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diff --git a/40167.txt b/40167.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6ba3cd4..0000000 --- a/40167.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8814 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Archaeology of the Yakima Valley, by -Harlan Ingersoll Smith - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Archaeology of the Yakima Valley - -Author: Harlan Ingersoll Smith - -Release Date: July 8, 2012 [EBook #40167] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YAKIMA VALLEY *** - - - - -Produced by Pat McCoy, Julia Miller, Bryan Ness and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - TRANSCRIBER NOTES: - - Words contained within underscores, i.e. _a_, are in italics in the - original. - - Footnotes have been moved closer to their reference point in the - text. - - Additional Transcriber Notes can be found at the end of this - project. - - - - - ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS - - OF THE - - American Museum of Natural - History. - - Vol. VI, Part I. - - THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE YAKIMA VALLEY. - - BY - - HARLAN I. SMITH. - - NEW YORK: - Published by Order of the Trustees. - June, 1910. - - - - - ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS - - OF THE - - AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY - - VOL. VI, PART I. - - - - - THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE YAKIMA VALLEY. - - BY HARLAN I. SMITH. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - PAGE - - INTRODUCTION 7 - - GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 9 - - ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES 11 - - RESOURCES 21 - - THE SECURING OF FOOD 23 - Points Chipped out of Stone 23 - Points Rubbed out of Stone 26 - Points Rubbed out of Bone 27 - Bows 29 - Snares 29 - Notched Sinkers 30 - Grooved Sinkers 30 - Shell Heaps 34 - Digging Sticks 35 - Basketry 35 - - PREPARATION OF FOOD 36 - Mortars 36 - Pestles 39 - Rollers 47 - Fish Knives 50 - Fire Making 50 - Caches 51 - Boiling 51 - - HABITATIONS 51 - Semi-subterranean House Sites 51 - Circles of Stones (Summer House Sites) 55 - - TOOLS USED BY MEN 57 - Wedges 57 - Hammerstones 58 - Celts 62 - Hand-Adze 64 - Whetstones 65 - Drills 66 - Scrapers 67 - Arrow-shaft Smoothers 69 - - TOOLS USED BY WOMEN 69 - Scrapers Chipped from Stone 69 - Scrapers Rubbed from Bone 71 - Awls Rubbed from Bone 71 - Needles 72 - Mat-Pressers 73 - - PROCESSES OF MANUFACTURE 74 - - LIFE HISTORIES OF MANUFACTURED OBJECTS 74 - - WAR 75 - Implements used in Warfare 75 - Grooved Pebbles, Club-Heads, or Sinkers 75 - Stone Clubs 76 - 'Slave-Killers' 80 - War Costume 82 - Fortifications 82 - Wounds 82 - - DRESS AND ADORNMENT 83 - Skins 83 - Matting 84 - Ornaments 87 - Combs 87 - Beads 88 - Dentalium Shells 90 - Pendants 92 - Bracelets 99 - A Costumed Human Figure 100 - Deformation 105 - - GAMES, AMUSEMENTS, AND NARCOTICS 105 - Games 105 - Narcotics 106 - - ART 117 - Paintings 119 - Petroglyphs 121 - Incised Designs 124 - Notches 130 - Circle and Dot Designs 130 - Pecked Grooves 132 - Animal and Human Forms 132 - Coast Art 136 - - METHOD OF BURIAL 138 - Burials in Domes of Volcanic Ash 138 - Rock-slide Graves 139 - Cremation Circles 142 - Position of the Body 142 - Property with the Dead 142 - Horse Sacrifices 143 - Diseases 143 - - CONCLUSION 143 - - BIBLIOGRAPHY 149 - - APPENDIX 152 - - - - -ILLUSTRATIONS. - - -PLATES. - - I. Chipped Points. Fig. 1 (Museum No. 202-8333), length 21 cm.; - Fig. 2 (202-8338); Fig. 3 (202-8334). - - II. Chipped Points. Fig. 1 (Museum No. 202-8115), length 3.8 cm.; - Fig. 2 (202-8169 A); Fig. 3 (202-8196 A); Fig. 4 (202-8196 B); - Fig. 5 (202-8142); Fig. 6 (202-8397); Fig. 7 (202-8366); Fig. 8 - (202-8363); Fig. 9 (202-8368); Fig. 10 (202-8361); Fig. 11 - (202-8359); Fig. 12 (202-8222); Fig. 13 (202-8203): Fig. 14 - (202-8360). - - III. Quarry near Naches River. - House Site near Naches River. - - IV. House Sites near Naches River. - - V. Camp Sites near Sentinal Bluffs. - - VI. Fort near Rock Creek. - Rock-Slide Grave on Yakima Ridge. - - VII. Terraced Rock-Slide on Yakima Ridge. - - VIII. Rock-Slide Graves on Yakima Ridge. - - IX. Cremation Circle near Mouth of Naches River. - Grave in Dome of Volcanic Ash near Tampico. - - X. Opened Grave in Dome of Volcanic Ash near Tampico. - - XI. Petroglyphs near Sentinal Bluffs. - - XII. Petroglyphs in Selah Canon. - - XIII. Petroglyph in Selah Canon. - Petroglyph near Wallula Junction. - - XIV. Pictographs at Mouth of Cowiche Creek. - - XV. Pictographs at Mouth of Cowiche Creek. - - XVI. Pictographs at Mouth of Cowiche Creek. - - -TEXT FIGURES. - PAGE. - - 1. Chipped Point made of Chalcedony 24 - 2. Chipped Point made of Chalcedony 25 - 3. Chipped Point made of White Chalcedony 25 - 4. Serrated Chipped Point made of Petrified Wood 25 - 5. Chipped Point made of Obsidian 26 - 6. Fragment of a leaf-shaped Point made of Chert 26 - 7. Point made of Bone 28 - 8. Point made of Bone 28 - 9. Scorched Point made of Bone 28 - 10. Point made of Bone 28 - 11. Point or Barb made of Bone 28 - 12. Point or Barb made of Bone 28 - 13. Net Sinkers made of Pebbles 31 - 14. Sinker, a Grooved Boulder bearing a Design in Intaglio 31 - 15. Sinker, a Grooved Boulder bearing a Design in Intaglio 33 - 16. Sinker, a Perforated Boulder 33 - 17. Fragment of Basket of Splint Foundation and Bifurcated Stitch 35 - 18. Fragment of a Mortar made of Stone 35 - 19. Mortar made of Stone 37 - 20. Mortar made of Stone 38 - 21. Pestle made of Stone 40 - 22. Pestle pecked from Stone 40 - 23. Pestle pecked from Stone 40 - 24. Pestle made of Stone 42 - 25. Pestle made of Stone 42 - 26. Pestle made of Stone 44 - 27. Pestle made of Stone 44 - 28. Pestle made of Stone 44 - 29. Pestle made of Stone 46 - 30. Pestle made of Sandstone 46 - 31. Pestle made of Stone 46 - 32. Pestle made of Stone 48 - 33. Pestle made of Stone 48 - 34. Pestle made of Stone 48 - 35. Pestle made of Steatite 49 - 36. Pestle or Roller made of Stone 49 - 37. Pestle or Roller made of Stone 49 - 38. Fragment of Hearth of Fire Drill 50 - 39. Wedge made of Antler 57 - 40. Hammerstone 59 - 41. Hammerstone 60 - 42. Hammerstone made of a Hard, Water-worn Pebble 60 - 43. Hammerstone 60 - 44. Hammerstone made of a Close-Grained Yellow Volcanic Pebble 62 - 45. Celt made of Serpentine 62 - 46. Hand-Adze made of Stone 64 - 47. Point for a Drill, chipped from Chalcedony 66 - 48. Point for a Drill, chipped from Chert 66 - 49. Scraper chipped from Petrified Wood 68 - 50. Scraper chipped from Agate 68 - 51. Scraper chipped from Chalcedony 68 - 52. Scraper chipped from Chalcedony 68 - 53. Scraper chipped from a Flat Circular Pebble 70 - 54. Scraper or Knife chipped from a Pebble 70 - 55. Scraper or Knife chipped from a Pebble 71 - 56. Awl made of Bone 72 - 57. Awl made of Bone 72 - 58. Spatulate Object made of Bone 72 - 59_a_. Object made of Steatite, probably a Mat Presser. - _b_. Part of Incised Pictograph on Object shown in _a_ 73 - 60. Grooved Pebble 76 - 61. Club-head or Sinker made of Lava 76 - 62. Club made of Serpentine 77 - 63. Club made of Serpentine 77 - 64. Club made of Stone 79 - 65. Club made of Stone 79 - 66. Club made of Stone 79 - 67. Club made of Stone 81 - 68. Club made of Stone 81 - 69. War Implement or Slave Killer, made of Friable Stone 81 - 70. Diagram of Stitch of Fragment of Rush Matting 84 - 71_a_. Fragment of Matting, made of Twined Rush stitched - together with twisted Cord. - _b_ Diagram of Stitch of _a_ 85 - 72. Fragment of Open-Twine Matting, made of Rush 87 - 73. Comb made of Antler 88 - 74. Beads made of Copper, Glass and Sections of Dentalium Shells 89 - 75. Bead made of Brass 90 - 76. Beads made of Shell 90 - 77. Drilled and Perforated Disk made of Slate 92 - 78. Pendant made of Copper, Thong and Copper Bead 92 - 79. Button made of Shell with Attached Bead made of Metal 92 - 80. Perforated Disk made of Bone 92 - 81. Pendants made of Slate 93 - 82. Pendant made of Copper 95 - 83. Pendant made of Copper 95 - 84. Pendant made of Brass and Bead made of Copper 95 - 85. Pendant made of Iron 96 - 86. Pendant made of Iron 96 - 87. Pendant or Bead made of an Olivella Shell 96 - 88. Pendant made of (_Pectunculus_) Shell 96 - 89. Pendant made of Iridescent Shell 98 - 90. Pendant made of (_Haliotis_) Shell 98 - 91. Pendant made of (_Haliotis_) Shell 98 - 92. Pendant or Nose Ornament, made of (_Haliotis_) Shell 98 - 93. Pendant made of Shell 99 - 94. Pendant made of Oyster Shell 99 - 95. Bracelet made of Copper 100 - 96. Bracelet made of Iron 100 - 97. Bone Tube 106 - 98. Bone Tube bearing Incised Lines, Charred 106 - 99. Perforated Cylinder made of Steatite 106 - 100. Tubular Pipe made of Steatite 106 - 101. Tubular Pipe made of Green Stone with Stem 107 - 102. Pipe made of Steatite used by the Thompson River Indians - at Spences Bridge in 1895 109 - 103. Form of the Flange-Shaped Mouth of the Bowl of some - Thompson River Indian Pipes 109 - 104. Tubular Pipe made of Steatite 112 - 105. Fragment of a Sculptured Tubular Pipe made of Steatite 112 - 106. Pipe made of Limestone 112 - 107. Pipe made of Sandstone 112 - 108. Pipe made of Bluestone 112 - 109. Pipe made of Stone 112 - 110. Pipe made of Soft Sandstone 114 - 111. Pipe made of Steatite 114 - 112. Pipe made of Soft Sandstone 114 - 113. Pipe made of Steatite 116 - 114_a_. Incised Design on a Fragment of a Wooden Bow. - _b_ Section of Fragment of Bow shown in _a_ 125 - 115. Incised Design on Bowl of Pipe shown in Fig. 107 126 - 116. Incised Design on Stone Dish 126 - 117. Incised Designs on Dentalium Shells 126 - 118. Incised Designs on Dentalium Shells 126 - 119. Incised Pendant made of Steatite with Red Paint (Mercury) - in some of the Holes and Lines 127 - 120. Circle and Dot Design on Whetstone made of Slate 133 - 121. Costumed Human Figure made of Antler 133 - 122. Quill-flattener made of Antler 133 - 123. Fragments of a Figure 133 - 124. Fragment of a Sculpture with Hoof-like Part 134 - 125. Sculptured Animal Form made of Lava 134 - 126. Handle of Digging Stick made of Horn of Rocky Mountain Sheep 135 - 127. Pipe made of Stone 136 - 128. Sculptured and Inlaid Pipe made of Steatite with Wooden Stem 137 - 129. Sketch Map of the Yakima Valley 152 - - - - -INTRODUCTION. - - -The following pages contain the results of archaeological investigations -carried on by the writer for the American Museum of Natural History from -May to August, 1903,[1] in the Yakima Valley between Clealum of the -forested eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains and Kennewick, between -the mouths of the Yakima and Snake Rivers in the treeless arid region, -and in the Columbia Valley in the vicinity of Priest Rapids. My -preliminary notes on the archaeology of this region were published in -Science.[2] Definite age cannot be assigned to the archaeological finds, -since here, as to the north, the remains are found at no great depth or -in soil the surface of which is frequently shifted. Some of the graves -are known to be of modern Indians, but many of them antedate the advent -of the white race in this region or at least contain no objects of -European manufacture, such as glass beads or iron knives. On the other -hand, there was found no positive evidence of the great antiquity of any -of the skeletons, artifacts or structures found in the area. The greater -part of the area was formerly inhabited by Sahaptian speaking people, -including the Yakima, Atanum, Topinish, Chamnapum, and Wanapum, while -the northern part of it was occupied by the Piskwans or Winatshmpui of -the Salish linguistic stock.[3] - - [1] A brief report of the operations of this expedition appeared in - the American Museum Journal, Vol. IV, No. 1, pp. 12-14, January, - 1904. It was slightly revised and appeared in Science N. S. Vol. - XIX, No. 484, pp. 579-580, April 8, 1904, and Records of the Past, - Vol. IV, Part 4, pp. 119-127, April 1905. - - [2] N. S. Vol. XXIII, No. 588, p. 551-555, April 6, 1906. Reprinted - in the Seattle Post Intelligencer for March, 1906, the Scientific - American Supplement, Vol. LXII, No. 1602, September 15, 1906, and in - the Washington Magazine, Vol. I, No. 4, June 1906. Abstracted in the - Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, May, 1906. - - [3] Mooney, Plate LXXXVIII - -Near North Yakima we examined graves in the rock-slides along the Yakima -and Naches Rivers; a site, where material, possibly boulders, suitable -for chipped implements had been dug and broken with pebble hammers, on -the north side of the Naches about one mile above its mouth; pictographs -on the basaltic columns on the south side of the Naches River to the -west of the mouth of Cowiche Creek; petroglyphs pecked into basaltic -columns in Selah Canon; ancient house sites on the north side of the -Naches River near its mouth, and on the north side of the Yakima River -below the mouth of the Naches; remains of human cremations, each -surrounded by a circle of rocks on the point to the northwest of the -junction of the Naches and Yakima Rivers; recent rock-slide graves on -the eastern side of the Yakima River above Union Gap below Old Yakima -(Old Town); the surface along the eastern side of the Yakima River, as -far as the vicinity of Sunnyside; graves in the domes of volcanic ash in -the Ahtanum Valley near Tampico; and rock-slide graves in the Cowiche -Valley. - -We then moved our base about thirty miles up the Yakima River to -Ellensburg, Mr. Albert A. Argyle examining the surface along the western -side, en route. From Ellensburg, rock-slide graves and human remains, -surrounded by circles of rocks, as well as a village site upon the -lowland, were examined near the mouth of Cherry Creek. A day spent at -Clealum failed to develop anything of archaeological interest in that -vicinity, except that a human skeleton had been removed in the sinking -of a shaft for a coal mine. - -From Ellensburg we went to Fort Simcoe by way of North Yakima and near -the Indian Agency observed circles of rocks, like those around the -cremated human remains near North Yakima, and a circular hole surrounded -by a ridge, the remains of an underground house. Crossing the divide -from Ellensburg and going down to Priest Rapids in the Columbia Valley, -no archaeological remains were observed except chips of stone suitable -for chipped implements which were found on the eastern slope of the -divide near the top and apparently marked the place where material for -such implements, probably float quartz, had been quarried. On the -western side of the Columbia, on the flat between Sentinal Bluffs and -the river at the head of Priest Rapids, considerable material was found. -This was on the surface of the beach opposite the bluffs and on a -village site near the head of Priest Rapids. Graves in the rock-slides, -back from the river about opposite this site, were also examined. Some -modern graves were noticed in a low ridge near the river, a short -distance above the village site. Crossing the Columbia, some material -was found on the surface of the beach and further up, petroglyphs pecked -in the basaltic rocks at the base of Sentinal Bluffs were photographed. - -The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. D. W. Owen of -Kennewick for information, for permission to examine his collection, to -make notes and sketches of specimens in it, and for presenting certain -specimens;[4] to Mr. Frank N. McCandless of Tacoma for permission to -study and photograph the specimens[5] in his collection containing part -of the York collection in the Ferry Museum, City Hall, Tacoma; to Mr. -Louis O. Janeck of 415 North 2nd. St., North Yakima for information and -for permission to study and photograph the specimens[6] in his -collection as well as for supplementary information since received from -him; to Hon. Austin Mires of Ellensburg for information and permission -to study and photograph specimens[7] in his collection; to Mrs. O. -Hinman of Ellensburg for permission to photograph specimens[8] in her -collection; to Mrs. J. B. Davidson of Ellensburg for information and -permission to study her collection and to make drawings of specimens[9] -in it, and for the pipe shown in Fig. 106; to Mr. W. H. Spalding of -Ellensburg for permission to photograph specimens[10] in his collection; -to Mrs. Jay Lynch of Fort Simcoe, for information and permission to -photograph specimens[11] in her collection; to Mr. W. Z. York of Old -Yakima for permission to sketch and study specimens[12] in his -collection, and to others credited specifically in the following pages. -The accompanying drawings are by Mr. R. Weber and the photographs are by -the author, unless otherwise credited. - - [4] See Figs. 10, 39, 42, 56, 57, 107 and 124. - - [5] See Figs. 35, 45, 79, 100 and 113. - - [6] See Figs. 19, 20, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 46, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, - 65, 66, 67, 69, 81, 108, 109, 120 and 125. - - [7] See Figs. 4, 5, 14, 15, 16, 24, 25, 32 and 44. - - [8] See Figs. 30, 36 and 116. - - [9] See Figs. 8, 47 and 106; see also p. 25. - - [10] See Figs. 11 and 59. - - [11] See Figs. 73, 119, 127 and 128. - - [12] See Figs. 26, 29, 104, 110, 111 and 112. - - - - -GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION. - - -Clealum is situated on the Yakima River, at a point on the Northern -Pacific Railway, 122 miles east of the humid, heavily forested coast at -Puget Sound. Although situated not over 154 miles from Copalis, on the -ocean at the western edge or furthest limit of the temperate humid coast -country, the summers are hot and dry and the winters severe. It is 1909 -feet above the sea level and far enough towards the summit of the -Cascade Mountains, that marks the line between the humid coast and the -arid almost treeless interior, to find considerable moisture and many -trees. - -Ellensburg is situated near the eastern side of the Yakima River, 25 -miles below Clealum, at an altitude of 1512 feet above the sea level and -in the wide somewhat flat Kittitas Valley which was, in former geologic -times, a lake bottom. The river flows rapidly and its low banks at -places are high enough to form gravel bluffs. The surrounding country is -arid and there is no natural forest growth. - -Cherry Creek, one of a number of small streams on this side of the -river, flows through the eastern part of this valley, and empties into -the Yakima River about one mile below Thrall on Section 31, Town 17, -North of Range 19 East. Here, the river enters Yakima Canon which cuts -through Umptanum Ridge and the western foothills of Saddle Mountains. -There are some pines in this canon. - -Selah Creek flows through Selah Canon from the east and empties into the -Yakima, about one mile above Selah at the northwest corner of Section -16, Town 14, north of Range 19 East. This is in a broad valley below -Yakima Canon. At the time of our visit, however, the lower portion of -this creek was dry. Wenas Creek empties into the Yakima from the west, -nearly opposite Selah. - -North Yakima is on the western side of the Yakima River, about two miles -below the mouth of the Naches, which empties into the Yakima from the -west, immediately below where the latter breaks through Yakima Ridge. -This break is called the Gap or the Upper Gap. North Yakima is at an -altitude of 1067 feet above the sea level. The soil of the valley is -made up of a rich volcanic ash and the region is arid and practically -treeless except on the banks of the rivers and creeks or where -irrigation has been successfully practised. The climate in most respects -resembles that of the southern interior of British Columbia, lying to -the north, but in general, there is less vegetation except on irrigated -land. - -Cowiche Creek flows from the southwest and empties into the south side -of the Naches, at a point about three miles above its mouth. - -Tampico is situated on Section 17, Town 12, north of Range 16 East, on -the north side of Ahtanum Creek, which flows nearly east along the base -of the north side of Rattlesnake Range and empties into the Yakima at -Union Gap or Lower Gap, below Old Yakima. - -Fort Simcoe is located in a cluster of live oak trees, on one of the -branches of Simcoe Creek, which flows in an easterly direction and -empties into the Toppenish River, a western feeder of the Yakima. This -place is at an altitude of 937 feet above the sea level and is -surrounded by 'scab' land. Going west from Fort Simcoe, up the slopes of -the Cascade Mountains, a mile or so, one notices timber in the valleys, -and as one proceeds still further up the mountains, the timber becomes -thicker and of greater size. This is the beginning of the forest, which -at the west side of the Cascades becomes so remarkably dense. To the -east of Fort Simcoe, however, no trees are seen, except in the bottoms -along the streams, while on the lower reaches of the Yakima and on the -banks of the Columbia, east of here, there are absolutely no trees. - -Kennewick is located on the western side of the Columbia River about six -miles below the mouth of the Yakima. It is opposite Pasco, which is -about three miles above the mouth of Snake River. The place is only 366 -feet above the sea level and except where irrigation has been practised, -there are no trees in sight, the vegetation being that typical of the -desert among which are sagebrush, grease-wood and cactus. Lewis and -Clark, when here on their way to the Pacific Coast, October 17, -1805,[13] saw the Indians drying salmon on scaffolds for food and fuel. -Captain Clark said, "I do not think [it] at all improbable that those -people make use of Dried fish as fuel. The number of dead Salmon on the -Shores & floating in the river is incrediable to say ... how far they -have to raft their timber they make their scaffolds of I could not -learn; but there is no timber of any sort except Small willow bushes in -sight in any direction." - - [13] Lewis and Clark, III, p. 124. - -Sentinal Bluffs is the name given to both sides of the gap where the -Columbia River breaks through Saddle Mountains. It is a short distance -above the head of Priest Rapids. Crab Creek empties into the Columbia -from the east on the north side of these mountains. On the western side -of the river, between the Bluffs and the head of Priest Rapids, there is -a flat place of considerable area, portions of which the Columbia floods -during the winter. Going northwest from here to Ellensburg, the trail -leads up a small valley in which are several springs surrounded by some -small trees. One ascends about 2000 feet to the top of the divide and -then descends perhaps 1000 feet into the Kittitas Valley. - - - - -ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES. - - -At Clealum, we found no archaeological remains, except a single human -skeleton unearthed in the sinking of a shaft for a coal mine. Here, -however, our examination of the vicinity was limited to one day, and it -is possible that a more thorough search might bring to light -archaeological sites. Specimens from the vicinity of Clealum are unknown -to the writer, although there are a number of collections from the -vicinity of Ellensburg, Priest Rapids, Kennewick and other places lower -down. The abundance of specimens on the surface near Priest Rapids and -Kennewick in proportion to those found near North Yakima and Ellensburg, -suggests that the high parts of the valley were less densely inhabited -and that the mountains were perhaps only occasionally visited. It would -seem possible that the prehistoric people of the Yakima Valley had their -permanent homes on the Columbia, and possibly in the lower parts of the -Yakima region. This is indicated by the remains of underground houses, -some of which are as far up as Ellensburg. These remains are similar to -those found in the Thompson River region, where such houses were -inhabited in the winter. The people of the Yakima area probably seldom -went up to the higher valleys and the mountains, except on hunting -expeditions or to gather berries, roots and wood for their scaffolds, -canoes and other manufactures. If this be correct, it would account for -the scarcity of specimens upon the surface along the higher streams, -since all the hunting parties, berry, root and wood-gathering -expeditions were not likely to leave behind them so much material as -would be lost or discarded in the vicinity of the permanent villages. -Spinden states[14] that in the Nez Perce region to the east of the -Yakima country, permanent villages were not built in the uplands, -although in a few places where camas and kouse were abundant, temporary -summer camps were constructed. - - [14] Spinden, p. 178. - -In the vicinity of Ellensburg, we found no archaeological specimens -except the chipped point mentioned on page 163, but this may be due in -part to the modern cultivation of the soil and to the fact that the -irrigated crops, such as are grown here, hide so much of the surface of -the ground. A search along portions of the level country west of the -town and even in such places as those where the river cuts the bank, -failed to reveal signs of house or village sites. In Ellensburg, I saw a -summer lodge, made up of a conical framework of poles covered with cloth -and inhabited by an old blind Indian and his wife. East of the city, -near the little stream below the City Reservoir was another summer lodge -made similarly, but among the covering cloths was some matting of native -manufacture. The remains of an underground house, possibly 30 feet in -diameter were seen to the east of the Northern Pacific Railway, between -Ellensburg and Thrall. - -On the little bottom land along the western side of Cherry Creek, near -its mouth, at the upper end of Yakima Canon, we found objects which show -that the place had been a camping ground. This is immediately south of -where an east and west road crosses the creek on the farm of Mr. Bull. -On this village site were found the specimens catalogued under numbers -202-8213 to 8222, of which two are shown in Plate II, Fig. 12, and Fig. -52. The opposite side of this stream strikes one of the foothills of the -uplands, the western extension of Saddle Mountains. On the top of this -foothill, which overlooks the above mentioned village site, were a -number of burials marked by circles of rocks.[15] In the rock-slide on -the side of this hill, between these circles and the village site below, -were a number of graves which are described in detail under numbers -99-4326-4332 and 202-8223-8258 on pages 164 to 166. Some of the objects -found, many of which are recent and show contact with the white race, -are shown in Figs. 71a, 72, 74, 78, 80, 82-86, 90, 92, 95, and 96. - - [15] See 99-4325, page 163. - -On the western side of the Yakima, about opposite the above mentioned -village site, a rock-slide appears at the head of Yakima Canon. In it -are a number of rock-slide graves marked by sticks. - -In Selah Canon, on the north side of Selah Creek, about a mile and a -half above where it empties into the Yakima are three groups of -petroglyphs pecked into the vertical surface of the low basaltic cliffs -of the canon wall. Two of these groups (Plate XII) are upon eastern -faces of the rock, while the one shown in Fig. 1, Plate XIII, is upon a -southern exposure. In the rock-slide on the south side of Selah Canon, -about three quarters of a mile above the Yakima or about half way -between these petroglyphs and the Yakima, were found a number of graves, -one of them marked by a much weathered twig. These were the only -archaeological remains seen by us in Selah Canon, although we examined -it for at least two miles from its mouth. - -On the north slope of Yakima Ridge, near its base, at a point where the -Moxee Canal and the river road turn and run west along the base of the -ridge or about southeast of the largest ranch there, possibly two miles -northeasterly from the Gap, were a number of scattered graves covered -with rock-slide material. About one quarter of a mile west from here, a -little west of south of the ranch, was a large rock-slide, covering a -short northerly spur of the ridge. This is shown from the southwest in -Plate VII. It is about three quarters of a mile northeast from where the -Yakima River, after flowing through bottom lands, strikes the base of -the Yakima Ridge. In this slide were a large number of shallow parallel -nearly horizontal ditches below each of which is a low ridge or terrace -of the angular slide-rock. Among these terraces, as shown in Fig. 2 of -the plate, were a few pits surrounded by a low ridge, made up of jagged -slide-rock, apparently from out of the pits. It was naturally larger at -the side of the pit towards the bottom of the slide. In none of these -did we find human remains or specimens. Some of them are larger than -similar pits that we found to be rock-slide graves. Their close -resemblance to graves found to have been disturbed, part of their -remains being scattered near by and to other graves, as they appeared -after our excavations, suggests that these pits are the remains of such -rock-slide graves from which the bodies have been removed by the Indians -possibly since the land became the property of the United States -Government. On the other hand, these pits remind us of rifle pits, -though it does not seem probable that they would be built in such a -place for that purpose and there is no local account of the site having -been used for such pits. This rock-slide is particularly interesting -because of the terraces into which most of its surface had been formed. -The character of the rock-slide material is such that one may walk over -these for some little time without noticing them, but once having been -noticed, they always force themselves upon the attention. Standing near -the top of the slide, they remind one of rows of seats in a theatre. -Each terrace begins at the edge of the slide and runs horizontally out -around its convex surface to the opposite side. Some of them are wider -than others. They resemble the more or less horizontal and parallel -terraces formed by horses and cattle while feeding on steep slopes. The -Yakima Ridge has been so terraced by stock in many places and over large -areas. However, there is no vegetation on the rock-slide to entice stock -and the difficulty of walking over the cruelly sharp rocks as well as -the presence of rattlesnakes would seem sufficient to cause both cattle -and horses to pass either below or above it. The outer edge of each -terrace is probably little lower than the inner edge, but viewed from -the slope it seems so, and this suggests that these terraces may have -been entrenchments, though it would seem that they would be useless for -such a purpose since one can easily reach the land above from either -side. Moreover, it would not seem necessary to make parallel -entrenchments down the entire slope. That they were made to facilitate -the carrying of the dead to the rock-slide graves is possible but not -probable. It seems unlikely that they could have been made for the -seating of spectators to overlook games or ceremonies; for the sharpness -of the rocks would make them very uncomfortable. - -There is a much higher rock-slide on the east side of a small steep -ravine near where the Yakima River flows close to the base of the ridge, -about a mile northeast of the Naches River or Upper Gap. Near the top of -this slide, possibly three hundred feet above the river, were similar -pits larger than those just described. Two or three of these were -bounded along the edge towards the top of the slide by an unusually wide -terrace. Near the bottom of this slide were graves[16] (Nos. 1 and 2) -which are described in detail on page 153. Grave No. 1 was in the base -of the rock-slide as shown in the figure and was indicated by a cedar -stick projecting from a slight depression in the top of the heap of -rock-slide material covering it. It was on a slight terrace about eighty -feet above the river, and commanded a view over the valley of the Yakima -to the north. The presence of the brass tube shown in Fig. 75 suggests -that this grave is not of great antiquity. Grave No. 2 was in the same -rock-slide about fifty feet down the ravine or to the north, and about -forty feet above the Moxee flume. It was indicated by a hole in a pile -of rock, like an old well. It was found to contain nothing, the remains -having been removed. On the south side of the Yakima Ridge, near the -bridge over the Yakima, at the Upper Gap, rock-slide graves are said to -have been disturbed during the construction of the flume which carries -the waters of the Moxee ditch around the western end of the Yakima -Ridge, and during the gathering of stone on this point for commercial -purposes. Some of these graves are said to have been above the flume. - - [16] Sec Fig. 3, Plate VI from the north of west. - -Here and there, near the base of the ridge from this point easterly for -about a mile, were found small pits, such as one shown in Fig. 1, Plate -VIII. Apparently, these were rock-slide graves from which the human -remains had been removed, either by the Indians in early times or more -recently by visitors from the neighboring town of North Yakima. Possibly -some of them are old cache holes. One of these graves near the top of a -small rock-slide above the flume contained a human skeleton and is shown -in Fig. 2, Plate VIII. Below these graves, on the narrow flat between -the base of the ridge and the Yakima River at a point about three -quarters of a mile below the Upper Gap at the mouth of the Naches River, -were discovered a number of small pits each surrounded by a low ridge of -earth which were probably the remains of cache holes made by the Indians -during the last twenty years. On this flat, close to the river were two -pits surrounded by a circular ridge which indicated ancient -semi-subterranean house sites, further described on page 51. - -It is said, that above the flume at a point about a mile and a half -below the Upper Gap, rock-slide graves, some of which were marked by -pieces of canoes were excavated by school boys. The writer was also -informed by small boys that near the top of the ridge immediately above -here, they frequently found chipped points for arrows but on examination -discovered only chips of stone suitable for such points, the boys either -having mistaken the chips for points or having collected so many of the -points that they were scarce. - -On the west side of the Yakima, at the Upper Gap, there is a raised flat -top or terrace that overlooks the mouth of the Naches River to the -southeast. Here were a number of circles made up of angular rocks. -Within each we found the remains of human cremations. Unburned fragments -of the bones of several individuals with shell ornaments were often -present in a single circle.[17] - - [17] See p. 142 and Fig. 1, Plate IX. - -Continuing westward, along the slope of the ridge, cut along its -southern base by the Naches River, at a point about one and a quarter -miles west of the mouth of the river, a small ravine cuts down from the -top of the ridge. This has formed a little flat through the middle of -which it has again cut down towards the river. East of this ravine on -the flat is a circle of angular rocks such as are found scattered over -the ridge. This circle no doubt marks a house site, the interior having -been cleared of stone and the circle of rocks probably having been used -to hold down the lodge covering.[18] To the west of the ravine, where -the flat is somewhat higher than to the east, there are the remains of -two semi-subterranean houses. Each of these is represented by a pit -surrounded by a ridge of earth, and on the top, are large angular -rocks.[19] At a point where the ridge meets this flat, close to the -western side of the ravine was a slight depression in a small rock-slide -which marked what seemed to be a grave, but which, on excavation, -revealed nothing. Still further westward at a point probably two miles -above the mouth of the Naches River and overlooking the stream at an -altitude of perhaps 250 feet, we found scattered over the ground along -the eastern summit of a deep ravine, the first one west of the house -sites above mentioned, numerous small chips of material suitable for -chipped implements. These became more numerous as we proceeded northward -up the eastern side of the ravine for a distance of about a quarter of a -mile. Here we came upon the small quarry in the volcanic soil, shown in -Fig. 1, Plate III. Immediately to the west of the pit was a pile of -earth, apparently excavated from it. - - [18] See p. 15 and Fig. 1, Plate IV. - - [19] See p. 52 and Fig. 2, Plate IV. - -On the top of this heap of soil and among the broken rock to the south -and east of it, were found several water-worn pebbles, used as hammers -in breaking up the rock, as indicated by the battered condition of their -ends (p. 58). We saw no other water-worn pebbles on the surface of the -ridge, but they were numerous in the gravel of the bottom-lands subject -to the overflow of the rivers. It would seem that these pebbles were -brought up from the river below for use as hammers. Scattered to the -south of the pit were found large fragments of float quartz material -containing small pieces of stone suitable for chipped implements but -made up mainly of stone which was badly disintegrated. Lying on the -slope of the ravine were many small fragments of this same stone which -were clear of flaws. - -It would seem that a mass of float quartz much of which was suitable for -chipped implements had been found here. It had been excavated, leaving -the pile of earth and then broken up with the river pebbles which were -left behind with the waste. Probably there were fairly large pieces of -the material, suitable for chipped implements; that were carried away -while small pieces were left lying about a pile of unsuitable material. -In other words, it would seem that these specimens mark a place for the -roughing out of material for chipped implements.[20] On the same side of -the river, on the side of a rather low ridge or table-land overlooking -it, at a point about twelve miles above its mouth, are some rock-slides. -Here it is said that graves have been found. They were probably typical -rock-slide graves. On a point of land perhaps fifty feet above these and -a few hundred feet to the north, Master James McWhirter pointed out a -grave on his farm. It was then surrounded by a ring made up of -water-worn pebbles, apparently brought up from the river. He stated that -an attempt had been made to excavate it which possibly accounts for the -pebbles being in a circle rather than a heap over the grave. This grave -was found to contain a slab of wood, shell ornaments, probably modern, -and an adult skeleton, No. 12 (7), 99-4320, p. 156. - - [20] See p. 20. - -There are a number of painted pictographs on the vertical faces of the -basaltic columns, facing north on the south side of the Naches River, -immediately to the west of the mouth of Cowiche Creek. These are below -the flume and may be reached from the top of the talus slope which has -been added to by the blasting away of the rock above, during the -construction of the flume. In fact, debris from this blasting has -covered part of the pictographs. Some of the pictures are in red, others -in white and there are combinations of the two colors.[21] Local -merchants have defaced these pictographs with advertisements. - - [21] Further described under the subject of art on p. 119 and shown - in Plates XIV-XVI. - -In the Cowiche Valley, there are several rock-slide graves, but these -seem to have been rifled. Northeast of the fair grounds at North Yakima, -the remains of an underground house are said to exist. A short distance -east of Tampico, about 18 miles above the mouth of the Ahtanum, on the -north side of the river and east of the road from the north where it -meets the river road and immediately across it from the house of Mr. -Sherman Eglin, was a grave located in a volcanic dome left by the wind, -which Mr. Eglin pointed out to us. The site is about 600 feet north of -the north branch of the Ahtanum and about fifteen feet above the level -of the river. A pile of rocks about eight feet in diameter covered this -grave, No. 25, p. 160. On the land of Mr. A. D. Eglin, between the -above-mentioned grave and Tampico on the north side of the road were -seen the signs of two graves, destroyed by plowing. Near here, an oblong -mound six or eight inches high and ten feet wide by eight feet long, -supposedly covering a grave, marked by a stone on the level at each side -and each end, 12 and 16 feet apart respectively was reported by Mr. -Eglin's son. A little distance further north and up the slope of the -land, were a number of volcanic ash heaps left by the wind. The -surrounding land is what is locally known as "scab land." In some of -these knolls, graves have been found and one which has been explored is -shown in Fig. 2, Plate IX. It is located near the pasture gate, and was -marked by a circle of stones as shown in the figure. On excavating, -nothing was found. It is possible that the remains were entirely -disintegrated. Graves in rock-slides on hill sides, and a village site -near this place were reported by Mr. Eglin's son. Along the north side -of Ahtanum Creek between Ahtanum and Tampico, below the rim rock of the -uplands parallel to the creek are a number of rock-slide graves. - -On the western side of Union Gap, through which the Yakima River flows, -below the mouth of Ahtanum Creek, a short distance below Old Yakima, on -a little flat or terrace projecting from the south side of Rattle Snake -Range is a modern Indian cemetery surrounded by a fence. To the east of -Union Gap, on the northwestern slope of Rattle Snake Range, we examined -some rock-slide graves which had been made since the advent of objects -of white manufacture. A mile or so south of Union Gap not far from the -uplands to the east of the river was a ridge of earth extending north -and south nearly parallel with the river road. This, however, I believe -may be the remains of some early irrigation project. On the west side of -the Yakima River about two miles south of Union Gap was seen a summer -lodge made by covering a conical framework with mats. - -At Fort Simcoe, immediately south of the Indian agency, on the north -edge of the "scab land," overlooking a small ravine, is a large pit -surrounded by an embankment of earth, the remains of a semi-subterranean -house. Perhaps an eighth of a mile south of this, on higher "scab land" -was a rather low long mound upon which were several piles of stone that -probably marked graves. This mound was lower and more oblong than the -usual dome in which such graves were made. Mrs. Lynch, who pointed these -out has excavated similar piles at this place and found them to mark -graves. We were informed that chipped implements were frequently found -along the Yakima River at a point near Prosser. Above Kennewick, while -digging a flume, a number of graves were discovered, from which Mr. -Sonderman made his collection. Some of these graves contained modern -material (p. 111). - -On the surface of the western beach of the Columbia at Kennewick and on -the flat land back of it we found chips of material suitable for making -chipped implements, and a large pebble, probably a net sinker.[22] -These, together with the fact that Mr. D. W. Owen has also frequently -found specimens here, suggest that this place was an ancient camping -ground. That Lewis and Clark saw Indians here and in the vicinity, as -well as that the Indians still camp here on the beach of the river, -sheltered from the wind by the bank and depending upon the river -driftwood for their fuel, strengthens this suggestion. Specimens have -been found on the large island in the Columbia at the mouth of the -Yakima. (See p. 64.) At a point four miles below Kennewick or perhaps a -mile below a point opposite the mouth of the Snake, a grave which -contained material of white manufacture is said to have been discovered -by a man while hauling water up the bank of the Columbia. - - [22] See p. 30. - -Schoolcraft states[23] that there was an earthwork on the left bank of -the Lower Yakima on the edge of a terrace about fifteen feet high a -short distance from the water. This terrace was banked on either side by -a gully. This consisted of two concentric circles of earth about eighty -yards in diameter by three feet high, with a ditch between. Within were -about twenty "cellars", situated without apparent design, except economy -of room. They were some thirty feet across, and three feet deep. A guide -stated that it was unique and made very long ago by an unknown people. -Outside, but near by, were other "cellars" in no way differing from the -remains of villages of the region. What may be an earthwork near by is -described by Schoolcraft[24] as follows: "The Indians also pointed out, -near by, a low hill or spur, which in form might be supposed to resemble -an inverted canoe, and which he had said was a ship." Schoolcraft -suggests a possible relation of this to the mounds of the Sacramento -Valley and continues:-- - - "In this connection may also be mentioned a couple of - modern fortifications, erected by the Yakamas upon the - Sunkive fork. They are situated between two small - branches, upon the summits of a narrow ridge some two - hundred yards long, and thirty feet in height, and are - about twenty-five yards apart. The first is a square with - rounded corners, formed by an earthen embankment capped - with stones; the interstices between which served for - loop-holes, and without any ditch. It is about thirty - feet on the sides, and the wall three feet high. The - other is built of adobes, in the form of a rectangle, - twenty by thirty-four feet, the walls three feet high, - and twelve to eighteen inches thick, with loop-holes six - feet apart. Both are commanded within rifle-shot by - neighboring hills. They were erected in 1847 by Skloo, as - a defence against the Cayuse. We did not hear whether - they were successfully maintained, accounts varying - greatly in this respect. In the same neighborhood Captain - M'Clellan's party noticed small piles of stones raised by - the Indians on the edges of the basaltic walls which - enclose these valleys, but were informed that they had no - purpose; they were put up through idleness. Similar piles - are, however, sometimes erected to mark the fork of a - trail. At points on these walls there were also many - graves, generally made in regular form, covered with - loose stones to protect them from the cayotes, and marked - by poles decorated with tin cups, powder-horns, and - articles of dress. During the summer the Indians for the - most part live in the small valleys lying well into the - foot of the mountains. These are, however, uninhabitable - during the winter, and they move further down, or to more - sheltered situations. The mission which, in summer, is - maintained in the A-ta-nam valley, is transferred into - that of the main river."[25] - - [23] Schoolcraft, VI. p. 612. - - [24] Schoolcraft, VI. p. 613. - - [25] Cf. also Bancroft, IV. p. 736; Stevens, pp. 232-3; Gibbs, (a), - pp. 408-9. - -After passing the top of the divide, to the left of the trail from -Ellensburg to Priest Rapids, chips and fragments of variegated float -quartz suitable for chipped implements were found. This apparently -marked a place where a fragment of float rock had been broken up, but -fine fragments were hardly numerous enough to indicate that the place -had been a shop site, or at least a large one. The quantity of material -broken up, judging from the amount of refuse, was small. On the western -side of the Columbia, at the base of the basaltic rocks where they meet -the bottom-land, perhaps a mile from the river were rock-slide graves in -the talus slope. At the head of Priest Rapids, the river turns towards -the west and then southward, flowing close to the southern end of this -escarpment. On the flat, at the very head of Priest Rapids, the river, -during high water had washed out the remains of a village or camp site, -where pestles and animal bones were numerous. A short distance above -this, in a low ridge near the river were some modern graves some of -which were marked with sticks at the head and foot. The bodies, judging -from the mounds of earth, were laid full length and many, if not all of -them, judging from the size of the head and foot sticks, were placed -with the feet towards the east. Perhaps a mile above here near the home -of Mr. Britain Everette Craig, several large and deep pits, the sites of -ancient semi-subterranean houses were seen. Above and near his house, -the river had washed out what was apparently a village site, and perhaps -a few graves. Here was found the small fresh water shell heap, shown in -Fig. 1, Plate V, and the pile of flat oval pebbles which probably marked -a cooking place, shown in Fig. 2. On the west beach of the Columbia at -Sentinal Bluffs perhaps another mile further up the river, notched -sinkers and other indications of a camp or fishing ground were found. - -On the eastern side of the river near the head of Priest Rapids some -material was found on the surface of the beach where the floods of the -river had uncovered it. A mile or more above here, pecked on the -basaltic columns of Sentinal Bluffs, which may be seen in both figures -of Plate V were a number of petroglyphs, shown in Plate XI and described -on page 121. Those shown in Fig. 1, photographed from the west, are on -the columns to the east of the road, blasted through the rocks at this -point, and perhaps fifteen feet from the river. Those in Fig. 2, -photographed from the north, are to the west of the road on the columns -which rise abruptly from the river. Some specimens and indications of -habitation were found scattered between this point and the mouth of Crab -Creek, the bed of which was dry in most places when we visited it. - - - - -RESOURCES. - - -The resources of the prehistoric people of the Yakima Valley, as -indicated by the specimens found in the graves and about the village -sites, were chiefly of stone, copper, shell, bone, antler, horn, -feathers, skin, tule stalks, birch bark and wood. They employed -extensively various kinds of stone for making a variety of objects. -Obsidian,[26] glassy basalt or trap, petrified wood, agate, chalcedonic -quartz with opaline intrusions, chert and jasper were used for chipping -into various kinds of points, such as those used for arrows, spears, -knives, drills and scrapers. According to Spinden,[27] obsidian was used -in the Nez Perce region to the east where it was obtained from the John -Day River and in the mountains to the east, possibly in the vicinity of -the Yellowstone National Park. The people of the Yakima Valley may have -secured it from the Nez Perce. As on the coast, objects made of glassy -basalt were rare here, although it will be remembered that they were the -most common among chipped objects in the Thompson River region.[28] Mr. -James Teit believes that glassy basalt is scarce in the Yakima region -and that this is the reason why the prehistoric people there did not use -it extensively. Some agate, chalcedony and similar materials were used -in the Thompson River region, but while there is a great quantity of the -raw material of these substances there, the Indians say that the black -basalt was easier to work and quite as effective when finished. Several -small quarries of float quartz had been excavated and broken up to be -flaked at adjacent work shops, p. 16. River pebbles were made into net -sinkers, pestles, mortars, hammerstones, scrapers, clubs, slave killers, -sculptures, and similar objects, and were also used for covering some of -the graves in the knolls. Serpentine was used for celts and clubs; lava -for sculptures. Slate was used for ornamental or ceremonial tablets -steatite for ornaments and pipes, though rarely for pestles and other -objects; and impure limestone for pipes. Fragments of basaltic rock were -used for covering graves in the rock-slides and in some of the knolls. -Places on the basaltic columns and cliffs served as backgrounds upon -which pictures were made, some being pecked,[29] others painted.[30] No -objects made of mica or nephrite were found. Siliceous sandstone was -made into pestles, pipes and smoothers for arrow-shafts, but the last -were rare. Copper clay, white earth and red ochre were not found, but -red and white paint were seen on the basaltic cliffs and Mrs. Lynch -reports blue paint from a grave near Fort Simcoe (p. 117). - - [26] See Fig. 5 and 202-8141, p. 154. - - [27] Spinden, p. 184. - - [28] Smith, (d) p. 132 and 135 (c) p. 407. - - [29] See Plates XI-XIII. - - [30] See Plates XIV-XVI. - -Copper was used for beads, pendants and bracelets. While all of this -copper may have been obtained by barter from the whites, yet some of it -may have been native. Copper, according to Spinden, was probably not -known to the Nez Perce before the articles of civilization had reached -that region, but he states that large quantities of copper have been -taken from graves and that the edges of some of the specimens are -uneven, such as would be more likely to result from beating out a nugget -than from working a piece of cut sheet copper.[31] The glass beads, iron -bracelets,[32] and bangles,[33] the brass rolled beads,[34] brass -pendant[35] and the white metal inlay,[36] which we found, all came from -trade with the white race during recent times and do not belong to the -old culture. - - [31] Spinden, p. 190. - - [32] See Fig. 96. - - [33] See Figs. 85 and 86. - - [34] See Fig. 75. - - [35] See Fig. 84. - - [36] See Fig. 128. - -Shells of the fresh water unio, in a bed five or six feet in diameter -and two or three inches thick, at the Priest Rapids village site and -described on p. 34 indicate that this animal had been used for food. -Shells of the little salt water clam (_Pectunculus_ 202-8388, Fig. 88), -haliotis (202-8234b, 8252, 8255, 8386, Figs. 89-92), dentalium -(202-8178, 8156, 8163, 8173, 8177-9, 8184, 8186-89, 8192-3, 8233, 8241, -8253, 8389, Figs. 74, 117, and 118) olivella (202-8393, Fig. 87), and -oyster (202-8170, Fig. 94) which were made into various ornaments must -have been obtained from the coast. No shells of _Pecten caurinus_ were -found. - -Deer bones were seen in great numbers in the earth of a village site at -the head of Priest Rapids where they probably are the remains of -cooking. Animal bones were made into points for arrows or harpoon barbs, -awls and tubes that were probably used in gambling. Fish bones -(202-8387) found in the village sites suggest that fish were used for -food. No bones of the whale were found. - -Antler was used for wedges, combs and as material upon which to carve. -Horns of the Rocky Mountain sheep were used for digging-stick handles. -Mountain sheep horns were secured by the Nez Perce who lived to the east -of the Yakima region, and were traded with Indians westward as far as -the Lower Columbia.[37] No objects made of teeth were found although a -piece of a beaver tooth (202-8189) was seen in grave No. 21, and Mrs. -Lynch reports elk teeth from a grave near Fort Simcoe (p. 119). Pieces -of thong, skin, fur, and feathers of the woodpecker, all of which were -probably used as articles of wearing apparel, were found in the graves -preserved by the action of copper salts or the dryness of the climate. - - [37] Spinden, p. 223. - -Wood was used as the hearth of a fire drill[38] and for a bow, a -fragment of which is shown in Fig. 114. Sticks which had not decayed in -this dry climate, marked some of the graves in the rock-slides (p. 140). -Charcoal was also found in the graves and village sites. A fragment of -birch bark, tightly rolled (202-8392) was found in a grave; roots were -woven into baskets;[39] rushes were stitched and woven into mats.[40] - - [38] See Fig. 38. - - [39] See Fig. 17. - - [40] See Fig. 70-72. - - - - -THE SECURING OF FOOD. - - -_Points Chipped out of Stone._ Many implements used in procuring food -were found. In general, they are similar in character to those found in -the Thompson River Region.[41] The most numerous perhaps, were points of -various sizes and shapes, made by chipping and flaking, for arrows, -knives and spears. Many of these are small and finely wrought and most -of them are of bright colored agates, chalcedonies and similar stones. -As before mentioned, several small quarries of such material with -adjacent workshops were found. A very few specimens were made of glassy -basalt, and it will be remembered (p. 21) that this was the prevailing -material for chipped implements in the Thompson River region to the -north, where there was perhaps not such a great variety of material -used.[42] In the Nez Perce region to the east, according to Spinden, a -great variety of forms of arrow points chipped from stone of many kinds -is found,[43] and the extreme minuteness of some of them is noteworthy. -The war spear sometimes had a point of stone, usually lance-shaped, but -sometimes barbed.[44] He further states that iron supplanted flint and -obsidian at an early date, for the manufacture of arrow-heads.[45] - - [41] Smith, (d) p. 135; and (c) p. 408. - - [42] _Ibid._ - - [43] Cf. Spinden, Figs. 10-22, Plate VII. - - [44] Spinden, p. 227. - - [45] Spinden, p. 190. - -No caches of chipped implements were found in the Yakima region. Judging -from the collections which I have seen, I am under the impression that -chipped points are not nearly so numerous in this region as they are -near The Dalles and in the Columbia Valley immediately south of this -area, and perhaps not even as numerous as in the Thompson River country -to the north. We found no fantastic forms such as were rather common in -the Thompson River country.[46] It will be remembered[47] that the art -of chipping stone was not extensively practised on the coast of British -Columbia or Washington, no specimens having been found in that area -north of Vancouver Island except at Bella Coola, where only two were -discovered. They were frequent at Saanich and in the Fraser Delta and -became still more common as one approached the mouth of the Columbia on -the west coast of Washington where, on the whole, they seem to resemble, -especially in the general character of the material, the chipped points -of the Columbia River Valley in the general region from Portland to The -Dalles. - - [46] Smith, (d) p. 136; and (c) p. 409. - - [47] Smith, (b) p. 437; (a) p. 190; (e) p. 564; and (f), p. 359. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1 (202-8369). Chipped Point made of Chalcedony. From -the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] - -The range of forms and sizes is well shown in Figs. 1 to 6 and in Plates -I and II.[48] The specimen shown in Fig. 1 is very small, apparently -made from a thin flake of chalcedony that has not been much chipped. Its -edges are slightly serrated and it was found on the surface near the -head of Priest Rapids. Deeply serrated points are found in the Nez Perce -region to the east, but they are unusual.[49] The one shown in Fig. 2 is -also made of chalcedony and is from the same place. It is larger and the -barbs are not so deep. The specimen shown in Fig. 3, chipped from white -chalcedony was found at the same place and may be considered as a knife -point rather than as an arrow point. The one shown in Fig. 4 is made of -petrified wood and has serrated edges. It was found at Priest Rapids and -is in the collection of Mr. Mires. Fig. 5 illustrates a point with a -straight base chipped from obsidian, one of the few made of this -material that have been found in the whole region. This is also from -Priest Rapids in the collection of Mr. Mires. The straight based -arrow-head is very common in the Nez Perce region.[50] The specimen -shown in Fig. 6 is leaf shaped, the base being broken off. It is made of -chert, was collected at Wallula near the Columbia River in Oregon by -Judge James Kennedy in 1882 and is in the James Terry collection of this -Museum. Plate I shows a rather large and crudely chipped point made of -basalt, from the surface near the head of Priest Rapids on the bank of -the Columbia River. The second is made of red jasper and the third of -white chert. They were found near the head of Priest Rapids, the latter -also on the bank of the river. These three specimens may be considered -as finished or unfinished spear or knife points. The specimens shown in -Plate II are more nearly of the average size. The first is made of buff -jasper and was found on the surface at Kennewick. It is slightly -serrated. The second is made of brownish fissile jasper and was found in -grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide near the mouth of the Naches River. The -third, chipped from mottled quartz was found in grave No. 28 (21) near -the skull in a rock-slide about three miles west of the mouth of Cowiche -Creek. The fourth of white quartzite is also from grave No. 28 (21) near -the skull. The breadth of the base of these last two specimens and the -notches would facilitate their being fastened very securely in an -arrow-shaft, while the basal points would probably project far enough -beyond the shaft to make serviceable barbs. The fifth specimen, chipped -from brown chert was found among the refuse of a fire in grave No. 1, in -a rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. The sixth is made of glassy basalt and -is remarkable for having two sets of notches. It is rather large, which -suggests that it may have served as a knife point. It is from the head -of Priest Rapids and was collected and presented by Mrs. J. B. Davidson. -Double notched arrow points are found in the Nez Perce region.[51] The -seventh is chipped from pale fulvous chalcedony and is from the surface -at the same place. The eighth is chipped from similar material and was -found near by. The ninth is made of opaline whitish chalcedony and is -from the same place. The tenth is chipped from yellow agate, and -somewhat resembles a drill, while the eleventh is of brown horn stone, -both of them being from the surface near the head of Priest Rapids. - - [48] Photographs by Mr. Wm. C. Orchard. - - [49] Cf. Spinden, Fig. 16, Plate VII. - - [50] Cf. Spinden, Fig. 14, Plate VII. - - [51] Cf. Spinden, Fig. 15, Plate VII. - -[Illustration: Fig. 2 (202-8364). Chipped Point made of Chalcedony. From -the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 3 (202-8336). Chipped Point made of White -Chalcedony. From the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. -size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 4. Serrated Chipped Point made of Petrified Wood. -From Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the -collection of Mr. Mires.)] - -The twelfth which is chipped from clove brown jasper was found on the -surface of the Cherry Creek camp site near Ellensburg. The thirteenth is -made of reddish white chert and was found on the surface near the mouth -of Wenas Creek. The fourteenth is of pale yellow chalcedony and comes -from the surface near the head of Priest Rapids. Most of these specimens -seem to be suitable for arrow points, although some of them probably -served for use as knives. - -[Illustration: Fig. 5. Chipped Point made of Obsidian. From Priest -Rapids. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection -of Mr. Mires.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 6. (T-21184, II-180.) Fragment of a leaf-shaped -Point made of Chert. From Wallula near the Columbia River, Oregon. -Collected by Judge James Kennedy in 1882. 1/2 nat. size.] - - -_Points Rubbed out of Stone._ No points rubbed out of stone have been -found in this region, although it will be remembered that two such -points were found in the Thompson River region[52] and were thought to -represent an intrusion from the coast where they were common as in the -Fraser Delta[53] at both Port Hammond and Eburne where they are more -than one half as numerous as the chipped points, and at Comox[54] where -at least seven of this type to three chipped from stone were found. -They were also found at Saanich,[55] where they were in proportion of -nineteen to twenty-four, near Victoria[56] and on the San Juan -Islands.[57] - - [52] Smith, (c), p. 409. - - [53] Smith, (a), pp. 141 and 143. - - [54] Smith, (b), p. 308. - - [55] Smith, (b), p. 332. - - [56] P. 357 and 358, _ibid._ - - [57] P. 380, _ibid._ - - -_Points Rubbed out of Bone._ Points rubbed out of bone which were so -common on the coast everywhere, but rare in the Thompson River country -are still more scarce here. Only ten specimens from the whole region can -be identified as clearly intended for the points or barbs of arrows, -harpoon heads or spears. The types are shown in Figs. 7 to 12. The first -was found in the west, northwest part of grave No. 10 (5) in a -rock-slide about a half mile above the mouth of the Naches River. It is -nearly circular in cross section, 31 mm. long with a point only 6 mm. in -length and was apparently intended for a salmon harpoon head, similar to -those used in the Thompson River region[58] both in ancient and modern -times but which are much more common on the coast. The specimen shown in -Fig. 8 is circular in cross section and was seen in the collection of -Mrs. Davidson. It is from Kennewick and is of the shape of one of the -most frequent types of bone points found in the Fraser Delta.[59] The -specimen shown in Fig. 9 was found with three others in grave No. 1 in a -rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. This and two of the others were -scorched. They are circular in cross section and sharp at both ends but -the upper end is much the more slender. The point shown in Fig. 10 -somewhat resembles these, but it is slightly larger and tends to be -rectangular in cross section except at the base. It was found with a -similar specimen in a grave on the Snake River, five miles above its -mouth, and was collected and presented by Mr. Owen who still has the -other specimen. Diagonal striations may still be seen on its much -weathered brown surface. These were probably caused by rubbing it on a -stone in its manufacture. A slightly different type of bone point is -shown in Figs. 11 and 12. These seem to be barbs for fish spears such as -were found in the Thompson River region,[60] among both ancient and -modern specimens. The one shown in Fig. 11 has traces of the marrow -canal on the reverse. It was found in the Yakima Valley below Prosser -and is in the collection of Mr. Spalding. While the specimen shown in -Fig. 12 is from the surface near the head of Priest Rapids. - - [58] Smith, (c), p. 410; Teit, (a), Fig. 231. - - [59] Cf. Smith, (a), Fig. _13h_. - - [60] Smith, (c), p. 410; Teit, (a), Fig. 232. - -Bone points and barbs were used in the Nez Perce region to the east, -where three types of spears with bone points were known, two of them at -least being similar to those found in the Thompson River region to the -north.[61] The war spears sometimes had a point of bone, usually -lance-shaped, but sometimes barbed.[62] - - [61] Spinden, p. 189 and Fig. 5^s, ^10, ^11. - - [62] Spinden, p. 227. - -[Illustration: Fig. 7 (202-8165). Point made of Bone. From the W., N. W. -part of grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide about half a mile above the -mouth of Naches River. 1/2 nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 8. Point made of Bone. From Kennewick. 1/2 nat. -size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mrs. -Davidson.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 9 (202-8143). Scorched Point made of Bone. From -grave No. 1 in a rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. 1/2 nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 10 (20.0-1468). Point made of Bone. Found in a grave -on an island in the Snake River, five miles above its mouth, 1/2 nat. -size. (Collected and presented by Mr. Owen.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 11. Point or Barb made of Bone. From the Yakima -Valley below Prosser. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in -the collection of Mr. Spalding.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 12 (202-8381). Point or Barb made of Bone. From the -surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] - - -_Bows._ The only information which we have regarding bows is from the -specimen shown in Fig. 114. The object seems to be a fragment of a bow -which was lenticular in cross section although rather flat. It is -slightly bent and the concave side bears transverse incisions. (p. 125.) -The specimen was found in grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide about one -hundred and fifty feet up the slope on the north side of the Naches -River, about half a mile above its mouth. The presence of several -perishable objects in the grave suggest it to be modern, but no objects -of white manufacture were found. This is the only object indicating the -sort of bow used in this region and with the exception of the chipped -points previously described, some of which were undoubtedly for arrows, -is the only archaeological object tending to prove the use of the bow. -It will be remembered[63] that fragments of a bow of lenticular cross -section ornamented with parallel irregularly arranged cuneiform -incisions, were found in a grave near Nicola Lake in the Thompson River -region and that pieces of wood, some of which may have been part of a -bow, were found in a grave at the mouth of Nicola Lake; also that pieces -of wood found at Kamloops resemble a bow of the type shown in Fig. 220 -of Mr. Teit's paper on the present Thompson Indians.[64] - -In the Nez Perce region to the east, war clubs with heads made of -unworked river boulders, according to Spinden,[65] were sometimes used -in killing game and such may have been the case in this region. - - [63] Smith, (c), p. 411. - - [64] Teit, (a), Fig. 216. - - [65] Spinden, p. 188 and 227, also Fig. 5^5. - - -_Snares._ Fragments of thongs, skin, fur and woodpecker feathers merely -suggest methods of hunting or trapping which are not proven by any of -our finds. It is barely possible although not probable that the bone -tubes considered to have been used in gambling and illustrated in Figs. -97 and 98 and also the perforated cylinder of serpentine shown in Fig. -99 may be portions of snares. Traps and snares of various kinds were -common among the Indians of the larger plateau area of which this is a -part.[66] - - [66] Lewis, p. 182. - -Mr. J. S. Cotton informs me that in the vicinity of Mr. Turner's home, -Section 6, Town north 18, Range 40 east, on Rock Creek, about six miles -below Rock Lake, and in the vicinity of the graves described on p. 140 -and the so-called fort mentioned on p. 82, there is a long line of -stones running from Rock Creek in a southeasterly direction across the -coule to a small draw on the other side. This chain of rocks is about -five miles long. The stones have evidently sunk into the ground and -show signs of having been there a long time. They have been in the same -condition since about 1874 when first seen by the whites, even the -oldest Indians claiming to know nothing about them. According to Lewis, -game was surrounded and driven in by a large number of hunters or was -run down by horses, in the great area of which this is part.[67] It -seems altogether probable that a line of stone heaps may have been made -to serve either as a line of scarecrows, possibly to support flags or -similar objects, which would have the effect of a fence to direct the -flight of the game or as a guide to enable the hunters to drive the game -towards a precipice where it would be killed, or a corral where it would -be impounded. - - [67] Lewis, p. 182; Ross, (a), p. 316; De Smet III, p. 1026; Lewis - and Clark, IV, p. 371. - - -_Notched Sinkers._ Sinkers for fish nets or lines were made of -disk-shaped river pebbles. A pebble and the different types of sinkers -are shown in Fig. 13. These were numerous on the surface of the beach of -the Columbia River near the head of Priest Rapids. They have two or four -notches chipped from each side in the edges. When there are two, the -notches are usually at each end; when there are four, they are at the -end and side edges. Sometimes, the notches are so crudely made that the -edge of the pebble is simply roughened so that a string tied about it at -this place would hold. One of these sinkers from Priest Rapids was seen -in Mr. Mires' collection. - - -_Grooved Sinkers._ Some large thick pebbles have grooves pecked around -their shortest circumference. They may have been used as canoe smashers -or anchors, but seem more likely to be net sinkers. Two of these are -shown in Figs. 14 and 15. They are from Priest Rapids and are in the -collection of Mr. Mires. Both are battered along the lower edge, from -the groove on the left to within a very short distance of it on the -right and over a considerable portion of the edge of the top. In the -second specimen, this battering forms a considerable groove on the lower -edge, but a groove only the size of those shown in the illustration on -the upper edge. This battering suggests that they may have been used as -hammers, but the battered ends of hammers are not often grooved. There -are certain grooves pecked on one side of each which seem to be of a -decorative or ceremonial significance and are consequently discussed on -p. 132 under the section devoted to art. The first specimen is made of -granite or yellow quartzite with mica, the second is of granite or -yellowish gray quartz with augite and feldspar. One specimen similar to -these two, but without any decoration or grooving (202-8116) was found -by us on the beach at Kennewick as was also a large pebble grooved -nearly around the shortest circumference (202-8332) at Priest Rapids. -One object of this type made of a boulder but grooved around the longest -circumference was seen in Mr. Owen's collection. It was found on the -bank of the Columbia River two miles below Pasco. The specimen described -on p. 60 which has a notch pecked in each side edge and is battered -slightly on one end may have been used as a net sinker, although it has -been considered a hammer. This specimen (202-8214) in a way resembles -the small flat notched sinkers except that the notch is pecked instead -of chipped and that it is larger and thicker in proportion. Other -specimens which are considered as net sinkers, anchors or "canoe -smashers" instead of being grooved, are perforated by a hole which -tapers from each side and has apparently been made by pecking. Sometimes -this hole is in the center, while in other cases it passes through one -end. Fig. 16 illustrates such a specimen. It was found at Priest Rapids -and is in the collection of Mr. Mires. It is made from a river pebble of -yellowish-gray volcanic rock. The perforation is in the broadest end. A -similar specimen perforated near one end and one pierced near the middle -were seen in Mr. Owen's collection. He believes that these were used for -killing fish, an Indian having told him that such stones were thrown at -the fish and retrieved with a cord which was tied through the hole. -Probably all of these were sinkers for nets or at least anchors for the -ends of nets, set lines or for small boats. - -[Illustration: Fig. 13 _a_ (202-8296), _b_ (202-8318), _c_ (202-8313), -_d_ (202-8330). Pebble and Net Sinkers made of Pebbles. From the surface -of the bank of Columbia River, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. -size. - -Fig. 14. Sinker, a Grooved Boulder bearing a Design in Intaglio. From -Priest Rapids, 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44536, 9-2. -Original in the collection of Mr. Mires.)] - -Sinkers were not seen by us among archaeological finds in the Thompson -River region but Mr. James Teit has informed the writer of their use -there on both nets and lines, particularly on the former. Nets, -excepting the bag net, were very little used in the Kamloops-Lytton -region along the Thompson River and that may account for a scarcity of -sinkers among archaeological finds. Nets were more extensively used on -the Fraser River, but were very much used near large lakes and -consequently one would expect to find sinkers in the vicinity of such -places as Kamloops, Shushwap, Anderson, Seaton, Lillooet, Nicola, -Kootenay and Arrow Lakes. Now, as the Shushwap generally made little -bags of netting in which they put their sinkers to attach them to nets, -this would greatly militate against the finding of grooved, notched or -perforated sinkers in the Shushwap part of this region. They probably -thought this method was more effective or took up less time than -notching, grooving or perforating stones, and attaching lines to them. -It is unknown which of these methods is the most primitive. Unworked -pebbles, chosen for their special adaptation in shape, and others -grooved or perforated were used in some parts of the interior of British -Columbia for sinkers which were not enclosed in netting. Unworked -pebbles attached to lines have been seen in use among the Thompson River -Indians by Mr. Teit who sent a specimen of one to the Museum.[68] These -were of various shapes, some of them being egg-shaped. A deeply -notched oval pebble was found on the site of an old semi-subterranean -winter house on the west side of Fraser River at the month of Churn -Creek in the country of the Fraser River division of the Shushwap. The -Thompson Indians said it had been intended for a war ax and accordingly -one of them mounted it in a handle. It is now cat. No. 16-9073 in this -Museum. Mr. Teit believes the stone to be too heavy for a war club of -any kind and that possibly it may originally have been a sinker, -although it is chipped more than necessary for the latter. In 1908, he -saw a perforated sinker found near the outlet of Kootenay Lake, on the -borders of the Lake division of the Colville tribe and the Flat-bow or -Kootenay Lake branch of the Kootenay tribe. It was made of a smooth flat -water-worn beach pebble 132 mm. long by 75 mm. wide and 25 mm. thick. -The perforation was drilled from both sides near the slightly narrower -end and a groove extended from it over the nearest end where it formed a -notch somewhat deeper than the groove. Mr. Teit heard that several such -sinkers had been picked up around Kootenay Lake and also along the Arrow -Lakes of the Columbia River on the borders of the Shushwap and Lake -divisions of the Colville tribe. - - [68] Teit, (a), Fig. 234. - -[Illustration: Fig. 15. Sinker, a Grooved Boulder bearing a Design in -Intaglio. From Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph -44536, 9-2. Original in the collection of Mr. Mires.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 16. Sinker, a Perforated Boulder. From Priest -Rapids. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44535, 9-1. Original in -the collection of Mr. Mires.)] - -In the Nez Perce region[69] to the east, no sinkers were used with fish -lines, but roughly grooved river boulders were employed as net -sinkers.[70] A grooved sinker has been found at Comox, grooved stones -which may have been used as sinkers occur at Saanich, on the west coast -of Washington and the lower Columbia. On the coast of Washington some of -them have a second groove at right angles to the first which in some -cases extends only half way around; that is, from the first groove over -one end to meet the groove on the opposite side. One of the specimens -found at Saanich was of this general type. Perforated specimens have -been found in the Fraser Delta,[71] at Comox,[72] at Saanich,[72] Point -Gray,[72] Marietta,[72] at Gray's Harbor and in the Lower Columbia -Valley. On the whole, however, sinkers are much more numerous in the -Yakima region than on the Coast. The fish bones which were found, as -mentioned under resources, tend to corroborate the theory that the -notched, grooved and perforated pebbles were net sinkers and that the -bone barbs were for harpoons used in fishing. - - [69] Spinden, p. 210. - - [70] Spinden, pp. 188 and 211. - - [71] Smith, (a), Fig. 22. - - [72] Smith, (b), p. 311, 338, 362, 369. - - -_Shell Heaps._ Small heaps of fresh water clam shells, as before -mentioned among the resources of the region on p. 22, were seen; but -these being only about five feet in diameter and two or three inches -thick are hardly comparable to the immense shell heaps of the coast. -These fresh water shells were probably secured from the river near by, -where such mollusks now live. Shell fish probably formed only a small -part of the diet of the people although dried sea clams may have been -secured from the coast by bartering. The objects made of sea shell -mentioned among the resources of this region as probably secured from -the coast through channels of trade, suggest that the same method was -employed for obtaining certain food products from a distance. In fact, -Lewis and Clark inform us that the tribes of this general region carried -on considerable trade with those of the lower Columbia. Shell heaps of -this character, however, are found in the Nez Perce region. Spinden[73] -states that no shell heaps except of very small size are found, but -occasionally those of a cubic foot or more in size are seen in the loamy -banks of the rivers, noting a few near the junction of the South and -Middle forks of Clearwater River, and also near the confluence of the -North fork with the Clearwater. These seem to be the remains of single -meals that had been buried or cast into holes. - - [73] Spinden, p. 177. - - -_Digging Sticks._ The gathering of roots is suggested by the presence of -digging stick handles. One of these (Fig. 126) is made of the horn of a -rocky mountain sheep and was secured from an Indian woman living near -Union Gap below Old Yakima. The perforation, near the middle of one side -for the reception of the end of the digging stick, is nearly square but -has bulging sides and rounded corners. The smaller end of the object is -carved, apparently to represent the head of an animal. Similar handles, -some of them of wood, others of antler and with perforations of the same -shape, were seen in Mr. Janeck's collection. It will be remembered that -such digging stick handles made of antler were found in the Thompson -River region among both archaeological finds and living natives,[74] the -archaeological specimens being of antler, the modern handles of wood or -horn. - - [74] Smith, (d), p. 137; (c), p. 411; Teit, (a), p. 231. - -The digging stick was one of the most necessary and characteristic -implements of the Nez Perce region to the east, the handle consisting of -a piece of bone or horn perforated in the middle for the reception of -the end of the digging stick, or, according to Spinden, an oblong stone -with a transverse groove in the middle lashed at right angles to the -stick.[75] No archaeological specimens which are certainly digging stick -handles were found on the coast. - -No sap scrapers such as were collected in the Thompson River region[76] -were identified and they have not been recognized among specimens from -the coast. - - [75] Spinden, p. 200. Fig. 33, Plate VII. - - [76] Smith, (c), p. 411. - -[Illustration: Fig. 17 (202-8161). Fragment of Coiled Basket of Splint -Foundation and Bifurcated Stitch. From grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide -about half a mile above the mouth of Naches River. 1/2 nat. size.] - - -_Basketry._ The gathering of berries as well as of roots is suggested by -fragments of baskets which have been found. One of these is shown in -Fig. 17. It was found in grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide about a half -mile above the mouth of the Naches River. It is coiled with splint -foundation and bifurcated stitch. Judging from other baskets of the same -kind, it was probably once imbricated. This type of basketry is widely -distributed towards the north and with grass foundation is even found in -Siberia.[77] Commonly the coiled basketry in the Nez Perce region to the -east was made with bifurcated stitch,[78] by means of a sharpened awl -which was the only instrument used in weaving it. Some were imbricated, -although this style has not been made for many years, and only a few of -the older natives remember women who could make them.[79] Some similar -basketry of a finer technique was found with this fragment. - - [77] Jochelson, p. 632. - - [78] Spinden, p. 194. - - [79] Spinden, p. 193. - - - - -PREPARATION OF FOOD. - -[Illustration: Fig. 18 (202-8394). Fragment of a Mortar made of Stone. -From among covering boulders of grave No. 42 (4) of adult in sand at the -western edge of Columbia River about twelve miles above the head of -Priest Rapids. 1/4 nat. size.] - - -_Mortars._ Mortars made of stone for crushing food, such as dried -salmon, other meat and berries, were not uncommon in this region and -pestles of the same material were numerous. Flat oval pebbles were found -scattered on the surface of a village site on the west bank of the -Columbia at the head of Priest Rapids, and were probably used as lap -stones or as objects upon which to crush food. A somewhat circular one -(202-8295) about 230 mm. in diameter has a notch, formed by chipping -from one side, opposite one naturally water-worn, which suggests that it -may have been used as a sinker; but it seems more likely that it was -simply an anvil or lap stone. Similar pebbles were used in the Thompson -River region,[80] some of them having indications of pecking or a slight -pecked depression in the middle of one or both sides. In the Nez Perce -region to the east, basketry funnels were used in connection with flat -stones for mortars. These funnels were of rather crude coil -technique.[81] Another specimen (202-8292b) found at the same place is -merely a water-worn boulder somewhat thinner at one end than at the -other, the surface of which apparently has been rubbed from use as a -mortar or milling stone. A few large chips have been broken from the -thinner edge. Still another specimen (202-8294) from here is a fragment -of a pebble only 120 mm. in diameter with a saucer-shaped depression -about 10 mm. deep, in the top. - - [80] Smith, (d), p. 139. - - [81] Cf. Spinden, p. 194. - -[Illustration: Fig. 19. Mortar made of Stone. From the Yakima -Reservation near Union Gap. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44455, -2-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -A somewhat disk-shaped pebble of gray lava 295 mm. in diameter with a -saucer-shaped depression in the top and a large pecked pit in the bottom -(20.0-3344) was collected at Fort Simcoe by Dr. H. J. Spinden. A -fragment of a mortar about 190 mm. in diameter with a nearly flat or -slightly convex base and a depression 50 mm. deep in the top (202-8293) -was found on the surface near the head of Priest Rapids and another -fragment nearly twice as large, the base of which is concave over most -of its surface and shows marks of pecking, apparently the result of an -attempt to make it either quite flat or concave like many other mortars -that have a concavity in each side, is shown in Fig. 18. It was found -among the covering boulders of the grave of an adult, No. 42(4), in the -sand at the western edge of the Columbia River about twelve miles above -the head of Priest Rapids. The mortar shown in Fig. 19, is hollowed in -the top of a symmetrical, nearly circular pebble and has a convex base. -It was found on the Yakima Reservation near Union Gap and is in the -collection of Mr. Janeck.[82] This reminds us of a similar mortar found -in the Thompson River region,[83] but such simple mortars made from -pebbles are rarely found in the Nez Perce region to the east.[84] The -mortar shown in Fig. 20 also from the same place and in the same -collection has a nearly flat base and three encircling grooves.[85] -These grooves find their counterpart in four encircling incisions on the -little mortar found in the Thompson River region.[86] - - [82] Museum negative no. 44455. 2-4. - - [83] Smith, (c) Fig. 342. - - [84] Spinden, Figs. 20 and 22, Plate VI. - - [85] Museum negative no. 44455. 4-2. - - [86] Smith, (c), Fig. 343. - -[Illustration: Fig. 20. Mortar made of Stone. From the Yakima -Reservation near Union Gap. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44455, -2-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -The specimen shown in Fig. 116, which may be considered as a dish rather -than a mortar, was seen in the collection of Mrs. Hinman who obtained it -from Priest Rapids. It is apparently of sandstone, 150 mm. in diameter, -50 mm. high, the upper part being 38 mm. high and of disk shape with -slightly bulging sides which are decorated with incised lines,[87] the -lower part being also roughly disk shaped 64 mm. by 76 mm. in diameter -by about 12 mm. high with slightly convex bottom and edges curved out to -the base of the upper part. There is a disk shaped dish in the top 100 -mm. in diameter by 12 mm. in depth.[88] - - [87] See p. 125. - - [88] Museum negative no. 44537. 9-3. - -The animal form shown in Fig. 125 bears a mortar or dish in its back. -The object is 203 mm. in length, 88 mm. high and 113 mm. wide. The -length of the bowl is 88 mm., the width 70 mm., and the depth 38 mm. The -object is made of porous lava and was secured from an Indian who claimed -to have found it in a grave near Fort Simcoe on the Yakima Reservation -two miles below Union Gap which is immediately below Old Yakima.[89] - - [89] Here reproduced from photographs 44452, 2-1, 44455, 2-4, and - 44503, 6-4 and the original which is catalogue no. 36 in the - collection of Mr. Janeck. - -It seems strange that so many of the mortars are broken since they would -be hard to break. It will be remembered that one of the broken mortars -came from a grave and it may be that the others were on or in graves but -had been removed in some way. My general impression is that mortars are -much more numerous among archaeological finds both in this region and in -the interior of British Columbia than on the coast. - - -_Pestles._ In addition to the probable use of pestles with flat stones -or mortars with basket funnels, some of them, especially where nearly -flat or concave on the striking head as in the Thompson River region to -the north and on the coast may also have been used as hammers for -driving wedges, splitting wood and like industries, if indeed they were -not made solely for the latter uses. Some of the pestles differ from -those found either to the north or on the coast, many of them being much -longer, although Mr. James Teit informs me that very long pestles are -occasionally found in the Thompson River region. He has seen four, and -heard of one or two more. One two feet long was found in the Nicola -Valley about 1905. One of the pestles of the Yakima Valley has a top in -the form of an animal hoof, as is shown in Fig. 124. Others like animal -heads are shown in Figs. 31, 33-35. The range of forms of pestles is -shown in Figs. 21 to 35. The specimens shown in Figs. 22 to 28 inclusive -are apparently all of the shorter type, while those shown in the -remaining figures are variations of the longer type. By far the greater -number of pestles, about forty, are of the type shown in Fig. 21, and of -these two thirds come from the vicinity of Priest Rapids. They are -merely natural pebbles, all more or less of suitable size, shape and -material, which have been used as pestles until one end has become -flattened. Some of them are also flattened on the top, the battered ends -often giving the only indication that they were used. Such as were not -of exactly the right form for grasping have had their excrescences or -the more projecting surfaces removed by pecking. A few of these objects -seem to have been made from small basaltic columns, the corners of which -have been pecked into a more suitable shape. Some of them have been -pecked so that they taper gradually from the small upper end to the -base. The specimen considered as a "slave-killer" and shown in Fig. 69, -may have been used as a pestle. Simple short cylindrical or conoid -pebbles, only slightly changed from their natural form, are used for -pestles in the Nez Perce region to the east.[90] - - [90] Cf. Spinden, Figs. 1-4, and 8, Plate VIII. - -A pebble 559 mm. long by 152 mm. wide and 114 mm. thick, with rounded -corners and ends, found by Mr. John Lacy near the Yakima River in North -Yakima, has longitudinal grooves pecked in three sides to where they -begin to round over to form the end, and a similar groove, except that -it is only about 101 mm. long, in the middle of the fourth side.[91] -These grooves were probably made as part of a process of grooving and -battering down the intervening ridges in order to bring the specimen -into a desired form. Similarly grooved pebbles found on the northern -part of Vancouver Island were explained to Professor Franz Boas as -having been implements in such process of manufacture. So far as I am -aware, Prof. Boas' announcement of this at a meeting of the American -Association for the Advancement of Science was the first explanation of -the sort of grooving or fluting of specimens found in northwestern -America. One similar large specimen (20.0-3343) found at Lewiston, -Idaho, in the Nez Perce region by Dr. H. J. Spinden, bears two -longitudinally pecked grooves in addition to pecking on much of its -surface. A yellowish gray boulder about 349 mm. long, nearly circular in -sections and with rounded ends, from Priest Rapids, bears a pecked -groove 82 mm. long by 31 mm. wide and 6 mm. deep across the middle of -one side. This may have been made to cut it into the length desired for -a pestle.[92] This specimen is much too large to be considered as the -handle of a digging stick, similar to the object from the Nez Perce -region considered as such by Spinden.[93] - - [91] In the collection of Mr. Janeck and Museum negative nos. 44453, - 2-2 and 44501, 6-2. - - [92] In the collection of Mr. Mires, and Museum negative no. 44534, - 8-12. - - [93] Cf. Spinden, Plate VII, Fig. 33. - -[Illustration: Fig. 21 (202-8281). Pestle made of Stone. From the -surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 22 (202-8263). Pestle pecked from Stone. Probably -unfinished. From the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/4 nat. -size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 23 (202-8399). Pestle pecked from Stone. Probably -unfinished. From the surface, eight miles above the head of Priest -Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] - -The object shown in Fig. 22, one of those from the surface near the head -of Priest Rapids, judging from the battered end, has apparently been -used as a pestle, yet it is still apparently in process of manufacture -into a form somewhat like that shown in Fig. 27. The pecking at the top -is possibly the result of an attempt to remove that portion of the rock, -while the transversely pecked surface seems to be a beginning towards -the formation of the shaft of the pestle, whereas the longitudinal -groove between these two surfaces was necessary to reduce an excrescence -on the rim of what was apparently intended to be the knob at the top of -the pestle. If this supposition be true, when finished, this object -would have a large striking head resembling more in shape and size those -of the pestles of the region near The Dalles than any yet found in this -region. The specimen shown in Fig. 23 is much more clearly an unfinished -pestle. The ends are pecked flat and the entire middle section has been -pecked, apparently to reduce it to the desired size of the shaft. It -seems that the striking head of this specimen, when finished, would be -rather short. It was found on the surface eight miles above the head of -Priest Rapids. - -The pestle shown in Fig. 24 has a conoid body with no striking head and -in this respect resembles the pestles of the Thompson River country;[94] -but the top is roughly disk-shaped, being neither hat-shaped nor in the -form of an animal head, as are most pestles of the Thompson region nor -is it exactly of the shape of the typical pestles of northern and -western Vancouver Island.[95] The material is a soft gray stone which -shows the marks of the pecking by means of which it was shaped. - - [94] Smith, (c), Fig. 341. - - [95] Smith, (b), Fig. _126a_. - -[Illustration: Fig. 24. Pestle made of Stone. From Priest Rapids. 1/2 -nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44535, 9-1. Original in the collection -of Mr. Mires.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 25. Pestle made of Stone. From Priest Rapids. 1/2 -nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44535, 9-1. Original in the collection -of Mr. Mires.)] - -Fig. 25 illustrates a pestle, the top of which is broken off. There are -two grooves encircling the somewhat cylindrical striking head. The -material is a light blue hard porphoritic rock. These two specimens are -from Priest Rapids.[96] The pestle shown in Fig. 26 is from the Yakima -River, five miles below Old Yakima. It has a hat-shaped top and a -cylindrical striking head a little larger at the top than at the bottom, -is somewhat like the typical pestles of the Thompson River region,[97] -and is in the collection of Mr. York. Another has a slightly wider brim -to the hat-shaped top, a body concave in outline and the striking head -is larger at the top than at the bottom, while a third has a medium -sized brim, a body bulging in the middle and a long cylindrical striking -head. The last two specimens are in the collection of Mr. Janeck, and -are from the Yakima Valley within eight miles of North Yakima.[98] - - [96] In the collection of Mr. Mires, and Museum negative no. 44335, - 9-1. - - [97] Smith, (d), p. 138. - - [98] Museum negative no. 44454, 2-3. - -The specimen shown in Fig. 27 was found in a grave with beads and -resembles the typical pestles of Lytton except that it has no nipple on -the top, which is of the shape of the tops of the typical pestles of -northern and western Vancouver Island. Another of nearly the same shape -but less regular was found on the surface of the Yakima Valley within -eight miles of North Yakima. A third specimen 234 mm. long, also found -within the above mentioned limits, is made of a concavely flaring -pebble. A groove is pecked part way around near the top as if to carve -the knob and begin the reduction of the top of the shaft. There is also -a pecked surface on one side near the base, apparently the beginning of -an attempt to form a striking head by first removing irregularities. The -one shown in Fig. 28 was found within eight miles of North Yakima and is -of rather unusual shape, having a short striking head of the shape of -the typical pestles of northern and western Vancouver Island. The -slightly bulging body and exceedingly small, nearly flat knob at the top -are entirely different from those of the pestles usually found in any of -this area, or the country adjacent to it on the north and west. These -four specimens are in the collection of Mr. Janeck.[99] - - [99] Museum negative no. 44454, 2-3. - -There are found in the Nez Perce region[100] short pestles with -dome-shaped tops, cylindrical bodies and rather long striking heads of -the form of triangular or quadrangular prisms with rounded corners -slightly larger at the top than at the bottom[101] and such pestles with -hat-shaped tops, although one has a flat top, slightly expanding shafts -and long striking heads, larger at the top than at the bottom. - - [100] Cf. Spinden, Figs. 11, 19, 21, 23, Plate VI; also Plate VIII, - Figs. 10, 11. - - [101] Spinden, p. 186, Plate VIII, Fig. 9. - -Fig. 29 is the first of those showing the longer type of pestle from the -Yakima region. This specimen was found at Satus on the Yakima -Reservation near Old Yakima and is in the collection of Mr. York. The -top is somewhat spherical and the body elongated. Its conoid shape may -class it with the one shown in Fig. 24. It somewhat reminds us of the -pestles of the Santa Catalina Islands of California, but until we have a -more definite knowledge of the forms in the vast intervening area, this -resemblance must be considered as merely a coincidence, especially since -long simple conoid pestles are found in the Nez Perce region to the -east.[102] A somewhat similar pestle in Mr. York's collection is 408 -mm. long, and has a tapering body, circular in sections, a knob at the -top about the size of the base and a convex striking face. It was found -at Fort Simcoe. - - [102] Cf. Spinden, Plate VI, Figs. 8-10, Plate VIII, Fig. 6. - -[Illustration: Fig. 26. Pestle made of Stone. From Yakima River five -miles below Old Yakima. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in -the collection of Mr. York.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 27. Pestle made of Stone. From a grave in the Yakima -Valley. About 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44454, 2-3. Original -in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 28. Pestle made of Stone. From the surface in the -Yakima Valley within eight miles of North Yakima. About 1/2 nat. size. -(Drawn from photograph 44454, 2-3. Original in the collection of Mr. -Janeck.)] - -The pestle shown in Fig. 30 is made of sandstone, was found at Priest -Rapids and is in the collection of Mrs. Hinman. The shaft is a long -cylinder, expanding somewhat towards the base which is only slightly -convex. Like the preceding, it has no striking head. It has a -hemispherical top, is unusually large and is decorated with an -encircling line of circles and dots. There is also a circle and dot in -the top. This decoration is again mentioned in the consideration of art -on p. 130.[103] - - [103] Museum negative no. 44537, 9-3. - -The pestle shown in Fig. 31 is 355 mm. long. It has a conoid body -perhaps more pronounced than the one shown in Fig. 29 but much less -typical than the one shown in Fig. 24. The top is apparently intended to -represent an animal head. It is made of very hard breccia and well -polished. At each side of the lower part of the body is a design made by -four parallel zigzag grooves, further discussed on p. 132. It was found -in the Yakima Valley, and is in the collection of Mr. Janeck.[104] A -pestle figured by Spinden, as from the Nez Perce Indians,[105] is -somewhat similar to this in that it has a knob protruding slightly to -one side, but there is a notch or groove made longitudinally in the top -of this knob. - - [104] Museum negative no. 44502, 6-3. - - [105] Spinden, Fig. 7, Plate VIII. - -The pestle shown in Fig. 32 might perhaps be considered as a war club. -It was found at Priest Rapids and is in the collection of Mr. Mires. The -top is somewhat flat and smoothed. There is a groove around the specimen -near this end. From here it constricts gradually to the lower end which -is broken off. It was made from a triangular piece of gray basalt, -probably a column, the natural angles and parts of the faces of which -have been reduced by pecking.[106] - - [106] Museum negative no. 44534, 8-12. - -The specimen shown in Fig. 33 from the Yakima Valley, is in the -collection of Mr. Janeck and is 630 mm. long. The top apparently -represents an animal head indicated by three nipples the larger of which -is interpreted as representing the nose, the others as indicating the -ears. The body is of circular cross section and expands evenly to a -cylindrical striking head 70 mm. in diameter by 76 mm. long.[107] - - [107] Museum negative no. 44502, 6-3. - -A long pestle with a knob at the top which is divided into four -pyramidal or dome-shaped nipples was found at Five Mile Rapids on Snake -River and was seen in Mr. Owen's collection. The next figure represents -a stone pestle of somewhat similar shape but more specialized. It was -found in the Yakima Valley and is in the collection of Mr. Janeck. It is -590 mm. long. The top is roughly the form of the fustrum of a cone, -being circular in cross section and gradually expanding downward, but it -is somewhat celt-shaped, the sides for some distance being ground off -nearly flat. They approach each other more closely towards the front -than they do towards the back. In each of these surfaces there is an -incision which represents one side of an animal's mouth and a pecked dot -indicating an eye. The tip of the nose is broken off. Across the curved -part behind the flat surfaces or on the back of this animal head are -four incisions. Below this portion the object is circular in section -until near its middle, or 178 mm. from the top, where there is a band -roughly sub-pentagonal in section with rounded corners 88 mm. long. -Following this band it is nearly cylindrical, being 57 mm. in diameter -for 178 mm. until it expands suddenly into the striking head which is -unusually bulging, 108 mm. long by 64 mm. in diameter.[108] - - [108] Museum negative no. 44502, 6-3. - -[Illustration: Fig. 29. Pestle made of Stone. From Satus on the Yakima -Reservation near Old Yakima. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. -Original in the collection of Mr. York.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 30. Pestle made of Sandstone. From Priest Rapids. -1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44537, 9-3. Original in the -collection of Mrs. Hinman.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 31. Pestle made of Stone. From the Yakima Valley. -1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44502, 6-3. Original in the -collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -The object 498 mm. long shown in Fig. 35 is made of steatite, material -seemingly unsuited by its softness for a pestle, and may possibly be a -war club. Mr. McCandless, in whose collection it is, calls the material -a soft sandstone which he says is found at the head of the Wenatchie -River. He says the specimen is from Lake Chelan and that he obtained it -from a man above Wenatchie on the Columbia River. This man told him that -he secured it from Chief Moses' tribe on Lake Chelan, and that the -Indians there call it a war club and a family heirloom. The upper end is -of the form of a truncated pyramid with two flat sides, two bulging -edge's and rounded corners. It shows peck marks and is engraved as -described under art, on p. 124, and is said by the Indians to represent -the head of a snake. The shaft is circular in cross section and -gradually enlarges towards the base where it suddenly constricts. The -specimen has been polished by the natural sand blast.[109] - - [109] Museum negative no. 44507, 6-8. - -The noise of the women at one of the Nez Perce villages, pounding roots, -reminded Lewis of a nail factory.[110] Beyond the Nez Perce country -which bounds this area on the east, according to Spinden,[111] the use -of stone pestles disappears until the region of the Great Lakes is -reached, but I have seen pestles in collections in Wyoming which are -said to have been found in that state. - - [110] Lewis and Clark, V, p. 16. - - [111] Spinden, p. 187. - - -_Rollers._ Another class of specimens considered as pestles or rollers -is shown in Figs. 36 and 37. These do not seem to have been used as -pestles. - -[Illustration: Fig. 32. Pestle made of Stone. From Priest Rapids. 1/4 -nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44534, 8-12. Original in the -collection of Mr. Mires.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 33. Pestle made of Stone. From the Yakima Valley. -1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 41502, 6-3. Original in the -collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 34. Pestle made of Stone. From the Yakima Valley. -1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44502, 6-3. Original in the -collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 35. Pestle made of Steatite. From Lake Chelan. 1/4 -nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44507, 6-8. Original in the collection -of Mr. McCandless.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 36. Pestle or Roller made of Stone. From Priest -Rapids. 1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44537, 9-3. Original in -the collection of Mrs. Hinman.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 37 (202-8197). Pestle or Roller made of Stone. From -the surface, about one mile east of Fort Simcoe. 1/4 nat. size.] - -The one shown in Fig. 36 from Priest Rapids is in the collection of Mrs. -Hinman. The convex ends of this cylindrical form present the natural -surface of a pebble and they are not battered. The material is a -yellowish quartzite or closely allied rock. It is 457 mm. long, 75 mm. -in diameter and the entire cylindrical surface has been pecked -apparently to bring it to form. If it had been used as a pestle the -ends would show the signs of battering or grinding. The cylindrical -surface does not seem to show any signs of its having been used as a -roller or grinder. It may possibly be a pestle in process of manufacture -although it seems very strange that so much work should have been -expended on the cylindrical surface in a region where natural pebbles -very nearly of this shape were common.[112] The specimen shown in Fig. -37 is apparently made of basalt and was found on the surface about a -mile east of Fort Simcoe. The ends are considerably chipped and one of -them has apparently been somewhat battered since. If the object were -used as a pestle the chipping of the ends is unusually great. The -cylindrical surface has been formed by pecking except in one place where -the natural surface shows. This bit of natural surface is such that it -suggests the specimen to have been made of a prismatic basaltic column. -While these two specimens may have been intended for pestles, it seems -possible that they were made for rollers. Several such objects made of -stone were seen in Mr. Owen's collection. He says that they were used -like rolling pins for crushing camas and kouse roots in making bread. -Both of these roots were extensively used in the Nez Perce region to the -east.[113] - - [112] Museum negative no. 44537, 9-3. - - [113] Spinden, pp. 201-203. - -[Illustration: Fig. 38 (202-8157). Fragment of Hearth of Fire Drill. -From Grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide about half a mile above the mouth -of Naches River. 1/2 nat. size.] - - -_Fish Knives._ No fish knives made of slate were found, as in the -Thompson River region, at Lytton,[114] rarely at Kamloops,[115] and -commonly on the coast at Fraser Delta,[116] Comox,[117] and -Nanaimo.[118] - - [114] Smith, (d), p. 140. - - [115] Smith, (c) p. 414. - - [116] Smith, (a), p. 159. - - [117] Smith, (b), p. 315. - - [118] P. 345, _ibid._ - - -_Fire Making._ The method of making fire formerly employed in this -region is suggested by a fragment of the hearth of a fire drill found in -grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide about one half a mile above the mouth -of the Naches River and is shown in Fig. 38. It is made of porous wood, -of light cellular structure, possibly cottonwood. This is similar to the -fire drill hearths of the Thompson River region,[119] where I have seen -the Thompson River Indians make fire with the palm drill, using -cottonwood root for the hearth. In the Nez Perce region to the east, -also, fire was made with the palm drill, the hearth stick being of the -root of the light leaved willow or the stem of "smoke wood." It was of -the shape of the hearth here described. The twirling stick was made of -the dead tips of red fir.[120] - - [119] Teit, (a), p. 203. - - [120] Spinden, p. 200. - - -_Caches._ A number of small circular holes about four feet in diameter, -encircled by a slight ridge, as mentioned on p. 15, were seen which are -possibly the remains of ancient food caches. The Nez Perce Indians in -the region to the east referred to a field at Kamiah, near the mouth of -Lawyer's Creek which has the appearance of being "hilled" like an old -hop field, as being the site of winter cache pits.[121] - - [121] Spinden, p. 181. - - -_Boiling._ Natural pebbles were plentiful in the river bottoms near the -village sites. Such were no doubt used in boiling food in baskets or -boxes, as fragments of burned and cracked pebbles were also found while -pottery was entirely absent. These facts suggest that it was the custom -to boil the food in baskets or even in boxes as on the coast to the -west. This idea is strengthened by the fact that in the Nez Perce region -to the east, watertight coiled baskets were regularly used in -cooking.[122] We may naturally suppose that roasting before open fires -was also customary in this region. No fireplaces such as were probably -used in this area and are found in the Nez Perce region,[123] were -recognized by us, although beds of clam shells previously mentioned, may -indicate the sites of ancient hearths. - - [122] Spinden, pp. 190 and 194. - - [123] Spinden, p. 178. - - - - -HABITATIONS. - - -_Semi-subterranean House Sites._ Sites of ancient semi-subterranean -winter houses, modern lodges and what may possibly have been a shell -heap were seen and photographed by us in this region. Two of the -examples of the remains of semi-subterranean house sites found here, as -shown in Fig. 2, Plate IV, had stones on top of the surrounding -embankments. Although on the top of the embankments of the remains of -similar underground winter houses in the Thompson River region,[124] we -saw no stones other than those of the soil. I am informed by Mr. James -Teit that such are occasionally to be found there also, but that these -stones are generally found only in those places where boulders were -removed during the excavation for the houses. He was told that it was -the custom to place these boulders around the base of the house. Two -semi-subterranean winter house sites, as mentioned on pp. 7 and 15, may -be seen on the flat along the north side of the Yakima River about a -mile below the mouth of the Naches. One of these may be seen in Fig. 2, -Plate III.[125] There are water-worn boulders in and on the embankments -surrounding them. These boulders were probably uncovered during the -excavation for the house. The holes are situated within twenty-five feet -of the river and between it and the Yakima Ridge which rises by -perpendicular cliffs, almost immediately behind these winter house -sites. In fact, the photograph reproduced in the figure was taken from -the hill side north of the pit and just up stream from the cliffs. They -are on a little terrace about three feet high which gives them the -appearance of having been connected by a ridge. The hole shown in the -figure measured from the top of the ridge was nine feet deep. The top of -the bank measured at points on the flat between it and the river, up -stream from it, and between it and the hill, was four feet, two feet, -and two feet, four inches, respectively. Averaging these measurements, -the height of the embankment above the level is thirty-three and one -third inches. The hole was so near the level of the river, and was so -deep that when we visited it on June 18, 1903, which was during high -water, the waters of the Yakima had soaked through the terrace and were -about two feet deep in the bottom of the hole where it was about eight -feet in diameter, measuring north and south. Measuring in the same -direction the diameter of the top of the hole from points inside of the -surrounding ridge was twenty-two feet, from points on top thirty-three -feet, from points outside forty-seven feet, and from points outside of -the wash from the ridge fifty-one feet. These measurements give us -twelve and a half feet as an approximate width of the ridge or fourteen -and a half feet if we measure from the bottom of the wash. The two sites -mentioned on pp. 7 and 16 were also examined and photographed by us. One -is plainly shown from the north of west in Fig. 2, Plate IV. They are -located on a high terrace on the north side of the Naches River about -one and a half miles above its mouth. There are angular rocks on each -encircling ridge. Some of the large angular rocks found on the -embankment of this ridge, may also have been dug out during the -excavation for the house if such rocks are found under the surface of -the soil in this terrace. Similar rocks are scattered about on the -surface so thickly that it must have been necessary to remove a number -of them from the site where the house was to stand and possibly others -that were scattered about may have been put up around the base of the -house in order to clear the immediate vicinity especially since many of -them are disagreeably sharp angular fragments.[126] - - [124] Smith, (d), p. 140 and Fig. 2, Plate XIII; (c), p. 414. - - [125] Museum negative no. 44517, 7-7 from the north. Negative no. - 44518, 7-8 shows the same from the northwest. - - [126] These two sites are represented by Museum negatives nos. - 44181, 4-6 reproduced in the figure; 44491, from the west; and - 44492, 5-5 nearer from the west. - -Measuring the site best shown in the figure, east and west, the level -floor inside the extreme wash from the ridge is nine feet in diameter, -the rocks fallen from the ridge thirteen feet, the inner edge of the -ridge 20 feet, the points on the top of the embankment, twenty-five and -a half feet; the outside of the rocks, thirty feet; the extremes of the -embankment thirty-five feet. These measurements north and south are -respectively, nine feet, thirteen and a half feet, sixteen and a half -feet, twenty-one feet, twenty-five and a half feet and thirty-three -feet. Judging from these measurements, the original dimensions were -probably thirty feet by twenty-five and a half feet over all, -twenty-five and a half feet by twenty-one feet for the top of the -embankment, twenty by sixteen and a half feet for the inside of the -embankment and sixteen and a half feet by fifteen feet for the bottom of -the floor. These measurements are also east and west and north and south -respectively. The present depth of the hole below the top of the rocks -is twenty-nine inches and from the top of the earth embankment is -twenty-six and twenty-one inches. The measurements were taken east and -west and north and south respectively. The slope of the hill from north -to south and its attendant wash, of course, affect the north and south -measurements, while the east and west measurements are probably near the -original dimensions. Contiguous to this hole on the south, or in the -sage brush to the right in the figure, is the other site. It is on the -slope of the hill and not so clearly shown in the Plate. This hole -measures ten and a half feet by eleven feet across the level floor -inside; thirteen by fourteen feet inside of the rocks; nineteen by -eighteen feet at the top of the embankment twenty-three by twenty-three -feet outside of the rocks; and twenty-seven by twenty-six feet outside -of the embankment; fourteen and eighteen inches in depth from the top of -the rocks and ten and twelve inches from the top of the earth, the -measurements being taken east and west and north and south respectively. - -Mr. G. R. Shafer informed me that there were holes, the remains of old -houses on the flat in the Naches Valley, twelve miles above the Nelson -Bridge which crosses the river a short distance above the mouth of -Cowiche Creek. At Fort Simcoe, immediately south of the Indian agency, -on the north edge of "scab land" overlooking a small ravine as mentioned -on p. 8, is a large pit surrounded by an embankment of earth, the -remains of a winter house site. This hole is so deep and the embankment -is so high that both Mrs. Lynch and the Indians call it a fort. About -fifteen miles above Kennewick on the eastern side of the Columbia River, -according to Mr. D. W. Owen, there were the remains of hundreds of -semi-underground winter houses and we saw several large and deep sites -immediately below Mr. Craig's house above Priest Rapids as mentioned on -page 20. - -A semi-subterranean winter house, with an entrance through the roof, -seen by Lewis and Clark[127] on the north side of the Columbia near the -mouth of White Salmon River, was uninhabited at that time (1805). As -described, it does not differ from the winter house of the Thompson -Indians. The Chinook, so far as we know, never erected such houses. The -pit of an underground house, according to Clark[128] was found among the -Nez Perce. Gibbs[129] mentions what were probably similar pits on the -Lower Yakima. Kane[130] describes a somewhat similar house used by the -Walla Walla but much ruder. Such houses were used by the Klamath.[131] - - [127] Lewis, p. 185; Lewis and Clark, IV, p. 280. - - [128] Lewis and Clark, V, p. 35. - - [129] Gibbs, (a), p. 409. - - [130] Kane, p. 272. - - [131] Gatschet, pp. 177, 124; Abbott in the Pacific Railroad Report, - VI, p. 69. - -Not far from the ranch of Mr. Frank Turner on Rock Creek about six miles -below Rock Lake on Section 6, Town 18 north, Range 40 east in the -country locally known as "The Rocks," there are two pits that are -supposed to be the remains of houses which with other remains (pp. 29, -82, 140) have been in their present condition since about 1874 when they -were first seen by the whites. Both the pioneers and the old Indians are -said to know nothing about them. Mr. Turner's place is best reached from -Sprague on the Northern Pacific Railroad, although his Post Office is -Winona. My information regarding these two pits is from Mr. J. S. -Cotton, then in charge of cooperative range work in Washington. - -It is quite possible as pointed out by Lewis[132] that the introduction -of the buffalo skin covered lodge which probably came after the advent -of the horse into this region, had something to do with the apparent -scarcity of the semi-subterranean winter house in the Yakima region in -historic times, the buffalo skin lodge possibly having taken the place -of the earth-covered dwellings. - - [132] Lewis, p. 186. - -The so-called cremation circles near Cherry Creek and near the mouth of -the Naches which were mentioned on pp. 12 and 15 and described on pp. -163 and 157, may be the remains of small houses of the type of -semi-subterranean winter house sites that were made especially as grave -houses. As before mentioned, this type of semi-subterranean circular -lodge is found as far north as the Thompson River country, and I have -seen one site on the prairie near Rochester, Thurston Co., probably of -this type. In the Nez Perce region to the east, remains that appear like -those of semi-subterranean houses consisting of ridges of earth about a -foot above the general level of the ground, surrounding a circular pit, -from three to five feet deep, measuring from the top of the ridge; and -about seventy feet in diameter, are found near the mouth of Tammany -Creek on the east bank of Snake River, a few miles above Lewiston. The -site may be identified with Hasutin.[133] The place is known to have -been used as a camp until about 1878, especially during the season of -lamprey eel fishing. These house rings are in several groups. A little -charcoal, some unio shell, flint chips, a digging stick with a bone -handle, glass beads and other objects are reported to have been found in -them. Somewhat similar house rings about twenty-five feet in diameter -were found on the south bank of the Middle fork of Clearwater River, -near the town of Kooskia. Spinden[134] refers to Lewis and Clark[135] -for evidence of considerable antiquity for the circular house rings in -this Nez Perce region. They mention one as being about thirty feet in -diameter with a rim over three feet high and the floor sunken four feet -below the surface of the ground or seven feet below the top of the rim. -The Mountain Snakes, according to Ross[136] never used underground -houses. - - [133] Spinden p. 179. - - [134] Spinden, p. 197. - - [135] Lewis and Clark, V, p. 33. - - [136] Ross, (b), II, p. 117. - -At the site near Kooskia there is another type of house site such as I -have not seen in the Yakima, Thompson or Coast regions. Spinden -describes them as long and narrow, about sixty to eighty-five feet long -by eighteen feet wide. The interior is sunken from one to three feet and -surrounded by well marked elevated rims. As a rule, these pits are not -so deep or clearly marked as those of the circular type. The axis of the -house is parallel with the river. He states that these house sites have -not been used for a long time and that trees, some of which are eighteen -inches in diameter grow directly out of them. Excavation revealed a -number of fireplaces about twelve feet apart along the axis of these -houses suggesting that they were communal lodges.[137] We discovered no -indications of communal dwellings in the Yakima region. - - [137] Spinden, p. 197. - - -_Circles of Stones (Summer House Sites)._ A circle of stones which -marked a small lodge site was examined and photographed. The stones were -no doubt cleared from the interior and all or part of these possibly -with others, were no doubt used to hold down the lodge covers. Although -I saw no such circle of stones in the Thompson River region I am -informed by Mr. Teit that they are occasionally to be seen there and -that they represent old lodge sites. The circle of stones -above-mentioned as described on p. 15 was found on a terrace somewhat -lower than the one on which were situated the remains of the two -semi-subterranean houses described on p. 52. This terrace is a few yards -down stream from the one on which they stand, and is separated from it -by a small ravine. The site is a little further down the stream and -towards the southeast. It is shown in Fig. 1, Plate IV,[138] from the -point on the hillside a few feet above it to the north, shown on the -lower end of the slope in Fig. 2, Plate IV and in negative nos. 44491, -5-4, and 44492, 5-5. This circle of stones on the level ground was made -up of angular rocks such as are scattered on the immediate surface. It -measures ten by eleven feet in diameter inside; fifteen by seventeen -feet from the top of the circle; and twenty-two by twenty-three feet -over all. The top of the highest stones was from fourteen to twelve -inches above the middle of the space enclosed which as before stated, -seemed to be on a level with the outside, all measuring being east to -west and north to south respectively. Among the rocks was found a -chipped piece of jasper or brown chalcedony. - - [138] Museum negative no. 44482, 4-7 from the north. - -No saucer-shaped depressions were seen in the Yakima region, although it -is quite probable that they formerly existed and have been obliterated -by weathering. It will be remembered that such saucer-shaped depressions -are often made by sweeping out the summer lodges in the Thompson River -region[139] and that they marked the sites of such houses. - - [139] Smith, (c), p. 405. - -Two summer lodges photographed[140] by us near Ellensburg which were -mentioned on page 12 and the one seen below Union Gap down stream from -Old Yakima, resemble those of the Thompson River region to the north. It -will be remembered that mat covered tipis are found in the Nez Perce -region to the east.[141] Lewis and Clark[142] mention but one buffalo -skin lodge among the Nez Perce in 1806 and that was apparently reserved -for special occasions, but a few years later this type of lodge had -practically supplanted the mat lodge among that tribe and was in common -use among all the interior Salish and Sahaptin tribes. The mat houses of -the Yakima are mentioned by Gibbs in the Pacific Railroad Reports.[143] - - [140] Summer lodge, covered with cloth, Japanese matting and Indian - matting July, 1903; East of Ellensburg. Museum negatives no. 44523, - 8-1 from the southeast; no. 44524, 8-2, from the west; and no. - 44525, 8-3 a nearer view; and summer lodge covered with cloth, July - 1903, in the northern part of Ellensburg, Museum negative no. 44526, - 8-4 from the east. - - [141] Spinden, Fig. 6, Plate X. - - [142] Lewis and Clark, V, p. 16. - - [143] Gibbs, (a), I, p. 407. - -A pile of stones shown in Fig. 2, Plate V[144] and mentioned on p. 20 as -uncovered by the wash of the flood waters of the Columbia, was seen on -the bottom-lands on the western side of the Columbia, south of Sentinal -Bluffs and within a hundred feet north of the house of Mr. Britain -Everette Craig. It is possible that this may have been a house hearth or -ancient cooking place, although the presence of human bones among these -stones, suggests that it was a grave covered with flat oval river -pebbles. Near by, uncovered by the same wash, was a small patch of fresh -water unio shells shown from the west of south in Fig. 1, Plate V.[145] -This was probably kitchen refuse. The little pits, each encircled with a -slight embankment made up of the soil thrown out in making it, p. 15, -are probably the remains of food caches near the houses. - - [144] Museum negative no. 44530, 8-8 from the southwest. - - [145] Museum negative no. 44531, 8-9 from the west of south. - - - - -TOOLS USED BY MEN. - - -A number of objects which seem to be tools intended to be used by men -are found in this region. Among these may be mentioned a wedge, -hammerstones, a celt, a hand-adze, drills, scrapers, and an arrow-shaft -smoother. - - -_Wedges._ Wedges made of antler were not frequently found by us as in -the Thompson River region,[146] although according to Lewis, elk horn -wedges or chisels were used for splitting wood in the general plateau -region of which this is a part.[147] One specimen, however (202-8378b), -was found on the surface near the head of Priest Rapids, which is -apparently a longitudinal fragment of a wedge broken off at the top and -cut by longitudinal grooving along one edge, the other edge being a -portion of the surface of the wedge formed by cutting convexly across -the antler. The specimen is bleached from exposure on the surface. -Another wedge, shown in Fig. 39, was found on the surface near the -Columbia River below the mouth of the Snake. It is made of antler which -has since been bleached from exposure on the surface of the ground. - - [146] Smith, (d), p. 141; (c), p. 414. - - [147] Lewis, p. 186. - -[Illustration: Fig. 39 (20.0-1464). Wedge made of Antler. From the -surface near the Columbia River below the Mouth of the Snake. 1/2 nat. -size. (Collected and presented by Mr. Owen.)] - -The top was partly cut off and then broken across, while one side edge -shows where the antler was grooved lengthwise for over half its length, -from the inner surface and then broken out. This shows that the process -of cutting up pieces of antler in this region was similar to that -employed in cutting both antler and nephrite, in the Thompson River -region and on the coast of British Columbia and Washington. It has since -been battered. One side shows the nearly flat outer surface of part of -the antler, the other has been cut off to form the wedge, which is -constricted towards the point so that it assumes a somewhat spatulate -form. This specimen is twisted, until the point is in a plane about 45 deg. -from the poll. It was collected by Mr. Owen who believes it to have been -used as a spatula for grinding paint upon the surface of a rock. Wedges -made of elk antler are common in the Nez Perce region where they are -said to have almost completely supplanted celts.[148] - - [148] Spinden, pp. 182 and 189, Fig. 5^7. - -Although no wedges were found by us in the Yakima Valley proper, and we -can mention only these two specimens in the whole Yakima region yet it -seems probable that they were here used and for the same purposes as in -the Thompson River region to the north, the Nez Perce area to the east -and on the coast to the west for splitting timber, for cutting firewood -and for general carpenter work. Perhaps their relative scarcity here, as -compared with the Thompson and the Nez Perce country, may be explained -by supposing that wooden wedges, such as are more common than antler -wedges on the coast, and which may have decayed were here used more than -those made of antler. - -While the stone hammers or pestles with convex bases, which are -described on p. 39 et seq. were probably largely used for crushing food -and other material; yet some of them and those with concave bases, were -undoubtedly sometimes used as hammers for driving wedges, setting -stakes, pinning out skins and for similar purposes. - - -_Hammerstones._ The deeply pitted hammer, such as is found in the -Mississippi Valley, was not seen here, and it will be remembered[149] -that they were not found in the Thompson River region. Tough pebbles, -however, were used for pounding. At the quarry shop mentioned on p. 16, -we found a number of pebbles that were evidently used in breaking up the -material out of which to make chipped implements. One of these -(202-8129) is merely a water-worn pebble, 73 mm. long, an edge of which -has been broken off, and a sharp corner shows signs of its having been -used as a hammer, as it has been battered and shows where one large chip -has come off. It will be remembered that in the vicinity of the shop -where the specimen was found, pebbles were rarely if ever seen, although -the surface of the ground was covered with weathered fragments of -volcanic rock. Another specimen (202-8127) found at the same place, -shown southeast of the quarry pit, in Fig. 1, Plate III, is 155 mm. long -and of a rather irregular cross section. The ends are battered and -fractured from use. Apparently it may have been held between the two -hands and used in breaking off large pieces of material. A longer hammer -pebble, bearing the same catalogue number, and found at the same place, -shows on the top of the quarry dump to the left centre in Fig. 1, Plate -III. It is about 270 mm. long. In cross section it tends to be -triangular with rounded corners. The ends are battered and long slivers -have been broken off. The specimen shown in Fig. 40 is from the same -place, shorter, but similar in that the section is sub-triangular and -that each end is both battered and slivered. Other battered pebbles and -fragments slivered from them were found at the same place. The -hammerstone shown in Fig. 41 was found on the surface near the head of -Priest Rapids. It is an oval pebble, nearly twice as wide as it is -thick, of yellowish brown color, which has been used for a hammer, as is -indicated by the battered and chipped condition of its ends. - - [149] Smith, (d), p. 142; (c), pp. 415 and 440, Fig. 38. - -[Illustration: Fig. 40 (202-8128). Hammerstone. From quarry on north -side of Naches River about two miles above its mouth. 1/2 nat. size.] - -Another specimen, shown in Fig. 42, is made of a hard, dark green or -bluish, water-worn pebble. It was found in the Snake River Valley, -twenty miles above the mouth of the river, and is in the collection of -Mr. Owen. Both ends are battered and the margins of the battered -surfaces are chipped. Mr. Owen says such objects were used in pecking -pestles, mortars, and similar implements into shape. Fig. 43 illustrates -one of these hammerstones, found on the surface at Kennewick. It is a -part of a pebble of tough dark blue material, apparently glassy basalt. -One side edge and one end have been chipped and show large scars on each -side of the side edge and several on one side of the top. Near the -middle of one side, and opposite it on the other side edge, there are -signs of pecking which suggest an attempt at grooving. The lower corner -of the pebble shows signs of having been used as a hammer for pecking. A -small spatulate pebble slightly curved (202-8215), found at the same -place, is battered entirely around the edge of its larger end and in one -place on the side of the narrow end. The battering has given it a smooth -surface in places which suggests that it was used for pecking, rather -than chipping. A large, rather flat, oval pebble (202-8213) from the -same place has large chips off from both sides of its edge in three -places, three fourths of its edge being so chipped. This seems more -likely to be a hammerstone used for chipping. - -[Illustration: Fig. 41 (202-8292a). Hammerstone. From the surface, near -the head of Priest Rapids, 1/2 nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 42. Hammerstone made of a Hard, Water-worn Pebble. -From Snake River Valley twenty miles above its mouth. 1/2 nat. size. -(Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mr. Owen.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 43 (202-8119). Hammerstone. From the surface, -Kennewick. 1/2 nat. size.] - -The long, narrow, oval pebble, shown in Fig. 44, is about 140 mm. long, -of a yellow, volcanic, coarse-grained rock, and is in the collection of -Mr. Austin Mires of Ellensburg. This was found at Priest Rapids. The top -is battered and slightly chipped, the other end has been battered to a -rather flat edge, and this battered surface extends one half way up one -side of the specimen and two thirds of the way up the other.[150] A -large flat oval pebble (202-8214), found on the Cherry Creek camp site, -has a notch pecked in each side edge and is battered slightly on one -end. It may have been notched for hafting as a hammer, or for use as a -net sinker, but the battered end suggests the former use. These pebbles -which have been used as hammerstones, remind us of the unbattered -pebbles found with pieces of glassy basalt in certain caches near -Kamloops.[151] Pebbles used as hammerstones are also found in the Nez -Perce region to the east[152] and according to Lewis stone hammers were -used for splitting wood in the general plateau region of which this is a -part.[153] - - [150] Museum negative, no. 44534, 8-2. - - [151] Described by Smith, (c), p. 415. - - [152] Spinden, p. 188. - - [153] Lewis, p. 186; Lewis and Clark, III, p. 124. - -A pebble, oval in outline and in cross section (202-8303), found on the -surface of the bank of the Columbia River, near the head of Priest -Rapids, is battered on one side edge near the middle in a way that -suggests that the place was for the reception of the end of a handle. -The lower edge is battered and the top has a large chip off of each -side. It was probably used as a hammerstone. Another flat oval pebble of -lava (202-8305) found at the same place, is chipped on both sides of the -entire edge; but the edge is not sharp, apparently having been dulled by -scraping, the natural sand blast or weathering. A disk or -sub-oblong-shaped pebble (202-8304) also found at the same place is -chipped from one side only across the entire edge at a slight bevel so -that it has a nearly flat edge. The high places of the edge are smoothed -as if from its use in pecking, yet it does not seem to have been much -used for such a purpose or to need to have been chipped into disk form -for that use. - -None of the pebbles which were notched and supposed to be net sinkers, -as mentioned on p. 30 and that were found in this region, show battered -ends or appear as if they had been used as hammers. On the other hand, -some of the grooved pebbles described as net sinkers are battered, p. -30. It will be remembered[154] that no notched hammers or those grooved -entirely around, like those found here, were found in the Thompson River -region, although a pebble which had been notched or grooved on two edges -was found and figured as a hammer.[155] Nor was the grooved stone maul -used by the Nez Perce to the east according to Spinden[156] although -many specimens are found on the Umatilla in northern Oregon to the -south.[157] - - [154] Smith, (c), p. 415. - - [155] _Ibid._, Fig. 347. - - [156] Spinden, p. 188. - - [157] Lewis, p. 186; Lewis and Clark, III, p. 124. - -[Illustration: Fig. 44. Hammerstone made of a Close-Grained Yellow -Volcanic Pebble. From Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from -photograph 44534, 8-2. Original in the collection of Mr. Mires.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 45. Celt made of Serpentine. From an Indian at -Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44507, 6-8. Original -in the collection of Mr. McCandless.)] - - -_Celts._ Celts made of stone such as were common in the Thompson River -region[158] were not found by us in the Yakima region; but one typical -specimen which apparently resembles the celts found on Puget Sound, more -than it does those found in the Thompson River region is shown in Fig. -45. It may be seen in the collection of Mr. McCandless who secured it -from an Indian at Ellensburg. This celt is made of serpentine and is -190 mm. long.[159] A similar specimen, in the same collection, resembles -this one but shows grooves along the side edges by means of which it was -cut out. There is a celt made of green serpentine, only about 3 mm. -thick in the collection of Mr. Owen, but it was found at Umatilla, -Oregon. - - [158] Smith, (d), p. 142; (c), p. 415. - - [159] Museum negative no. 44507, 6-8. - -Celts of jadeite (?) narrow and oblong were found on Snake River above -Lewiston in the Nez Perce region to the east.[160] Spinden states that -these were evidently acquired by trade from natives of the northwest -coast and that they have been cut by grooving and breaking. Also, that -this method and material was not employed by the Nez Perce who -considered the objects to have been used as wedges. I am inclined to -believe, therefore, that these more nearly resemble the celts of the -Thompson River country[161] than they do those of the coast. At least -one celt of this general style has been found near Lake Chelan lying -between the Thompson River region and both the Yakima and Nez Perce -regions. It is a long stone celt and was found in an ancient grave on -the bank of the Chelan River near the house of Hon. Amos Edmunds, of -Chelan, Washington. In the graves of this group, according to Mr. C. G. -Ridout, who cooperated with Mr. Edmunds in excavating at this place, and -from whom all of our information on this specimen was obtained, stone -knives and skinning and scraping tools were found. This celt is of a -mottled green "marble resembling onyx" (probably serpentine or nephrite) -400 mm. long, 47 mm. wide and 15 mm. thick. It is slightly concave on -the two sides, while one side edge is flat and the other is concavely -bevelled. The poll is of the natural unworked stone and judging from the -drawing furnished by Mr. Ridout, was broken off. It is raggedly -diagonal. The cutting edge is sharpened by long convexly ground surfaces -of nearly equal size and curve. The bevel of the side edge suggests that -the material for the celt was cut out by grooving and breaking as was -the case in the Thompson River region, where the celts showed similar -traces of grooving.[162] It is true that similar grooving may be seen on -celts from the Coast, but in that region the celts are short, while in -the Thompson River area they are long like this one and the material is -more often of the mottled green color than on the coast. The specimen is -owned by Mr. Edmunds and is in the collection of Mr. Ridout. - - [160] Spinden, p. 182 and Figs. 1, 2, Plate IX. - - [161] Smith, (c), Fig. 349. - - [162] Cf. Smith, (c), Fig. 349. - -No pieces of antler or other material which may possibly have served as -celt hafts were found in this region, although it will be remembered -that one specimen, thought possibly to have been such, was found at -Kamloops in the Thompson River[163] region, another in the Lillooet -Valley[164] and that celt hafts made of antler were common on the coast -at Port Hammond,[165] Comox,[166] Saanich,[167] and Utsalady.[168] A -piece of antler (202-8378a), found on the surface near the head of -Priest Rapids, is much bleached and shows signs of having been daubed -with red paint. It consists of a piece which has been cut around below a -fork with some sharp instrument and then broken off. The prongs seem to -be simply broken off. - - [163] Smith, (c), Fig. 348, p. 115. - - [164] Teit, (b), Fig. 66. - - [165] Smith, (a), Figs. 29 and 59. - - [166] Smith, (b), Fig. 107. - - [167] _Ibid._, Figs. 129-130. - - [168] _Ibid._, Fig. 157. - -[Illustration: Fig. 46. Hand-Adze made of Stone. From the surface in an -old burial ground of the Indians near the mouth of the Yakima River on -McNeals Island. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photographs 44503, 6-4, -44452, 2-1. Original catalogue No. 25 in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - - -_Hand-Adze._ Only one hand-adze has been found in this area, so far as I -am aware. It is catalogue No. 25 in the collection of Mr. Janeck, made -of stone and found near the surface of an old burial ground of the -Indians near the mouth of the Yakima River on what is known as McNeals -Island. This specimen is shown in Fig. 46, and is 165 mm. long, 228 mm. -in greatest circumference which is around the part corresponding to the -edge of the striking head of a pestle, 37 mm. in diameter at the top and -37 mm. along the edge of the blade. It is made of rock resembling -diorite or diabase. The natural surface of the pebble from which it was -made shows on the ridge of the striking head of the pestle-like part. -The convex side of the celt-like part of the object is very smooth. This -is apparently partly due to the fact that it presents the smooth natural -surface of the pebble from which the object was made, and also to more -or less friction which must have been received here when in use. It -probably served as an adze. This specimen is perhaps the most ideal form -of this type that I have seen, the upper end comparing closely to a -pestle, with a slight indication of a knob at the top, a flaring body, -and a short striking head, the sides of which extend as a ridge nearly -if not entirely around the specimen. The celt-like part is to one side -of the axis, so that one side expands to meet the ridge above -mentioned, forming a concavity; the other contracts to meet it forming -a convex sweep from the cutting edge to the beginning of the body of the -pestle-like part.[169] Such hand-adzes have been found at Portland, -Columbia Slough about ten miles below Portland,[2] and Mr. E. D. -Zimmerman of Philadelphia has informed me that there are five or six -specimens of this type in his collection but the discovery of this -specimen at McNeals Island marks the most eastern occurrence of this -type, so far as I know at present.[170] - - [169] Museum negatives nos. 44452, 2-1 and 44503, 6-4. - - [170] First mentioned on pp. 303-304, Noteworthy Archaeological - Specimens from Lower Columbia Valley, by Harlan I. Smith, American - Anthropologist, (N. S.) Vol. VIII, No. 2, April-June, 1906. - - -_Whetstones._ Whetstones, recognized as such, are rare in the Yakima -region but a fragment (202-8217) of a sandstone pebble, which is -apparently rubbed on the irregular sides was found on the surface of the -little camp site, west of Cherry Creek, near Ellensburg. It probably -served as a rough whetstone or for grinding implements into shape. - -The cigar-shaped object made of friable stone, shown in Fig. 69, and -considered on p. 81 as a war implement or "slave-killer," is suitable -for use as a whetstone and may have been such. The object thought to be -a whetstone shown in Fig. 120, is in the collection of Mr. Janeck, and -is said to be from the Yakima Valley. It is made of friable slate; the -top is broken off. It is 142 mm. long, 18 mm. wide and 6 mm. thick with -rounded edges. The circle and dot design incised on the specimen is -described on p. 131. It would seem that use as a whetstone would destroy -the design.[171] From the whole region, I have seen only these three -specimens that can be considered as whetstones. This scarcity seems -somewhat remarkable when we consider their abundance in the Thompson -River region,[172] and also on the coast at Port Hammond and Eburne in -the Fraser Delta,[173] Comox,[174] North Saanich[175] Victoria,[176] New -Dungeness,[177] and Port Williams.[178] - - [171] Museum negative no. 44503, 6-4. - - [172] Smith, (d), p. 144; (c), p. 417. - - [173] Smith (a), p. 167. - - [174] Smith (b), p. 312 - - [175] _Ibid._, p. 339. - - [176] _Ibid._, p. 360. - - [177] _Ibid._, p. 389. - - [178] _Ibid._, p. 392. - -Beaver teeth sharpened for use as knives, such as were found in the -Thompson River region,[179] were not found by us in this whole area any -more than in the Fraser Delta,[180] although they were present at -Comox,[181] and though not certainly identified at both Saanich[182] and -Burton.[183] However, a beaver tooth was found (202-8189) in cremation -rectangle No. 21 (16) on the flat overlooking the mouth of the Naches -River. Objects that are considered as knife handles, such as were found -at Lytton,[184] though not certainly at Kamloops[185] were absent here -as in the Fraser Delta.[186] Objects made of bone or antler and thought -to have been used for flaking stone implements were also absent. - - [179] Smith (d), p. 144; (c). p. 417. - - [180] Smith (a), p. 168. - - [181] Smith (b), p. 318. - - [182] _Ibid._, p. 346. - - [183] _Ibid._, p. 398. - - [184] Smith (d), Fig. 50. - - [185] Smith (c), p. 418. - - [186] Smith (a), p. 168. - -[Illustration: Fig. 47 (202-8398). Point for a Drill, chipped from -Chalcedony. From the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size. (Collected by -Mrs. J. B. Davidson.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 48 (202-8370). Point for a Drill, chipped from -Chert. From the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] - - -_Drills._ Drill points chipped from stone are perhaps less abundant in -the Yakima country than in the Thompson River region[187] to the north. -They are found of various shapes in the Nez Perce region[188] to the -east but it will be remembered that they were not certainly identified -among finds from the coast.[189] The specimen shown in Fig. 47, was -collected at the head of Priest Rapids, and presented by Mrs. J. B. -Davidson of Ellensburg. It is chipped from a grayish chalcedony. The -shaft is rather blunt at the end, possibly having been broken off, and -is somewhat lozenge-shaped in cross section although one side has a less -pronounced ridge than the other which causes the section to tend towards -the sub-triangular. The base expands sidewise and is somewhat thinner at -the end than at the shaft although it is thicker than the point. A point -somewhat similar in shape, but 57 mm. long, chipped from white -chalcedony, and found at Priest Rapids, was seen in the collection of -Mr. Austin Mires. Another drill point chipped from black trap, 48 mm. -long, and also found at Priest Rapids, was seen in the same collection. -The shaft expands sidewise into a base of the form of a truncated -triangle which is rather thin. Fig. 48 shows a drill point chipped from -reddish brown chert that was found on the surface near the head of -Priest Rapids. The upper portion resembles the first-mentioned specimen -and the lower part is somewhat similar to it but more lenticular in -cross section. In other words, the implement is either double-pointed or -it was intended to chip away the lower part. The lower point is so well -chipped to form that it seems more likely to be a double-pointed drill. - - [187] Smith (d), p. 148; (c), p. 419. - - [188] Spinden, p. 185, Figs. 23-25, Plate VII. - - [189] Smith (a), p. 190; (b), p. 438. - -Holes which have been drilled and apparently with such drills as these -are seen in the stone objects shown in Figs. 34, 77, 81, 99, 105, 119. -The shell object shown in Fig. 88 probably was broken; but in Figs. 76, -79, 90, 91, 93 and 94, the shell seems drilled and in Fig. 73 the antler -is drilled. - - -_Scrapers._ For scraping and shaving, the objects shown in Figs. 49-52 -would have been useful. One side of these consists of a large facet, as -in the case of Fig. 50, or is but slightly chipped. This surface on the -first two specimens shows the bulb of percussion, while on the fourth -all signs of the bulb have apparently been obliterated by secondary -chipping along a longitudinal third, probably done to flatten the side, -although as this scraper was made from a fragment of a flake rather than -from the whole flake it is possible that the bulb was not on this piece. -In the third specimen the bulb does not show as the object was not made -from a flake but from a thin piece of chalcedony which shows striations -upon both surfaces suggesting that it may have been the filling or cast -of a seam from which it has separated. The upper ends of the first two -specimens are somewhat convex on this surface probably because of the -bulb of percussion. The lower or wider ends, which are chipped to a -scraping edge from the opposite side on all the specimens are somewhat -concave or at least flat as in the third specimen. The other two are not -so regular in outline, but are also chipped like a scraper at the broad -end and the side edges. The specimen shown in Fig. 52 was found on the -surface of the little camp site on Cherry Creek, near Ellensburg, and is -of a waxy, yellowish brown chalcedony. It is shaped something like a gun -flint. - -There is a scraper 66 mm. long made of a greenish slate in the -collection of Mrs. Davidson to whom it was presented by Mr. Owen. It is -somewhat tongue-shaped and slightly concave-convex. The base is broken -while the curved edge is slightly chipped on the convex side to form an -edge. The point is rather thin and has been somewhat rubbed. Red paint -has been daubed on the specimen which suggests that it may have been -found in a grave. It will be remembered that scrapers were found, -although not so frequently, in the Thompson River region[190] to the -north and that in the Nez Perce region to the east,[191] they are -usually irregular in form, flat on one side and convex on the other. -While their chief use may have been for skin scraping, they are found by -experiment to be excellent implements for planing wood, and may well -have served for the scraping down of arrow-shafts, spear-shafts, and for -similar work. - - [190] Smith (c), p. 418. - - [191] Spinden, p. 185 and Fig. 5^6. - -[Illustration: Fig. 49 (202-8371). Scraper chipped from Petrified Wood. -From the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 50 (202-8372). Scraper chipped from Agate. From the -surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 51 (202-8373). Scraper chipped from Chalcedony. From -the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 52 (202-8221). Scraper chipped from Chalcedony. From -the surface of the Cherry Creek Camp Site near Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. -size.] - -Some of the chipped points described on p. 23 may have been used for -knife points. Among these there are a number of specimens which were -particularly suited for this use. The specimen shown in Fig. 6 may have -served as a knife, possibly one used for ceremonial purposes although it -may have been used as a spear point. These knives, being somewhat -symmetrical differ from the one found at Kamloops[192] in the Thompson -River region which was similar in shape to the knives used until -recently by the Thompson River Indians.[193] These knives from the -Thompson River region are chipped much more from one side than from the -other and have curved points. The specimen shown in Fig. 3 (202-8336) -has an absolutely flat base which is apparently an unworked portion of -the block from which the object was chipped. It is possibly an -unfinished arrow point, but its outline suggests that it is a knife -point. The specimen shown in Fig. 2 is chipped from waxy red chalcedony. -It has a straight end and one edge of the point is slightly more curved -than the other, which together with the fact that one side is nearly -flat suggests that it may have been one of those points which are -considered to have been used for knives rather than for arrow or spear -points. The specimen (202-8369) shown in Fig. 1 may have served either -as the tip for an arrow or as a knife point, and it may be compared with -the much more deeply serrated points found in the Thompson River -region.[194] - - [192] Smith (c), p. 418, Fig. 352d. - - [193] Teit, (a), Figs. 125-126. - - [194] Smith (d), Figs. 8 to 19; (c), Figs. 332 i-j and 334. - - -_Arrow-shaft Smoothers._ Arrow-shaft smoothers, made of coarse sandstone -like those from the Thompson River region,[195] were not found by us in -this area nor on the coast;[196] but one of these grooved stones was -seen in the collection of Mr. E. R. McDonald at Ellensburg. It was -collected by Mr. Dick Williams, of the same place, who found it on the -west bank of the Columbia River, twenty miles north of Priest Rapids, -Kittitas County. It is made of a salmon-colored gritstone, and is of the -usual type, semi-cylindrical with a longitudinal groove on the flat -side, in this case a very small groove such as might occur if it had not -been much used. In the Nez Perce region to the east,[197] according to -Spinden, there have been found an arrow-shaft smoother made up of two -somewhat rectangular blocks of light tufa, each with a semi-cylindrical -groove in one side and a soapstone object which he considers to be an -arrow-shaft polisher, but I have considered this as a mat presser. - - [195] Smith (d), p. 145; (c), p. 419. - - [196] Smith (a), p. 190; (b), p. 438. - - [197] Spinden, p. 187, Fig. 32, Plate VII. - - - - -TOOLS USED BY WOMEN. - - -A number of implements were found which may have served for the -preparation of skins and for sewing. Among these may be mentioned skin -scrapers, awls, a needle, and a mat presser. - -[Illustration: Fig. 53 (202-8302). Scraper chipped from a Flat Circular -Pebble. From the surface of the bank of Columbia River near the head of -Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 54 (202-8307). Scraper or Knife chipped from a -Pebble. From the surface of the bank of Columbia River, near the head of -Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] - -_Scrapers Chipped from Stone._ The scrapers chipped from stone, shown in -Figs. 49 to 52, and considered among tools used by men on pp. 67-68, may -possibly have been used on skins although they seem rather small for -such a purpose. The specimen shown in Fig. 53, made from a flat circular -pebble was found on the surface of the bank of the Columbia River, near -the head of Priest Rapids. The edges are chipped in such a way that it -has been brought somewhat to the form of a square. This object would -serve well as a skin scraper if hafted in the split end of a stick and -used like similar implements seen in use by us among the natives of the -Thompson River region.[198] It resembles archaeological specimens from -the same area.[199] In the Nez Perce region to the east[200] a -disk-shaped spall struck from a boulder was used for skin scraping. -Another form, shown in Fig. 54, is chipped from a pebble, probably a -flat circular one. Along one side, the surface of the pebble shows, but -on the other it has been completely chipped away. In outline, the object -is elliptical, but has a slight tendency to be pointed at each end. It -is lenticular in section, with the edges jaggedly sharp. This reminds us -of certain specimens found at Columbus and The Dalles, which have the -same general shape, but are ground and polished, so that no signs of -chipping remain on some of them. It seems probable that this specimen is -a roughed-out form of the same kind, which may have been used in its -present condition, or was intended to be finished by grinding and -polishing. It seems quite likely that this implement may have been -hafted in the end of a split stick and used as a skin scraper, similar -to those previously mentioned. On the other hand, it may have been held -in the hand and used in scraping skins or perhaps as a knife. It was -found with another on the surface of the bank of the Columbia River, -near the head of Priest Rapids. Another of these (202-8117) was found on -the surface at Kennewick. The specimen shown in Fig. 55 is simply an -oval water-worn pebble with one edge chipped on both sides. It is 115 -mm. long by 16 mm. thick, may be an unfinished object, if not a scraper -or knife, and was found on the surface of the bank of the Columbia River -near the head of Priest Rapids. - - [198] Teit (a), Fig. 1, Plate XIV, and Fig. 127. - - [199] Smith (d), Fig. 64; (c), Fig. 355. - - [200] Spinden, p. 215. - - -_Scrapers Rubbed from Bone._ Scrapers made of bone, similar to those -found by us in the Thompson River region and in the vicinity of Puget -Sound[201] were not seen in the Yakima region. - - [201] Smith (d), Figs. 65 and 66; (c), Fig. 356; (a), Fig. 34; Teit - (a), Figs. 128 and 129. - -[Illustration: Fig. 55 (202-8297). Scraper or Knife chipped from a -Pebble. From the surface of the bank of Columbia River, near the head of -Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] - - -_Awls Rubbed from Bone._ Awls made of bone have been found in this area. -The specimens made of stone, mentioned on p. 25 among chipped points, -and on p. 66 among drills may have been used by women for the same -purposes. The specimen shown in Fig. 56, was found on the surface of an -island in the Columbia River near the mouth of the Snake, and it is -bleached from exposure. It was collected and presented by Mr. D. W. -Owen. The specimen shown in Fig. 57, was found on an island in the -Columbia River, forty miles above the mouth of the Snake, and it is -bleached from exposure on the surface. The shaft is nearly circular in -cross section and tapers to a point for one half its length. The base -ends in a flat elbow piece. The outline of the end of this projection is -rounded. The specimen was collected and presented by Mr. D. W. Owen. - -No awls made from the proximal part of the ulna of the deer were seen by -us in this area, although it will be remembered they were found in the -Thompson River region[202] and are reported from the Nez Perce region to -the east by Spinden who says that they were used in braiding rope.[203] -We found them on the coast of British Columbia and Washington.[204] The -same remarks are true of awls made of the distal end of the metapodial -of the deer.[205] - - [202] Smith (c), Fig. 357. - - [203] Spinden, p. 189, Plate VII, Fig. 29. - - [204] Smith (a), p. 170 (_Eburne and Hammond_); (b), p. 317, - (_Comox_); p. 347 (_Saanich_); p. 377, (_Stanwood_); p. 389, (_New - Dungeness_). - - [205] Smith (d), Fig. 74; (c), Fig. 357; (a), Fig. 35, (_Eburne_); - (b), p. 317, (_Comox_); p. 348, (_Saanich_). - -[Illustration: Fig. 56 (20.0-1466). Awl made of Bone. From the surface -of an Island in Columbia River near the mouth of the Snake. 1/2 nat. -size. (Collected and presented by Mr. Owen.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 57 (20.0-1465). Awl made of Bone. From an Island in -Columbia River, forty miles above the mouth of the Snake. 1/2 nat. size. -(Collected and presented by Mr. Owen.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 58. Spatulate Object made of Bone. From the Yakima -Valley. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44503, 6-4. Original -catalogue No. 13 in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -This seems rather interesting since these two kinds of awls, each made -of a special bone are so commonly found and so widely distributed in -America that it seems hardly possible that they may not yet be found in -this region. Simple sharpened bone implements which are said to have -been used as awls are found in the Nez Perce region[206] where according -to Spinden, a small awl was used in making basketry but we saw none in -the Yakima region not considered to be points for arrows or spears. - - [206] Spinden, p. 189, Plate VII, Figs. 27 and 28. - - -_Needles._ Only one object which may be considered as a needle was seen -by us in the Yakima region, and it will be remembered that they are rare -on the coast of British Columbia and Washington, except in the Lower -Fraser[207] country, although they were common in the Thompson River -region.[208] This specimen shown in Fig. 58 is a long needle-like -object, No. 13, in the collection of Mr. Janeck. The object is warped or -bent like the needles used in the Puget Sound country to string cat-tail -stalks together in order to make mats. This specimen is 291 mm. long. -The point is sharpened and although the side edges are flat, it somewhat -resembles a paper knife. At a point nearly one third of its length from -the base, it is perforated through the middle by gouging from each side. -The base is notched, in such a way that the object is bilaterally -symmetrical as shown in the illustration. It may possibly but not -probably have served as a sap scraper.[209] - - [207] Smith, (a), Fig. 36. - - [208] Smith (d), Figs. 76-78; (c), Fig. 358. - - [209] Museum negative no. 44503 (6-4). - -[Illustration: Fig. 59 _a_. Object made of Steatite, probably a Mat -Presser. From Prosser. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44504, 6-5. -Original in the collection of Mr. Spalding). _b_, Part of Incised -Pictograph on Object Shown in _a_.] - - -_Mat Pressers._ Mat pressers, or objects that are considered to be such, -made of stone are commonly found in the area immediately to the south. -No objects recognized as such were found by us in the Thompson River -region, and from the coast of British Columbia and Washington there is -only one. It is made of stone[210] and was found at Cadboro Bay near -Victoria. Specimens made of wood are very common among the present -natives of the same coast. A ground soapstone object from the Nez Perce -region is considered by Spinden an arrow-shaft polisher,[211] but seems -to me more likely to be a mat presser of the type found in the region -immediately south of the Yakima area. - - [210] Smith (b), Fig. 146. - - [211] Spinden, Plate VII, Fig. 34. - -The object shown in Fig. 59 which may be an unfinished pipe, is of the -form of a flattened cylinder, made of steatite and was found at Prosser -in the southern part of the area here considered. The surface is marked -with incised figures, part of which are illustrated in Fig. 59b and -described on p. 124. The groove on one side suggests that it may have -been used as a mat presser such as are used to string cat-tails and tule -stalks. The cylindrical bore in the top is 25 mm. deep by 10 mm. in -diameter and its top is funnel-shaped. The original is in the collection -of Mr. Spalding.[212] - - [212] Museum negative no. 44504, 6-5. - - - - -PROCESSES OF MANUFACTURE. - - -The processes of manufacture employed in this area as indicated by the -archaeological objects found include fracturing by chipping and flaking, -pecking or bruising, grinding, polishing, cutting by grooving and -breaking, incising, whittling and gouging, and drilling. The materials -worked by each of these processes may be seen among the specimens here -figured and described. Spinden states[213] that in the Nez Perce area -chipped implements were made by the men and that the pecked artifacts -were made by the women. - - [213] Spinden, p. 185. - - - - -LIFE HISTORIES OF MANUFACTURED OBJECTS. - - -The story of the manufacture of the objects found from the securing of -the raw material to their finished and to their worn out and broken -condition is not shown completely in the case of more than one class of -objects, viz., chipped implements, but in a number of cases the signs of -manufacture have not been entirely obliterated and some specimens are -figured and described which are undoubtedly in process of manufacture. -Plate III, Fig. 1 shows a quarry from which material for the manufacture -of chipped implements was obtained. A description of this has been given -on p. 16. Here could be seen the hammers, one of which is illustrated in -Fig. 40, that were used in breaking up the raw material, and the -material in various stages of chipping and flaking together with the -waste products. In Plates I and II may be seen the more or less -completed chipped implements. If points of antler were used as flakers, -they were either not found or recognized by us. According to Mr. Cotton, -there are numerous chips within the "fort" mentioned on p. 82. One other -example of a series illustrating the life history of an object may be -mentioned, namely, that of the pestles. Many oblong pebbles suitable -for pestles without being changed from their natural form were seen in -both the Yakima and the Columbia Valleys. Other pebbles required but -slight shaping to bring them to the required form. Fig. 22 illustrates -such a pebble which is in process of shaping by pecking or bruising and -Fig. 43 shows a suitable tool for executing the work. After being fully -shaped by this process such pestles were polished but the materials used -for this purpose, whether sandstones and similar abrasives, the horse -tail rush or the bare hand, are not known. - - - - -WAR. - - -_Implements used in Warfare._ The objects considered under hunting on p. -23 _et seq._, such as chipped points for spears, arrows and knives may -have served in warfare; so also may bows, mentioned on p. 29. Others -that were considered as tools, on p. 57 _et seq._, such as the celt and -hand-adze, may have been used as weapons in war times; but there are -some objects that were probably useful only in warfare. Prominent among -these are the club-heads and clubs, made of stone, shown in Figs. 60-68. -No clubs made of copper, antler or whale's bone have been seen by us -that are certainly from this region although it will be remembered[214] -that such were found in the Thompson River region, lying to the north, -that the latter are common on the coast of British Columbia and -Washington[215] to the west of this area and that one of whale's bone -labeled from the upper Columbia River has been figured in my report on -the archaeology of Puget Sound.[216] - - [214] Smith (d), Figs. 81 and 82; (c), Fig. 359. - - [215] Smith, (b), Figs. 165-171. - - [216] Smith (b), Fig. 166d. - -[Illustration: Fig. 60. Grooved Pebble. From the Yakima Reservation near -the Gap. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44455, 2-4. Original in -the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 61. Club-head or Sinker made of Lava. From the -Yakima Reservation near the Gap. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph -44503, 6-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - - -_Grooved Pebbles, Club-heads, or Sinkers._ The grooved spheroid pebble, -shown in Fig. 60, was found on the Yakima Reservation near Union Gap and -is in the collection of Mr. Janeck. There are two encircling grooves -which cross each other at nearly right angles. These have been made by -pecking. At one intersection of the grooves, the object shows signs of -battering such as may have resulted from pounding with it, or such as -may have been made to form a pit for the reception of a handle end. It -is probably a club-head, net sinker or gaming stone[217] similar to -those used in the Thompson River region.[218] In the Nez Perce -region[219] to the east unworked river boulders sewed in skin, were used -for the heads of war clubs which were sometimes also used in killing -game. This kind of club is the same used by the eastern Indians, -according to Lewis[220] and was probably introduced. The spheroid -specimen made of hard lava, possibly trap, shown in Fig. 61, was found -on the Yakima Reservation near Union Gap, and is also in the collection -of Mr. Janeck. There are three grooves, marking great circles at right -angles to each other. These have been made by pecking. At each pole or -the intersection of two of these grooves, at the top and bottom in the -illustration, and in each area marked out by the grooves is a pit making -a total of ten. In the equatorial grooves are the remains of two -parallel strings, each twisted to the right or contra-screw-wise, made -up of two strings twisted to the left and remains of a fabric of loose -mesh overlying the strings. It measures 70 mm. by 63 mm. by 57 mm.[221] -A club-head made of stone with a handle covered with rawhide and -horsehair, was seen by us in the collection of Mr. Janeck. The head is -grooved, circular in cross section, and has conoid ends. It consequently -resembles the stone clubs of the eastern Plains. The objects shown in -Figs. 14-16 and considered as sinkers, may have been fastened to handles -and used as heads for war clubs or as 'canoe smashers' in warfare. - - [217] Smith (d), Fig. 39; (c), p. 440; Teit (a), p. 279. - - [218] Museum negative no. 44455, 2-4. - - [219] Spinden, pp. 188 and 227, also Fig. 5^5. - - [220] Lewis, p. 189. - - [221] Museum negative no. 44455, 2-4. - - -_Stone Clubs._ The club[222] shown in Fig. 62, is made of serpentine. -The handle is oval but approaches a lenticular form in cross section. -There are eighteen notches across one edge of the knob and eight on the -other. The blade is of the characteristic form with lenticular cross -section but thicker than the thin type of stone clubs of this form such -as are found near the coast.[223] The tip is rather blunt. The reverse -is the same as the obverse. It is from Methow River, Okanogan County and -here illustrated from a sketch by Mr. Charles C. Willoughby of the -original in the Peabody Museum, Harvard University. - - [222] First mentioned on p. 414 and Fig. 174a, Smith (b). - - [223] Smith (b), Fig. 172a, b. - -[Illustration: Fig. 62. Club made of Serpentine. From Methow River, -Okanogan County. 1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from sketches by Mr. Charles C. -Willoughby. Original catalogue No. 64795 in the Peabody Museum, -Cambridge, Mass.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 63. Club made of Serpentine. From the Yakima Valley, -between Wenas Station and the Gap above North Yakima. 1/4 nat. size. -(Drawn from photographs 44453, 2-2, and 44500, 6-1. Original catalogue -No. 44 in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -The club shown in Fig. 63 was found in the Yakima Valley on the west -side of the river between Wenas Station and Upper Gap above North -Yakima. It is made of serpentine of a mottled yellow, brown and green -color. It is 26 mm. long, and of the form of a rather thick, elongated -apple seed, with the upper and lower ends cut off. The top is of the -form of a symmetrical celt with a dull edge and is bevelled about -equally from each side. The handle, which is 22 mm. thick, is the -thickest part of the object, rather oval in section and merges into the -blade, which is paddle-shaped, lenticular in cross section and -terminates in a celt-like end which is dull and bevelled about equally -from each side.[224] It is catalogue No. 44 in the collection of Mr. -Janeck.[225] A club of this general type has been found as far east as -Sand Point, Idaho, the most eastern occurrence, as was mentioned on p. -413 of my "Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound," where -all the clubs of this type from Northwestern America are discussed. On -the west, they seem to range from the Klamath Valley to the head of -Puget Sound. - - [224] Smith (b), p. 417. - - [225] Museum negatives nos. 44453, 2-2, and 44500, 6-1. - -The club, shown in Fig. 64[226] is made of stone and has a blade rather -lenticular in cross section, but bulging somewhat so that it reminds us -of the clubs of the lozenge-shaped cross section.[227] It is 265 mm. -long, by 25 mm. thick. The handle is somewhat lenticular, but tends to -be hexagonal in section, with rounded corners and meets the blade -abruptly. There is a saddle-shaped knob at the top with an incised -geometric design in the hollow. The upper part of the right edge of this -knob is flat with two incisions across it, while the lower part is -rounded. A stone club with similar handle is known from Puget -Sound.[228] The specimen is catalogue No. 40 in the collection of Mr. -Janeck, and was secured by him from the York collection. It was -originally collected from an Indian woman on the Yakima -Reservation.[229] - - [226] First shown in Smith (b), Fig. 177a. - - [227] Smith (b), p. 415. - - [228] Smith (b), Fig. 177b. - - [229] Museum negatives, nos. 44453, 2-2 and 44500, 6-1. - -The club shown in Fig. 65 is made of diabase or allied material and is -338 mm. in length. It is bilaterally symmetrical and the reverse and -obverse are alike. The handle is oval in cross section and terminates in -a knob from which it is separated by a slight groove. In the top of the -knob is a depression as if there had been a hole pecked through the -form, tapering from each side, as in the clubs or slave-killers having -lozenge-shaped cross section from the coast there[230] the top broken -off and the broken edges rounded, as in the club with lozenge-shaped -cross section from Copalis on the coast of Washington.[231] But such is -not the case; the notch resembles that of the club shown in Fig. 64, -slightly the one shown in Fig. 62, both from this region, and one from -Burton on Puget Sound.[232] The blade is paddle-shaped like the large -end of an apple seed, lenticular in cross section, with a mid-rib on -each side which runs out about 10 mm. from the end of the club.[233] It -was found on the surface at Union Gap, below Old Yakima, and is in the -collection of Mr. Janeck.[234] - - [230] Smith (b), Figs. 175 and 176. - - [231] _Ibid._, Fig. 175e. - - [232] _Ibid._, Fig. 177b. - - [233] First mentioned, Smith, (b), p. 416 and Fig. 177c. - - [234] Museum negatives, nos. 44453, 2-2, and 44501, 6-2. - -[Illustration: Fig. 64. Club made of Stone. From Yakima Reservation. 1/4 -nat. size. (Drawn from photographs 44500, 6-1, and 44453, 2-2. Original -in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 65. Club made of Stone. From the surface at Union -Gap below Old Yakima. 1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from photographs 44453, 2-2, -and 44501, 6-2. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 66. Club made of Stone. From the surface at Union -Gap below Old Yakima. 1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from photographs 44453, 2-2, -and 44501, 6-2. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -The stone club, shown in Fig. 66, was found on the surface at Union Gap, -below Old Yakima. It is of a purplish gray lava-like material. The -handle is oval in cross section with a knob at the end which is somewhat -flattened on each side and slopes towards the rounded top like a blunt -symmetrical celt. The blade has convex side edges which are nearly flat -and about 18 mm. wide. It is thicker in the middle than at the edges and -bears a mid-rib of the shape of a railroad embankment with rounded -angles, from the handle to the end. On each side of this mid-rib, the -surface is nearly flat. The end of the blade is nearly flat. The -specimen is in the collection of Mr. Janeck.[235] - - [235] Museum negatives nos. 44453, 2-2, and 44501, 6-2. First - mentioned on p. 416 and figured in Smith, (b), Fig. 177d. - -It will be noted that the thin stone clubs found here have no mid-rib. -Clubs made of stone, whale's bone or wood with such mid-ribs are unknown -from the coast but are found with median decoration in place of a -mid-rib,[236] those of whale's bone being common and a thin club made of -copper with a median decoration was found at Spuzzum in the interior of -Southern British Columbia.[237] - - [236] Smith (b), Figs. 173a, b; 169a; 165a, c-g; 166a, b, d-g; - 167a-d; 168a, c, d; 169f and 170a. - - [237] _Ibid._, Fig. 172d. - - -_'Slave-killers.'_ A 'slave-killer' or club, made of friable stone shown -in Fig. 67, was found on the surface of Union Gap, below Old Yakima. It -is in the collection of Mr. Janeck. The object has a blade which sets -out from the handle and resembles in shape the typical 'slave-killer' in -that it is lozenge-shaped in cross section with bulging sides and -rounded angles. The handle is oval or nearly circular in cross section, -and slightly larger at the top where there is no knob or perforation as -in the typical club of this type.[238] The object is 377 mm. long, 63 -mm. wide, and 41 mm. thick.[239] The club or 'slave-killer' made of -stone, shown in Fig. 68, was found at Lake Chelan, and is 280 mm. long. -It is owned by Mr. C. G. Ridout of Chelan, Chelan County. The handle -terminates in a knob, which resembles the form of an animal head. This -knob is somewhat heart-shaped, the two lobes possibly representing ears, -and the lower tip projects beyond the handle of the object. One side, -the larger surface, stands at about 45 degrees to the axis of the club -and is bisected by a deep incision, on each side of which are two -circles, which probably represent eyes. On either edge of this knob are -thirteen incisions. The handle which is nearly circular in cross -section, bears four vertical rows of horizontally arranged incisions and -expands suddenly edgewise to form the blade which, however, on its upper -and lower surfaces is practically continuous with the handle. The blade -is nearly circular in cross section and tapers gradually to a rather -blunt point. The object is probably a ceremonial implement. - - [238] _Ibid._, Figs. 175, 176 and 177e. - - [239] First mentioned _ibid._, p. 418. Museum negatives nos. 44453, - 2-2 and 44500, 6-1. - -[Illustration: Fig. 67. Club made of Stone. From the surface at Union -Gap below Old Yakima. 1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from photographs 44453, 2-2, -and 44500, 6-1. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 68. Club made of Stone. From Lake Chelan. 1/4 nat. -size. (Drawn from a sketch furnished by Mr. C. G. Ridout. Original in -his collection.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 69. War implement or Slave Killer, made of Friable -Stone. From the Yakima Valley. 1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph -44503, 6-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -The stone objects considered as pestles and shown in Figs. 32 and 35 may -have been used as war clubs. The object made of friable stone, shown in -Fig. 69 was mentioned on p. 39 us possibly having been used as a pestle -and again on p. 65 as being suitable for use as a whetstone. It seems -most likely, however, that it served as an implement of war or as a -'slave-killer.' It is roughly of the shape of a cigar. The upper end is -nearly flat and circular. From here the object gradually expands for -about half its length and then contracts to a point, being nearly -circular in cross section throughout. It is 208 mm. long, 38 mm. in -maximum diameter, and 19 mm. in diameter at the top. It was found in the -Yakima Valley and is in the collection of Mr. Janeck.[240] The object -considered as a hand-adze and shown in Fig. 46, may have been used as a -'slave-killer.' - -No objects considered as daggers or knives and made of antler were found -by us in this region. Although it will be remembered[241] that several, -over 200 mm. in length, were found in the Thompson River region. - - [240] Museum negative no. 44503, 6-4. - - [241] Smith (d), Fig. 80; (c), p. 423 and Fig. 360. - - -_War Costume._ The costume indicated on the figure carved in antler, -described under the section of dress and adornment, p. 100, referred to -in the discussion of art on p. 127, and shown in Fig. 121, may be that -of a warrior as is suggested by the similarity of the headdress to the -war-bonnet of the tribes of the Plains. That the war-bonnet was used in -this region is strongly suggested not only by this headdress but also by -those represented in the pictographs and petroglyphs as well as by the -wearing of it by the modern Indians of this area. This idea is further -strengthened by the fact that the war-bonnet is worn in the Nez Perce -region to the east,[242] where it has no doubt been used for a long -time, although it may originally have been derived from the Plains. The -Nez Perce sometimes wore streamers with these war-bonnets. Spinden -states that the early Nez Perce war-bonnets differed from the type used -by them to-day, and that exact information about them is difficult to -obtain. - - [242] Spinden, p. 228. - - -_Fortifications._ A so-called "Indian fort" is situated near Rock Creek -about six miles below Rock Lake. It is about a mile south of the ranch -of Mr. Frank Turner (p. 54), and shown in the photographs reproduced in -Figs. 1[243] and 2[244], Plate VI. These were taken and presented by Mr. -J. S. Cotton, then in charge of the cooperative range work at the -Washington State Experiment Station at Pullman, who furnished from his -notebook all our data on this subject. The "fort" is built on a flat -knoll of about fifteen feet in height and with precipitous sides. It is -in the form of a circle, being enclosed about four fifths of the way -around. The wall is built of flat rocks which are tilted in such a -manner that they will glance all projectiles into the air. There were -numerous arrow chip pings within the "fort." There are many Indian -graves supposed to be very old, two pits believed to mark building -sites, and a long line of stones in the vicinity (pp. 140, 54, 29). - - [243] From the interior. - - [244] From the exterior. - - -_Wounds._ The skull of skeleton No. 99-4318, found in rock-slide grave -No. 10 (5) on the north side of the Naches River half a mile above its -mouth, showed where the right side of the orbit had been pierced in such -a way that the malar bone was partly severed and repair had taken place, -leaving a large anterior lateral projection on the malar bone. One rib -had two articular surfaces at the anterior end. - - - - -DRESS AND ADORNMENT. - - -_Skins._ Tanned skin and skin bearing hair of animals, including the -deer, and feathers of the woodpecker have been found in the graves and -were evidently portions of garments or of pouches; but graves containing -these materials are apparently more modern than some of the others. No -skins of birds were found by us in this whole region. The scrapers -mentioned on page 69 and the hammers as well possibly as the grooved -stones mentioned on pages 30 and 75 may have contributed to the making -of clothing: the former for scraping skins, the latter for beating and -softening them. - -Skin (202-8223), resembling buckskin or leather in its decomposed -condition, was found in grave No. 31 (2) (99-4326), in the rock-slide -near the mouth of Cherry Creek, immediately below Ellensburg. That this -grave may not be as ancient as some of the artifacts here described is -suggested by the fact that a small piece of a wooden post, not -completely decayed, was found projecting from the rock-slide above the -grave, and by the presence of four more posts, one at each corner of the -grave, extending down from the level of the rock-slide, the upper parts -apparently being entirely decomposed. The remains of matting which had -been wrapped around the body, glass beads (202-8225) and three bracelets -made of iron (202-8226), one of which is shown in Fig. 96, also suggest -that this grave was modern, although it must be remembered that in this -dry climate, wooden posts, matting and iron resist decomposition for a -long time. The form of the garment or other object made up of this skin -has not been identified, but pieces of the skin are joined in some -places by over-casting with skin thread; in others, with a double skin -thong and still in others with some sort of vegetable fibre. A piece of -deer skin (202-8230) with the hair on was found in grave No. 37 (4) -(99-4328), in the same rock-slide. Here again, the presence of sticks -about three feet long, decayed at the tops and arranged in three rows of -matting made of reeds (202-8229 and 202-8230, Figs. 71-72), and of beads -apparently made of factory-rolled copper, suggest that the entire -contents of this grave are modern. - -Fragments of skin of a small mammal, with the hair on, which had been -stitched along one edge with what appears to be twisted vegetable fibre -made into a cord of two strings (202-8231), was found in grave No. 34 -(5) (99-4329) in the same rock-slide. Here again were found evidences -suggesting the grave to be modern. These consisted of decayed posts cut -off at the surface of the slide. Among the other objects in the grave -were matting (202-8232), beads (202-8233, Fig. 74), made of what is -apparently factory-rolled copper, coarse string and thong, some of -which is wound at the ends and pieces of coarse twisted plant fibre upon -which some of the beads were strung, two ornaments (202-8234, Fig. 91) -made of haliotis shell, two pendants made of what appears to be -factory-rolled copper (202-8235), four bracelets apparently made of -similar copper (202-8236, Fig. 95), a square pendant (202-8238, Fig. -78), a disk (202-8239, Fig. 83), both of which seem to be made of -factory-rolled copper and a piece of iron (202-8242). Among the rocks -above the grave were found a copper ornament (202-8244), a brass pendant -(202-8245, Fig. 84), with thong and copper bead, and a copper pendant -(202-8246, Fig. 82). - -[Illustration: Fig. 70 (202-8391). Diagram of Stitch of Fragment of Rush -Matting. From near the skin on skeleton in grave No. 38 (1) of an adult -in a rock-slide on the east side of the escarpment near the head of -Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] - - -_Matting._ Fragments of matting of vegetable fibre sewed or twined with -cords made of plant material were found; but only in recent graves. Such -graves contained objects introduced into the region since the advent of -the whites. These fabrics were probably modern but were in no way -affected by the coming of the white man or the materials secured from -him, being simply found in these modern graves associated with artifacts -made from material secured from the white man. In the old graves they -have probably long since decayed. Spindle-whorls were not found. Fig. 70 -illustrates the stitch of a piece of matting (202-8391) of a well known -type consisting of a single strand warp of rushes pierced at intervals -by the weft which is a two-strand string. It is similar to that commonly -found in the Thompson River region.[245] This specimen was found in -grave No. 38 (1) (99-4333) in a rock-slide on the west side of the -Columbia River, near the head of Priest Rapids. The grave was probably -modern as is suggested by stakes nearly six feet long which projected -about three feet above the surface of the rock-slide and a roll of birch -bark[246] (202-8392). The vegetable fibre used in sewing these stalks -was probably the same as that used by the present Indians as was -thought to be the case in the Thompson River region.[247] Spinden does -not mention this simple type of sewed mat as found in the Nez Perce -area.[248] Fig. 71 shows a piece of matting (202-8229) of a new type -consisting of two strands of what seem to be small stalks of tule, -twisted loosely and pierced at each half turn by a cord. The cord is a -two-strand string, the vegetable fibre of the individual strands not -seeming to be twisted. The interstices are wide. It was found under the -pelvis of a skeleton of a youth (99-4228) in a recent grave, No. 33 (4), -in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. This -piece of matting, so far as I am aware, is the first specimen of a new -type collected and figured. It was first brought to the attention of -students in 1906 through correspondence when Professor Otis T. Mason -stated that he had never seen an example, a picture or a description of -just that technique. It was shown at the annual exhibition of the New -York Academy of Sciences, in December of the same year, but reference to -the type was first published in November 1908 by Spinden.[249] In the -Thompson River region this type has not been found. Mr. James Teit -informs me that he asked all the old Thompson Indian women of the -vicinity of Spences Bridge about this type of matting, submitting a -model of it to them which I sent him. They all stated that they never -saw that particular type made in the Thompson River region and if ever -made there it must have been before the memory of those now living. The -only pierced matting made there as far as they have ever known is the -tule tent mat,[250] but the strands of this were not twisted, being like -those shown in Fig. 70. They had a weave similar to this and the same in -general effect in the common mat used for beds and on which to sit, -known as the floor mat, but the strands were woven and not -stitched.[251] Certain rush bags of the Quinault and the Makah resemble -this type of matting but the rushes are not pierced. - - [245] Teit (a), Fig. 131c. - - [246] _Cf._ Smith (d), Fig. 117. - - [247] Smith (c), p. 423, Teit (a), p. 188. - - [248] Spinden, p. 195. - - [249] Spinden, p. 195. - - [250] Teit (a), Fig. 131c. - - [251] Teit (a), Fig. 131d. - -[Illustration: Fig. 71 _a_ (202-8229). Fragment of Matting, made of -Twined Rush, stitched together with twisted cord. From under the pelvis -of skeleton in grave No. 33 (4) in a rock-slide, near the mouth of -Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. _b_ Diagram of Stitch of _a_. 1/2 nat. -size.] - -Matting (202-8162) made of tule stalks stitched together with cords -twisted to the right, but made of large stalks was found in a recent -grave, No. 10 (5) in the rock-slide on the north side of the Naches -River, half a mile above its mouth. Part of this was of a similar type -and stitched with similar cords and part was of the more common form of -sewed matting such as is shown in Fig. 70. This grave had been rifled, -and the presence of bark, a portion of a fire drill (202-8157), part of -a wooden bow (202-8159), two pieces of a finely woven basket (202-8160) -and copper tubes apparently of rolled copper, suggest that it was -modern. - -Fig. 72 illustrates the technique of a piece of matting of open twine -weaving made of rush which was found under the pelvis of the skeleton in -grave No. 33 (4) of a youth in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry -Creek, below Ellensburg. Spinden states that mats were made in the Nez -Perce area, of cat-tail stalks held together by two twined cords and -that mats were used for house and floor coverings and as sheets upon -which to dry berries.[252] - - [252] Spinden, p. 195. - -The string of all these fragments of matting was too much decayed or -fragmentary for determination. It will be remembered that both sewed and -woven matting were found in the graves of the Thompson River -region,[253] as well as among the living Indians. It seems probable that -these mats were made and used one above the other like great shingles -for covering the summer house, for beds and for wrapping the dead, while -the thinner pieces may have served for garments. Food was probably -spread on them to dry and they no doubt served many other purposes. The -art of weaving was practised to a considerable extent in the Nez Perce -region to the east, although it had very slight development in the -Plains area, still further east.[254] - - [253] Smith (c), p. 423. - - [254] Spinden, p. 190. - -Cord made of vegetable fibre (202-8233) found in grave No. 34 (5) -(99-4329) in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below -Ellensburg, upon which copper and shell beads were strung was made of -two strands, some twisted to the right, others, to the left and in some -cases a single cord was used for stringing the beads, while in other -cases three cords were used. - -A roll of birch bark (202-8392) was found in grave No. 38 (1) (99-4333) -in a rock-slide, on the west side of the Columbia River near the head of -Priest Rapids. It is the only specimen of this kind that was found by us -in the whole area although it will be remembered[255] that such rolls of -birch bark were frequently found in graves of the Thompson River region. -As stated on p. 84, we considered this grave to be modern. - - [255] Smith, (d), Fig. 117. - -[Illustration: Fig. 72 (202-8230). Fragment of Open-Twine Matting, made -of Rush. From under the pelvis of skeleton in grave No. 33 (4) of a -youth in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. -1/2 nat. size.] - - -_Ornaments._ A great variety of ornaments was found, but most of these -were in graves considered to be modern. Among the finds which appear to -be old, none of them having been found in graves considered to be -modern, none of them appearing to be made of commercial material and all -of which seem to be of native technique are perforated disks of stone -(202-8152), and bone, (202-8227), a perforated and engraved sea shell -(202-8388), and haliotis shell from the Pacific Ocean (202-8393), both -plain and polished dentalium shells, pendants made of what is apparently -haliotis shell, a nose ornament also apparently made of haliotis shell -(202-8252), and beads made of shell. - -Red and yellow ochre, blue copper clay, and white earth, which may have -been used for paint such as was found in the Thompson River region[256] -were not seen by us in this area. Although charcoal, which may have been -mixed with grease and used for paint, was frequently found there was no -evidence of such use. - - [256] Smith, (d), p. 150; (c), p. 424. - -[Illustration: Fig. 73. Comb made of Antler. From a grave at Fort -Simcoe. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44510, 6-12. Original in -the collection of Mrs. Lynch.)] - - -_Combs._ Only one comb was seen and nowhere throughout the area were -found any objects known to have been used as head scratchers such as -were not uncommon in the Thompson River region.[257] The comb (Fig. 73) -is made of antler and was found where a creek had washed it out of an -old grave at Fort Simcoe. The teeth are convex in outline, the back is -nearly straight but not quite parallel with the line of the teeth and -the ends convex, the rear end being shorter than the other. The -nineteen teeth (one perhaps being rather wide to be considered) are set -out from each other by grooves on each side of the comb. This edge of -the object is somewhat sharpened making the lower end of each tooth -resemble the shape of a celt or wedge. Near the back of the comb are -three perforations, one in the middle and one at each end, the latter -being about equi-distant from both the back and the end of the comb. The -hole near the short end of the comb was drilled tapering from the -reverse, while the two other holes were drilled tapering part way -through from each side, but slightly farther from the reverse than the -obverse. The specimen is in the collection of Mrs. Jay Lynch at Fort -Simcoe.[258] A comb made of antler was found by us at Lytton[259] but -none were seen among archaeological finds from the other parts of the -Thompson River region,[260] although wooden combs are found among the -Indians there, as in the Nez Perce region where modern combs were made -of narrow strips of wood lashed together.[261] A comb of antler was -found by us in the main shell heap at Eburne in the Fraser Delta.[262] - - [257] Smith, (c), p. 424; Teit (a), p. 312. - - [258] Museum negative no. 44510, 6-12. - - [259] Smith, (d), Fig. 83. - - [260] Smith, (c), p. 424. - - [261] Spinden, p. 221. - - [262] Smith, (a), Fig. 12. - - -_Beads._ Among beads, some made of glass are certainly modern. Judging -from these glass beads, others found associated with them or with things -of white manufacture in the same grave are also modern; while some seem -to be old and from sites believed to be ancient. Besides objects truly -of the shape of beads, there are others, as for instance the tubes of -copper such as are shown in Figs. 74 and 78, some of which were found -strung with simple bead forms. Otherwise, they might possibly not have -been considered as beads. Fig. 121 suggests how such tubular beads of -copper may have been worn on armlets and headdresses. In Fig. 74 are -illustrated two fragmentary strings of several types of beads from a -number which were found on the neck, arms and legs of a skeleton in -grave number 34 (5) in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek below -Ellensburg. The short cylinders are sections of dentalium shells, longer -sections appearing occasionally. The longest cylinders are sheet copper -rolled into cylindrical form. The lapping edge, in most of the beads -illustrated is irregular and varies in thickness, which suggests that -they were beaten out of native copper rather than cut out of -factory-rolled copper. Of course this appearance might be given to the -latter by beating it. Such rolled beads made of copper are found in the -Nez Perce region to the east[263] and in the Thompson River area to the -north.[264] These shell and copper beads consequently might be -considered ancient from their individual appearance, but on the shorter -string are some more or less spherical beads made of glass which of -course shows that all these beads were used in comparatively recent -times. The beads on the longer string are strung upon coarse plant fiber -twisted into a two strand string while the shorter string is upon a much -smaller fiber also of two strands which are twisted. Some of the other -beads in this lot were strung upon thongs. - - [263] Spinden, Plate IX, Figs. 16-18. - - [264] Smith, (c), Fig. 371. - -[Illustration: Fig. 74 (202-8233). Beads made of Copper, Glass and -Sections of Dentalium Shells. From neck, arms and legs of skeleton in -grave No. 34 (5) in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below -Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. size.] - -The tubular bead shown in Fig. 75 is made of brass, proving conclusively -that it is recent. It was found in grave No. 1 of the Yakima ridge, -which contained a number of other objects that might characterize the -grave as ancient were it not for the presence of brass beads. A smaller -but slightly shorter brass bead was found with this. It contained a -piece of stick, but this may be merely the remains of a rootlet many of -which had penetrated into the grave. The edges of the outer fold as well -as the ends of the bead are irregular and thinned out similar to the -corresponding parts of the copper beads shown in Fig. 74. This suggests -that the brass may have been pounded into sheets by the natives or at -least that factory-rolled brass was pounded by them in manufacturing the -bead. It also shows that this characteristic of the edges of copper -objects, while it may suggest that they were beaten out of native copper -and are consequently ancient, does not prove it. Tubular copper beads -with short sections of dentalium shell were found mixed all the way from -the top to the bottom of grave number 10 (5) in a rock-slide on the -north side of the Naches River about half a mile above its mouth. Some -of these were slightly larger than those shown in Fig. 74. - -[Illustration: Fig. 75 (202-8148). Bead made of Brass. From grave No. 1 -in a rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. Nat. size.] - -The bone tubes shown in Figs. 97 and 98 and those described on p. 105 -under games, may possibly have been intended for beads or ornaments. -Beads were made of bones of birds in the Nez Perce region to the -east.[265] The perforated cylinder made of serpentine or steatite shown -in Fig. 99 may also have been used as a bead or ornament instead of for -gambling. Shell beads of disk shape such as are shown in Fig. 76 were -found in three places. Those figured were among the refuse of a grave in -a rock-slide near the head of Priest Rapids. Two were found in grave No. -7 (4) in a rock-slide on the northern side of the Yakima Ridge. A brass -button and three glass beads were found with them. Twenty-eight of them -were found in the grave of a child in a rock-slide on the west side of -the Columbia River near the head of Priest Rapids. All these beads seem -to be drilled from both sides or at least each end of the bore is -slightly larger than the middle. Somewhat similar disk-shaped beads, -apparently made of shell are found in the Nez Perce region to the -east,[266] the Thompson area to the north[267] and in the Fraser -Delta[268] of the coast country to the west. - - [265] Spinden, p. 189. - - [266] Spinden, Plate IX, Figs. 12 and 13. - - [267] Smith, (d), p. 153; (c), p. 427. - - [268] Smith, (a), p. 179. - -[Illustration: Fig. 76 (202-8384). Beads made of Shell. From refuse of a -grave in a rock-slide near the head of Priest Rapids. Nat. size.] - - -_Dentalium Shells._ Dentalium shells, some broken or cut into short -sections, were found in twelve of the graves of this region. Two of -these graves were in domes of volcanic ash and probably old; five of -them were cremation circles, also ancient, while five were rock-slide -graves of which three were surely modern, and two probably so. It will -be seen that the dentalia beads are found in about equal proportions in -old and recent graves, there being seven examples of the former and five -of the latter. One lot of dentalia found in a cremation circle was -charred. None of the dentalia found in the rock-slide graves were -incised while in one of the graves in a dome of volcanic ash incised -dentalia were found together with the sculptured human form in antler -shown in Fig. 121 on which are represented what appear to be dentalium -shells forming parts of ear or hair pendants. Incised dentalia were also -found in two of the five cremation circles containing dentalium shells. -Some of the incised designs on dentalium shells are shown in Figs. 117 -and 118. An idea of how the dentalium shells may have been used as -ornaments on arm bands and headdresses may be had by reference to Fig. -121 and p. 101. Somewhat similarly incised dentalium shells were found -at the large burial place at Kamloops in the southern interior of -British Columbia to the north,[269] and in the Nez Perce region to the -east bits of engraved dentalium shells are found in the graves of -children.[270] Strings of them were hung from the ears or fastened to -the braids of hair and dentalia were attached to the dresses of the -women.[271] Among antiquities they are found as far east as central -Wyoming. There are some dentalium shells decorated with windings along -lines somewhat similar in the collections from the Hupa of California. -Dentalium shells used as nose ornaments, ear pendants or parts of -ornaments and as beads were also found in the Thompson region.[272] A -few were found on the coast in the Fraser Delta,[273] but while they are -to be seen in collections from living Indians and recent graves they -were not found among antiquities elsewhere on the coast of British -Columbia and Washington.[274] It seems noteworthy that while the shells -are plentiful on the coast where they are used by the modern people they -could only have been obtained in the Thompson River region and the -Yakima Valley by barter. In the north, they were imported until recently -through the Chilcotin country from the region north of Vancouver -Island.[275] In the Yakima Valley, however, they were probably brought -in by a more southern route and from places further south on the coast. -My impression is that the Fraser Valley was not used as a route for the -importation. - - [269] Smith, (c), Fig. 379. - - [270] Spinden, p. 181, Plate IX, Fig. 15. - - [271] _Ibid._, p. 220. - - [272] Smith, (c), pp. 425 and 427, (d), pp. 134 and 153. - - [273] Smith, (a), p. 180. - - [274] Smith, (b), pp. 319 and 387. - - [275] Smith, (c), p. 408. - - -_Pendants._ Somewhat circular objects which might possibly be considered -as beads are shown in Figs. 77 to 80 and are considered as pendants -perforated near the centre. The first is a slightly asymmetrical disk, -made of slate, which was found in grave No. 1 in a rock-slide of the -Yakima Ridge. It is perforated at the centre with a large hole and at -each end with a small hole. These perforations taper from each end and -were apparently drilled. On each side there are four conoid pits about -equi-distant from each other and the end holes arranged to form an oval -about parallel with the edge of the object. On the reverse, there are -only two of these pits, one on each side. The disk is 3 mm. thick. - -[Illustration: Fig. 77 (202-8152). Drilled and Perforated Disk made of -Slate. From grave No. 1 in a rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. Nat. size.] - -Fig. 78 illustrates a thin square of copper with rounded corners, a -thong of skin and a copper bead, found in grave No. 34 (5) of an infant -in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek below Ellensburg. The -hole in the centre of this little pendant has been punched. The presence -of glass beads and iron in the same grave suggests that possibly this -copper pendant was made of factory-rolled metal. - -[Illustration: Fig. 78 (202-8238). Pendant made of Copper, Thong and -Copper Bead. From grave No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the -mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. Nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 79. Button made of Shell with Attached Bead made of -Metal. From an Indian at Ellensburg. Nat. size. (Drawn from photograph -44506, 6-7. Original in the collection of Mr. McCandless.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 80 (202-8227). Perforated Disk made of Bone. From -grave No. 31 (2) of a child in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry -Creek, below Ellensburg. Nat. size.] - -The object shown in Fig. 79 is a sort of button made of shell attached -to which is a metal bead. It was secured from an Indian at Ellensburg -and is in the collection of Mr. McCandless.[276] The edge of the shell -disk is rounded. There are two perforations through the disk, one a -short distance from the centre. The other is in the centre, into which -the metal bead is welded. The hole in the bead is parallel to the -surface of the shell disk but does not go through the bead. - - [276] Museum negative no. 44506, 6-7. - -Fig. 80 illustrates a disk of bone about 1 mm. thick found in grave No. -31 (2) of a child in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek below -Ellensburg. The edge is rounded, the perforation has straight sides and -is slightly worn at the ends. This, together with certain faint parallel -grooves running diagonally across the grain of the bone suggests that -the object may be a portion of a factory-made button. - -[Illustration: Fig. 81. Pendants made of Slate. From McNeals Island near -the mouth of Yakima River. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44503, -6-4. Original catalogue No. 45 in the collection of Mr. Janeck).] - -Pendants perforated at the end or edge are shown in Figs. 81 to 94, -arranged according to material, as stone, copper, brass, iron and shell. -Fig. 81a illustrates a pendant made of slate which was found with five -others in a grave on McNeals Island near the mouth of the Yakima River -by Mr. Janeck. It is 52 mm. long, 3 mm. thick by 24 mm. wide. The upper -end is narrower than the lower and perforated closer to the end of the -object than to the side edges. The perforation tapers from each side and -shows striations caused by drilling. The lower end of the pendant is -somewhat thicker than the upper end.[277] The pendant shown next in the -figure bears the same catalogue number in Mr. Janeck's collection and -was one of the same lot of six specimens. It is 70 mm. long by 19 mm. -wide and 3 mm. thick, is made of slate and similar to the other five -specimens except that it bears six notches spaced about equi-distant -from each other on one edge, and that the perforation is irregular, -apparently having been broken through rather than drilled. The edges of -this pendant are rather flat and the lower end is bevelled off somewhat -from each side like a celt. This pendant may have been made to represent -the tooth of an animal.[278] - - [277] It is No. 45 in the collection of Mr. Janeck and Museum - negative no. 44503, 6-4. - - [278] Museum negative no. 44503, 6-4. - -A pendant made of steatite and bearing an incised design in which part -of the lines and holes are colored with red paint (mercury) is shown in -Fig. 119. This was found on the manubrium of an adult skeleton supposed -to be that of a man, in a grave covered with rocks on a low ridge about -two and a half miles south of Fort Simcoe. The object is not necessarily -recent because the coloring matter being mineral may have lasted a long -time. In outline, it is of the form of a tall truncated pyramid. It is -only about 6 mm. thick and its edges are rounded or somewhat sharp. -Across the base of the side shown in Fig. 119a extends a ridge which on -the opposite side of the specimen is raised for only a short distance on -the left. The Agency physician is of the opinion that the grave was very -old and that steatite does not occur near by but that the material must -have been brought from Puget Sound. As the character of the art more -closely resembles that of the Thompson River region where steatite is -frequently found, at least in the form of artifacts, it would seem that -the material more likely came from there, if indeed it was not from a -nearer source, perhaps in this very valley. The specimen is in the -collection of Mrs. Lynch. - -Fig. 82 illustrates a long pendant made of copper found about one foot -deep among the rocks over grave 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near -the mouth of Cherry Creek below Ellensburg. The perforation at the top -is punched, which together with the fact that glass beads and a piece of -iron were also found in this grave, suggests that the copper is -factory-rolled. The edges are rounded and thinned, possibly by -disintegration, to almost a cutting edge. The thong by which it was -suspended is of skin and attached by being passed through the -perforation and looped through a slit in the tip of the thong. Two -somewhat similar pendants, (202-8235a, b) made of copper, were found -near the legs in this same grave. The first is narrow at the top which -is slightly concave in outline, and the perforation is punched. The -sides are nearly straight. The lower end is about three times as wide as -the top and is deeply concave in the middle and convex in outline from -this concavity to the side edges. In each of the concavities is a notch. -These suggest that they are worn out perforations from which other -pendants may have been suspended. The second pendant is of almost the -same size and shape as that shown in Fig. 82. It has a somewhat fluted -lower end but this characteristic may be partly the result of worn and -decomposed perforations or merely of decomposition. The perforation at -the top was punched and still retains a fragment of a leather thong. A -small triangular pendant only 18 mm. in length, made of copper, -(202-8251) was found inside the skull of a child in grave No. 37 (8) in -a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek. It is perforated near the -most acute angle and also through the base. The perforations seem to -have been punched and the corners have been rounded, possibly by -decomposition. Fig. 83 shows a thin disk-shaped pendant made of copper -from the same grave as the one shown in Fig. 82. The perforation near -the upper edge is also punched. A fragment of copper (202-8185) was -found in the northwestern part of cremation circle No. 17 (12) on the -terrace northwest of the mouth of the Naches River. This may be a -fragment of a copper ornament. It, and the specimen found in circle No. -15 constitute the only finds of copper which were made in cremation -circles. In its decomposed state it does not look like factory-rolled -copper and may be native. The other fragment (202-8181) found in -cremation circle No. 15 (10) at the same place may be factory-rolled -copper. In the Nez Perce area to the east, small pieces of copper were -attached to the dresses of women.[279] - - [279] Spinden, p. 220. - -[Illustration: Fig. 82 (202-8246). Pendant made of Copper. From about -one foot deep among the rocks over grave No. 34 (5) of an infant in a -rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. -size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 83 (202-8239). Pendant made of Copper. From grave -No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, -below Ellensburg. Nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 84 (202-8245). Pendant made of Brass and Bead made -of Copper. From about one foot deep among the rocks over grave No. 34 -(5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below -Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. size.] - -The pendant shown in Fig. 84, also found near the one shown in Fig. 82 -was made of brass. There are two perforations near the upper edge, the -larger one of which is not circular, and a perforation tapering more -from the concave side than from the other as well as a notch at the -lower edge. The peculiarities of these perforations suggest that they -were gouged out. The object is slightly concavo-convex. A skin thong is -attached to the larger perforation at the upper edge by looping as in -the case of the pendant shown in Fig. 82. On this is strung a -cylindrical copper bead. - -Fig. 85 illustrates a pendant made of iron found in grave No. 35 (6) of -a youth in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below -Ellensburg. The next figure represents one of thirteen cone-shaped -bangles or pendants also made of iron, found in the same grave. These -were made by bending a thin sheet of the metal into the conical form. - -[Illustration: Fig. 85 (202-8249a). Pendant made of Iron. From grave No. -35 (6) of a youth in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below -Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 86 (202-8248a). Pendant made of Iron. From grave No. -35 (6) of a youth in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below -Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 87 (202-8393). Pendant or Bead made of an Olivella -Shell. From grave No. 39 (1) of a child in a rock-slide near the head of -Priest Rapids. Nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 88 (202-8388). Pendant made of (_Pectunculus_) -Shell. From grave of a child in a rock-slide west of Columbia River, -near the head of Priest Rapids. Nat. size.] - -The remaining pendants are all made of shell. The one shown in Fig. 87 -is a natural olivella shell with the top of the cone missing and found -in grave No. 39 (1) of a child in a rock-slide near the head of Priest -Rapids. A shell somewhat similar to this made into a bead was found in -the Nez Perce region.[280] The pendant shown in Fig. 88 was found in the -grave of a child in a rock-slide west of the Columbia River near the -head of Priest Rapids. It is made of a small marine clam shell -(_Pectunculus_), probably a young _Pectunculus gigantea_. The -perforation passes through the apex and has apparently been gouged from -the outside. The ribs on the convex surface of the shell have been -nearly effaced by grinding or polishing and the hinge also seems to have -been smoothed so that only slight scars mark the depths of the teeth. -This shell certainly came from the Pacific Coast either in its natural -condition or after having been made into this form. It is the only -object made of this kind of shell which I have seen in the whole -northwest. The pendant shown in Fig. 89 is made of iridescent shell -possibly unio but probably haliotis. If the latter, it must have come -from the Pacific Coast. It was found in the same grave. This grave -contained no objects of white man's manufacture or anything suggesting -that it was modern. A list of its contents will be found on p. 169. This -pendant is of the form of an isosceles triangle. It is perforated -through the more acute angle by a small hole which tapers as if drilled -from each side of the object. The edges of the pendant are rather sharp -in places and the lower one is concave in outline. This object may be -compared with the pendant made of bone, found at Lytton,[281] which was -considered to be a sap scraper.[282] - - [280] Spinden, Plate IX, Fig. 14. - - [281] Smith, (d), Fig. 95. - - [282] Smith, (c), p. 441; (b), Fig. 109. - -The pendant shown in Fig. 90, from grave No. 37 (8) of a child in a -rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek below Ellensburg, is made of -haliotis shell which must have come from the coast and is rectangular in -outline with slightly worn or rounded corners. The perforation at the -top is larger at each end, while the one in the side is much larger on -the convex side and only slightly larger on the concave side than in the -middle. This perforation has been broken out. A somewhat similar pendant -but smaller and with only an end perforation (202-8256) was found -together with the shell pendant described on p. 98 near the lower jaw in -the same grave. A larger pendant of this general rectangular form, with -worn or rounded corners, perforated near the middle of one end, and with -a second perforation lower down (202-8254) was found with this. One -perforation is larger at one side of the object, the other at the other -side. Three somewhat similar pendants or fragments of such pendants, one -with the perforation broken out, another with a single perforation and -still another with a double perforation like the one just described -(202-8183) except two dentalium shells were the only shell ornaments -found in cremation circle No. 17 (12) on the flat northwest of the mouth -of the Naches River. These were in the northeastern part of the circle. -In the northern and northwestern parts of cremation circle No. 15 (10) -on this same flat were found a number of such pendants and fragments of -pendants which have only one perforation so far as can be identified. - -A much decomposed and fragmentary piece of shell, apparently of claw -shape with a perforation at the base, several other pieces of similar -shape and two triangular pieces of shell (202-8180-82) all of which were -apparently burned, were found in cremation circle No. 14 (9) at the same -place. A fragment of a shell ornament (202-8189) was also found in -cremation circle No. 21 (16) at this place. - -The pendant shown in Fig. 91 is nearly of disk form and made of haliotis -shell. It is perforated at the more convex edge and was found with one -very much like it in grave No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near -the mouth of Cherry Creek. One was near the head and the other near the -pelvis. Another specimen and a fragment of still another (202-8257a, b) -and several other small fragments of decomposed shell (202-8258) were -found near the lower jaw in grave No. 37 (8) in a rock-slide near the -mouth of Cherry Creek. - -[Illustration: Fig. 89 (202-8386). Pendant made of Iridescent Shell. -From the grave of a child in a rock-slide west of Columbia River near -the head of Priest Rapids. Nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 90 (202-8255). Pendant made of (_Haliotis_) Shell. -From grave No. 37 (8) of a child in a rock-slide near the mouth of -Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. Nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 91 (202-8234b). Pendant made of (_Haliotis_) Shell. -From grave No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the mouth of -Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. Nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 92 (202-8252). Pendant or Nose Ornament, made of -(_Haliotis_) Shell. From grave No. 37 (8) of a child in a rock-slide -near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. size.] - -The pendant or nose ornament shown in Fig. 92 is made of shell which in -its much decomposed condition appears to be haliotis. This object was -found on the lower jaw of a very much decomposed skeleton of a child in -the same grave. The fact that a piece of copper, apparently -factory-rolled, (202 8251) was found inside the broken skull suggests -that this grave was modern. The object is nearly circular in outline, -although slightly wider than high. The sides have disintegrated or were -rounded off, to a rather sharp edge. There were apparently three -perforations near the upper edge of the object, and it is broken so that -it is impossible to see whether they were perforations for suspension or -were made merely as a means of cutting out a portion of the shell in -such a way that it could be clasped on to the septum of the nose. -Portions of this specimen and several other shell objects, found in the -same grave were of a peculiar pink color. - -[Illustration: Fig. 93 (202-8171). Pendant made of Shell. From near neck -at south side of adult skeleton in grave No. 12 (7) covered with pebbles -in bluff on north side of Naches River about twelve miles above its -mouth. Nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 94 (202-8170). Pendant made of Oyster Shell. From -near neck at south side of adult skeleton in grave No. 12 (7) covered -with pebbles in bluff on north side of Naches River about twelve miles -above its mouth. Nat. size.] - -The shell shown in Fig. 93 was found near the neck at the south side of -an adult skeleton in grave No. 12 (7) covered with pebbles in the bluff -on the north side of the Naches River about 12 miles above its mouth. It -has two perforations and what appears to have been a third perforation -now broken out. A somewhat similar circular shell pendant which appears -to have been made from the shell of the oyster was found with this and -is shown in Fig. 94. One of these pendants was at the south shoulder, -the other at the south side of the skull. A piece of wood in this grave -suggests that it may not be an old one and that these disks may have -been obtained from traders. The grave was apparently unique. The lower -part of the inner decoration on each side of the face shown in Fig. 121 -probably represents a shell pendant for the ear or hair. Disks of -haliotis shells were used as ear pendants in the Nez Perce region to the -east.[283] - - [283] Spinden, p. 220. - - -_Bracelets._ Bracelets are shown in Figs. 95 and 96. The one shown in -Fig. 95 represents four of about the same size, all made of copper and -from the arm of the skeleton found in grave No. 34 (5) of an infant in a -rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek. The presence of glass beads -in this grave suggests that the bracelets may be of drawn copper. They -are not made of wire but seem to be rolled out of rather thick sheet -copper. The edges of the fold are somewhat irregular but I do not -consider that this proves the material to be native copper. The bracelet -shown in Fig. 96 is one of three made of iron found in grave No. 31 (2) -of a child in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek. The use of -armlets of skin decorated with shells or quills is suggested by the -incisions on the arms of the costumed human figure made of antler shown -in Fig. 121. In the Nez Perce region to the east arm and leg bands were -worn[284] while in the Thompson area dentalium shells were sometimes -fastened parallel to each other on arm bands. - - [284] Spinden, p. 219. - -[Illustration: Fig. 95 (202-8236b). Bracelet made of Copper. From arm of -skeleton No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the mouth of -Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 96 (202-8226). Bracelet made of Iron. From grave No. -31 (2) of a child in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below -Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. size.] - - -_A Costumed Human Figure._ A costumed human figure made of antler[285] -is shown in Fig. 121. It was found in grave No. 25[286] in a dome of -volcanic ash near Tampico. There was nothing to indicate that the grave -was recent and so this gives an idea of the costume, but possibly merely -of ceremonial costume as formerly worn in this region. It apparently -shows a feather headdress like that of the present Indians of the region -and as far east as the Dakotas; the hair dressed and ornamented with -dentalium shells, the arms, body, legs and feet apparently bare and -ornamented with ceremonial paintings and about the waist a fringed -apron. The general style of the costume indicated is unlike that of the -northwest coast but resembles that of the plateaus to the south and the -Plains to the east. Above the face is a zigzag line which may represent -tattooing, painting or a head-ring. Spinden says that tattooing was not -practised in the Nez Perce region to the east[287] but Teit reports it -as practised in the Thompson River region[288] where he supposed that -when applied to the wrists the custom was derived from the coast -tribes.[289] Head-rings among the Thompson River Indians were decorated -with dentalium shells.[290] In the Nez Perce region[291] the face and -body were painted, red and yellow being much used for this purpose. In -the Thompson River area[292] the face and body were painted with several -shades of red, head-bands being painted across the brows. - - [285] Cf. p. 127. - - [286] See Plate X. - - [287] Spinden, p. 222. - - [288] Teit (a), pp. 228 and 321. - - [289] See Report of the British Association for the Advancement of - Science, 1890 p. 590. - - [290] Teit, (a), 351. - - [291] Spinden, p. 222. - - [292] _Ibid._, pp. 228 and 268. - -The zigzag is a common form of decoration of the head-bands among the -Sioux. Above the zigzag arranged in a semi-circular row, are certain -oblong forms which indicate feathers. The middle form, however, is -marked with a circle. Both above and below this row are three incised -lines forming an ark. Based on the outer one of these incisions are -isosceles triangles slightly in relief. If these triangles represent the -feathers of the headdress, they are certainly in the correct position. -Between them are incised arks forming hachure parallel to the arks -previously mentioned. Two of these extend above the tips of the -triangles. Beyond this, much of the object is missing, but to the right -may be seen a surface similar to the areas interpreted later on as hair -ornaments. Further evidence of the use of such a headdress is offered by -the red and white pictographs and by the petroglyphs of this region, -samples of which are shown in Plates XI, XIV-XVI. - -On each side of the face is what is apparently a hair ornament, perhaps -made of buckskin, which was attached to the rolled up braids or curls of -the front hair on each side of the head and hung down as in this -representation. The three horizontal bands of vertical lines apparently -represent dentalium shells although they may be intended for tubular -copper or bone beads, while the oval figure at the bottom of each of -these flaps probably represents a pendant of haliotis shell. Shell -ornaments in the Thompson River region were sometimes of similar -proportions and shape. Such hair ornaments were used until recently in -the Thompson River region to the north where they were of different -types and differed in the richness and style of their ornamentation. One -of the common styles was to cover the flap of buckskin thickly with rows -of the largest dentalia placed vertically side by side. Mr. James Teit -informs me that the outer portion of the figure, bearing five bands of -vertical lines, evidently represents part of the headdress and the -buckskin flaps such as were worn in the Thompson River region attached -to the sides of the head-bands. These were ornamented generally with -dentalia among the women and more commonly with designs embroidered with -quills or made with paint among the men. In the Nez Perce region[293] -ear pendants in the form of disks were made from haliotis shells and -strings of dentalia were hung from the ears or fastened to the braids of -hair and dentalia and small pieces of copper were attached to the -dresses of women. These vertical bands, however, may represent the lines -of attachment of additional hair by means of glue covered with lime in -which manner the hair is dressed by some Plains tribes. Below the nose -are faint suggestions of an ornament possibly similar to the shell -pendant shown in Fig. 92. - - [293] Spinden, p. 220. - -The two ridges, extending from near the chin to the shoulders, seem to -indicate collar bones. The body is thin and narrows downward. Paint or -tattooing, representing the ribs, or the ribs themselves, are indicated -by ridges. There are horizontal hachure on the body above the waist. The -arms are separated from the body by incisions made from both the front -and the back, and the outer edges of the object, being rounded off, are -like portions of a carving. A bracelet, band, or figure painted or -tattooed, on the apparently bare arm is indicated in the middle of each -by vertical hachure connecting pairs of parallel lines. The vertical -arrangement of lines of the horizontal band suggests that these were arm -bands, bearing vertically arranged copper or shell beads, if not -dentalium shells similar to those which are supposed to be represented -by the bands of vertical lines on the headdress on each side of the -face. Mr. Teit considers the bands around the elbows as representing -armlets of skin embroidered with dentalia or quills like those formerly -used in the Thompson River region, although the Indians there were in -the habit of painting their bodies in imitation of clothing. Head-bands -were painted across the brows, fringed kilts or aprons around the middle -and upper part of the legs and fringed short leggings along the lower -part of the legs. The fringes were represented as long. Imitations of -wristlets, armlets and anklets were also painted on the body. As before -mentioned, arm and leg bands were worn by the Nez Perce Indians[294] and -as indicated by the previously described specimens, bracelets were worn -in the Yakima area. At the wrist is a slight horizontal incision, where -the hand expands somewhat sidewise. The fingers and thumb are separated -by four vertical incisions. Below these and extending across the body -are four horizontal lines, the space between the two in the middle being -slightly wider than the other two spaces. These lines seem to indicate -the upper edge of an apron which is covered by vertical hachure. - - [294] Spinden, p. 219. - -The legs begin at the bottom of the apron from which they are set off by -two horizontal incisions. The apron at the outline of the object -projects slightly beyond them. On each leg are five incised isosceles -triangles,--three at the top and two at the bottom, with their long -points extending towards the knees. At each side of the lower triangles -is one line which seems to represent a continuation of the designs -around the legs. On each triangle are horizontal hachure. On both knees -are faint traces of two concentric incisions, forming figures with -rounded corners and bulging sides. Between these are radiating hachure. -Close inside is a concentric incised line and there may be seen two -parallel lines, nearly horizontal, above the right knee and one below -it, and one above the left knee. The triangles may be considered as -pointing from these concentric designs rather than towards them, and in -that case the lines, suggesting the continuation of the design around -the leg, appear at the top instead of the bottom. It does not seem -probable that these triangles represent part of a circular design -radiating from the knees, the sides of which are folded around the legs, -but rather that the two series of triangles extend horizontally. The -incisions on the legs probably represent painting or tattooing, since -the designs seem to be horizontal and to extend all around the legs, -while on leggings the patterns are usually vertical and on a flap at the -outer side of the leg, the knee being disregarded. Catlin[295] figures -paintings on the arms and legs of the Mandan similar to the patterns on -this carving. The custom is not rare, especially in connection with -elaborate ceremonial costumes such as are no doubt represented by this -figure. The vertical incisions on the feet probably represent the toes, -or designs painted or tattooed on the feet. These lines argue against -any idea that the feet are encased in moccasins, unless bead or quill -work on, or improbable wrinkles in, the moccasins are indicated by them. -Porcupine quills, embroidery, beadwork and painting on moccasins were -used in the general plateau region of which this is a part.[296] - - [295] Catlin, Plates V and VI. - - [296] Lewis, p. 190. - -Lewis suggests[297] that the tribes depending largely on the hunt, would -be better supplied with skins for clothing than those subsisting -generally on fish, and that in most of the plateau region, the scanty -vegetation makes clothing from plant materials difficult, if not -practically out of the question. In this connection, it will be -remembered that this carving of antler which gives us our general -archaeological information regarding ancient costume, comes from the -higher or hunting region of the valley. It will also be remembered that -sage brush and other plant materials were used for clothing in the -Thompson River region to the north, where the vegetation is nearly as -scanty as in the Yakima Valley. - - [297] Lewis, p. 189. - -Perhaps some suggestion as to the sex of the individual which this -figure was intended to represent may be gleaned from the fact that in -the Nez Perce region the costume of the men differed greatly from that -of the women. The former wore moccasins, leggings, breech clout, shirt, -blanket, and also the war-bonnet, while the latter wore moccasins, a -long loose gown and a fez-shaped cap made of basketry, also occasionally -leggings and less decoration on their costume than on that of the men. -The ornamentation consisted of fringes, bead and quill work, shells, elk -teeth, beads, and copper.[298] The men's clothing was decorated with -fringes, and some with beads, porcupine quills and paint. Considering -this figure from these facts it would seem that it was clearly intended -to represent a man. - - [298] Spinden, p. 216. - -Some feathers of the flicker (202-8243) were found in grave No. 34 (3) -in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek. One of them had bound to -its tip a little piece of fabric, another a bit of fur. These may have -been part of a costume or ceremonial paraphernalia. - -Of the different articles of clothing worn by the Nez Perce, Lewis -says,[299] "These are formed of various skins and are in all respects -like those particularly described of the Shoshones." Along the Columbia, -the similarity was not so complete,[300] but as far down as the Upper -Chinook many articles described as similar to those of the Shoshone were -found.[301] All these, however, they declared were, obtained by trade -from other tribes and from those who sometimes visit the Missouri.[302] -According to Lewis,[303] the clothing and equipment of the Shoshone -living on Lemhi and Salmon Rivers in Idaho were much the same as the -Plains type, and it is quite probable that they had formerly lived -farther east. There are two certain indications that this extensive -introduction of eastern clothing took place about the time of Lewis and -Clark's visit. When they went down the Columbia in 1805, they found the -women wore quite a different dress, consisting merely of a breech clout -of buckskin with occasionally the addition of a small robe of skin.[304] -This is exactly the same dress as was worn by the Chinook women above -the mouth of the Willamette.[305] When these explorers returned up the -Columbia the following year they found the Indians particularly the -women, much better dressed, and in the eastern or Shoshone style.[306] A -few years later, Cox[307] mentioned the older type of dress as found -only among a few miserable tribes along the Columbia, above the mouth of -the Yakima.[308] - - [299] Lewis and Clark, V, p. 30. - - [300] _Ibid._, III, p. 125, IV, p. 317. - - [301] _Ibid._, IV, pp. 239, 284, 289. - - [302] _Ibid._, IV, 303. - - [303] Lewis, p. 188. - - [304] Lewis and Clark, III, pp. 125-137, and 143. - - [305] Lewis, p. 189. - - [306] Lewis and Clark, IV, pp. 322 and 337. - - [307] Cox, p. 229. - - [308] Lewis, pp. 188-189. - - -_Deformation._ All of the skulls secured in this area by our party -showed antero-posterior deformation, although not so extreme as is found -in the Lower Columbia region. Accompanying this in many cases was a -concave depression in the anterior parietal region. The flattening of -the head was practised to a limited extent by tribes living along the -Columbia River above the Chinook, but limited, according to Lewis, -almost entirely to the women, and gradually died out towards the -east.[309] - - [309] Lewis, p. 150; Lewis and Clark, III, pp. 125 and 137; IV, p. - 324; Hale. p. 213; Whitman, pp. 91 and 95 (1891). - - - - -GAMES, AMUSEMENTS AND NARCOTICS. - - -_Games._ Dice made of beaver teeth or woodchuck teeth, such as were -found in the Thompson River region,[310] but which were not found in the -shell heaps of the Lower Fraser, or in fact, in any of those of the -coast of Washington or British Columbia, were absent among our finds in -this region although a beaver tooth was seen in the cremation rectangle -No. 21 (16) near the mouth of the Naches River. - - [310] Smith, (d), Fig. 100; (c), p. 428. - -A number of small tubes, made of bone which may have been used in -gambling, were found here. Four of them, about 42 mm. long and 9 mm. in -diameter, with the ends ground squarely across, but with the edges -somewhat rounded possibly by wear, were found in the east northeastern -part of the bottom of grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide on the north side -of the Naches River about half a mile above its mouth. Fig. 97 shows one -of two other bone tubes of similar size and shape, the ends ground -somewhat more perfectly flat, which were found in grave No. 1, in the -rock-slide on the north side of the Yakima Ridge to the southeast of the -Yakima River. Another bone tube from this same grave (Fig. 98) is 43 mm. -long and 12 mm. in diameter, and the ends are ground off flat. This -bears nine about equi-distant incised lines, which run around it in such -a way that the lower end of each line is on the opposite side of the -bone from its upper end. It is charred. Such bone tubes were found at -Lytton,[311] in pouches in the graves, in other parts of the Thompson -River region[312] to the north and in the shell heaps of the Lower -Fraser River[313] to the west. In the Nez Perce region dice and gaming -pieces were commonly made of bone.[314] Cylindrical sections of the long -bone of the deer were used in gambling,[315] and whistles were made of -the long bones of the sand hill crane.[316] - - [311] Smith, (d), p. 154. - - [312] Teit, (a), p. 275. - - [313] Smith, (a), p. 180. - - [314] Spinden, p. 189. - - [315] Spinden, p. 254. - - [316] Spinden, p. 189. - -[Illustration: Fig. 97 (202-8150). Bone Tube. From grave No. 1, in a -rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. 1/2 nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 98 (202-8151). Bone Tube, bearing Incised Lines, -Charred. From grave No. 1 in a rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. 1/2 nat. -size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 99 (202-8166). Perforated Cylinder made of Steatite. -From near centre of grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide near the mouth of -Naches River. 1/2 nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 100. Tubular Pipe made of Steatite. From Yakima -Indians. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44506, 6-7. Original -Catalogue No. 215 in the collection of Mr. McCandless.)] - -The perforated cylinder shown in Fig. 99, made of serpentine is 44 mm. -long and 8 mm. in diameter, rounded at the edges and was found in about -the centre of grave No. 10 (5). There are five small pits about -equi-distant from each other around this cylinder near the top, and four -near the bottom. There are two transverse incised lines just below the -five pits, and there is an incision about 12 mm. above the bottom of the -specimen, below which the diameter is perhaps half a mm. greater than at -the top. Near the middle of the object it is pierced by a hole which -tapers from each end. While this object also may have been used in -gambling, it seems possible that it may be an amulet. - - -_Narcotics._ Pipes of seven distinct types were found in this region; a -tube, a simple bowl, a disk with both bowl and stem made in the -periphery, an elbow form, a modern inlaid pipe similar to the typical -form of the catlinite pipe of the Plains, a tomahawk-pipe in stone, and -a pipe carved in the art of the North Pacific coast. - -[Illustration: Fig. 101. Tubular Pipe made of Green Stone with Stem. -From Lemhi River, Idaho. (Reproduced from p. 342, Vol. II, Lewis and -Clark. Bowl about 2-1/2 inches long.)] - -A tubular pipe made of steatite is shown in Fig. 100. It was collected -by Mr. Frank N. McCandless from the Yakima Indians. Mr. McCandless -says the stone differs from that found at the head of Wenatchee Lake, -which is sometimes used for pipes in this region. This pipe is No. 215 -in his collection deposited in the Ferry Museum in the City Hall at -Tacoma. It is 51 mm. long and the bowl has been broken off irregularly, -about half of it apparently having been broken away. The bowl flares -rather more abruptly than is the case in the pipes usually found either -in this region or that of the Thompson River. In this respect it -resembles the tubular pipes made of steatite, found on the coast of -British Columbia.[317] In outline, it is nearly straight, while most -pipes of this type have bowls convexly curved in a form characteristic -of the type found in the interior of British Columbia and of Washington. -The bowl has been gouged out. There is a ridge or ring around the pipe -where the bowl meets the stem. Oblique incisions slanting downward from -left to right, at an angle of about 45 deg., mark this ridge, making it -suggest a twisted cord. The end of the stem is similarly marked. These -lines are again mentioned under art on p. 125. The stem expands from the -ridge to the end. The outline of the stem is rather straight or slightly -concave, while most pipes of this type have more slender or nearly -cylindrical stems. The interior of the stem was apparently formed by -whittling. The pipe is stained by tobacco which suggests that while it -may be old, it has nevertheless been recently smoked.[318] In the Nez -Perce region to the east the earliest form of pipe, according to -Spinden, was doubtless the straight tubular type.[319] One of the pipes -figured by him has a flange for a mouthpiece similar to those found in -the Thompson River region, and this flange is perforated near one end. -This particular type of pipe is also found in Oregon.[320] A pipe of -this type, but which much more nearly resembles the typical form of -tubular pipe of this region, especially the shorter specimens, is -reproduced in Fig. 101 from Lewis and Clark.[321] This specimen which is -made of green stone and has a stem, was seen among the Shoshone Indians -at the headwaters of the Lemhi River, Idaho, by Lewis, August -thirteenth, 1805. It marks the eastern limits of the occurrence of this -type of pipe, so far as I am aware at present, the short forms having -been found at Fulford Harbor, North Saanich, Sidney[322] and Port -Hammond,[323] on the southern coast of British Columbia, Damon[324] on -the coast of Washington, Lytton[325] in the interior of British -Columbia, Umatilla[326] and Blalock Island,[327] near Umatilla, both in -the interior of Washington. In the Journal for Tuesday, August 13, 1805, -Lewis refers to this pipe, as follows:--"the chief then lit his pipe at -the fire kindled in this little magic circle ... pointed the stem to the -four cardinal points of the heavens first beginning at the East and -ending with the North. He now presented the pipe to me, as if desirous -that I should smoke, but when I reached my hand to receive it, he drew -it back and repeated the same c[e]remony three times, after which he -pointed the stem first to the heavens then to the center of the magic -circle smoked himself with three whifs and held the pipe until I took as -many as I thought proper; he then held it to each of the white persons -and then gave it to be consumed by his warriors. This pipe was made of a -dense semi-transparent green stone very highly polished about 2-1/2 -inches long and of an oval figure, the bowl being in the same direction -with the stem. A small piece of birned clay is placed in the bottom of -the bowl to seperate the tobacco from the end of the stem and is of an -irregularly rounded figure not fitting the tube perfectly close in order -that the smoke may pass. This is the form of the pipe. Their tobacco is -of the same kind of that used by the Minnetares Mandans and Ricares of -the Missouri. The Shoshonees do not cultivate this plant, but obtain it -from the Rocky mountain Indians and some of the bands of their own -nation who live further south."[328] - - [317] Smith, (a), Figs. 48 and 55; (b), Fig. 139. - - [318] Museum negative no. 44506, 6-7. - - [319] Spinden, p. 188, Figs. 4 and 5, Plate IX. - - [320] Moorehead, Fig. 457, p. 316, Figs. 9, 17, 22 and 25. - - [321] Lewis and Clark, II, p. 342. - - [322] Smith, (b), Fig. 139. - - [323] Smith, (a), Fig. 48. - - [324] Smith, (b), Fig. 139. - - [325] Smith, (h), p. 34. - - [326] _Ibid._, Fig. 7. - - [327] _Ibid._, p. 36. - - [328] Lewis and Clark. II, p. 341. - -Mr. James Teit informs me that a flange like the end of a spool at the -mouth of the stem of a tubular pipe, makes it of a type which seems to -him peculiarly characteristic of the Thompson River region. In some -cases this peculiarity is carried over into the stems of pipes of the -modern or elbow type, which have wooden stems, as is shown in Fig. 102. -Mr. Teit has never seen or heard of tubular pipes from the Thompson -River region with holes through the flanges. It seems possible that the -hole in such specimens as one from Umatilla, Oregon,[329] may have been -made for the attachment of ornaments or symbolic material such as -feathers or for a cleaner. Ornaments were sometimes attached to pipes of -the elbow type in the Thompson River region. This was done by tying in -a hole bored through the hatchet-shaped piece underneath the shank close -to the elbow. Pipes of the simple bowl type often had an extension at -the foot of the bowl, sometimes perforated, to which ornaments could be -attached. On the other hand, the hole may have been to facilitate -attaching the pipe to its wooden stem. The pipes that have been -perforated through the flange,[330] however, seem to have too small a -bore for a wooden stem; yet, a pipe of this type with a wooden stem has -been shown in Fig. 101. One reason given Mr. Teit by the Indians for the -making of the flange or other thickening at the mouth of the pipe stem -was to prevent the string used in attaching the pipe to the wooden stem -slipping off. According to all of them, wooden stems were always used -with tubular pipes as with elbow and simple bowl pipes; for a person -cannot smoke any kind of stone pipe more than a few draws before it -becomes too hot for the lips. To Mr. Teit's mind, no matter how small -the bore of the pipe, a regular stem must have been used for smoking. - - [329] Smith, (h), Fig. 7a. - - [330] Smith, (h), Fig. 4. - -[Illustration: Fig. 102. Pipe made of Steatite used by the Thompson -River Indians at Spences Bridge in 1895. About 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn -from a sketch by Mr. James Teit.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 103. Form of the Flange-Shaped Mouth of the Bowl of -some Thompson River Indian Pipes. About 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a -sketch by Mr. James Teit.)] - -Some tubular pipes are said to have had a flange around the mouth of the -bowl, similar to that on elbow pipes as in Fig. 103; but this flange -meets the body of the bowl with an even curve. Mr. Teit does not -distinctly remember having seen such flanged tubular pipe bowls among -the Thompson River Indians who gave him this information, but he saw one -specimen at least, of the elbow type with flanged bowl. He further -states that to his knowledge there is only one part of the country where -the semi-transparent green steatite is obtained; that is, on the west -side of the Fraser River, over twenty miles north of Lytton, which as -is well known is at the mouth of the Thompson River. This stone, when -polished and used, takes on a much darker hue than its original color. -The fire may be seen through the stone of the pipes when smoked in the -dark. The bluish gray steatite is the most commonly employed and it -turns black when polished and used. The Thompson River Indians can -usually tell from what part of the country the stone comes of which any -particular pipe is made. - -The tubular form of pipe is remembered by the old Indians to have been -in use in the Thompson River region, although not so common as the -simple pipe bowls and elbow pipes, and one was seen in use in eastern -Washington as late as 1896.[331] On the other hand, no simple pipe bowls -known to be such, or elbow pipes have been seen among archaeological -finds. The bowl and elbow pipes are affiliated with forms found farther -east. This fact suggests that the tubular pipe was supplanted recently -by bowl and elbow forms brought in from the southeast, or at least from -the east. The westward movement of tribes due to the encroachment of our -settlements may have brought them, or some of them, and they may be -patterned after pipes seen in the hands of fur traders and their Indian -employees. The tubular pipe made of steatite, shown in Fig. 104, was -purchased from Mr. W. Z. York of Old Yakima (Old Town), who secured it -from Shaw-wa-way, an Indian known as "Young Chief Aleck," who lives on a -ranch three miles south of Old Yakima. This Indian is known to have -frequently visited the Okanogon region and it is possible that he -secured the pipe, decorated as it is, or got the idea for this -particular sort of decoration from that region. This is suggested by the -fact that this particular kind of decoration is common, especially on -more recent ornaments, in the Thompson River region, the people of which -in turn frequently visited the Okanogon country. The bowl of the pipe is -cut squarely across at the end where the outer edge has been rounded. It -is of the typical shape of this form of pipes, and has been hollowed out -by gouging contra-screw-wise. It meets the stem abruptly and the latter -is slightly larger than the base of the bowl, so that it seems to be -separated from it. The stem is very short and cylindrical and the end is -cut squarely off; but it is bevelled on each side so that about one -third of the end is left and the bevelled surfaces extend over half the -length of the stem. This beveling may have been to form the mouthpiece; -but it seems more likely that the pipe had a long stem similar to those -found in the Thompson River region.[332] This seems to have been broken -off obliquely near the bowl, then cut squarely across, and the other -side bevelled to give bilateral symmetry because one of these bevelled -surfaces appears as if it had been broken and then only slightly -smoothed; both of these surfaces and the square end of the stem seem to -have been more recently cut than the rest of the pipe. These three -surfaces seem less polished and as if they were made with a steel knife. -The bore of the stem measures 5 mm. in diameter. A portion of the bowl -is decorated by incised lines into which red paint has been daubed, -suggesting that it was recently applied; while the design itself, which -is further described on p. 131 under the section of art, is of figures -which suggest that it was made lately. Possibly the pipe is old, but was -recently broken and decorated with the incised design and paint. - - [331] Teit, (a), p. 300. - - [332] Smith, (d), Figs. 103, 104 and 111; (c), Figs. 37 1a, b. - -The fragment of a sculptured tubular pipe made of steatite shown in Fig. -105 is apparently about half of the original object. It was found in an -Indian grave about a quarter of a mile from the bank of the Yakima River -at a point about nine miles above its mouth, in August 1902, by Mr. W. -F. Sonderman of Kennewick. Mr. Sonderman's collection from the immediate -vicinity contained glass beads, a metallic handle and buttons, as well -as chipped points. As the contents of the three graves from which he -obtained this collection, during the construction of an irrigation canal -were mixed, it seems that this pipe may belong to the same period as -that of the glass beads and other objects of European manufacture and -consequently may be modern, although it may be an old specimen, -deposited in a modern grave. The general form of the pipe was thought to -be that of a cone. The portion towards the front of the carving, -however, is somewhat longer than that towards the rear, and the back is -nearly flat, although this may be caused simply by the carving. The bore -is somewhat smaller at the mouth of the bowl than lower down. It was -apparently gouged out. Some traces of dirt, perhaps the remains of the -material smoked in the pipe may be seen towards its larger opening. The -carving, which represents a human form, is further described under the -section of art on p. 135. As the tubular form of pipe seems to be common -to this region, as well as to the Thompson River region, further north, -it would seem that this specimen may be a variation from the type or -merely one of these pipes made by an artist. It may be that such -sculptured forms of this type of pipe may not be found in the Thompson -River region, and that the carving of tubular pipes in this way may be -characteristic of the Yakima region, although the style of art suggests -that found in the Thompson River region and more especially in the -Lillooet Valley. - -[Illustration: Fig. 104 (202-8122). Tubular Pipe made of Steatite. From -an Indian living three miles south of Old Yakima. 1/2 nat. size. -(Collected by Mr. York.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 105 (202-8120). Fragment of a Sculptured Tubular -Pipe made of Steatite. From near Kennewick. 1/2 nat. size. (Collected by -Mr. W. F. Sonderman.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 106 (202-8396). Pipe made of Limestone. From near -the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size. (Collected and presented by -Mrs. J. B. Davidson.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 107 (20.0 1470). Pipe made of Sandstone. From the -Snake River Indians. 1/2 nat. size. (Collected and presented by Mr. -Owen.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 108. Pipe made of Blue Stone. From the Yakima -Valley, 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 41503, 6-4. Original in -the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 109. Pipe made of Stone. From the Yakima Valley. 1/2 -nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44503, 6-4. Original catalogue No. 155 -in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -Only one specimen of the second or simple bowl type was seen by us in -the whole region. It is shown in Fig. 106, and was found near the head -of Priest Rapids by a boy from whom Mrs. J. B. Davidson obtained it for -her collection. She afterwards presented it to our expedition. It is -made of schistose rock, apparently limestone, of gray color with lighter -veins. The object is oval in section, slightly longer than it is wide, -and a little wider than it is thick being 32 mm. long, 29 mm. wide, and -15 mm. thick. If slightly flatter, this pipe would resemble in shape the -third type. The inside of the bowl which was apparently gouged out, is -13 mm. in diameter; while the opening for the stem seems to have been -drilled. This opening is 7 mm. in diameter. The rim of the bowl is -flattened, and this flat surface resembles that of the part of a -hammerstone used for pecking. This style of pipe somewhat resembles some -of the pipes used by the Thompson River Indians of the present day and -together with elbow pipes, supplemented the tubular pipe in that region. -This suggests them to be more modern than the tubular pipes in this -region where also they are not as numerous. The type is not found among -the archaeological remains in the Thompson region, but Mr. Teit sent -one simple bowl pipe to the Museum from a very old grave at Spuzzum -besides two from the Thompson Indians.[333] The absence of this form of -pipe among archaeological specimens from the areas to the north and west -suggests that the culture of this region is somewhat more closely -related to that further east than are the cultures of the areas further -north and west. The pipe is ornamented with a circle and dot design -again mentioned under the section of art on p. 131.[334] - - [333] Teit, (a), Figs. 275 and 276. - - [334] Museum negative no. 44505, 6-6. - -Specimens of the third or disk-shaped type are shown in Figs. 107, 108 -and 109. The first, made of sandstone, is from the Snake River Indians, -was a part of Mr. D. W. Owen's collection, and was presented by him to -our expedition. It is nearly of the form of a disk but has slightly -bulging sides, 52 mm. long, 49 mm. wide, and 19 mm. thick. The mouth of -the bowl is 13 mm. in diameter; while the opening for the stem, at right -angles to it, is 9 mm. in diameter. The convex appearance of the sides -or ends of the disk is due to the beveling of these surfaces near their -edges. On each of these sides is an incised design. These are again -mentioned under the section of art on p. 125. The second specimen, shown -in Fig. 108, is oval in outline with slightly convex sides. The object -is made of blue stone and was found in the Yakima Valley. It is about 52 -mm. long, 41 mm. wide, and 19 mm. thick. Parallel scratches on the -surface suggest that it was brought into shape by grinding with a piece -of sandstone, although these marks may be interpreted as those made with -a file. The opening in the bowl tapers evenly towards its base, from one -of the longer edges of the discoid; while the somewhat longer drilling -for the stem from one of the shorter edges of the disk, at right angles -to the bore of the bowl, is of nearly the same diameter throughout. The -specimen is in the collection of Mr. Louis O. Janeck of North -Yakima.[335] The third specimen of this type which is shown in Fig. 109 -is No. 155 in the collection of Mr. Janeck, and was also found in the -Yakima Valley. It is made of stone resembling quartzite in appearance -and is of a waxy, yellowish brown color. It is nearly circular in -outline, almost flat on the rim, and the sides are somewhat convex. It -is 45 mm. long by 40 mm. wide and 19 mm. thick. The bore of the bowl is -16 mm. in diameter at the mouth, and is somewhat larger than that of the -stem, which is 10 mm. in diameter at its end, and at right angles to the -bowl. Each bore tapers from its outer opening to the point of juncture. -In the Nez Perce region to the east near Asotin city, this disk-shaped -type of pipe is found.[336] Mr. Fay Cooper Cole of the Field Museum of -Natural History believes the Tlingit have a variation of this type of -pipe and that it is also found in California. Its occurrence in Oregon -is mentioned by Moorehead.[337] - - [335] Museum negative no. 41503, 6-4. - - [336] Spinden, p. 189, Fig. 6, Plate IX. - - [337] Moorehead, Fig. 27, p. 316. - -The fourth or rectangular bowl type is shown in Figs. 110, 111 and 112. -The first shows the axis of the bowl and that of the stein, at nearly, -if not exactly, a right angle. The specimen is in the collection of Mr. -York, and is made of soft grit or sandstone. The outer opening of the -bowl is somewhat larger than that of the stem. There was a band around -the bowl, made up of a single thickness of thread which is not shown in -the figure. - -[Illustration: Fig. 110. Pipe made of Soft Sandstone. Locality Unknown. -1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mr. -York.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 111. Pipe made of Steatite. Locality Unknown. 1/2 -nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mr. -York.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 112. Pipe made of Soft Sandstone. Locality Unknown. -1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mr. -York.)] - -The second of these specimens, shown in Fig. 111, is a simple elbow pipe -with the angle between the axis of the bowl and the stem, slightly -greater than 90 degrees. It is also in the collection of Mr. York and is -made of steatite, which he calls Wenatchee pipe stone. The outer opening -of the bowl is slightly larger than that of the stem. The third -specimen, shown in Fig. 112, is also of the simple elbow type and the -axis of the bowl is nearly at right angles to that of the stem. It is in -the collection of Mr. York, and is made of soft grit or sandstone of a -yellowish gray color. In the Thompson River region to the north, -according to Mr. Teit, there seems to be little doubt but that the -tubular pipe has been supplanted by the simple bowl and elbow -types.[338] This change may have been brought about by the copying of -the early trader's pipes but Mr. Teit believes it more likely to have -come from influence from the southeast, passed from tribe to tribe about -the same time as the advent of the horse or a little later. The Thompson -River Indians tell him that the tubular pipe continued to be the one in -common use as long as native tobacco only was used, but after the -introduction of manufactured tobacco the elbow type came to be -exclusively used because very much better adapted for holding the -latter kind of tobacco. In the Nez Perce region to the east, pipes with -rectangular bowls were found.[339] One of these bowls has an incised -design representing a tomahawk, which with the character of other -incisions on it suggest that it is modern. Only two finds of elbow pipes -have been reported on the coast. These,[340] which were of fragments, -were said by Mr. Edmond Croft to have been found by him in a shell heap -near Markham on Grey's Harbor, Washington. They are made of fine-grained -sandstone of a gray color. Both were apparently intended to be used with -a wooden stem and one of them has a ventral mid-rib from the mouth of -the stem nearly to the base of the bowl which reminds one somewhat of a -similar appendage on the pipe from the Yakima Valley shown in Fig. 113 -and one from the Thompson Indians.[341] My supposition has been that -they reached the coast recently from this general region possibly by way -of the Columbia or were taken there by employees of the fur companies in -early historic times. - - [338] Teit, (a), Figs. 271 and 306. - - [339] Spinden, p. 188, Figs. 7 and 8, Plate IX. - - [340] Smith, (b). Fig. 140. - - [341] Teit. (a), Fig. 306. - -The fifth type is illustrated by the specimen shown in Fig. 128. It is -the only specimen of this type which I have seen from the region. It is -now in the collection of Mrs. Jay Lynch at Fort Simcoe who obtained it -from Chief Moses. It is made of black steatite which Mrs. Lynch calls -Wenatchee pipe stone, inlaid with white metal and has a wooden stem. It -is comparatively modern as is shown by the presence of inlaid white -metal. The mouth of the bowl is 18 mm. in diameter, but tapers suddenly, -the rest of the bowl cavity being nearly cylindrical. The opening for -the wooden stem is 11 mm. in diameter, and also tapers suddenly to a -nearly even bore. It is of the same form as many of the pipes made of -red pipe stone (catlinite). This form of pipe is found throughout the -Minnesota-Dakota region. This specimen, however, bears four carvings, -which together with the inlaid white metal design are further mentioned -under the section of art on pp. 118 and 135. It would seem that this -type of pipe belongs to the region further east, and as no ancient pipe -of this form has been found in this whole region, as well as from the -fact that this specimen marks the most westerly occurrence of this form, -so far as we know, we may conclude that it was introduced from the east -in comparatively modern times. The type of carving, however, may be of -more local origin. The bringing together of several animal forms may be -associated with the idea of the totem poles found to the west; but no -more so than the wooden pipe stems of the Plains which the general -character of the carving more closely resembles.[342] In this -connection, it may be well to remember that in the Nez Perce region, -catlinite for pipes seems to have been acquired from the Plains -tribes.[343] A pipe made from stone found in the Cascade Mountains of -Washington, is in the collection of Mr. C. G. Ridout, of Chelan, -Washington, who states that it has a representation of a bear and a man -on the shaft back of the bowl. - - [342] Museum negative no. 44508, 6-9, 6-10, 6-11. - - [343] Spinden, p. 188. - -A specimen of the sixth type is shown in Fig. 113. It is the only one of -this style which I have seen in the whole region, and was obtained from -a Yakima Indian. It is in the collection of Mr. McCandless. It is made -of steatite, which Mr. McCandless calls "sandstone from the northern -part of Wenatchee Lake." The form of the pipe seems to be a -conventionalized tomahawk pipe. The bowl is circular in section and -somewhat urn-shaped and rests upon the part that is drilled for the stem -and which is rather square in cross section with slightly convex sides. -Projecting from the lower part of this is the form which represents the -tomahawk blade. It is wider at its convex edges than where it joins the -base of the stem part. Its three edges are flat, and it is of about -equal thickness throughout. The pipe is somewhat stained by tobacco. It -seems likely that this was modelled after the metal hatchet, tomahawk or -tomahawk pipe, introduced by the traders,[344] being a rather modern -pipe, since such objects do not seem to have been used in early times in -the great plateau region according to Lewis.[345] - - [344] Museum negative no. 44506, 6-7. - - [345] Lewis, p. 190. - -[Illustration: Fig. 113. Pipe made of Steatite. From a Yakima Indian. -1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44506, 6-7. Original in the -collection of Mr. McCandless.)] - -The seventh type is illustrated in Fig. 127. The specimen is the only -one of the style which I have seen from this whole region and so closely -resembles in its carving the work of the Kwakiutl, Haida and Tsimshian -Indians of the coast to the northwest, that I am inclined to believe it -was brought in as a gift or by trade. The material is apparently soft -slate, but is rather light in color, possibly having been burned. Its -appearance suggests that it is the same as that used by the Haida -Indians on the Queen Charlotte Islands, for the carving of such things -as dishes, miniature totem poles, and pipes. The pipe is made up of -carvings representing among other things a bird, a human form and a -human face, which are more fully described under the section of art on -p. 136. This specimen was found two feet deep in earth at one side of a -grave in a little hillside on Toppenish Creek, four miles southeast of -Fort Simcoe. Above the earth were rocks, and the grave was marked by a -circle of stones. In the grave were found elk teeth, and a sea shell, -filled with a blue powder, evidently paint, and covered with what -appears to be gut or a bladder-like skin. What is described as a silver -coin, afterwards lost, was found with this pipe. It is possible that it -may have been a silver disk or medal. The bowl of the pipe, which was -gouged out, is in the middle of the carving, and the tube for the -reception of the stem projects from the end under the human form. The -upper part of the human figure is broken off. A hole was drilled in the -opposite end of the pipe through the lower part of the bird form, but if -it had any connection with the bowl, this is not now discernible.[346] -The specimen shown in Fig. 59 and considered as a mat presser reminds -one of an unfinished pipe. - - [346] Museum negative no. 44509, 6-9, 6-10, 6-11. - - - - -ART. - - -The graphic and plastic art of the early people of this region is -illustrated by pictographic line paintings in red and white on the -basaltic columns of the cliffs;[347] petroglyphs of the same general -style pecked into similar cliffs; incised designs on stone, bone, antler -and dentalium shells, and carvings both incised and pecked in stone. -Some of the objects found are colored by red ochre or have it rubbed -into the lines of their incised designs. Examples of graphic art seem to -be more common than those of plastic art. - - [347] A few of which were figured and described in Smith, (g), pp. - 195-203, and abstracted in The Scientific American Supplement, pp. - 23876-8, Vol. LVIII, No. 1490, July 23, 1904, and in Records of the - Past, pp. 119-127, Vol. IV, Part IV, April, 1905. - -The paintings and pecked designs on cliffs are more or less geometric -although pictographic in character. The incised designs are still more -geometric and include the circle and dot commonly found in the Thompson -River region.[348] This design is also common on modern objects from the -coast of British Columbia and Washington, but was not there present -among archaeological finds. Lewis[349] states that according to the -early writers, in the general area of which this is a part, porcupine -quills were much used for decorating articles of clothing and that -later, beads were used for this purpose. The modern designs are largely -floral. Among the Nez Perce, floral and plant designs in beadwork are -particularly common although some geometric designs occur, as on belts, -the decoration of which is largely geometric, as squares, triangles and -similar figures.[350] Lewis[351] believes that the designs of the -general region were originally geometric and that some of the modern -geometric designs are survivals, while others suggest eastern influence. -He further states that floral designs are found among the Salish tribes -but to a much less extent. We found no floral designs among the -archaeological specimens in the Yakima area. Some of the incised work, -on certain of the carvings is of good technique, and artistic execution. -This is noticeable in the object made of antler, carved on one surface -to represent a human figure in costume, shown in Fig. 121 and on the -dish shown in Fig. 116. Inlaying with white metal was practised in -comparatively modern times. Animal heads are represented by the -specialization of knobs on pestles, an animal form by a mortar and human -forms by some of the pictographs, and petroglyphs, the incised antler -figure and several of the pipes. - - [348] Smith, (c), Figs. 360b and 378; (d), Figs. 109, 110 and 111. - - [349] Lewis, p. 191. - - [350] Spinden, p. 236. - - [351] Lewis, p. 191. - -Many of the representations are realistic, others are highly -conventional. Some conventional representations are explained by similar -figures. For instance, the radiating lines of the pictographs shown in -Plate XVI are probably explained satisfactorily by similar figures in -Plate XI, Fig. 2, such radiations on the costumed figure in antler shown -in Fig. 121 or by the feather headdresses worn by the present natives. -Spinden states that in the Nez Perce region, realistic figures are -probably of recent origin.[352] One of the carvings is clearly of the -art of the northwest coast, from which the object or the artist who -executed it must have come. Some of the pictographic-geometric and -conventional figures probably represent guardian spirits and illustrate -dreams done in symbols. A few art forms are evenly spaced on objects but -only a few are distorted to fit the shape of the field. Pictographic -symbols and conventional figures may be placed in groups to form designs -as in the arrangement of the circles and dots on the pipe shown in Fig. -106. - - [352] Spinden, p. 236. - -In general, the art of the region tends toward line work of geometric -and a slightly pictographic nature. It shows little resemblance to that -of the coast, but a strong relationship to that of the Plains. The -decorative art of the Nez Perce region includes motives from the Plains -and also from the Pacific Coast.[353] Some of their designs partake -strongly of motives from the Plains, while here in the Yakima Valley -there are perhaps more examples of coast art and still much influence -from the Plains. Spinden says that in early times the Nez Perce were -very poor in decorative ideas and that the richness and variety found in -their modern art may be ascribed to the absorbing of ideas from other -cultures. This is perhaps equally true of the Yakima region where the -influence of coast art in proportion to that from the Plains is perhaps -greater than in the Nez Perce region. - - [353] Spinden, p. 233. - - -_Paintings._ Pictographic line paintings somewhat geometric in -character, made on the basaltic columns on the west of the mouth of -Cowiche Creek, on the south side of the Naches River, about four miles -northwest from North Yakima, are shown in Plates XIV-XVI. These -pictures, some in red, and some in white, were probably painted with -mineral matter mixed with grease. Their antiquity is unknown. In the Nez -Perce region to the east,[354] pictographs in red, yellow and black -occur, while in the Thompson River area[355] and in the Lillooet -Valley,[356] pictographs in red are found. Some of the Yakima -pictographs have been destroyed during the construction of the -irrigation flume which runs along the top of this cliff. Others are -partly covered by the talus slope. All those remaining, are here -represented by those reproduced in the plates. They extend from the top -of the talus slope upward a distance of perhaps five feet. Many of them -are indistinct, and appear more easily seen, if they are not actually -clearer, in the photographs here reproduced than in the originals. Many -of the paintings represent human heads and headdresses and one of them -the whole figure with such a headdress. These headdresses may be -compared to similar designs in the petroglyphs (Plate XI) at Sentinal -Bluffs, thirty-three miles to the northeast (Fig. 2, Plate XII and Fig. -1, Plate XIII) at Selah Canon, eight miles to the northeast and the -headdress pecked on the grooved net sinker shown in Fig. 14. Also, taken -together with the pictographs representing the full figure with similar -headdress shown in Fig. 1, Plate XIV, may be compared to the petroglyphs -of men each with a headdress among those at Sentinal Bluffs, the human -figure with a headdress carved in antler found near Tampico, only -fourteen miles to the southwest and shown in Fig. 121, petroglyphs which -apparently represent human forms somewhat similar to this, on Buffalo -Rock, in the Nez Perce region to the east[357] and the quill flattener -carved to represent a human form with headdress or hair from the Dakota -shown in Fig. 122. - - [354] Spinden, p. 232. - - [355] Teit, (a), p. 339 and 381. - - [356] Teit, (b), Pl. IX. - - [357] Spinden, Plate X, Fig. 5. - -The human figure with feather headdress indicated by ten lines shown in -Fig. 1, Plate XIV is all in red. It is the next to the westernmost -pictograph at this site. It is 457 mm. high, the ends of the legs are -279 mm. apart, the tip of the arms 254 mm., the width of the headdress -229 mm. and the height of the middle feather 101 mm. There are four -horizontal red lines on the overhanging column above the figure.[358] -Fig. 2, Plate XIV shows human heads with feather headdresses in -white.[359] Fig. 1, Plate XV shows similar human heads with feather -headdresses also in white.[360] Fig. 2, Plate xv shows human heads with -feather headdresses in white and a double star figure in white and -red.[361] Plate XVI[362] shows human heads with feather headdresses in -white and red. In addition, Fig. 2 shows the advertisement of a modern -business man over the pictographs. Some of the pictographs at the same -place have every alternate radiating line in red, while others are in -white. - - [358] Museum negative no. 44479, 4-4 taken from the east. First - reproduced in Smith, (g), Fig. 2, Plate VIII. - - [359] Museum negative no. 44483, 4-8 from the north. First - reproduced _Ibid._, Fig. 1, Plate VIII. - - [360] Museum negative no. 44485, 4-10 from the north. - - [361] Museum negative no. 44480, 4-5 from the north. - - [362] Museum negatives nos. 44486, 4-11, 44487 4-12 from the north. - -Mr. G. R. Shafer informed me that he knows of painted rocks in the Teton -River Valley, 20 miles above the Nelson Bridge, which crosses the Naches -a short distance above the mouth of Cowiche Creek. Mr. W. H. Wilcox of -North Yakima stated to me that there are pictures on rocks on the west -side of the Columbia River ten miles south of Wenatchee. Bancroft[363] -refers to painted and "carved" pictures on the perpendicular rocks -between Yakima and Pisquouse. According to Mallery, "Capt. Charles -Bendire, U. S. Army, states in a letter that Col. Henry C. Merriam, U. -S. Army, discovered pictographs on a perpendicular cliff of granite at -the lower end of Lake Chelan, lat. 48 deg. N., near old Fort O'Kinakane, on -the upper Columbia River. The etchings appear to have been made at -widely different periods, and are evidently quite old. Those which -appeared the earliest were from twenty-five to thirty feet above the -present water level. Those appearing more recent are about ten feet -above water level. The figures are in black and red colors, representing -Indians with bows and arrows, elk, deer, bear, beaver, and fish. There -are four or five rows of these figures, and quite a number in each row. -The present native inhabitants know nothing whatever regarding the -history of these paintings."[364] Apparently only paintings are meant. - - [363] Bancroft, IV., p. 735; Lord, II, pp. 102 and 260; Gibbs, I, p. - 411. - - [364] Mallery, p. 26. - -Red ochre is rubbed in the circle and dot designs and the grain of the -stone of the pestle shown in Fig. 30 and also in the incised lines on -the pipe shown in Fig. 104. Red paint (mercury) partly fills some of the -holes and lines on the pendant made of steatite shown in Fig. 119. -Because of the mineral nature of this paint, it may have remained a long -time and its presence does not necessarily prove that the supposedly old -grave in which the object was found is recent. Red paint also fills the -circles and dots in the slate object shown in Fig. 120 while vermilion -paint is found in the grooves of the animal form shown in Fig. 125 and -as this is probably a mineral which would be rather enduring, it does -not indicate that the painting was recently done. - -Painting was done on moccasins in the general plateau area of which this -is a part.[365] Spinden states that in the Nez Perce region the natives -depended upon minerals for dyes, except in the cases of a wood, which -produced a brown dye, and rock slime which produced green[366] and that -white, red, blue and yellow earth paints were obtained by them further -east from the vicinity of the Grande Ronde Valley;[367] also, that rock -surfaces were painted over with brown as a field upon which to peck -petroglyphs.[368] In the same region moreover, white clay[369] was used -for cleaning clothing. - - [365] Lewis, p. 190. - - [366] Spinden, p. 191. - - [367] _Ibid._, p. 222. - - [368] _Ibid._, p. 231. - - [369] _Ibid._, p. 216. - - -_Petroglyphs._ The petroglyphs pecked into the weathered surface of the -basaltic columns found in this region, are similar in style to the -paintings, being largely line designs of geometric or conventional -representation together with a few realistic figures. The pictures are -formed by pecking away the weathered surface and exposing the lighter -color of the basalt below. Some of them may be very old, but the bruised -surfaces making up the lines are not weathered very much in comparison -with the surrounding rock surface and yet there is no history of their -manufacture. In the Nez Perce region[370] such pecked pictographs are -also found, some of them being upon fields painted brown. - - [370] Spinden, p. 232. - -In Plate XI are shown petroglyphs on the vertical basaltic columns on -the eastern side of the Columbia River at Sentinal Bluffs, immediately -above Priest Rapids. They are at the base of the cliffs shown in Plate -V. Those shown in Fig. 1 are to the east of the road which runs along a -notch blasted in the top of the columns that rise from the river at this -point, while those shown in Fig. 2 are about fifteen feet to the -southwest on the columns that rise shear from the river. - -Some of those shown in Fig. 1[371] represent human figures each with a -feather headdress which may be compared with that of the antler figure -found at Tampico (Fig. 121) and the pictographs of Cowiche Creek. This -place is only about 47 miles northeast from Tampico, and 33 miles in the -same direction from the mouth of Cowiche Creek. One of these is shown in -Fig. 2.[372] The long form in the centre has a headdress which taken -with its shape reminds us especially of the human form in antler from -Tampico. The general shape of the body and the row of dots on each side -edge suggest a resemblance to the quill flattener made of antler from -the Dakota shown in Fig. 122. On each side are human heads, each with a -similar feather headdress that might be interpreted as rising suns with -eyes and mouths. On the left are some similar figures without eyes and -mouths. Below, is a horizontal figure resembling five links of a chain. -There is also a goat which resembles the two pecked in a granite boulder -near Buffalo Rock in the Nez Perce area, eighteen miles above Lewiston -on the east bank of the Snake River.[373] The star at the bottom, the -rays of which end in dots, a small oval with radiating lines at the -left, and two connected ovals with radiating lines at the top, remind us -of the stars at Selah Canon, shown in Fig. 1, Plate XII, the petroglyphs -near Wallula Junction, shown in Fig. 2, Plate XIII, somewhat similar -figures on the large petroglyph at Nanaimo[374] and perhaps even more -than of the Nanaimo figures, those in the petroglyphs beyond Nanaimo at -Yellow Island, near Comox.[375] However, the two connected ovals with -the radiating lines may represent hands of a human figure with a -headdress having radiating feathers. All of these headdresses remind us -of the others at this place shown in Fig. 1, the rising suns at Selah -Canon next described, the pictographs at the mouth of Cowiche Creek, and -the incised human form in antler. - - [371] First reproduced. Smith, (g), Fig. 2, Plate IX; negative no. - 44534, 8-11, taken from the west. - - [372] _Ibid._, Fig. 1; Negative no. 44533, 8-10 as viewed from the - north. - - [373] Spinden, Fig. 4, Plate X. - - [374] Smith, (b), Plate XI. - - [375] _Ibid._, Fig. 115. - -In Plate XII and Fig. 1, Plate XIII are shown petroglyphs which appear -fresher and whiter or yellower than the naturally weathered reddish -basaltic columns into which they are pecked. They are on the north side -of Selah Canon about one and a half miles from the Yakima River at a -point about a mile north of Selah station or one half a mile south of -the intake of the Moxee Canal. It is about twenty-five miles west -southwest of Sentinal Bluffs, eight northeast from the mouth of Cowiche -Creek and twenty-two miles northeast from Tampico. They are more easily -made out from a distance than close by. - -The petroglyph shown in Fig. 1, Plate XII, is the most northeasterly of -the group. This seems to be made up of circles with a dot in the middle -and radiating lines, some of which end in dots. They remind us of some -of the same series of figures as the oval with radiating lines at Priest -Rapids.[376] - - [376] Museum negative no. 44463, 2-12 from the east and from a - greater distance, showing its relation to the next in negative - catalogue no. 44162, 2-11. - -The one shown in Fig. 2, is about eight feet to the southwest and a -little lower down. The upper part of the left figure and the two main -parts on the right, each consisting of a curve with short radiating -lines like a representation of the rising sun, may be compared with the -top of the petroglyph on the rocks a few feet to the southwest shown in -Fig. 1, Plate XIII, next described, and with some of those at Sentinal -Bluffs, shown in Plate XI; also, with the pictographs at the mouth of -Cowiche Creek.[377] - - [377] Represented in Museum, with the one shown in Fig. 1, by - negative no. 44462, 2-11 and from a nearer point as shown in this - figure in negative no. 44476, 4-1. - -The petroglyph shown in Fig. 1, Plate XIII, is a few feet southwest of -those shown in Plate XII, taken from the south. The segment with -radiating lines like the rising sun at the top reminds us of similar -figures among the other petroglyphs here just described, those at -Sentinal Bluffs and pictographs at the mouth of Cowiche Creek, but the -other lines are not interpreted and are not suggestive to us of other -figures in the neighborhood. A small figure, similar in that it consists -of two nearly vertical lines crossing each other and topped by a curved -line, shows very faintly above, a little to the right.[378] A design -similar to the part of some of these pictures interpreted as -representing a headdress was also found pecked in the surface of the -grooved net sinker shown in Fig. 14. - - [378] Museum negative no. 44477, 4-2, is also represented from a - greater distance in negative no. 44478, 4-3. - -The petroglyph shown in Fig. 2, Plate XIII, is pecked on the top of a -rock which projects about three feet from the surface of the ground near -mile post 209 between it and 210 above the Spokane branch of the O. R. & -N. on the south side of the Columbia River about four miles west of -Wallula Junction and is here illustrated as one twentieth of the natural -size, from a tracing made by Mr. J. P. Newell, of Portland, assistant -chief engineer on that road. We are indebted to Mr. W. E. Elliott of New -York City, formerly engineer with Mr. Newell for permission to copy this -tracing.[379] The top of the rock forms an east and west ridge. The -pecked grooves are all of about equal depth and there are no other -petroglyphs on the rock. The large figure at the left reminds us of the -dog-like figures with "spines" in the petroglyphs at Nanaimo,[380] on -Vancouver Island, especially as it has waved parallel lines, a fin or -"spine" and two concentric curves at the top similar in shape to the -lines indicating the back of the head and the mouth of the Nanaimo -figure. This is less suggestive of certain harpoon points that are -incised apparently to represent fish found in the main shell heap in the -Fraser Delta at Eburne[381] although Eburne is nearer than Nanaimo and -en route, and although these harpoon points have parallel lines, a -fin-like projection and two lines representative of the back of the head -or cheek and the mouth. The small circles some with lines radiating -from them, remind us of similar marks on the same large petroglyph at -Nanaimo and even more so of the petroglyphs beyond Nanaimo at Yellow -Island near Comox.[382] The large figure on the right reminds us of the -human form of the petroglyph at Nanaimo.[383] - - [379] Museum negative no. 45696. - - [380] Smith, (b), Fig. 117a and Plate XI. - - [381] Smith, (a), Fig. 52. - - [382] Smith, (b), Fig. 115. - - [383] _Ibid._, Fig. 117a. - -I am informed by Mr. Owen that there is a petroglyph on the north side -of the Columbia River below Kennewick and that it has been destroyed by -recent railroad construction; by Mr. W. H. Willcox of North Yakima that -there are petroglyphs or pictographs on the rocks ten miles south of -Wenatchee on the western side of the Columbia River; and by Prof. Mark -Harrington that it is said that there are "engravings" on the cliffs -overhanging Lake Chelan. Mallery[384] refers to etchings at the lower -end of Lake Chelan but his information seems to refer to painted figures -only (See p. 120). The late Prof. Israel C. Russell informed me that -there are etchings close to the river on both sides in the Snake Canon -at Buffalo Rock in the extreme southeast corner of the state of -Washington.[385] - - [384] Mallery, p. 26. - - [385] Cf. Spinden, Figs. 4 and 5, Plate X. - - -_Incised Designs._ Among the designs incised on stone, attention may be -called to the top of the pestle made of steatite shown in Fig. 35, which -bears two parallel longitudinal incisions and notches, ten on the left -and eleven on the right of each side edge of the obverse. There are -fifteen fine incisions running obliquely down from the notches on the -left to the first longitudinal incision. They begin at the eighth notch -from the bottom and extend to the lower notch. On the reverse are three -longitudinal incisions apparently more recently made, and eleven notches -on each side edge. This incised knob is said by the Indians to represent -the head of a snake. On the reverse of the steatite object, possibly a -mat-presser, shown in Fig. 59a, is an incised pictographic sketch which -unfortunately, with the exception of the nine short lines above, was -re-scratched by its owner. It is reproduced in Fig. 59b. The first -figure beginning at the left possibly represents a tree. The middle -figure has not been identified but it is clear that the one on the right -represents a human being. On the left of the groove in the object are -incised two hands pointing towards the left. These also were re-cut and -are not reproduced in Fig. 59. The incision in the edge of the top of -the club shown in Fig. 62 and the incisions at right angles to this were -probably intended for decorative purposes. There is an incised design on -the rounded surface of the saddle-shaped hollow of the club shown in -Fig. 64. This design is made of transverse notches above and a zigzag -line below. The upper part of the right edge of this knob is flat with -two incisions across it. Incised lines arranged parallel to each other -in rows may be seen on the handle and knob of the club shown in Fig. 68. -There are thirteen of these lines on either edge of the knob. The other -incisions are arranged in four vertical rows on the handle. The lines on -the top of the shell pendant shown in Fig. 88 may be merely the depths -of the teeth rather than incisions artificially made, but in this case -they may have been considered as decorative and the shell may even have -been chosen because of these lines. There are nine incised lines on the -bone tube shown in Fig. 98. These run around it in a spiral direction in -such a way that the lower end of each line is on the opposite side from -the upper end. - -The three transverse incisions on the top of the steatite specimen shown -in Fig. 99 may be for decorative purposes or merely as tallies as also -the five small drilled pits arranged about equi-distant from each other -around the top and the four similarly arranged near the bottom. - -[Illustration: Fig. 114 _a_ (202-8159). Incised Design on a Fragment of -a Wooden Bow. From grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide near the mouth of -Naches River. 1/2 nat. size. _b_ Section of Fragment of Bow shown in -_a_.] - -The oblique incised lines on the edge of the mouthpiece and on the ridge -about the middle of the pipe shown in Fig. 100, which slant outward from -left to right at an angle of about 45 deg. and make the ridge at least -suggest a twisted cord, were no doubt made for decorative purposes. -Pictographic scratches may be seen on the disk-shaped stone pipe, shown -in Fig. 107. Those on the reverse are shown in Fig. 115. A simple -geometric incised line decoration on wood may be seen on a fragment of a -bow shown in Fig. 111. It will be remembered that parallel irregularly -arranged cuneiform incisions decorated a fragment of a bow found in the -Thompson River region.[386] The incised design on the stone dish -previously mentioned on p. 38 and shown in Fig. 116 consists of two -horizontal incisions running around the upper part of the dish a little -below its middle and a zigzag line made up of twenty-five V-shaped marks -which fills the space between the flat rim of this dish and the upper -horizontal line. - - [386] Smith, (c), p. 411. - -[Illustration: Fig. 115. Incised Design on Bowl of Pipe shown in Fig. -107. 1/2 nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 116. Incised Design on Stone Dish. From Priest -Rapids. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44537, 9-3. Original in -the collection of Mrs. Hinman.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 117 (202-8193). Incised Designs on Dentalium Shells. -From under the skeleton in grave No. 25 of a child in a stone cyst in -dome of volcanic ash near Tampico. Nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 118 (202-8178). Incised Designs on Dentalium Shells. -From among broken and charred human bones of about twelve individuals in -cremation circle No. 15 (10) on terrace northwest of the junction of the -Naches and Yakima Rivers.] - -Incised designs on dentalium shells are shown in Figs. 117 and 118. The -first four were found under the skeleton in grave No. 25. This skeleton -was of a child and was surrounded by a stone cyst buried in a dome of -volcanic ash near Tampico, as shown in Plate X. This lot contained two -shells ornamented with designs of the type shown in _a_, but in the one -not figured the diamond points met and formed a checker pattern. There -were four of the type shown in _b_, one of the type shown in _c_, and -two like the type shown in _d_. The specimens shown in Fig. 118 were -found among broken and charred human bones of about twelve individuals -in cremation circle No. 15 (10) on the terrace northwest of the mouth of -the Naches River. While there was only one specimen of the type shown in -_a_, there were two of the type shown in _b_, and one like the four -represented by Fig. 117b. Another cremation circle containing incised -dentalium shells is known as No. 18 (13) and was located on the same -terrace. The specimens are mere fragments, one of them, from the tip of -the shell, bears a design similar to that shown in Fig. 117b, the other -bears a simple incised spiral, the space between one incision and -another being about equal to the width of the incision itself. The -character of both the technique and the motive of these designs -resembles that of those found on similar shells at Kamloops in the -Thompson River region[387] and in the Nez Perce area to the east.[388] -The design shown in Fig. 117a at least reminds us of paintings on the -parfleches found among the modern Sahaptin and Plains tribes. - - [387] Smith, (c), Fig. 369. - - [388] Spinden, p. 181 and Plate IX, Fig. 15. - -[Illustration: Fig. 119. Incised Pendant made of Steatite with Red Paint -(Mercury) in some of the Holes and Lines. From manubrium of adult male -skeleton in grave covered with rocks on a low ridge about two and a half -miles south of Fort Simcoe. Nat. size. (Original in the collection of -Mrs. Lynch.)] - -The incised design on the pendant made of steatite (p. 94, Fig. 119) -does not seem to differ greatly in technique or motive from other -incised designs found in this area and in the Thompson River region to -the north. While most of the lines and pits can be considered as forming -symmetrical or geometric designs, the central figure on the side shown -in Fig. 119b may be interpreted as a conventional representation of a -life form, namely, a fish. Red paint is rubbed into some of the lines -and pits. - -The human figure described under costume (p. 100, Fig. 121) is a -somewhat conventionalized realistic form indicated by incisions on one -surface of a piece of antler 2 to 5 mm. thick.[389] It was found in the -grave of an infant under the vertebrae, No. 25 in a dome of volcanic -ash. It is of good technique and artistic execution. The eyes are of the -shape of a parallelogram with rounded corners. These, with similarly -shaped figures on the headdress or inner hair-rolls, and on the hands, -knees, and insteps, slightly resemble a motive common in the art of the -coast to the northwest. The crescent-shaped mouth and thick lips are -indicated by incised lines, while the cheeks are full, and the entire -head is somewhat set out in relief from the rest of the object. The -radiating figures above the head do not represent feathers in a -realistic way, but closely resemble the conventional paintings made by -the Dakota on buffalo robes. These paintings have been called sun -symbols, but are interpreted by the Dakota as the feathers of a -war-bonnet or other headdress. The fingers and thumb are set off from -the palm by two lines, which, with the mark at the wrist, make a figure -resembling the eye-form so common in Northwest coast art. The concentric -design on the knees is probably related to the wheel, sun, or spider-web -pattern common as a symbol on the shirts, blankets, and tents of some -Plains tribes. The feet jutting out at the sides are slightly wider than -the legs. The inside of the foot is straight with the inside of the leg, -while the outer part is curved. The two, taken together with the lower -portion of the legs, resemble a divided hoof. The divided hoof is a -common design among Plains tribes. - - [389] First described and figured, Smith, (g). See also abstract in - Scientific American Supplement pp. 23876-8, Vol. LVIII, No. 1490, - July 23, 1904 and in Records of the Past, l. c.; The Saturday - Evening Post, Sept. 10, 1904 and the Washington Magazine. - -There are only two specimens, of which I am aware, that resemble this. -One (T-22107, 177 II) consists of seven fragments of a thin piece of -antler found by Mrs. James Terry at Umatilla, Oregon, only about 83 -miles in a southerly direction from Tampico. The back of this specimen -is largely disintegrated, except on the two dog heads, and these being -only about 5 mm. thick suggest that the whole figure was thin. The -carving (Fig. 123) is in much greater relief than in the specimen from -Tampico, although some of the lines are merely incisions. The tongue -projects between, but not beyond, the lips. The cheeks are raised and -there is considerable character to the face. The nose is aquiline and -narrow, but the alae are indicated. The orbits are sunken and horizontal -oblong pits evidently indicate the eyes. The eyebrows are raised. Two -horizontal incisions extend across the brow. Below the chin, at the -left, are four incisions in a raised piece. This seems to represent a -hand held with the fingers to the neck. A similar hand was probably at -the right. A foot, with four toes in relief projecting above the brow as -high as do the eyebrows, rests immediately above the upper horizontal -incision and apparently indicates that some animal, possibly a bird, -stood upon the human head. The fragment, however, is not sufficiently -large to settle these points. Two of the other fragments are apparently -intended to represent the heads of dogs. The eyes are indicated by the -common circle and dot design; while the nostrils in one are represented -by drilled dots. The shape of the heads is brought out by the carving of -the edge of the object. The fragments are broken off at the neck, and -the lower side of each shows the finished surface of the back of the -object. The remaining fragments show little or nothing. The animal heads -and the feet and hands suggest the possibility that in some cases animal -forms were combined in such figures, as on the Northwest Coast, although -the general style of art of the object is like neither Haida nor -Kwakiutl work, but more like the carvings of Puget Sound and the lower -Columbia River. The fact that the carving of this face is more in relief -helps to explain the intent of the author of the Tampico specimen. - -The other specimen (50-3110 a, b, c) is a quill-flattener, made of -antler (Fig. 122). It was obtained by Dr. Clark Wissler from the Dakota -at Pine Ridge, South Dakota, who also made reference to other objects of -the same sort among the tribe. Porcupine quills were flattened on it -with the thumb nail until after it had been broken, when the lower or -pointed end had been used as a brush in applying color to form designs -on various articles made of buckskin. This end is stained a deep red and -the point is much worn. The object, in general, resembles in shape and -size the specimen from Tampico. Its sides are somewhat thinner and -sharper. The slight indications of hair or headdress, the deeply cut -eyes and mouth in the concave side, the holes or ears at the sides of -the head, and the method of indicating the arms by slits, setting them -off, from the body, are all details which emphasize this general -resemblance. The technical work is about as good as that of the Tampico -specimen, but the art work is inferior. One edge of the convex or outer -surface of the bone has twenty-five notches, and in each tooth left -between them, as well as above the top one, is a small drilled dot. Some -of the notches on the other side are broken away with the arm, which is -missing. On the same surface are twenty-six horizontal incisions, which -were interpreted as year counts. The general shape of the body and the -rows of dots are similar to those of the figure pecked on the cliff at -Sentinal Bluffs (Plate XI, Fig. 2). - -The Tampico specimen may have developed from a quill-flattener, which -implement was probably of common and characteristic use among Indian -mothers, not only of the Plains but also as far west as Tampico. If the -result of such a development, it had probably lost its domestic use and -become entirely symbolic. - -Mr. Teit has heard the Thompson Indians speak of figures carved by some -men in their spare time, and valued highly as curiosities and works of -art. They had no practical value, and were generally used as ornaments -inside the house. They were in wood, bark, stone and antler, more -generally in the last three, and usually represented the human figure. -Although the Indians aver that they were sometimes very elaborately and -truthfully carved, it is impossible to say, in the absence of a good -specimen from the Thompson Indians whether there was any resemblance in -style to that of this figure. The Thompson sometimes, placed such -figures on the tops of houses, but the great majority were shown inside -the houses. The Indian who made the one illustrated[390] told Mr. Teit -that he had seen some of larger size which had taken a carver's spare -time for many months. - - [390] Teit, (a), p. 376. Fig. 297. - -The headdress seems to be a so-called war-bonnet, and would indicate -that the figure was that of an important personage; perhaps a suggestion -of what had been hoped for the child's position in the tribe or after -death. The arms, body, legs, and feet are apparently bare and ornamented -with ceremonial paintings, while about the waist is an apron. The whole -object seems of a rather high order of art to be a mere child's doll, -and it would seem more plausible to consider it as an emblematical -figure. The general style of art and costume indicated show little or no -resemblance to those of the Northwest Coast, but a strong relationship -to those of the Plains. - -There are some incised lines on the pipe shown in Fig. 127. Those on the -pipe shown in Fig. 104 are described on p. 131. In the Nez Perce region, -according to Spinden, incised designs, some of them of a pictographic -character and probably modern are found on pipes, and designs of ladder -shape are found on a flat plummet-shaped bone object.[391] - - [391] Spinden, p. 188 and Plate VII, Fig. 31. - - -_Notches._ The notch in the base of the spatulate object made of bone -shown in Fig. 58 and the two notches in each side of the base may be for -practical purposes but were probably intended to be artistic, while the -six notches in the edge of the pendant made of slate shown in Fig. 81 -probably also have been intended for decoration or even to make the -object represent something although possibly the representation may be -rather conventional. - -In the Nez Perce region to the east,[392] a notched stone has been found -near Asotin and notches occur as decorations on objects found in the -Thompson River region to the north, but, of this type, they are rare if -not absent among archaeological finds on the coast to the west from Fort -Rupert on northern Vancouver Island to Tacoma. - - [392] _Ibid._, p. 183, Plate IX, Fig. 3. - - -_Circle and Dot Designs._ The circle and dot design is commonly found in -this region. It may be seen on the top of the pestle shown in Fig. 30. -There is one of these designs in the tip and eleven about equi-distant -in a row around the edge of the knob. In the Nez Perce region to the -east[393] the design is found on bone gambling pieces. Further east, -this design is also found. This motive may be seen around the top of the -bowl on a pipe (50-4867a, b) from the Gros Ventre Indians of Montana -collected by Dr. Clark Wissler, which, however, is considered to be -recent. To the west, it is not found among ancient things on the coast -but among recent objects it may be seen on certain bone gambling -cylinders and on beaver teeth used for dice. The design is common in the -Thompson River region[394] and the Lillooet Valley between there and the -coast.[395] It is perhaps even more frequently seen on the modern things -among the Thompson River Indians[396] who often visit the Okanogan -country. - - [393] Spinden, p. 252, Plate VII, Fig. 30. - - [394] Smith, (c), Fig. 378; (d), Fig. 109. - - [395] Teit, (b), Fig. 92. - - [396] Teit, (a), Figs. 118 and 210. - -The pipe shown in Fig. 104 was secured from an Indian who is known to -have frequently visited the Okanogan area so that if he did not bring -the pipe from there, he may at least have gotten the idea for this style -of decoration there. This suggests an explanation for the occurrence of -the circle and dot design on what are apparently older specimens from -the Yakima country. On the lower end of this specimen is a design made -up of a zigzag line based upon an incision running around where the stem -meets the bowl. The five triangles thus formed are nearly equilateral -and there is a circle and dot design in each. Other circles and dots are -arranged in seven equi-distant longitudinal pairs about the middle of -the bowl. In addition, parallel to these, and between two of the pairs, -there is a double-headed figure each end of which resembles the form of -a crude fleur-de-lis. All of the incisions on this pipe are colored with -red paint. The circle and dot design may be seen on the limestone pipe -shown in Fig. 106. There is one circle and dot on the tip of the base, -encircling this is a row of eight of them and outside of this still -another circle of nine. Around the opening for the stem is a circle made -up of eight, around the mouth of the bowl are ten and between the circle -around the bowl and the one around the stem are three of the circles and -dots. A typical circle and dot decoration is shown in Fig. 120 of what, -as stated on p. 65, may possibly have been used as a whetstone. The -object is made of slate and the top is broken off. It is 142 mm. long, -18 mm. wide and 6 mm. thick. The lower end and side edges are rounded. -On the reverse, the design is similar except that it is continued upward -by three circles and dots arranged in the same order as the uppermost -three on the obverse and that there are several slightly incised marks -on it, one of which, of X form, makes a tangent and a cord with the next -to the lower circle and dot. All the circles and dots are filled with -red paint. There are twelve incisions, possibly tally marks, on one side -edge near the point. The original is in the collection of Mr. -Janeck.[397] - - [397] Museum negative no. 44503, 6-4. - -The symmetrical arrangement of the perforations and the pits on both -sides of the object shown in Fig. 77 was no doubt due to artistic -motives. - - -_Pecked Grooves._ Some designs were made by pecking grooves in stone. -Part of these, those forming petroglyphs, have been mentioned on p. 121 -and are shown in Plates XI-XIII. The upper portion of the marking on the -grooved stone shown in Fig. 14 is made in this way. It may represent a -feather headdress, such as is mentioned on p. 119 and such as is so -common in the pictographs as well as in the petroglyphs. The design on -the lower part of the same object was formed in the same way and on the -obverse of the net sinker shown in Fig. 15 are pecked grooves forming -three concentric semi-circles on each side of the groove and nearly -parallel with the edges of the object. Taken together, they give the -suggestion of a spiral. There are three pecked grooves encircling the -stone mortar shown in Fig. 20 and two around the head of the pestle -shown in Fig. 25. On each side of the lower part of the pestle shown in -Fig. 31 is a longitudinal design made up of four parallel zigzag pecked -grooves. The two pecked grooves at right angles to each other on the -specimen shown in Fig. 60 while they are probably made for use may have -been interpreted as decorative or artistic. This may also be said of the -three pecked grooves at right angles to each other on the club-head -shown in Fig. 61, and it seems likely that the eight pecked pits made in -the middle of the spaces between these grooves and possibly even the two -pits at either pole of the object were intended to embellish it. Pecking -was also the process employed in forming the sculpture shown in Fig. -125. The four pyramidal or dome-shaped nipples on the top of the knob of -a pestle found at Five Mile Rapids mentioned on p. 45 were probably made -by pecking, followed by polishing and they may have served a ceremonial -as well as a decorative purpose. - -[Illustration: Fig. 120. Circle and Dot Design on Whetstone made of -Slate. From the Yakima Valley. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph -44503, 6-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 121 (202-8191). Costumed Human Figure made of -Antler. From grave No. 25 of a child in dome of volcanic ash near -Tampico. 1/2 nat. size.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 122 (50-3110a, b, c). Quill-flattener made of -Antler. From the Dakota at Pine Ridge, South Dakota. 1/4 nat. size. -(Collected by Dr. Clark Wissler.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 123 (T-22107, 11-177). Fragments of a Figure made of -Antler. From Umatilla, Oregon. 1/2 nat. size. (Collected by Mrs. James -Terry.)] - - -_Animal and Human Forms._ There are a number of sculptures that -apparently were intended to represent heads of animals, whole animals -and human forms. The top of the pestle shown in Fig. 31 is sculptured to -represent what is apparently an animal head. The top of the one shown in -Fig. 33 has three nipples one of which is longer than the others. This -sculpture also seems to represent an animal head, the ears being -indicated by the short nipples and the nose by the long one. The top of -the pestle shown in Fig. 34 apparently represents an animal head, the -mouth being indicated by the groove, each eye by a pit and there are -four incisions across the top or back of the head. A sculptured animal -head, with wide open mouth, pits for eyes, and projections for ears on -what may be a pestle top, has been found in the Nez Perce region to the -east[398] and pestles with heads are found in the Thompson River area -to the north.[399] The knob shown in Fig. 35 (p. 47) is interpreted as -representing a snake's head. The heart-shaped knob on the top of the -club shown in Fig. 68 resembles the form of an animal head and stands at -an angle of about 45 deg. to the axis of the club. Two of the incised -circles probably represent the eyes. The top of the handle of a digging -stick made of horn of the Rocky Mountain sheep, shown in Fig. 126 is -sculptured to represent an animal head. It was obtained from an Indian -woman living near Union Gap below Old Yakima. - - [398] Spinden, Plate IX, Fig. 19. - - [399] Smith, (c), Fig. 341a; Teit, (a), Fig. 295. - -[Illustration: Fig. 124. Fragment of a Sculpture with Hoof-like part. -From Pasco. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the -collection of Mr. Owen.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 125. Sculptured Animal Form made of Lava. From an -Indian who claimed to have found it in a grave on the Yakima Reservation -two miles below Union Gap below Old Yakima. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from -photographs 44452, 2-1, 44455, 2-4, and 44503, 6-4. Original catalogue -No. 36 in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] - -Fig. 124 illustrates a fragment of sculpture from Pasco. It is -hoof-shaped and is here reproduced from a sketch of the original in the -collection of Mr. Owen. The sculptured animal form made of lava shown in -Fig. 125 which was mentioned on p. 38, bears a mortar or dish in its -back. It is a good example of an art form which has been specialized so -that it may be used or at least so that the useful part is less -prominent than the animal figure. It has been sculptured by pecking. The -raised eyes are almond-shaped rather than elliptical, and the ears are -indicated by raised places on the transverse ridge at the top of the -head. The mid-rib or dewlap under the chin is about 6 mm. wide and of -the three transverse grooves in this, only the upper one is deep. The -tail is slightly under cut. The grooves are all more or less colored -with vermilion, apparently a mineral paint and consequently sufficiently -lasting so that we need not consider even the painting as necessarily -modern. The general form and especially the four elephantine legs remind -us of a somewhat similar animal form with a dish in its back found in a -shell heap in the delta of the Fraser River[400] and the animal form -with the dish in its back resembles slightly carvings found in the -Lillooet Valley[401] and the Thompson River region. - - [400] Smith, (a), Fig. 56. - - [401] Teit, (b), Fig. 97. - -The pipe made of steatite shown in Fig. 128[402] illustrates the modern -type of carving in soft, easily cut stone, as well as the style of white -metal inlaying employed here during recent years. In this case, the -inlaying is nearly bilaterally symmetrical as may be seen by comparing -Fig. 128a with the outlines in _c_ and _d_. The carving is not -symmetrical, the human form holding a fish-like form appearing on one -side only, while the rear figure evidently represents a turtle which -animal is found in the valley. The other two figures are not easily -identified but the forward one perhaps represents a dog, the white metal -inlay on it possibly representing a harness, but as likely was merely -for decoration. The figure on the base of the pipe might represent a -lizard or any quadruped with a long tail. This form and the way it is -represented as clinging to the cylindrical part of the pipe at least -remind us of similar forms seen on totem poles in the region from Puget -Sound to Victoria.[403] The technique is rather crude and the style of -art does not closely resemble that of the coast, but reminds us of -certain sculptures found on pipes and on the carved wooden stems of -pipes in the Plains where this particular shape of pipe is much more -common than here. - - [402] First figured on p. 283, Archaeology of the Yakima Valley by - Harlan I. Smith, Washington Magazine, June, 1906. - - [403] Cf. also Smith, (b), Fig. 185a. - -[Illustration: Fig. 126 (202-8121). Handle of Digging Stick made of Horn -of Rocky Mountain Sheep. From an Indian woman living near Union Gap -below Old Yakima. 1/4 nat. size.] - -In Fig. 105 is illustrated a fragment of a sculptured tubular pipe made -from steatite by cutting or scratching and drilling the soft material -rather than by pecking. It was apparently intended to represent an -anthropoid form. The mouth is indicated by an incision, the other -features of the head are more difficult to determine, but both the arm -and the leg stand out in high relief. As previously suggested on p. 111, -this style of art slightly resembles that found in the region from the -Lillooet Valley to the Lower Willamette and as far east at least as The -Dalles.[404] It is possible that some of the sculptures found in the -Thompson River region[405] adjoining the Lillooet Valley on the east and -the Yakima region on the north, may be somewhat related to the style of -art of this fragmentary pipe. The human form shown in Fig. 121 has been -discussed on p. 127 as it is incised rather than carved in the round. -Clark mentions a "malet of stone curiously carved,"[406] which he says -was used by the Indians near the mouth of the Snake River and Eells[407] -mentions two stone carvings from the general area of which this is a -part which he describes as horses' heads. If this interpretation be -correct, the carvings are evidently modern. The fish form shown in Fig. -119 has been mentioned on p. 127. - - [404] Teit, (b), Figs. 68 and 95-97; Smith, (d), Fig. 183 and - especially Figs. 195b and 198. - - [405] Smith, (d), Fig. 113; (b), Fig. 185a. - - [406] Lewis and Clark, III, p. 124. - - [407] Eells, p. 293. - -[Illustration: Fig. 127. Pipe made of Stone. From a hillside grave on -Toppenish Creek near Fort Simcoe. Collected by Mrs. Lynch. 1/2 nat. -size. (Now in the collection of Mr. George G. Heye, New York.)] - -The very form of the pestle shown in Fig. 34 and the symmetrical outline -of the club shown in Fig. 62 are in themselves somewhat artistic, while -the fact that the pipe shown in Fig. 113 somewhat represents a tomahawk -or hatchet suggests that it may have been sculptured as representative -art. It seems likely that it was modelled after the metal tomahawk pipe -introduced by the traders which of course would indicate that it was -recently made. - -[Illustration: Fig. 128. Sculptured and Inlaid Pipe made of Steatite -with Wooden Stem. From Chief Moses of the Yakima Region. 1/2 nat. size. -(Drawn from photograph 44508, 6-9, 6-10, 6-11. Original in the -collection of Mrs. Lynch.)] - - -_Coast Art._ The pipe shown in Fig. 127 which was mentioned on p. 116 is -clearly of the art of the northwest coast. It must have been brought to -this region from as far at least, as the Kwakiutl and Haida region, and -may be the work of an artist from that part of the coast, on Vancouver -Island, north of Comox. Although in a fragmentary condition, this -sculpture exhibits an excellent technique of its style of art. Astride -of the stem is a human figure with the left hand to the chest, and the -right one resting on the right knee. The head is missing, the chest -muscular. The other end of the pipe apparently represents the thunder -bird. The head and most of the figure are bilaterally symmetrical. The -beak is cut off in such a manner as to form a flat surface at the tip. -The feathers of the rear portion of the left wing extend in a different -direction from those on the tip, while those of the right wing are -parallel with those on the rear part of the left wing. The lower side or -tail of this bird figure is broken off, but it probably extended to the -broken place shown at the neck of the human face on the base of the -pipe. In it, may be seen a groove, the half of a longitudinal -perforation which does not connect with the pipe bowl. The carving on -the right side of the pipe bowl, the top of which is broken away, is -practically the same as that on the left, while the base is carved to -represent a human head. - - - - -METHOD OF BURIAL. - - -In ancient times, there were three principal methods of disposing of the -dead: in graves in domes of volcanic ash, in rock-slide graves, and in -cremation circles. In all of these they were covered with stones.[408] -Detailed descriptions of the graves explored by us, are given in the -appendix. There are also burials covered with pebbles, some of which may -be old; and recent graves (p. 20), where the bodies were apparently -buried at length with the feet to the east, and both head and foot -marked by a stake, the one at the head being the larger. Simple graves -in the level ground known to be old were not found. Gibbs saw bodies -wrapped in blankets and tied upright to tree trunks at some distance -above the ground near the mouth of the Okanogan River.[409] - - [408] Cf. also Yarrow, p. 178; Gibbs, (b), p. 201. - - [409] Gibbs, (a), p. 413. - - -_Burials in Domes of Volcanic Ash._ In this arid region are stretches of -country locally known as 'scab land,' on which are occasionally groups -of low dome-shaped knolls from about fifty to one hundred feet in -diameter, by three to six feet in height.[410] These knolls consist of -fine volcanic ash, and apparently have been left by the wind because -held in place by roots of sage brush and other vegetation. This ashy -material has been swept from the intervening surface leaving the 'scab -land' paved with fragments of basalt imbedded in a hard soil. The -prehistoric Indians of this region, have used many of these knolls, each -as a site for a single grave (Fig. 2, Plate IX).[411] These graves, -which are located in the tops of the knolls, are usually marked by large -river pebbles, or, in some cases, by fragments of basalt that appear as -a circular pavement projecting slightly above the surface of the soil. -None of them are known to be recent. On the other hand, there is no -positive evidence of their great antiquity. In these we sometimes find a -box or cyst. This box (Plate X) was formed of thin slabs of basaltic -rock some placed on edge and large flat slabs covering the cyst so -formed. Above this, as was usually the case, above the skeletons in this -kind of grave, the space was filled with irregular rocks or pebbles. The -rocks and cyst were entirely different from those of the cairns of the -coast of Washington and British Columbia.[412] The skeletons were found -flexed, on the side. In the graves, artifacts such as dentalium shells -were deposited at the time of burial. - - [410] See Museum negative nos. 44442, 1-3, and 44496, 5-9. - - [411] See Museum negative no. 44497, 5-10, taken from the north of - east. See also pp. 17 and 161. First mentioned in Smith, (g), VI. - - [412] See Smith and Fowke. - -The Kalapuya of the Willamette Valley to the southwest, buried their -dead in the earth. One writer described the process as follows:--"When -the grave was dug they placed slabs on the bottom and sides, and when -they had lowered the wrapped body down, placed another over, resting on -the side ones, and filled in the earth."[413] The account does not seem -to indicate whether these slabs were of wood or stone, but in either -case there is a certain similarity to the graves with the stone cyst -found near Tampico. - - [413] Lewis, p. 178; Galschet, p. 86; American Antiquarian, IV, - 1882, p. 331. - -A grave which may be of this type, found about two and one half miles -south of Fort Simcoe was reported to me by Mrs. Lynch who furnished the -following information about it. It was on a low ridge with the usual -cairn of rocks about three feet high covering it. This cairn was made up -of two distinct layers of rocks, both lying above the contents of the -grave which included the skeleton of an adult man estimated to be at -least six feet tall and that of a child about six to eight years of age, -according to identifications made by the physician of the United States -Indian service stationed at Fort Simcoe. The man's skull which was well -preserved though brittle, was found four feet below the ground or -approximately seven feet below the top of the cairn and on the eastern -side of the grave. The pelvis of the child was completely decayed, and -few of the bones were intact except the maxilla which was found in the -western part of the grave between the patellae of the man. Near them were -found four "links" [beads] of a copper necklace. The maxilla was deeply -copper-stained. The steatite ornament shown in Fig. 119 was found on the -man's manubrium. - - -_Rock-slide Graves._ The rock-slides on the hill and canon sides as in -the region to the north had frequently been used as burial places. The -graves are found from top to bottom. Some of them seem very old. Others -were proven to be recent by the character of the objects found in them. -The skeletons were in or on the ground and the rocks of the slide had -been piled or caused to slide over them (Fig. 1, Plate VIII).[414] The -skeleton was buried from one to five, six or even ten feet deep. In some -cases, the rocks seemed to have sunk as the body decayed, in others they -formed a pile as if placed there to mark the grave. Some graves were -marked with sticks (Fig. 3, Plate VI). In others, probably always the -older graves, sticks were not seen having doubtless decayed. One of the -graves found rifled 75 feet above the little flat at the edge of the -north side of the Naches River about a mile and a half above its mouth, -seemed to lie walled up with rocks like a well and slabs of a broken -canoe, part of which had been thrown out surrounded a few of the -disturbed bones. The skeletons were always in a flexed position (Fig. 2, -Plate VIII) and objects were found to have been placed in some of these -graves. - - [414] See Museum negative no. 44513, 7-3, from the south in base of - rock-slide on the north side of the Yakima River about a mile below - the mouth of the Naches River, see p. 15. - -Spinden states that cemeteries are readily located by the heaps of -"river-worn or rock-slide boulders" piled over the graves in the Nez -Perce country.[415] They are usually on the first bench above the river -bottom and are found near the traditional village sites, from which they -can be seen. The more common method of disposing of the dead there, was -by burial in the ground, especially on stony hillsides, and covering the -graves with stones to keep off the wild animals. This seems to have been -the prevailing method throughout the whole Columbia region of which this -is a part.[416] Rock-slide graves were sometimes made in basaltic cliffs -in the Nez Perce region. One of these is known to have been used in -recent times from the presence of a Lewis and Clark medal,[417] and -graves marked by pieces of upright cedar and covered by large piles of -stone are reported by Spinden on the east bank of the Snake River, -beside the mouth of the Grande Ronde.[418] - - [415] Spinden, p. 181. - - [416] Lewis, p. 190; Lewis and Clark. IV, pp. 366-7, 371, V, p. 99; - Ross, (a), pp. 320-321; Cox, p. 105; Douglas, p. 339; Gibbs, (a), p. - 405. - - [417] Spinden, p. 181. - - [418] Spinden, pp. 181 and 252. - -Indian graves filled up with stones are numerous in the vicinity of the -several remains (pp. 29, 54 and 82) near Mr. Turner's home, according to -Mr. J. S. Cotton. Mr. Turner told him that all the graves that had been -excavated contained bones in a greatly decayed condition, which -suggested to him that they were very old. These graves, like the other -remains of the vicinity previously mentioned, have been in the same -condition since about 1874. - -The terraces mentioned on p. 13 (Fig. 1, Plate VII)[419] may have been -made to facilitate reaching rock-slide graves in the same slide; while -the pits which were found in the slides (Fig. 2, Plate VII)[420] walled -up on the outer sides like balconies, with the rocks that apparently -came both from the pits and the disturbed slide above them, have been -considered as rifled graves or graves from which the burials had been -removed (p. 13). - - [419] See Museum negative no. 44520, 7-10, from the southwest, about - a mile above the mouth of the Naches River, (p. 13). - - [420] See Museum negative no. 44519, 7-9. The same slide from the - southwest (p. 13). - -The following quotation may refer to rock-slide pits:[421] "In the -eastern part of Marion County, Oregon, there stands an isolated and most -strikingly regular and beautiful butte some three hundred feet in height -and covering nearly a section of land. It was fringed about its base, at -the time of which I write, with fir groves, but its sides and well -rounded and spacious top were devoid of timber, except a few old and -spreading oaks, and perhaps a half dozen gigantic firs, whose weighty -limbs were drooping with age. A meridian section line passes over the -middle of this butte, and four sections corner near its top. While -running this line and establishing these corners in 1851, I observed -many semi-circular walls of stone, each enclosing space enough for a -comfortable seat, and as high as one's shoulders when in a sitting -posture, upon cross-sticks as high as the knee ... the older white -residents said the Indians made them, but for what purpose they could -not say. I became a witness to the use, and was particularly impressed -with the fitness for what I saw. Indians from the North and South -traveling that way generally camped upon the banks of the Abiqua Creek, -a rapid stream of pure, cold water, just issued from the mountains upon -the plain. The butte was near, and this they ascended and, taking seats -within the stone sanctuaries, communed in silence with the Great Spirit. -Bowing the head upon the hands and resting them upon the knees for a few -moments, then sitting erect and gazing to the west over the enchanting -valley interspersed with meadow, grove and stream." The author states -that the place is now called Mount Angel, is surmounted by a Roman -Catholic cathedral and that the Indians called this butte -Tap-a-lam-a-ho, signifying Mount of Communion; and the plain to the west -Chek-ta, meaning beautiful or enchanting. - - [421] Pp. 35 and 36 of an article entitled "Extract from T. W. - Davenport's, Recollections of an Indian agent (not yet published)." - The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, March, 1904, Vol. V, - No. 1. - -Possibly the burials in the domes of volcanic ash and those in the -rock-slides are practically the results of a common motive by the same -people in the same time and the differences may be due simply to the -difference in the character of the near by topography and the relative -convenience of securing the material to cover the graves. This idea is -strengthened by information given me by Mr. W. H. Hindshaw who stated -that from sixteen to thirty miles above the mouth of the Snake River -where it cuts through canons there are rock burial heaps immediately -above flood level and burials in the flood sand below, both of which he -found to contain human bones and implements. He also stated that graves -are found on the bluff overlooking the river. One was curbed with the -remains of a cedar canoe. The grave had a bottom of plank and a cover -over the body--that of a small child--which was wrapped in a fur, -apparently a beaver skin. There were a number of beads and brass buttons -and a large fragment of the shell of the _Schizothoerus nuttallii_ which -must have come from the coast. - - -_Cremation Circles._ Rings of stones (Fig. 1, Plate IX)[422] were also -seen and on excavation within them cremated human remains were found -usually several in each circle. In some cases the ring was irregular and -in others assumed the form of a rectangle. None of them are known to be -recent. In such places, dentalium shells, flat shell beads, and shell -ornaments were usually seen. Mr. Teit says that rings of stones were -also put on top of graves in the Thompson River region. Along the -Columbia, below the mouth of the Snake River, vaults or burial houses -like those found among the Upper Chinook were used.[423] A somewhat -similar method was observed even among the Nez Perce.[424] This suggests -that the cremation circles here described, may be the caved-in remains -of earth-covered burial lodges built somewhat on the plan of the -semi-subterranean winter houses. - - [422] Museum negative no. 44493, 5-6 of circle no. 14 from the east - on the terrace northwest of the junction of the Yakima and the - Naches Rivers (p. 15 and 157). Cf. also Museum negative no. 44522, - 7-2. - - [423] Cf. Lewis, p. 190; Lewis and Clark, II, pp. 139-140. - - [424] Lewis and Clark, IV, p. 369; Lewis, p. 190. - - -_Position of the Body._ In all the old graves the skeletons were flexed -and usually on the side (Plate VIII, Fig. 2).[425] The graves where the -body was buried at length with the feet to the east were doubtless -recent and probably placed that way due to the teachings of Christians. -In the Nez Perce region to the east, the body was placed in a variety of -positions, either flexed or at length[426] and sometimes upon the side. -Considering the difference between the costume and objects used by the -men and those by the women, in the Nez Perce region to the east,[427] it -would seem that the contents of the graves in this near by region may be -used to check the determination of the sex of the skeletons. - - [425] Museum negative no. 44516, 7-6, see grave no. 22, p. 160. - - [426] Spinden, pp. 182 and 252. - - [427] Cf. Spinden, p. 216. - - -_Property with the Dead._ Objects are usually found with the remains of -the dead in all classes of old burials but some of the graves contained -nothing; others very little. There was apparently no radical difference -in the character of the material in the graves in volcanic domes and -those in the rock-slides; but the more modern rock-slide graves seemed, -on the whole, to contain a greater number of objects than the older -graves or the graves in domes. On the coast, objects are found with -recent burials, but rarely in ancient graves. The cremation circles -often contained dentalium shells and bits of shell objects but little -else. In the Nez Perce region to the east a considerable amount of -property, ornaments and utensils is found buried with the dead.[428] - - [428] Spinden, pp. 182 and 252. - - -_Horse Sacrifices._ We discovered no graves containing horse bones or -over which a skeleton of a horse was found, although it will be -remembered that such were found in the Nez Perce region east of -here.[429] There, the killing of horses over the graves of their owners -became the usual practice when horses were plentiful. Sometimes a horse -was buried over the body.[430] In this region, however, we found no -evidences of the horse in connection with the graves other than the -presence of an old Spanish bit in one of the more recent burials. - - [429] Spinden, p. 182. - - [430] Spinden, p. 252. - - -_Diseases._ Out of about seventeen complete skeletons and six skulls -secured in this region by our party those of two children (99-4323, -99-4326) and two adults, one of which was apparently a female (99-4336), -exhibited anchylosis of some of the vertebrae. The left ankle bones of -the other skeleton (99-4327) showed anchylosis with the tibia and one of -the ribs was abnormal. The skeleton of a young child (99-4329) with -persistent frontal suture, an example of retarded development was also -found.[431] - - [431] Cf. Wounds, p. 82. - - - - -CONCLUSION. - - -The connection, nay partial identity, of this culture with that of the -Thompson River region in the southern interior of British Columbia is -supported by considerable evidence. Small heaps of fresh-water clam -shells are found in both regions. The preponderance of chipped points -over those ground out of stone, bone and antler; the presence of digging -stick handles; pestles with flaring bodies and no striking heads, others -with tops in the form of animal heads; celts; the sites of cache pits, -of circular summer lodges marked by rings of stones; and of -semi-subterranean houses with stones on the encircling ridge; pairs of -arrow-shaft smoothers, and bone tubes, were all found to be common to -both regions. The simple pipe bowl found here, although with one -exception not found among archaeological objects in the Thompson area is -commonly used by the present Indians there. Tubular pipes, modern copper -tubes or beads, incised designs consisting of a circle with a dot in it -and engraved dentalium shells, each of a particular kind, besides -pictographs in red, rock-slide sepulchres, modern graves walled up with -parts of canoes, the marking of recent graves with sticks, and the -custom of burying artifacts with the dead were also found to be common -to both areas. Perforated slate tablets of gorget-form are unknown in -both regions. Circles of stones which mark places where cremated human -remains were found in this region sometimes indicate graves in the -Thompson River region. - -Frazer[432] mentions meeting Yakima Indians in the Lillooet Valley which -shows that they travelled even beyond the Thompson River country and -readily accounts for the dissemination of cultural elements. - - [432] Fraser, p. 175. - -On the other hand, many differences in culture are observable. Thus -objects made of nephrite and mica which occur, the former being common -in the Thompson River valley, were not found in the Yakima area. -Quarries and terraced rock-slides such as were seen here are not known -to us in the Thompson River region. The bone of the whale occasionally -found in the Thompson River country is lacking in Yakima collections. -That glassy basalt was not the chief material for chipped implements, as -it was in the Thompson River region, is probably due to the scarcity of -this material and its use is perhaps as rare in the Yakima valley as on -the coast. Chipped implements were made of a greater variety of stone -than in the interior of British Columbia, and a greater proportion were -of the more beautifully colored materials. No harpoon points made of a -unio (?) shell, such as the object found in the Thompson River region or -other objects made of such a shell, were seen. Notched sinkers and large -grooved sinkers were more commonly found than in the Thompson Valley, -while sap scrapers which were common there, were not found in the Yakima -district. A great number of pestles made from short cylindrical pebbles, -forming a type rather rare in the Thompson River region; many long -pestles, of which only four or five have been found in interior British -Columbia; and one with a zigzag design not represented among the finds -from that region, were found in the Yakima area. Saucer-shaped -depressions marking summer lodge sites were not noted by the writer. -Clubs made of stone were more numerous and all are of a different type. -Clubs or other objects made of the bone of the whale or drilled pendants -either circular or elongated were not found. Petroglyphs, pictographs -in white, and representations of feather headdresses were not found -among the archaeological objects in the Thompson region. Graves in -knolls, some with a cyst made of thin slabs of stones constitute another -distinct trait of the Yakima area. - -There is relatively less evidence of contact with the prehistoric people -of Puget Sound and the Pacific coast of Washington, and of southern -British Columbia. Several kinds of sea shells, including dentalium, -haliotis and pectunculus, which must have come from the coast, were -found in the Yakima Valley. Small points chipped from beautiful material -found in this region were occasionally seen on the coast, more -particularly south of Puget Sound. Glassy basalt was used here perhaps -about as much as on the coast. Net sinkers are also about as common here -as on the coast from Gray's Harbor southward. The pestles found in the -vicinity of Vancouver Island are similar to some of the short pestles -found in the Yakima region. Short tubular pipes are found on the coast -in the vicinity of the Saanich Peninsula and the Lower Frazer. The pipe -previously described as clearly representative of the art of the -Northwest coast must have been brought from there or made by a coast -artist, not by one merely familiar with the art of the coast. A portion -of the material indicative of coast culture that was found in the Yakima -Valley may have come up the Cowlitz and down the Toppenish River. - -The similarities mentioned are, however, outweighed by marked -differences. Large shell heaps--the chief feature of Coastal -archaeology--have not been found in the Yakima area, while quarries are -unknown to us on the coast. Objects made of nephrite and whale's bone -are lacking in the Yakima Valley. A very great number of points rubbed -out of slate and bone are found on the coast, but none rubbed out of -slate and only a few rubbed out of bone have been found on Yakima sites. -Net sinkers are much more common than on the coast, where they are -plentiful only from Gray's Harbor southward and in the Lower Columbia -Valley. Long pestles with the tops carved to represent animal heads are -distinctive of the Yakima area, while cylindrical pebbles used as -pestles but slightly changed from the natural form, which are quite -common in the Yakima Valley, are rarely found in the Coast country. One -style of club made of stone commonly found in this vicinity has not been -seen anywhere on the coast, although some clubs made of stone are like -specimens from that region. Perforated slate tablets like Coastal -gorgets are unknown to us from the Yakima area. Cairns common on the -coast are not found in the Yakima country, while the reverse holds true -of rock-slide burials. Graves in knolls are unknown on the Pacific, and -artifacts are often found in the Yakima graves but they seldom, if ever, -occur with ancient burials on the coast. - -Much of the material from the Yakima region resembles that which I have -seen from the general area including the Columbia Valley between -Umatilla and The Dalles, and possibly extending further down the valley. -There seems to be a greater similarity of the art products of the Yakima -to those of the Thompson River region than to those of the Columbia -Valley below the mouth of the Snake, so far as we understand the latter -region at this time, and this according to Lewis[433] is certainly not -contrary to the belief in an earlier occupancy of this region by the -Salish. The culture here resembles that of the Nez Perce region to the -east in that a considerable variety of material was used for chipped -implements.[434] - - [433] Lewis, p. 196. - - [434] Spinden, p. 181. - -Inter-tribal trade may have been a factor in the production of some -observed similarities. It was seen that pipes of three types, one of -which is found as far east as the Dakota, another as far north as the -Thompson River country, and a third as far west as the Queen Charlotte -Islands are all found in this region. It is clear that the ancient -people from the Yakima region had extensive communications not only with -the region southward as far as The Dalles, but also northward, as far as -the more distant Thompson River tribes. If the products of the sea found -in this region came up the Columbia, as may be inferred from Lewis,[435] -it is a good illustration of how trade as a rule, follows the line of -least physical resistance; although the migrations of the tribes do not -always follow such lines because the lines of trade as a rule are -thickly populated by people who resist the migration of their neighbors. -Lewis[436] states that from the coast inward there was only one trade -route of importance in the Washington-Oregon-Idaho region and this led -up the Columbia River to The Dalles where was found the greatest trade -center in the whole region and whither the tribes were wont to come from -the north and south as well as from the east.[437] Klamath,[438] Cayuse, -Nez Perce, Walla Walla and other Sahaptin and probably Salish tribes -were all in the habit of going there to traffic. He also states that -further east, the Sahaptin in their turn, traded with the Shoshone from -whom they obtained buffalo robes and meat. The center for this trade at -least in later times was the Grande Ronde in eastern Oregon;[439] but -this later center probably came into being after the advent of the -horse. The Okanogan are known to have crossed the mountains to Puget -Sound to trade wild hemp for sea shells especially dentalia as well as -for other small objects.[440] The Yakima also in later times crossed the -mountains and traded with Puget Sound tribes according to Gibbs,[441] -but if this trade were carried on in earlier times its effect in the -Yakima Valley seems to have been slight as indicated by the few -dentalium shells, the shell pendants shown in Figs. 87-94 and the pipe -of coast art, shown in Fig. 127. It is possible that this trade with the -coast became customary only after the horse was introduced. There was a -considerable amount of trade between the Yakima and the Thompson River -and other tribes of British Columbia which was carried on chiefly -through the Okanogan.[442] Lewis[443] states that the Walla Walla who -lived to the south of the Yakima at least in later times visited as far -north as the Thompson River region, and that certain Sahaptin tribes -seem to have moved northward and westward and forced back the Salish -tribes which at the time of Lewis and Clark's visit were on the north -bank of the Columbia and on its tributaries.[444] These tribes were -particularly the Klickitat and the Yakima, an assumption which Lewis -states is supported by the definite assertions of the natives -themselves. A number of old men positively assured Dr. Suckley that they -had pushed their way into the country formerly occupied by the -Salish.[445] The Klickitat, although living in a well wooded region on -the southern slopes of Mt. Adams and Mt. St. Helens are thought to have -been driven by the Cayuse from their earlier home which was further east -and south. Later, they went further west into the Cowlitz Valley.[446] -This may account for the circular pit surrounded by an embankment which -I saw near Rochester in Thurston County and interpreted as the remains -of a semi-subterranean winter house site. Lewis also states that the -Yakima probably lived on the Columbia near the mouth of the river which -now bears their name, and are in fact so located by Cox who places them -on the north and east side of the Columbia. The pressure of neighboring -tribes caused by the coming of the white race no doubt facilitated the -adoption of new cultural details. - - [435] Lewis, p. 193. - - [436] Lewis, p. 193. - - [437] Lewis and Clark, IV, p. 286; Ross, (b), p. 117. - - [438] Gatschet, p. 93. - - [439] Wilkes, IV, p. 394. - - [440] Ross, (a), p. 290; (b), I, p. 44. - - [441] Gibbs, (a), p. 408. - - [442] Cf. Teit, (a), p. 258. - - [443] Lewis, pp. 194-5. - - [444] Lewis and Clark, VI, pp. 115 and 119; Mooney, pp. 734-736. - - [445] Gibbs, (b), p. 224. - - [446] Swan, p. 323. - -As late as 1854, the Palus, a tribe living further east on the Paloose -River regarded themselves as a portion of the Yakima and the head chief -of the Yakima as their chief.[447] The general similarity of the Walla -Walla language to that of the Klickitat and Yakima rather than to that -of the Nez Perce is mentioned by Lewis. - - [447] Stevens, XII, p. 200, Pacific R. R. Rept., Pt. I. - -Cultural elements, especially those associated with the horse and with -the new mode of life which it made possible, probably came from the -region to the southeast, and show a great similarity to the Plains type -of culture. How much the Plains culture had influenced the Plateau type -before the introduction of the horse, is a question.[448] On the -Columbia River, near the mouth of the Yakima, were numerous Indians who -were visited by Clark in 1805, but he says that while he saw a few -horses, the Indians appeared to make but little use of them. If these -were the Yakima Indians there must have been quite a change in their -manner of living in the next few years.[449] This agrees very well with -the time of the introduction of the horse among the Lower Thompson -Indians towards the close of the eighteenth century, according to -Teit.[450] All this would tend to show that the horse, while common in -the Yakima country, about that time, had not yet affected the earlier -customs of the natives. - - [448] Lewis, p. 179. - - [449] Lewis, p. 184; Ross, (b), I, p. 19. - - [450] Teit, (a), p. 257. - -The early culture throughout the great area of which this is a part, -according to Lewis, was of a very simple and undeveloped character, -which probably accounts for the rapidity with which eastern types were -assimilated when once introduced.[451] - - [451] Lewis, p. 180. - -Summing up: the prehistoric culture of the Yakima area resembled that of -its recent inhabitants, as it will be remembered was the case in the -Thompson River region, the Lower Fraser Valley and the Puget Sound -country including the coast from Comox on Vancouver Island to Olympia. -As a typical plateau culture, being affiliated with the neighboring -cultures to the north, east and south, it presented a sharp contrast to -both the present and past cultures of the coast to the west. Compared -with other branches of the Plateau culture area it must be considered -inferior in complexity to its northern neighbor of the southern interior -of British Columbia and also to the adjacent branch near The Dalles to -the south. While each of these divisions has been influenced by the -others more especially in the past, differentiations due to environment -or specific historical conditions lead to local variations without -obscuring an essential unity of cultural traits. - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY. - - - BANCROFT, H. H. The Native Races of the Pacific States of - North America. 5 volumes. 1874-1882. - - CATLIN, GEORGE. O-Kee-Pa. A religious Ceremony and other - Customs of the Mandans. Philadelphia, 1867. - - COX, ROSS. Adventures on the Columbia River, etc. New - York, 1832. - - DE SMET, FATHER. Life, Letters and Travels of Father - Pierre-Jean De Smet, S.J., 1801-1873. Edited by - Chittenden and Richardson. 4 volumes. New York, 1905. - - DOUGLAS. D. Sketch of a Journey to the Northwestern part - of the Continent of North America during the years - 1824-27. (Oregon Historical Society Quarterly, 5-6, - 1904-05.) - - EELLS, MYRON. The Stone Age in Oregon. (Smithsonian - Report, for 1886, Washington, 1889, pp. 283-295.) - - FRASER, SIMON. Journal of a Voyage from the Rocky - Mountains to the Pacific Coast in 1802. - - GATSCHET, ALBERT S. The Klamath Indians of Southwestern - Oregon. (Contributions to North American Ethnology, II, - parts I-II, Washington, 1890.) - - GIBBS, GEORGE. (a) Report on the Indian Tribes of the - Territory of Washington. (Pacific Railroad Report, 1, pp. - 402-436, Washington, 1855.) - - (b) Tribes of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon. - (Contributions to North American Ethnology, I, pp. - 157-241, Washington, 1877.) - - HALE, HORATIO. United States Exploring Expedition during - the years 1838-1842. Under the command of Charles Wilkes. - Vol. VI. Ethnology and Philology. Philadelphia, 1846. - - JOCHELSON, WALDEMAR. Material Culture and Social - Organization of the Koryak. (Memoir, American Museum of - Natural History, 1908, Vol. X, Part 2, pp. 283-842.) - - KANE, PAUL. Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of - North America. London, 1859. - - LEWIS, ALBERT BUELL. Tribes of the Columbia Valley and - the Coast of Washington and Oregon. (Memoirs of the - American Anthropological Association, Vol. 1, Part 2, - 1906.) - - LEWIS AND CLARK. Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark - Expedition. (Thwaites Edition.) New York, 1904. - - LORD, JOHN KEAST. The Naturalist in Vancouver's Island - and British Columbia. 2 vols. London, 1866. - - MALLERY, GARRICK. Pictographs of the North American - Indians. (Fourth Annual Report, Bureau of American - Ethnology, Washington, 1886, pp. 3-256.) - - MOONEY, JAMES. The Ghost-dance Religion and the Sioux - Outbreak of 1890. (Fourteenth Annual Report, Bureau of - American Ethnology, Pt. 2, Washington, 1896.) - - MOOREHEAD, WARREN K. Prehistoric Implements. A - description of the Ornaments, Utensils and Implements of - Pre-Columbian Man in America. New York. 1900. - - ROSS, ALEXANDER. (a) Adventures of the First Settlers on - the Oregon or Columbia River. London, 1849. - - (b) The Fur Hunters of the Far West. 2 vols. London, - 1855. - - SCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY R. Historical and Statistical - Information respecting the History, Condition and - Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. - Philadelphia, 1851-1857. - - SMITH, HARLAN I. and FOWKE, GERARD. Cairns of British - Columbia and Washington. (Memoir, American Museum of - Natural History, 1901, Vol. 4, Part 2, pp. 55-75.) - - SMITH, HARLAN I. (a) Shell-Heaps of the Lower Fraser - River, British Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of - Natural History, 1903, Vol. 4, Part 4, pp. 133-191.) - - (b) Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound. - (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1907, Vol. - 4, Part 6, pp. 301-441.) - - (c) Archaeology of the Thompson River Region. (Memoir, - American Museum of Natural History, 1900, Vol. 2, Part 6, - pp. 401-442.) - - (d) The Archaeology of Lytton, British Columbia. (Memoir, - American Museum of Natural History, 1899, Vol. 2, Part 3, - pp. 129-161.) - - (e) Archaeological Investigations on the North Pacific - Coast in 1899. (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 2, - No. 3, July-September, 1900.) - - (f) New Evidence of the Distribution of Chipped Artifacts - and Interior Culture in British Columbia. (American - Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 11, No. 3, July-September, - 1909). - - (g) A Costumed Human Figure from Tampico, Washington. - (Bulletin, American Museum of Natural History, 1904, Vol. - 20, Article 16, pp. 195-203.) - - (h) A Remarkable Pipe from Northwestern America. - (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 8, No. 1, - January-March, 1906, pp. 33-38.) - - SPINDEN, HERBERT JOSEPH. The Nez Perce Indians. (Memoirs - of the American Anthropological Association, Vol. 2, Part - 3, 1908, pp. 171-274.) - - STEVENS, ISAAC I. Report of the Commissioner of Indian - Affairs for 1854, pp. 181-254. - - SWAN, JAMES G. The Northwest Coast; or Three Years' - Residence in Washington Territory, New York, 1857. - - TEIT, JAMES. (a) The Thompson Indians of British - Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, - 1900, Vol. 2, Part 4, pp. 163-392.) - - (b) The Lillooet Indians. (Memoir, American Museum of - Natural History, 1906, Vol. 4, Part 5, pp. 193-300.) - - WHITMAN. MRS. MARCUS. Letters written by Mrs. Whitman - from Oregon to her relations in New York. (Transactions - of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1891, pp. 79-179, - and 1893, pp. 53-219.) - - WILKES, C. Narrative of the United States Exploring - Expedition during the years 1838-1842. 5 vols. - Philadelphia, 1845. - - YARROW, H. C. A Further Contribution to the Study of the - Mortuary Customs of the North American Indians. (First - Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, - 1881, pp. 91-203.) - - - - -APPENDIX. - - -The following appendix contains a detailed account of graves with -catalogue numbers of their contents and other finds, upon which the -preceding descriptions are based. - - -KENNEWICK. - - 202-8114. Flint chip from the surface. No chips of this - quality were found in the Thompson River region. - - 202-8115. Chipped point made of buff jasper from the - surface (Plate II, Fig. 1). - - 202-8116. Large grooved pebble from the beach of the - Columbia River. - - 202-8117. Chipped pebble from the surface. - - 202-8118. Broken pestle from the surface. - - 202-8119. Chipped and battered hammerstone from the - surface. (Fig. 43). - - 202-8120. One half of a sculptured tubular steatite pipe, - purchased from Mr. W. F. Sonderman who dug it up while - building a flume near Kennewick (Fig. 105). - - -NORTH YAKIMA. - - 202-8121. Sculptured handle of a digging stick made of - the horn of a Rocky Mountain sheep purchased of Mr. W. Z. - York, at Old Yakima, who bought it from an Indian woman - living near Union Gap below Old Yakima. She, however, may - have brought it from some other locality. (Fig. 126). - - 202-8122. Tubular steatite pipe (Fig. 104). - - 202-8123. Pestle made of stone. Presented by Mr. W. M. - Gray of North Yakima. Found where the Moxie Ditch enters - the flume, about 3 miles northeast of the mouth of the - Naches River and southeast of the Yakima River. - - 202-8124. Fragment of rock painted red. Part of a - pictograph showing a human figure with feather headdress - (Plate XIV, Fig. 1), taken from the basaltic cliffs - southeast of the Naches River above the mouth of Cowiche - Creek, about four miles northwest of North Yakima. - Several other pictographs were photographed here from the - north: Plate XV, Fig. 2 (44480, 4-5), white human heads - with feather headdresses and white and red double star - figure; Plate XIV, Fig. 2 (44483, 4-8), white human heads - with feather headdresses, also (44484, 4-9), Plate XV, - Fig. 1 (44485, 4-10); Plate XVI, Fig. 1 (44486, 4-11), - and Plate XVI, Fig. 2 (44487, 4-12), white and red human - heads with feather headdresses. - - 202-8125. Six parts of pebbles, from the surface of the - flat on the east side of the Yakima River at "The Upper - Gap" near the northern end of North Yakima, as samples of - what could have been used as material for arrow points. - -[Illustration: -Miss Ruth B. Howe Delin. -Fig. 129. Sketch Map of the Yakima Valley. ] - - Numbers 202-8126 to 202-8136 are from the quarry shown in - Plate III, Fig. 1 (44488, 5-1 from the south, 44489, 5-2, - and 44490, 5-3). This quarry is on the ridge top north of - the Naches River, about two miles above its mouth (p. - 16). - - 202-8126. Stone, possibly a hammer. - - 202-8127. Two river pebbles used as stone hammers. - - 202-8128. Hammerstone (Fig. 40). - - 202-8129. Pebble used as a hammer. - - 202-8130. Fragment of a hammerstone, edge smooth. - - 202-8131. Two fragments of hammerstones. - - 202-8132. Four pieces of raw material for chipped - implements. - - 202-8133. Seven pieces of raw material for chipped - implements possibly waste from pieces blocked out to be - transported or possibly too small or of too poor a - quality to be transported. - - 202-8134. Two pieces of raw material, perhaps chipped. - - 202-8135. Two pieces of raw material, perhaps too poor to - be transported. - - 202-8136. Thirty pieces of raw material, some very good, - some very poor, all apparently waste of pieces blocked - out to be transported. No finished or broken implements - were found here. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 1. Plate VI, Fig. 3 (1910) from north of west - of the grave before it was disturbed (p. 14). This grave - was about 50 feet up the gully from No. 2, and was - excavated by us May 18. It was marked by a stick which - was very dry but not yet fully decayed. It was located in - the rock-slide on the east slope of the gully, a steep - ravine going down from the south to a little flat - southeast of the Yakima River. This ravine is on the - north side of the hill on the east of the Yakima River at - the mouth of the Naches River. The grave was about a mile - northeast of the mouth of the Naches River, and about 80 - feet above the Yakima. From the spot one can see out over - the valley of the Yakima. The grave was on a slight, - bench, terrace, or place that could be so interpreted. - There were large pits and terraces in the slide above - this grave, like those shown in Plate VII. Indications of - very old charred cedar strips were found across the - grave. Charcoal was found among the rocks, and the grave - was bounded by a sort of circular balcony of rocks of the - rock-slide and had a slight flat or depression in the - center. On top, the stones were large, averaging the size - of a man's head, some 30 pounds, some 100 pounds, some - the size of a man's fist. Below, covering the body, the - rocks were small and many were fine, being chipped small - from the same rock by fire. All except this burned rock - were the common irregular angular rock-slide material. In - the bottom of the grave were found adult human bones, - partly charred black, the parts not so charred were - yellow. Numbers 202-8137 to 202-8152 were found in this - grave. - - 202-8137. Left half of a charred human jaw, parts are - ivory black and parts yellowish gray. - - 202-8138. Part of a human vertebra. - - 202-8139. Some charred and calcined bones of a dog with - the joint end of the tibia showing the articulation - pulled off as in youth. Ashes and black fine masses - resembling pulverized charcoal were found in the bottom - of the grave. The human bones found with these were - probably of two skeletons, but all were much broken and - charred. Some yellow brown mass, composed of rootlets, - maggot sacks, etc., was found at the sides of the grave. - - 202-8140. At the east side of the grave, a large piece of - partly charred cedar about 8 inches wide by 2 inches - thick was found. - - 202-8141. Chipped point of obsidian with base broken off, - showing that at least some of the contents of the grave - were of prehistoric culture. - - 202-8142. Finely chipped point made of brown chert found - in fire refuse of this grave (Plate II, Fig. 5). - - 202-8143. Scorched point made of bone (Fig. 9). - - 202-8144. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found - with it. - - 202-8145. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found - with it. - - 202-8146. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found - with it. - - 202-8147. Tube of rolled brass having the diameter of a - lead pencil. Proving this grave to have been made since - the prehistoric people were able to reach the whites in - trade. - - 202-8148. Tube similar to 202-8147 (Fig. 75). - - 202-8149. Charred tube made of bone about 1-1/4 inches - long. - - 202-8150. Tube similar to 202-8149 (Fig. 97). - - 202-8151. Scorched tube made of bone and ornamented by - incisions running from one end to the other in a spiral - course. The tube is charred and about 1-1/4 inches long - (Fig. 98). - - 202-8152. Slate disk perforated in the center and at each - side. The object is about 1 inch in diameter and 1/8 inch - thick (Fig. 77). - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 2. Rock-slide grave, about 50 feet down the - ravine from grave No. 1 and about 40 feet above the - flume. It had grass growing in the center. The grave - seemed caved in and as if thoroughly walled like a well. - It contained nothing, apparently having been rifled. - Before excavation this seemed to be more like a grave - than No. 1. (See photograph taken from the southwest.) - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 3. Rock-slide grave. - - 99-4314. Bleached skull and jaw of an adult purchased of - a boy who said it was from a rock-slide grave on the - north side of the Yakima Ridge lying east of the Yakima - River above the Upper Gap. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 4. Rock-slide grave about 6 feet southeast of - grave No. 5 at Selah Canon. As this grave had been opened - and the skeleton had been disturbed, no accurate - description as to its position can be given. Some of the - rock-slide material was quite large, weighing from 200 to - 300 lbs; depth, 4 feet; diameter, 3 feet. Decayed wood - was found in the grave and long poles on the side of the - grave. The grave was probably not very old. - - 99-4315. Part of skull and skeleton of a youth which was - partly bleached. Found in Grave No. 4. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 5. Rock-slide grave in Selah Canon and about 6 - feet northwest of grave No. 4. Apparently this grave had - been rifled. The adult skull lay to the west and was - broken. The skeleton was flexed, the feet were toward the - east and the knees south of the vertebrae, that is, the - skeleton was on the right side. The grave which was about - 75 feet up the hillside, and 1-1/2 miles east of the - Yakima River on the south side of Selah Canon, was about - 3-1/2 feet deep by 3-1/2 feet in diameter. Long poles lay - on the side of the grave while decayed wood, leather - thongs and dried flesh yet adhering to some of the bones, - in this kind of a grave even in such a dry region as - this, especially the last two, suggest the grave to be - recent. - - 99-4316. Jaw and skeleton of an adult. Found in grave No. - 5. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 6. Rock-slide grave about 100 feet up the - hillside at the top of a rock-slide on a point south of - the Yakima River about 2 miles northeast and above the - mouth of the Naches River. The bones were found in - excavating an adjacent barren grave, 5 feet to the - northeast and had probably been thrown out of this one on - top of it. Pieces of cedar were scattered around the - grave, which had been rifled. Its depth was 5 feet, - diameter 5 feet. - - 99-4317. Skull and one hip bone of an adult. Probably - from grave No. 6. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 7. Rock-slide grave situated northeast of North - Yakima and about half a mile northeast of grave No. 6. - There is a road near the edge of the grave. The grave had - been rifled and pieces of wood were found lying near it; - the bones were scattered around and broken. None of them - were in anatomical order. Numbers 202-8153 to 202-8156 - were found in this grave. - - 202-8153. One brass bell. - - 202-8154. Three glass beads. - - 202-8155. Two shell beads. - - 202-8156. Three dentalium shells. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 8. Rifled rock-slide grave. The skeleton which - had been wrapped in cedar bark had been taken away. - Nothing besides the cedar bark was found. The grave was - found near No. 7 and about a half mile northeast of No. - 6. Wood was lying near by. There was a road near the edge - of the grave which had been rifled. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 9. Rock-slide grave found near No. 7 which was - situated about half a mile northeast of No. 6. The grave - contained nothing but charcoal. There was wood lying near - by. There was a road near the edge of the grave which had - been rifled. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 10. Rock-slide grave excavated June 2, 1903. - This grave was 150 feet up the hill from the Naches - River, half a mile above its mouth and on the north side. - It was 5 feet long by 6 feet wide and 4 feet deep and had - been disturbed and many of the bones thrown out. Dry - poles and cedar boards lay around the top. Numbers - 99-4318, 202-8157 to 202-8169 were found in this grave. - - 99-4318. An adult skull and skeleton with abnormality on - right malor and with one rib expanded, part of a young - adult skeleton and part of a child's skeleton were found. - Some of the bones were bleached. The adult and the child - were on the bottom. These two bodies had been wrapped in - bark and placed in a hole one foot deep in the ground - below the slide. The adult's head was to the west - southwest. On top and to the east northeast was the young - adult. Human hair was also found in grave No. 10. - - 202-8157. Four parts of the hearth of a fire drill, - similar to that used in the Thompson River region. See - Teit, (a) p. 203, for descriptions of fire drills (See - also Fig. 38.) - - 202-8158. Wolf or dog bones, some of them bleached. - - 202-8159. Part of a decorated wooden bow (Fig. 114). - - 202-8160a, b. Two pieces of a basket. Doubtless of a - finer stitch than those from the Thompson River Indians. - See Teit, (a), Fig. 131a and Figs. 143 to 146. - - 202-8161. Piece of coarse coil basket with splint - foundation and bifurcated stitch (Fig. 17). - - 202-8162. Piece of a stitched rush mat (p. 86). - - The bill of a saw-bill duck was found but not preserved. - - 202-8163. Copper tubes with six beads, short sections of - dentalium shells, which were found from the top to the - bottom of the grave. These beads were strung. - - 202-8164. Four bone tubes found near the bottom and - mostly to the east northeast of the grave. - - 202-8165. Point made of bone found to the west northwest - in grave (Fig. 7). - - 202-8166. A perforated cylinder made of steatite found at - about the center of the grave (Fig. 99). - - 202-8167. Fishbone. - - 202-8168. Three pieces of yellow jasper (raw material). - - 202-8169a, b, c. Three small arrow points, one found on - center, one in east northeast part and one in south of - grave. _a_ is of brownish fissile jasper (Plate II. Fig. - 2). - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 11. Rock-slide grave located on the north side - of the Naches River, a little over half a mile above its - mouth. The place is about 600 feet west southwest of - grave No. 10 and 150 feet above the river. It was 6 feet - by 4 feet in diameter and 4 feet deep. Apparently it had - been rifled as nothing was found in it except a skull and - a few bones. - - 99-4319. Skull, a lower jaw, and a few broken bones which - were scattered among the rocks. The skull was found in - the west southwest part of the grave with the face down. - The lower jaw was found in the southern part of the grave - about 1 foot higher up in the rocks. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 12. Bluff pebble grave. We examined a ring of - river boulders on the twenty-acre farm of Mr. James - McWhirter, a boy about fifteen years old, twelve miles up - the Naches River on the crest of the foothill terrace - north of the road, and overlooking the bottom along the - north side of the Naches River. This grave was about 150 - feet high above the river by about half a mile from it. - At first it looked like a little underground house site - or a shallow cache pit. (Museum negative, no. 44441, 1-2 - for general locality.) James, who called our attention to - the pile of boulders, said that some one threw off part - in an abandoned attempt to dig the grave. We thought the - grave practically undisturbed and it proved to have been - the least disturbed of any we had found up to this point. - The outside of the ring was 10 feet east and west by 5 - feet north and south. The inside of the ring or the space - surrounded was 6 feet east and west by 4 feet north and - south. Probably this grave was a boulder heap, the aspect - of a ring being given by the removal of the stones, i.e., - this central space may be where stones were thrown off. - River boulders were found from top to bottom. The - boulders varied in weight from about 7 to 30 pounds. Most - of them were disk-shaped but some were oval. Numbers - 99-4320 and 202-8170, 1 were found in this grave. - - 99-4320. An adult skeleton was found 4 feet deep with the - head towards the west, resting on its occiput. The skull - which was broken, faced south by east, with the mouth - open. The knees were north; the body was on its left side - and flexed. Over the north side of the knees was an - elliptically-shaped piece of cedar burned on the upper - side. It was about 2 feet wide by 4 feet long. A few - fragments of the skeleton of a child were found in the - grave. All the bones in the grave were very soft and as - the ends were broken off we discarded all but the skull - and a few of the bones of the child. Two shell disks - (202-8170,1) were found about 6 inches apart near the - neck, one at the south shoulder, and one at the south - side of the skull of the adult. - - 202-8170. Pendant of disk shape made of oyster shell with - one perforation near the edge (Fig. 94). - - 202-8171 Pendant of disk shape made of shell with two - perforations near one edge (Fig. 93). - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 13. Cremation circle, similar to several of the - others on the terrace northwest of the mouth of the - Naches River. This consisted of a ring of angular rocks - among which were no river pebbles, resembling a small - underground house site, 8 feet in diameter outside, 6 - feet in diameter at the top of the rocks, 4-1/2 feet in - diameter inside, both east-west and north-south. It is - widest and built of largest stones on the side towards - the lower part of the terrace, suggesting that the ring - had slid down but the nearly level terrace would argue - against this idea. This grave was like a rock-slide - grave, filled with soil, but on a gently sloping terrace - instead of a steep slide. Photograph no. 44495, 5-8, from - the south shows a telegraph pole to left and a flume - across the Yakima River to the right. See also graves No. - 14 and 15. Child bones, found two feet deep in volcanic - ash, were decayed and discarded. The tibiae were about - 2-1/2 inches long. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 14. This cremation circle was situated on the - terrace about 100 feet above the Naches River and about - 250 yards north of the two bridges near its mouth. Plate - IX, Fig. 1 (photograph no. 44493, 5-6) shows this from - the east with telegraph poles beyond. The stone circle - measured 6 feet north and south inside (16 outside) by 7 - feet east and west inside (14 outside). Our excavation - here was 6 by 5 by 4 feet deep. Fragments of charred - human bones, and some that seemed not to be charred, of - six or seven individuals were found from about 1 foot - deep down to 4 feet deep. Most of these were pieces of - skulls, but pieces of many other bones were found. The - bones which were most burned, were those found nearest - the surface. Much charcoal was seen. A layer of ashes - about 6 inches in thickness was found in the center. In - the northwest part of the hole a skeleton was found lying - on the left side flexed, the face east, and the head - north. This may have been buried after the others. The - bones were very much decomposed and the skull was broken - into small pieces. Numbers 202-8172 to 202-8174 were - found in this grave. - - 202-8172. A shell ornament found on the east side of the - skull. - - 202-8173. Two dentalium shells found on the west side of - the skull. Dentalium shells were found in all parts of - the excavation but were most numerous in the northeastern - parts. - - 202-8174. A shell ornament. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 15. Cremation circle excavated on June 10, 11 - and 12. Shown from the east in photograph No. 44494, 5-7. - It is 56 feet west of grave No. 14 and further up the - terrace. The outside circle of stones measured 15 feet - north and south by 15 feet east and west. The next circle - of stones measured 9 feet north and south by 9 feet east - and west. The space inside the stone circle measured 7 - feet north and south by 7 feet east and west. The depth - varied from 2 feet 6 inches in the east and south parts - to 4 feet in the north and west parts below all of which - was a pitching layer of basaltic rocks. The three rings - of stones surrounded a hollow. The inner row was about 12 - inches lower than the outer ring. Several boulders were - found in the grave. Ashes and lava composed the grave - soil. The whole cremation circle seemed to have been the - burned remains of a communal or family depository for the - dead, probably a hut like an underground winter house - walled around the edge of the roof with stones. Two - skeletons were found on the bottom, apparently not - burned, but much decayed. They were discarded. Numbers - 202-8175 to 202-8182 were found in this grave. - - 202-8175. Charcoal was abundant but most of it was found - about 14 inches deep. - - 202-8176. Broken and charred human bones of about twelve - individuals were found throughout the grave in a space - about 8 by 5 feet beginning at the east inner ring of - stones and extending beyond the second circle on the - west. They were found from 8 inches deep to parts of the - bottom. - - 202-8177. Dentalium shells were very abundant. - - 202-8178. Engraved dentalium shells (Fig. 118). - - 202-8179. Several kinds of shell ornaments were found in - the northern and northwestern parts of the grave. - - 202-8180. Several burned pieces of shell. - - 202-8181. One piece of metal, probably copper. - - 202-8182. Several pieces of shell of different kinds. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 16. Shallow cremation circle, 13 feet north and - south by 14 east and west (outside); 5 feet north and - south by 7 feet east and west (inside). Charred human - bones of a child about 10 years old were found. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 17. Cremation circle situated 58 feet west from - grave No. 15 and 46 feet west from grave No. 16. Its - diameter was 13 feet east and west by 14 feet north and - south outside of all stones. The diameter was 5 feet east - and west by 6 feet north and south inside. At the middle - of the stone ring the diameter was 9 feet. The middle of - the excavation was 3 feet deep in volcanic ash. No - evidence of burning was found among the bones except the - presence of charcoal at a depth of four feet. Parts of at - least four skeletons, one adult, and children were found, - all much broken and separated. The bones were mostly in - the southwestern end of the excavation. No skull bones - were found except a lower jaw, while in grave No. 13 most - of the pieces found were of skulls. Numbers 202-8183 to - 202-8185 were found here. - - 202-8183. Three shell ornaments found in the northeastern - part of the grave. - - 202-8184. Two dentalium shells found in the western part - of the excavation. These were the only two found in the - whole grave. - - 202-8185. Piece of copper found in the northwestern part - of the grave. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 18. Cremation circle situated 84 feet south of - grave No. 14. This grave had possibly been rifled. The - stone circle was 15 feet in diameter outside and 9 feet - in diameter inside. The excavation was 2 feet, 6 inches - to 3 feet 6 inches deep. Excavation 7 feet by 6 feet. - Some fragments of human bones were found on the surface. - There were more stones mixed in the earth than in the - graves previously excavated here; viz: Nos. 13 to 17. - Ashes were abundant especially at the bottom. Many pieces - of much broken human bones were found but not as many as - were seen in grave No. 15 and they were less burned than - in that grave. Numbers 202-8186 to 202-8187 were found in - this grave. - - 202-8186. Two engraved dentalium shells. - - 202-8187. Two dentalium shells of which one was crushed - and discarded. A broken flat shell ornament which we also - discarded, was found here. - - * * * * * - - Graves Nos. 19-20. These cremation circles were of the - usual construction, showed nothing new and contained no - specimens. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 21. Cremation rectangle last explored on the - terrace near the mouth of the Naches River and situated - 300 feet northwest from the two bridges. The rectangular - enclosure was bounded by a single row of stones, but on - the south several rows were placed outside to conform - with the slope of the hill covering a semi-circular area, - while on the west was a second row of marking stones. It - was 12 feet long north and south by 8 feet wide east and - west and 3 feet, 6 inches deep. Part of a child's skull, - two scapulae, two tibiae, and a piece of a femur of - another child; bones of a young adult; a small piece of - skull and part of a femur of an adult were found. All - the bones were in a poor state of preservation. Numbers - 202-8188 to 202-8189 were found in this grave. - - 202-8188. Dentalium shells. - - 202-8189. A shell ornament was found in this excavation. - A piece of beaver tooth and several pieces of decayed - cedar were also found and discarded. - - * * * * * - - 99-4321. See grave No. 25. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 22. Rock-slide grave located near the top of - the slide and above the flume on the southern side of the - Yakima Ridge on the northern side of the Yakima River - about a mile eastward from the mouth of the Naches River. - Traces of wrappings of stitched rush matting were seen in - the grave. - - 99-4322. Adult skeleton, partly bleached, flexed on back, - head north as shown in situ after removing covering rocks - in photograph (no. 44516, 7-6 from the south by west), - Plate VIII, Fig. 2 (pp. 15 and 142). - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 23. A grave 600 feet up on the plateau south of - Oak Spring Canon, in a dome-shaped mound of volcanic ash - left by the wind. It was not like a rock-slide grave. - Somewhat angular stones unlike rock-slide material among - which were no pebbles, formed a rectangular pile, 15 feet - long by 12 feet wide. The grave contained many stones, - several modern beads, evidently part of a rosary, two - dentalium shells and a human lower jaw, but all were - discarded. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 24. This grave was located in a dome of - volcanic ash on the hill or plateau north of the Ahtanum - River and northwest of Mr. A. D. Eglin's house near - Tampico. It was marked by a rectangular group of rough - and wind smoothed rocks (not rock-slide or river pebble) - which extended down as in the crude cairns, 6 feet - northeast and southwest by 4 feet wide northwest and - southeast, the vault being 5 feet by 3 feet. Numbers - 99-4323 and 202-8190 were found in this grave. - - 99-4323. A skeleton of a child found in a very much - decomposed condition. Some of the bones showed - anchylosis. The skull was found in the southwest of the - grave with part of the pelvis, two humerii and a scapula. - The rest of the skeleton was scattered, the lower jaw - being in the northwest corner of the grave with the - femora, tibiae and fibulae. The skull faced northeast and - rested on the occiput. - - 202-8190. Bone point found at the side of the skull. - - * * * * * - - 99-4324. See grave No. 27. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 25. Eglin stone grave located in a volcanic ash - knoll left behind by wind and surrounded by 'scab land' - on the bottom land about 18 miles up and west of North - Yakima or nearly to Tampico, Yakima County, and on the - north side of the river road, but east of the north and - south branch road which is east of Mr. Sherman Eglin's - place; about 600 feet north of the north branch of the - Ahtanum river and about 15 feet above the water level. - Over the grave was a stone heap of angular basalt about - 8 feet in diameter. At a depth of 3 feet, after finding - stones all the way down, was a cyst (Negative, nos. - 44498, 5-11 and 44499, 5-12, reproduced in Plate X, from - the same station looking east), made up of slabs - averaging 2 inches in maximum thickness with thin sharp - edges about 2 feet by 18 inches and smaller. There were - two such cover stones, some at the sides and ends. - Sometimes two or three such slabs were found parallel or - overlapping. There were no slabs or floor below the - skeleton. This grave resembled very much the stone graves - of Ohio and Kentucky except that the slabs were not of - limestone and there was a pile of rocks over the stone - cyst. Numbers 99-4321, and 202-8191 to 202-8195 were - found in this grave. - - 99-4321. In the cyst about on a level with the lower - edges of the enclosing slabs was the skeleton of a child - about six years old with head west, face north, and the - knees flexed on the left side. The skull was slightly - deformed by occipital pressure (Plate X). - - 202-8191. Horizontally under the vertebrae was found an - engraved slab of antler in the form of a costumed human - figure with the engraved surface up (Fig. 121). - - 202-8192. Dentalium shells were found under the body, - from the neck to the pelvis. - - 202-8193. Ten engraved dentalium shells (Fig. 117). - - 202-8194. A bit of bone. - - 202-8195. Charcoal found in this grave. - - The grave (No. 25) and its contents seem to antedate the - advent of the white race in this region or at least show - no European influence. - - * * * * * - - 99-4322 to 99-4323. See graves nos. 22 to 24. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 26. Rock-marked grave in a dome left by the - wind near the pasture gate on Mr. A. D. Eglin's place and - about half a mile north of his house near Tampico. A heap - of somewhat angular wind abraded rock some being smooth, - (none being river pebbles or rock-slide material) marked - the grave and extended below the surface about two feet. - Then about 1 foot of earth intervened between them and - thin rocks found around the bones of a very young child. - The skull was in the northwest end of the grave and was - disarticulated. The depth was 4 feet, the length of the - excavation 4 feet, and the width 3 feet. The skeleton was - found with the head northwest and the pelvis southeast. A - grave with outward appearance resembling this except that - it had river pebbles among the stones of the pile is - shown in Fig. 2, Plate IX, (Negative no. 44497, 5-10 - taken from the north of east). - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 27. Rock-marked grave in a dome of volcanic ash - left by the wind located about half a mile north of Mr. - A. D. Eglin's house near Tampico. This grave was like a - rude cairn being rudely walled and found filled with - earth and stones as well as covered by rocks of which - eight or nine weighing about 15 or 20 pounds, showed - above the surface of the ground. Its depth was 4 feet, - length 5 feet, and its width, 3 feet 6 inches, extending - west southwest and east northeast. A little charcoal was - found in this grave also. - - 99-4324. Adult skeleton found flexed on left side, facing - northeast. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 28. Rock-slide grave located in a small - irregular rock-slide on the north side of Cowiche Creek - about 3 miles west of its mouth and about 40 feet above - the road. The rocks were piled up in a crescent-shaped - ridge on the lower side of the grave. Four sticks about - four feet long were found planted upright among the - stones. The grave extended east and west. Parts of a - human skeleton were found. It was in a flexed position, - head west, skull and the bones of the upper part of the - body broken and decomposed. The bones of the lower part - of the body were well preserved. The skeleton had been - wrapped in matting or bark, several pieces of matting - being found in the grave as well as parts of a basket. - Numbers 202-8196a and 202-8196b were found in this grave. - - 202-8196a. Chipped point of mottled quartz found near the - skull (Plate II, Fig. 3). - - 202-8196b. Chipped point of white quartz found near the - skull (Plate II, Fig. 4). - - 202-8197. Pestle or roller made of stone from the surface - about a mile east of Fort Simcoe. This is of cylindrical - shape tapering to both ends but to one more than to the - other. Both ends are fractured (Fig. 37). - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 29. Rock-marked grave located on a plateau - above Wenas Creek near its mouth and about seven miles - north of North Yakima. The rocks marking the grave - covered a space 6 feet by 4 feet and extended down to the - skeleton which was very much broken but not decomposed. - No objects other than some charcoal were found in this - grave. - - All the other graves in the vicinity of the mouth of - Wenas Creek seem to have been rifled. - - 202-8198. Broken ulna of a deer found at the mouth of - Wenas Creek about 7 miles north of North Yakima. - - Numbers 202-8199 to 202-8204 were found on the surface at - the mouth of Wenas Creek. - - 202-8199. Small chipped point made of red jasper. - - 202-8200a-c. Three chipped points made of white chert. - - 202-8201. Broken and burned chipped point made of white - chert. - - 202-8202. Broken triangular chipped point made of white - chert. - - 202-8203. Chipped point made of reddish white chert - (Plate II. Fig. 13). - - 202-8204 a, b. Two chipped pieces of white chalcedony. - - Numbers 202-8205a-e to 202-8206f were found in the valley - of Wenas Creek, on the surface near where the trail from - North Yakima to Ellensburg crosses the creek, about 7 - miles north of North Yakima. - - 202-8205a-e. Five pieces of agate of reddish or amber - color. - - 202-8205f. Agate of whitish color - - 202-8206a. A chip of stone. - - 202-8206b-e. Four pieces of stone. - - 202-8206f. Chip of stone. - - Numbers 202-8207 to 202-8209 were found on the surface at - the mouth of Wenas Creek. - - 202-8207. Pestle made of stone. - - 202-8208. Pestle made of stone. - - 202-8209. Broken pebble, battered on the side. - - 202-8210. Fragment of a pestle made of stone of nearly - square cross section. Found on the surface three miles - north of Clemen's ranch, on Wenas Creek where the trail - from North Yakima to Ellensburg crosses. - - 202-8211. Pestle found about 28 miles north of North - Yakima, on the trail to Ellensburg. It was in a dry creek - in "Kittitass" Canon. This canon is probably the - Manastash not the "Kittitass," as we were told. - - -ELLENSBURG. - - 202-8212. Base of a triangular chipped point made of - jasper found on the surface near the town reservoir on - the ridge east of Ellensburg. - - Numbers 202-8213 to 202-8222 were found on the surface of - the bottom land west of Cherry Creek, near Ellensburg. - The place was a village site and is on the farm of Mr. - Bull near where an east and west road crosses the creek, - and opposite where the creek touches on the east, the - west base of the upland. At this point the creek comes up - to the upland from the lowland to the north (p. 12). - - 202-8213. Chipped boulder. - - 202-8214. Notched boulder, or net sinker. - - 202-8215. Battered pebble. - - 202-8216. Four burned stones. - - 202-8217. Gritstone, probably a whetstone. - - 202-8218. Pebble. - - 202-8219. Unio shells. - - 202-8220. Six chips. - - 202-8221. Scraper chipped from chalcedony (Fig. 52). - - 202-8222. Chipped point of heart shape made of clove - brown jasper. (Plate II, Fig. 12). - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 30. Stone circle located on the crest of a - western extension of the Saddle Mountains on Mr. Bull's - farm, east of Cherry Creek and about seven miles south of - Ellensburg. The place is east of the village site - above-mentioned which is on the bottom land along the - west side of the creek at this point. A circular ring of - stones, 10 feet in diameter marked the grave. Smaller - stones and earth in the middle extended 3 feet 6 inches - down to the skeleton. No objects were found except a - plentiful supply of charcoal. - - 99-4325. The bones of an adult human skeleton which - appeared as if it had been flexed were found very much - out of anatomical order. It lay northeast and southwest - in the southeast part of the grave. There was a large - hole in the right frontal of the skull which lay facing - the northwest. The lower jaw was found on top of the - skull with its angle east. Fragments of the tibiae were - blackened by fire. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 31. Rock-slide grave located in the rock-slide - on the west side of the bluff, a western extension of the - Saddle Mountains, east of Cherry Creek and about half a - mile southwest of Mr. Bull's house. One small piece of - decayed wood was found projecting above the rock-slide, - and it was the only indication of the grave, there being - no cavity over it. Among the rocks, four more posts were - found, one at each corner of the grave. These had - evidently rotted off even with the surface, having - formerly, no doubt, extended above it. The depth of the - grave was from 2 to 3 feet, according to the slope of the - hill. Numbers 99-4326 and 202-8223 to 202-8228 were found - in this grave. - - 99-4326. Skeleton of a child with anchylosed neck - vertebrae. Some of the bones were bleached. The bones - were very much displaced, the skull being found in the - middle of the grave and some of the vertebrae being found - near the surface, but most of the bones were around the - skull. The body dressed and wrapped in matting had been - placed between four large boulders. - - 202-8223. Fragments of leather or skin clothing. - - 202-8224. Dentalium shells. - - 202-8225. Glass beads. - - 202-8226. Three bracelets made of iron (Fig. 96). - - 202-8227. A bone disk with central perforation (Fig. 80). - - 202-8228. A bit of a fresh water shell. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 32. Rock-slide grave located about 30 feet - south southwest of grave No. 31 and in the same - rock-slide. It had the same characteristics but had - evidently been disturbed, the skull being missing. No - artifacts were found in the grave. - - 99-4327. Adult skeleton without skull and some bones of a - little child. The bones of an adult were found in a heap - except the vertebrae which lay extended full length; - cervical vertebrae to the north. The bones of one ankle, - a tibia, and fibula were diseased. The cervical vertebrae - are anchylosed; and one of the ribs is abnormal. The - bones of the knees are partly bleached. The bones of the - child being found between the ribs and the pelvis suggest - that it was foetal. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 33. Rock-slide grave located 40 feet south - southwest from grave No. 31 in the same rock-slide with - it. There was nothing on the surface to indicate this - grave, but below the surface of the slide on the upper - side of the grave, were three rows of sticks, about 3 - feet long, standing vertically and close to each other. - These seemed to be so placed that they would prevent the - slide from further movement towards the grave. The grave - cavity was 5 feet south southeast by 4 feet east - northeast and 4 feet deep on one side, 3 feet on the - other, or averaging about 3-1/2 feet deep, and extending - into the soil below the slide. Numbers 99-4328 and - 202-8229 to 202-8230 were found in this grave. - - 99-4328. In the bottom of the grave the skeleton of a - youth was found. It was in good condition, lying on its - back, facing west, but having rolled westward. The legs - were flexed so that the femora lay at right angles or to - the southeast of the pelvis, and the tibiae and fibulae - lay parallel to them. The arms lay extended at the sides - of the body with the hands on the pelvis. Three of the - arm bones and one pelvis bone are stained by copper. The - tibia of a child was found with these. - - 202-8229. Mat of twined rushes found under the pelvis. - The rushes were stitched together in pairs with cord and - each pair was twisted once between each stitch (Fig. 71). - - 202-8230. Open twine matting of rushes held together with - cords woven around them, skin with hair on it, and in - this were copper beads strung with beads made of - dentalium shells on a leather thong (Fig. 72). - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 34. Rock-slide grave found 5 feet south - southwest of grave No. 32. There were no surface - indications of the grave. Posts of decayed wood were - found extending from the surface down to about 6 inches - from the bottom. The tops appeared to have been cut off - and probably never extended above the surface. Numbers - 99-4329 and 202-8231 to 202-8246 were found in this - grave. - - 99-4329. The skeleton of a young child with a persistent - frontal suture was found at a depth of from 3 to 4 feet - with the head east, trunk on back, femora at right angles - to tibiae, and fibulae parallel to them, flexed to left - or south. - - 202-8231. Skin with the hair on found on body. - - 202-8232. Matting. - - 202-8233. Several rows of beads, some of copper, others - of glass and still others of sections of dentalium shells - were found at the neck, arms and legs. These are strung - on pieces of thong, some of which are wound at the ends. - Some of them are on coarse twisted, and others on fine - twisted plant fibre (Fig. 74). - - 202-8234a, b. Two pendants made of haliotis shell were - found, one near the head and one at the pelvis (Fig. 91). - - 202-8235a, b. Two copper pendants were found at the legs, - _b_ has a thong in the perforation. - - 202-8236a-d. Four bracelets made of copper found on the - arms (Fig. 95). - - 202-8237. Teeth of a rodent found in the grave. - - 202-8238. A square pendant made of copper with a thong - and bead made of copper (Fig. 78). - - 202-8239. A pendant made of copper (Fig. 83). - - 202-8240. A bit of wood bounding a knot hole. - - 202-8241. Two dentalium shells. - - 202-8242. A piece of iron. - - 202-8243. Woodpecker feathers, some bound at the tips - with fabric, one with feather, and fur or moss. - - 202-8244. A copper ornament found among the rocks over - this grave about 1 foot deep. - - 202-8245. A pendant made of brass with thong and bead - made of copper found among the rocks over this grave - about 1 foot deep (Fig. 84). - - 202-8246. A pendant made of copper with thong found about - 1 foot deep among the rocks over this grave (Fig. 82). - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 35. Rock-slide grave located in the same slide - with Nos. 31, 32, 33 and 34, 8 feet to the south - southwest of No. 34. The grave was 3 feet in diameter by - 4 feet deep. Four posts of poplar were found at the - corners of this grave but these did not show above the - surface being decayed down to within 6 or 8 inches of the - ground under the rock-slide. Sticks had also been used to - mark this grave on the surface. Numbers 99-4330 and - 202-8247 to 202-8249 were found in this grave. - - 99-4330. The skeleton of a youth was found resting on its - back with the head to the east, arms at the sides, legs - flexed at right angles, i.e., to the north. Two buttons, - one of bone and one of pearl, or shell, and a bridle bit - were found in the grave, but were discarded. - - 202-8247. A bit of shell. - - 202-8248. Thirteen cones made of iron (Fig. 86). - - 202-8249. Two pendants made of iron (Fig. 85). - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 36. A rock-enclosure burial located on the hill - south of Mr. Bull's house near the gap south of - Ellensburg and about 300 feet north of grave No. 30. This - burial was the southwestern of a group of eight, all very - close together and of which the southern circular - enclosure of five had been rifled although the three - oblong enclosures were intact. There were traces of human - bones in all of the eight enclosures. The enclosure to - the north contained a skeleton that had been burned. No. - 36 differed from No. 30 in that the stones did not extend - below the surface. - - 99-4331. At a depth of 3 feet, in the grave pit 5 feet by - 3 feet was the skeleton of an adult lying with the head - north, face east, on the left side, arms extended to - pelvis, legs flexed to left, i.e., to east. No specimens - were found in this enclosure. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 37. A rock-slide grave was located about 10 - feet west of grave No. 35 and was similar to it in - general character. Numbers 99-4332 and 202-8250 to - 202-8258 were found in this grave. - - 99-4332. The very much decomposed skeleton of a child was - found here. The broken skull was preserved. - - 202-8250a, b. Two fragments of antler, perhaps part of an - implement found about 1 inch above the pelvis. - - 202-8251. A triangular copper object with two - perforations found inside the skull. - - 202-8252. A pendant or nose ornament made of haliotis - shell and stained pink in places found on the lower jaw - (Fig. 92). - - 202-8253. Dentalium shells. - - 202-8254. A long shell pendant with two perforations. - - 202-8255. A pendant made of haliotis shell bearing a pink - stain with a perforation and part of a second perforation - (Fig. 90). - - 202-8256. A long shell pendant with one perforation. - - 202-8257a, b. Two triangular objects made of shell. - - 202-8258. Pieces of shell found near the lower jaw. - - -PRIEST RAPIDS. - - 202-8259. One pebble showing use at the end as a pestle. - Found on the surface of the divide 25 miles east of - Ellensburg, and about 15 miles west of Mr. Craig's house - near the head of Priest Rapids. - - 202-8260a, b. Pieces of a pestle made of part of a column - of basalt, with the corners rounded by pecking. Found on - the surface at the head of Priest Rapids on the west side - of the river. - - 202-8261. A pestle made by rounding the edges of a piece - of a basaltic column. Found on the surface of the west - bank of the Columbia River 8 miles above Mr. Craig's - house, which is at the head of Priest Rapids. - - * * * * * - - Numbers 202-8262 to 202-8266 were found on the surface - near the head of Priest Rapids. - - 202-8262. A pestle or part of a pestle. - - 202-8263. A river pebble partly pecked into the form of a - pestle (Fig. 22). - - 202-8264. The end of a pestle having a large striking - head. - - 202-8265. Part of a stone pestle. - - 202-8266. Pestle formed by rounding the corners of a - small basaltic column. - - 202-8267. to 202-8290. Numbers 202-8267 to 202-8290 are - pestles made of stone found on the surface near the head - of Priest Rapids (Fig. 21, 202-8281). - - Numbers 202-8291 to 202-8295 were found on the surface - near the head of Priest Rapids. - - 202-8291. Part of a pestle made of stone. - - 202-8292a. A pebble battered on each end (Fig. 41). - - 202-8292b. Pebble, one side of which has been used as a - mortar. - - 202-8293. Part of a mortar made of stone. - - 202-8294. Part of a mortar. - - 202-8295. Disk-shaped boulder, one side of which is - notched opposite a natural notch. Possibly this has been - a net sinker similar to the following. - - * * * * * - - Numbers 202-8296 to 202-8334 were found on the surface of - the bank of the Columbia River near the head of Priest - Rapids. - - 202-8296. River pebble. Such pebbles were made into - sinkers for fish nets. See 202-8310 and adjacent - catalogue numbers (Fig. 13a). - - 202-8297. Scraper or knife made of a river pebble one - side of which is chipped (Fig. 55). - - 202-8298. River pebble of disk shape, partly chipped. - - 202-8299. River pebble of disk shape, partly chipped on - two edges. - - 202-8300. River pebble of disk shape, partly chipped on - one edge. - - 202-8301. River pebble of disk shape, partly chipped on - two edges. - - 202-8302. River pebble of disk shape, partly chipped on - four edges (Fig. 53). - - 202-8303. River pebble, partly chipped. - - 202-8304. River pebble of disk shape, chipped around the - edge from one side only. - - 202-8305. Disk-shaped river pebble, chipped around the - edge from both sides. - - 202-8306. Disk-shaped river pebble, chipped in two - places, opposite each other from both sides, and at a - place equi-distant from these two from only one side. - - 202-8307. Scraper or knife chipped from a pebble (Fig. - 54). - - 202-8308. Chipped pebble. - - * * * * * - - 202-8309 to 202-8322. Numbers 202-8309 to 202-8322 are - oblong flat river pebbles with a notch chipped in the - edge at each end from both sides. They are probably - sinkers for fish nets. (202-8313, see Fig. 13_c_; - 202-8318, see Fig. 13_b_). - - 202-8323 to 202-8325. Numbers 202-8323 to 202-8325 are - oval flat river pebbles with pieces chipped from the - edges in several places. - - 202-8326. Flat oval river pebble with pieces chipped from - both sides of the edge at five places, probably a sinker - for a fish net. - - 202-8327. Flat disk-shaped pebble with four notches about - equi-distant around the edge, and chipped from each side, - probably a sinker for a fish net. - - 202-8328. Oval river pebble with four notches chipped in - the edge nearly equi-distant from each other, probably a - sinker for a fish net. - - 202-8329. Oval flat river pebble with four notches - chipped in the edge from both sides, and about - equi-distant from each other, probably a sinker for a - fish net. - - 202-8330. Oval flat river pebble with four notches - chipped in the edge from both sides, and about - equi-distant from each other, probably a sinker for a - fish net (Fig. 13_d_). - - 202-8331. Half of a stone ring, probably a sinker for a - fish net. - - 202-8332. Boulder in which groove is partly pecked, - probably a net sinker or anchor. - - 202-8333. Large chipped implement made of basalt (Plate - I, Fig. 1). - - 202-8334. Large chipped form made of white chert (Plate - I, Fig. 3). - - * * * * * - - Numbers 202-8335 to 202-8383 were found on the surface - near the head of Priest Rapids. - - 202-8335. Chipped form. - - 202-8336. Chipped form of white chalcedony (Fig. 3). - - 202-8337. Chipped form. - - 202-8338. Chipped form made of red jasper (Plate _I_, - Fig. 2). - - 202-8339 to 202-8344. Numbers 202-8339 to 202-8344 are - chipped forms. - - 202-8345. Basal half of a chipped point. - - 202-8346. Half of a chipped form. - - 202-8347. Point of a chipped form. - - 202-8348. Part of a chipped form. - - 202-8349 to 202-8354. Numbers 202-8349 to 202-8354 are - points of chipped forms. - - 202-8355. Triangular chipped point. - - 202-8356. Triangular chipped point. - - 202-8357. Chipped form. - - 202-8358. Chipped point. - - 202-8359. Chipped point made of brown horn stone (Plate - II, Fig. 11). - - 202-8360. Triangular chipped point made of pale yellow - chalcedony. The chalcedony is flint-like in texture - (Plate II, Fig. 14). - - 202-8361. Chipped point made of yellow agate (Plate II, - Fig. 10). - - 202-8362. Chipped point. - - 202-8363. Chipped point made of pale fulvous chalcedony - (Plate II, Fig. 8). - - 202-8364. Chipped arrow, knife or spear point made of - chalcedony (Fig. 2). - - 202-8365. Chipped arrow, spear or knife point. - - 202-8366. Chipped arrow point made of pale fulvous - chalcedony (Plate II, Fig. 7). - - 202-8367. Chipped arrow point. - - 202-8368. Chipped arrow point made of opaline whitish - chalcedony (Plate II, Fig. 9). - - 202-8369. Chipped arrow point made of chalcedony (Fig. - 1). - - 202-8370. Point for a drill chipped from chert (Fig. 48). - - 202-8371. Scraper chipped from petrified wood (Fig. 49). - - 202-8372. Scraper chipped from agate (Fig. 50). - - 202-8373. Scraper chipped from chalcedony (Fig. 51). - - 202-8374. Chipped piece of chalcedony. - - 202-8375. Chipped piece of petrified wood. - - 202-8376. Flake of stone. - - 202-8377. Flake of stone. - - 202-8378a. Piece of antler showing knife marks. - - 202-8378b. Part of a wedge made of antler. - - 202-8379. A piece of antler that has been whittled. - - 202-8380a, b, c. Three pieces of antler. - - 202-8381. Bleached barb for a fish spear made of bone - (Fig. 12). - - 202-8382. Six clam shells from the Columbia River. - - 202-8383. Seventeen clam shells from the old shell bed - shown in Plate V, Fig. 1. - - 202-8384. Four shell disks found among the refuse of a - rock-slide grave near the head of Priest Rapids (Fig. - 76). - - 202-8385. One dentalium shell found among the refuse of a - rock-slide grave near the head of Priest Rapids. - - 202-8386. Pendant made of haliotis shell, triangular in - form, perforated at the most acute corner. This shell - came from the Pacific Coast. Found in the grave of a - child in a rock-slide near the head of Priest Rapids west - of the Columbia River near the home of Mr. Craig (Fig. - 89). Numbers 202-8387 to 202-8390 were also found here. - - 202-8387a, b, c, d. Vertebrae of a fish. - - 202-8388. Pendant made of a shell probably a young - _Pectunculus gigantea_. The hinge side has been smoothed - off (Fig. 88). - - 202-8389. Three dentalium shells. - - 202-8390. Twenty-eight shell disks or beads. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 38. A rock-slide grave located on the east side - of the escarpment that runs south to the Columbia River - about two miles southwest of Mr. Craig's house near the - head of Priest Rapids. Stones were heaped up over this - grave and sticks about 6 feet long were standing up and - extended from the earth above the skeleton to 3 feet - above the surface. Numbers 99-4333 and 202-8391 to - 202-8392 were found in the grave. - - 99-4333. An adult skeleton was found at a depth of 3 feet - from the top of the rock heap. The head was east. The - skeleton was flexed and it was lying on the left side. - - 202-8391. Stitched rush matting, probably recent, found - in contact with the skin on this skeleton (Fig. 70). Part - was of the stitch shown in Fig. 71. - - 202-8392. A roll of birch bark. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 39. Grave of a child near grave No. 38. This - child's grave was of the same kind as grave No. 38. - - 202-8393. Pendant or bead made of sea shell (Fig. 87). - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 40. A rock-slide grave found 8 miles above Mr. - Craig's house in a small slide at the foot of the bluff. - Upright cedar slabs about 8 feet long were found along - about 6 feet of the lower part of the grave. The skeleton - of an adult lay flexed along the slabs with the head to - the north. - - 99-4334. The skull. - - Several similar graves, most of which have been rifled, - were seen at this place. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 41. Grave found about 5 miles south of Mr. - Craig's house on the western bank of the Columbia. It was - in the sand, covered with flat river boulders. No - artifacts were found in the grave. - - 99-4335. Adult skeleton, bleached. Much of the skeleton - was found exposed and parts were missing. The head was - north. - - * * * * * - - Grave No. 42. Boulder-covered grave in sand was located - at the edge of the river 12 miles up the Columbia from - Mr. Craig's house. Numbers 99-4336 and 202-8394 to - 202-8395 were found in this grave. - - 99-4336. An adult skeleton was found in this grave with - the head north, face down, and flexed. - - 202-8394. Fragment of a large mortar made of stone (Fig. - 18). - - 202-8395a, b, c. Three pestles found among the covering - boulders of this grave. - - * * * * * - - Numbers 202-8396 to 202-8398 were presented by Mrs. J. B. - Davidson of Ellensburg. The specimens were collected at - the head of Priest Rapids. - - 202-8396. Pipe made of limestone decorated with the - circle and dot design similar to that used in the - Thompson River region (Fig. 106 also negative 44505, - 6-6). - - 202-8397. Double notched point chipped from black glassy - basalt or trap (Plate II, Fig. 6). - - 202-8398. Point for a drill or perforator chipped from - chalcedony (Fig. 47). - - 202-8399. River pebble partly pecked into the form of a - pestle. Found on the surface 8 miles above the head of - Priest Rapids (Fig. 23). - - -VARIOUS LOCALITIES. - - Numbers 20.0-1463 to 20.0-1471 were collected and - presented by Mr. D. W. Owen of Kennewick. - - 20.0-1463. Bone object broken and partly missing from - Blalock Island fifteen miles below Umatilla in the - Columbia River. - - 20.0-1464. Wedge made of antler from the surface near the - Columbia River near the mouth of the Snake River (Fig. - 39). - - 20.0-1465. Bleached awl made of bone from an island in - the Columbia River, forty miles above the mouth of the - Snake River (Fig. 57). - - 20.0-1466. Bleached awl made of bone from the surface of - an island in the Columbia River near the mouth of the - Snake River (Fig. 56). - - 20.0-1467. Awl made of brownish bone nearly circular in - section with five incised lines on two sides, four on - one, and none on the other which is plain because worn - smooth probably by age or use. From a grave on Blalock - Island, a long island in the Columbia River fifteen miles - below Umatilla. - - 20.0-1468. Awl made of brownish bone. The shaft has - nearly parallel sides and rounded corners but the base is - nearly circular in section. Striations such as are made - by a gritstone show on the surface. Found with another in - a grave on an island in the Snake River five miles above - its mouth (Fig. 10). - - 20.0-1469. Sculptured arm with hand made of black slate - having four nearly parallel sides and rounded corners. - From Umatilla, Oregon. - - 20.0-1470. Pipe made of sandstone bearing design. From - the Snake River Indians (Figs. 107 and 115). - - 20.0-1471. Sculptured handle broken from a club made of - serpentine. The broken surface is smooth. There are - notches 1/4 inch long on the edge. From Blalock Island - opposite Umatilla in the Columbia Valley (Fig. 167h, - Smith, (b).). - - 20.0-3343. Fluted stone, possibly an unfinished pestle. - From near Lewiston, Idaho. Presented by Mr. Henry Fair, - Spokane, Idaho. - - * * * * * - - Numbers 20.0-3344 to 20.0-3346 are from an old village - site near Fort Simcoe. Collected by Dr. H. J. Spinden. - - 20.0-3344. Mortar. - - 20.0-3345. Pestle. - - 20.0-3346. Pestle. - - T-21184 (H-180). Fragment of a leaf-shaped point made of - chert. From Wallula near the Columbia River, Oregon. - Collected by Judge James Kennedy in 1882 (Fig. 6). - - T-22107 (H-177). Fragments of a figure made of antler. - From Umatilla, Oregon. Collected by Mrs. James Terry - (Fig. 123). - - -[Illustration: CHIPPED POINTS. (Page 24) PLATE I.] - - -[Illustration: CHIPPED POINTS. (Page 25) PLATE II.] - - -[Illustration: QUARRY NEAR NACHES RIVER. (Page 16) -HOUSE SITE NEAR NACHES RIVER. (Page 51) PLATE III.] - - -[Illustration: HOUSE SITES NEAR NACHES RIVER. (Page 52) PLATE IV.] - - -[Illustration: CAMP SITES NEAR SENTINAL BLUFFS. (Page 56) PLATE V.] - - -[Illustration: FORT NEAR ROCK CREEK. ROCK-SLIDE GRAVE ON YAKIMA RIDGE. -(Page 14) PLATE VI.] - - -[Illustration: TERRACED ROCK-SLIDE ON YAKIMA RIDGE. (Page 141) -PLATE VII.] - - -[Illustration: ROCK-SLIDE GRAVES ON YAKIMA RIDGE. (Page 140) -PLATE VIII.] - - -[Illustration: CREMATION CIRCLE NEAR MOUTH OF NACHES RIVER. (Page 142) -GRAVE IN DOME OF VOLCANIC ASH NEAR TAMPICO. (Page 139) PLATE IX.] - - -[Illustration: OPENED GRAVE IN DOME OF VOLCANIC ASH NEAR TAMPICO. -(Page 139) PLATE X.] - - -[Illustration: PETROGLYPHS NEAR SENTINAL BLUFFS.( Page 121) PLATE XI.] - - -[Illustration: PETROGLYPHS IN SELAH CANON. (Page 122) PLATE XII.] - - -[Illustration: PETROGLYPH IN SELAH CANON. (Page 123) -PETROGLYPH NEAR WALLULA JUNCTION. (Page 123) PLATE XIII.] - - -[Illustration: PICTOGRAPHS AT MOUTH OF COWICHE CREEK. (Page 119) -PLATE XIV.] - - -[Illustration: PICTOGRAPHS AT MOUTH OF COWICHE CREEK. (Page 120) -PLATE XV.] - - -[Illustration: PICTOGRAPHS AT MOUTH OF COWICHE CREEK. (Page 120) -PLATE XVI.] - - * * * * * - -TRANSCRIBER NOTES: - - Archaic, alternate and misspellings of words have been retained to - match the original work with the exception of those listed below - - Missing punctuation has been added and obvious punctuation errors - have been corrected. - - Page 19: "gulley" changed to "gully" (on either side by a - gully). - - Page 36: footnote 78, added "p." ( Spinden, p, 194.) - - Page 82: "anterio" changed to "anterior" (leaving a large - anterior lateral projection). - - Page 92: "assymetrical" changed to "asymmetrical" ( a slightly - asymmetrical disk) - - Page 93: illustration caption: "n" changed to "in" ( in - the collection of) - - Page 97: "he" changed to "be" ( contents will be found) - - Page 108: "begining" changed to "beginning" (first - beginning at the East). - - Page 108: "untill" changed to "until" (held the pipe until - I took). - - Page 109: "simitransparent" changed to "semi-transparent" - (where the semi-transparent green steatite). - - Page 113: "p.13" changed to "p. 131" (under the section of art on p. - 131.) - - Page 129: "fo" changed to "of" (and the method of - indicating) - - Page 145: "familar" changed to "familiar" (not be one merely - familiar with) - - Page 149: "Bibiography" changed to "Bibliography" - - Page 160: "tibiae" changed to "tibiae" and "fibulae" changed - to "fibulae" for consistency. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Archaeology of the Yakima Valley, by -Harlan Ingersoll Smith - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YAKIMA VALLEY *** - -***** This file should be named 40167.txt or 40167.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/1/6/40167/ - -Produced by Pat McCoy, Julia Miller, Bryan Ness and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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