunuch’s movements and reporting -them to Cæsar. Cæsar directed the barber to continue his observations. He +them to Cæsar. Cæsar directed the barber to continue his observations. He did so; his suspicions were soon confirmed, and at length a letter, which -Pothinus had written to Achillas, was intercepted and brought to Cæsar. +Pothinus had written to Achillas, was intercepted and brought to Cæsar. This <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>furnished the necessary proof of what they called his guilt, and -Cæsar ordered him to be beheaded.</p> +Cæsar ordered him to be beheaded.</p> <p>This circumstance produced, of course, a great excitement within the palace, for Pothinus had been for many years the great ruling minister of state—the king, in fact, in all but in name. His execution alarmed a -great many others, who, though in Cæsar’s power, were secretly wishing +great many others, who, though in Cæsar’s power, were secretly wishing that Achillas might prevail. Among those most disturbed by these fears was -a man named Ganymede. He was the officer who had charge of Arsinoë, -Cleopatra’s sister. The arrangement which Cæsar had proposed for +a man named Ganymede. He was the officer who had charge of Arsinoë, +Cleopatra’s sister. The arrangement which Cæsar had proposed for establishing her in conjunction with her brother Ptolemy over the island of Cyprus had not gone into effect; for, immediately after the decision of -Cæsar, the attention of all concerned had been wholly engrossed by the +Cæsar, the attention of all concerned had been wholly engrossed by the tidings of the advance of the army, and by the busy preparations which -were required on all hands for the impending contest. Arsinoë, therefore, +were required on all hands for the impending contest. Arsinoë, therefore, with her governor Ganymede, remained in the palace. Ganymede had joined Pothinus in his plots; and when Pothinus was beheaded, he concluded that it would be safest for him to fly.</p> -<p>He accordingly resolved to make his escape<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> from the city, taking Arsinoë +<p>He accordingly resolved to make his escape<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> from the city, taking Arsinoë with him. It was a very hazardous attempt, but he succeeded in -accomplishing it. Arsinoë was very willing to go, for she was now +accomplishing it. Arsinoë was very willing to go, for she was now beginning to be old enough to feel the impulse of that insatiable and reckless ambition which seemed to form such an essential element in the character of every son and daughter in the whole Ptolemaic line. She was @@ -2780,17 +2765,17 @@ his army received her with acclamations. Under Ganymede’s influence they decided that, as all the other members of the royal family were in durance, being held captive by a foreign general, who had by chance obtained possession of the capital, and were thus incapacitated for -exercising the royal power, the crown devolved upon Arsinoë; and they +exercising the royal power, the crown devolved upon Arsinoë; and they accordingly proclaimed her queen.</p> <p>Every thing was now prepared for a desperate and determined contest for -the crown between Cleopatra, with Cæsar for her minister and general, on -the one side, and Arsinoë, with Ganymede and Achillas for her chief +the crown between Cleopatra, with Cæsar for her minister and general, on +the one side, and Arsinoë, with Ganymede and Achillas for her chief officers, on the other. The young Ptolemy, in the mean<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> time, remained -Cæsar’s prisoner, confused with the intricacies in which the quarrel had +Cæsar’s prisoner, confused with the intricacies in which the quarrel had become involved, and scarcely knowing now what to wish in respect to the issue of the contest. It was very difficult to foresee whether it would be -best for him that Cleopatra or that Arsinoë should succeed.</p> +best for him that Cleopatra or that Arsinoë should succeed.</p> @@ -2803,13 +2788,13 @@ best for him that Cleopatra or that Arsinoë should succeed.</p> <p> </p> <p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> war which ensued as the result of the intrigues and maneuvers described in the last chapter is known in the history of Rome and Julius -Cæsar as the Alexandrine war. The events which occurred during the -progress of it, and its termination at last in the triumph of Cæsar and +Cæsar as the Alexandrine war. The events which occurred during the +progress of it, and its termination at last in the triumph of Cæsar and Cleopatra, will form the subject of this chapter.</p> -<p>Achillas had greatly the advantage over Cæsar at the outset of the +<p>Achillas had greatly the advantage over Cæsar at the outset of the contest, in respect to the strength of the forces under his command. -Cæsar, in fact, had with him only a detachment of three or four thousand +Cæsar, in fact, had with him only a detachment of three or four thousand men, a small body of troops which he had hastily put on board a little squadron of Rhodian galleys for pursuing Pompey across the Mediterranean. When he set sail from the European shores with this inconsiderable fleet, @@ -2833,12 +2818,12 @@ fugitives were all men of the most determined and desperate character.</p> body of cavalry made him, of course, perfect master of all the open country outside the city walls. At the head of these troops Achillas gradually advanced to the very gates of Alexandria, invested the city on -every side, and shut Cæsar closely in.</p> +every side, and shut Cæsar closely in.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>The danger of the situation in which Cæsar was placed was extreme; but he +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>The danger of the situation in which Cæsar was placed was extreme; but he had been so accustomed to succeed in extricating himself from the most imminent perils, that neither he himself nor his army seem to have -experienced any concern in respect to the result. Cæsar personally felt a +experienced any concern in respect to the result. Cæsar personally felt a special pride and pleasure in encountering the difficulties and dangers which now beset him, because Cleopatra was with him to witness his demeanor, to admire his energy and courage, and to reward by her love the @@ -2856,7 +2841,7 @@ influence of affection. Her countenance beamed with fresh animation<span class=" beauty, and the sprightliness and vivacity of her character, which became at later periods of her life boldness and eccentricity, now being softened and restrained within proper limits by the respectful regard with which -she looked upon Cæsar, made her an enchanting companion. Cæsar was, in +she looked upon Cæsar, made her an enchanting companion. Cæsar was, in fact, entirely intoxicated with the fascinations which she unconsciously displayed.</p> @@ -2864,21 +2849,21 @@ displayed.</p> formed by a military commander while engaged in active service, might have been expected to interfere in some degree with the discharge of his duties; but in this case, since it was for Cleopatra’s sake and in her -behalf that the operations which Cæsar had undertaken were to be +behalf that the operations which Cæsar had undertaken were to be prosecuted, his love for her only stimulated the spirit and energy with which he engaged in them.</p> -<p>The first measure to be adopted was, as Cæsar plainly perceived, to +<p>The first measure to be adopted was, as Cæsar plainly perceived, to concentrate and strengthen his position in the city, so that he might be able to defend himself there against Achillas until he should receive re-enforcements from abroad. For this purpose he selected a certain group of palaces and citadels which lay together near the head of the long pier or causeway<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> which led to the Pharos, and, withdrawing his troops from all other parts of the city, established them there. The quarter which he thus -occupied contained the great city arsenals and public granaries. Cæsar +occupied contained the great city arsenals and public granaries. Cæsar brought together all the arms and munitions of war which he could find in other parts of the city, and also all the corn and other provisions which -were contained either in the public depôts or in private warehouses, and +were contained either in the public depôts or in private warehouses, and stored the whole within his lines. He then inclosed the whole quarter with strong defenses. The avenues leading to it were barricaded with walls of stone. Houses in the vicinity which might have afforded shelter to an @@ -2895,7 +2880,7 @@ facilitate the action of these machines.</p> <p> </p> <p>There was a strong fortress situated at the head of the pier or mole -leading to the island of Pharos, which was without Cæsar’s lines, and +leading to the island of Pharos, which was without Cæsar’s lines, and still in the hands of the Egyptian authorities. The Egyptians thus commanded the entrance to the mole. The island itself, also, with the fortress at the other end of the pier, was still in the possession of the @@ -2906,7 +2891,7 @@ castle built there to defend the place. The garrison of this castle was strong, and the inhabitants of the town, too, constituted a somewhat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> formidable population, as they consisted of fishermen, sailors, wreckers, and such other desperate characters as usually congregate about such a -spot. Cleopatra and Cæsar, from the windows of their palace within the +spot. Cleopatra and Cæsar, from the windows of their palace within the city, looked out upon this island, with the tall light-house rising in the center of it and the castle at its base, and upon the long and narrow isthmus connecting it with the main land, and concluded that it was very @@ -2920,25 +2905,25 @@ large number of Egyptian vessels, some dismantled, and others manned and armed more or less effectively. These vessels had not yet come into Achillas’s hands, but it would be certain that he would take possession of them as soon as he should gain admittance to those parts of the city which -Cæsar had abandoned. This it was extremely important to prevent; for, if +Cæsar had abandoned. This it was extremely important to prevent; for, if Achillas held this fleet, especially if he continued to command the island of Pharos, he would be perfect master of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> all the approaches to the city on the side of the sea. He could then not only receive re-enforcements and supplies himself from that quarter, but he could also effectually cut off the Roman army from all possibility of receiving any. It became, -therefore, as Cæsar thought, imperiously necessary that he should protect +therefore, as Cæsar thought, imperiously necessary that he should protect himself from this danger. This he did by sending out an expedition to burn all the shipping in the harbor, and, at the same time, to take possession of a certain fort upon the island of Pharos which commanded the entrance to the port. This undertaking was abundantly successful. The troops burned the shipping, took the fort, expelled the Egyptian soldiers from it, and put a Roman garrison into it instead, and then returned in safety within -Cæsar’s lines. Cleopatra witnessed these exploits from her palace windows +Cæsar’s lines. Cleopatra witnessed these exploits from her palace windows with feelings of the highest admiration for the energy and valor which her Roman protectors displayed.</p> <p>The burning of the Egyptian ships in this action, however fortunate for -Cleopatra and Cæsar, was attended with a catastrophe which has ever since +Cleopatra and Cæsar, was attended with a catastrophe which has ever since been lamented by the whole civilized world. Some of the burning ships were driven by the wind to the shore, where they set fire to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> the buildings which were contiguous to the water. The flames spread and produced an @@ -2948,30 +2933,30 @@ of the ancient writings that ever had been made, and the loss of it was never repaired.</p> <p>The destruction of the Egyptian fleet resulted also in the downfall and -ruin of Achillas. From the time of Arsinoë’s arrival in the camp there had +ruin of Achillas. From the time of Arsinoë’s arrival in the camp there had been a constant rivalry and jealousy between himself and Ganymede, the -eunuch who had accompanied Arsinoë in her flight. Two parties had been +eunuch who had accompanied Arsinoë in her flight. Two parties had been formed in the army, some declaring for Achillas and some for Ganymede. -Arsinoë advocated Ganymede’s interests, and when, at length, the fleet was +Arsinoë advocated Ganymede’s interests, and when, at length, the fleet was burned, she charged Achillas with having been, by his neglect or incapacity, the cause of the loss. Achillas was tried, condemned, and -beheaded. From that time Ganymede assumed the administration of Arsinoë’s +beheaded. From that time Ganymede assumed the administration of Arsinoë’s government as her minister of state and the commander-in-chief of her armies.</p> <p>About the time that these occurrences took place, the Egyptian army -advanced into those parts of the city from which Cæsar had withdrawn, +advanced into those parts of the city from which Cæsar had withdrawn, producing those terrible scenes of panic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> and confusion which always attend a sudden and violent change of military possession within the precincts of a city. Ganymede brought up his troops on every side to the -walls of Cæsar’s citadels and intrenchments, and hemmed him closely in. He -cut off all avenues of approach to Cæsar’s lines by land, and commenced +walls of Cæsar’s citadels and intrenchments, and hemmed him closely in. He +cut off all avenues of approach to Cæsar’s lines by land, and commenced vigorous preparations for an assault. He constructed engines for battering down the walls. He opened shops and established forges in every part of the city for the manufacture of darts, spears, pikes, and all kinds of military machinery. He built towers supported upon huge wheels, with the design of filling them with armed men when finally ready to make his -assault upon Cæsar’s lines, and moving them up to the walls of the +assault upon Cæsar’s lines, and moving them up to the walls of the citadels and palaces, so as to give to his soldiers the advantage of a lofty elevation in making their attacks. He levied contributions on the rich citizens for the necessary funds, and provided himself with men by @@ -2981,7 +2966,7 @@ every direction, summoning the people to arms, and calling for contributions of money and military stores.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>These messengers were instructed to urge upon the people that, unless -Cæsar and his army were at once expelled from Alexandria, there was +Cæsar and his army were at once expelled from Alexandria, there was imminent danger that the national independence of Egypt would be forever destroyed. The Romans, they were to say, had extended their conquests over almost all the rest of the world. They had sent one army into Egypt @@ -2993,14 +2978,14 @@ complete subjugation of Egypt to a foreign power, unless the people of the country aroused themselves to meet the danger manfully, and to expel the intruders.</p> -<p>As Cæsar had possession of the island of Pharos and of the harbor, +<p>As Cæsar had possession of the island of Pharos and of the harbor, Ganymede could not cut him off from receiving such re-enforcements of men and arms as he might make arrangements for obtaining beyond the sea; nor could he curtail his supply of food, as the granaries and magazines within -Cæsar’s quarter of the city contained almost inexhaustible stores of corn. +Cæsar’s quarter of the city contained almost inexhaustible stores of corn. There was one remaining point essential<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> to the subsistence of an army besieged, and that was an abundant supply of water. The palaces and -citadels which Cæsar occupied were supplied with water by means of +citadels which Cæsar occupied were supplied with water by means of numerous subterranean aqueducts, which conveyed the water from the Nile to vast cisterns built under ground, whence it was raised by buckets and hydraulic engines for use. In reflecting upon this circumstance, Ganymede @@ -3013,10 +2998,10 @@ army within could not understand these changes; and when, at length, they discovered the cause, the soldiers were panic-stricken at the thought that they were now apparently wholly at the mercy of their enemies, since, without supplies of water, they must all immediately perish. They -considered it hopeless to attempt any longer to hold out, and urged Cæsar +considered it hopeless to attempt any longer to hold out, and urged Cæsar to evacuate the city, embark on board his galleys, and proceed to sea.</p> -<p>Instead of doing this, however, Cæsar, ordering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> all other operations to +<p>Instead of doing this, however, Cæsar, ordering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> all other operations to be suspended, employed the whole laboring force of his command, under the direction of the captains of the several companies, in digging wells in every part of his quarter of the city. Fresh water, he said, was almost @@ -3031,12 +3016,12 @@ the intelligence that a squadron of transports had arrived upon the coast to the westward of Alexandria, and had anchored there, being unable to come up to the city on account of an easterly wind which prevailed at that season of the year. This squadron was one which had been sent across the -Mediterranean with arms, ammunition, and military stores for Cæsar, in +Mediterranean with arms, ammunition, and military stores for Cæsar, in answer to requisitions which he had made immediately after he had landed. The transports being thus wind-bound on the coast, and having nearly exhausted their supplies of water, were in distress; and they accordingly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> sent forward the sloop, which was probably propelled by oars, to make -known their situation to Cæsar, and to ask for succor. Cæsar immediately +known their situation to Cæsar, and to ask for succor. Cæsar immediately went, himself, on board of one of his galleys, and ordering the remainder of his little fleet to follow him, he set sail out of the harbor, and then turned to the westward, with a view of proceeding along the coast to the @@ -3047,26 +3032,26 @@ Alexandria that boats or galleys are out of sight from it at a very short distance from the shore. In fact, travelers say that, in coming upon the coast, the illusion produced by the spherical form of the surface of the water and the low and level character of the coast is such that one seems -actually to descend from the sea to the land. Cæsar might therefore have +actually to descend from the sea to the land. Cæsar might therefore have easily kept his expedition a secret, had it not been that, in order to be provided with a supply of water for the transports immediately on reaching them, he stopped at a solitary part of the coast, at some distance from Alexandria, and sent a party a little way into the interior in search for water. This party were discovered by the country people, and were intercepted by a troop of horse and made <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>prisoners. From these prisoners -the Egyptians learned that Cæsar himself was on the coast with a small +the Egyptians learned that Cæsar himself was on the coast with a small squadron of galleys. The tidings spread in all directions. The people flocked together from every quarter. They hastily collected all the boats and vessels which could be obtained at the villages in that region and -from the various branches of the Nile. In the mean time, Cæsar had gone on +from the various branches of the Nile. In the mean time, Cæsar had gone on to the anchorage ground of the squadron, and had taken the transports in tow to bring them to the city; for the galleys, being propelled by oars, were in a measure independent of the wind. On his return, he found quite a formidable naval armament assembled to dispute the passage.</p> -<p>A severe conflict ensued, but Cæsar was victorious. The navy which the +<p>A severe conflict ensued, but Cæsar was victorious. The navy which the Egyptians had so suddenly got together was as suddenly destroyed. Some of -the vessels were burned, others sunk, and others captured; and Cæsar +the vessels were burned, others sunk, and others captured; and Cæsar returned in triumph to the port with his transports and stores. He was welcomed with the acclamations of his soldiers, and, still more warmly, by the joy and gratitude of Cleopatra, who had been waiting during his @@ -3074,19 +3059,19 @@ absence in great anxiety and suspense to know the result of the expedition, aware as she was that her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> hero was exposing himself in it to the most imminent personal danger.</p> -<p>The arrival of these re-enforcements greatly improved Cæsar’s condition, +<p>The arrival of these re-enforcements greatly improved Cæsar’s condition, and the circumstance of their coming forced upon the mind of Ganymede a sense of the absolute necessity that he should gain possession of the -harbor if he intended to keep Cæsar in check. He accordingly determined to +harbor if he intended to keep Cæsar in check. He accordingly determined to take immediate measures for forming a naval force. He sent along the coast, and ordered every ship and galley that could be found in all the ports to be sent immediately to Alexandria. He employed as many men as possible in and around the city in building more. He unroofed some of the most magnificent edifices to procure timber as a material for making -benches and oars. When all was ready, he made a grand attack upon Cæsar in +benches and oars. When all was ready, he made a grand attack upon Cæsar in the port, and a terrible contest ensued for the possession of the harbor, the mole, the island, and the citadels and fortresses commanding the -entrances from the sea. Cæsar well knew that this contest would be a +entrances from the sea. Cæsar well knew that this contest would be a decisive one in respect to the final result of the war, and he accordingly went forth himself to take an active and personal part in the conflict. He felt doubtless, too, a strong emotion of pride and pleasure in exhibiting @@ -3105,35 +3090,35 @@ the same time, as he swam, certain valuable papers which he wished to save, holding them above his head with one hand, while he propelled himself through the water with the other.</p> -<p>The result of this contest was another decisive victory for Cæsar. Not +<p>The result of this contest was another decisive victory for Cæsar. Not only were the ships which the Egyptians had collected defeated and destroyed, but the mole, with the fortresses at each extremity of it, and the island, with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> light-house and the town of Pharos, all fell into -Cæsar’s hands.</p> +Cæsar’s hands.</p> <p>The Egyptians now began to be discouraged. The army and the people, judging, as mankind always do, of the virtue of their military commanders solely by the criterion of success, began to be tired of the rule of -Ganymede and Arsinoë. They sent secret messengers to Cæsar avowing their +Ganymede and Arsinoë. They sent secret messengers to Cæsar avowing their discontent, and saying that, if he would liberate Ptolemy—who, it will be recollected, had been all this time held as a sort of prisoner of state in -Cæsar’s palaces—they thought that the people generally would receive him +Cæsar’s palaces—they thought that the people generally would receive him as their sovereign, and that then an arrangement might easily be made for -an amicable adjustment of the whole controversy. Cæsar was strongly +an amicable adjustment of the whole controversy. Cæsar was strongly inclined to accede to this proposal.</p> <p>He accordingly called Ptolemy into his presence, and, taking him kindly by the hand, informed him of the wishes of the people of Egypt, and gave him permission to go. Ptolemy, however, begged not to be sent away. He -professed the strongest attachment to Cæsar, and the utmost confidence in +professed the strongest attachment to Cæsar, and the utmost confidence in him, and he very much preferred, he said, to remain under his protection. -Cæsar replied that, if those were his <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>sentiments, the separation would +Cæsar replied that, if those were his <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>sentiments, the separation would not be a lasting one. “If we part as friends,” he said, “we shall soon meet again.” By these and similar assurances he endeavored to encourage the young prince, and then sent him away. Ptolemy was received by the Egyptians with great joy, and was immediately placed at the head of the government. Instead, however, of endeavoring to promote a settlement of -the quarrel with Cæsar, he seemed to enter into it now himself, +the quarrel with Cæsar, he seemed to enter into it now himself, personally, with the utmost ardor, and began at once to make the most extensive preparations both by sea and land for a vigorous prosecution of the war. What the result of these operations would have been can now not @@ -3142,13 +3127,13 @@ transactions, totally changed by the occurrence of a new and very important event which suddenly intervened, and which turned the attention of all parties, both Egyptians and Romans, to the eastern quarter of the kingdom. The tidings arrived that a large army, under the command of a -general named Mithradates, whom Cæsar had dispatched into Asia for this +general named Mithradates, whom Cæsar had dispatched into Asia for this purpose, had suddenly appeared at Pelusium, had captured that city, and were now ready to march to Alexandria.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>The Egyptian army immediately broke up its encampments in the neighborhood of Alexandria, and marched to the eastward to meet these new invaders. -Cæsar followed them with all the forces that he could safely take away +Cæsar followed them with all the forces that he could safely take away from the city. He left the city in the night and unobserved, and moved across the country with such celerity that he joined Mithradates before the forces of Ptolemy had arrived. After various marches and maneuvers, @@ -3168,17 +3153,17 @@ and they found among them one, which, by the royal cuirass which was upon it, the customary badge and armor of the Egyptian kings, they knew to be the body of Ptolemy.</p> -<p>The victory which Cæsar obtained in this battle and the death of Ptolemy +<p>The victory which Cæsar obtained in this battle and the death of Ptolemy ended the war. Nothing now remained but for him to place himself at the head of the combined forces and march back to Alexandria. The Egyptian forces which had been left there made no resistance, and he entered the -city in triumph. He took Arsinoë prisoner. He decreed that Cleopatra +city in triumph. He took Arsinoë prisoner. He decreed that Cleopatra should reign as queen, and that she should marry her youngest brother, the other Ptolemy—a boy at this time about eleven years of age. A marriage with one so young was, of course, a mere form. Cleopatra remained, as -before, the companion of Cæsar.</p> +before, the companion of Cæsar.</p> -<p>Cæsar had, in the mean time, incurred great censure at Rome, and +<p>Cæsar had, in the mean time, incurred great censure at Rome, and throughout the whole Roman world, for having thus turned aside from his own proper duties as the Roman consul, and the commander-in-chief of the armies of the empire, to embroil himself in the quarrels of a remote and @@ -3188,7 +3173,7 @@ continually urging him to return. They were especially indignant at his protracted neglect of his own proper duties, from knowing that he was held in Egypt by a guilty attachment to the queen—thus not only violating his obligations to the state, but likewise inflicting upon his wife Calpurnia, -and his family at Rome, an intolerable wrong. But Cæsar was so fascinated +and his family at Rome, an intolerable wrong. But Cæsar was so fascinated by Cleopatra’s charms, and by the mysterious and unaccountable influence which she exercised over him, that he paid no heed to any of these remonstrances. Even after the war was ended he remained some months in @@ -3199,10 +3184,10 @@ Roman guards. He formed a plan for taking her to Rome, and marrying her there; and he took measures for having the laws of the city altered so as to enable him to do so, though he was already married.</p> -<p>All these things produced great discontent and disaffection among Cæsar’s +<p>All these things produced great discontent and disaffection among Cæsar’s friends and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> throughout the Roman army. The Egyptians, too, strongly censured the conduct of Cleopatra. A son was born to her about this time, -whom the Alexandrians named, from his father, Cæsarion. Cleopatra was +whom the Alexandrians named, from his father, Cæsarion. Cleopatra was regarded in the new relation of mother, which she now sustained, not with interest and sympathy, but with feelings of reproach and condemnation.</p> @@ -3217,12 +3202,12 @@ indurate all her sensibilities, and to destroy that gentleness and timidity of demeanor which have so great an influence in heightening her charms. Cleopatra was beginning to experience these effects. She was indifferent to the opinions of her subjects, and was only anxious to -maintain as long as possible her guilty ascendency over Cæsar.</p> +maintain as long as possible her guilty ascendency over Cæsar.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>Cæsar, however, finally determined to set out on his return to the +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>Cæsar, however, finally determined to set out on his return to the capital. Leaving Cleopatra, accordingly, a sufficient force to secure the continuance of her power, he embarked the remainder of his forces in his -transports and galleys, and sailed away. He took the unhappy Arsinoë with +transports and galleys, and sailed away. He took the unhappy Arsinoë with him, intending to exhibit her as a trophy of his Egyptian victories on his arrival at Rome.</p> @@ -3235,8 +3220,8 @@ arrival at Rome.</p> <p class="title"><span class="smcap">Cleopatra a Queen.</span></p> <p> </p> -<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> war by which Cæsar reinstated Cleopatra upon the throne was not one of -very long duration. Cæsar arrived in Egypt in pursuit of Pompey about the +<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> war by which Cæsar reinstated Cleopatra upon the throne was not one of +very long duration. Cæsar arrived in Egypt in pursuit of Pompey about the 1st of August; the war was ended and Cleopatra established in secure possession by the end of January; so that the conflict, violent as it was while it continued, was very brief, the peaceful and commercial pursuits @@ -3305,12 +3290,12 @@ spirit she might have possessed in her earlier years, of course gradually disappeared under the influences of such a course of life as she now was leading. She was beautiful and fascinating still, but she began to grow selfish, heartless, and designing. Her little brother—he was but eleven -years of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> age, it will be recollected, when Cæsar arranged the marriage +years of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> age, it will be recollected, when Cæsar arranged the marriage between them—was an object of jealousy to her. He was now, of course, too young to take any actual share in the exercise of the royal power, or to interfere at all in his sister’s plans or pleasures. But then he was growing older. In a few years he would be fifteen—which was the period of -life fixed upon by Cæsar’s arrangements, and, in fact, by the laws and +life fixed upon by Cæsar’s arrangements, and, in fact, by the laws and usages of the Egyptian kingdom—when he was to come into possession of power as king, and as the husband of Cleopatra. Cleopatra was extremely unwilling that the change in her relations to him and to the government, @@ -3328,7 +3313,7 @@ passions of the human soul, when they once break over the bounds which the laws both of God and of nature ordain for restraining them.</p> <p>In the mean time, while Cleopatra was spending the early years of her -reign in all this luxury and splendor, Cæsar was pursuing his career, as +reign in all this luxury and splendor, Cæsar was pursuing his career, as the conqueror of the world, in the most successful manner. On the death of Pompey, he would naturally have succeeded at once to the enjoyment of the supreme power; but his delay in Egypt, and the extent to which it was @@ -3336,7 +3321,7 @@ known that he was entangled with Cleopatra, encouraged and strengthened his enemies in various parts of the world. In fact, a revolt which broke out in Asia Minor, and which it was absolutely necessary that he should proceed at once to quell, was the immediate cause of his leaving Egypt at -last. Other plans for making head against Cæsar’s power were formed in +last. Other plans for making head against Cæsar’s power were formed in Spain, in Africa, and in Italy. His military skill and energy, however, were so great, and the ascendency which he exercised over the minds of men by his personal presence was so unbounded, and so astonishing, moreover, @@ -3353,15 +3338,15 @@ at last, to go to Rome and make a visit to him there.</p> cordially. It was an age in which vice of every kind was regarded with great indulgence, but the moral instincts of mankind were too strong to be wholly blinded to the true character of so conspicuous an example of -wickedness as this. Arsinoë was at Rome, too, during this period of -Cæsar’s life. He had brought her there, it will be recollected, on his +wickedness as this. Arsinoë was at Rome, too, during this period of +Cæsar’s life. He had brought her there, it will be recollected, on his return from Egypt, as a prisoner, and as a trophy of his victory. His design was, in fact, to reserve her as a captive to grace his <i>triumph</i>.</p> <p>A triumph, according to the usages of the ancient Romans, was a grand celebration decreed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> by the senate to great military commanders of the highest rank, when they returned from distant campaigns in which they had -made great conquests or gained extraordinary victories. Cæsar concentrated +made great conquests or gained extraordinary victories. Cæsar concentrated all his triumphs into one. They were celebrated on his return to Rome for the last time, after having completed the conquest of the world. The processions of this triumph occupied four days. In fact, there were four @@ -3378,11 +3363,11 @@ foreign wars, were ambitious of bringing back as many distinguished captives and as much public plunder as they were able to obtain, in order to add to the variety and splendor of the triumphal procession by which their victories were to be honored on their return. It was with this view -that Cæsar brought Arsinoë from Egypt; and he had retained her as his +that Cæsar brought Arsinoë from Egypt; and he had retained her as his captive at Rome until his conquests were completed and the time for his triumph arrived. She, of course, formed a part of the triumphal train on the <i>Egyptian</i> day. She walked immediately before the chariot in which -Cæsar rode. She was in chains, like any other captive, though her chains, +Cæsar rode. She was in chains, like any other captive, though her chains, in honor of her lofty rank, were made of gold.</p> <p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p> @@ -3393,29 +3378,29 @@ in honor of her lofty rank, were made of gold.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>The effect, however, upon the Roman population of seeing the unhappy princess, overwhelmed as she was with sorrow and chagrin, as she moved slowly along in the train, among the other emblems and trophies of -violence and plunder, proved to be by no means favorable to Cæsar. The +violence and plunder, proved to be by no means favorable to Cæsar. The populace were inclined to pity her, and to sympathize with her in her sufferings. The sight of her distress recalled, too, to their minds the -dereliction from duty of which Cæsar had been guilty of in his yielding to +dereliction from duty of which Cæsar had been guilty of in his yielding to the enticements of Cleopatra, and remaining so long in Egypt to the neglect of his proper duties as a Roman minister of state. In a word, the -tide of admiration for Cæsar’s military exploits which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> had been setting +tide of admiration for Cæsar’s military exploits which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> had been setting so strongly in his favor, seemed inclined to turn, and the city was filled with murmurs against him even in the midst of his triumphs.</p> -<p>In fact, the pride and vainglory which led Cæsar to make his triumphs more +<p>In fact, the pride and vainglory which led Cæsar to make his triumphs more splendid and imposing than any former conqueror had ever enjoyed, caused him to overact his part so as to produce effects the reverse of his -intentions. The case of Arsinoë was one example of this. Instead of +intentions. The case of Arsinoë was one example of this. Instead of impressing the people with a sense of the greatness of his exploits in Egypt, in deposing one queen and bringing her captive to Rome, in order that he might place another upon the throne in her stead, it only reproduced anew the censures and criminations which he had deserved by his actions there, but which, had it not been for the pitiable spectacle of -Arsinoë in the train, might have been forgotten.</p> +Arsinoë in the train, might have been forgotten.</p> <p>There were other examples of a similar character. There were the feasts, -for instance. From the plunder which Cæsar had obtained in his various +for instance. From the plunder which Cæsar had obtained in his various campaigns, he expended the most enormous sums in making feasts and spectacles for the populace at the time of his triumph. A large portion of the populace was pleased, it is true, with the boundless indulgences thus @@ -3423,11 +3408,11 @@ offered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span at the waste and extravagance which were every where displayed. For many days the whole city of Rome presented to the view nothing but one wide-spread scene of riot and debauchery. The people, instead of being -pleased with this abundance, said that Cæsar must have practiced the most +pleased with this abundance, said that Cæsar must have practiced the most extreme and lawless extortion to have obtained the vast amount of money necessary to enable him to supply such unbounded and reckless waste.</p> -<p>There was another way, too, by which Cæsar turned public opinion strongly +<p>There was another way, too, by which Cæsar turned public opinion strongly against himself, by the very means which he adopted for creating a sentiment in his favor. The Romans, among the other barbarous amusements which were practiced in the city, were specially fond of combats. These @@ -3438,7 +3423,7 @@ employed for this purpose, that could be teased or goaded into anger and ferocity in a fight. Sometimes men were employed in these combats—captive soldiers, that had been taken in war, and brought to Rome to fight in the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>amphitheaters there as gladiators. These men were compelled to contend -sometimes with wild beasts, and sometimes with one another. Cæsar, knowing +sometimes with wild beasts, and sometimes with one another. Cæsar, knowing how highly the Roman assemblies enjoyed such scenes, determined to afford them the indulgence on a most magnificent scale, supposing, of course, that the greater and the more dreadful the fight, the higher would be the @@ -3467,30 +3452,30 @@ Lexington, which marked the commencement of the American war; and in respect to the slaughter which took place, it was very probably ten times greater. The horror of these scenes proved to be too much even for the populace, fierce and merciless as it was, which they were intended to -amuse. Cæsar, in his eagerness to outdo all former exhibitions and shows, +amuse. Cæsar, in his eagerness to outdo all former exhibitions and shows, went beyond the limits within which the seeing of men butchered in bloody combats and dying in agony and despair would serve for a pleasure and a -pastime. The people were shocked; and condemnations of Cæsar’s cruelty +pastime. The people were shocked; and condemnations of Cæsar’s cruelty were added to the other suppressed reproaches and criminations which every where arose.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>Cleopatra, during her visit to Rome, lived openly with Cæsar at his +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>Cleopatra, during her visit to Rome, lived openly with Cæsar at his residence, and this excited very general displeasure. In fact, while the -people pitied Arsinoë, Cleopatra, notwithstanding her beauty and her +people pitied Arsinoë, Cleopatra, notwithstanding her beauty and her thousand personal accomplishments and charms, was an object of general displeasure, so far as public attention was turned toward her at all. The public mind was, however, much engrossed by the great political movements -made by Cæsar and the ends toward which he seemed to be aiming. Men +made by Cæsar and the ends toward which he seemed to be aiming. Men accused him of designing to be made a king. Parties were formed for and against him; and though men did not dare openly to utter their sentiments, their passions became the more violent in proportion to the external force by which they were suppressed. Mark Antony was at Rome at this time. He -warmly espoused Cæsar’s cause, and encouraged his design of making himself -king. He once, in fact, offered to place a royal diadem upon Cæsar’s head +warmly espoused Cæsar’s cause, and encouraged his design of making himself +king. He once, in fact, offered to place a royal diadem upon Cæsar’s head at some public celebration; but the marks of public disapprobation which the act elicited caused him to desist.</p> -<p>At length, however, the time arrived when Cæsar determined to cause +<p>At length, however, the time arrived when Cæsar determined to cause himself to be proclaimed king. He took advantage of a certain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> remarkable conjuncture of public affairs, which can not here be particularly described, but which seemed to him specially to favor his designs, and @@ -3502,7 +3487,7 @@ to the danger by destroying the ambitious aspirant’s life. Two stern and determined men, Brutus and Cassius, were the leaders of this conspiracy. They matured their plans, organized their band of associates, provided themselves secretly with arms, and when the senate convened, on the day in -which the decisive vote was to have been passed, Cæsar himself presiding, +which the decisive vote was to have been passed, Cæsar himself presiding, they came up boldly around him in his presidential chair, and murdered him with their daggers.</p> @@ -3512,7 +3497,7 @@ done, but utterly unable to render his friend any protection.</p> <p>Cleopatra immediately fled from the city and returned to Egypt.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>Arsinoë had gone away before. Cæsar, either taking pity on her +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>Arsinoë had gone away before. Cæsar, either taking pity on her misfortunes, or impelled, perhaps, by the force of public sentiment, which seemed inclined to take part with her against him, set her at liberty immediately after the ceremonies of his triumph were over. He would not, @@ -3529,7 +3514,7 @@ attachment to the end. Nothing can be more affecting than the proofs of her tender and anxious regard on the night immediately preceding the assassination. There were certain slight and obscure indications of danger which her watchful devotion to her husband led her to observe, though they -eluded the notice of all Cæsar’s other friends, and they filled her with +eluded the notice of all Cæsar’s other friends, and they filled her with apprehension and anxiety; and when at length the bloody body was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> brought home to her from the senate-house, she was overwhelmed with grief and despair.</p> @@ -3549,28 +3534,28 @@ and papers, and sent them to Antony for safe keeping.</p> <p class="title"><span class="smcap">The Battle of Philippi.</span></p> <p> </p> -<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">When</span> the tidings of the assassination of Cæsar were first announced to the +<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">When</span> the tidings of the assassination of Cæsar were first announced to the people of Rome, all ranks and classes of men were struck with amazement and consternation. No one knew what to say or do. A very large and -influential portion of the community had been Cæsar’s friends. It was +influential portion of the community had been Cæsar’s friends. It was equally certain that there was a very powerful interest opposed to him. No one could foresee which of these two parties would now carry the day, and, of course, for a time, all was uncertainty and indecision.</p> -<p>Mark Antony came forward at once, and assumed the position of Cæsar’s +<p>Mark Antony came forward at once, and assumed the position of Cæsar’s representative and the leader of the party on that side. A will was found -among Cæsar’s effects, and when the will was opened it appeared that large +among Cæsar’s effects, and when the will was opened it appeared that large sums of money were left to the Roman people, and other large amounts to a nephew of the deceased, named Octavius, who will be more particularly spoken of hereafter. Antony was named in the will as the executor of it. This and other <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>circumstances seemed to authorize him to come forward as -the head and the leader of the Cæsar party. Brutus and Cassius, who +the head and the leader of the Cæsar party. Brutus and Cassius, who remained openly in the city after their desperate deed had been performed, were the acknowledged leaders of the other party; while the mass of the people were at first so astounded at the magnitude and suddenness of the revolution which the open and public assassination of a Roman emperor by a Roman senate denoted, that they knew not what to say or do. In fact, the -killing of Julius Cæsar, considering the exalted position which he +killing of Julius Cæsar, considering the exalted position which he occupied, the rank and station of the men who perpetrated the deed, and the very extraordinary publicity of the scene in which the act was performed, was, doubtless, the most conspicuous and most appalling case of @@ -3580,18 +3565,18 @@ however, parties began to be more distinctly formed. The lines of demarkation between them were gradually drawn, and men began to arrange themselves more and more unequivocally on the opposite sides.</p> -<p>For a short time the supremacy of Antony over the Cæsar party was readily +<p>For a short time the supremacy of Antony over the Cæsar party was readily acquiesced in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> and allowed. At length, however, and before his arrangements were finally matured, he found that he had two formidable competitors upon his own side. These were Octavius and Lepidus.</p> -<p>Octavius, who was the nephew of Cæsar, already alluded to, was a very +<p>Octavius, who was the nephew of Cæsar, already alluded to, was a very accomplished and elegant young man, now about nineteen years of age. He -was the son of Julius Cæsar’s niece.<a name='fna_6' id='fna_6' href='#f_6'><small>[6]</small></a> He had always been a great +was the son of Julius Cæsar’s niece.<a name='fna_6' id='fna_6' href='#f_6'><small>[6]</small></a> He had always been a great favorite with his uncle. Every possible attention had been paid to his -education, and he had been advanced by Cæsar, already, to positions of -high importance in public life. Cæsar, in fact, adopted him as his son, -and made him his heir. At the time of Cæsar’s death he was at Apollonia, a +education, and he had been advanced by Cæsar, already, to positions of +high importance in public life. Cæsar, in fact, adopted him as his son, +and made him his heir. At the time of Cæsar’s death he was at Apollonia, a city of Illyricum, north of Greece. The troops under his command there offered to march at once with him, if he wished it, to Rome, and avenge his uncle’s death. Octavius, after some hesitation, concluded that it @@ -3611,14 +3596,14 @@ seemed inclined to pay no regard whatever to Octavius’s claims.</p> great intelligence, spirit, and resolution. He soon made many powerful friends in the city of Rome and among the Roman senate. It became a serious question whether he or Antony would gain the greatest ascendency -in the party of Cæsar’s friends. The contest for this ascendency was, in +in the party of Cæsar’s friends. The contest for this ascendency was, in fact, protracted for two or three years, and led to a vast complication of intrigues, and maneuvers, and civil wars, which can not, however, be here particularly detailed.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>The other competitor which Antony had to contend with was a distinguished Roman general named Lepidus. Lepidus was an officer of the army, in very -high command at the time of Cæsar’s death. He was present in the senate +high command at the time of Cæsar’s death. He was present in the senate chamber on the day of the assassination. He stole secretly away when he saw that the deed was done, and repaired to the camp of the army without the city and immediately assumed the command of the forces. This gave him @@ -3650,7 +3635,7 @@ were still at the head.</p> <p>The scene of the contests between Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus had been chiefly Italy and the other central countries of Europe. Brutus and Cassius, on the other hand, had gone across the Adriatic Sea into the East -immediately after Cæsar’s assassination. They were now in Asia Minor, and +immediately after Cæsar’s assassination. They were now in Asia Minor, and were employed in concentrating their forces, forming alliances with the various Eastern powers, raising troops, bringing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> over to their side the Roman legions which were stationed in that quarter of the world, seizing @@ -3658,7 +3643,7 @@ magazines, and exacting contributions from all who could be induced to favor their cause. Among other embassages which they sent, one went to Egypt to demand aid from Cleopatra. Cleopatra, however, was resolved to join the other side in the contest. It was natural that she should feel -grateful to Cæsar for his efforts and sacrifices in her behalf, and that +grateful to Cæsar for his efforts and sacrifices in her behalf, and that she should be inclined to favor the cause of his friends. Accordingly, instead of sending troops to aid Brutus and Cassius, as they had desired her to do, she immediately fitted out an expedition to proceed to the @@ -3667,7 +3652,7 @@ Antony’s cause.</p> <p>Cassius, on his part, finding that Cleopatra was determined on joining his enemies, immediately resolved on proceeding at once to Egypt and taking -possession of the country. He also stationed a military force at Tænarus, +possession of the country. He also stationed a military force at Tænarus, the southern promontory of Greece, to watch for and intercept the fleet of Cleopatra as soon as it should appear on the European shores. All these plans, however—both those which Cleopatra formed against Cassius, and @@ -4003,7 +3988,7 @@ of the weapon with such fatal force that he fell and immediately expired.</p> <p>Thus ended the great and famous battle of Philippi, celebrated in history as marking the termination of the great conflict between the friends and -the enemies of Cæsar, which agitated the world so deeply after the +the enemies of Cæsar, which agitated the world so deeply after the conqueror’s death. This battle established the ascendency of Antony, and made him for a time the most conspicuous man, as Cleopatra was the most conspicuous woman, in the world.</p> @@ -4019,7 +4004,7 @@ conspicuous woman, in the world.</p> <p> </p> <p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">How</span> far Cleopatra was influenced, in her determination to espouse the cause of Antony rather than that of Brutus and Cassius, in the civil war -described in the last chapter, by gratitude to Cæsar, and how far, on the +described in the last chapter, by gratitude to Cæsar, and how far, on the other hand, by personal interest in Antony, the reader must judge. Cleopatra had seen Antony, it will be recollected, some years before, during his visit to Egypt, when she was a young girl. She was doubtless @@ -4072,7 +4057,7 @@ enabled to retain, notwithstanding such habits of familiarity with his inferiors as would have been fatal to the influence of an ordinary man.</p> <p>In the most prosperous portion of Antony’s career—for example, during the -period immediately preceding the death of Cæsar—he addicted himself to +period immediately preceding the death of Cæsar—he addicted himself to vicious indulgences of the most open, public, and shameless character. He had around him a sort of court, formed of jesters, tumblers, mountebanks, play-actors, and other similar characters of the lowest and most @@ -4132,7 +4117,7 @@ these luxurious pleasures when at Rome, no man could endure exposure and hardship better when in camp or on the field. In fact, he rushed with as much headlong precipitation into difficulty and danger when abroad, as into expense and dissipation when at home. During his contests with -Octavius and Lepidus, after Cæsar’s death, he once had occasion to pass +Octavius and Lepidus, after Cæsar’s death, he once had occasion to pass the Alps, which, with his customary recklessness, he attempted to traverse without any proper supplies of stores or means of transportation. He was reduced, on the passage, together with the troops under his command, to @@ -4164,7 +4149,7 @@ He, however, went over and took possession of the camp, and assumed the command of the army. He treated Lepidus himself, personally, with extreme politeness, and retained him as a subordinate under his command.</p> -<p>Not far from the time of Cæsar’s death, Antony was married. The name of +<p>Not far from the time of Cæsar’s death, Antony was married. The name of the lady was Fulvia. She was a widow at the time of her marriage with Antony, and was a woman of very marked and decided character. She had led a wild and irregular life previous to this time, but she conceived a very @@ -4195,7 +4180,7 @@ clasping her in his arms and kissing her in the midst of her amazement.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>Antony’s marriage with Fulvia, besides being the means of reforming his morals in some degree, softened and civilized him in respect to his manners. His dress and appearance now assumed a different character. In -fact, his political elevation after Cæsar’s death soon became very +fact, his political elevation after Cæsar’s death soon became very exalted, and the various democratic arts by which he had sought to raise himself to it, being now no longer necessary, were, as usual in such cases, gradually discarded. He lived in great style and splendor when at @@ -4330,8 +4315,8 @@ superiority over him, that he yielded his heart almost immediately to her undisputed sway.</p> <p>The first use which Cleopatra made of her power was to ask Antony, for her -sake, to order her sister Arsinoë to be slain. Arsinoë had gone, it will -be recollected, to Rome, to grace Cæsar’s triumph there, and had afterward +sake, to order her sister Arsinoë to be slain. Arsinoë had gone, it will +be recollected, to Rome, to grace Cæsar’s triumph there, and had afterward retired to Asia, where she was now living an exile. Cleopatra, either from a sentiment of past revenge, or else from some apprehensions of future danger, now desired that her sister should die. Antony readily acceded to @@ -4882,9 +4867,9 @@ battle, what festivities will he contrive on his return, joyous enough to express his pleasure if he shall gain the victory?</p> <p>After a time, Antony and Cleopatra, with a magnificent train of -attendants, left Samos, and, passing across the Ægean Sea, landed in +attendants, left Samos, and, passing across the Ægean Sea, landed in Greece, and advanced to Athens; while the fleet, proceeding westward from -Samos, passed around Tænarus, the southern promontory of Greece, and then +Samos, passed around Tænarus, the southern promontory of Greece, and then moved northward along the western coast of the peninsula. Cleopatra wished to go to Athens for a special reason. It was there that Octavia had stopped on her journey toward her husband with re-enforcements and aid; @@ -4934,7 +4919,7 @@ in other ways a degree of subserviency and devotedness to the Egyptian queen which was considered wholly unworthy of a Roman chief magistrate. Antony was accused, too, of having plundered cities and provinces to make presents to Cleopatra; of having sent a library of two hundred thousand -volumes to her from Pergamus, to replace the one which Julius Cæsar had +volumes to her from Pergamus, to replace the one which Julius Cæsar had accidentally burned; of having raised her sons, ignoble as their birth was, to high places of trust and power in the Roman government, and of having in many ways compromised the dignity of a Roman officer by his @@ -4954,7 +4939,7 @@ tales exhibited Antony in so odious a light, that his friends forsook his cause, and his enemies gained a complete triumph. The decree was passed against him, and Octavius was authorized to carry it into effect; and accordingly, while Antony, with his fleet and army, was moving westward -from Samos and the Ægean Sea, Octavius was coming eastward and southward +from Samos and the Ægean Sea, Octavius was coming eastward and southward down the Adriatic to meet him.</p> <p>In process of time, after various maneuvers and delays, the two armaments @@ -5059,7 +5044,7 @@ excitement, in paroxysms of uncontrollable rage, and then sinking again for a time into the stupor of despair.</p> <p>In the mean time, the ships were passing down as rapidly as possible on -the western coast of Greece. When they reached Tænarus, the southern +the western coast of Greece. When they reached Tænarus, the southern promontory of the peninsula, it was necessary to pause and consider what was to be done. Cleopatra’s women went to Antony and attempted to quiet and calm him. They brought him food. They persuaded him to see Cleopatra. @@ -5486,7 +5471,7 @@ only an insupportable burden. What interests, then, had she still remaining upon which a threat could take hold?</p> <p>Octavius, in looking for some avenue by which he could reach her, -reflected that she was a mother. Cæsarion, the son of Julius Cæsar, and +reflected that she was a mother. Cæsarion, the son of Julius Cæsar, and Alexander, Cleopatra, and Ptolemy, Antony’s children, were still alive. Octavius imagined that in the secret recesses of her wrecked and ruined soul there might be some lingering principle of maternal affection @@ -5690,7 +5675,7 @@ illustrative of the scene, see the <span class="smcap">History of Cyrus</span>.< neighboring countries, see map, frontispiece.</p> <p><a name='f_6' id='f_6' href='#fna_6'>[6]</a> This Octavius, on his subsequent elevation to imperial power, received -the name of Augustus Cæsar, and it is by this name that he is generally +the name of Augustus Cæsar, and it is by this name that he is generally known in history. He was, however, called Octavius at the commencement of his career, and, to avoid confusion, we shall continue to designate him by this name to the end of our narrative.</p> @@ -5710,360 +5695,6 @@ or crystal, or other hard and precious stones.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF CLEOPATRA, QUEEN OF EGYPT***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 40205-h.txt or 40205-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/0/2/0/40205">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/2/0/40205</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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