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diff --git a/40167-0.txt b/40167-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4de5680 --- /dev/null +++ b/40167-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8425 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40167 *** + + TRANSCRIBER NOTES: + + Words contained within underscores, i.e. _a_, are in italics in the + original. + + Footnotes have been moved closer to their reference point in the + text. + + Additional Transcriber Notes can be found at the end of this + project. + + + + + ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS + + OF THE + + American Museum of Natural + History. + + Vol. VI, Part I. + + THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE YAKIMA VALLEY. + + BY + + HARLAN I. SMITH. + + NEW YORK: + Published by Order of the Trustees. + June, 1910. + + + + + ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS + + OF THE + + AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + VOL. VI, PART I. + + + + + THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE YAKIMA VALLEY. + + BY HARLAN I. SMITH. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + + INTRODUCTION 7 + + GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 9 + + ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES 11 + + RESOURCES 21 + + THE SECURING OF FOOD 23 + Points Chipped out of Stone 23 + Points Rubbed out of Stone 26 + Points Rubbed out of Bone 27 + Bows 29 + Snares 29 + Notched Sinkers 30 + Grooved Sinkers 30 + Shell Heaps 34 + Digging Sticks 35 + Basketry 35 + + PREPARATION OF FOOD 36 + Mortars 36 + Pestles 39 + Rollers 47 + Fish Knives 50 + Fire Making 50 + Caches 51 + Boiling 51 + + HABITATIONS 51 + Semi-subterranean House Sites 51 + Circles of Stones (Summer House Sites) 55 + + TOOLS USED BY MEN 57 + Wedges 57 + Hammerstones 58 + Celts 62 + Hand-Adze 64 + Whetstones 65 + Drills 66 + Scrapers 67 + Arrow-shaft Smoothers 69 + + TOOLS USED BY WOMEN 69 + Scrapers Chipped from Stone 69 + Scrapers Rubbed from Bone 71 + Awls Rubbed from Bone 71 + Needles 72 + Mat-Pressers 73 + + PROCESSES OF MANUFACTURE 74 + + LIFE HISTORIES OF MANUFACTURED OBJECTS 74 + + WAR 75 + Implements used in Warfare 75 + Grooved Pebbles, Club-Heads, or Sinkers 75 + Stone Clubs 76 + 'Slave-Killers' 80 + War Costume 82 + Fortifications 82 + Wounds 82 + + DRESS AND ADORNMENT 83 + Skins 83 + Matting 84 + Ornaments 87 + Combs 87 + Beads 88 + Dentalium Shells 90 + Pendants 92 + Bracelets 99 + A Costumed Human Figure 100 + Deformation 105 + + GAMES, AMUSEMENTS, AND NARCOTICS 105 + Games 105 + Narcotics 106 + + ART 117 + Paintings 119 + Petroglyphs 121 + Incised Designs 124 + Notches 130 + Circle and Dot Designs 130 + Pecked Grooves 132 + Animal and Human Forms 132 + Coast Art 136 + + METHOD OF BURIAL 138 + Burials in Domes of Volcanic Ash 138 + Rock-slide Graves 139 + Cremation Circles 142 + Position of the Body 142 + Property with the Dead 142 + Horse Sacrifices 143 + Diseases 143 + + CONCLUSION 143 + + BIBLIOGRAPHY 149 + + APPENDIX 152 + + + + +ILLUSTRATIONS. + + +PLATES. + + I. Chipped Points. Fig. 1 (Museum No. 202-8333), length 21 cm.; + Fig. 2 (202-8338); Fig. 3 (202-8334). + + II. Chipped Points. Fig. 1 (Museum No. 202-8115), length 3.8 cm.; + Fig. 2 (202-8169 A); Fig. 3 (202-8196 A); Fig. 4 (202-8196 B); + Fig. 5 (202-8142); Fig. 6 (202-8397); Fig. 7 (202-8366); Fig. 8 + (202-8363); Fig. 9 (202-8368); Fig. 10 (202-8361); Fig. 11 + (202-8359); Fig. 12 (202-8222); Fig. 13 (202-8203): Fig. 14 + (202-8360). + + III. Quarry near Naches River. + House Site near Naches River. + + IV. House Sites near Naches River. + + V. Camp Sites near Sentinal Bluffs. + + VI. Fort near Rock Creek. + Rock-Slide Grave on Yakima Ridge. + + VII. Terraced Rock-Slide on Yakima Ridge. + + VIII. Rock-Slide Graves on Yakima Ridge. + + IX. Cremation Circle near Mouth of Naches River. + Grave in Dome of Volcanic Ash near Tampico. + + X. Opened Grave in Dome of Volcanic Ash near Tampico. + + XI. Petroglyphs near Sentinal Bluffs. + + XII. Petroglyphs in Selah Canon. + + XIII. Petroglyph in Selah Canon. + Petroglyph near Wallula Junction. + + XIV. Pictographs at Mouth of Cowiche Creek. + + XV. Pictographs at Mouth of Cowiche Creek. + + XVI. Pictographs at Mouth of Cowiche Creek. + + +TEXT FIGURES. + PAGE. + + 1. Chipped Point made of Chalcedony 24 + 2. Chipped Point made of Chalcedony 25 + 3. Chipped Point made of White Chalcedony 25 + 4. Serrated Chipped Point made of Petrified Wood 25 + 5. Chipped Point made of Obsidian 26 + 6. Fragment of a leaf-shaped Point made of Chert 26 + 7. Point made of Bone 28 + 8. Point made of Bone 28 + 9. Scorched Point made of Bone 28 + 10. Point made of Bone 28 + 11. Point or Barb made of Bone 28 + 12. Point or Barb made of Bone 28 + 13. Net Sinkers made of Pebbles 31 + 14. Sinker, a Grooved Boulder bearing a Design in Intaglio 31 + 15. Sinker, a Grooved Boulder bearing a Design in Intaglio 33 + 16. Sinker, a Perforated Boulder 33 + 17. Fragment of Basket of Splint Foundation and Bifurcated Stitch 35 + 18. Fragment of a Mortar made of Stone 35 + 19. Mortar made of Stone 37 + 20. Mortar made of Stone 38 + 21. Pestle made of Stone 40 + 22. Pestle pecked from Stone 40 + 23. Pestle pecked from Stone 40 + 24. Pestle made of Stone 42 + 25. Pestle made of Stone 42 + 26. Pestle made of Stone 44 + 27. Pestle made of Stone 44 + 28. Pestle made of Stone 44 + 29. Pestle made of Stone 46 + 30. Pestle made of Sandstone 46 + 31. Pestle made of Stone 46 + 32. Pestle made of Stone 48 + 33. Pestle made of Stone 48 + 34. Pestle made of Stone 48 + 35. Pestle made of Steatite 49 + 36. Pestle or Roller made of Stone 49 + 37. Pestle or Roller made of Stone 49 + 38. Fragment of Hearth of Fire Drill 50 + 39. Wedge made of Antler 57 + 40. Hammerstone 59 + 41. Hammerstone 60 + 42. Hammerstone made of a Hard, Water-worn Pebble 60 + 43. Hammerstone 60 + 44. Hammerstone made of a Close-Grained Yellow Volcanic Pebble 62 + 45. Celt made of Serpentine 62 + 46. Hand-Adze made of Stone 64 + 47. Point for a Drill, chipped from Chalcedony 66 + 48. Point for a Drill, chipped from Chert 66 + 49. Scraper chipped from Petrified Wood 68 + 50. Scraper chipped from Agate 68 + 51. Scraper chipped from Chalcedony 68 + 52. Scraper chipped from Chalcedony 68 + 53. Scraper chipped from a Flat Circular Pebble 70 + 54. Scraper or Knife chipped from a Pebble 70 + 55. Scraper or Knife chipped from a Pebble 71 + 56. Awl made of Bone 72 + 57. Awl made of Bone 72 + 58. Spatulate Object made of Bone 72 + 59_a_. Object made of Steatite, probably a Mat Presser. + _b_. Part of Incised Pictograph on Object shown in _a_ 73 + 60. Grooved Pebble 76 + 61. Club-head or Sinker made of Lava 76 + 62. Club made of Serpentine 77 + 63. Club made of Serpentine 77 + 64. Club made of Stone 79 + 65. Club made of Stone 79 + 66. Club made of Stone 79 + 67. Club made of Stone 81 + 68. Club made of Stone 81 + 69. War Implement or Slave Killer, made of Friable Stone 81 + 70. Diagram of Stitch of Fragment of Rush Matting 84 + 71_a_. Fragment of Matting, made of Twined Rush stitched + together with twisted Cord. + _b_ Diagram of Stitch of _a_ 85 + 72. Fragment of Open-Twine Matting, made of Rush 87 + 73. Comb made of Antler 88 + 74. Beads made of Copper, Glass and Sections of Dentalium Shells 89 + 75. Bead made of Brass 90 + 76. Beads made of Shell 90 + 77. Drilled and Perforated Disk made of Slate 92 + 78. Pendant made of Copper, Thong and Copper Bead 92 + 79. Button made of Shell with Attached Bead made of Metal 92 + 80. Perforated Disk made of Bone 92 + 81. Pendants made of Slate 93 + 82. Pendant made of Copper 95 + 83. Pendant made of Copper 95 + 84. Pendant made of Brass and Bead made of Copper 95 + 85. Pendant made of Iron 96 + 86. Pendant made of Iron 96 + 87. Pendant or Bead made of an Olivella Shell 96 + 88. Pendant made of (_Pectunculus_) Shell 96 + 89. Pendant made of Iridescent Shell 98 + 90. Pendant made of (_Haliotis_) Shell 98 + 91. Pendant made of (_Haliotis_) Shell 98 + 92. Pendant or Nose Ornament, made of (_Haliotis_) Shell 98 + 93. Pendant made of Shell 99 + 94. Pendant made of Oyster Shell 99 + 95. Bracelet made of Copper 100 + 96. Bracelet made of Iron 100 + 97. Bone Tube 106 + 98. Bone Tube bearing Incised Lines, Charred 106 + 99. Perforated Cylinder made of Steatite 106 + 100. Tubular Pipe made of Steatite 106 + 101. Tubular Pipe made of Green Stone with Stem 107 + 102. Pipe made of Steatite used by the Thompson River Indians + at Spences Bridge in 1895 109 + 103. Form of the Flange-Shaped Mouth of the Bowl of some + Thompson River Indian Pipes 109 + 104. Tubular Pipe made of Steatite 112 + 105. Fragment of a Sculptured Tubular Pipe made of Steatite 112 + 106. Pipe made of Limestone 112 + 107. Pipe made of Sandstone 112 + 108. Pipe made of Bluestone 112 + 109. Pipe made of Stone 112 + 110. Pipe made of Soft Sandstone 114 + 111. Pipe made of Steatite 114 + 112. Pipe made of Soft Sandstone 114 + 113. Pipe made of Steatite 116 + 114_a_. Incised Design on a Fragment of a Wooden Bow. + _b_ Section of Fragment of Bow shown in _a_ 125 + 115. Incised Design on Bowl of Pipe shown in Fig. 107 126 + 116. Incised Design on Stone Dish 126 + 117. Incised Designs on Dentalium Shells 126 + 118. Incised Designs on Dentalium Shells 126 + 119. Incised Pendant made of Steatite with Red Paint (Mercury) + in some of the Holes and Lines 127 + 120. Circle and Dot Design on Whetstone made of Slate 133 + 121. Costumed Human Figure made of Antler 133 + 122. Quill-flattener made of Antler 133 + 123. Fragments of a Figure 133 + 124. Fragment of a Sculpture with Hoof-like Part 134 + 125. Sculptured Animal Form made of Lava 134 + 126. Handle of Digging Stick made of Horn of Rocky Mountain Sheep 135 + 127. Pipe made of Stone 136 + 128. Sculptured and Inlaid Pipe made of Steatite with Wooden Stem 137 + 129. Sketch Map of the Yakima Valley 152 + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +The following pages contain the results of archaeological investigations +carried on by the writer for the American Museum of Natural History from +May to August, 1903,[1] in the Yakima Valley between Clealum of the +forested eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains and Kennewick, between +the mouths of the Yakima and Snake Rivers in the treeless arid region, +and in the Columbia Valley in the vicinity of Priest Rapids. My +preliminary notes on the archaeology of this region were published in +Science.[2] Definite age cannot be assigned to the archaeological finds, +since here, as to the north, the remains are found at no great depth or +in soil the surface of which is frequently shifted. Some of the graves +are known to be of modern Indians, but many of them antedate the advent +of the white race in this region or at least contain no objects of +European manufacture, such as glass beads or iron knives. On the other +hand, there was found no positive evidence of the great antiquity of any +of the skeletons, artifacts or structures found in the area. The greater +part of the area was formerly inhabited by Sahaptian speaking people, +including the Yakima, Atanum, Topinish, Chamnapum, and Wanapum, while +the northern part of it was occupied by the Piskwans or Winatshmpui of +the Salish linguistic stock.[3] + + [1] A brief report of the operations of this expedition appeared in + the American Museum Journal, Vol. IV, No. 1, pp. 12-14, January, + 1904. It was slightly revised and appeared in Science N. S. Vol. + XIX, No. 484, pp. 579-580, April 8, 1904, and Records of the Past, + Vol. IV, Part 4, pp. 119-127, April 1905. + + [2] N. S. Vol. XXIII, No. 588, p. 551-555, April 6, 1906. Reprinted + in the Seattle Post Intelligencer for March, 1906, the Scientific + American Supplement, Vol. LXII, No. 1602, September 15, 1906, and in + the Washington Magazine, Vol. I, No. 4, June 1906. Abstracted in the + Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, May, 1906. + + [3] Mooney, Plate LXXXVIII + +Near North Yakima we examined graves in the rock-slides along the Yakima +and Naches Rivers; a site, where material, possibly boulders, suitable +for chipped implements had been dug and broken with pebble hammers, on +the north side of the Naches about one mile above its mouth; pictographs +on the basaltic columns on the south side of the Naches River to the +west of the mouth of Cowiche Creek; petroglyphs pecked into basaltic +columns in Selah Canon; ancient house sites on the north side of the +Naches River near its mouth, and on the north side of the Yakima River +below the mouth of the Naches; remains of human cremations, each +surrounded by a circle of rocks on the point to the northwest of the +junction of the Naches and Yakima Rivers; recent rock-slide graves on +the eastern side of the Yakima River above Union Gap below Old Yakima +(Old Town); the surface along the eastern side of the Yakima River, as +far as the vicinity of Sunnyside; graves in the domes of volcanic ash in +the Ahtanum Valley near Tampico; and rock-slide graves in the Cowiche +Valley. + +We then moved our base about thirty miles up the Yakima River to +Ellensburg, Mr. Albert A. Argyle examining the surface along the western +side, en route. From Ellensburg, rock-slide graves and human remains, +surrounded by circles of rocks, as well as a village site upon the +lowland, were examined near the mouth of Cherry Creek. A day spent at +Clealum failed to develop anything of archaeological interest in that +vicinity, except that a human skeleton had been removed in the sinking +of a shaft for a coal mine. + +From Ellensburg we went to Fort Simcoe by way of North Yakima and near +the Indian Agency observed circles of rocks, like those around the +cremated human remains near North Yakima, and a circular hole surrounded +by a ridge, the remains of an underground house. Crossing the divide +from Ellensburg and going down to Priest Rapids in the Columbia Valley, +no archaeological remains were observed except chips of stone suitable +for chipped implements which were found on the eastern slope of the +divide near the top and apparently marked the place where material for +such implements, probably float quartz, had been quarried. On the +western side of the Columbia, on the flat between Sentinal Bluffs and +the river at the head of Priest Rapids, considerable material was found. +This was on the surface of the beach opposite the bluffs and on a +village site near the head of Priest Rapids. Graves in the rock-slides, +back from the river about opposite this site, were also examined. Some +modern graves were noticed in a low ridge near the river, a short +distance above the village site. Crossing the Columbia, some material +was found on the surface of the beach and further up, petroglyphs pecked +in the basaltic rocks at the base of Sentinal Bluffs were photographed. + +The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. D. W. Owen of +Kennewick for information, for permission to examine his collection, to +make notes and sketches of specimens in it, and for presenting certain +specimens;[4] to Mr. Frank N. McCandless of Tacoma for permission to +study and photograph the specimens[5] in his collection containing part +of the York collection in the Ferry Museum, City Hall, Tacoma; to Mr. +Louis O. Janeck of 415 North 2nd. St., North Yakima for information and +for permission to study and photograph the specimens[6] in his +collection as well as for supplementary information since received from +him; to Hon. Austin Mires of Ellensburg for information and permission +to study and photograph specimens[7] in his collection; to Mrs. O. +Hinman of Ellensburg for permission to photograph specimens[8] in her +collection; to Mrs. J. B. Davidson of Ellensburg for information and +permission to study her collection and to make drawings of specimens[9] +in it, and for the pipe shown in Fig. 106; to Mr. W. H. Spalding of +Ellensburg for permission to photograph specimens[10] in his collection; +to Mrs. Jay Lynch of Fort Simcoe, for information and permission to +photograph specimens[11] in her collection; to Mr. W. Z. York of Old +Yakima for permission to sketch and study specimens[12] in his +collection, and to others credited specifically in the following pages. +The accompanying drawings are by Mr. R. Weber and the photographs are by +the author, unless otherwise credited. + + [4] See Figs. 10, 39, 42, 56, 57, 107 and 124. + + [5] See Figs. 35, 45, 79, 100 and 113. + + [6] See Figs. 19, 20, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 46, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, + 65, 66, 67, 69, 81, 108, 109, 120 and 125. + + [7] See Figs. 4, 5, 14, 15, 16, 24, 25, 32 and 44. + + [8] See Figs. 30, 36 and 116. + + [9] See Figs. 8, 47 and 106; see also p. 25. + + [10] See Figs. 11 and 59. + + [11] See Figs. 73, 119, 127 and 128. + + [12] See Figs. 26, 29, 104, 110, 111 and 112. + + + + +GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION. + + +Clealum is situated on the Yakima River, at a point on the Northern +Pacific Railway, 122 miles east of the humid, heavily forested coast at +Puget Sound. Although situated not over 154 miles from Copalis, on the +ocean at the western edge or furthest limit of the temperate humid coast +country, the summers are hot and dry and the winters severe. It is 1909 +feet above the sea level and far enough towards the summit of the +Cascade Mountains, that marks the line between the humid coast and the +arid almost treeless interior, to find considerable moisture and many +trees. + +Ellensburg is situated near the eastern side of the Yakima River, 25 +miles below Clealum, at an altitude of 1512 feet above the sea level and +in the wide somewhat flat Kittitas Valley which was, in former geologic +times, a lake bottom. The river flows rapidly and its low banks at +places are high enough to form gravel bluffs. The surrounding country is +arid and there is no natural forest growth. + +Cherry Creek, one of a number of small streams on this side of the +river, flows through the eastern part of this valley, and empties into +the Yakima River about one mile below Thrall on Section 31, Town 17, +North of Range 19 East. Here, the river enters Yakima Canon which cuts +through Umptanum Ridge and the western foothills of Saddle Mountains. +There are some pines in this canon. + +Selah Creek flows through Selah Canon from the east and empties into the +Yakima, about one mile above Selah at the northwest corner of Section +16, Town 14, north of Range 19 East. This is in a broad valley below +Yakima Canon. At the time of our visit, however, the lower portion of +this creek was dry. Wenas Creek empties into the Yakima from the west, +nearly opposite Selah. + +North Yakima is on the western side of the Yakima River, about two miles +below the mouth of the Naches, which empties into the Yakima from the +west, immediately below where the latter breaks through Yakima Ridge. +This break is called the Gap or the Upper Gap. North Yakima is at an +altitude of 1067 feet above the sea level. The soil of the valley is +made up of a rich volcanic ash and the region is arid and practically +treeless except on the banks of the rivers and creeks or where +irrigation has been successfully practised. The climate in most respects +resembles that of the southern interior of British Columbia, lying to +the north, but in general, there is less vegetation except on irrigated +land. + +Cowiche Creek flows from the southwest and empties into the south side +of the Naches, at a point about three miles above its mouth. + +Tampico is situated on Section 17, Town 12, north of Range 16 East, on +the north side of Ahtanum Creek, which flows nearly east along the base +of the north side of Rattlesnake Range and empties into the Yakima at +Union Gap or Lower Gap, below Old Yakima. + +Fort Simcoe is located in a cluster of live oak trees, on one of the +branches of Simcoe Creek, which flows in an easterly direction and +empties into the Toppenish River, a western feeder of the Yakima. This +place is at an altitude of 937 feet above the sea level and is +surrounded by 'scab' land. Going west from Fort Simcoe, up the slopes of +the Cascade Mountains, a mile or so, one notices timber in the valleys, +and as one proceeds still further up the mountains, the timber becomes +thicker and of greater size. This is the beginning of the forest, which +at the west side of the Cascades becomes so remarkably dense. To the +east of Fort Simcoe, however, no trees are seen, except in the bottoms +along the streams, while on the lower reaches of the Yakima and on the +banks of the Columbia, east of here, there are absolutely no trees. + +Kennewick is located on the western side of the Columbia River about six +miles below the mouth of the Yakima. It is opposite Pasco, which is +about three miles above the mouth of Snake River. The place is only 366 +feet above the sea level and except where irrigation has been practised, +there are no trees in sight, the vegetation being that typical of the +desert among which are sagebrush, grease-wood and cactus. Lewis and +Clark, when here on their way to the Pacific Coast, October 17, +1805,[13] saw the Indians drying salmon on scaffolds for food and fuel. +Captain Clark said, "I do not think [it] at all improbable that those +people make use of Dried fish as fuel. The number of dead Salmon on the +Shores & floating in the river is incrediable to say ... how far they +have to raft their timber they make their scaffolds of I could not +learn; but there is no timber of any sort except Small willow bushes in +sight in any direction." + + [13] Lewis and Clark, III, p. 124. + +Sentinal Bluffs is the name given to both sides of the gap where the +Columbia River breaks through Saddle Mountains. It is a short distance +above the head of Priest Rapids. Crab Creek empties into the Columbia +from the east on the north side of these mountains. On the western side +of the river, between the Bluffs and the head of Priest Rapids, there is +a flat place of considerable area, portions of which the Columbia floods +during the winter. Going northwest from here to Ellensburg, the trail +leads up a small valley in which are several springs surrounded by some +small trees. One ascends about 2000 feet to the top of the divide and +then descends perhaps 1000 feet into the Kittitas Valley. + + + + +ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES. + + +At Clealum, we found no archaeological remains, except a single human +skeleton unearthed in the sinking of a shaft for a coal mine. Here, +however, our examination of the vicinity was limited to one day, and it +is possible that a more thorough search might bring to light +archaeological sites. Specimens from the vicinity of Clealum are unknown +to the writer, although there are a number of collections from the +vicinity of Ellensburg, Priest Rapids, Kennewick and other places lower +down. The abundance of specimens on the surface near Priest Rapids and +Kennewick in proportion to those found near North Yakima and Ellensburg, +suggests that the high parts of the valley were less densely inhabited +and that the mountains were perhaps only occasionally visited. It would +seem possible that the prehistoric people of the Yakima Valley had their +permanent homes on the Columbia, and possibly in the lower parts of the +Yakima region. This is indicated by the remains of underground houses, +some of which are as far up as Ellensburg. These remains are similar to +those found in the Thompson River region, where such houses were +inhabited in the winter. The people of the Yakima area probably seldom +went up to the higher valleys and the mountains, except on hunting +expeditions or to gather berries, roots and wood for their scaffolds, +canoes and other manufactures. If this be correct, it would account for +the scarcity of specimens upon the surface along the higher streams, +since all the hunting parties, berry, root and wood-gathering +expeditions were not likely to leave behind them so much material as +would be lost or discarded in the vicinity of the permanent villages. +Spinden states[14] that in the Nez Perce region to the east of the +Yakima country, permanent villages were not built in the uplands, +although in a few places where camas and kouse were abundant, temporary +summer camps were constructed. + + [14] Spinden, p. 178. + +In the vicinity of Ellensburg, we found no archaeological specimens +except the chipped point mentioned on page 163, but this may be due in +part to the modern cultivation of the soil and to the fact that the +irrigated crops, such as are grown here, hide so much of the surface of +the ground. A search along portions of the level country west of the +town and even in such places as those where the river cuts the bank, +failed to reveal signs of house or village sites. In Ellensburg, I saw a +summer lodge, made up of a conical framework of poles covered with cloth +and inhabited by an old blind Indian and his wife. East of the city, +near the little stream below the City Reservoir was another summer lodge +made similarly, but among the covering cloths was some matting of native +manufacture. The remains of an underground house, possibly 30 feet in +diameter were seen to the east of the Northern Pacific Railway, between +Ellensburg and Thrall. + +On the little bottom land along the western side of Cherry Creek, near +its mouth, at the upper end of Yakima Canon, we found objects which show +that the place had been a camping ground. This is immediately south of +where an east and west road crosses the creek on the farm of Mr. Bull. +On this village site were found the specimens catalogued under numbers +202-8213 to 8222, of which two are shown in Plate II, Fig. 12, and Fig. +52. The opposite side of this stream strikes one of the foothills of the +uplands, the western extension of Saddle Mountains. On the top of this +foothill, which overlooks the above mentioned village site, were a +number of burials marked by circles of rocks.[15] In the rock-slide on +the side of this hill, between these circles and the village site below, +were a number of graves which are described in detail under numbers +99-4326-4332 and 202-8223-8258 on pages 164 to 166. Some of the objects +found, many of which are recent and show contact with the white race, +are shown in Figs. 71a, 72, 74, 78, 80, 82-86, 90, 92, 95, and 96. + + [15] See 99-4325, page 163. + +On the western side of the Yakima, about opposite the above mentioned +village site, a rock-slide appears at the head of Yakima Canon. In it +are a number of rock-slide graves marked by sticks. + +In Selah Canon, on the north side of Selah Creek, about a mile and a +half above where it empties into the Yakima are three groups of +petroglyphs pecked into the vertical surface of the low basaltic cliffs +of the canon wall. Two of these groups (Plate XII) are upon eastern +faces of the rock, while the one shown in Fig. 1, Plate XIII, is upon a +southern exposure. In the rock-slide on the south side of Selah Canon, +about three quarters of a mile above the Yakima or about half way +between these petroglyphs and the Yakima, were found a number of graves, +one of them marked by a much weathered twig. These were the only +archaeological remains seen by us in Selah Canon, although we examined +it for at least two miles from its mouth. + +On the north slope of Yakima Ridge, near its base, at a point where the +Moxee Canal and the river road turn and run west along the base of the +ridge or about southeast of the largest ranch there, possibly two miles +northeasterly from the Gap, were a number of scattered graves covered +with rock-slide material. About one quarter of a mile west from here, a +little west of south of the ranch, was a large rock-slide, covering a +short northerly spur of the ridge. This is shown from the southwest in +Plate VII. It is about three quarters of a mile northeast from where the +Yakima River, after flowing through bottom lands, strikes the base of +the Yakima Ridge. In this slide were a large number of shallow parallel +nearly horizontal ditches below each of which is a low ridge or terrace +of the angular slide-rock. Among these terraces, as shown in Fig. 2 of +the plate, were a few pits surrounded by a low ridge, made up of jagged +slide-rock, apparently from out of the pits. It was naturally larger at +the side of the pit towards the bottom of the slide. In none of these +did we find human remains or specimens. Some of them are larger than +similar pits that we found to be rock-slide graves. Their close +resemblance to graves found to have been disturbed, part of their +remains being scattered near by and to other graves, as they appeared +after our excavations, suggests that these pits are the remains of such +rock-slide graves from which the bodies have been removed by the Indians +possibly since the land became the property of the United States +Government. On the other hand, these pits remind us of rifle pits, +though it does not seem probable that they would be built in such a +place for that purpose and there is no local account of the site having +been used for such pits. This rock-slide is particularly interesting +because of the terraces into which most of its surface had been formed. +The character of the rock-slide material is such that one may walk over +these for some little time without noticing them, but once having been +noticed, they always force themselves upon the attention. Standing near +the top of the slide, they remind one of rows of seats in a theatre. +Each terrace begins at the edge of the slide and runs horizontally out +around its convex surface to the opposite side. Some of them are wider +than others. They resemble the more or less horizontal and parallel +terraces formed by horses and cattle while feeding on steep slopes. The +Yakima Ridge has been so terraced by stock in many places and over large +areas. However, there is no vegetation on the rock-slide to entice stock +and the difficulty of walking over the cruelly sharp rocks as well as +the presence of rattlesnakes would seem sufficient to cause both cattle +and horses to pass either below or above it. The outer edge of each +terrace is probably little lower than the inner edge, but viewed from +the slope it seems so, and this suggests that these terraces may have +been entrenchments, though it would seem that they would be useless for +such a purpose since one can easily reach the land above from either +side. Moreover, it would not seem necessary to make parallel +entrenchments down the entire slope. That they were made to facilitate +the carrying of the dead to the rock-slide graves is possible but not +probable. It seems unlikely that they could have been made for the +seating of spectators to overlook games or ceremonies; for the sharpness +of the rocks would make them very uncomfortable. + +There is a much higher rock-slide on the east side of a small steep +ravine near where the Yakima River flows close to the base of the ridge, +about a mile northeast of the Naches River or Upper Gap. Near the top of +this slide, possibly three hundred feet above the river, were similar +pits larger than those just described. Two or three of these were +bounded along the edge towards the top of the slide by an unusually wide +terrace. Near the bottom of this slide were graves[16] (Nos. 1 and 2) +which are described in detail on page 153. Grave No. 1 was in the base +of the rock-slide as shown in the figure and was indicated by a cedar +stick projecting from a slight depression in the top of the heap of +rock-slide material covering it. It was on a slight terrace about eighty +feet above the river, and commanded a view over the valley of the Yakima +to the north. The presence of the brass tube shown in Fig. 75 suggests +that this grave is not of great antiquity. Grave No. 2 was in the same +rock-slide about fifty feet down the ravine or to the north, and about +forty feet above the Moxee flume. It was indicated by a hole in a pile +of rock, like an old well. It was found to contain nothing, the remains +having been removed. On the south side of the Yakima Ridge, near the +bridge over the Yakima, at the Upper Gap, rock-slide graves are said to +have been disturbed during the construction of the flume which carries +the waters of the Moxee ditch around the western end of the Yakima +Ridge, and during the gathering of stone on this point for commercial +purposes. Some of these graves are said to have been above the flume. + + [16] Sec Fig. 3, Plate VI from the north of west. + +Here and there, near the base of the ridge from this point easterly for +about a mile, were found small pits, such as one shown in Fig. 1, Plate +VIII. Apparently, these were rock-slide graves from which the human +remains had been removed, either by the Indians in early times or more +recently by visitors from the neighboring town of North Yakima. Possibly +some of them are old cache holes. One of these graves near the top of a +small rock-slide above the flume contained a human skeleton and is shown +in Fig. 2, Plate VIII. Below these graves, on the narrow flat between +the base of the ridge and the Yakima River at a point about three +quarters of a mile below the Upper Gap at the mouth of the Naches River, +were discovered a number of small pits each surrounded by a low ridge of +earth which were probably the remains of cache holes made by the Indians +during the last twenty years. On this flat, close to the river were two +pits surrounded by a circular ridge which indicated ancient +semi-subterranean house sites, further described on page 51. + +It is said, that above the flume at a point about a mile and a half +below the Upper Gap, rock-slide graves, some of which were marked by +pieces of canoes were excavated by school boys. The writer was also +informed by small boys that near the top of the ridge immediately above +here, they frequently found chipped points for arrows but on examination +discovered only chips of stone suitable for such points, the boys either +having mistaken the chips for points or having collected so many of the +points that they were scarce. + +On the west side of the Yakima, at the Upper Gap, there is a raised flat +top or terrace that overlooks the mouth of the Naches River to the +southeast. Here were a number of circles made up of angular rocks. +Within each we found the remains of human cremations. Unburned fragments +of the bones of several individuals with shell ornaments were often +present in a single circle.[17] + + [17] See p. 142 and Fig. 1, Plate IX. + +Continuing westward, along the slope of the ridge, cut along its +southern base by the Naches River, at a point about one and a quarter +miles west of the mouth of the river, a small ravine cuts down from the +top of the ridge. This has formed a little flat through the middle of +which it has again cut down towards the river. East of this ravine on +the flat is a circle of angular rocks such as are found scattered over +the ridge. This circle no doubt marks a house site, the interior having +been cleared of stone and the circle of rocks probably having been used +to hold down the lodge covering.[18] To the west of the ravine, where +the flat is somewhat higher than to the east, there are the remains of +two semi-subterranean houses. Each of these is represented by a pit +surrounded by a ridge of earth, and on the top, are large angular +rocks.[19] At a point where the ridge meets this flat, close to the +western side of the ravine was a slight depression in a small rock-slide +which marked what seemed to be a grave, but which, on excavation, +revealed nothing. Still further westward at a point probably two miles +above the mouth of the Naches River and overlooking the stream at an +altitude of perhaps 250 feet, we found scattered over the ground along +the eastern summit of a deep ravine, the first one west of the house +sites above mentioned, numerous small chips of material suitable for +chipped implements. These became more numerous as we proceeded northward +up the eastern side of the ravine for a distance of about a quarter of a +mile. Here we came upon the small quarry in the volcanic soil, shown in +Fig. 1, Plate III. Immediately to the west of the pit was a pile of +earth, apparently excavated from it. + + [18] See p. 15 and Fig. 1, Plate IV. + + [19] See p. 52 and Fig. 2, Plate IV. + +On the top of this heap of soil and among the broken rock to the south +and east of it, were found several water-worn pebbles, used as hammers +in breaking up the rock, as indicated by the battered condition of their +ends (p. 58). We saw no other water-worn pebbles on the surface of the +ridge, but they were numerous in the gravel of the bottom-lands subject +to the overflow of the rivers. It would seem that these pebbles were +brought up from the river below for use as hammers. Scattered to the +south of the pit were found large fragments of float quartz material +containing small pieces of stone suitable for chipped implements but +made up mainly of stone which was badly disintegrated. Lying on the +slope of the ravine were many small fragments of this same stone which +were clear of flaws. + +It would seem that a mass of float quartz much of which was suitable for +chipped implements had been found here. It had been excavated, leaving +the pile of earth and then broken up with the river pebbles which were +left behind with the waste. Probably there were fairly large pieces of +the material, suitable for chipped implements; that were carried away +while small pieces were left lying about a pile of unsuitable material. +In other words, it would seem that these specimens mark a place for the +roughing out of material for chipped implements.[20] On the same side of +the river, on the side of a rather low ridge or table-land overlooking +it, at a point about twelve miles above its mouth, are some rock-slides. +Here it is said that graves have been found. They were probably typical +rock-slide graves. On a point of land perhaps fifty feet above these and +a few hundred feet to the north, Master James McWhirter pointed out a +grave on his farm. It was then surrounded by a ring made up of +water-worn pebbles, apparently brought up from the river. He stated that +an attempt had been made to excavate it which possibly accounts for the +pebbles being in a circle rather than a heap over the grave. This grave +was found to contain a slab of wood, shell ornaments, probably modern, +and an adult skeleton, No. 12 (7), 99-4320, p. 156. + + [20] See p. 20. + +There are a number of painted pictographs on the vertical faces of the +basaltic columns, facing north on the south side of the Naches River, +immediately to the west of the mouth of Cowiche Creek. These are below +the flume and may be reached from the top of the talus slope which has +been added to by the blasting away of the rock above, during the +construction of the flume. In fact, debris from this blasting has +covered part of the pictographs. Some of the pictures are in red, others +in white and there are combinations of the two colors.[21] Local +merchants have defaced these pictographs with advertisements. + + [21] Further described under the subject of art on p. 119 and shown + in Plates XIV-XVI. + +In the Cowiche Valley, there are several rock-slide graves, but these +seem to have been rifled. Northeast of the fair grounds at North Yakima, +the remains of an underground house are said to exist. A short distance +east of Tampico, about 18 miles above the mouth of the Ahtanum, on the +north side of the river and east of the road from the north where it +meets the river road and immediately across it from the house of Mr. +Sherman Eglin, was a grave located in a volcanic dome left by the wind, +which Mr. Eglin pointed out to us. The site is about 600 feet north of +the north branch of the Ahtanum and about fifteen feet above the level +of the river. A pile of rocks about eight feet in diameter covered this +grave, No. 25, p. 160. On the land of Mr. A. D. Eglin, between the +above-mentioned grave and Tampico on the north side of the road were +seen the signs of two graves, destroyed by plowing. Near here, an oblong +mound six or eight inches high and ten feet wide by eight feet long, +supposedly covering a grave, marked by a stone on the level at each side +and each end, 12 and 16 feet apart respectively was reported by Mr. +Eglin's son. A little distance further north and up the slope of the +land, were a number of volcanic ash heaps left by the wind. The +surrounding land is what is locally known as "scab land." In some of +these knolls, graves have been found and one which has been explored is +shown in Fig. 2, Plate IX. It is located near the pasture gate, and was +marked by a circle of stones as shown in the figure. On excavating, +nothing was found. It is possible that the remains were entirely +disintegrated. Graves in rock-slides on hill sides, and a village site +near this place were reported by Mr. Eglin's son. Along the north side +of Ahtanum Creek between Ahtanum and Tampico, below the rim rock of the +uplands parallel to the creek are a number of rock-slide graves. + +On the western side of Union Gap, through which the Yakima River flows, +below the mouth of Ahtanum Creek, a short distance below Old Yakima, on +a little flat or terrace projecting from the south side of Rattle Snake +Range is a modern Indian cemetery surrounded by a fence. To the east of +Union Gap, on the northwestern slope of Rattle Snake Range, we examined +some rock-slide graves which had been made since the advent of objects +of white manufacture. A mile or so south of Union Gap not far from the +uplands to the east of the river was a ridge of earth extending north +and south nearly parallel with the river road. This, however, I believe +may be the remains of some early irrigation project. On the west side of +the Yakima River about two miles south of Union Gap was seen a summer +lodge made by covering a conical framework with mats. + +At Fort Simcoe, immediately south of the Indian agency, on the north +edge of the "scab land," overlooking a small ravine, is a large pit +surrounded by an embankment of earth, the remains of a semi-subterranean +house. Perhaps an eighth of a mile south of this, on higher "scab land" +was a rather low long mound upon which were several piles of stone that +probably marked graves. This mound was lower and more oblong than the +usual dome in which such graves were made. Mrs. Lynch, who pointed these +out has excavated similar piles at this place and found them to mark +graves. We were informed that chipped implements were frequently found +along the Yakima River at a point near Prosser. Above Kennewick, while +digging a flume, a number of graves were discovered, from which Mr. +Sonderman made his collection. Some of these graves contained modern +material (p. 111). + +On the surface of the western beach of the Columbia at Kennewick and on +the flat land back of it we found chips of material suitable for making +chipped implements, and a large pebble, probably a net sinker.[22] +These, together with the fact that Mr. D. W. Owen has also frequently +found specimens here, suggest that this place was an ancient camping +ground. That Lewis and Clark saw Indians here and in the vicinity, as +well as that the Indians still camp here on the beach of the river, +sheltered from the wind by the bank and depending upon the river +driftwood for their fuel, strengthens this suggestion. Specimens have +been found on the large island in the Columbia at the mouth of the +Yakima. (See p. 64.) At a point four miles below Kennewick or perhaps a +mile below a point opposite the mouth of the Snake, a grave which +contained material of white manufacture is said to have been discovered +by a man while hauling water up the bank of the Columbia. + + [22] See p. 30. + +Schoolcraft states[23] that there was an earthwork on the left bank of +the Lower Yakima on the edge of a terrace about fifteen feet high a +short distance from the water. This terrace was banked on either side by +a gully. This consisted of two concentric circles of earth about eighty +yards in diameter by three feet high, with a ditch between. Within were +about twenty "cellars", situated without apparent design, except economy +of room. They were some thirty feet across, and three feet deep. A guide +stated that it was unique and made very long ago by an unknown people. +Outside, but near by, were other "cellars" in no way differing from the +remains of villages of the region. What may be an earthwork near by is +described by Schoolcraft[24] as follows: "The Indians also pointed out, +near by, a low hill or spur, which in form might be supposed to resemble +an inverted canoe, and which he had said was a ship." Schoolcraft +suggests a possible relation of this to the mounds of the Sacramento +Valley and continues:-- + + "In this connection may also be mentioned a couple of + modern fortifications, erected by the Yakamas upon the + Sunkive fork. They are situated between two small + branches, upon the summits of a narrow ridge some two + hundred yards long, and thirty feet in height, and are + about twenty-five yards apart. The first is a square with + rounded corners, formed by an earthen embankment capped + with stones; the interstices between which served for + loop-holes, and without any ditch. It is about thirty + feet on the sides, and the wall three feet high. The + other is built of adobes, in the form of a rectangle, + twenty by thirty-four feet, the walls three feet high, + and twelve to eighteen inches thick, with loop-holes six + feet apart. Both are commanded within rifle-shot by + neighboring hills. They were erected in 1847 by Skloo, as + a defence against the Cayuse. We did not hear whether + they were successfully maintained, accounts varying + greatly in this respect. In the same neighborhood Captain + M'Clellan's party noticed small piles of stones raised by + the Indians on the edges of the basaltic walls which + enclose these valleys, but were informed that they had no + purpose; they were put up through idleness. Similar piles + are, however, sometimes erected to mark the fork of a + trail. At points on these walls there were also many + graves, generally made in regular form, covered with + loose stones to protect them from the cayotes, and marked + by poles decorated with tin cups, powder-horns, and + articles of dress. During the summer the Indians for the + most part live in the small valleys lying well into the + foot of the mountains. These are, however, uninhabitable + during the winter, and they move further down, or to more + sheltered situations. The mission which, in summer, is + maintained in the A-tá-nam valley, is transferred into + that of the main river."[25] + + [23] Schoolcraft, VI. p. 612. + + [24] Schoolcraft, VI. p. 613. + + [25] Cf. also Bancroft, IV. p. 736; Stevens, pp. 232-3; Gibbs, (a), + pp. 408-9. + +After passing the top of the divide, to the left of the trail from +Ellensburg to Priest Rapids, chips and fragments of variegated float +quartz suitable for chipped implements were found. This apparently +marked a place where a fragment of float rock had been broken up, but +fine fragments were hardly numerous enough to indicate that the place +had been a shop site, or at least a large one. The quantity of material +broken up, judging from the amount of refuse, was small. On the western +side of the Columbia, at the base of the basaltic rocks where they meet +the bottom-land, perhaps a mile from the river were rock-slide graves in +the talus slope. At the head of Priest Rapids, the river turns towards +the west and then southward, flowing close to the southern end of this +escarpment. On the flat, at the very head of Priest Rapids, the river, +during high water had washed out the remains of a village or camp site, +where pestles and animal bones were numerous. A short distance above +this, in a low ridge near the river were some modern graves some of +which were marked with sticks at the head and foot. The bodies, judging +from the mounds of earth, were laid full length and many, if not all of +them, judging from the size of the head and foot sticks, were placed +with the feet towards the east. Perhaps a mile above here near the home +of Mr. Britain Everette Craig, several large and deep pits, the sites of +ancient semi-subterranean houses were seen. Above and near his house, +the river had washed out what was apparently a village site, and perhaps +a few graves. Here was found the small fresh water shell heap, shown in +Fig. 1, Plate V, and the pile of flat oval pebbles which probably marked +a cooking place, shown in Fig. 2. On the west beach of the Columbia at +Sentinal Bluffs perhaps another mile further up the river, notched +sinkers and other indications of a camp or fishing ground were found. + +On the eastern side of the river near the head of Priest Rapids some +material was found on the surface of the beach where the floods of the +river had uncovered it. A mile or more above here, pecked on the +basaltic columns of Sentinal Bluffs, which may be seen in both figures +of Plate V were a number of petroglyphs, shown in Plate XI and described +on page 121. Those shown in Fig. 1, photographed from the west, are on +the columns to the east of the road, blasted through the rocks at this +point, and perhaps fifteen feet from the river. Those in Fig. 2, +photographed from the north, are to the west of the road on the columns +which rise abruptly from the river. Some specimens and indications of +habitation were found scattered between this point and the mouth of Crab +Creek, the bed of which was dry in most places when we visited it. + + + + +RESOURCES. + + +The resources of the prehistoric people of the Yakima Valley, as +indicated by the specimens found in the graves and about the village +sites, were chiefly of stone, copper, shell, bone, antler, horn, +feathers, skin, tule stalks, birch bark and wood. They employed +extensively various kinds of stone for making a variety of objects. +Obsidian,[26] glassy basalt or trap, petrified wood, agate, chalcedonic +quartz with opaline intrusions, chert and jasper were used for chipping +into various kinds of points, such as those used for arrows, spears, +knives, drills and scrapers. According to Spinden,[27] obsidian was used +in the Nez Perce region to the east where it was obtained from the John +Day River and in the mountains to the east, possibly in the vicinity of +the Yellowstone National Park. The people of the Yakima Valley may have +secured it from the Nez Perce. As on the coast, objects made of glassy +basalt were rare here, although it will be remembered that they were the +most common among chipped objects in the Thompson River region.[28] Mr. +James Teit believes that glassy basalt is scarce in the Yakima region +and that this is the reason why the prehistoric people there did not use +it extensively. Some agate, chalcedony and similar materials were used +in the Thompson River region, but while there is a great quantity of the +raw material of these substances there, the Indians say that the black +basalt was easier to work and quite as effective when finished. Several +small quarries of float quartz had been excavated and broken up to be +flaked at adjacent work shops, p. 16. River pebbles were made into net +sinkers, pestles, mortars, hammerstones, scrapers, clubs, slave killers, +sculptures, and similar objects, and were also used for covering some of +the graves in the knolls. Serpentine was used for celts and clubs; lava +for sculptures. Slate was used for ornamental or ceremonial tablets +steatite for ornaments and pipes, though rarely for pestles and other +objects; and impure limestone for pipes. Fragments of basaltic rock were +used for covering graves in the rock-slides and in some of the knolls. +Places on the basaltic columns and cliffs served as backgrounds upon +which pictures were made, some being pecked,[29] others painted.[30] No +objects made of mica or nephrite were found. Siliceous sandstone was +made into pestles, pipes and smoothers for arrow-shafts, but the last +were rare. Copper clay, white earth and red ochre were not found, but +red and white paint were seen on the basaltic cliffs and Mrs. Lynch +reports blue paint from a grave near Fort Simcoe (p. 117). + + [26] See Fig. 5 and 202-8141, p. 154. + + [27] Spinden, p. 184. + + [28] Smith, (d) p. 132 and 135 (c) p. 407. + + [29] See Plates XI-XIII. + + [30] See Plates XIV-XVI. + +Copper was used for beads, pendants and bracelets. While all of this +copper may have been obtained by barter from the whites, yet some of it +may have been native. Copper, according to Spinden, was probably not +known to the Nez Perce before the articles of civilization had reached +that region, but he states that large quantities of copper have been +taken from graves and that the edges of some of the specimens are +uneven, such as would be more likely to result from beating out a nugget +than from working a piece of cut sheet copper.[31] The glass beads, iron +bracelets,[32] and bangles,[33] the brass rolled beads,[34] brass +pendant[35] and the white metal inlay,[36] which we found, all came from +trade with the white race during recent times and do not belong to the +old culture. + + [31] Spinden, p. 190. + + [32] See Fig. 96. + + [33] See Figs. 85 and 86. + + [34] See Fig. 75. + + [35] See Fig. 84. + + [36] See Fig. 128. + +Shells of the fresh water unio, in a bed five or six feet in diameter +and two or three inches thick, at the Priest Rapids village site and +described on p. 34 indicate that this animal had been used for food. +Shells of the little salt water clam (_Pectunculus_ 202-8388, Fig. 88), +haliotis (202-8234b, 8252, 8255, 8386, Figs. 89-92), dentalium +(202-8178, 8156, 8163, 8173, 8177-9, 8184, 8186-89, 8192-3, 8233, 8241, +8253, 8389, Figs. 74, 117, and 118) olivella (202-8393, Fig. 87), and +oyster (202-8170, Fig. 94) which were made into various ornaments must +have been obtained from the coast. No shells of _Pecten caurinus_ were +found. + +Deer bones were seen in great numbers in the earth of a village site at +the head of Priest Rapids where they probably are the remains of +cooking. Animal bones were made into points for arrows or harpoon barbs, +awls and tubes that were probably used in gambling. Fish bones +(202-8387) found in the village sites suggest that fish were used for +food. No bones of the whale were found. + +Antler was used for wedges, combs and as material upon which to carve. +Horns of the Rocky Mountain sheep were used for digging-stick handles. +Mountain sheep horns were secured by the Nez Perce who lived to the east +of the Yakima region, and were traded with Indians westward as far as +the Lower Columbia.[37] No objects made of teeth were found although a +piece of a beaver tooth (202-8189) was seen in grave No. 21, and Mrs. +Lynch reports elk teeth from a grave near Fort Simcoe (p. 119). Pieces +of thong, skin, fur, and feathers of the woodpecker, all of which were +probably used as articles of wearing apparel, were found in the graves +preserved by the action of copper salts or the dryness of the climate. + + [37] Spinden, p. 223. + +Wood was used as the hearth of a fire drill[38] and for a bow, a +fragment of which is shown in Fig. 114. Sticks which had not decayed in +this dry climate, marked some of the graves in the rock-slides (p. 140). +Charcoal was also found in the graves and village sites. A fragment of +birch bark, tightly rolled (202-8392) was found in a grave; roots were +woven into baskets;[39] rushes were stitched and woven into mats.[40] + + [38] See Fig. 38. + + [39] See Fig. 17. + + [40] See Fig. 70-72. + + + + +THE SECURING OF FOOD. + + +_Points Chipped out of Stone._ Many implements used in procuring food +were found. In general, they are similar in character to those found in +the Thompson River Region.[41] The most numerous perhaps, were points of +various sizes and shapes, made by chipping and flaking, for arrows, +knives and spears. Many of these are small and finely wrought and most +of them are of bright colored agates, chalcedonies and similar stones. +As before mentioned, several small quarries of such material with +adjacent workshops were found. A very few specimens were made of glassy +basalt, and it will be remembered (p. 21) that this was the prevailing +material for chipped implements in the Thompson River region to the +north, where there was perhaps not such a great variety of material +used.[42] In the Nez Perce region to the east, according to Spinden, a +great variety of forms of arrow points chipped from stone of many kinds +is found,[43] and the extreme minuteness of some of them is noteworthy. +The war spear sometimes had a point of stone, usually lance-shaped, but +sometimes barbed.[44] He further states that iron supplanted flint and +obsidian at an early date, for the manufacture of arrow-heads.[45] + + [41] Smith, (d) p. 135; and (c) p. 408. + + [42] _Ibid._ + + [43] Cf. Spinden, Figs. 10-22, Plate VII. + + [44] Spinden, p. 227. + + [45] Spinden, p. 190. + +No caches of chipped implements were found in the Yakima region. Judging +from the collections which I have seen, I am under the impression that +chipped points are not nearly so numerous in this region as they are +near The Dalles and in the Columbia Valley immediately south of this +area, and perhaps not even as numerous as in the Thompson River country +to the north. We found no fantastic forms such as were rather common in +the Thompson River country.[46] It will be remembered[47] that the art +of chipping stone was not extensively practised on the coast of British +Columbia or Washington, no specimens having been found in that area +north of Vancouver Island except at Bella Coola, where only two were +discovered. They were frequent at Saanich and in the Fraser Delta and +became still more common as one approached the mouth of the Columbia on +the west coast of Washington where, on the whole, they seem to resemble, +especially in the general character of the material, the chipped points +of the Columbia River Valley in the general region from Portland to The +Dalles. + + [46] Smith, (d) p. 136; and (c) p. 409. + + [47] Smith, (b) p. 437; (a) p. 190; (e) p. 564; and (f), p. 359. + +[Illustration: Fig. 1 (202-8369). Chipped Point made of Chalcedony. From +the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] + +The range of forms and sizes is well shown in Figs. 1 to 6 and in Plates +I and II.[48] The specimen shown in Fig. 1 is very small, apparently +made from a thin flake of chalcedony that has not been much chipped. Its +edges are slightly serrated and it was found on the surface near the +head of Priest Rapids. Deeply serrated points are found in the Nez Perce +region to the east, but they are unusual.[49] The one shown in Fig. 2 is +also made of chalcedony and is from the same place. It is larger and the +barbs are not so deep. The specimen shown in Fig. 3, chipped from white +chalcedony was found at the same place and may be considered as a knife +point rather than as an arrow point. The one shown in Fig. 4 is made of +petrified wood and has serrated edges. It was found at Priest Rapids and +is in the collection of Mr. Mires. Fig. 5 illustrates a point with a +straight base chipped from obsidian, one of the few made of this +material that have been found in the whole region. This is also from +Priest Rapids in the collection of Mr. Mires. The straight based +arrow-head is very common in the Nez Perce region.[50] The specimen +shown in Fig. 6 is leaf shaped, the base being broken off. It is made of +chert, was collected at Wallula near the Columbia River in Oregon by +Judge James Kennedy in 1882 and is in the James Terry collection of this +Museum. Plate I shows a rather large and crudely chipped point made of +basalt, from the surface near the head of Priest Rapids on the bank of +the Columbia River. The second is made of red jasper and the third of +white chert. They were found near the head of Priest Rapids, the latter +also on the bank of the river. These three specimens may be considered +as finished or unfinished spear or knife points. The specimens shown in +Plate II are more nearly of the average size. The first is made of buff +jasper and was found on the surface at Kennewick. It is slightly +serrated. The second is made of brownish fissile jasper and was found in +grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide near the mouth of the Naches River. The +third, chipped from mottled quartz was found in grave No. 28 (21) near +the skull in a rock-slide about three miles west of the mouth of Cowiche +Creek. The fourth of white quartzite is also from grave No. 28 (21) near +the skull. The breadth of the base of these last two specimens and the +notches would facilitate their being fastened very securely in an +arrow-shaft, while the basal points would probably project far enough +beyond the shaft to make serviceable barbs. The fifth specimen, chipped +from brown chert was found among the refuse of a fire in grave No. 1, in +a rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. The sixth is made of glassy basalt and +is remarkable for having two sets of notches. It is rather large, which +suggests that it may have served as a knife point. It is from the head +of Priest Rapids and was collected and presented by Mrs. J. B. Davidson. +Double notched arrow points are found in the Nez Perce region.[51] The +seventh is chipped from pale fulvous chalcedony and is from the surface +at the same place. The eighth is chipped from similar material and was +found near by. The ninth is made of opaline whitish chalcedony and is +from the same place. The tenth is chipped from yellow agate, and +somewhat resembles a drill, while the eleventh is of brown horn stone, +both of them being from the surface near the head of Priest Rapids. + + [48] Photographs by Mr. Wm. C. Orchard. + + [49] Cf. Spinden, Fig. 16, Plate VII. + + [50] Cf. Spinden, Fig. 14, Plate VII. + + [51] Cf. Spinden, Fig. 15, Plate VII. + +[Illustration: Fig. 2 (202-8364). Chipped Point made of Chalcedony. From +the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 3 (202-8336). Chipped Point made of White +Chalcedony. From the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. +size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 4. Serrated Chipped Point made of Petrified Wood. +From Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the +collection of Mr. Mires.)] + +The twelfth which is chipped from clove brown jasper was found on the +surface of the Cherry Creek camp site near Ellensburg. The thirteenth is +made of reddish white chert and was found on the surface near the mouth +of Wenas Creek. The fourteenth is of pale yellow chalcedony and comes +from the surface near the head of Priest Rapids. Most of these specimens +seem to be suitable for arrow points, although some of them probably +served for use as knives. + +[Illustration: Fig. 5. Chipped Point made of Obsidian. From Priest +Rapids. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection +of Mr. Mires.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 6. (T-21184, II-180.) Fragment of a leaf-shaped +Point made of Chert. From Wallula near the Columbia River, Oregon. +Collected by Judge James Kennedy in 1882. 1/2 nat. size.] + + +_Points Rubbed out of Stone._ No points rubbed out of stone have been +found in this region, although it will be remembered that two such +points were found in the Thompson River region[52] and were thought to +represent an intrusion from the coast where they were common as in the +Fraser Delta[53] at both Port Hammond and Eburne where they are more +than one half as numerous as the chipped points, and at Comox[54] where +at least seven of this type to three chipped from stone were found. +They were also found at Saanich,[55] where they were in proportion of +nineteen to twenty-four, near Victoria[56] and on the San Juan +Islands.[57] + + [52] Smith, (c), p. 409. + + [53] Smith, (a), pp. 141 and 143. + + [54] Smith, (b), p. 308. + + [55] Smith, (b), p. 332. + + [56] P. 357 and 358, _ibid._ + + [57] P. 380, _ibid._ + + +_Points Rubbed out of Bone._ Points rubbed out of bone which were so +common on the coast everywhere, but rare in the Thompson River country +are still more scarce here. Only ten specimens from the whole region can +be identified as clearly intended for the points or barbs of arrows, +harpoon heads or spears. The types are shown in Figs. 7 to 12. The first +was found in the west, northwest part of grave No. 10 (5) in a +rock-slide about a half mile above the mouth of the Naches River. It is +nearly circular in cross section, 31 mm. long with a point only 6 mm. in +length and was apparently intended for a salmon harpoon head, similar to +those used in the Thompson River region[58] both in ancient and modern +times but which are much more common on the coast. The specimen shown in +Fig. 8 is circular in cross section and was seen in the collection of +Mrs. Davidson. It is from Kennewick and is of the shape of one of the +most frequent types of bone points found in the Fraser Delta.[59] The +specimen shown in Fig. 9 was found with three others in grave No. 1 in a +rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. This and two of the others were +scorched. They are circular in cross section and sharp at both ends but +the upper end is much the more slender. The point shown in Fig. 10 +somewhat resembles these, but it is slightly larger and tends to be +rectangular in cross section except at the base. It was found with a +similar specimen in a grave on the Snake River, five miles above its +mouth, and was collected and presented by Mr. Owen who still has the +other specimen. Diagonal striations may still be seen on its much +weathered brown surface. These were probably caused by rubbing it on a +stone in its manufacture. A slightly different type of bone point is +shown in Figs. 11 and 12. These seem to be barbs for fish spears such as +were found in the Thompson River region,[60] among both ancient and +modern specimens. The one shown in Fig. 11 has traces of the marrow +canal on the reverse. It was found in the Yakima Valley below Prosser +and is in the collection of Mr. Spalding. While the specimen shown in +Fig. 12 is from the surface near the head of Priest Rapids. + + [58] Smith, (c), p. 410; Teit, (a), Fig. 231. + + [59] Cf. Smith, (a), Fig. _13h_. + + [60] Smith, (c), p. 410; Teit, (a), Fig. 232. + +Bone points and barbs were used in the Nez Perce region to the east, +where three types of spears with bone points were known, two of them at +least being similar to those found in the Thompson River region to the +north.[61] The war spears sometimes had a point of bone, usually +lance-shaped, but sometimes barbed.[62] + + [61] Spinden, p. 189 and Fig. 5^s, ^10, ^11. + + [62] Spinden, p. 227. + +[Illustration: Fig. 7 (202-8165). Point made of Bone. From the W., N. W. +part of grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide about half a mile above the +mouth of Naches River. 1/2 nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 8. Point made of Bone. From Kennewick. 1/2 nat. +size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mrs. +Davidson.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 9 (202-8143). Scorched Point made of Bone. From +grave No. 1 in a rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. 1/2 nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 10 (20.0-1468). Point made of Bone. Found in a grave +on an island in the Snake River, five miles above its mouth, 1/2 nat. +size. (Collected and presented by Mr. Owen.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 11. Point or Barb made of Bone. From the Yakima +Valley below Prosser. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in +the collection of Mr. Spalding.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 12 (202-8381). Point or Barb made of Bone. From the +surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] + + +_Bows._ The only information which we have regarding bows is from the +specimen shown in Fig. 114. The object seems to be a fragment of a bow +which was lenticular in cross section although rather flat. It is +slightly bent and the concave side bears transverse incisions. (p. 125.) +The specimen was found in grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide about one +hundred and fifty feet up the slope on the north side of the Naches +River, about half a mile above its mouth. The presence of several +perishable objects in the grave suggest it to be modern, but no objects +of white manufacture were found. This is the only object indicating the +sort of bow used in this region and with the exception of the chipped +points previously described, some of which were undoubtedly for arrows, +is the only archaeological object tending to prove the use of the bow. +It will be remembered[63] that fragments of a bow of lenticular cross +section ornamented with parallel irregularly arranged cuneiform +incisions, were found in a grave near Nicola Lake in the Thompson River +region and that pieces of wood, some of which may have been part of a +bow, were found in a grave at the mouth of Nicola Lake; also that pieces +of wood found at Kamloops resemble a bow of the type shown in Fig. 220 +of Mr. Teit's paper on the present Thompson Indians.[64] + +In the Nez Perce region to the east, war clubs with heads made of +unworked river boulders, according to Spinden,[65] were sometimes used +in killing game and such may have been the case in this region. + + [63] Smith, (c), p. 411. + + [64] Teit, (a), Fig. 216. + + [65] Spinden, p. 188 and 227, also Fig. 5^5. + + +_Snares._ Fragments of thongs, skin, fur and woodpecker feathers merely +suggest methods of hunting or trapping which are not proven by any of +our finds. It is barely possible although not probable that the bone +tubes considered to have been used in gambling and illustrated in Figs. +97 and 98 and also the perforated cylinder of serpentine shown in Fig. +99 may be portions of snares. Traps and snares of various kinds were +common among the Indians of the larger plateau area of which this is a +part.[66] + + [66] Lewis, p. 182. + +Mr. J. S. Cotton informs me that in the vicinity of Mr. Turner's home, +Section 6, Town north 18, Range 40 east, on Rock Creek, about six miles +below Rock Lake, and in the vicinity of the graves described on p. 140 +and the so-called fort mentioned on p. 82, there is a long line of +stones running from Rock Creek in a southeasterly direction across the +coule to a small draw on the other side. This chain of rocks is about +five miles long. The stones have evidently sunk into the ground and +show signs of having been there a long time. They have been in the same +condition since about 1874 when first seen by the whites, even the +oldest Indians claiming to know nothing about them. According to Lewis, +game was surrounded and driven in by a large number of hunters or was +run down by horses, in the great area of which this is part.[67] It +seems altogether probable that a line of stone heaps may have been made +to serve either as a line of scarecrows, possibly to support flags or +similar objects, which would have the effect of a fence to direct the +flight of the game or as a guide to enable the hunters to drive the game +towards a precipice where it would be killed, or a corral where it would +be impounded. + + [67] Lewis, p. 182; Ross, (a), p. 316; De Smet III, p. 1026; Lewis + and Clark, IV, p. 371. + + +_Notched Sinkers._ Sinkers for fish nets or lines were made of +disk-shaped river pebbles. A pebble and the different types of sinkers +are shown in Fig. 13. These were numerous on the surface of the beach of +the Columbia River near the head of Priest Rapids. They have two or four +notches chipped from each side in the edges. When there are two, the +notches are usually at each end; when there are four, they are at the +end and side edges. Sometimes, the notches are so crudely made that the +edge of the pebble is simply roughened so that a string tied about it at +this place would hold. One of these sinkers from Priest Rapids was seen +in Mr. Mires' collection. + + +_Grooved Sinkers._ Some large thick pebbles have grooves pecked around +their shortest circumference. They may have been used as canoe smashers +or anchors, but seem more likely to be net sinkers. Two of these are +shown in Figs. 14 and 15. They are from Priest Rapids and are in the +collection of Mr. Mires. Both are battered along the lower edge, from +the groove on the left to within a very short distance of it on the +right and over a considerable portion of the edge of the top. In the +second specimen, this battering forms a considerable groove on the lower +edge, but a groove only the size of those shown in the illustration on +the upper edge. This battering suggests that they may have been used as +hammers, but the battered ends of hammers are not often grooved. There +are certain grooves pecked on one side of each which seem to be of a +decorative or ceremonial significance and are consequently discussed on +p. 132 under the section devoted to art. The first specimen is made of +granite or yellow quartzite with mica, the second is of granite or +yellowish gray quartz with augite and feldspar. One specimen similar to +these two, but without any decoration or grooving (202-8116) was found +by us on the beach at Kennewick as was also a large pebble grooved +nearly around the shortest circumference (202-8332) at Priest Rapids. +One object of this type made of a boulder but grooved around the longest +circumference was seen in Mr. Owen's collection. It was found on the +bank of the Columbia River two miles below Pasco. The specimen described +on p. 60 which has a notch pecked in each side edge and is battered +slightly on one end may have been used as a net sinker, although it has +been considered a hammer. This specimen (202-8214) in a way resembles +the small flat notched sinkers except that the notch is pecked instead +of chipped and that it is larger and thicker in proportion. Other +specimens which are considered as net sinkers, anchors or "canoe +smashers" instead of being grooved, are perforated by a hole which +tapers from each side and has apparently been made by pecking. Sometimes +this hole is in the center, while in other cases it passes through one +end. Fig. 16 illustrates such a specimen. It was found at Priest Rapids +and is in the collection of Mr. Mires. It is made from a river pebble of +yellowish-gray volcanic rock. The perforation is in the broadest end. A +similar specimen perforated near one end and one pierced near the middle +were seen in Mr. Owen's collection. He believes that these were used for +killing fish, an Indian having told him that such stones were thrown at +the fish and retrieved with a cord which was tied through the hole. +Probably all of these were sinkers for nets or at least anchors for the +ends of nets, set lines or for small boats. + +[Illustration: Fig. 13 _a_ (202-8296), _b_ (202-8318), _c_ (202-8313), +_d_ (202-8330). Pebble and Net Sinkers made of Pebbles. From the surface +of the bank of Columbia River, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. +size. + +Fig. 14. Sinker, a Grooved Boulder bearing a Design in Intaglio. From +Priest Rapids, 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44536, 9-2. +Original in the collection of Mr. Mires.)] + +Sinkers were not seen by us among archaeological finds in the Thompson +River region but Mr. James Teit has informed the writer of their use +there on both nets and lines, particularly on the former. Nets, +excepting the bag net, were very little used in the Kamloops-Lytton +region along the Thompson River and that may account for a scarcity of +sinkers among archaeological finds. Nets were more extensively used on +the Fraser River, but were very much used near large lakes and +consequently one would expect to find sinkers in the vicinity of such +places as Kamloops, Shushwap, Anderson, Seaton, Lillooet, Nicola, +Kootenay and Arrow Lakes. Now, as the Shushwap generally made little +bags of netting in which they put their sinkers to attach them to nets, +this would greatly militate against the finding of grooved, notched or +perforated sinkers in the Shushwap part of this region. They probably +thought this method was more effective or took up less time than +notching, grooving or perforating stones, and attaching lines to them. +It is unknown which of these methods is the most primitive. Unworked +pebbles, chosen for their special adaptation in shape, and others +grooved or perforated were used in some parts of the interior of British +Columbia for sinkers which were not enclosed in netting. Unworked +pebbles attached to lines have been seen in use among the Thompson River +Indians by Mr. Teit who sent a specimen of one to the Museum.[68] These +were of various shapes, some of them being egg-shaped. A deeply +notched oval pebble was found on the site of an old semi-subterranean +winter house on the west side of Fraser River at the month of Churn +Creek in the country of the Fraser River division of the Shushwap. The +Thompson Indians said it had been intended for a war ax and accordingly +one of them mounted it in a handle. It is now cat. No. 16-9073 in this +Museum. Mr. Teit believes the stone to be too heavy for a war club of +any kind and that possibly it may originally have been a sinker, +although it is chipped more than necessary for the latter. In 1908, he +saw a perforated sinker found near the outlet of Kootenay Lake, on the +borders of the Lake division of the Colville tribe and the Flat-bow or +Kootenay Lake branch of the Kootenay tribe. It was made of a smooth flat +water-worn beach pebble 132 mm. long by 75 mm. wide and 25 mm. thick. +The perforation was drilled from both sides near the slightly narrower +end and a groove extended from it over the nearest end where it formed a +notch somewhat deeper than the groove. Mr. Teit heard that several such +sinkers had been picked up around Kootenay Lake and also along the Arrow +Lakes of the Columbia River on the borders of the Shushwap and Lake +divisions of the Colville tribe. + + [68] Teit, (a), Fig. 234. + +[Illustration: Fig. 15. Sinker, a Grooved Boulder bearing a Design in +Intaglio. From Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph +44536, 9-2. Original in the collection of Mr. Mires.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 16. Sinker, a Perforated Boulder. From Priest +Rapids. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44535, 9-1. Original in +the collection of Mr. Mires.)] + +In the Nez Perce region[69] to the east, no sinkers were used with fish +lines, but roughly grooved river boulders were employed as net +sinkers.[70] A grooved sinker has been found at Comox, grooved stones +which may have been used as sinkers occur at Saanich, on the west coast +of Washington and the lower Columbia. On the coast of Washington some of +them have a second groove at right angles to the first which in some +cases extends only half way around; that is, from the first groove over +one end to meet the groove on the opposite side. One of the specimens +found at Saanich was of this general type. Perforated specimens have +been found in the Fraser Delta,[71] at Comox,[72] at Saanich,[72] Point +Gray,[72] Marietta,[72] at Gray's Harbor and in the Lower Columbia +Valley. On the whole, however, sinkers are much more numerous in the +Yakima region than on the Coast. The fish bones which were found, as +mentioned under resources, tend to corroborate the theory that the +notched, grooved and perforated pebbles were net sinkers and that the +bone barbs were for harpoons used in fishing. + + [69] Spinden, p. 210. + + [70] Spinden, pp. 188 and 211. + + [71] Smith, (a), Fig. 22. + + [72] Smith, (b), p. 311, 338, 362, 369. + + +_Shell Heaps._ Small heaps of fresh water clam shells, as before +mentioned among the resources of the region on p. 22, were seen; but +these being only about five feet in diameter and two or three inches +thick are hardly comparable to the immense shell heaps of the coast. +These fresh water shells were probably secured from the river near by, +where such mollusks now live. Shell fish probably formed only a small +part of the diet of the people although dried sea clams may have been +secured from the coast by bartering. The objects made of sea shell +mentioned among the resources of this region as probably secured from +the coast through channels of trade, suggest that the same method was +employed for obtaining certain food products from a distance. In fact, +Lewis and Clark inform us that the tribes of this general region carried +on considerable trade with those of the lower Columbia. Shell heaps of +this character, however, are found in the Nez Perce region. Spinden[73] +states that no shell heaps except of very small size are found, but +occasionally those of a cubic foot or more in size are seen in the loamy +banks of the rivers, noting a few near the junction of the South and +Middle forks of Clearwater River, and also near the confluence of the +North fork with the Clearwater. These seem to be the remains of single +meals that had been buried or cast into holes. + + [73] Spinden, p. 177. + + +_Digging Sticks._ The gathering of roots is suggested by the presence of +digging stick handles. One of these (Fig. 126) is made of the horn of a +rocky mountain sheep and was secured from an Indian woman living near +Union Gap below Old Yakima. The perforation, near the middle of one side +for the reception of the end of the digging stick, is nearly square but +has bulging sides and rounded corners. The smaller end of the object is +carved, apparently to represent the head of an animal. Similar handles, +some of them of wood, others of antler and with perforations of the same +shape, were seen in Mr. Janeck's collection. It will be remembered that +such digging stick handles made of antler were found in the Thompson +River region among both archaeological finds and living natives,[74] the +archaeological specimens being of antler, the modern handles of wood or +horn. + + [74] Smith, (d), p. 137; (c), p. 411; Teit, (a), p. 231. + +The digging stick was one of the most necessary and characteristic +implements of the Nez Perce region to the east, the handle consisting of +a piece of bone or horn perforated in the middle for the reception of +the end of the digging stick, or, according to Spinden, an oblong stone +with a transverse groove in the middle lashed at right angles to the +stick.[75] No archaeological specimens which are certainly digging stick +handles were found on the coast. + +No sap scrapers such as were collected in the Thompson River region[76] +were identified and they have not been recognized among specimens from +the coast. + + [75] Spinden, p. 200. Fig. 33, Plate VII. + + [76] Smith, (c), p. 411. + +[Illustration: Fig. 17 (202-8161). Fragment of Coiled Basket of Splint +Foundation and Bifurcated Stitch. From grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide +about half a mile above the mouth of Naches River. 1/2 nat. size.] + + +_Basketry._ The gathering of berries as well as of roots is suggested by +fragments of baskets which have been found. One of these is shown in +Fig. 17. It was found in grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide about a half +mile above the mouth of the Naches River. It is coiled with splint +foundation and bifurcated stitch. Judging from other baskets of the same +kind, it was probably once imbricated. This type of basketry is widely +distributed towards the north and with grass foundation is even found in +Siberia.[77] Commonly the coiled basketry in the Nez Perce region to the +east was made with bifurcated stitch,[78] by means of a sharpened awl +which was the only instrument used in weaving it. Some were imbricated, +although this style has not been made for many years, and only a few of +the older natives remember women who could make them.[79] Some similar +basketry of a finer technique was found with this fragment. + + [77] Jochelson, p. 632. + + [78] Spinden, p. 194. + + [79] Spinden, p. 193. + + + + +PREPARATION OF FOOD. + +[Illustration: Fig. 18 (202-8394). Fragment of a Mortar made of Stone. +From among covering boulders of grave No. 42 (4) of adult in sand at the +western edge of Columbia River about twelve miles above the head of +Priest Rapids. 1/4 nat. size.] + + +_Mortars._ Mortars made of stone for crushing food, such as dried +salmon, other meat and berries, were not uncommon in this region and +pestles of the same material were numerous. Flat oval pebbles were found +scattered on the surface of a village site on the west bank of the +Columbia at the head of Priest Rapids, and were probably used as lap +stones or as objects upon which to crush food. A somewhat circular one +(202-8295) about 230 mm. in diameter has a notch, formed by chipping +from one side, opposite one naturally water-worn, which suggests that it +may have been used as a sinker; but it seems more likely that it was +simply an anvil or lap stone. Similar pebbles were used in the Thompson +River region,[80] some of them having indications of pecking or a slight +pecked depression in the middle of one or both sides. In the Nez Perce +region to the east, basketry funnels were used in connection with flat +stones for mortars. These funnels were of rather crude coil +technique.[81] Another specimen (202-8292b) found at the same place is +merely a water-worn boulder somewhat thinner at one end than at the +other, the surface of which apparently has been rubbed from use as a +mortar or milling stone. A few large chips have been broken from the +thinner edge. Still another specimen (202-8294) from here is a fragment +of a pebble only 120 mm. in diameter with a saucer-shaped depression +about 10 mm. deep, in the top. + + [80] Smith, (d), p. 139. + + [81] Cf. Spinden, p. 194. + +[Illustration: Fig. 19. Mortar made of Stone. From the Yakima +Reservation near Union Gap. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44455, +2-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +A somewhat disk-shaped pebble of gray lava 295 mm. in diameter with a +saucer-shaped depression in the top and a large pecked pit in the bottom +(20.0-3344) was collected at Fort Simcoe by Dr. H. J. Spinden. A +fragment of a mortar about 190 mm. in diameter with a nearly flat or +slightly convex base and a depression 50 mm. deep in the top (202-8293) +was found on the surface near the head of Priest Rapids and another +fragment nearly twice as large, the base of which is concave over most +of its surface and shows marks of pecking, apparently the result of an +attempt to make it either quite flat or concave like many other mortars +that have a concavity in each side, is shown in Fig. 18. It was found +among the covering boulders of the grave of an adult, No. 42(4), in the +sand at the western edge of the Columbia River about twelve miles above +the head of Priest Rapids. The mortar shown in Fig. 19, is hollowed in +the top of a symmetrical, nearly circular pebble and has a convex base. +It was found on the Yakima Reservation near Union Gap and is in the +collection of Mr. Janeck.[82] This reminds us of a similar mortar found +in the Thompson River region,[83] but such simple mortars made from +pebbles are rarely found in the Nez Perce region to the east.[84] The +mortar shown in Fig. 20 also from the same place and in the same +collection has a nearly flat base and three encircling grooves.[85] +These grooves find their counterpart in four encircling incisions on the +little mortar found in the Thompson River region.[86] + + [82] Museum negative no. 44455. 2-4. + + [83] Smith, (c) Fig. 342. + + [84] Spinden, Figs. 20 and 22, Plate VI. + + [85] Museum negative no. 44455. 4-2. + + [86] Smith, (c), Fig. 343. + +[Illustration: Fig. 20. Mortar made of Stone. From the Yakima +Reservation near Union Gap. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44455, +2-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +The specimen shown in Fig. 116, which may be considered as a dish rather +than a mortar, was seen in the collection of Mrs. Hinman who obtained it +from Priest Rapids. It is apparently of sandstone, 150 mm. in diameter, +50 mm. high, the upper part being 38 mm. high and of disk shape with +slightly bulging sides which are decorated with incised lines,[87] the +lower part being also roughly disk shaped 64 mm. by 76 mm. in diameter +by about 12 mm. high with slightly convex bottom and edges curved out to +the base of the upper part. There is a disk shaped dish in the top 100 +mm. in diameter by 12 mm. in depth.[88] + + [87] See p. 125. + + [88] Museum negative no. 44537. 9-3. + +The animal form shown in Fig. 125 bears a mortar or dish in its back. +The object is 203 mm. in length, 88 mm. high and 113 mm. wide. The +length of the bowl is 88 mm., the width 70 mm., and the depth 38 mm. The +object is made of porous lava and was secured from an Indian who claimed +to have found it in a grave near Fort Simcoe on the Yakima Reservation +two miles below Union Gap which is immediately below Old Yakima.[89] + + [89] Here reproduced from photographs 44452, 2-1, 44455, 2-4, and + 44503, 6-4 and the original which is catalogue no. 36 in the + collection of Mr. Janeck. + +It seems strange that so many of the mortars are broken since they would +be hard to break. It will be remembered that one of the broken mortars +came from a grave and it may be that the others were on or in graves but +had been removed in some way. My general impression is that mortars are +much more numerous among archaeological finds both in this region and in +the interior of British Columbia than on the coast. + + +_Pestles._ In addition to the probable use of pestles with flat stones +or mortars with basket funnels, some of them, especially where nearly +flat or concave on the striking head as in the Thompson River region to +the north and on the coast may also have been used as hammers for +driving wedges, splitting wood and like industries, if indeed they were +not made solely for the latter uses. Some of the pestles differ from +those found either to the north or on the coast, many of them being much +longer, although Mr. James Teit informs me that very long pestles are +occasionally found in the Thompson River region. He has seen four, and +heard of one or two more. One two feet long was found in the Nicola +Valley about 1905. One of the pestles of the Yakima Valley has a top in +the form of an animal hoof, as is shown in Fig. 124. Others like animal +heads are shown in Figs. 31, 33-35. The range of forms of pestles is +shown in Figs. 21 to 35. The specimens shown in Figs. 22 to 28 inclusive +are apparently all of the shorter type, while those shown in the +remaining figures are variations of the longer type. By far the greater +number of pestles, about forty, are of the type shown in Fig. 21, and of +these two thirds come from the vicinity of Priest Rapids. They are +merely natural pebbles, all more or less of suitable size, shape and +material, which have been used as pestles until one end has become +flattened. Some of them are also flattened on the top, the battered ends +often giving the only indication that they were used. Such as were not +of exactly the right form for grasping have had their excrescences or +the more projecting surfaces removed by pecking. A few of these objects +seem to have been made from small basaltic columns, the corners of which +have been pecked into a more suitable shape. Some of them have been +pecked so that they taper gradually from the small upper end to the +base. The specimen considered as a "slave-killer" and shown in Fig. 69, +may have been used as a pestle. Simple short cylindrical or conoid +pebbles, only slightly changed from their natural form, are used for +pestles in the Nez Perce region to the east.[90] + + [90] Cf. Spinden, Figs. 1-4, and 8, Plate VIII. + +A pebble 559 mm. long by 152 mm. wide and 114 mm. thick, with rounded +corners and ends, found by Mr. John Lacy near the Yakima River in North +Yakima, has longitudinal grooves pecked in three sides to where they +begin to round over to form the end, and a similar groove, except that +it is only about 101 mm. long, in the middle of the fourth side.[91] +These grooves were probably made as part of a process of grooving and +battering down the intervening ridges in order to bring the specimen +into a desired form. Similarly grooved pebbles found on the northern +part of Vancouver Island were explained to Professor Franz Boas as +having been implements in such process of manufacture. So far as I am +aware, Prof. Boas' announcement of this at a meeting of the American +Association for the Advancement of Science was the first explanation of +the sort of grooving or fluting of specimens found in northwestern +America. One similar large specimen (20.0-3343) found at Lewiston, +Idaho, in the Nez Perce region by Dr. H. J. Spinden, bears two +longitudinally pecked grooves in addition to pecking on much of its +surface. A yellowish gray boulder about 349 mm. long, nearly circular in +sections and with rounded ends, from Priest Rapids, bears a pecked +groove 82 mm. long by 31 mm. wide and 6 mm. deep across the middle of +one side. This may have been made to cut it into the length desired for +a pestle.[92] This specimen is much too large to be considered as the +handle of a digging stick, similar to the object from the Nez Perce +region considered as such by Spinden.[93] + + [91] In the collection of Mr. Janeck and Museum negative nos. 44453, + 2-2 and 44501, 6-2. + + [92] In the collection of Mr. Mires, and Museum negative no. 44534, + 8-12. + + [93] Cf. Spinden, Plate VII, Fig. 33. + +[Illustration: Fig. 21 (202-8281). Pestle made of Stone. From the +surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 22 (202-8263). Pestle pecked from Stone. Probably +unfinished. From the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/4 nat. +size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 23 (202-8399). Pestle pecked from Stone. Probably +unfinished. From the surface, eight miles above the head of Priest +Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] + +The object shown in Fig. 22, one of those from the surface near the head +of Priest Rapids, judging from the battered end, has apparently been +used as a pestle, yet it is still apparently in process of manufacture +into a form somewhat like that shown in Fig. 27. The pecking at the top +is possibly the result of an attempt to remove that portion of the rock, +while the transversely pecked surface seems to be a beginning towards +the formation of the shaft of the pestle, whereas the longitudinal +groove between these two surfaces was necessary to reduce an excrescence +on the rim of what was apparently intended to be the knob at the top of +the pestle. If this supposition be true, when finished, this object +would have a large striking head resembling more in shape and size those +of the pestles of the region near The Dalles than any yet found in this +region. The specimen shown in Fig. 23 is much more clearly an unfinished +pestle. The ends are pecked flat and the entire middle section has been +pecked, apparently to reduce it to the desired size of the shaft. It +seems that the striking head of this specimen, when finished, would be +rather short. It was found on the surface eight miles above the head of +Priest Rapids. + +The pestle shown in Fig. 24 has a conoid body with no striking head and +in this respect resembles the pestles of the Thompson River country;[94] +but the top is roughly disk-shaped, being neither hat-shaped nor in the +form of an animal head, as are most pestles of the Thompson region nor +is it exactly of the shape of the typical pestles of northern and +western Vancouver Island.[95] The material is a soft gray stone which +shows the marks of the pecking by means of which it was shaped. + + [94] Smith, (c), Fig. 341. + + [95] Smith, (b), Fig. _126a_. + +[Illustration: Fig. 24. Pestle made of Stone. From Priest Rapids. 1/2 +nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44535, 9-1. Original in the collection +of Mr. Mires.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 25. Pestle made of Stone. From Priest Rapids. 1/2 +nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44535, 9-1. Original in the collection +of Mr. Mires.)] + +Fig. 25 illustrates a pestle, the top of which is broken off. There are +two grooves encircling the somewhat cylindrical striking head. The +material is a light blue hard porphoritic rock. These two specimens are +from Priest Rapids.[96] The pestle shown in Fig. 26 is from the Yakima +River, five miles below Old Yakima. It has a hat-shaped top and a +cylindrical striking head a little larger at the top than at the bottom, +is somewhat like the typical pestles of the Thompson River region,[97] +and is in the collection of Mr. York. Another has a slightly wider brim +to the hat-shaped top, a body concave in outline and the striking head +is larger at the top than at the bottom, while a third has a medium +sized brim, a body bulging in the middle and a long cylindrical striking +head. The last two specimens are in the collection of Mr. Janeck, and +are from the Yakima Valley within eight miles of North Yakima.[98] + + [96] In the collection of Mr. Mires, and Museum negative no. 44335, + 9-1. + + [97] Smith, (d), p. 138. + + [98] Museum negative no. 44454, 2-3. + +The specimen shown in Fig. 27 was found in a grave with beads and +resembles the typical pestles of Lytton except that it has no nipple on +the top, which is of the shape of the tops of the typical pestles of +northern and western Vancouver Island. Another of nearly the same shape +but less regular was found on the surface of the Yakima Valley within +eight miles of North Yakima. A third specimen 234 mm. long, also found +within the above mentioned limits, is made of a concavely flaring +pebble. A groove is pecked part way around near the top as if to carve +the knob and begin the reduction of the top of the shaft. There is also +a pecked surface on one side near the base, apparently the beginning of +an attempt to form a striking head by first removing irregularities. The +one shown in Fig. 28 was found within eight miles of North Yakima and is +of rather unusual shape, having a short striking head of the shape of +the typical pestles of northern and western Vancouver Island. The +slightly bulging body and exceedingly small, nearly flat knob at the top +are entirely different from those of the pestles usually found in any of +this area, or the country adjacent to it on the north and west. These +four specimens are in the collection of Mr. Janeck.[99] + + [99] Museum negative no. 44454, 2-3. + +There are found in the Nez Perce region[100] short pestles with +dome-shaped tops, cylindrical bodies and rather long striking heads of +the form of triangular or quadrangular prisms with rounded corners +slightly larger at the top than at the bottom[101] and such pestles with +hat-shaped tops, although one has a flat top, slightly expanding shafts +and long striking heads, larger at the top than at the bottom. + + [100] Cf. Spinden, Figs. 11, 19, 21, 23, Plate VI; also Plate VIII, + Figs. 10, 11. + + [101] Spinden, p. 186, Plate VIII, Fig. 9. + +Fig. 29 is the first of those showing the longer type of pestle from the +Yakima region. This specimen was found at Satus on the Yakima +Reservation near Old Yakima and is in the collection of Mr. York. The +top is somewhat spherical and the body elongated. Its conoid shape may +class it with the one shown in Fig. 24. It somewhat reminds us of the +pestles of the Santa Catalina Islands of California, but until we have a +more definite knowledge of the forms in the vast intervening area, this +resemblance must be considered as merely a coincidence, especially since +long simple conoid pestles are found in the Nez Perce region to the +east.[102] A somewhat similar pestle in Mr. York's collection is 408 +mm. long, and has a tapering body, circular in sections, a knob at the +top about the size of the base and a convex striking face. It was found +at Fort Simcoe. + + [102] Cf. Spinden, Plate VI, Figs. 8-10, Plate VIII, Fig. 6. + +[Illustration: Fig. 26. Pestle made of Stone. From Yakima River five +miles below Old Yakima. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in +the collection of Mr. York.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 27. Pestle made of Stone. From a grave in the Yakima +Valley. About 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44454, 2-3. Original +in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 28. Pestle made of Stone. From the surface in the +Yakima Valley within eight miles of North Yakima. About 1/2 nat. size. +(Drawn from photograph 44454, 2-3. Original in the collection of Mr. +Janeck.)] + +The pestle shown in Fig. 30 is made of sandstone, was found at Priest +Rapids and is in the collection of Mrs. Hinman. The shaft is a long +cylinder, expanding somewhat towards the base which is only slightly +convex. Like the preceding, it has no striking head. It has a +hemispherical top, is unusually large and is decorated with an +encircling line of circles and dots. There is also a circle and dot in +the top. This decoration is again mentioned in the consideration of art +on p. 130.[103] + + [103] Museum negative no. 44537, 9-3. + +The pestle shown in Fig. 31 is 355 mm. long. It has a conoid body +perhaps more pronounced than the one shown in Fig. 29 but much less +typical than the one shown in Fig. 24. The top is apparently intended to +represent an animal head. It is made of very hard breccia and well +polished. At each side of the lower part of the body is a design made by +four parallel zigzag grooves, further discussed on p. 132. It was found +in the Yakima Valley, and is in the collection of Mr. Janeck.[104] A +pestle figured by Spinden, as from the Nez Perce Indians,[105] is +somewhat similar to this in that it has a knob protruding slightly to +one side, but there is a notch or groove made longitudinally in the top +of this knob. + + [104] Museum negative no. 44502, 6-3. + + [105] Spinden, Fig. 7, Plate VIII. + +The pestle shown in Fig. 32 might perhaps be considered as a war club. +It was found at Priest Rapids and is in the collection of Mr. Mires. The +top is somewhat flat and smoothed. There is a groove around the specimen +near this end. From here it constricts gradually to the lower end which +is broken off. It was made from a triangular piece of gray basalt, +probably a column, the natural angles and parts of the faces of which +have been reduced by pecking.[106] + + [106] Museum negative no. 44534, 8-12. + +The specimen shown in Fig. 33 from the Yakima Valley, is in the +collection of Mr. Janeck and is 630 mm. long. The top apparently +represents an animal head indicated by three nipples the larger of which +is interpreted as representing the nose, the others as indicating the +ears. The body is of circular cross section and expands evenly to a +cylindrical striking head 70 mm. in diameter by 76 mm. long.[107] + + [107] Museum negative no. 44502, 6-3. + +A long pestle with a knob at the top which is divided into four +pyramidal or dome-shaped nipples was found at Five Mile Rapids on Snake +River and was seen in Mr. Owen's collection. The next figure represents +a stone pestle of somewhat similar shape but more specialized. It was +found in the Yakima Valley and is in the collection of Mr. Janeck. It is +590 mm. long. The top is roughly the form of the fustrum of a cone, +being circular in cross section and gradually expanding downward, but it +is somewhat celt-shaped, the sides for some distance being ground off +nearly flat. They approach each other more closely towards the front +than they do towards the back. In each of these surfaces there is an +incision which represents one side of an animal's mouth and a pecked dot +indicating an eye. The tip of the nose is broken off. Across the curved +part behind the flat surfaces or on the back of this animal head are +four incisions. Below this portion the object is circular in section +until near its middle, or 178 mm. from the top, where there is a band +roughly sub-pentagonal in section with rounded corners 88 mm. long. +Following this band it is nearly cylindrical, being 57 mm. in diameter +for 178 mm. until it expands suddenly into the striking head which is +unusually bulging, 108 mm. long by 64 mm. in diameter.[108] + + [108] Museum negative no. 44502, 6-3. + +[Illustration: Fig. 29. Pestle made of Stone. From Satus on the Yakima +Reservation near Old Yakima. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. +Original in the collection of Mr. York.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 30. Pestle made of Sandstone. From Priest Rapids. +1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44537, 9-3. Original in the +collection of Mrs. Hinman.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 31. Pestle made of Stone. From the Yakima Valley. +1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44502, 6-3. Original in the +collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +The object 498 mm. long shown in Fig. 35 is made of steatite, material +seemingly unsuited by its softness for a pestle, and may possibly be a +war club. Mr. McCandless, in whose collection it is, calls the material +a soft sandstone which he says is found at the head of the Wenatchie +River. He says the specimen is from Lake Chelan and that he obtained it +from a man above Wenatchie on the Columbia River. This man told him that +he secured it from Chief Moses' tribe on Lake Chelan, and that the +Indians there call it a war club and a family heirloom. The upper end is +of the form of a truncated pyramid with two flat sides, two bulging +edge's and rounded corners. It shows peck marks and is engraved as +described under art, on p. 124, and is said by the Indians to represent +the head of a snake. The shaft is circular in cross section and +gradually enlarges towards the base where it suddenly constricts. The +specimen has been polished by the natural sand blast.[109] + + [109] Museum negative no. 44507, 6-8. + +The noise of the women at one of the Nez Perce villages, pounding roots, +reminded Lewis of a nail factory.[110] Beyond the Nez Perce country +which bounds this area on the east, according to Spinden,[111] the use +of stone pestles disappears until the region of the Great Lakes is +reached, but I have seen pestles in collections in Wyoming which are +said to have been found in that state. + + [110] Lewis and Clark, V, p. 16. + + [111] Spinden, p. 187. + + +_Rollers._ Another class of specimens considered as pestles or rollers +is shown in Figs. 36 and 37. These do not seem to have been used as +pestles. + +[Illustration: Fig. 32. Pestle made of Stone. From Priest Rapids. 1/4 +nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44534, 8-12. Original in the +collection of Mr. Mires.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 33. Pestle made of Stone. From the Yakima Valley. +1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 41502, 6-3. Original in the +collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 34. Pestle made of Stone. From the Yakima Valley. +1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44502, 6-3. Original in the +collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 35. Pestle made of Steatite. From Lake Chelan. 1/4 +nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44507, 6-8. Original in the collection +of Mr. McCandless.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 36. Pestle or Roller made of Stone. From Priest +Rapids. 1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44537, 9-3. Original in +the collection of Mrs. Hinman.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 37 (202-8197). Pestle or Roller made of Stone. From +the surface, about one mile east of Fort Simcoe. 1/4 nat. size.] + +The one shown in Fig. 36 from Priest Rapids is in the collection of Mrs. +Hinman. The convex ends of this cylindrical form present the natural +surface of a pebble and they are not battered. The material is a +yellowish quartzite or closely allied rock. It is 457 mm. long, 75 mm. +in diameter and the entire cylindrical surface has been pecked +apparently to bring it to form. If it had been used as a pestle the +ends would show the signs of battering or grinding. The cylindrical +surface does not seem to show any signs of its having been used as a +roller or grinder. It may possibly be a pestle in process of manufacture +although it seems very strange that so much work should have been +expended on the cylindrical surface in a region where natural pebbles +very nearly of this shape were common.[112] The specimen shown in Fig. +37 is apparently made of basalt and was found on the surface about a +mile east of Fort Simcoe. The ends are considerably chipped and one of +them has apparently been somewhat battered since. If the object were +used as a pestle the chipping of the ends is unusually great. The +cylindrical surface has been formed by pecking except in one place where +the natural surface shows. This bit of natural surface is such that it +suggests the specimen to have been made of a prismatic basaltic column. +While these two specimens may have been intended for pestles, it seems +possible that they were made for rollers. Several such objects made of +stone were seen in Mr. Owen's collection. He says that they were used +like rolling pins for crushing camas and kouse roots in making bread. +Both of these roots were extensively used in the Nez Perce region to the +east.[113] + + [112] Museum negative no. 44537, 9-3. + + [113] Spinden, pp. 201-203. + +[Illustration: Fig. 38 (202-8157). Fragment of Hearth of Fire Drill. +From Grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide about half a mile above the mouth +of Naches River. 1/2 nat. size.] + + +_Fish Knives._ No fish knives made of slate were found, as in the +Thompson River region, at Lytton,[114] rarely at Kamloops,[115] and +commonly on the coast at Fraser Delta,[116] Comox,[117] and +Nanaimo.[118] + + [114] Smith, (d), p. 140. + + [115] Smith, (c) p. 414. + + [116] Smith, (a), p. 159. + + [117] Smith, (b), p. 315. + + [118] P. 345, _ibid._ + + +_Fire Making._ The method of making fire formerly employed in this +region is suggested by a fragment of the hearth of a fire drill found in +grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide about one half a mile above the mouth +of the Naches River and is shown in Fig. 38. It is made of porous wood, +of light cellular structure, possibly cottonwood. This is similar to the +fire drill hearths of the Thompson River region,[119] where I have seen +the Thompson River Indians make fire with the palm drill, using +cottonwood root for the hearth. In the Nez Perce region to the east, +also, fire was made with the palm drill, the hearth stick being of the +root of the light leaved willow or the stem of "smoke wood." It was of +the shape of the hearth here described. The twirling stick was made of +the dead tips of red fir.[120] + + [119] Teit, (a), p. 203. + + [120] Spinden, p. 200. + + +_Caches._ A number of small circular holes about four feet in diameter, +encircled by a slight ridge, as mentioned on p. 15, were seen which are +possibly the remains of ancient food caches. The Nez Perce Indians in +the region to the east referred to a field at Kamiah, near the mouth of +Lawyer's Creek which has the appearance of being "hilled" like an old +hop field, as being the site of winter cache pits.[121] + + [121] Spinden, p. 181. + + +_Boiling._ Natural pebbles were plentiful in the river bottoms near the +village sites. Such were no doubt used in boiling food in baskets or +boxes, as fragments of burned and cracked pebbles were also found while +pottery was entirely absent. These facts suggest that it was the custom +to boil the food in baskets or even in boxes as on the coast to the +west. This idea is strengthened by the fact that in the Nez Perce region +to the east, watertight coiled baskets were regularly used in +cooking.[122] We may naturally suppose that roasting before open fires +was also customary in this region. No fireplaces such as were probably +used in this area and are found in the Nez Perce region,[123] were +recognized by us, although beds of clam shells previously mentioned, may +indicate the sites of ancient hearths. + + [122] Spinden, pp. 190 and 194. + + [123] Spinden, p. 178. + + + + +HABITATIONS. + + +_Semi-subterranean House Sites._ Sites of ancient semi-subterranean +winter houses, modern lodges and what may possibly have been a shell +heap were seen and photographed by us in this region. Two of the +examples of the remains of semi-subterranean house sites found here, as +shown in Fig. 2, Plate IV, had stones on top of the surrounding +embankments. Although on the top of the embankments of the remains of +similar underground winter houses in the Thompson River region,[124] we +saw no stones other than those of the soil. I am informed by Mr. James +Teit that such are occasionally to be found there also, but that these +stones are generally found only in those places where boulders were +removed during the excavation for the houses. He was told that it was +the custom to place these boulders around the base of the house. Two +semi-subterranean winter house sites, as mentioned on pp. 7 and 15, may +be seen on the flat along the north side of the Yakima River about a +mile below the mouth of the Naches. One of these may be seen in Fig. 2, +Plate III.[125] There are water-worn boulders in and on the embankments +surrounding them. These boulders were probably uncovered during the +excavation for the house. The holes are situated within twenty-five feet +of the river and between it and the Yakima Ridge which rises by +perpendicular cliffs, almost immediately behind these winter house +sites. In fact, the photograph reproduced in the figure was taken from +the hill side north of the pit and just up stream from the cliffs. They +are on a little terrace about three feet high which gives them the +appearance of having been connected by a ridge. The hole shown in the +figure measured from the top of the ridge was nine feet deep. The top of +the bank measured at points on the flat between it and the river, up +stream from it, and between it and the hill, was four feet, two feet, +and two feet, four inches, respectively. Averaging these measurements, +the height of the embankment above the level is thirty-three and one +third inches. The hole was so near the level of the river, and was so +deep that when we visited it on June 18, 1903, which was during high +water, the waters of the Yakima had soaked through the terrace and were +about two feet deep in the bottom of the hole where it was about eight +feet in diameter, measuring north and south. Measuring in the same +direction the diameter of the top of the hole from points inside of the +surrounding ridge was twenty-two feet, from points on top thirty-three +feet, from points outside forty-seven feet, and from points outside of +the wash from the ridge fifty-one feet. These measurements give us +twelve and a half feet as an approximate width of the ridge or fourteen +and a half feet if we measure from the bottom of the wash. The two sites +mentioned on pp. 7 and 16 were also examined and photographed by us. One +is plainly shown from the north of west in Fig. 2, Plate IV. They are +located on a high terrace on the north side of the Naches River about +one and a half miles above its mouth. There are angular rocks on each +encircling ridge. Some of the large angular rocks found on the +embankment of this ridge, may also have been dug out during the +excavation for the house if such rocks are found under the surface of +the soil in this terrace. Similar rocks are scattered about on the +surface so thickly that it must have been necessary to remove a number +of them from the site where the house was to stand and possibly others +that were scattered about may have been put up around the base of the +house in order to clear the immediate vicinity especially since many of +them are disagreeably sharp angular fragments.[126] + + [124] Smith, (d), p. 140 and Fig. 2, Plate XIII; (c), p. 414. + + [125] Museum negative no. 44517, 7-7 from the north. Negative no. + 44518, 7-8 shows the same from the northwest. + + [126] These two sites are represented by Museum negatives nos. + 44181, 4-6 reproduced in the figure; 44491, from the west; and + 44492, 5-5 nearer from the west. + +Measuring the site best shown in the figure, east and west, the level +floor inside the extreme wash from the ridge is nine feet in diameter, +the rocks fallen from the ridge thirteen feet, the inner edge of the +ridge 20 feet, the points on the top of the embankment, twenty-five and +a half feet; the outside of the rocks, thirty feet; the extremes of the +embankment thirty-five feet. These measurements north and south are +respectively, nine feet, thirteen and a half feet, sixteen and a half +feet, twenty-one feet, twenty-five and a half feet and thirty-three +feet. Judging from these measurements, the original dimensions were +probably thirty feet by twenty-five and a half feet over all, +twenty-five and a half feet by twenty-one feet for the top of the +embankment, twenty by sixteen and a half feet for the inside of the +embankment and sixteen and a half feet by fifteen feet for the bottom of +the floor. These measurements are also east and west and north and south +respectively. The present depth of the hole below the top of the rocks +is twenty-nine inches and from the top of the earth embankment is +twenty-six and twenty-one inches. The measurements were taken east and +west and north and south respectively. The slope of the hill from north +to south and its attendant wash, of course, affect the north and south +measurements, while the east and west measurements are probably near the +original dimensions. Contiguous to this hole on the south, or in the +sage brush to the right in the figure, is the other site. It is on the +slope of the hill and not so clearly shown in the Plate. This hole +measures ten and a half feet by eleven feet across the level floor +inside; thirteen by fourteen feet inside of the rocks; nineteen by +eighteen feet at the top of the embankment twenty-three by twenty-three +feet outside of the rocks; and twenty-seven by twenty-six feet outside +of the embankment; fourteen and eighteen inches in depth from the top of +the rocks and ten and twelve inches from the top of the earth, the +measurements being taken east and west and north and south respectively. + +Mr. G. R. Shafer informed me that there were holes, the remains of old +houses on the flat in the Naches Valley, twelve miles above the Nelson +Bridge which crosses the river a short distance above the mouth of +Cowiche Creek. At Fort Simcoe, immediately south of the Indian agency, +on the north edge of "scab land" overlooking a small ravine as mentioned +on p. 8, is a large pit surrounded by an embankment of earth, the +remains of a winter house site. This hole is so deep and the embankment +is so high that both Mrs. Lynch and the Indians call it a fort. About +fifteen miles above Kennewick on the eastern side of the Columbia River, +according to Mr. D. W. Owen, there were the remains of hundreds of +semi-underground winter houses and we saw several large and deep sites +immediately below Mr. Craig's house above Priest Rapids as mentioned on +page 20. + +A semi-subterranean winter house, with an entrance through the roof, +seen by Lewis and Clark[127] on the north side of the Columbia near the +mouth of White Salmon River, was uninhabited at that time (1805). As +described, it does not differ from the winter house of the Thompson +Indians. The Chinook, so far as we know, never erected such houses. The +pit of an underground house, according to Clark[128] was found among the +Nez Perce. Gibbs[129] mentions what were probably similar pits on the +Lower Yakima. Kane[130] describes a somewhat similar house used by the +Walla Walla but much ruder. Such houses were used by the Klamath.[131] + + [127] Lewis, p. 185; Lewis and Clark, IV, p. 280. + + [128] Lewis and Clark, V, p. 35. + + [129] Gibbs, (a), p. 409. + + [130] Kane, p. 272. + + [131] Gatschet, pp. 177, 124; Abbott in the Pacific Railroad Report, + VI, p. 69. + +Not far from the ranch of Mr. Frank Turner on Rock Creek about six miles +below Rock Lake on Section 6, Town 18 north, Range 40 east in the +country locally known as "The Rocks," there are two pits that are +supposed to be the remains of houses which with other remains (pp. 29, +82, 140) have been in their present condition since about 1874 when they +were first seen by the whites. Both the pioneers and the old Indians are +said to know nothing about them. Mr. Turner's place is best reached from +Sprague on the Northern Pacific Railroad, although his Post Office is +Winona. My information regarding these two pits is from Mr. J. S. +Cotton, then in charge of cooperative range work in Washington. + +It is quite possible as pointed out by Lewis[132] that the introduction +of the buffalo skin covered lodge which probably came after the advent +of the horse into this region, had something to do with the apparent +scarcity of the semi-subterranean winter house in the Yakima region in +historic times, the buffalo skin lodge possibly having taken the place +of the earth-covered dwellings. + + [132] Lewis, p. 186. + +The so-called cremation circles near Cherry Creek and near the mouth of +the Naches which were mentioned on pp. 12 and 15 and described on pp. +163 and 157, may be the remains of small houses of the type of +semi-subterranean winter house sites that were made especially as grave +houses. As before mentioned, this type of semi-subterranean circular +lodge is found as far north as the Thompson River country, and I have +seen one site on the prairie near Rochester, Thurston Co., probably of +this type. In the Nez Perce region to the east, remains that appear like +those of semi-subterranean houses consisting of ridges of earth about a +foot above the general level of the ground, surrounding a circular pit, +from three to five feet deep, measuring from the top of the ridge; and +about seventy feet in diameter, are found near the mouth of Tammany +Creek on the east bank of Snake River, a few miles above Lewiston. The +site may be identified with Hasutin.[133] The place is known to have +been used as a camp until about 1878, especially during the season of +lamprey eel fishing. These house rings are in several groups. A little +charcoal, some unio shell, flint chips, a digging stick with a bone +handle, glass beads and other objects are reported to have been found in +them. Somewhat similar house rings about twenty-five feet in diameter +were found on the south bank of the Middle fork of Clearwater River, +near the town of Kooskia. Spinden[134] refers to Lewis and Clark[135] +for evidence of considerable antiquity for the circular house rings in +this Nez Perce region. They mention one as being about thirty feet in +diameter with a rim over three feet high and the floor sunken four feet +below the surface of the ground or seven feet below the top of the rim. +The Mountain Snakes, according to Ross[136] never used underground +houses. + + [133] Spinden p. 179. + + [134] Spinden, p. 197. + + [135] Lewis and Clark, V, p. 33. + + [136] Ross, (b), II, p. 117. + +At the site near Kooskia there is another type of house site such as I +have not seen in the Yakima, Thompson or Coast regions. Spinden +describes them as long and narrow, about sixty to eighty-five feet long +by eighteen feet wide. The interior is sunken from one to three feet and +surrounded by well marked elevated rims. As a rule, these pits are not +so deep or clearly marked as those of the circular type. The axis of the +house is parallel with the river. He states that these house sites have +not been used for a long time and that trees, some of which are eighteen +inches in diameter grow directly out of them. Excavation revealed a +number of fireplaces about twelve feet apart along the axis of these +houses suggesting that they were communal lodges.[137] We discovered no +indications of communal dwellings in the Yakima region. + + [137] Spinden, p. 197. + + +_Circles of Stones (Summer House Sites)._ A circle of stones which +marked a small lodge site was examined and photographed. The stones were +no doubt cleared from the interior and all or part of these possibly +with others, were no doubt used to hold down the lodge covers. Although +I saw no such circle of stones in the Thompson River region I am +informed by Mr. Teit that they are occasionally to be seen there and +that they represent old lodge sites. The circle of stones +above-mentioned as described on p. 15 was found on a terrace somewhat +lower than the one on which were situated the remains of the two +semi-subterranean houses described on p. 52. This terrace is a few yards +down stream from the one on which they stand, and is separated from it +by a small ravine. The site is a little further down the stream and +towards the southeast. It is shown in Fig. 1, Plate IV,[138] from the +point on the hillside a few feet above it to the north, shown on the +lower end of the slope in Fig. 2, Plate IV and in negative nos. 44491, +5-4, and 44492, 5-5. This circle of stones on the level ground was made +up of angular rocks such as are scattered on the immediate surface. It +measures ten by eleven feet in diameter inside; fifteen by seventeen +feet from the top of the circle; and twenty-two by twenty-three feet +over all. The top of the highest stones was from fourteen to twelve +inches above the middle of the space enclosed which as before stated, +seemed to be on a level with the outside, all measuring being east to +west and north to south respectively. Among the rocks was found a +chipped piece of jasper or brown chalcedony. + + [138] Museum negative no. 44482, 4-7 from the north. + +No saucer-shaped depressions were seen in the Yakima region, although it +is quite probable that they formerly existed and have been obliterated +by weathering. It will be remembered that such saucer-shaped depressions +are often made by sweeping out the summer lodges in the Thompson River +region[139] and that they marked the sites of such houses. + + [139] Smith, (c), p. 405. + +Two summer lodges photographed[140] by us near Ellensburg which were +mentioned on page 12 and the one seen below Union Gap down stream from +Old Yakima, resemble those of the Thompson River region to the north. It +will be remembered that mat covered tipis are found in the Nez Perce +region to the east.[141] Lewis and Clark[142] mention but one buffalo +skin lodge among the Nez Perce in 1806 and that was apparently reserved +for special occasions, but a few years later this type of lodge had +practically supplanted the mat lodge among that tribe and was in common +use among all the interior Salish and Sahaptin tribes. The mat houses of +the Yakima are mentioned by Gibbs in the Pacific Railroad Reports.[143] + + [140] Summer lodge, covered with cloth, Japanese matting and Indian + matting July, 1903; East of Ellensburg. Museum negatives no. 44523, + 8-1 from the southeast; no. 44524, 8-2, from the west; and no. + 44525, 8-3 a nearer view; and summer lodge covered with cloth, July + 1903, in the northern part of Ellensburg, Museum negative no. 44526, + 8-4 from the east. + + [141] Spinden, Fig. 6, Plate X. + + [142] Lewis and Clark, V, p. 16. + + [143] Gibbs, (a), I, p. 407. + +A pile of stones shown in Fig. 2, Plate V[144] and mentioned on p. 20 as +uncovered by the wash of the flood waters of the Columbia, was seen on +the bottom-lands on the western side of the Columbia, south of Sentinal +Bluffs and within a hundred feet north of the house of Mr. Britain +Everette Craig. It is possible that this may have been a house hearth or +ancient cooking place, although the presence of human bones among these +stones, suggests that it was a grave covered with flat oval river +pebbles. Near by, uncovered by the same wash, was a small patch of fresh +water unio shells shown from the west of south in Fig. 1, Plate V.[145] +This was probably kitchen refuse. The little pits, each encircled with a +slight embankment made up of the soil thrown out in making it, p. 15, +are probably the remains of food caches near the houses. + + [144] Museum negative no. 44530, 8-8 from the southwest. + + [145] Museum negative no. 44531, 8-9 from the west of south. + + + + +TOOLS USED BY MEN. + + +A number of objects which seem to be tools intended to be used by men +are found in this region. Among these may be mentioned a wedge, +hammerstones, a celt, a hand-adze, drills, scrapers, and an arrow-shaft +smoother. + + +_Wedges._ Wedges made of antler were not frequently found by us as in +the Thompson River region,[146] although according to Lewis, elk horn +wedges or chisels were used for splitting wood in the general plateau +region of which this is a part.[147] One specimen, however (202-8378b), +was found on the surface near the head of Priest Rapids, which is +apparently a longitudinal fragment of a wedge broken off at the top and +cut by longitudinal grooving along one edge, the other edge being a +portion of the surface of the wedge formed by cutting convexly across +the antler. The specimen is bleached from exposure on the surface. +Another wedge, shown in Fig. 39, was found on the surface near the +Columbia River below the mouth of the Snake. It is made of antler which +has since been bleached from exposure on the surface of the ground. + + [146] Smith, (d), p. 141; (c), p. 414. + + [147] Lewis, p. 186. + +[Illustration: Fig. 39 (20.0-1464). Wedge made of Antler. From the +surface near the Columbia River below the Mouth of the Snake. 1/2 nat. +size. (Collected and presented by Mr. Owen.)] + +The top was partly cut off and then broken across, while one side edge +shows where the antler was grooved lengthwise for over half its length, +from the inner surface and then broken out. This shows that the process +of cutting up pieces of antler in this region was similar to that +employed in cutting both antler and nephrite, in the Thompson River +region and on the coast of British Columbia and Washington. It has since +been battered. One side shows the nearly flat outer surface of part of +the antler, the other has been cut off to form the wedge, which is +constricted towards the point so that it assumes a somewhat spatulate +form. This specimen is twisted, until the point is in a plane about 45° +from the poll. It was collected by Mr. Owen who believes it to have been +used as a spatula for grinding paint upon the surface of a rock. Wedges +made of elk antler are common in the Nez Perce region where they are +said to have almost completely supplanted celts.[148] + + [148] Spinden, pp. 182 and 189, Fig. 5^7. + +Although no wedges were found by us in the Yakima Valley proper, and we +can mention only these two specimens in the whole Yakima region yet it +seems probable that they were here used and for the same purposes as in +the Thompson River region to the north, the Nez Perce area to the east +and on the coast to the west for splitting timber, for cutting firewood +and for general carpenter work. Perhaps their relative scarcity here, as +compared with the Thompson and the Nez Perce country, may be explained +by supposing that wooden wedges, such as are more common than antler +wedges on the coast, and which may have decayed were here used more than +those made of antler. + +While the stone hammers or pestles with convex bases, which are +described on p. 39 et seq. were probably largely used for crushing food +and other material; yet some of them and those with concave bases, were +undoubtedly sometimes used as hammers for driving wedges, setting +stakes, pinning out skins and for similar purposes. + + +_Hammerstones._ The deeply pitted hammer, such as is found in the +Mississippi Valley, was not seen here, and it will be remembered[149] +that they were not found in the Thompson River region. Tough pebbles, +however, were used for pounding. At the quarry shop mentioned on p. 16, +we found a number of pebbles that were evidently used in breaking up the +material out of which to make chipped implements. One of these +(202-8129) is merely a water-worn pebble, 73 mm. long, an edge of which +has been broken off, and a sharp corner shows signs of its having been +used as a hammer, as it has been battered and shows where one large chip +has come off. It will be remembered that in the vicinity of the shop +where the specimen was found, pebbles were rarely if ever seen, although +the surface of the ground was covered with weathered fragments of +volcanic rock. Another specimen (202-8127) found at the same place, +shown southeast of the quarry pit, in Fig. 1, Plate III, is 155 mm. long +and of a rather irregular cross section. The ends are battered and +fractured from use. Apparently it may have been held between the two +hands and used in breaking off large pieces of material. A longer hammer +pebble, bearing the same catalogue number, and found at the same place, +shows on the top of the quarry dump to the left centre in Fig. 1, Plate +III. It is about 270 mm. long. In cross section it tends to be +triangular with rounded corners. The ends are battered and long slivers +have been broken off. The specimen shown in Fig. 40 is from the same +place, shorter, but similar in that the section is sub-triangular and +that each end is both battered and slivered. Other battered pebbles and +fragments slivered from them were found at the same place. The +hammerstone shown in Fig. 41 was found on the surface near the head of +Priest Rapids. It is an oval pebble, nearly twice as wide as it is +thick, of yellowish brown color, which has been used for a hammer, as is +indicated by the battered and chipped condition of its ends. + + [149] Smith, (d), p. 142; (c), pp. 415 and 440, Fig. 38. + +[Illustration: Fig. 40 (202-8128). Hammerstone. From quarry on north +side of Naches River about two miles above its mouth. 1/2 nat. size.] + +Another specimen, shown in Fig. 42, is made of a hard, dark green or +bluish, water-worn pebble. It was found in the Snake River Valley, +twenty miles above the mouth of the river, and is in the collection of +Mr. Owen. Both ends are battered and the margins of the battered +surfaces are chipped. Mr. Owen says such objects were used in pecking +pestles, mortars, and similar implements into shape. Fig. 43 illustrates +one of these hammerstones, found on the surface at Kennewick. It is a +part of a pebble of tough dark blue material, apparently glassy basalt. +One side edge and one end have been chipped and show large scars on each +side of the side edge and several on one side of the top. Near the +middle of one side, and opposite it on the other side edge, there are +signs of pecking which suggest an attempt at grooving. The lower corner +of the pebble shows signs of having been used as a hammer for pecking. A +small spatulate pebble slightly curved (202-8215), found at the same +place, is battered entirely around the edge of its larger end and in one +place on the side of the narrow end. The battering has given it a smooth +surface in places which suggests that it was used for pecking, rather +than chipping. A large, rather flat, oval pebble (202-8213) from the +same place has large chips off from both sides of its edge in three +places, three fourths of its edge being so chipped. This seems more +likely to be a hammerstone used for chipping. + +[Illustration: Fig. 41 (202-8292a). Hammerstone. From the surface, near +the head of Priest Rapids, 1/2 nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 42. Hammerstone made of a Hard, Water-worn Pebble. +From Snake River Valley twenty miles above its mouth. 1/2 nat. size. +(Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mr. Owen.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 43 (202-8119). Hammerstone. From the surface, +Kennewick. 1/2 nat. size.] + +The long, narrow, oval pebble, shown in Fig. 44, is about 140 mm. long, +of a yellow, volcanic, coarse-grained rock, and is in the collection of +Mr. Austin Mires of Ellensburg. This was found at Priest Rapids. The top +is battered and slightly chipped, the other end has been battered to a +rather flat edge, and this battered surface extends one half way up one +side of the specimen and two thirds of the way up the other.[150] A +large flat oval pebble (202-8214), found on the Cherry Creek camp site, +has a notch pecked in each side edge and is battered slightly on one +end. It may have been notched for hafting as a hammer, or for use as a +net sinker, but the battered end suggests the former use. These pebbles +which have been used as hammerstones, remind us of the unbattered +pebbles found with pieces of glassy basalt in certain caches near +Kamloops.[151] Pebbles used as hammerstones are also found in the Nez +Perce region to the east[152] and according to Lewis stone hammers were +used for splitting wood in the general plateau region of which this is a +part.[153] + + [150] Museum negative, no. 44534, 8-2. + + [151] Described by Smith, (c), p. 415. + + [152] Spinden, p. 188. + + [153] Lewis, p. 186; Lewis and Clark, III, p. 124. + +A pebble, oval in outline and in cross section (202-8303), found on the +surface of the bank of the Columbia River, near the head of Priest +Rapids, is battered on one side edge near the middle in a way that +suggests that the place was for the reception of the end of a handle. +The lower edge is battered and the top has a large chip off of each +side. It was probably used as a hammerstone. Another flat oval pebble of +lava (202-8305) found at the same place, is chipped on both sides of the +entire edge; but the edge is not sharp, apparently having been dulled by +scraping, the natural sand blast or weathering. A disk or +sub-oblong-shaped pebble (202-8304) also found at the same place is +chipped from one side only across the entire edge at a slight bevel so +that it has a nearly flat edge. The high places of the edge are smoothed +as if from its use in pecking, yet it does not seem to have been much +used for such a purpose or to need to have been chipped into disk form +for that use. + +None of the pebbles which were notched and supposed to be net sinkers, +as mentioned on p. 30 and that were found in this region, show battered +ends or appear as if they had been used as hammers. On the other hand, +some of the grooved pebbles described as net sinkers are battered, p. +30. It will be remembered[154] that no notched hammers or those grooved +entirely around, like those found here, were found in the Thompson River +region, although a pebble which had been notched or grooved on two edges +was found and figured as a hammer.[155] Nor was the grooved stone maul +used by the Nez Perce to the east according to Spinden[156] although +many specimens are found on the Umatilla in northern Oregon to the +south.[157] + + [154] Smith, (c), p. 415. + + [155] _Ibid._, Fig. 347. + + [156] Spinden, p. 188. + + [157] Lewis, p. 186; Lewis and Clark, III, p. 124. + +[Illustration: Fig. 44. Hammerstone made of a Close-Grained Yellow +Volcanic Pebble. From Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from +photograph 44534, 8-2. Original in the collection of Mr. Mires.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 45. Celt made of Serpentine. From an Indian at +Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44507, 6-8. Original +in the collection of Mr. McCandless.)] + + +_Celts._ Celts made of stone such as were common in the Thompson River +region[158] were not found by us in the Yakima region; but one typical +specimen which apparently resembles the celts found on Puget Sound, more +than it does those found in the Thompson River region is shown in Fig. +45. It may be seen in the collection of Mr. McCandless who secured it +from an Indian at Ellensburg. This celt is made of serpentine and is +190 mm. long.[159] A similar specimen, in the same collection, resembles +this one but shows grooves along the side edges by means of which it was +cut out. There is a celt made of green serpentine, only about 3 mm. +thick in the collection of Mr. Owen, but it was found at Umatilla, +Oregon. + + [158] Smith, (d), p. 142; (c), p. 415. + + [159] Museum negative no. 44507, 6-8. + +Celts of jadeite (?) narrow and oblong were found on Snake River above +Lewiston in the Nez Perce region to the east.[160] Spinden states that +these were evidently acquired by trade from natives of the northwest +coast and that they have been cut by grooving and breaking. Also, that +this method and material was not employed by the Nez Perce who +considered the objects to have been used as wedges. I am inclined to +believe, therefore, that these more nearly resemble the celts of the +Thompson River country[161] than they do those of the coast. At least +one celt of this general style has been found near Lake Chelan lying +between the Thompson River region and both the Yakima and Nez Perce +regions. It is a long stone celt and was found in an ancient grave on +the bank of the Chelan River near the house of Hon. Amos Edmunds, of +Chelan, Washington. In the graves of this group, according to Mr. C. G. +Ridout, who cooperated with Mr. Edmunds in excavating at this place, and +from whom all of our information on this specimen was obtained, stone +knives and skinning and scraping tools were found. This celt is of a +mottled green "marble resembling onyx" (probably serpentine or nephrite) +400 mm. long, 47 mm. wide and 15 mm. thick. It is slightly concave on +the two sides, while one side edge is flat and the other is concavely +bevelled. The poll is of the natural unworked stone and judging from the +drawing furnished by Mr. Ridout, was broken off. It is raggedly +diagonal. The cutting edge is sharpened by long convexly ground surfaces +of nearly equal size and curve. The bevel of the side edge suggests that +the material for the celt was cut out by grooving and breaking as was +the case in the Thompson River region, where the celts showed similar +traces of grooving.[162] It is true that similar grooving may be seen on +celts from the Coast, but in that region the celts are short, while in +the Thompson River area they are long like this one and the material is +more often of the mottled green color than on the coast. The specimen is +owned by Mr. Edmunds and is in the collection of Mr. Ridout. + + [160] Spinden, p. 182 and Figs. 1, 2, Plate IX. + + [161] Smith, (c), Fig. 349. + + [162] Cf. Smith, (c), Fig. 349. + +No pieces of antler or other material which may possibly have served as +celt hafts were found in this region, although it will be remembered +that one specimen, thought possibly to have been such, was found at +Kamloops in the Thompson River[163] region, another in the Lillooet +Valley[164] and that celt hafts made of antler were common on the coast +at Port Hammond,[165] Comox,[166] Saanich,[167] and Utsalady.[168] A +piece of antler (202-8378a), found on the surface near the head of +Priest Rapids, is much bleached and shows signs of having been daubed +with red paint. It consists of a piece which has been cut around below a +fork with some sharp instrument and then broken off. The prongs seem to +be simply broken off. + + [163] Smith, (c), Fig. 348, p. 115. + + [164] Teit, (b), Fig. 66. + + [165] Smith, (a), Figs. 29 and 59. + + [166] Smith, (b), Fig. 107. + + [167] _Ibid._, Figs. 129-130. + + [168] _Ibid._, Fig. 157. + +[Illustration: Fig. 46. Hand-Adze made of Stone. From the surface in an +old burial ground of the Indians near the mouth of the Yakima River on +McNeals Island. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photographs 44503, 6-4, +44452, 2-1. Original catalogue No. 25 in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + + +_Hand-Adze._ Only one hand-adze has been found in this area, so far as I +am aware. It is catalogue No. 25 in the collection of Mr. Janeck, made +of stone and found near the surface of an old burial ground of the +Indians near the mouth of the Yakima River on what is known as McNeals +Island. This specimen is shown in Fig. 46, and is 165 mm. long, 228 mm. +in greatest circumference which is around the part corresponding to the +edge of the striking head of a pestle, 37 mm. in diameter at the top and +37 mm. along the edge of the blade. It is made of rock resembling +diorite or diabase. The natural surface of the pebble from which it was +made shows on the ridge of the striking head of the pestle-like part. +The convex side of the celt-like part of the object is very smooth. This +is apparently partly due to the fact that it presents the smooth natural +surface of the pebble from which the object was made, and also to more +or less friction which must have been received here when in use. It +probably served as an adze. This specimen is perhaps the most ideal form +of this type that I have seen, the upper end comparing closely to a +pestle, with a slight indication of a knob at the top, a flaring body, +and a short striking head, the sides of which extend as a ridge nearly +if not entirely around the specimen. The celt-like part is to one side +of the axis, so that one side expands to meet the ridge above +mentioned, forming a concavity; the other contracts to meet it forming +a convex sweep from the cutting edge to the beginning of the body of the +pestle-like part.[169] Such hand-adzes have been found at Portland, +Columbia Slough about ten miles below Portland,[2] and Mr. E. D. +Zimmerman of Philadelphia has informed me that there are five or six +specimens of this type in his collection but the discovery of this +specimen at McNeals Island marks the most eastern occurrence of this +type, so far as I know at present.[170] + + [169] Museum negatives nos. 44452, 2-1 and 44503, 6-4. + + [170] First mentioned on pp. 303-304, Noteworthy Archaeological + Specimens from Lower Columbia Valley, by Harlan I. Smith, American + Anthropologist, (N. S.) Vol. VIII, No. 2, April-June, 1906. + + +_Whetstones._ Whetstones, recognized as such, are rare in the Yakima +region but a fragment (202-8217) of a sandstone pebble, which is +apparently rubbed on the irregular sides was found on the surface of the +little camp site, west of Cherry Creek, near Ellensburg. It probably +served as a rough whetstone or for grinding implements into shape. + +The cigar-shaped object made of friable stone, shown in Fig. 69, and +considered on p. 81 as a war implement or "slave-killer," is suitable +for use as a whetstone and may have been such. The object thought to be +a whetstone shown in Fig. 120, is in the collection of Mr. Janeck, and +is said to be from the Yakima Valley. It is made of friable slate; the +top is broken off. It is 142 mm. long, 18 mm. wide and 6 mm. thick with +rounded edges. The circle and dot design incised on the specimen is +described on p. 131. It would seem that use as a whetstone would destroy +the design.[171] From the whole region, I have seen only these three +specimens that can be considered as whetstones. This scarcity seems +somewhat remarkable when we consider their abundance in the Thompson +River region,[172] and also on the coast at Port Hammond and Eburne in +the Fraser Delta,[173] Comox,[174] North Saanich[175] Victoria,[176] New +Dungeness,[177] and Port Williams.[178] + + [171] Museum negative no. 44503, 6-4. + + [172] Smith, (d), p. 144; (c), p. 417. + + [173] Smith (a), p. 167. + + [174] Smith (b), p. 312 + + [175] _Ibid._, p. 339. + + [176] _Ibid._, p. 360. + + [177] _Ibid._, p. 389. + + [178] _Ibid._, p. 392. + +Beaver teeth sharpened for use as knives, such as were found in the +Thompson River region,[179] were not found by us in this whole area any +more than in the Fraser Delta,[180] although they were present at +Comox,[181] and though not certainly identified at both Saanich[182] and +Burton.[183] However, a beaver tooth was found (202-8189) in cremation +rectangle No. 21 (16) on the flat overlooking the mouth of the Naches +River. Objects that are considered as knife handles, such as were found +at Lytton,[184] though not certainly at Kamloops[185] were absent here +as in the Fraser Delta.[186] Objects made of bone or antler and thought +to have been used for flaking stone implements were also absent. + + [179] Smith (d), p. 144; (c). p. 417. + + [180] Smith (a), p. 168. + + [181] Smith (b), p. 318. + + [182] _Ibid._, p. 346. + + [183] _Ibid._, p. 398. + + [184] Smith (d), Fig. 50. + + [185] Smith (c), p. 418. + + [186] Smith (a), p. 168. + +[Illustration: Fig. 47 (202-8398). Point for a Drill, chipped from +Chalcedony. From the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size. (Collected by +Mrs. J. B. Davidson.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 48 (202-8370). Point for a Drill, chipped from +Chert. From the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] + + +_Drills._ Drill points chipped from stone are perhaps less abundant in +the Yakima country than in the Thompson River region[187] to the north. +They are found of various shapes in the Nez Perce region[188] to the +east but it will be remembered that they were not certainly identified +among finds from the coast.[189] The specimen shown in Fig. 47, was +collected at the head of Priest Rapids, and presented by Mrs. J. B. +Davidson of Ellensburg. It is chipped from a grayish chalcedony. The +shaft is rather blunt at the end, possibly having been broken off, and +is somewhat lozenge-shaped in cross section although one side has a less +pronounced ridge than the other which causes the section to tend towards +the sub-triangular. The base expands sidewise and is somewhat thinner at +the end than at the shaft although it is thicker than the point. A point +somewhat similar in shape, but 57 mm. long, chipped from white +chalcedony, and found at Priest Rapids, was seen in the collection of +Mr. Austin Mires. Another drill point chipped from black trap, 48 mm. +long, and also found at Priest Rapids, was seen in the same collection. +The shaft expands sidewise into a base of the form of a truncated +triangle which is rather thin. Fig. 48 shows a drill point chipped from +reddish brown chert that was found on the surface near the head of +Priest Rapids. The upper portion resembles the first-mentioned specimen +and the lower part is somewhat similar to it but more lenticular in +cross section. In other words, the implement is either double-pointed or +it was intended to chip away the lower part. The lower point is so well +chipped to form that it seems more likely to be a double-pointed drill. + + [187] Smith (d), p. 148; (c), p. 419. + + [188] Spinden, p. 185, Figs. 23-25, Plate VII. + + [189] Smith (a), p. 190; (b), p. 438. + +Holes which have been drilled and apparently with such drills as these +are seen in the stone objects shown in Figs. 34, 77, 81, 99, 105, 119. +The shell object shown in Fig. 88 probably was broken; but in Figs. 76, +79, 90, 91, 93 and 94, the shell seems drilled and in Fig. 73 the antler +is drilled. + + +_Scrapers._ For scraping and shaving, the objects shown in Figs. 49-52 +would have been useful. One side of these consists of a large facet, as +in the case of Fig. 50, or is but slightly chipped. This surface on the +first two specimens shows the bulb of percussion, while on the fourth +all signs of the bulb have apparently been obliterated by secondary +chipping along a longitudinal third, probably done to flatten the side, +although as this scraper was made from a fragment of a flake rather than +from the whole flake it is possible that the bulb was not on this piece. +In the third specimen the bulb does not show as the object was not made +from a flake but from a thin piece of chalcedony which shows striations +upon both surfaces suggesting that it may have been the filling or cast +of a seam from which it has separated. The upper ends of the first two +specimens are somewhat convex on this surface probably because of the +bulb of percussion. The lower or wider ends, which are chipped to a +scraping edge from the opposite side on all the specimens are somewhat +concave or at least flat as in the third specimen. The other two are not +so regular in outline, but are also chipped like a scraper at the broad +end and the side edges. The specimen shown in Fig. 52 was found on the +surface of the little camp site on Cherry Creek, near Ellensburg, and is +of a waxy, yellowish brown chalcedony. It is shaped something like a gun +flint. + +There is a scraper 66 mm. long made of a greenish slate in the +collection of Mrs. Davidson to whom it was presented by Mr. Owen. It is +somewhat tongue-shaped and slightly concave-convex. The base is broken +while the curved edge is slightly chipped on the convex side to form an +edge. The point is rather thin and has been somewhat rubbed. Red paint +has been daubed on the specimen which suggests that it may have been +found in a grave. It will be remembered that scrapers were found, +although not so frequently, in the Thompson River region[190] to the +north and that in the Nez Perce region to the east,[191] they are +usually irregular in form, flat on one side and convex on the other. +While their chief use may have been for skin scraping, they are found by +experiment to be excellent implements for planing wood, and may well +have served for the scraping down of arrow-shafts, spear-shafts, and for +similar work. + + [190] Smith (c), p. 418. + + [191] Spinden, p. 185 and Fig. 5^6. + +[Illustration: Fig. 49 (202-8371). Scraper chipped from Petrified Wood. +From the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 50 (202-8372). Scraper chipped from Agate. From the +surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 51 (202-8373). Scraper chipped from Chalcedony. From +the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 52 (202-8221). Scraper chipped from Chalcedony. From +the surface of the Cherry Creek Camp Site near Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. +size.] + +Some of the chipped points described on p. 23 may have been used for +knife points. Among these there are a number of specimens which were +particularly suited for this use. The specimen shown in Fig. 6 may have +served as a knife, possibly one used for ceremonial purposes although it +may have been used as a spear point. These knives, being somewhat +symmetrical differ from the one found at Kamloops[192] in the Thompson +River region which was similar in shape to the knives used until +recently by the Thompson River Indians.[193] These knives from the +Thompson River region are chipped much more from one side than from the +other and have curved points. The specimen shown in Fig. 3 (202-8336) +has an absolutely flat base which is apparently an unworked portion of +the block from which the object was chipped. It is possibly an +unfinished arrow point, but its outline suggests that it is a knife +point. The specimen shown in Fig. 2 is chipped from waxy red chalcedony. +It has a straight end and one edge of the point is slightly more curved +than the other, which together with the fact that one side is nearly +flat suggests that it may have been one of those points which are +considered to have been used for knives rather than for arrow or spear +points. The specimen (202-8369) shown in Fig. 1 may have served either +as the tip for an arrow or as a knife point, and it may be compared with +the much more deeply serrated points found in the Thompson River +region.[194] + + [192] Smith (c), p. 418, Fig. 352d. + + [193] Teit, (a), Figs. 125-126. + + [194] Smith (d), Figs. 8 to 19; (c), Figs. 332 i-j and 334. + + +_Arrow-shaft Smoothers._ Arrow-shaft smoothers, made of coarse sandstone +like those from the Thompson River region,[195] were not found by us in +this area nor on the coast;[196] but one of these grooved stones was +seen in the collection of Mr. E. R. McDonald at Ellensburg. It was +collected by Mr. Dick Williams, of the same place, who found it on the +west bank of the Columbia River, twenty miles north of Priest Rapids, +Kittitas County. It is made of a salmon-colored gritstone, and is of the +usual type, semi-cylindrical with a longitudinal groove on the flat +side, in this case a very small groove such as might occur if it had not +been much used. In the Nez Perce region to the east,[197] according to +Spinden, there have been found an arrow-shaft smoother made up of two +somewhat rectangular blocks of light tufa, each with a semi-cylindrical +groove in one side and a soapstone object which he considers to be an +arrow-shaft polisher, but I have considered this as a mat presser. + + [195] Smith (d), p. 145; (c), p. 419. + + [196] Smith (a), p. 190; (b), p. 438. + + [197] Spinden, p. 187, Fig. 32, Plate VII. + + + + +TOOLS USED BY WOMEN. + + +A number of implements were found which may have served for the +preparation of skins and for sewing. Among these may be mentioned skin +scrapers, awls, a needle, and a mat presser. + +[Illustration: Fig. 53 (202-8302). Scraper chipped from a Flat Circular +Pebble. From the surface of the bank of Columbia River near the head of +Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 54 (202-8307). Scraper or Knife chipped from a +Pebble. From the surface of the bank of Columbia River, near the head of +Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] + +_Scrapers Chipped from Stone._ The scrapers chipped from stone, shown in +Figs. 49 to 52, and considered among tools used by men on pp. 67-68, may +possibly have been used on skins although they seem rather small for +such a purpose. The specimen shown in Fig. 53, made from a flat circular +pebble was found on the surface of the bank of the Columbia River, near +the head of Priest Rapids. The edges are chipped in such a way that it +has been brought somewhat to the form of a square. This object would +serve well as a skin scraper if hafted in the split end of a stick and +used like similar implements seen in use by us among the natives of the +Thompson River region.[198] It resembles archaeological specimens from +the same area.[199] In the Nez Perce region to the east[200] a +disk-shaped spall struck from a boulder was used for skin scraping. +Another form, shown in Fig. 54, is chipped from a pebble, probably a +flat circular one. Along one side, the surface of the pebble shows, but +on the other it has been completely chipped away. In outline, the object +is elliptical, but has a slight tendency to be pointed at each end. It +is lenticular in section, with the edges jaggedly sharp. This reminds us +of certain specimens found at Columbus and The Dalles, which have the +same general shape, but are ground and polished, so that no signs of +chipping remain on some of them. It seems probable that this specimen is +a roughed-out form of the same kind, which may have been used in its +present condition, or was intended to be finished by grinding and +polishing. It seems quite likely that this implement may have been +hafted in the end of a split stick and used as a skin scraper, similar +to those previously mentioned. On the other hand, it may have been held +in the hand and used in scraping skins or perhaps as a knife. It was +found with another on the surface of the bank of the Columbia River, +near the head of Priest Rapids. Another of these (202-8117) was found on +the surface at Kennewick. The specimen shown in Fig. 55 is simply an +oval water-worn pebble with one edge chipped on both sides. It is 115 +mm. long by 16 mm. thick, may be an unfinished object, if not a scraper +or knife, and was found on the surface of the bank of the Columbia River +near the head of Priest Rapids. + + [198] Teit (a), Fig. 1, Plate XIV, and Fig. 127. + + [199] Smith (d), Fig. 64; (c), Fig. 355. + + [200] Spinden, p. 215. + + +_Scrapers Rubbed from Bone._ Scrapers made of bone, similar to those +found by us in the Thompson River region and in the vicinity of Puget +Sound[201] were not seen in the Yakima region. + + [201] Smith (d), Figs. 65 and 66; (c), Fig. 356; (a), Fig. 34; Teit + (a), Figs. 128 and 129. + +[Illustration: Fig. 55 (202-8297). Scraper or Knife chipped from a +Pebble. From the surface of the bank of Columbia River, near the head of +Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] + + +_Awls Rubbed from Bone._ Awls made of bone have been found in this area. +The specimens made of stone, mentioned on p. 25 among chipped points, +and on p. 66 among drills may have been used by women for the same +purposes. The specimen shown in Fig. 56, was found on the surface of an +island in the Columbia River near the mouth of the Snake, and it is +bleached from exposure. It was collected and presented by Mr. D. W. +Owen. The specimen shown in Fig. 57, was found on an island in the +Columbia River, forty miles above the mouth of the Snake, and it is +bleached from exposure on the surface. The shaft is nearly circular in +cross section and tapers to a point for one half its length. The base +ends in a flat elbow piece. The outline of the end of this projection is +rounded. The specimen was collected and presented by Mr. D. W. Owen. + +No awls made from the proximal part of the ulna of the deer were seen by +us in this area, although it will be remembered they were found in the +Thompson River region[202] and are reported from the Nez Perce region to +the east by Spinden who says that they were used in braiding rope.[203] +We found them on the coast of British Columbia and Washington.[204] The +same remarks are true of awls made of the distal end of the metapodial +of the deer.[205] + + [202] Smith (c), Fig. 357. + + [203] Spinden, p. 189, Plate VII, Fig. 29. + + [204] Smith (a), p. 170 (_Eburne and Hammond_); (b), p. 317, + (_Comox_); p. 347 (_Saanich_); p. 377, (_Stanwood_); p. 389, (_New + Dungeness_). + + [205] Smith (d), Fig. 74; (c), Fig. 357; (a), Fig. 35, (_Eburne_); + (b), p. 317, (_Comox_); p. 348, (_Saanich_). + +[Illustration: Fig. 56 (20.0-1466). Awl made of Bone. From the surface +of an Island in Columbia River near the mouth of the Snake. 1/2 nat. +size. (Collected and presented by Mr. Owen.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 57 (20.0-1465). Awl made of Bone. From an Island in +Columbia River, forty miles above the mouth of the Snake. 1/2 nat. size. +(Collected and presented by Mr. Owen.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 58. Spatulate Object made of Bone. From the Yakima +Valley. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44503, 6-4. Original +catalogue No. 13 in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +This seems rather interesting since these two kinds of awls, each made +of a special bone are so commonly found and so widely distributed in +America that it seems hardly possible that they may not yet be found in +this region. Simple sharpened bone implements which are said to have +been used as awls are found in the Nez Perce region[206] where according +to Spinden, a small awl was used in making basketry but we saw none in +the Yakima region not considered to be points for arrows or spears. + + [206] Spinden, p. 189, Plate VII, Figs. 27 and 28. + + +_Needles._ Only one object which may be considered as a needle was seen +by us in the Yakima region, and it will be remembered that they are rare +on the coast of British Columbia and Washington, except in the Lower +Fraser[207] country, although they were common in the Thompson River +region.[208] This specimen shown in Fig. 58 is a long needle-like +object, No. 13, in the collection of Mr. Janeck. The object is warped or +bent like the needles used in the Puget Sound country to string cat-tail +stalks together in order to make mats. This specimen is 291 mm. long. +The point is sharpened and although the side edges are flat, it somewhat +resembles a paper knife. At a point nearly one third of its length from +the base, it is perforated through the middle by gouging from each side. +The base is notched, in such a way that the object is bilaterally +symmetrical as shown in the illustration. It may possibly but not +probably have served as a sap scraper.[209] + + [207] Smith, (a), Fig. 36. + + [208] Smith (d), Figs. 76-78; (c), Fig. 358. + + [209] Museum negative no. 44503 (6-4). + +[Illustration: Fig. 59 _a_. Object made of Steatite, probably a Mat +Presser. From Prosser. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44504, 6-5. +Original in the collection of Mr. Spalding). _b_, Part of Incised +Pictograph on Object Shown in _a_.] + + +_Mat Pressers._ Mat pressers, or objects that are considered to be such, +made of stone are commonly found in the area immediately to the south. +No objects recognized as such were found by us in the Thompson River +region, and from the coast of British Columbia and Washington there is +only one. It is made of stone[210] and was found at Cadboro Bay near +Victoria. Specimens made of wood are very common among the present +natives of the same coast. A ground soapstone object from the Nez Perce +region is considered by Spinden an arrow-shaft polisher,[211] but seems +to me more likely to be a mat presser of the type found in the region +immediately south of the Yakima area. + + [210] Smith (b), Fig. 146. + + [211] Spinden, Plate VII, Fig. 34. + +The object shown in Fig. 59 which may be an unfinished pipe, is of the +form of a flattened cylinder, made of steatite and was found at Prosser +in the southern part of the area here considered. The surface is marked +with incised figures, part of which are illustrated in Fig. 59b and +described on p. 124. The groove on one side suggests that it may have +been used as a mat presser such as are used to string cat-tails and tule +stalks. The cylindrical bore in the top is 25 mm. deep by 10 mm. in +diameter and its top is funnel-shaped. The original is in the collection +of Mr. Spalding.[212] + + [212] Museum negative no. 44504, 6-5. + + + + +PROCESSES OF MANUFACTURE. + + +The processes of manufacture employed in this area as indicated by the +archaeological objects found include fracturing by chipping and flaking, +pecking or bruising, grinding, polishing, cutting by grooving and +breaking, incising, whittling and gouging, and drilling. The materials +worked by each of these processes may be seen among the specimens here +figured and described. Spinden states[213] that in the Nez Perce area +chipped implements were made by the men and that the pecked artifacts +were made by the women. + + [213] Spinden, p. 185. + + + + +LIFE HISTORIES OF MANUFACTURED OBJECTS. + + +The story of the manufacture of the objects found from the securing of +the raw material to their finished and to their worn out and broken +condition is not shown completely in the case of more than one class of +objects, viz., chipped implements, but in a number of cases the signs of +manufacture have not been entirely obliterated and some specimens are +figured and described which are undoubtedly in process of manufacture. +Plate III, Fig. 1 shows a quarry from which material for the manufacture +of chipped implements was obtained. A description of this has been given +on p. 16. Here could be seen the hammers, one of which is illustrated in +Fig. 40, that were used in breaking up the raw material, and the +material in various stages of chipping and flaking together with the +waste products. In Plates I and II may be seen the more or less +completed chipped implements. If points of antler were used as flakers, +they were either not found or recognized by us. According to Mr. Cotton, +there are numerous chips within the "fort" mentioned on p. 82. One other +example of a series illustrating the life history of an object may be +mentioned, namely, that of the pestles. Many oblong pebbles suitable +for pestles without being changed from their natural form were seen in +both the Yakima and the Columbia Valleys. Other pebbles required but +slight shaping to bring them to the required form. Fig. 22 illustrates +such a pebble which is in process of shaping by pecking or bruising and +Fig. 43 shows a suitable tool for executing the work. After being fully +shaped by this process such pestles were polished but the materials used +for this purpose, whether sandstones and similar abrasives, the horse +tail rush or the bare hand, are not known. + + + + +WAR. + + +_Implements used in Warfare._ The objects considered under hunting on p. +23 _et seq._, such as chipped points for spears, arrows and knives may +have served in warfare; so also may bows, mentioned on p. 29. Others +that were considered as tools, on p. 57 _et seq._, such as the celt and +hand-adze, may have been used as weapons in war times; but there are +some objects that were probably useful only in warfare. Prominent among +these are the club-heads and clubs, made of stone, shown in Figs. 60-68. +No clubs made of copper, antler or whale's bone have been seen by us +that are certainly from this region although it will be remembered[214] +that such were found in the Thompson River region, lying to the north, +that the latter are common on the coast of British Columbia and +Washington[215] to the west of this area and that one of whale's bone +labeled from the upper Columbia River has been figured in my report on +the archaeology of Puget Sound.[216] + + [214] Smith (d), Figs. 81 and 82; (c), Fig. 359. + + [215] Smith, (b), Figs. 165-171. + + [216] Smith (b), Fig. 166d. + +[Illustration: Fig. 60. Grooved Pebble. From the Yakima Reservation near +the Gap. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44455, 2-4. Original in +the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 61. Club-head or Sinker made of Lava. From the +Yakima Reservation near the Gap. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph +44503, 6-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + + +_Grooved Pebbles, Club-heads, or Sinkers._ The grooved spheroid pebble, +shown in Fig. 60, was found on the Yakima Reservation near Union Gap and +is in the collection of Mr. Janeck. There are two encircling grooves +which cross each other at nearly right angles. These have been made by +pecking. At one intersection of the grooves, the object shows signs of +battering such as may have resulted from pounding with it, or such as +may have been made to form a pit for the reception of a handle end. It +is probably a club-head, net sinker or gaming stone[217] similar to +those used in the Thompson River region.[218] In the Nez Perce +region[219] to the east unworked river boulders sewed in skin, were used +for the heads of war clubs which were sometimes also used in killing +game. This kind of club is the same used by the eastern Indians, +according to Lewis[220] and was probably introduced. The spheroid +specimen made of hard lava, possibly trap, shown in Fig. 61, was found +on the Yakima Reservation near Union Gap, and is also in the collection +of Mr. Janeck. There are three grooves, marking great circles at right +angles to each other. These have been made by pecking. At each pole or +the intersection of two of these grooves, at the top and bottom in the +illustration, and in each area marked out by the grooves is a pit making +a total of ten. In the equatorial grooves are the remains of two +parallel strings, each twisted to the right or contra-screw-wise, made +up of two strings twisted to the left and remains of a fabric of loose +mesh overlying the strings. It measures 70 mm. by 63 mm. by 57 mm.[221] +A club-head made of stone with a handle covered with rawhide and +horsehair, was seen by us in the collection of Mr. Janeck. The head is +grooved, circular in cross section, and has conoid ends. It consequently +resembles the stone clubs of the eastern Plains. The objects shown in +Figs. 14-16 and considered as sinkers, may have been fastened to handles +and used as heads for war clubs or as 'canoe smashers' in warfare. + + [217] Smith (d), Fig. 39; (c), p. 440; Teit (a), p. 279. + + [218] Museum negative no. 44455, 2-4. + + [219] Spinden, pp. 188 and 227, also Fig. 5^5. + + [220] Lewis, p. 189. + + [221] Museum negative no. 44455, 2-4. + + +_Stone Clubs._ The club[222] shown in Fig. 62, is made of serpentine. +The handle is oval but approaches a lenticular form in cross section. +There are eighteen notches across one edge of the knob and eight on the +other. The blade is of the characteristic form with lenticular cross +section but thicker than the thin type of stone clubs of this form such +as are found near the coast.[223] The tip is rather blunt. The reverse +is the same as the obverse. It is from Methow River, Okanogan County and +here illustrated from a sketch by Mr. Charles C. Willoughby of the +original in the Peabody Museum, Harvard University. + + [222] First mentioned on p. 414 and Fig. 174a, Smith (b). + + [223] Smith (b), Fig. 172a, b. + +[Illustration: Fig. 62. Club made of Serpentine. From Methow River, +Okanogan County. 1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from sketches by Mr. Charles C. +Willoughby. Original catalogue No. 64795 in the Peabody Museum, +Cambridge, Mass.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 63. Club made of Serpentine. From the Yakima Valley, +between Wenas Station and the Gap above North Yakima. 1/4 nat. size. +(Drawn from photographs 44453, 2-2, and 44500, 6-1. Original catalogue +No. 44 in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +The club shown in Fig. 63 was found in the Yakima Valley on the west +side of the river between Wenas Station and Upper Gap above North +Yakima. It is made of serpentine of a mottled yellow, brown and green +color. It is 26 mm. long, and of the form of a rather thick, elongated +apple seed, with the upper and lower ends cut off. The top is of the +form of a symmetrical celt with a dull edge and is bevelled about +equally from each side. The handle, which is 22 mm. thick, is the +thickest part of the object, rather oval in section and merges into the +blade, which is paddle-shaped, lenticular in cross section and +terminates in a celt-like end which is dull and bevelled about equally +from each side.[224] It is catalogue No. 44 in the collection of Mr. +Janeck.[225] A club of this general type has been found as far east as +Sand Point, Idaho, the most eastern occurrence, as was mentioned on p. +413 of my "Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound," where +all the clubs of this type from Northwestern America are discussed. On +the west, they seem to range from the Klamath Valley to the head of +Puget Sound. + + [224] Smith (b), p. 417. + + [225] Museum negatives nos. 44453, 2-2, and 44500, 6-1. + +The club, shown in Fig. 64[226] is made of stone and has a blade rather +lenticular in cross section, but bulging somewhat so that it reminds us +of the clubs of the lozenge-shaped cross section.[227] It is 265 mm. +long, by 25 mm. thick. The handle is somewhat lenticular, but tends to +be hexagonal in section, with rounded corners and meets the blade +abruptly. There is a saddle-shaped knob at the top with an incised +geometric design in the hollow. The upper part of the right edge of this +knob is flat with two incisions across it, while the lower part is +rounded. A stone club with similar handle is known from Puget +Sound.[228] The specimen is catalogue No. 40 in the collection of Mr. +Janeck, and was secured by him from the York collection. It was +originally collected from an Indian woman on the Yakima +Reservation.[229] + + [226] First shown in Smith (b), Fig. 177a. + + [227] Smith (b), p. 415. + + [228] Smith (b), Fig. 177b. + + [229] Museum negatives, nos. 44453, 2-2 and 44500, 6-1. + +The club shown in Fig. 65 is made of diabase or allied material and is +338 mm. in length. It is bilaterally symmetrical and the reverse and +obverse are alike. The handle is oval in cross section and terminates in +a knob from which it is separated by a slight groove. In the top of the +knob is a depression as if there had been a hole pecked through the +form, tapering from each side, as in the clubs or slave-killers having +lozenge-shaped cross section from the coast there[230] the top broken +off and the broken edges rounded, as in the club with lozenge-shaped +cross section from Copalis on the coast of Washington.[231] But such is +not the case; the notch resembles that of the club shown in Fig. 64, +slightly the one shown in Fig. 62, both from this region, and one from +Burton on Puget Sound.[232] The blade is paddle-shaped like the large +end of an apple seed, lenticular in cross section, with a mid-rib on +each side which runs out about 10 mm. from the end of the club.[233] It +was found on the surface at Union Gap, below Old Yakima, and is in the +collection of Mr. Janeck.[234] + + [230] Smith (b), Figs. 175 and 176. + + [231] _Ibid._, Fig. 175e. + + [232] _Ibid._, Fig. 177b. + + [233] First mentioned, Smith, (b), p. 416 and Fig. 177c. + + [234] Museum negatives, nos. 44453, 2-2, and 44501, 6-2. + +[Illustration: Fig. 64. Club made of Stone. From Yakima Reservation. 1/4 +nat. size. (Drawn from photographs 44500, 6-1, and 44453, 2-2. Original +in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 65. Club made of Stone. From the surface at Union +Gap below Old Yakima. 1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from photographs 44453, 2-2, +and 44501, 6-2. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 66. Club made of Stone. From the surface at Union +Gap below Old Yakima. 1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from photographs 44453, 2-2, +and 44501, 6-2. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +The stone club, shown in Fig. 66, was found on the surface at Union Gap, +below Old Yakima. It is of a purplish gray lava-like material. The +handle is oval in cross section with a knob at the end which is somewhat +flattened on each side and slopes towards the rounded top like a blunt +symmetrical celt. The blade has convex side edges which are nearly flat +and about 18 mm. wide. It is thicker in the middle than at the edges and +bears a mid-rib of the shape of a railroad embankment with rounded +angles, from the handle to the end. On each side of this mid-rib, the +surface is nearly flat. The end of the blade is nearly flat. The +specimen is in the collection of Mr. Janeck.[235] + + [235] Museum negatives nos. 44453, 2-2, and 44501, 6-2. First + mentioned on p. 416 and figured in Smith, (b), Fig. 177d. + +It will be noted that the thin stone clubs found here have no mid-rib. +Clubs made of stone, whale's bone or wood with such mid-ribs are unknown +from the coast but are found with median decoration in place of a +mid-rib,[236] those of whale's bone being common and a thin club made of +copper with a median decoration was found at Spuzzum in the interior of +Southern British Columbia.[237] + + [236] Smith (b), Figs. 173a, b; 169a; 165a, c-g; 166a, b, d-g; + 167a-d; 168a, c, d; 169f and 170a. + + [237] _Ibid._, Fig. 172d. + + +_'Slave-killers.'_ A 'slave-killer' or club, made of friable stone shown +in Fig. 67, was found on the surface of Union Gap, below Old Yakima. It +is in the collection of Mr. Janeck. The object has a blade which sets +out from the handle and resembles in shape the typical 'slave-killer' in +that it is lozenge-shaped in cross section with bulging sides and +rounded angles. The handle is oval or nearly circular in cross section, +and slightly larger at the top where there is no knob or perforation as +in the typical club of this type.[238] The object is 377 mm. long, 63 +mm. wide, and 41 mm. thick.[239] The club or 'slave-killer' made of +stone, shown in Fig. 68, was found at Lake Chelan, and is 280 mm. long. +It is owned by Mr. C. G. Ridout of Chelan, Chelan County. The handle +terminates in a knob, which resembles the form of an animal head. This +knob is somewhat heart-shaped, the two lobes possibly representing ears, +and the lower tip projects beyond the handle of the object. One side, +the larger surface, stands at about 45 degrees to the axis of the club +and is bisected by a deep incision, on each side of which are two +circles, which probably represent eyes. On either edge of this knob are +thirteen incisions. The handle which is nearly circular in cross +section, bears four vertical rows of horizontally arranged incisions and +expands suddenly edgewise to form the blade which, however, on its upper +and lower surfaces is practically continuous with the handle. The blade +is nearly circular in cross section and tapers gradually to a rather +blunt point. The object is probably a ceremonial implement. + + [238] _Ibid._, Figs. 175, 176 and 177e. + + [239] First mentioned _ibid._, p. 418. Museum negatives nos. 44453, + 2-2 and 44500, 6-1. + +[Illustration: Fig. 67. Club made of Stone. From the surface at Union +Gap below Old Yakima. 1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from photographs 44453, 2-2, +and 44500, 6-1. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 68. Club made of Stone. From Lake Chelan. 1/4 nat. +size. (Drawn from a sketch furnished by Mr. C. G. Ridout. Original in +his collection.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 69. War implement or Slave Killer, made of Friable +Stone. From the Yakima Valley. 1/4 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph +44503, 6-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +The stone objects considered as pestles and shown in Figs. 32 and 35 may +have been used as war clubs. The object made of friable stone, shown in +Fig. 69 was mentioned on p. 39 us possibly having been used as a pestle +and again on p. 65 as being suitable for use as a whetstone. It seems +most likely, however, that it served as an implement of war or as a +'slave-killer.' It is roughly of the shape of a cigar. The upper end is +nearly flat and circular. From here the object gradually expands for +about half its length and then contracts to a point, being nearly +circular in cross section throughout. It is 208 mm. long, 38 mm. in +maximum diameter, and 19 mm. in diameter at the top. It was found in the +Yakima Valley and is in the collection of Mr. Janeck.[240] The object +considered as a hand-adze and shown in Fig. 46, may have been used as a +'slave-killer.' + +No objects considered as daggers or knives and made of antler were found +by us in this region. Although it will be remembered[241] that several, +over 200 mm. in length, were found in the Thompson River region. + + [240] Museum negative no. 44503, 6-4. + + [241] Smith (d), Fig. 80; (c), p. 423 and Fig. 360. + + +_War Costume._ The costume indicated on the figure carved in antler, +described under the section of dress and adornment, p. 100, referred to +in the discussion of art on p. 127, and shown in Fig. 121, may be that +of a warrior as is suggested by the similarity of the headdress to the +war-bonnet of the tribes of the Plains. That the war-bonnet was used in +this region is strongly suggested not only by this headdress but also by +those represented in the pictographs and petroglyphs as well as by the +wearing of it by the modern Indians of this area. This idea is further +strengthened by the fact that the war-bonnet is worn in the Nez Perce +region to the east,[242] where it has no doubt been used for a long +time, although it may originally have been derived from the Plains. The +Nez Perce sometimes wore streamers with these war-bonnets. Spinden +states that the early Nez Perce war-bonnets differed from the type used +by them to-day, and that exact information about them is difficult to +obtain. + + [242] Spinden, p. 228. + + +_Fortifications._ A so-called "Indian fort" is situated near Rock Creek +about six miles below Rock Lake. It is about a mile south of the ranch +of Mr. Frank Turner (p. 54), and shown in the photographs reproduced in +Figs. 1[243] and 2[244], Plate VI. These were taken and presented by Mr. +J. S. Cotton, then in charge of the cooperative range work at the +Washington State Experiment Station at Pullman, who furnished from his +notebook all our data on this subject. The "fort" is built on a flat +knoll of about fifteen feet in height and with precipitous sides. It is +in the form of a circle, being enclosed about four fifths of the way +around. The wall is built of flat rocks which are tilted in such a +manner that they will glance all projectiles into the air. There were +numerous arrow chip pings within the "fort." There are many Indian +graves supposed to be very old, two pits believed to mark building +sites, and a long line of stones in the vicinity (pp. 140, 54, 29). + + [243] From the interior. + + [244] From the exterior. + + +_Wounds._ The skull of skeleton No. 99-4318, found in rock-slide grave +No. 10 (5) on the north side of the Naches River half a mile above its +mouth, showed where the right side of the orbit had been pierced in such +a way that the malar bone was partly severed and repair had taken place, +leaving a large anterior lateral projection on the malar bone. One rib +had two articular surfaces at the anterior end. + + + + +DRESS AND ADORNMENT. + + +_Skins._ Tanned skin and skin bearing hair of animals, including the +deer, and feathers of the woodpecker have been found in the graves and +were evidently portions of garments or of pouches; but graves containing +these materials are apparently more modern than some of the others. No +skins of birds were found by us in this whole region. The scrapers +mentioned on page 69 and the hammers as well possibly as the grooved +stones mentioned on pages 30 and 75 may have contributed to the making +of clothing: the former for scraping skins, the latter for beating and +softening them. + +Skin (202-8223), resembling buckskin or leather in its decomposed +condition, was found in grave No. 31 (2) (99-4326), in the rock-slide +near the mouth of Cherry Creek, immediately below Ellensburg. That this +grave may not be as ancient as some of the artifacts here described is +suggested by the fact that a small piece of a wooden post, not +completely decayed, was found projecting from the rock-slide above the +grave, and by the presence of four more posts, one at each corner of the +grave, extending down from the level of the rock-slide, the upper parts +apparently being entirely decomposed. The remains of matting which had +been wrapped around the body, glass beads (202-8225) and three bracelets +made of iron (202-8226), one of which is shown in Fig. 96, also suggest +that this grave was modern, although it must be remembered that in this +dry climate, wooden posts, matting and iron resist decomposition for a +long time. The form of the garment or other object made up of this skin +has not been identified, but pieces of the skin are joined in some +places by over-casting with skin thread; in others, with a double skin +thong and still in others with some sort of vegetable fibre. A piece of +deer skin (202-8230) with the hair on was found in grave No. 37 (4) +(99-4328), in the same rock-slide. Here again, the presence of sticks +about three feet long, decayed at the tops and arranged in three rows of +matting made of reeds (202-8229 and 202-8230, Figs. 71-72), and of beads +apparently made of factory-rolled copper, suggest that the entire +contents of this grave are modern. + +Fragments of skin of a small mammal, with the hair on, which had been +stitched along one edge with what appears to be twisted vegetable fibre +made into a cord of two strings (202-8231), was found in grave No. 34 +(5) (99-4329) in the same rock-slide. Here again were found evidences +suggesting the grave to be modern. These consisted of decayed posts cut +off at the surface of the slide. Among the other objects in the grave +were matting (202-8232), beads (202-8233, Fig. 74), made of what is +apparently factory-rolled copper, coarse string and thong, some of +which is wound at the ends and pieces of coarse twisted plant fibre upon +which some of the beads were strung, two ornaments (202-8234, Fig. 91) +made of haliotis shell, two pendants made of what appears to be +factory-rolled copper (202-8235), four bracelets apparently made of +similar copper (202-8236, Fig. 95), a square pendant (202-8238, Fig. +78), a disk (202-8239, Fig. 83), both of which seem to be made of +factory-rolled copper and a piece of iron (202-8242). Among the rocks +above the grave were found a copper ornament (202-8244), a brass pendant +(202-8245, Fig. 84), with thong and copper bead, and a copper pendant +(202-8246, Fig. 82). + +[Illustration: Fig. 70 (202-8391). Diagram of Stitch of Fragment of Rush +Matting. From near the skin on skeleton in grave No. 38 (1) of an adult +in a rock-slide on the east side of the escarpment near the head of +Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size.] + + +_Matting._ Fragments of matting of vegetable fibre sewed or twined with +cords made of plant material were found; but only in recent graves. Such +graves contained objects introduced into the region since the advent of +the whites. These fabrics were probably modern but were in no way +affected by the coming of the white man or the materials secured from +him, being simply found in these modern graves associated with artifacts +made from material secured from the white man. In the old graves they +have probably long since decayed. Spindle-whorls were not found. Fig. 70 +illustrates the stitch of a piece of matting (202-8391) of a well known +type consisting of a single strand warp of rushes pierced at intervals +by the weft which is a two-strand string. It is similar to that commonly +found in the Thompson River region.[245] This specimen was found in +grave No. 38 (1) (99-4333) in a rock-slide on the west side of the +Columbia River, near the head of Priest Rapids. The grave was probably +modern as is suggested by stakes nearly six feet long which projected +about three feet above the surface of the rock-slide and a roll of birch +bark[246] (202-8392). The vegetable fibre used in sewing these stalks +was probably the same as that used by the present Indians as was +thought to be the case in the Thompson River region.[247] Spinden does +not mention this simple type of sewed mat as found in the Nez Perce +area.[248] Fig. 71 shows a piece of matting (202-8229) of a new type +consisting of two strands of what seem to be small stalks of tule, +twisted loosely and pierced at each half turn by a cord. The cord is a +two-strand string, the vegetable fibre of the individual strands not +seeming to be twisted. The interstices are wide. It was found under the +pelvis of a skeleton of a youth (99-4228) in a recent grave, No. 33 (4), +in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. This +piece of matting, so far as I am aware, is the first specimen of a new +type collected and figured. It was first brought to the attention of +students in 1906 through correspondence when Professor Otis T. Mason +stated that he had never seen an example, a picture or a description of +just that technique. It was shown at the annual exhibition of the New +York Academy of Sciences, in December of the same year, but reference to +the type was first published in November 1908 by Spinden.[249] In the +Thompson River region this type has not been found. Mr. James Teit +informs me that he asked all the old Thompson Indian women of the +vicinity of Spences Bridge about this type of matting, submitting a +model of it to them which I sent him. They all stated that they never +saw that particular type made in the Thompson River region and if ever +made there it must have been before the memory of those now living. The +only pierced matting made there as far as they have ever known is the +tule tent mat,[250] but the strands of this were not twisted, being like +those shown in Fig. 70. They had a weave similar to this and the same in +general effect in the common mat used for beds and on which to sit, +known as the floor mat, but the strands were woven and not +stitched.[251] Certain rush bags of the Quinault and the Makah resemble +this type of matting but the rushes are not pierced. + + [245] Teit (a), Fig. 131c. + + [246] _Cf._ Smith (d), Fig. 117. + + [247] Smith (c), p. 423, Teit (a), p. 188. + + [248] Spinden, p. 195. + + [249] Spinden, p. 195. + + [250] Teit (a), Fig. 131c. + + [251] Teit (a), Fig. 131d. + +[Illustration: Fig. 71 _a_ (202-8229). Fragment of Matting, made of +Twined Rush, stitched together with twisted cord. From under the pelvis +of skeleton in grave No. 33 (4) in a rock-slide, near the mouth of +Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. _b_ Diagram of Stitch of _a_. 1/2 nat. +size.] + +Matting (202-8162) made of tule stalks stitched together with cords +twisted to the right, but made of large stalks was found in a recent +grave, No. 10 (5) in the rock-slide on the north side of the Naches +River, half a mile above its mouth. Part of this was of a similar type +and stitched with similar cords and part was of the more common form of +sewed matting such as is shown in Fig. 70. This grave had been rifled, +and the presence of bark, a portion of a fire drill (202-8157), part of +a wooden bow (202-8159), two pieces of a finely woven basket (202-8160) +and copper tubes apparently of rolled copper, suggest that it was +modern. + +Fig. 72 illustrates the technique of a piece of matting of open twine +weaving made of rush which was found under the pelvis of the skeleton in +grave No. 33 (4) of a youth in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry +Creek, below Ellensburg. Spinden states that mats were made in the Nez +Perce area, of cat-tail stalks held together by two twined cords and +that mats were used for house and floor coverings and as sheets upon +which to dry berries.[252] + + [252] Spinden, p. 195. + +The string of all these fragments of matting was too much decayed or +fragmentary for determination. It will be remembered that both sewed and +woven matting were found in the graves of the Thompson River +region,[253] as well as among the living Indians. It seems probable that +these mats were made and used one above the other like great shingles +for covering the summer house, for beds and for wrapping the dead, while +the thinner pieces may have served for garments. Food was probably +spread on them to dry and they no doubt served many other purposes. The +art of weaving was practised to a considerable extent in the Nez Perce +region to the east, although it had very slight development in the +Plains area, still further east.[254] + + [253] Smith (c), p. 423. + + [254] Spinden, p. 190. + +Cord made of vegetable fibre (202-8233) found in grave No. 34 (5) +(99-4329) in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below +Ellensburg, upon which copper and shell beads were strung was made of +two strands, some twisted to the right, others, to the left and in some +cases a single cord was used for stringing the beads, while in other +cases three cords were used. + +A roll of birch bark (202-8392) was found in grave No. 38 (1) (99-4333) +in a rock-slide, on the west side of the Columbia River near the head of +Priest Rapids. It is the only specimen of this kind that was found by us +in the whole area although it will be remembered[255] that such rolls of +birch bark were frequently found in graves of the Thompson River region. +As stated on p. 84, we considered this grave to be modern. + + [255] Smith, (d), Fig. 117. + +[Illustration: Fig. 72 (202-8230). Fragment of Open-Twine Matting, made +of Rush. From under the pelvis of skeleton in grave No. 33 (4) of a +youth in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. +1/2 nat. size.] + + +_Ornaments._ A great variety of ornaments was found, but most of these +were in graves considered to be modern. Among the finds which appear to +be old, none of them having been found in graves considered to be +modern, none of them appearing to be made of commercial material and all +of which seem to be of native technique are perforated disks of stone +(202-8152), and bone, (202-8227), a perforated and engraved sea shell +(202-8388), and haliotis shell from the Pacific Ocean (202-8393), both +plain and polished dentalium shells, pendants made of what is apparently +haliotis shell, a nose ornament also apparently made of haliotis shell +(202-8252), and beads made of shell. + +Red and yellow ochre, blue copper clay, and white earth, which may have +been used for paint such as was found in the Thompson River region[256] +were not seen by us in this area. Although charcoal, which may have been +mixed with grease and used for paint, was frequently found there was no +evidence of such use. + + [256] Smith, (d), p. 150; (c), p. 424. + +[Illustration: Fig. 73. Comb made of Antler. From a grave at Fort +Simcoe. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44510, 6-12. Original in +the collection of Mrs. Lynch.)] + + +_Combs._ Only one comb was seen and nowhere throughout the area were +found any objects known to have been used as head scratchers such as +were not uncommon in the Thompson River region.[257] The comb (Fig. 73) +is made of antler and was found where a creek had washed it out of an +old grave at Fort Simcoe. The teeth are convex in outline, the back is +nearly straight but not quite parallel with the line of the teeth and +the ends convex, the rear end being shorter than the other. The +nineteen teeth (one perhaps being rather wide to be considered) are set +out from each other by grooves on each side of the comb. This edge of +the object is somewhat sharpened making the lower end of each tooth +resemble the shape of a celt or wedge. Near the back of the comb are +three perforations, one in the middle and one at each end, the latter +being about equi-distant from both the back and the end of the comb. The +hole near the short end of the comb was drilled tapering from the +reverse, while the two other holes were drilled tapering part way +through from each side, but slightly farther from the reverse than the +obverse. The specimen is in the collection of Mrs. Jay Lynch at Fort +Simcoe.[258] A comb made of antler was found by us at Lytton[259] but +none were seen among archaeological finds from the other parts of the +Thompson River region,[260] although wooden combs are found among the +Indians there, as in the Nez Perce region where modern combs were made +of narrow strips of wood lashed together.[261] A comb of antler was +found by us in the main shell heap at Eburne in the Fraser Delta.[262] + + [257] Smith, (c), p. 424; Teit (a), p. 312. + + [258] Museum negative no. 44510, 6-12. + + [259] Smith, (d), Fig. 83. + + [260] Smith, (c), p. 424. + + [261] Spinden, p. 221. + + [262] Smith, (a), Fig. 12. + + +_Beads._ Among beads, some made of glass are certainly modern. Judging +from these glass beads, others found associated with them or with things +of white manufacture in the same grave are also modern; while some seem +to be old and from sites believed to be ancient. Besides objects truly +of the shape of beads, there are others, as for instance the tubes of +copper such as are shown in Figs. 74 and 78, some of which were found +strung with simple bead forms. Otherwise, they might possibly not have +been considered as beads. Fig. 121 suggests how such tubular beads of +copper may have been worn on armlets and headdresses. In Fig. 74 are +illustrated two fragmentary strings of several types of beads from a +number which were found on the neck, arms and legs of a skeleton in +grave number 34 (5) in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek below +Ellensburg. The short cylinders are sections of dentalium shells, longer +sections appearing occasionally. The longest cylinders are sheet copper +rolled into cylindrical form. The lapping edge, in most of the beads +illustrated is irregular and varies in thickness, which suggests that +they were beaten out of native copper rather than cut out of +factory-rolled copper. Of course this appearance might be given to the +latter by beating it. Such rolled beads made of copper are found in the +Nez Perce region to the east[263] and in the Thompson River area to the +north.[264] These shell and copper beads consequently might be +considered ancient from their individual appearance, but on the shorter +string are some more or less spherical beads made of glass which of +course shows that all these beads were used in comparatively recent +times. The beads on the longer string are strung upon coarse plant fiber +twisted into a two strand string while the shorter string is upon a much +smaller fiber also of two strands which are twisted. Some of the other +beads in this lot were strung upon thongs. + + [263] Spinden, Plate IX, Figs. 16-18. + + [264] Smith, (c), Fig. 371. + +[Illustration: Fig. 74 (202-8233). Beads made of Copper, Glass and +Sections of Dentalium Shells. From neck, arms and legs of skeleton in +grave No. 34 (5) in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below +Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. size.] + +The tubular bead shown in Fig. 75 is made of brass, proving conclusively +that it is recent. It was found in grave No. 1 of the Yakima ridge, +which contained a number of other objects that might characterize the +grave as ancient were it not for the presence of brass beads. A smaller +but slightly shorter brass bead was found with this. It contained a +piece of stick, but this may be merely the remains of a rootlet many of +which had penetrated into the grave. The edges of the outer fold as well +as the ends of the bead are irregular and thinned out similar to the +corresponding parts of the copper beads shown in Fig. 74. This suggests +that the brass may have been pounded into sheets by the natives or at +least that factory-rolled brass was pounded by them in manufacturing the +bead. It also shows that this characteristic of the edges of copper +objects, while it may suggest that they were beaten out of native copper +and are consequently ancient, does not prove it. Tubular copper beads +with short sections of dentalium shell were found mixed all the way from +the top to the bottom of grave number 10 (5) in a rock-slide on the +north side of the Naches River about half a mile above its mouth. Some +of these were slightly larger than those shown in Fig. 74. + +[Illustration: Fig. 75 (202-8148). Bead made of Brass. From grave No. 1 +in a rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. Nat. size.] + +The bone tubes shown in Figs. 97 and 98 and those described on p. 105 +under games, may possibly have been intended for beads or ornaments. +Beads were made of bones of birds in the Nez Perce region to the +east.[265] The perforated cylinder made of serpentine or steatite shown +in Fig. 99 may also have been used as a bead or ornament instead of for +gambling. Shell beads of disk shape such as are shown in Fig. 76 were +found in three places. Those figured were among the refuse of a grave in +a rock-slide near the head of Priest Rapids. Two were found in grave No. +7 (4) in a rock-slide on the northern side of the Yakima Ridge. A brass +button and three glass beads were found with them. Twenty-eight of them +were found in the grave of a child in a rock-slide on the west side of +the Columbia River near the head of Priest Rapids. All these beads seem +to be drilled from both sides or at least each end of the bore is +slightly larger than the middle. Somewhat similar disk-shaped beads, +apparently made of shell are found in the Nez Perce region to the +east,[266] the Thompson area to the north[267] and in the Fraser +Delta[268] of the coast country to the west. + + [265] Spinden, p. 189. + + [266] Spinden, Plate IX, Figs. 12 and 13. + + [267] Smith, (d), p. 153; (c), p. 427. + + [268] Smith, (a), p. 179. + +[Illustration: Fig. 76 (202-8384). Beads made of Shell. From refuse of a +grave in a rock-slide near the head of Priest Rapids. Nat. size.] + + +_Dentalium Shells._ Dentalium shells, some broken or cut into short +sections, were found in twelve of the graves of this region. Two of +these graves were in domes of volcanic ash and probably old; five of +them were cremation circles, also ancient, while five were rock-slide +graves of which three were surely modern, and two probably so. It will +be seen that the dentalia beads are found in about equal proportions in +old and recent graves, there being seven examples of the former and five +of the latter. One lot of dentalia found in a cremation circle was +charred. None of the dentalia found in the rock-slide graves were +incised while in one of the graves in a dome of volcanic ash incised +dentalia were found together with the sculptured human form in antler +shown in Fig. 121 on which are represented what appear to be dentalium +shells forming parts of ear or hair pendants. Incised dentalia were also +found in two of the five cremation circles containing dentalium shells. +Some of the incised designs on dentalium shells are shown in Figs. 117 +and 118. An idea of how the dentalium shells may have been used as +ornaments on arm bands and headdresses may be had by reference to Fig. +121 and p. 101. Somewhat similarly incised dentalium shells were found +at the large burial place at Kamloops in the southern interior of +British Columbia to the north,[269] and in the Nez Perce region to the +east bits of engraved dentalium shells are found in the graves of +children.[270] Strings of them were hung from the ears or fastened to +the braids of hair and dentalia were attached to the dresses of the +women.[271] Among antiquities they are found as far east as central +Wyoming. There are some dentalium shells decorated with windings along +lines somewhat similar in the collections from the Hupa of California. +Dentalium shells used as nose ornaments, ear pendants or parts of +ornaments and as beads were also found in the Thompson region.[272] A +few were found on the coast in the Fraser Delta,[273] but while they are +to be seen in collections from living Indians and recent graves they +were not found among antiquities elsewhere on the coast of British +Columbia and Washington.[274] It seems noteworthy that while the shells +are plentiful on the coast where they are used by the modern people they +could only have been obtained in the Thompson River region and the +Yakima Valley by barter. In the north, they were imported until recently +through the Chilcotin country from the region north of Vancouver +Island.[275] In the Yakima Valley, however, they were probably brought +in by a more southern route and from places further south on the coast. +My impression is that the Fraser Valley was not used as a route for the +importation. + + [269] Smith, (c), Fig. 379. + + [270] Spinden, p. 181, Plate IX, Fig. 15. + + [271] _Ibid._, p. 220. + + [272] Smith, (c), pp. 425 and 427, (d), pp. 134 and 153. + + [273] Smith, (a), p. 180. + + [274] Smith, (b), pp. 319 and 387. + + [275] Smith, (c), p. 408. + + +_Pendants._ Somewhat circular objects which might possibly be considered +as beads are shown in Figs. 77 to 80 and are considered as pendants +perforated near the centre. The first is a slightly asymmetrical disk, +made of slate, which was found in grave No. 1 in a rock-slide of the +Yakima Ridge. It is perforated at the centre with a large hole and at +each end with a small hole. These perforations taper from each end and +were apparently drilled. On each side there are four conoid pits about +equi-distant from each other and the end holes arranged to form an oval +about parallel with the edge of the object. On the reverse, there are +only two of these pits, one on each side. The disk is 3 mm. thick. + +[Illustration: Fig. 77 (202-8152). Drilled and Perforated Disk made of +Slate. From grave No. 1 in a rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. Nat. size.] + +Fig. 78 illustrates a thin square of copper with rounded corners, a +thong of skin and a copper bead, found in grave No. 34 (5) of an infant +in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek below Ellensburg. The +hole in the centre of this little pendant has been punched. The presence +of glass beads and iron in the same grave suggests that possibly this +copper pendant was made of factory-rolled metal. + +[Illustration: Fig. 78 (202-8238). Pendant made of Copper, Thong and +Copper Bead. From grave No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the +mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. Nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 79. Button made of Shell with Attached Bead made of +Metal. From an Indian at Ellensburg. Nat. size. (Drawn from photograph +44506, 6-7. Original in the collection of Mr. McCandless.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 80 (202-8227). Perforated Disk made of Bone. From +grave No. 31 (2) of a child in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry +Creek, below Ellensburg. Nat. size.] + +The object shown in Fig. 79 is a sort of button made of shell attached +to which is a metal bead. It was secured from an Indian at Ellensburg +and is in the collection of Mr. McCandless.[276] The edge of the shell +disk is rounded. There are two perforations through the disk, one a +short distance from the centre. The other is in the centre, into which +the metal bead is welded. The hole in the bead is parallel to the +surface of the shell disk but does not go through the bead. + + [276] Museum negative no. 44506, 6-7. + +Fig. 80 illustrates a disk of bone about 1 mm. thick found in grave No. +31 (2) of a child in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek below +Ellensburg. The edge is rounded, the perforation has straight sides and +is slightly worn at the ends. This, together with certain faint parallel +grooves running diagonally across the grain of the bone suggests that +the object may be a portion of a factory-made button. + +[Illustration: Fig. 81. Pendants made of Slate. From McNeals Island near +the mouth of Yakima River. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44503, +6-4. Original catalogue No. 45 in the collection of Mr. Janeck).] + +Pendants perforated at the end or edge are shown in Figs. 81 to 94, +arranged according to material, as stone, copper, brass, iron and shell. +Fig. 81a illustrates a pendant made of slate which was found with five +others in a grave on McNeals Island near the mouth of the Yakima River +by Mr. Janeck. It is 52 mm. long, 3 mm. thick by 24 mm. wide. The upper +end is narrower than the lower and perforated closer to the end of the +object than to the side edges. The perforation tapers from each side and +shows striations caused by drilling. The lower end of the pendant is +somewhat thicker than the upper end.[277] The pendant shown next in the +figure bears the same catalogue number in Mr. Janeck's collection and +was one of the same lot of six specimens. It is 70 mm. long by 19 mm. +wide and 3 mm. thick, is made of slate and similar to the other five +specimens except that it bears six notches spaced about equi-distant +from each other on one edge, and that the perforation is irregular, +apparently having been broken through rather than drilled. The edges of +this pendant are rather flat and the lower end is bevelled off somewhat +from each side like a celt. This pendant may have been made to represent +the tooth of an animal.[278] + + [277] It is No. 45 in the collection of Mr. Janeck and Museum + negative no. 44503, 6-4. + + [278] Museum negative no. 44503, 6-4. + +A pendant made of steatite and bearing an incised design in which part +of the lines and holes are colored with red paint (mercury) is shown in +Fig. 119. This was found on the manubrium of an adult skeleton supposed +to be that of a man, in a grave covered with rocks on a low ridge about +two and a half miles south of Fort Simcoe. The object is not necessarily +recent because the coloring matter being mineral may have lasted a long +time. In outline, it is of the form of a tall truncated pyramid. It is +only about 6 mm. thick and its edges are rounded or somewhat sharp. +Across the base of the side shown in Fig. 119a extends a ridge which on +the opposite side of the specimen is raised for only a short distance on +the left. The Agency physician is of the opinion that the grave was very +old and that steatite does not occur near by but that the material must +have been brought from Puget Sound. As the character of the art more +closely resembles that of the Thompson River region where steatite is +frequently found, at least in the form of artifacts, it would seem that +the material more likely came from there, if indeed it was not from a +nearer source, perhaps in this very valley. The specimen is in the +collection of Mrs. Lynch. + +Fig. 82 illustrates a long pendant made of copper found about one foot +deep among the rocks over grave 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near +the mouth of Cherry Creek below Ellensburg. The perforation at the top +is punched, which together with the fact that glass beads and a piece of +iron were also found in this grave, suggests that the copper is +factory-rolled. The edges are rounded and thinned, possibly by +disintegration, to almost a cutting edge. The thong by which it was +suspended is of skin and attached by being passed through the +perforation and looped through a slit in the tip of the thong. Two +somewhat similar pendants, (202-8235a, b) made of copper, were found +near the legs in this same grave. The first is narrow at the top which +is slightly concave in outline, and the perforation is punched. The +sides are nearly straight. The lower end is about three times as wide as +the top and is deeply concave in the middle and convex in outline from +this concavity to the side edges. In each of the concavities is a notch. +These suggest that they are worn out perforations from which other +pendants may have been suspended. The second pendant is of almost the +same size and shape as that shown in Fig. 82. It has a somewhat fluted +lower end but this characteristic may be partly the result of worn and +decomposed perforations or merely of decomposition. The perforation at +the top was punched and still retains a fragment of a leather thong. A +small triangular pendant only 18 mm. in length, made of copper, +(202-8251) was found inside the skull of a child in grave No. 37 (8) in +a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek. It is perforated near the +most acute angle and also through the base. The perforations seem to +have been punched and the corners have been rounded, possibly by +decomposition. Fig. 83 shows a thin disk-shaped pendant made of copper +from the same grave as the one shown in Fig. 82. The perforation near +the upper edge is also punched. A fragment of copper (202-8185) was +found in the northwestern part of cremation circle No. 17 (12) on the +terrace northwest of the mouth of the Naches River. This may be a +fragment of a copper ornament. It, and the specimen found in circle No. +15 constitute the only finds of copper which were made in cremation +circles. In its decomposed state it does not look like factory-rolled +copper and may be native. The other fragment (202-8181) found in +cremation circle No. 15 (10) at the same place may be factory-rolled +copper. In the Nez Perce area to the east, small pieces of copper were +attached to the dresses of women.[279] + + [279] Spinden, p. 220. + +[Illustration: Fig. 82 (202-8246). Pendant made of Copper. From about +one foot deep among the rocks over grave No. 34 (5) of an infant in a +rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. +size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 83 (202-8239). Pendant made of Copper. From grave +No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, +below Ellensburg. Nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 84 (202-8245). Pendant made of Brass and Bead made +of Copper. From about one foot deep among the rocks over grave No. 34 +(5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below +Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. size.] + +The pendant shown in Fig. 84, also found near the one shown in Fig. 82 +was made of brass. There are two perforations near the upper edge, the +larger one of which is not circular, and a perforation tapering more +from the concave side than from the other as well as a notch at the +lower edge. The peculiarities of these perforations suggest that they +were gouged out. The object is slightly concavo-convex. A skin thong is +attached to the larger perforation at the upper edge by looping as in +the case of the pendant shown in Fig. 82. On this is strung a +cylindrical copper bead. + +Fig. 85 illustrates a pendant made of iron found in grave No. 35 (6) of +a youth in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below +Ellensburg. The next figure represents one of thirteen cone-shaped +bangles or pendants also made of iron, found in the same grave. These +were made by bending a thin sheet of the metal into the conical form. + +[Illustration: Fig. 85 (202-8249a). Pendant made of Iron. From grave No. +35 (6) of a youth in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below +Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 86 (202-8248a). Pendant made of Iron. From grave No. +35 (6) of a youth in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below +Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 87 (202-8393). Pendant or Bead made of an Olivella +Shell. From grave No. 39 (1) of a child in a rock-slide near the head of +Priest Rapids. Nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 88 (202-8388). Pendant made of (_Pectunculus_) +Shell. From grave of a child in a rock-slide west of Columbia River, +near the head of Priest Rapids. Nat. size.] + +The remaining pendants are all made of shell. The one shown in Fig. 87 +is a natural olivella shell with the top of the cone missing and found +in grave No. 39 (1) of a child in a rock-slide near the head of Priest +Rapids. A shell somewhat similar to this made into a bead was found in +the Nez Perce region.[280] The pendant shown in Fig. 88 was found in the +grave of a child in a rock-slide west of the Columbia River near the +head of Priest Rapids. It is made of a small marine clam shell +(_Pectunculus_), probably a young _Pectunculus gigantea_. The +perforation passes through the apex and has apparently been gouged from +the outside. The ribs on the convex surface of the shell have been +nearly effaced by grinding or polishing and the hinge also seems to have +been smoothed so that only slight scars mark the depths of the teeth. +This shell certainly came from the Pacific Coast either in its natural +condition or after having been made into this form. It is the only +object made of this kind of shell which I have seen in the whole +northwest. The pendant shown in Fig. 89 is made of iridescent shell +possibly unio but probably haliotis. If the latter, it must have come +from the Pacific Coast. It was found in the same grave. This grave +contained no objects of white man's manufacture or anything suggesting +that it was modern. A list of its contents will be found on p. 169. This +pendant is of the form of an isosceles triangle. It is perforated +through the more acute angle by a small hole which tapers as if drilled +from each side of the object. The edges of the pendant are rather sharp +in places and the lower one is concave in outline. This object may be +compared with the pendant made of bone, found at Lytton,[281] which was +considered to be a sap scraper.[282] + + [280] Spinden, Plate IX, Fig. 14. + + [281] Smith, (d), Fig. 95. + + [282] Smith, (c), p. 441; (b), Fig. 109. + +The pendant shown in Fig. 90, from grave No. 37 (8) of a child in a +rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek below Ellensburg, is made of +haliotis shell which must have come from the coast and is rectangular in +outline with slightly worn or rounded corners. The perforation at the +top is larger at each end, while the one in the side is much larger on +the convex side and only slightly larger on the concave side than in the +middle. This perforation has been broken out. A somewhat similar pendant +but smaller and with only an end perforation (202-8256) was found +together with the shell pendant described on p. 98 near the lower jaw in +the same grave. A larger pendant of this general rectangular form, with +worn or rounded corners, perforated near the middle of one end, and with +a second perforation lower down (202-8254) was found with this. One +perforation is larger at one side of the object, the other at the other +side. Three somewhat similar pendants or fragments of such pendants, one +with the perforation broken out, another with a single perforation and +still another with a double perforation like the one just described +(202-8183) except two dentalium shells were the only shell ornaments +found in cremation circle No. 17 (12) on the flat northwest of the mouth +of the Naches River. These were in the northeastern part of the circle. +In the northern and northwestern parts of cremation circle No. 15 (10) +on this same flat were found a number of such pendants and fragments of +pendants which have only one perforation so far as can be identified. + +A much decomposed and fragmentary piece of shell, apparently of claw +shape with a perforation at the base, several other pieces of similar +shape and two triangular pieces of shell (202-8180-82) all of which were +apparently burned, were found in cremation circle No. 14 (9) at the same +place. A fragment of a shell ornament (202-8189) was also found in +cremation circle No. 21 (16) at this place. + +The pendant shown in Fig. 91 is nearly of disk form and made of haliotis +shell. It is perforated at the more convex edge and was found with one +very much like it in grave No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near +the mouth of Cherry Creek. One was near the head and the other near the +pelvis. Another specimen and a fragment of still another (202-8257a, b) +and several other small fragments of decomposed shell (202-8258) were +found near the lower jaw in grave No. 37 (8) in a rock-slide near the +mouth of Cherry Creek. + +[Illustration: Fig. 89 (202-8386). Pendant made of Iridescent Shell. +From the grave of a child in a rock-slide west of Columbia River near +the head of Priest Rapids. Nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 90 (202-8255). Pendant made of (_Haliotis_) Shell. +From grave No. 37 (8) of a child in a rock-slide near the mouth of +Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. Nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 91 (202-8234b). Pendant made of (_Haliotis_) Shell. +From grave No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the mouth of +Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. Nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 92 (202-8252). Pendant or Nose Ornament, made of +(_Haliotis_) Shell. From grave No. 37 (8) of a child in a rock-slide +near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. size.] + +The pendant or nose ornament shown in Fig. 92 is made of shell which in +its much decomposed condition appears to be haliotis. This object was +found on the lower jaw of a very much decomposed skeleton of a child in +the same grave. The fact that a piece of copper, apparently +factory-rolled, (202 8251) was found inside the broken skull suggests +that this grave was modern. The object is nearly circular in outline, +although slightly wider than high. The sides have disintegrated or were +rounded off, to a rather sharp edge. There were apparently three +perforations near the upper edge of the object, and it is broken so that +it is impossible to see whether they were perforations for suspension or +were made merely as a means of cutting out a portion of the shell in +such a way that it could be clasped on to the septum of the nose. +Portions of this specimen and several other shell objects, found in the +same grave were of a peculiar pink color. + +[Illustration: Fig. 93 (202-8171). Pendant made of Shell. From near neck +at south side of adult skeleton in grave No. 12 (7) covered with pebbles +in bluff on north side of Naches River about twelve miles above its +mouth. Nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 94 (202-8170). Pendant made of Oyster Shell. From +near neck at south side of adult skeleton in grave No. 12 (7) covered +with pebbles in bluff on north side of Naches River about twelve miles +above its mouth. Nat. size.] + +The shell shown in Fig. 93 was found near the neck at the south side of +an adult skeleton in grave No. 12 (7) covered with pebbles in the bluff +on the north side of the Naches River about 12 miles above its mouth. It +has two perforations and what appears to have been a third perforation +now broken out. A somewhat similar circular shell pendant which appears +to have been made from the shell of the oyster was found with this and +is shown in Fig. 94. One of these pendants was at the south shoulder, +the other at the south side of the skull. A piece of wood in this grave +suggests that it may not be an old one and that these disks may have +been obtained from traders. The grave was apparently unique. The lower +part of the inner decoration on each side of the face shown in Fig. 121 +probably represents a shell pendant for the ear or hair. Disks of +haliotis shells were used as ear pendants in the Nez Perce region to the +east.[283] + + [283] Spinden, p. 220. + + +_Bracelets._ Bracelets are shown in Figs. 95 and 96. The one shown in +Fig. 95 represents four of about the same size, all made of copper and +from the arm of the skeleton found in grave No. 34 (5) of an infant in a +rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek. The presence of glass beads +in this grave suggests that the bracelets may be of drawn copper. They +are not made of wire but seem to be rolled out of rather thick sheet +copper. The edges of the fold are somewhat irregular but I do not +consider that this proves the material to be native copper. The bracelet +shown in Fig. 96 is one of three made of iron found in grave No. 31 (2) +of a child in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek. The use of +armlets of skin decorated with shells or quills is suggested by the +incisions on the arms of the costumed human figure made of antler shown +in Fig. 121. In the Nez Perce region to the east arm and leg bands were +worn[284] while in the Thompson area dentalium shells were sometimes +fastened parallel to each other on arm bands. + + [284] Spinden, p. 219. + +[Illustration: Fig. 95 (202-8236b). Bracelet made of Copper. From arm of +skeleton No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the mouth of +Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 96 (202-8226). Bracelet made of Iron. From grave No. +31 (2) of a child in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below +Ellensburg. 1/2 nat. size.] + + +_A Costumed Human Figure._ A costumed human figure made of antler[285] +is shown in Fig. 121. It was found in grave No. 25[286] in a dome of +volcanic ash near Tampico. There was nothing to indicate that the grave +was recent and so this gives an idea of the costume, but possibly merely +of ceremonial costume as formerly worn in this region. It apparently +shows a feather headdress like that of the present Indians of the region +and as far east as the Dakotas; the hair dressed and ornamented with +dentalium shells, the arms, body, legs and feet apparently bare and +ornamented with ceremonial paintings and about the waist a fringed +apron. The general style of the costume indicated is unlike that of the +northwest coast but resembles that of the plateaus to the south and the +Plains to the east. Above the face is a zigzag line which may represent +tattooing, painting or a head-ring. Spinden says that tattooing was not +practised in the Nez Perce region to the east[287] but Teit reports it +as practised in the Thompson River region[288] where he supposed that +when applied to the wrists the custom was derived from the coast +tribes.[289] Head-rings among the Thompson River Indians were decorated +with dentalium shells.[290] In the Nez Perce region[291] the face and +body were painted, red and yellow being much used for this purpose. In +the Thompson River area[292] the face and body were painted with several +shades of red, head-bands being painted across the brows. + + [285] Cf. p. 127. + + [286] See Plate X. + + [287] Spinden, p. 222. + + [288] Teit (a), pp. 228 and 321. + + [289] See Report of the British Association for the Advancement of + Science, 1890 p. 590. + + [290] Teit, (a), 351. + + [291] Spinden, p. 222. + + [292] _Ibid._, pp. 228 and 268. + +The zigzag is a common form of decoration of the head-bands among the +Sioux. Above the zigzag arranged in a semi-circular row, are certain +oblong forms which indicate feathers. The middle form, however, is +marked with a circle. Both above and below this row are three incised +lines forming an ark. Based on the outer one of these incisions are +isosceles triangles slightly in relief. If these triangles represent the +feathers of the headdress, they are certainly in the correct position. +Between them are incised arks forming hachure parallel to the arks +previously mentioned. Two of these extend above the tips of the +triangles. Beyond this, much of the object is missing, but to the right +may be seen a surface similar to the areas interpreted later on as hair +ornaments. Further evidence of the use of such a headdress is offered by +the red and white pictographs and by the petroglyphs of this region, +samples of which are shown in Plates XI, XIV-XVI. + +On each side of the face is what is apparently a hair ornament, perhaps +made of buckskin, which was attached to the rolled up braids or curls of +the front hair on each side of the head and hung down as in this +representation. The three horizontal bands of vertical lines apparently +represent dentalium shells although they may be intended for tubular +copper or bone beads, while the oval figure at the bottom of each of +these flaps probably represents a pendant of haliotis shell. Shell +ornaments in the Thompson River region were sometimes of similar +proportions and shape. Such hair ornaments were used until recently in +the Thompson River region to the north where they were of different +types and differed in the richness and style of their ornamentation. One +of the common styles was to cover the flap of buckskin thickly with rows +of the largest dentalia placed vertically side by side. Mr. James Teit +informs me that the outer portion of the figure, bearing five bands of +vertical lines, evidently represents part of the headdress and the +buckskin flaps such as were worn in the Thompson River region attached +to the sides of the head-bands. These were ornamented generally with +dentalia among the women and more commonly with designs embroidered with +quills or made with paint among the men. In the Nez Perce region[293] +ear pendants in the form of disks were made from haliotis shells and +strings of dentalia were hung from the ears or fastened to the braids of +hair and dentalia and small pieces of copper were attached to the +dresses of women. These vertical bands, however, may represent the lines +of attachment of additional hair by means of glue covered with lime in +which manner the hair is dressed by some Plains tribes. Below the nose +are faint suggestions of an ornament possibly similar to the shell +pendant shown in Fig. 92. + + [293] Spinden, p. 220. + +The two ridges, extending from near the chin to the shoulders, seem to +indicate collar bones. The body is thin and narrows downward. Paint or +tattooing, representing the ribs, or the ribs themselves, are indicated +by ridges. There are horizontal hachure on the body above the waist. The +arms are separated from the body by incisions made from both the front +and the back, and the outer edges of the object, being rounded off, are +like portions of a carving. A bracelet, band, or figure painted or +tattooed, on the apparently bare arm is indicated in the middle of each +by vertical hachure connecting pairs of parallel lines. The vertical +arrangement of lines of the horizontal band suggests that these were arm +bands, bearing vertically arranged copper or shell beads, if not +dentalium shells similar to those which are supposed to be represented +by the bands of vertical lines on the headdress on each side of the +face. Mr. Teit considers the bands around the elbows as representing +armlets of skin embroidered with dentalia or quills like those formerly +used in the Thompson River region, although the Indians there were in +the habit of painting their bodies in imitation of clothing. Head-bands +were painted across the brows, fringed kilts or aprons around the middle +and upper part of the legs and fringed short leggings along the lower +part of the legs. The fringes were represented as long. Imitations of +wristlets, armlets and anklets were also painted on the body. As before +mentioned, arm and leg bands were worn by the Nez Perce Indians[294] and +as indicated by the previously described specimens, bracelets were worn +in the Yakima area. At the wrist is a slight horizontal incision, where +the hand expands somewhat sidewise. The fingers and thumb are separated +by four vertical incisions. Below these and extending across the body +are four horizontal lines, the space between the two in the middle being +slightly wider than the other two spaces. These lines seem to indicate +the upper edge of an apron which is covered by vertical hachure. + + [294] Spinden, p. 219. + +The legs begin at the bottom of the apron from which they are set off by +two horizontal incisions. The apron at the outline of the object +projects slightly beyond them. On each leg are five incised isosceles +triangles,--three at the top and two at the bottom, with their long +points extending towards the knees. At each side of the lower triangles +is one line which seems to represent a continuation of the designs +around the legs. On each triangle are horizontal hachure. On both knees +are faint traces of two concentric incisions, forming figures with +rounded corners and bulging sides. Between these are radiating hachure. +Close inside is a concentric incised line and there may be seen two +parallel lines, nearly horizontal, above the right knee and one below +it, and one above the left knee. The triangles may be considered as +pointing from these concentric designs rather than towards them, and in +that case the lines, suggesting the continuation of the design around +the leg, appear at the top instead of the bottom. It does not seem +probable that these triangles represent part of a circular design +radiating from the knees, the sides of which are folded around the legs, +but rather that the two series of triangles extend horizontally. The +incisions on the legs probably represent painting or tattooing, since +the designs seem to be horizontal and to extend all around the legs, +while on leggings the patterns are usually vertical and on a flap at the +outer side of the leg, the knee being disregarded. Catlin[295] figures +paintings on the arms and legs of the Mandan similar to the patterns on +this carving. The custom is not rare, especially in connection with +elaborate ceremonial costumes such as are no doubt represented by this +figure. The vertical incisions on the feet probably represent the toes, +or designs painted or tattooed on the feet. These lines argue against +any idea that the feet are encased in moccasins, unless bead or quill +work on, or improbable wrinkles in, the moccasins are indicated by them. +Porcupine quills, embroidery, beadwork and painting on moccasins were +used in the general plateau region of which this is a part.[296] + + [295] Catlin, Plates V and VI. + + [296] Lewis, p. 190. + +Lewis suggests[297] that the tribes depending largely on the hunt, would +be better supplied with skins for clothing than those subsisting +generally on fish, and that in most of the plateau region, the scanty +vegetation makes clothing from plant materials difficult, if not +practically out of the question. In this connection, it will be +remembered that this carving of antler which gives us our general +archaeological information regarding ancient costume, comes from the +higher or hunting region of the valley. It will also be remembered that +sage brush and other plant materials were used for clothing in the +Thompson River region to the north, where the vegetation is nearly as +scanty as in the Yakima Valley. + + [297] Lewis, p. 189. + +Perhaps some suggestion as to the sex of the individual which this +figure was intended to represent may be gleaned from the fact that in +the Nez Perce region the costume of the men differed greatly from that +of the women. The former wore moccasins, leggings, breech clout, shirt, +blanket, and also the war-bonnet, while the latter wore moccasins, a +long loose gown and a fez-shaped cap made of basketry, also occasionally +leggings and less decoration on their costume than on that of the men. +The ornamentation consisted of fringes, bead and quill work, shells, elk +teeth, beads, and copper.[298] The men's clothing was decorated with +fringes, and some with beads, porcupine quills and paint. Considering +this figure from these facts it would seem that it was clearly intended +to represent a man. + + [298] Spinden, p. 216. + +Some feathers of the flicker (202-8243) were found in grave No. 34 (3) +in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek. One of them had bound to +its tip a little piece of fabric, another a bit of fur. These may have +been part of a costume or ceremonial paraphernalia. + +Of the different articles of clothing worn by the Nez Perce, Lewis +says,[299] "These are formed of various skins and are in all respects +like those particularly described of the Shoshones." Along the Columbia, +the similarity was not so complete,[300] but as far down as the Upper +Chinook many articles described as similar to those of the Shoshone were +found.[301] All these, however, they declared were, obtained by trade +from other tribes and from those who sometimes visit the Missouri.[302] +According to Lewis,[303] the clothing and equipment of the Shoshone +living on Lemhi and Salmon Rivers in Idaho were much the same as the +Plains type, and it is quite probable that they had formerly lived +farther east. There are two certain indications that this extensive +introduction of eastern clothing took place about the time of Lewis and +Clark's visit. When they went down the Columbia in 1805, they found the +women wore quite a different dress, consisting merely of a breech clout +of buckskin with occasionally the addition of a small robe of skin.[304] +This is exactly the same dress as was worn by the Chinook women above +the mouth of the Willamette.[305] When these explorers returned up the +Columbia the following year they found the Indians particularly the +women, much better dressed, and in the eastern or Shoshone style.[306] A +few years later, Cox[307] mentioned the older type of dress as found +only among a few miserable tribes along the Columbia, above the mouth of +the Yakima.[308] + + [299] Lewis and Clark, V, p. 30. + + [300] _Ibid._, III, p. 125, IV, p. 317. + + [301] _Ibid._, IV, pp. 239, 284, 289. + + [302] _Ibid._, IV, 303. + + [303] Lewis, p. 188. + + [304] Lewis and Clark, III, pp. 125-137, and 143. + + [305] Lewis, p. 189. + + [306] Lewis and Clark, IV, pp. 322 and 337. + + [307] Cox, p. 229. + + [308] Lewis, pp. 188-189. + + +_Deformation._ All of the skulls secured in this area by our party +showed antero-posterior deformation, although not so extreme as is found +in the Lower Columbia region. Accompanying this in many cases was a +concave depression in the anterior parietal region. The flattening of +the head was practised to a limited extent by tribes living along the +Columbia River above the Chinook, but limited, according to Lewis, +almost entirely to the women, and gradually died out towards the +east.[309] + + [309] Lewis, p. 150; Lewis and Clark, III, pp. 125 and 137; IV, p. + 324; Hale. p. 213; Whitman, pp. 91 and 95 (1891). + + + + +GAMES, AMUSEMENTS AND NARCOTICS. + + +_Games._ Dice made of beaver teeth or woodchuck teeth, such as were +found in the Thompson River region,[310] but which were not found in the +shell heaps of the Lower Fraser, or in fact, in any of those of the +coast of Washington or British Columbia, were absent among our finds in +this region although a beaver tooth was seen in the cremation rectangle +No. 21 (16) near the mouth of the Naches River. + + [310] Smith, (d), Fig. 100; (c), p. 428. + +A number of small tubes, made of bone which may have been used in +gambling, were found here. Four of them, about 42 mm. long and 9 mm. in +diameter, with the ends ground squarely across, but with the edges +somewhat rounded possibly by wear, were found in the east northeastern +part of the bottom of grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide on the north side +of the Naches River about half a mile above its mouth. Fig. 97 shows one +of two other bone tubes of similar size and shape, the ends ground +somewhat more perfectly flat, which were found in grave No. 1, in the +rock-slide on the north side of the Yakima Ridge to the southeast of the +Yakima River. Another bone tube from this same grave (Fig. 98) is 43 mm. +long and 12 mm. in diameter, and the ends are ground off flat. This +bears nine about equi-distant incised lines, which run around it in such +a way that the lower end of each line is on the opposite side of the +bone from its upper end. It is charred. Such bone tubes were found at +Lytton,[311] in pouches in the graves, in other parts of the Thompson +River region[312] to the north and in the shell heaps of the Lower +Fraser River[313] to the west. In the Nez Perce region dice and gaming +pieces were commonly made of bone.[314] Cylindrical sections of the long +bone of the deer were used in gambling,[315] and whistles were made of +the long bones of the sand hill crane.[316] + + [311] Smith, (d), p. 154. + + [312] Teit, (a), p. 275. + + [313] Smith, (a), p. 180. + + [314] Spinden, p. 189. + + [315] Spinden, p. 254. + + [316] Spinden, p. 189. + +[Illustration: Fig. 97 (202-8150). Bone Tube. From grave No. 1, in a +rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. 1/2 nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 98 (202-8151). Bone Tube, bearing Incised Lines, +Charred. From grave No. 1 in a rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. 1/2 nat. +size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 99 (202-8166). Perforated Cylinder made of Steatite. +From near centre of grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide near the mouth of +Naches River. 1/2 nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 100. Tubular Pipe made of Steatite. From Yakima +Indians. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44506, 6-7. Original +Catalogue No. 215 in the collection of Mr. McCandless.)] + +The perforated cylinder shown in Fig. 99, made of serpentine is 44 mm. +long and 8 mm. in diameter, rounded at the edges and was found in about +the centre of grave No. 10 (5). There are five small pits about +equi-distant from each other around this cylinder near the top, and four +near the bottom. There are two transverse incised lines just below the +five pits, and there is an incision about 12 mm. above the bottom of the +specimen, below which the diameter is perhaps half a mm. greater than at +the top. Near the middle of the object it is pierced by a hole which +tapers from each end. While this object also may have been used in +gambling, it seems possible that it may be an amulet. + + +_Narcotics._ Pipes of seven distinct types were found in this region; a +tube, a simple bowl, a disk with both bowl and stem made in the +periphery, an elbow form, a modern inlaid pipe similar to the typical +form of the catlinite pipe of the Plains, a tomahawk-pipe in stone, and +a pipe carved in the art of the North Pacific coast. + +[Illustration: Fig. 101. Tubular Pipe made of Green Stone with Stem. +From Lemhi River, Idaho. (Reproduced from p. 342, Vol. II, Lewis and +Clark. Bowl about 2-1/2 inches long.)] + +A tubular pipe made of steatite is shown in Fig. 100. It was collected +by Mr. Frank N. McCandless from the Yakima Indians. Mr. McCandless +says the stone differs from that found at the head of Wenatchee Lake, +which is sometimes used for pipes in this region. This pipe is No. 215 +in his collection deposited in the Ferry Museum in the City Hall at +Tacoma. It is 51 mm. long and the bowl has been broken off irregularly, +about half of it apparently having been broken away. The bowl flares +rather more abruptly than is the case in the pipes usually found either +in this region or that of the Thompson River. In this respect it +resembles the tubular pipes made of steatite, found on the coast of +British Columbia.[317] In outline, it is nearly straight, while most +pipes of this type have bowls convexly curved in a form characteristic +of the type found in the interior of British Columbia and of Washington. +The bowl has been gouged out. There is a ridge or ring around the pipe +where the bowl meets the stem. Oblique incisions slanting downward from +left to right, at an angle of about 45°, mark this ridge, making it +suggest a twisted cord. The end of the stem is similarly marked. These +lines are again mentioned under art on p. 125. The stem expands from the +ridge to the end. The outline of the stem is rather straight or slightly +concave, while most pipes of this type have more slender or nearly +cylindrical stems. The interior of the stem was apparently formed by +whittling. The pipe is stained by tobacco which suggests that while it +may be old, it has nevertheless been recently smoked.[318] In the Nez +Perce region to the east the earliest form of pipe, according to +Spinden, was doubtless the straight tubular type.[319] One of the pipes +figured by him has a flange for a mouthpiece similar to those found in +the Thompson River region, and this flange is perforated near one end. +This particular type of pipe is also found in Oregon.[320] A pipe of +this type, but which much more nearly resembles the typical form of +tubular pipe of this region, especially the shorter specimens, is +reproduced in Fig. 101 from Lewis and Clark.[321] This specimen which is +made of green stone and has a stem, was seen among the Shoshone Indians +at the headwaters of the Lemhi River, Idaho, by Lewis, August +thirteenth, 1805. It marks the eastern limits of the occurrence of this +type of pipe, so far as I am aware at present, the short forms having +been found at Fulford Harbor, North Saanich, Sidney[322] and Port +Hammond,[323] on the southern coast of British Columbia, Damon[324] on +the coast of Washington, Lytton[325] in the interior of British +Columbia, Umatilla[326] and Blalock Island,[327] near Umatilla, both in +the interior of Washington. In the Journal for Tuesday, August 13, 1805, +Lewis refers to this pipe, as follows:--"the chief then lit his pipe at +the fire kindled in this little magic circle ... pointed the stem to the +four cardinal points of the heavens first beginning at the East and +ending with the North. He now presented the pipe to me, as if desirous +that I should smoke, but when I reached my hand to receive it, he drew +it back and repeated the same c[e]remony three times, after which he +pointed the stem first to the heavens then to the center of the magic +circle smoked himself with three whifs and held the pipe until I took as +many as I thought proper; he then held it to each of the white persons +and then gave it to be consumed by his warriors. This pipe was made of a +dense semi-transparent green stone very highly polished about 2-1/2 +inches long and of an oval figure, the bowl being in the same direction +with the stem. A small piece of birned clay is placed in the bottom of +the bowl to seperate the tobacco from the end of the stem and is of an +irregularly rounded figure not fitting the tube perfectly close in order +that the smoke may pass. This is the form of the pipe. Their tobacco is +of the same kind of that used by the Minnetares Mandans and Ricares of +the Missouri. The Shoshonees do not cultivate this plant, but obtain it +from the Rocky mountain Indians and some of the bands of their own +nation who live further south."[328] + + [317] Smith, (a), Figs. 48 and 55; (b), Fig. 139. + + [318] Museum negative no. 44506, 6-7. + + [319] Spinden, p. 188, Figs. 4 and 5, Plate IX. + + [320] Moorehead, Fig. 457, p. 316, Figs. 9, 17, 22 and 25. + + [321] Lewis and Clark, II, p. 342. + + [322] Smith, (b), Fig. 139. + + [323] Smith, (a), Fig. 48. + + [324] Smith, (b), Fig. 139. + + [325] Smith, (h), p. 34. + + [326] _Ibid._, Fig. 7. + + [327] _Ibid._, p. 36. + + [328] Lewis and Clark. II, p. 341. + +Mr. James Teit informs me that a flange like the end of a spool at the +mouth of the stem of a tubular pipe, makes it of a type which seems to +him peculiarly characteristic of the Thompson River region. In some +cases this peculiarity is carried over into the stems of pipes of the +modern or elbow type, which have wooden stems, as is shown in Fig. 102. +Mr. Teit has never seen or heard of tubular pipes from the Thompson +River region with holes through the flanges. It seems possible that the +hole in such specimens as one from Umatilla, Oregon,[329] may have been +made for the attachment of ornaments or symbolic material such as +feathers or for a cleaner. Ornaments were sometimes attached to pipes of +the elbow type in the Thompson River region. This was done by tying in +a hole bored through the hatchet-shaped piece underneath the shank close +to the elbow. Pipes of the simple bowl type often had an extension at +the foot of the bowl, sometimes perforated, to which ornaments could be +attached. On the other hand, the hole may have been to facilitate +attaching the pipe to its wooden stem. The pipes that have been +perforated through the flange,[330] however, seem to have too small a +bore for a wooden stem; yet, a pipe of this type with a wooden stem has +been shown in Fig. 101. One reason given Mr. Teit by the Indians for the +making of the flange or other thickening at the mouth of the pipe stem +was to prevent the string used in attaching the pipe to the wooden stem +slipping off. According to all of them, wooden stems were always used +with tubular pipes as with elbow and simple bowl pipes; for a person +cannot smoke any kind of stone pipe more than a few draws before it +becomes too hot for the lips. To Mr. Teit's mind, no matter how small +the bore of the pipe, a regular stem must have been used for smoking. + + [329] Smith, (h), Fig. 7a. + + [330] Smith, (h), Fig. 4. + +[Illustration: Fig. 102. Pipe made of Steatite used by the Thompson +River Indians at Spences Bridge in 1895. About 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn +from a sketch by Mr. James Teit.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 103. Form of the Flange-Shaped Mouth of the Bowl of +some Thompson River Indian Pipes. About 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a +sketch by Mr. James Teit.)] + +Some tubular pipes are said to have had a flange around the mouth of the +bowl, similar to that on elbow pipes as in Fig. 103; but this flange +meets the body of the bowl with an even curve. Mr. Teit does not +distinctly remember having seen such flanged tubular pipe bowls among +the Thompson River Indians who gave him this information, but he saw one +specimen at least, of the elbow type with flanged bowl. He further +states that to his knowledge there is only one part of the country where +the semi-transparent green steatite is obtained; that is, on the west +side of the Fraser River, over twenty miles north of Lytton, which as +is well known is at the mouth of the Thompson River. This stone, when +polished and used, takes on a much darker hue than its original color. +The fire may be seen through the stone of the pipes when smoked in the +dark. The bluish gray steatite is the most commonly employed and it +turns black when polished and used. The Thompson River Indians can +usually tell from what part of the country the stone comes of which any +particular pipe is made. + +The tubular form of pipe is remembered by the old Indians to have been +in use in the Thompson River region, although not so common as the +simple pipe bowls and elbow pipes, and one was seen in use in eastern +Washington as late as 1896.[331] On the other hand, no simple pipe bowls +known to be such, or elbow pipes have been seen among archaeological +finds. The bowl and elbow pipes are affiliated with forms found farther +east. This fact suggests that the tubular pipe was supplanted recently +by bowl and elbow forms brought in from the southeast, or at least from +the east. The westward movement of tribes due to the encroachment of our +settlements may have brought them, or some of them, and they may be +patterned after pipes seen in the hands of fur traders and their Indian +employees. The tubular pipe made of steatite, shown in Fig. 104, was +purchased from Mr. W. Z. York of Old Yakima (Old Town), who secured it +from Shaw-wa-way, an Indian known as "Young Chief Aleck," who lives on a +ranch three miles south of Old Yakima. This Indian is known to have +frequently visited the Okanogon region and it is possible that he +secured the pipe, decorated as it is, or got the idea for this +particular sort of decoration from that region. This is suggested by the +fact that this particular kind of decoration is common, especially on +more recent ornaments, in the Thompson River region, the people of which +in turn frequently visited the Okanogon country. The bowl of the pipe is +cut squarely across at the end where the outer edge has been rounded. It +is of the typical shape of this form of pipes, and has been hollowed out +by gouging contra-screw-wise. It meets the stem abruptly and the latter +is slightly larger than the base of the bowl, so that it seems to be +separated from it. The stem is very short and cylindrical and the end is +cut squarely off; but it is bevelled on each side so that about one +third of the end is left and the bevelled surfaces extend over half the +length of the stem. This beveling may have been to form the mouthpiece; +but it seems more likely that the pipe had a long stem similar to those +found in the Thompson River region.[332] This seems to have been broken +off obliquely near the bowl, then cut squarely across, and the other +side bevelled to give bilateral symmetry because one of these bevelled +surfaces appears as if it had been broken and then only slightly +smoothed; both of these surfaces and the square end of the stem seem to +have been more recently cut than the rest of the pipe. These three +surfaces seem less polished and as if they were made with a steel knife. +The bore of the stem measures 5 mm. in diameter. A portion of the bowl +is decorated by incised lines into which red paint has been daubed, +suggesting that it was recently applied; while the design itself, which +is further described on p. 131 under the section of art, is of figures +which suggest that it was made lately. Possibly the pipe is old, but was +recently broken and decorated with the incised design and paint. + + [331] Teit, (a), p. 300. + + [332] Smith, (d), Figs. 103, 104 and 111; (c), Figs. 37 1a, b. + +The fragment of a sculptured tubular pipe made of steatite shown in Fig. +105 is apparently about half of the original object. It was found in an +Indian grave about a quarter of a mile from the bank of the Yakima River +at a point about nine miles above its mouth, in August 1902, by Mr. W. +F. Sonderman of Kennewick. Mr. Sonderman's collection from the immediate +vicinity contained glass beads, a metallic handle and buttons, as well +as chipped points. As the contents of the three graves from which he +obtained this collection, during the construction of an irrigation canal +were mixed, it seems that this pipe may belong to the same period as +that of the glass beads and other objects of European manufacture and +consequently may be modern, although it may be an old specimen, +deposited in a modern grave. The general form of the pipe was thought to +be that of a cone. The portion towards the front of the carving, +however, is somewhat longer than that towards the rear, and the back is +nearly flat, although this may be caused simply by the carving. The bore +is somewhat smaller at the mouth of the bowl than lower down. It was +apparently gouged out. Some traces of dirt, perhaps the remains of the +material smoked in the pipe may be seen towards its larger opening. The +carving, which represents a human form, is further described under the +section of art on p. 135. As the tubular form of pipe seems to be common +to this region, as well as to the Thompson River region, further north, +it would seem that this specimen may be a variation from the type or +merely one of these pipes made by an artist. It may be that such +sculptured forms of this type of pipe may not be found in the Thompson +River region, and that the carving of tubular pipes in this way may be +characteristic of the Yakima region, although the style of art suggests +that found in the Thompson River region and more especially in the +Lillooet Valley. + +[Illustration: Fig. 104 (202-8122). Tubular Pipe made of Steatite. From +an Indian living three miles south of Old Yakima. 1/2 nat. size. +(Collected by Mr. York.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 105 (202-8120). Fragment of a Sculptured Tubular +Pipe made of Steatite. From near Kennewick. 1/2 nat. size. (Collected by +Mr. W. F. Sonderman.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 106 (202-8396). Pipe made of Limestone. From near +the head of Priest Rapids. 1/2 nat. size. (Collected and presented by +Mrs. J. B. Davidson.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 107 (20.0 1470). Pipe made of Sandstone. From the +Snake River Indians. 1/2 nat. size. (Collected and presented by Mr. +Owen.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 108. Pipe made of Blue Stone. From the Yakima +Valley, 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 41503, 6-4. Original in +the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 109. Pipe made of Stone. From the Yakima Valley. 1/2 +nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44503, 6-4. Original catalogue No. 155 +in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +Only one specimen of the second or simple bowl type was seen by us in +the whole region. It is shown in Fig. 106, and was found near the head +of Priest Rapids by a boy from whom Mrs. J. B. Davidson obtained it for +her collection. She afterwards presented it to our expedition. It is +made of schistose rock, apparently limestone, of gray color with lighter +veins. The object is oval in section, slightly longer than it is wide, +and a little wider than it is thick being 32 mm. long, 29 mm. wide, and +15 mm. thick. If slightly flatter, this pipe would resemble in shape the +third type. The inside of the bowl which was apparently gouged out, is +13 mm. in diameter; while the opening for the stem seems to have been +drilled. This opening is 7 mm. in diameter. The rim of the bowl is +flattened, and this flat surface resembles that of the part of a +hammerstone used for pecking. This style of pipe somewhat resembles some +of the pipes used by the Thompson River Indians of the present day and +together with elbow pipes, supplemented the tubular pipe in that region. +This suggests them to be more modern than the tubular pipes in this +region where also they are not as numerous. The type is not found among +the archaeological remains in the Thompson region, but Mr. Teit sent +one simple bowl pipe to the Museum from a very old grave at Spuzzum +besides two from the Thompson Indians.[333] The absence of this form of +pipe among archaeological specimens from the areas to the north and west +suggests that the culture of this region is somewhat more closely +related to that further east than are the cultures of the areas further +north and west. The pipe is ornamented with a circle and dot design +again mentioned under the section of art on p. 131.[334] + + [333] Teit, (a), Figs. 275 and 276. + + [334] Museum negative no. 44505, 6-6. + +Specimens of the third or disk-shaped type are shown in Figs. 107, 108 +and 109. The first, made of sandstone, is from the Snake River Indians, +was a part of Mr. D. W. Owen's collection, and was presented by him to +our expedition. It is nearly of the form of a disk but has slightly +bulging sides, 52 mm. long, 49 mm. wide, and 19 mm. thick. The mouth of +the bowl is 13 mm. in diameter; while the opening for the stem, at right +angles to it, is 9 mm. in diameter. The convex appearance of the sides +or ends of the disk is due to the beveling of these surfaces near their +edges. On each of these sides is an incised design. These are again +mentioned under the section of art on p. 125. The second specimen, shown +in Fig. 108, is oval in outline with slightly convex sides. The object +is made of blue stone and was found in the Yakima Valley. It is about 52 +mm. long, 41 mm. wide, and 19 mm. thick. Parallel scratches on the +surface suggest that it was brought into shape by grinding with a piece +of sandstone, although these marks may be interpreted as those made with +a file. The opening in the bowl tapers evenly towards its base, from one +of the longer edges of the discoid; while the somewhat longer drilling +for the stem from one of the shorter edges of the disk, at right angles +to the bore of the bowl, is of nearly the same diameter throughout. The +specimen is in the collection of Mr. Louis O. Janeck of North +Yakima.[335] The third specimen of this type which is shown in Fig. 109 +is No. 155 in the collection of Mr. Janeck, and was also found in the +Yakima Valley. It is made of stone resembling quartzite in appearance +and is of a waxy, yellowish brown color. It is nearly circular in +outline, almost flat on the rim, and the sides are somewhat convex. It +is 45 mm. long by 40 mm. wide and 19 mm. thick. The bore of the bowl is +16 mm. in diameter at the mouth, and is somewhat larger than that of the +stem, which is 10 mm. in diameter at its end, and at right angles to the +bowl. Each bore tapers from its outer opening to the point of juncture. +In the Nez Perce region to the east near Asotin city, this disk-shaped +type of pipe is found.[336] Mr. Fay Cooper Cole of the Field Museum of +Natural History believes the Tlingit have a variation of this type of +pipe and that it is also found in California. Its occurrence in Oregon +is mentioned by Moorehead.[337] + + [335] Museum negative no. 41503, 6-4. + + [336] Spinden, p. 189, Fig. 6, Plate IX. + + [337] Moorehead, Fig. 27, p. 316. + +The fourth or rectangular bowl type is shown in Figs. 110, 111 and 112. +The first shows the axis of the bowl and that of the stein, at nearly, +if not exactly, a right angle. The specimen is in the collection of Mr. +York, and is made of soft grit or sandstone. The outer opening of the +bowl is somewhat larger than that of the stem. There was a band around +the bowl, made up of a single thickness of thread which is not shown in +the figure. + +[Illustration: Fig. 110. Pipe made of Soft Sandstone. Locality Unknown. +1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mr. +York.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 111. Pipe made of Steatite. Locality Unknown. 1/2 +nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mr. +York.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 112. Pipe made of Soft Sandstone. Locality Unknown. +1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mr. +York.)] + +The second of these specimens, shown in Fig. 111, is a simple elbow pipe +with the angle between the axis of the bowl and the stem, slightly +greater than 90 degrees. It is also in the collection of Mr. York and is +made of steatite, which he calls Wenatchee pipe stone. The outer opening +of the bowl is slightly larger than that of the stem. The third +specimen, shown in Fig. 112, is also of the simple elbow type and the +axis of the bowl is nearly at right angles to that of the stem. It is in +the collection of Mr. York, and is made of soft grit or sandstone of a +yellowish gray color. In the Thompson River region to the north, +according to Mr. Teit, there seems to be little doubt but that the +tubular pipe has been supplanted by the simple bowl and elbow +types.[338] This change may have been brought about by the copying of +the early trader's pipes but Mr. Teit believes it more likely to have +come from influence from the southeast, passed from tribe to tribe about +the same time as the advent of the horse or a little later. The Thompson +River Indians tell him that the tubular pipe continued to be the one in +common use as long as native tobacco only was used, but after the +introduction of manufactured tobacco the elbow type came to be +exclusively used because very much better adapted for holding the +latter kind of tobacco. In the Nez Perce region to the east, pipes with +rectangular bowls were found.[339] One of these bowls has an incised +design representing a tomahawk, which with the character of other +incisions on it suggest that it is modern. Only two finds of elbow pipes +have been reported on the coast. These,[340] which were of fragments, +were said by Mr. Edmond Croft to have been found by him in a shell heap +near Markham on Grey's Harbor, Washington. They are made of fine-grained +sandstone of a gray color. Both were apparently intended to be used with +a wooden stem and one of them has a ventral mid-rib from the mouth of +the stem nearly to the base of the bowl which reminds one somewhat of a +similar appendage on the pipe from the Yakima Valley shown in Fig. 113 +and one from the Thompson Indians.[341] My supposition has been that +they reached the coast recently from this general region possibly by way +of the Columbia or were taken there by employees of the fur companies in +early historic times. + + [338] Teit, (a), Figs. 271 and 306. + + [339] Spinden, p. 188, Figs. 7 and 8, Plate IX. + + [340] Smith, (b). Fig. 140. + + [341] Teit. (a), Fig. 306. + +The fifth type is illustrated by the specimen shown in Fig. 128. It is +the only specimen of this type which I have seen from the region. It is +now in the collection of Mrs. Jay Lynch at Fort Simcoe who obtained it +from Chief Moses. It is made of black steatite which Mrs. Lynch calls +Wenatchee pipe stone, inlaid with white metal and has a wooden stem. It +is comparatively modern as is shown by the presence of inlaid white +metal. The mouth of the bowl is 18 mm. in diameter, but tapers suddenly, +the rest of the bowl cavity being nearly cylindrical. The opening for +the wooden stem is 11 mm. in diameter, and also tapers suddenly to a +nearly even bore. It is of the same form as many of the pipes made of +red pipe stone (catlinite). This form of pipe is found throughout the +Minnesota-Dakota region. This specimen, however, bears four carvings, +which together with the inlaid white metal design are further mentioned +under the section of art on pp. 118 and 135. It would seem that this +type of pipe belongs to the region further east, and as no ancient pipe +of this form has been found in this whole region, as well as from the +fact that this specimen marks the most westerly occurrence of this form, +so far as we know, we may conclude that it was introduced from the east +in comparatively modern times. The type of carving, however, may be of +more local origin. The bringing together of several animal forms may be +associated with the idea of the totem poles found to the west; but no +more so than the wooden pipe stems of the Plains which the general +character of the carving more closely resembles.[342] In this +connection, it may be well to remember that in the Nez Perce region, +catlinite for pipes seems to have been acquired from the Plains +tribes.[343] A pipe made from stone found in the Cascade Mountains of +Washington, is in the collection of Mr. C. G. Ridout, of Chelan, +Washington, who states that it has a representation of a bear and a man +on the shaft back of the bowl. + + [342] Museum negative no. 44508, 6-9, 6-10, 6-11. + + [343] Spinden, p. 188. + +A specimen of the sixth type is shown in Fig. 113. It is the only one of +this style which I have seen in the whole region, and was obtained from +a Yakima Indian. It is in the collection of Mr. McCandless. It is made +of steatite, which Mr. McCandless calls "sandstone from the northern +part of Wenatchee Lake." The form of the pipe seems to be a +conventionalized tomahawk pipe. The bowl is circular in section and +somewhat urn-shaped and rests upon the part that is drilled for the stem +and which is rather square in cross section with slightly convex sides. +Projecting from the lower part of this is the form which represents the +tomahawk blade. It is wider at its convex edges than where it joins the +base of the stem part. Its three edges are flat, and it is of about +equal thickness throughout. The pipe is somewhat stained by tobacco. It +seems likely that this was modelled after the metal hatchet, tomahawk or +tomahawk pipe, introduced by the traders,[344] being a rather modern +pipe, since such objects do not seem to have been used in early times in +the great plateau region according to Lewis.[345] + + [344] Museum negative no. 44506, 6-7. + + [345] Lewis, p. 190. + +[Illustration: Fig. 113. Pipe made of Steatite. From a Yakima Indian. +1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44506, 6-7. Original in the +collection of Mr. McCandless.)] + +The seventh type is illustrated in Fig. 127. The specimen is the only +one of the style which I have seen from this whole region and so closely +resembles in its carving the work of the Kwakiutl, Haida and Tsimshian +Indians of the coast to the northwest, that I am inclined to believe it +was brought in as a gift or by trade. The material is apparently soft +slate, but is rather light in color, possibly having been burned. Its +appearance suggests that it is the same as that used by the Haida +Indians on the Queen Charlotte Islands, for the carving of such things +as dishes, miniature totem poles, and pipes. The pipe is made up of +carvings representing among other things a bird, a human form and a +human face, which are more fully described under the section of art on +p. 136. This specimen was found two feet deep in earth at one side of a +grave in a little hillside on Toppenish Creek, four miles southeast of +Fort Simcoe. Above the earth were rocks, and the grave was marked by a +circle of stones. In the grave were found elk teeth, and a sea shell, +filled with a blue powder, evidently paint, and covered with what +appears to be gut or a bladder-like skin. What is described as a silver +coin, afterwards lost, was found with this pipe. It is possible that it +may have been a silver disk or medal. The bowl of the pipe, which was +gouged out, is in the middle of the carving, and the tube for the +reception of the stem projects from the end under the human form. The +upper part of the human figure is broken off. A hole was drilled in the +opposite end of the pipe through the lower part of the bird form, but if +it had any connection with the bowl, this is not now discernible.[346] +The specimen shown in Fig. 59 and considered as a mat presser reminds +one of an unfinished pipe. + + [346] Museum negative no. 44509, 6-9, 6-10, 6-11. + + + + +ART. + + +The graphic and plastic art of the early people of this region is +illustrated by pictographic line paintings in red and white on the +basaltic columns of the cliffs;[347] petroglyphs of the same general +style pecked into similar cliffs; incised designs on stone, bone, antler +and dentalium shells, and carvings both incised and pecked in stone. +Some of the objects found are colored by red ochre or have it rubbed +into the lines of their incised designs. Examples of graphic art seem to +be more common than those of plastic art. + + [347] A few of which were figured and described in Smith, (g), pp. + 195-203, and abstracted in The Scientific American Supplement, pp. + 23876-8, Vol. LVIII, No. 1490, July 23, 1904, and in Records of the + Past, pp. 119-127, Vol. IV, Part IV, April, 1905. + +The paintings and pecked designs on cliffs are more or less geometric +although pictographic in character. The incised designs are still more +geometric and include the circle and dot commonly found in the Thompson +River region.[348] This design is also common on modern objects from the +coast of British Columbia and Washington, but was not there present +among archaeological finds. Lewis[349] states that according to the +early writers, in the general area of which this is a part, porcupine +quills were much used for decorating articles of clothing and that +later, beads were used for this purpose. The modern designs are largely +floral. Among the Nez Perce, floral and plant designs in beadwork are +particularly common although some geometric designs occur, as on belts, +the decoration of which is largely geometric, as squares, triangles and +similar figures.[350] Lewis[351] believes that the designs of the +general region were originally geometric and that some of the modern +geometric designs are survivals, while others suggest eastern influence. +He further states that floral designs are found among the Salish tribes +but to a much less extent. We found no floral designs among the +archaeological specimens in the Yakima area. Some of the incised work, +on certain of the carvings is of good technique, and artistic execution. +This is noticeable in the object made of antler, carved on one surface +to represent a human figure in costume, shown in Fig. 121 and on the +dish shown in Fig. 116. Inlaying with white metal was practised in +comparatively modern times. Animal heads are represented by the +specialization of knobs on pestles, an animal form by a mortar and human +forms by some of the pictographs, and petroglyphs, the incised antler +figure and several of the pipes. + + [348] Smith, (c), Figs. 360b and 378; (d), Figs. 109, 110 and 111. + + [349] Lewis, p. 191. + + [350] Spinden, p. 236. + + [351] Lewis, p. 191. + +Many of the representations are realistic, others are highly +conventional. Some conventional representations are explained by similar +figures. For instance, the radiating lines of the pictographs shown in +Plate XVI are probably explained satisfactorily by similar figures in +Plate XI, Fig. 2, such radiations on the costumed figure in antler shown +in Fig. 121 or by the feather headdresses worn by the present natives. +Spinden states that in the Nez Perce region, realistic figures are +probably of recent origin.[352] One of the carvings is clearly of the +art of the northwest coast, from which the object or the artist who +executed it must have come. Some of the pictographic-geometric and +conventional figures probably represent guardian spirits and illustrate +dreams done in symbols. A few art forms are evenly spaced on objects but +only a few are distorted to fit the shape of the field. Pictographic +symbols and conventional figures may be placed in groups to form designs +as in the arrangement of the circles and dots on the pipe shown in Fig. +106. + + [352] Spinden, p. 236. + +In general, the art of the region tends toward line work of geometric +and a slightly pictographic nature. It shows little resemblance to that +of the coast, but a strong relationship to that of the Plains. The +decorative art of the Nez Perce region includes motives from the Plains +and also from the Pacific Coast.[353] Some of their designs partake +strongly of motives from the Plains, while here in the Yakima Valley +there are perhaps more examples of coast art and still much influence +from the Plains. Spinden says that in early times the Nez Perce were +very poor in decorative ideas and that the richness and variety found in +their modern art may be ascribed to the absorbing of ideas from other +cultures. This is perhaps equally true of the Yakima region where the +influence of coast art in proportion to that from the Plains is perhaps +greater than in the Nez Perce region. + + [353] Spinden, p. 233. + + +_Paintings._ Pictographic line paintings somewhat geometric in +character, made on the basaltic columns on the west of the mouth of +Cowiche Creek, on the south side of the Naches River, about four miles +northwest from North Yakima, are shown in Plates XIV-XVI. These +pictures, some in red, and some in white, were probably painted with +mineral matter mixed with grease. Their antiquity is unknown. In the Nez +Perce region to the east,[354] pictographs in red, yellow and black +occur, while in the Thompson River area[355] and in the Lillooet +Valley,[356] pictographs in red are found. Some of the Yakima +pictographs have been destroyed during the construction of the +irrigation flume which runs along the top of this cliff. Others are +partly covered by the talus slope. All those remaining, are here +represented by those reproduced in the plates. They extend from the top +of the talus slope upward a distance of perhaps five feet. Many of them +are indistinct, and appear more easily seen, if they are not actually +clearer, in the photographs here reproduced than in the originals. Many +of the paintings represent human heads and headdresses and one of them +the whole figure with such a headdress. These headdresses may be +compared to similar designs in the petroglyphs (Plate XI) at Sentinal +Bluffs, thirty-three miles to the northeast (Fig. 2, Plate XII and Fig. +1, Plate XIII) at Selah Canon, eight miles to the northeast and the +headdress pecked on the grooved net sinker shown in Fig. 14. Also, taken +together with the pictographs representing the full figure with similar +headdress shown in Fig. 1, Plate XIV, may be compared to the petroglyphs +of men each with a headdress among those at Sentinal Bluffs, the human +figure with a headdress carved in antler found near Tampico, only +fourteen miles to the southwest and shown in Fig. 121, petroglyphs which +apparently represent human forms somewhat similar to this, on Buffalo +Rock, in the Nez Perce region to the east[357] and the quill flattener +carved to represent a human form with headdress or hair from the Dakota +shown in Fig. 122. + + [354] Spinden, p. 232. + + [355] Teit, (a), p. 339 and 381. + + [356] Teit, (b), Pl. IX. + + [357] Spinden, Plate X, Fig. 5. + +The human figure with feather headdress indicated by ten lines shown in +Fig. 1, Plate XIV is all in red. It is the next to the westernmost +pictograph at this site. It is 457 mm. high, the ends of the legs are +279 mm. apart, the tip of the arms 254 mm., the width of the headdress +229 mm. and the height of the middle feather 101 mm. There are four +horizontal red lines on the overhanging column above the figure.[358] +Fig. 2, Plate XIV shows human heads with feather headdresses in +white.[359] Fig. 1, Plate XV shows similar human heads with feather +headdresses also in white.[360] Fig. 2, Plate xv shows human heads with +feather headdresses in white and a double star figure in white and +red.[361] Plate XVI[362] shows human heads with feather headdresses in +white and red. In addition, Fig. 2 shows the advertisement of a modern +business man over the pictographs. Some of the pictographs at the same +place have every alternate radiating line in red, while others are in +white. + + [358] Museum negative no. 44479, 4-4 taken from the east. First + reproduced in Smith, (g), Fig. 2, Plate VIII. + + [359] Museum negative no. 44483, 4-8 from the north. First + reproduced _Ibid._, Fig. 1, Plate VIII. + + [360] Museum negative no. 44485, 4-10 from the north. + + [361] Museum negative no. 44480, 4-5 from the north. + + [362] Museum negatives nos. 44486, 4-11, 44487 4-12 from the north. + +Mr. G. R. Shafer informed me that he knows of painted rocks in the Teton +River Valley, 20 miles above the Nelson Bridge, which crosses the Naches +a short distance above the mouth of Cowiche Creek. Mr. W. H. Wilcox of +North Yakima stated to me that there are pictures on rocks on the west +side of the Columbia River ten miles south of Wenatchee. Bancroft[363] +refers to painted and "carved" pictures on the perpendicular rocks +between Yakima and Pisquouse. According to Mallery, "Capt. Charles +Bendire, U. S. Army, states in a letter that Col. Henry C. Merriam, U. +S. Army, discovered pictographs on a perpendicular cliff of granite at +the lower end of Lake Chelan, lat. 48° N., near old Fort O'Kinakane, on +the upper Columbia River. The etchings appear to have been made at +widely different periods, and are evidently quite old. Those which +appeared the earliest were from twenty-five to thirty feet above the +present water level. Those appearing more recent are about ten feet +above water level. The figures are in black and red colors, representing +Indians with bows and arrows, elk, deer, bear, beaver, and fish. There +are four or five rows of these figures, and quite a number in each row. +The present native inhabitants know nothing whatever regarding the +history of these paintings."[364] Apparently only paintings are meant. + + [363] Bancroft, IV., p. 735; Lord, II, pp. 102 and 260; Gibbs, I, p. + 411. + + [364] Mallery, p. 26. + +Red ochre is rubbed in the circle and dot designs and the grain of the +stone of the pestle shown in Fig. 30 and also in the incised lines on +the pipe shown in Fig. 104. Red paint (mercury) partly fills some of the +holes and lines on the pendant made of steatite shown in Fig. 119. +Because of the mineral nature of this paint, it may have remained a long +time and its presence does not necessarily prove that the supposedly old +grave in which the object was found is recent. Red paint also fills the +circles and dots in the slate object shown in Fig. 120 while vermilion +paint is found in the grooves of the animal form shown in Fig. 125 and +as this is probably a mineral which would be rather enduring, it does +not indicate that the painting was recently done. + +Painting was done on moccasins in the general plateau area of which this +is a part.[365] Spinden states that in the Nez Perce region the natives +depended upon minerals for dyes, except in the cases of a wood, which +produced a brown dye, and rock slime which produced green[366] and that +white, red, blue and yellow earth paints were obtained by them further +east from the vicinity of the Grande Ronde Valley;[367] also, that rock +surfaces were painted over with brown as a field upon which to peck +petroglyphs.[368] In the same region moreover, white clay[369] was used +for cleaning clothing. + + [365] Lewis, p. 190. + + [366] Spinden, p. 191. + + [367] _Ibid._, p. 222. + + [368] _Ibid._, p. 231. + + [369] _Ibid._, p. 216. + + +_Petroglyphs._ The petroglyphs pecked into the weathered surface of the +basaltic columns found in this region, are similar in style to the +paintings, being largely line designs of geometric or conventional +representation together with a few realistic figures. The pictures are +formed by pecking away the weathered surface and exposing the lighter +color of the basalt below. Some of them may be very old, but the bruised +surfaces making up the lines are not weathered very much in comparison +with the surrounding rock surface and yet there is no history of their +manufacture. In the Nez Perce region[370] such pecked pictographs are +also found, some of them being upon fields painted brown. + + [370] Spinden, p. 232. + +In Plate XI are shown petroglyphs on the vertical basaltic columns on +the eastern side of the Columbia River at Sentinal Bluffs, immediately +above Priest Rapids. They are at the base of the cliffs shown in Plate +V. Those shown in Fig. 1 are to the east of the road which runs along a +notch blasted in the top of the columns that rise from the river at this +point, while those shown in Fig. 2 are about fifteen feet to the +southwest on the columns that rise shear from the river. + +Some of those shown in Fig. 1[371] represent human figures each with a +feather headdress which may be compared with that of the antler figure +found at Tampico (Fig. 121) and the pictographs of Cowiche Creek. This +place is only about 47 miles northeast from Tampico, and 33 miles in the +same direction from the mouth of Cowiche Creek. One of these is shown in +Fig. 2.[372] The long form in the centre has a headdress which taken +with its shape reminds us especially of the human form in antler from +Tampico. The general shape of the body and the row of dots on each side +edge suggest a resemblance to the quill flattener made of antler from +the Dakota shown in Fig. 122. On each side are human heads, each with a +similar feather headdress that might be interpreted as rising suns with +eyes and mouths. On the left are some similar figures without eyes and +mouths. Below, is a horizontal figure resembling five links of a chain. +There is also a goat which resembles the two pecked in a granite boulder +near Buffalo Rock in the Nez Perce area, eighteen miles above Lewiston +on the east bank of the Snake River.[373] The star at the bottom, the +rays of which end in dots, a small oval with radiating lines at the +left, and two connected ovals with radiating lines at the top, remind us +of the stars at Selah Canon, shown in Fig. 1, Plate XII, the petroglyphs +near Wallula Junction, shown in Fig. 2, Plate XIII, somewhat similar +figures on the large petroglyph at Nanaimo[374] and perhaps even more +than of the Nanaimo figures, those in the petroglyphs beyond Nanaimo at +Yellow Island, near Comox.[375] However, the two connected ovals with +the radiating lines may represent hands of a human figure with a +headdress having radiating feathers. All of these headdresses remind us +of the others at this place shown in Fig. 1, the rising suns at Selah +Canon next described, the pictographs at the mouth of Cowiche Creek, and +the incised human form in antler. + + [371] First reproduced. Smith, (g), Fig. 2, Plate IX; negative no. + 44534, 8-11, taken from the west. + + [372] _Ibid._, Fig. 1; Negative no. 44533, 8-10 as viewed from the + north. + + [373] Spinden, Fig. 4, Plate X. + + [374] Smith, (b), Plate XI. + + [375] _Ibid._, Fig. 115. + +In Plate XII and Fig. 1, Plate XIII are shown petroglyphs which appear +fresher and whiter or yellower than the naturally weathered reddish +basaltic columns into which they are pecked. They are on the north side +of Selah Canon about one and a half miles from the Yakima River at a +point about a mile north of Selah station or one half a mile south of +the intake of the Moxee Canal. It is about twenty-five miles west +southwest of Sentinal Bluffs, eight northeast from the mouth of Cowiche +Creek and twenty-two miles northeast from Tampico. They are more easily +made out from a distance than close by. + +The petroglyph shown in Fig. 1, Plate XII, is the most northeasterly of +the group. This seems to be made up of circles with a dot in the middle +and radiating lines, some of which end in dots. They remind us of some +of the same series of figures as the oval with radiating lines at Priest +Rapids.[376] + + [376] Museum negative no. 44463, 2-12 from the east and from a + greater distance, showing its relation to the next in negative + catalogue no. 44162, 2-11. + +The one shown in Fig. 2, is about eight feet to the southwest and a +little lower down. The upper part of the left figure and the two main +parts on the right, each consisting of a curve with short radiating +lines like a representation of the rising sun, may be compared with the +top of the petroglyph on the rocks a few feet to the southwest shown in +Fig. 1, Plate XIII, next described, and with some of those at Sentinal +Bluffs, shown in Plate XI; also, with the pictographs at the mouth of +Cowiche Creek.[377] + + [377] Represented in Museum, with the one shown in Fig. 1, by + negative no. 44462, 2-11 and from a nearer point as shown in this + figure in negative no. 44476, 4-1. + +The petroglyph shown in Fig. 1, Plate XIII, is a few feet southwest of +those shown in Plate XII, taken from the south. The segment with +radiating lines like the rising sun at the top reminds us of similar +figures among the other petroglyphs here just described, those at +Sentinal Bluffs and pictographs at the mouth of Cowiche Creek, but the +other lines are not interpreted and are not suggestive to us of other +figures in the neighborhood. A small figure, similar in that it consists +of two nearly vertical lines crossing each other and topped by a curved +line, shows very faintly above, a little to the right.[378] A design +similar to the part of some of these pictures interpreted as +representing a headdress was also found pecked in the surface of the +grooved net sinker shown in Fig. 14. + + [378] Museum negative no. 44477, 4-2, is also represented from a + greater distance in negative no. 44478, 4-3. + +The petroglyph shown in Fig. 2, Plate XIII, is pecked on the top of a +rock which projects about three feet from the surface of the ground near +mile post 209 between it and 210 above the Spokane branch of the O. R. & +N. on the south side of the Columbia River about four miles west of +Wallula Junction and is here illustrated as one twentieth of the natural +size, from a tracing made by Mr. J. P. Newell, of Portland, assistant +chief engineer on that road. We are indebted to Mr. W. E. Elliott of New +York City, formerly engineer with Mr. Newell for permission to copy this +tracing.[379] The top of the rock forms an east and west ridge. The +pecked grooves are all of about equal depth and there are no other +petroglyphs on the rock. The large figure at the left reminds us of the +dog-like figures with "spines" in the petroglyphs at Nanaimo,[380] on +Vancouver Island, especially as it has waved parallel lines, a fin or +"spine" and two concentric curves at the top similar in shape to the +lines indicating the back of the head and the mouth of the Nanaimo +figure. This is less suggestive of certain harpoon points that are +incised apparently to represent fish found in the main shell heap in the +Fraser Delta at Eburne[381] although Eburne is nearer than Nanaimo and +en route, and although these harpoon points have parallel lines, a +fin-like projection and two lines representative of the back of the head +or cheek and the mouth. The small circles some with lines radiating +from them, remind us of similar marks on the same large petroglyph at +Nanaimo and even more so of the petroglyphs beyond Nanaimo at Yellow +Island near Comox.[382] The large figure on the right reminds us of the +human form of the petroglyph at Nanaimo.[383] + + [379] Museum negative no. 45696. + + [380] Smith, (b), Fig. 117a and Plate XI. + + [381] Smith, (a), Fig. 52. + + [382] Smith, (b), Fig. 115. + + [383] _Ibid._, Fig. 117a. + +I am informed by Mr. Owen that there is a petroglyph on the north side +of the Columbia River below Kennewick and that it has been destroyed by +recent railroad construction; by Mr. W. H. Willcox of North Yakima that +there are petroglyphs or pictographs on the rocks ten miles south of +Wenatchee on the western side of the Columbia River; and by Prof. Mark +Harrington that it is said that there are "engravings" on the cliffs +overhanging Lake Chelan. Mallery[384] refers to etchings at the lower +end of Lake Chelan but his information seems to refer to painted figures +only (See p. 120). The late Prof. Israel C. Russell informed me that +there are etchings close to the river on both sides in the Snake Canon +at Buffalo Rock in the extreme southeast corner of the state of +Washington.[385] + + [384] Mallery, p. 26. + + [385] Cf. Spinden, Figs. 4 and 5, Plate X. + + +_Incised Designs._ Among the designs incised on stone, attention may be +called to the top of the pestle made of steatite shown in Fig. 35, which +bears two parallel longitudinal incisions and notches, ten on the left +and eleven on the right of each side edge of the obverse. There are +fifteen fine incisions running obliquely down from the notches on the +left to the first longitudinal incision. They begin at the eighth notch +from the bottom and extend to the lower notch. On the reverse are three +longitudinal incisions apparently more recently made, and eleven notches +on each side edge. This incised knob is said by the Indians to represent +the head of a snake. On the reverse of the steatite object, possibly a +mat-presser, shown in Fig. 59a, is an incised pictographic sketch which +unfortunately, with the exception of the nine short lines above, was +re-scratched by its owner. It is reproduced in Fig. 59b. The first +figure beginning at the left possibly represents a tree. The middle +figure has not been identified but it is clear that the one on the right +represents a human being. On the left of the groove in the object are +incised two hands pointing towards the left. These also were re-cut and +are not reproduced in Fig. 59. The incision in the edge of the top of +the club shown in Fig. 62 and the incisions at right angles to this were +probably intended for decorative purposes. There is an incised design on +the rounded surface of the saddle-shaped hollow of the club shown in +Fig. 64. This design is made of transverse notches above and a zigzag +line below. The upper part of the right edge of this knob is flat with +two incisions across it. Incised lines arranged parallel to each other +in rows may be seen on the handle and knob of the club shown in Fig. 68. +There are thirteen of these lines on either edge of the knob. The other +incisions are arranged in four vertical rows on the handle. The lines on +the top of the shell pendant shown in Fig. 88 may be merely the depths +of the teeth rather than incisions artificially made, but in this case +they may have been considered as decorative and the shell may even have +been chosen because of these lines. There are nine incised lines on the +bone tube shown in Fig. 98. These run around it in a spiral direction in +such a way that the lower end of each line is on the opposite side from +the upper end. + +The three transverse incisions on the top of the steatite specimen shown +in Fig. 99 may be for decorative purposes or merely as tallies as also +the five small drilled pits arranged about equi-distant from each other +around the top and the four similarly arranged near the bottom. + +[Illustration: Fig. 114 _a_ (202-8159). Incised Design on a Fragment of +a Wooden Bow. From grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide near the mouth of +Naches River. 1/2 nat. size. _b_ Section of Fragment of Bow shown in +_a_.] + +The oblique incised lines on the edge of the mouthpiece and on the ridge +about the middle of the pipe shown in Fig. 100, which slant outward from +left to right at an angle of about 45° and make the ridge at least +suggest a twisted cord, were no doubt made for decorative purposes. +Pictographic scratches may be seen on the disk-shaped stone pipe, shown +in Fig. 107. Those on the reverse are shown in Fig. 115. A simple +geometric incised line decoration on wood may be seen on a fragment of a +bow shown in Fig. 111. It will be remembered that parallel irregularly +arranged cuneiform incisions decorated a fragment of a bow found in the +Thompson River region.[386] The incised design on the stone dish +previously mentioned on p. 38 and shown in Fig. 116 consists of two +horizontal incisions running around the upper part of the dish a little +below its middle and a zigzag line made up of twenty-five V-shaped marks +which fills the space between the flat rim of this dish and the upper +horizontal line. + + [386] Smith, (c), p. 411. + +[Illustration: Fig. 115. Incised Design on Bowl of Pipe shown in Fig. +107. 1/2 nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 116. Incised Design on Stone Dish. From Priest +Rapids. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44537, 9-3. Original in +the collection of Mrs. Hinman.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 117 (202-8193). Incised Designs on Dentalium Shells. +From under the skeleton in grave No. 25 of a child in a stone cyst in +dome of volcanic ash near Tampico. Nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 118 (202-8178). Incised Designs on Dentalium Shells. +From among broken and charred human bones of about twelve individuals in +cremation circle No. 15 (10) on terrace northwest of the junction of the +Naches and Yakima Rivers.] + +Incised designs on dentalium shells are shown in Figs. 117 and 118. The +first four were found under the skeleton in grave No. 25. This skeleton +was of a child and was surrounded by a stone cyst buried in a dome of +volcanic ash near Tampico, as shown in Plate X. This lot contained two +shells ornamented with designs of the type shown in _a_, but in the one +not figured the diamond points met and formed a checker pattern. There +were four of the type shown in _b_, one of the type shown in _c_, and +two like the type shown in _d_. The specimens shown in Fig. 118 were +found among broken and charred human bones of about twelve individuals +in cremation circle No. 15 (10) on the terrace northwest of the mouth of +the Naches River. While there was only one specimen of the type shown in +_a_, there were two of the type shown in _b_, and one like the four +represented by Fig. 117b. Another cremation circle containing incised +dentalium shells is known as No. 18 (13) and was located on the same +terrace. The specimens are mere fragments, one of them, from the tip of +the shell, bears a design similar to that shown in Fig. 117b, the other +bears a simple incised spiral, the space between one incision and +another being about equal to the width of the incision itself. The +character of both the technique and the motive of these designs +resembles that of those found on similar shells at Kamloops in the +Thompson River region[387] and in the Nez Perce area to the east.[388] +The design shown in Fig. 117a at least reminds us of paintings on the +parfleches found among the modern Sahaptin and Plains tribes. + + [387] Smith, (c), Fig. 369. + + [388] Spinden, p. 181 and Plate IX, Fig. 15. + +[Illustration: Fig. 119. Incised Pendant made of Steatite with Red Paint +(Mercury) in some of the Holes and Lines. From manubrium of adult male +skeleton in grave covered with rocks on a low ridge about two and a half +miles south of Fort Simcoe. Nat. size. (Original in the collection of +Mrs. Lynch.)] + +The incised design on the pendant made of steatite (p. 94, Fig. 119) +does not seem to differ greatly in technique or motive from other +incised designs found in this area and in the Thompson River region to +the north. While most of the lines and pits can be considered as forming +symmetrical or geometric designs, the central figure on the side shown +in Fig. 119b may be interpreted as a conventional representation of a +life form, namely, a fish. Red paint is rubbed into some of the lines +and pits. + +The human figure described under costume (p. 100, Fig. 121) is a +somewhat conventionalized realistic form indicated by incisions on one +surface of a piece of antler 2 to 5 mm. thick.[389] It was found in the +grave of an infant under the vertebrae, No. 25 in a dome of volcanic +ash. It is of good technique and artistic execution. The eyes are of the +shape of a parallelogram with rounded corners. These, with similarly +shaped figures on the headdress or inner hair-rolls, and on the hands, +knees, and insteps, slightly resemble a motive common in the art of the +coast to the northwest. The crescent-shaped mouth and thick lips are +indicated by incised lines, while the cheeks are full, and the entire +head is somewhat set out in relief from the rest of the object. The +radiating figures above the head do not represent feathers in a +realistic way, but closely resemble the conventional paintings made by +the Dakota on buffalo robes. These paintings have been called sun +symbols, but are interpreted by the Dakota as the feathers of a +war-bonnet or other headdress. The fingers and thumb are set off from +the palm by two lines, which, with the mark at the wrist, make a figure +resembling the eye-form so common in Northwest coast art. The concentric +design on the knees is probably related to the wheel, sun, or spider-web +pattern common as a symbol on the shirts, blankets, and tents of some +Plains tribes. The feet jutting out at the sides are slightly wider than +the legs. The inside of the foot is straight with the inside of the leg, +while the outer part is curved. The two, taken together with the lower +portion of the legs, resemble a divided hoof. The divided hoof is a +common design among Plains tribes. + + [389] First described and figured, Smith, (g). See also abstract in + Scientific American Supplement pp. 23876-8, Vol. LVIII, No. 1490, + July 23, 1904 and in Records of the Past, l. c.; The Saturday + Evening Post, Sept. 10, 1904 and the Washington Magazine. + +There are only two specimens, of which I am aware, that resemble this. +One (T-22107, 177 II) consists of seven fragments of a thin piece of +antler found by Mrs. James Terry at Umatilla, Oregon, only about 83 +miles in a southerly direction from Tampico. The back of this specimen +is largely disintegrated, except on the two dog heads, and these being +only about 5 mm. thick suggest that the whole figure was thin. The +carving (Fig. 123) is in much greater relief than in the specimen from +Tampico, although some of the lines are merely incisions. The tongue +projects between, but not beyond, the lips. The cheeks are raised and +there is considerable character to the face. The nose is aquiline and +narrow, but the alæ are indicated. The orbits are sunken and horizontal +oblong pits evidently indicate the eyes. The eyebrows are raised. Two +horizontal incisions extend across the brow. Below the chin, at the +left, are four incisions in a raised piece. This seems to represent a +hand held with the fingers to the neck. A similar hand was probably at +the right. A foot, with four toes in relief projecting above the brow as +high as do the eyebrows, rests immediately above the upper horizontal +incision and apparently indicates that some animal, possibly a bird, +stood upon the human head. The fragment, however, is not sufficiently +large to settle these points. Two of the other fragments are apparently +intended to represent the heads of dogs. The eyes are indicated by the +common circle and dot design; while the nostrils in one are represented +by drilled dots. The shape of the heads is brought out by the carving of +the edge of the object. The fragments are broken off at the neck, and +the lower side of each shows the finished surface of the back of the +object. The remaining fragments show little or nothing. The animal heads +and the feet and hands suggest the possibility that in some cases animal +forms were combined in such figures, as on the Northwest Coast, although +the general style of art of the object is like neither Haida nor +Kwakiutl work, but more like the carvings of Puget Sound and the lower +Columbia River. The fact that the carving of this face is more in relief +helps to explain the intent of the author of the Tampico specimen. + +The other specimen (50-3110 a, b, c) is a quill-flattener, made of +antler (Fig. 122). It was obtained by Dr. Clark Wissler from the Dakota +at Pine Ridge, South Dakota, who also made reference to other objects of +the same sort among the tribe. Porcupine quills were flattened on it +with the thumb nail until after it had been broken, when the lower or +pointed end had been used as a brush in applying color to form designs +on various articles made of buckskin. This end is stained a deep red and +the point is much worn. The object, in general, resembles in shape and +size the specimen from Tampico. Its sides are somewhat thinner and +sharper. The slight indications of hair or headdress, the deeply cut +eyes and mouth in the concave side, the holes or ears at the sides of +the head, and the method of indicating the arms by slits, setting them +off, from the body, are all details which emphasize this general +resemblance. The technical work is about as good as that of the Tampico +specimen, but the art work is inferior. One edge of the convex or outer +surface of the bone has twenty-five notches, and in each tooth left +between them, as well as above the top one, is a small drilled dot. Some +of the notches on the other side are broken away with the arm, which is +missing. On the same surface are twenty-six horizontal incisions, which +were interpreted as year counts. The general shape of the body and the +rows of dots are similar to those of the figure pecked on the cliff at +Sentinal Bluffs (Plate XI, Fig. 2). + +The Tampico specimen may have developed from a quill-flattener, which +implement was probably of common and characteristic use among Indian +mothers, not only of the Plains but also as far west as Tampico. If the +result of such a development, it had probably lost its domestic use and +become entirely symbolic. + +Mr. Teit has heard the Thompson Indians speak of figures carved by some +men in their spare time, and valued highly as curiosities and works of +art. They had no practical value, and were generally used as ornaments +inside the house. They were in wood, bark, stone and antler, more +generally in the last three, and usually represented the human figure. +Although the Indians aver that they were sometimes very elaborately and +truthfully carved, it is impossible to say, in the absence of a good +specimen from the Thompson Indians whether there was any resemblance in +style to that of this figure. The Thompson sometimes, placed such +figures on the tops of houses, but the great majority were shown inside +the houses. The Indian who made the one illustrated[390] told Mr. Teit +that he had seen some of larger size which had taken a carver's spare +time for many months. + + [390] Teit, (a), p. 376. Fig. 297. + +The headdress seems to be a so-called war-bonnet, and would indicate +that the figure was that of an important personage; perhaps a suggestion +of what had been hoped for the child's position in the tribe or after +death. The arms, body, legs, and feet are apparently bare and ornamented +with ceremonial paintings, while about the waist is an apron. The whole +object seems of a rather high order of art to be a mere child's doll, +and it would seem more plausible to consider it as an emblematical +figure. The general style of art and costume indicated show little or no +resemblance to those of the Northwest Coast, but a strong relationship +to those of the Plains. + +There are some incised lines on the pipe shown in Fig. 127. Those on the +pipe shown in Fig. 104 are described on p. 131. In the Nez Perce region, +according to Spinden, incised designs, some of them of a pictographic +character and probably modern are found on pipes, and designs of ladder +shape are found on a flat plummet-shaped bone object.[391] + + [391] Spinden, p. 188 and Plate VII, Fig. 31. + + +_Notches._ The notch in the base of the spatulate object made of bone +shown in Fig. 58 and the two notches in each side of the base may be for +practical purposes but were probably intended to be artistic, while the +six notches in the edge of the pendant made of slate shown in Fig. 81 +probably also have been intended for decoration or even to make the +object represent something although possibly the representation may be +rather conventional. + +In the Nez Perce region to the east,[392] a notched stone has been found +near Asotin and notches occur as decorations on objects found in the +Thompson River region to the north, but, of this type, they are rare if +not absent among archaeological finds on the coast to the west from Fort +Rupert on northern Vancouver Island to Tacoma. + + [392] _Ibid._, p. 183, Plate IX, Fig. 3. + + +_Circle and Dot Designs._ The circle and dot design is commonly found in +this region. It may be seen on the top of the pestle shown in Fig. 30. +There is one of these designs in the tip and eleven about equi-distant +in a row around the edge of the knob. In the Nez Perce region to the +east[393] the design is found on bone gambling pieces. Further east, +this design is also found. This motive may be seen around the top of the +bowl on a pipe (50-4867a, b) from the Gros Ventre Indians of Montana +collected by Dr. Clark Wissler, which, however, is considered to be +recent. To the west, it is not found among ancient things on the coast +but among recent objects it may be seen on certain bone gambling +cylinders and on beaver teeth used for dice. The design is common in the +Thompson River region[394] and the Lillooet Valley between there and the +coast.[395] It is perhaps even more frequently seen on the modern things +among the Thompson River Indians[396] who often visit the Okanogan +country. + + [393] Spinden, p. 252, Plate VII, Fig. 30. + + [394] Smith, (c), Fig. 378; (d), Fig. 109. + + [395] Teit, (b), Fig. 92. + + [396] Teit, (a), Figs. 118 and 210. + +The pipe shown in Fig. 104 was secured from an Indian who is known to +have frequently visited the Okanogan area so that if he did not bring +the pipe from there, he may at least have gotten the idea for this style +of decoration there. This suggests an explanation for the occurrence of +the circle and dot design on what are apparently older specimens from +the Yakima country. On the lower end of this specimen is a design made +up of a zigzag line based upon an incision running around where the stem +meets the bowl. The five triangles thus formed are nearly equilateral +and there is a circle and dot design in each. Other circles and dots are +arranged in seven equi-distant longitudinal pairs about the middle of +the bowl. In addition, parallel to these, and between two of the pairs, +there is a double-headed figure each end of which resembles the form of +a crude fleur-de-lis. All of the incisions on this pipe are colored with +red paint. The circle and dot design may be seen on the limestone pipe +shown in Fig. 106. There is one circle and dot on the tip of the base, +encircling this is a row of eight of them and outside of this still +another circle of nine. Around the opening for the stem is a circle made +up of eight, around the mouth of the bowl are ten and between the circle +around the bowl and the one around the stem are three of the circles and +dots. A typical circle and dot decoration is shown in Fig. 120 of what, +as stated on p. 65, may possibly have been used as a whetstone. The +object is made of slate and the top is broken off. It is 142 mm. long, +18 mm. wide and 6 mm. thick. The lower end and side edges are rounded. +On the reverse, the design is similar except that it is continued upward +by three circles and dots arranged in the same order as the uppermost +three on the obverse and that there are several slightly incised marks +on it, one of which, of X form, makes a tangent and a cord with the next +to the lower circle and dot. All the circles and dots are filled with +red paint. There are twelve incisions, possibly tally marks, on one side +edge near the point. The original is in the collection of Mr. +Janeck.[397] + + [397] Museum negative no. 44503, 6-4. + +The symmetrical arrangement of the perforations and the pits on both +sides of the object shown in Fig. 77 was no doubt due to artistic +motives. + + +_Pecked Grooves._ Some designs were made by pecking grooves in stone. +Part of these, those forming petroglyphs, have been mentioned on p. 121 +and are shown in Plates XI-XIII. The upper portion of the marking on the +grooved stone shown in Fig. 14 is made in this way. It may represent a +feather headdress, such as is mentioned on p. 119 and such as is so +common in the pictographs as well as in the petroglyphs. The design on +the lower part of the same object was formed in the same way and on the +obverse of the net sinker shown in Fig. 15 are pecked grooves forming +three concentric semi-circles on each side of the groove and nearly +parallel with the edges of the object. Taken together, they give the +suggestion of a spiral. There are three pecked grooves encircling the +stone mortar shown in Fig. 20 and two around the head of the pestle +shown in Fig. 25. On each side of the lower part of the pestle shown in +Fig. 31 is a longitudinal design made up of four parallel zigzag pecked +grooves. The two pecked grooves at right angles to each other on the +specimen shown in Fig. 60 while they are probably made for use may have +been interpreted as decorative or artistic. This may also be said of the +three pecked grooves at right angles to each other on the club-head +shown in Fig. 61, and it seems likely that the eight pecked pits made in +the middle of the spaces between these grooves and possibly even the two +pits at either pole of the object were intended to embellish it. Pecking +was also the process employed in forming the sculpture shown in Fig. +125. The four pyramidal or dome-shaped nipples on the top of the knob of +a pestle found at Five Mile Rapids mentioned on p. 45 were probably made +by pecking, followed by polishing and they may have served a ceremonial +as well as a decorative purpose. + +[Illustration: Fig. 120. Circle and Dot Design on Whetstone made of +Slate. From the Yakima Valley. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from photograph +44503, 6-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 121 (202-8191). Costumed Human Figure made of +Antler. From grave No. 25 of a child in dome of volcanic ash near +Tampico. 1/2 nat. size.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 122 (50-3110a, b, c). Quill-flattener made of +Antler. From the Dakota at Pine Ridge, South Dakota. 1/4 nat. size. +(Collected by Dr. Clark Wissler.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 123 (T-22107, 11-177). Fragments of a Figure made of +Antler. From Umatilla, Oregon. 1/2 nat. size. (Collected by Mrs. James +Terry.)] + + +_Animal and Human Forms._ There are a number of sculptures that +apparently were intended to represent heads of animals, whole animals +and human forms. The top of the pestle shown in Fig. 31 is sculptured to +represent what is apparently an animal head. The top of the one shown in +Fig. 33 has three nipples one of which is longer than the others. This +sculpture also seems to represent an animal head, the ears being +indicated by the short nipples and the nose by the long one. The top of +the pestle shown in Fig. 34 apparently represents an animal head, the +mouth being indicated by the groove, each eye by a pit and there are +four incisions across the top or back of the head. A sculptured animal +head, with wide open mouth, pits for eyes, and projections for ears on +what may be a pestle top, has been found in the Nez Perce region to the +east[398] and pestles with heads are found in the Thompson River area +to the north.[399] The knob shown in Fig. 35 (p. 47) is interpreted as +representing a snake's head. The heart-shaped knob on the top of the +club shown in Fig. 68 resembles the form of an animal head and stands at +an angle of about 45° to the axis of the club. Two of the incised +circles probably represent the eyes. The top of the handle of a digging +stick made of horn of the Rocky Mountain sheep, shown in Fig. 126 is +sculptured to represent an animal head. It was obtained from an Indian +woman living near Union Gap below Old Yakima. + + [398] Spinden, Plate IX, Fig. 19. + + [399] Smith, (c), Fig. 341a; Teit, (a), Fig. 295. + +[Illustration: Fig. 124. Fragment of a Sculpture with Hoof-like part. +From Pasco. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the +collection of Mr. Owen.)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 125. Sculptured Animal Form made of Lava. From an +Indian who claimed to have found it in a grave on the Yakima Reservation +two miles below Union Gap below Old Yakima. 1/2 nat. size. (Drawn from +photographs 44452, 2-1, 44455, 2-4, and 44503, 6-4. Original catalogue +No. 36 in the collection of Mr. Janeck.)] + +Fig. 124 illustrates a fragment of sculpture from Pasco. It is +hoof-shaped and is here reproduced from a sketch of the original in the +collection of Mr. Owen. The sculptured animal form made of lava shown in +Fig. 125 which was mentioned on p. 38, bears a mortar or dish in its +back. It is a good example of an art form which has been specialized so +that it may be used or at least so that the useful part is less +prominent than the animal figure. It has been sculptured by pecking. The +raised eyes are almond-shaped rather than elliptical, and the ears are +indicated by raised places on the transverse ridge at the top of the +head. The mid-rib or dewlap under the chin is about 6 mm. wide and of +the three transverse grooves in this, only the upper one is deep. The +tail is slightly under cut. The grooves are all more or less colored +with vermilion, apparently a mineral paint and consequently sufficiently +lasting so that we need not consider even the painting as necessarily +modern. The general form and especially the four elephantine legs remind +us of a somewhat similar animal form with a dish in its back found in a +shell heap in the delta of the Fraser River[400] and the animal form +with the dish in its back resembles slightly carvings found in the +Lillooet Valley[401] and the Thompson River region. + + [400] Smith, (a), Fig. 56. + + [401] Teit, (b), Fig. 97. + +The pipe made of steatite shown in Fig. 128[402] illustrates the modern +type of carving in soft, easily cut stone, as well as the style of white +metal inlaying employed here during recent years. In this case, the +inlaying is nearly bilaterally symmetrical as may be seen by comparing +Fig. 128a with the outlines in _c_ and _d_. The carving is not +symmetrical, the human form holding a fish-like form appearing on one +side only, while the rear figure evidently represents a turtle which +animal is found in the valley. The other two figures are not easily +identified but the forward one perhaps represents a dog, the white metal +inlay on it possibly representing a harness, but as likely was merely +for decoration. The figure on the base of the pipe might represent a +lizard or any quadruped with a long tail. This form and the way it is +represented as clinging to the cylindrical part of the pipe at least +remind us of similar forms seen on totem poles in the region from Puget +Sound to Victoria.[403] The technique is rather crude and the style of +art does not closely resemble that of the coast, but reminds us of +certain sculptures found on pipes and on the carved wooden stems of +pipes in the Plains where this particular shape of pipe is much more +common than here. + + [402] First figured on p. 283, Archaeology of the Yakima Valley by + Harlan I. Smith, Washington Magazine, June, 1906. + + [403] Cf. also Smith, (b), Fig. 185a. + +[Illustration: Fig. 126 (202-8121). Handle of Digging Stick made of Horn +of Rocky Mountain Sheep. From an Indian woman living near Union Gap +below Old Yakima. 1/4 nat. size.] + +In Fig. 105 is illustrated a fragment of a sculptured tubular pipe made +from steatite by cutting or scratching and drilling the soft material +rather than by pecking. It was apparently intended to represent an +anthropoid form. The mouth is indicated by an incision, the other +features of the head are more difficult to determine, but both the arm +and the leg stand out in high relief. As previously suggested on p. 111, +this style of art slightly resembles that found in the region from the +Lillooet Valley to the Lower Willamette and as far east at least as The +Dalles.[404] It is possible that some of the sculptures found in the +Thompson River region[405] adjoining the Lillooet Valley on the east and +the Yakima region on the north, may be somewhat related to the style of +art of this fragmentary pipe. The human form shown in Fig. 121 has been +discussed on p. 127 as it is incised rather than carved in the round. +Clark mentions a "malet of stone curiously carved,"[406] which he says +was used by the Indians near the mouth of the Snake River and Eells[407] +mentions two stone carvings from the general area of which this is a +part which he describes as horses' heads. If this interpretation be +correct, the carvings are evidently modern. The fish form shown in Fig. +119 has been mentioned on p. 127. + + [404] Teit, (b), Figs. 68 and 95-97; Smith, (d), Fig. 183 and + especially Figs. 195b and 198. + + [405] Smith, (d), Fig. 113; (b), Fig. 185a. + + [406] Lewis and Clark, III, p. 124. + + [407] Eells, p. 293. + +[Illustration: Fig. 127. Pipe made of Stone. From a hillside grave on +Toppenish Creek near Fort Simcoe. Collected by Mrs. Lynch. 1/2 nat. +size. (Now in the collection of Mr. George G. Heye, New York.)] + +The very form of the pestle shown in Fig. 34 and the symmetrical outline +of the club shown in Fig. 62 are in themselves somewhat artistic, while +the fact that the pipe shown in Fig. 113 somewhat represents a tomahawk +or hatchet suggests that it may have been sculptured as representative +art. It seems likely that it was modelled after the metal tomahawk pipe +introduced by the traders which of course would indicate that it was +recently made. + +[Illustration: Fig. 128. Sculptured and Inlaid Pipe made of Steatite +with Wooden Stem. From Chief Moses of the Yakima Region. 1/2 nat. size. +(Drawn from photograph 44508, 6-9, 6-10, 6-11. Original in the +collection of Mrs. Lynch.)] + + +_Coast Art._ The pipe shown in Fig. 127 which was mentioned on p. 116 is +clearly of the art of the northwest coast. It must have been brought to +this region from as far at least, as the Kwakiutl and Haida region, and +may be the work of an artist from that part of the coast, on Vancouver +Island, north of Comox. Although in a fragmentary condition, this +sculpture exhibits an excellent technique of its style of art. Astride +of the stem is a human figure with the left hand to the chest, and the +right one resting on the right knee. The head is missing, the chest +muscular. The other end of the pipe apparently represents the thunder +bird. The head and most of the figure are bilaterally symmetrical. The +beak is cut off in such a manner as to form a flat surface at the tip. +The feathers of the rear portion of the left wing extend in a different +direction from those on the tip, while those of the right wing are +parallel with those on the rear part of the left wing. The lower side or +tail of this bird figure is broken off, but it probably extended to the +broken place shown at the neck of the human face on the base of the +pipe. In it, may be seen a groove, the half of a longitudinal +perforation which does not connect with the pipe bowl. The carving on +the right side of the pipe bowl, the top of which is broken away, is +practically the same as that on the left, while the base is carved to +represent a human head. + + + + +METHOD OF BURIAL. + + +In ancient times, there were three principal methods of disposing of the +dead: in graves in domes of volcanic ash, in rock-slide graves, and in +cremation circles. In all of these they were covered with stones.[408] +Detailed descriptions of the graves explored by us, are given in the +appendix. There are also burials covered with pebbles, some of which may +be old; and recent graves (p. 20), where the bodies were apparently +buried at length with the feet to the east, and both head and foot +marked by a stake, the one at the head being the larger. Simple graves +in the level ground known to be old were not found. Gibbs saw bodies +wrapped in blankets and tied upright to tree trunks at some distance +above the ground near the mouth of the Okanogan River.[409] + + [408] Cf. also Yarrow, p. 178; Gibbs, (b), p. 201. + + [409] Gibbs, (a), p. 413. + + +_Burials in Domes of Volcanic Ash._ In this arid region are stretches of +country locally known as 'scab land,' on which are occasionally groups +of low dome-shaped knolls from about fifty to one hundred feet in +diameter, by three to six feet in height.[410] These knolls consist of +fine volcanic ash, and apparently have been left by the wind because +held in place by roots of sage brush and other vegetation. This ashy +material has been swept from the intervening surface leaving the 'scab +land' paved with fragments of basalt imbedded in a hard soil. The +prehistoric Indians of this region, have used many of these knolls, each +as a site for a single grave (Fig. 2, Plate IX).[411] These graves, +which are located in the tops of the knolls, are usually marked by large +river pebbles, or, in some cases, by fragments of basalt that appear as +a circular pavement projecting slightly above the surface of the soil. +None of them are known to be recent. On the other hand, there is no +positive evidence of their great antiquity. In these we sometimes find a +box or cyst. This box (Plate X) was formed of thin slabs of basaltic +rock some placed on edge and large flat slabs covering the cyst so +formed. Above this, as was usually the case, above the skeletons in this +kind of grave, the space was filled with irregular rocks or pebbles. The +rocks and cyst were entirely different from those of the cairns of the +coast of Washington and British Columbia.[412] The skeletons were found +flexed, on the side. In the graves, artifacts such as dentalium shells +were deposited at the time of burial. + + [410] See Museum negative nos. 44442, 1-3, and 44496, 5-9. + + [411] See Museum negative no. 44497, 5-10, taken from the north of + east. See also pp. 17 and 161. First mentioned in Smith, (g), VI. + + [412] See Smith and Fowke. + +The Kalapuya of the Willamette Valley to the southwest, buried their +dead in the earth. One writer described the process as follows:--"When +the grave was dug they placed slabs on the bottom and sides, and when +they had lowered the wrapped body down, placed another over, resting on +the side ones, and filled in the earth."[413] The account does not seem +to indicate whether these slabs were of wood or stone, but in either +case there is a certain similarity to the graves with the stone cyst +found near Tampico. + + [413] Lewis, p. 178; Galschet, p. 86; American Antiquarian, IV, + 1882, p. 331. + +A grave which may be of this type, found about two and one half miles +south of Fort Simcoe was reported to me by Mrs. Lynch who furnished the +following information about it. It was on a low ridge with the usual +cairn of rocks about three feet high covering it. This cairn was made up +of two distinct layers of rocks, both lying above the contents of the +grave which included the skeleton of an adult man estimated to be at +least six feet tall and that of a child about six to eight years of age, +according to identifications made by the physician of the United States +Indian service stationed at Fort Simcoe. The man's skull which was well +preserved though brittle, was found four feet below the ground or +approximately seven feet below the top of the cairn and on the eastern +side of the grave. The pelvis of the child was completely decayed, and +few of the bones were intact except the maxilla which was found in the +western part of the grave between the patellæ of the man. Near them were +found four "links" [beads] of a copper necklace. The maxilla was deeply +copper-stained. The steatite ornament shown in Fig. 119 was found on the +man's manubrium. + + +_Rock-slide Graves._ The rock-slides on the hill and canon sides as in +the region to the north had frequently been used as burial places. The +graves are found from top to bottom. Some of them seem very old. Others +were proven to be recent by the character of the objects found in them. +The skeletons were in or on the ground and the rocks of the slide had +been piled or caused to slide over them (Fig. 1, Plate VIII).[414] The +skeleton was buried from one to five, six or even ten feet deep. In some +cases, the rocks seemed to have sunk as the body decayed, in others they +formed a pile as if placed there to mark the grave. Some graves were +marked with sticks (Fig. 3, Plate VI). In others, probably always the +older graves, sticks were not seen having doubtless decayed. One of the +graves found rifled 75 feet above the little flat at the edge of the +north side of the Naches River about a mile and a half above its mouth, +seemed to lie walled up with rocks like a well and slabs of a broken +canoe, part of which had been thrown out surrounded a few of the +disturbed bones. The skeletons were always in a flexed position (Fig. 2, +Plate VIII) and objects were found to have been placed in some of these +graves. + + [414] See Museum negative no. 44513, 7-3, from the south in base of + rock-slide on the north side of the Yakima River about a mile below + the mouth of the Naches River, see p. 15. + +Spinden states that cemeteries are readily located by the heaps of +"river-worn or rock-slide boulders" piled over the graves in the Nez +Perce country.[415] They are usually on the first bench above the river +bottom and are found near the traditional village sites, from which they +can be seen. The more common method of disposing of the dead there, was +by burial in the ground, especially on stony hillsides, and covering the +graves with stones to keep off the wild animals. This seems to have been +the prevailing method throughout the whole Columbia region of which this +is a part.[416] Rock-slide graves were sometimes made in basaltic cliffs +in the Nez Perce region. One of these is known to have been used in +recent times from the presence of a Lewis and Clark medal,[417] and +graves marked by pieces of upright cedar and covered by large piles of +stone are reported by Spinden on the east bank of the Snake River, +beside the mouth of the Grande Ronde.[418] + + [415] Spinden, p. 181. + + [416] Lewis, p. 190; Lewis and Clark. IV, pp. 366-7, 371, V, p. 99; + Ross, (a), pp. 320-321; Cox, p. 105; Douglas, p. 339; Gibbs, (a), p. + 405. + + [417] Spinden, p. 181. + + [418] Spinden, pp. 181 and 252. + +Indian graves filled up with stones are numerous in the vicinity of the +several remains (pp. 29, 54 and 82) near Mr. Turner's home, according to +Mr. J. S. Cotton. Mr. Turner told him that all the graves that had been +excavated contained bones in a greatly decayed condition, which +suggested to him that they were very old. These graves, like the other +remains of the vicinity previously mentioned, have been in the same +condition since about 1874. + +The terraces mentioned on p. 13 (Fig. 1, Plate VII)[419] may have been +made to facilitate reaching rock-slide graves in the same slide; while +the pits which were found in the slides (Fig. 2, Plate VII)[420] walled +up on the outer sides like balconies, with the rocks that apparently +came both from the pits and the disturbed slide above them, have been +considered as rifled graves or graves from which the burials had been +removed (p. 13). + + [419] See Museum negative no. 44520, 7-10, from the southwest, about + a mile above the mouth of the Naches River, (p. 13). + + [420] See Museum negative no. 44519, 7-9. The same slide from the + southwest (p. 13). + +The following quotation may refer to rock-slide pits:[421] "In the +eastern part of Marion County, Oregon, there stands an isolated and most +strikingly regular and beautiful butte some three hundred feet in height +and covering nearly a section of land. It was fringed about its base, at +the time of which I write, with fir groves, but its sides and well +rounded and spacious top were devoid of timber, except a few old and +spreading oaks, and perhaps a half dozen gigantic firs, whose weighty +limbs were drooping with age. A meridian section line passes over the +middle of this butte, and four sections corner near its top. While +running this line and establishing these corners in 1851, I observed +many semi-circular walls of stone, each enclosing space enough for a +comfortable seat, and as high as one's shoulders when in a sitting +posture, upon cross-sticks as high as the knee ... the older white +residents said the Indians made them, but for what purpose they could +not say. I became a witness to the use, and was particularly impressed +with the fitness for what I saw. Indians from the North and South +traveling that way generally camped upon the banks of the Abiqua Creek, +a rapid stream of pure, cold water, just issued from the mountains upon +the plain. The butte was near, and this they ascended and, taking seats +within the stone sanctuaries, communed in silence with the Great Spirit. +Bowing the head upon the hands and resting them upon the knees for a few +moments, then sitting erect and gazing to the west over the enchanting +valley interspersed with meadow, grove and stream." The author states +that the place is now called Mount Angel, is surmounted by a Roman +Catholic cathedral and that the Indians called this butte +Tap-a-lam-a-ho, signifying Mount of Communion; and the plain to the west +Chek-ta, meaning beautiful or enchanting. + + [421] Pp. 35 and 36 of an article entitled "Extract from T. W. + Davenport's, Recollections of an Indian agent (not yet published)." + The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, March, 1904, Vol. V, + No. 1. + +Possibly the burials in the domes of volcanic ash and those in the +rock-slides are practically the results of a common motive by the same +people in the same time and the differences may be due simply to the +difference in the character of the near by topography and the relative +convenience of securing the material to cover the graves. This idea is +strengthened by information given me by Mr. W. H. Hindshaw who stated +that from sixteen to thirty miles above the mouth of the Snake River +where it cuts through canons there are rock burial heaps immediately +above flood level and burials in the flood sand below, both of which he +found to contain human bones and implements. He also stated that graves +are found on the bluff overlooking the river. One was curbed with the +remains of a cedar canoe. The grave had a bottom of plank and a cover +over the body--that of a small child--which was wrapped in a fur, +apparently a beaver skin. There were a number of beads and brass buttons +and a large fragment of the shell of the _Schizothoerus nuttallii_ which +must have come from the coast. + + +_Cremation Circles._ Rings of stones (Fig. 1, Plate IX)[422] were also +seen and on excavation within them cremated human remains were found +usually several in each circle. In some cases the ring was irregular and +in others assumed the form of a rectangle. None of them are known to be +recent. In such places, dentalium shells, flat shell beads, and shell +ornaments were usually seen. Mr. Teit says that rings of stones were +also put on top of graves in the Thompson River region. Along the +Columbia, below the mouth of the Snake River, vaults or burial houses +like those found among the Upper Chinook were used.[423] A somewhat +similar method was observed even among the Nez Perce.[424] This suggests +that the cremation circles here described, may be the caved-in remains +of earth-covered burial lodges built somewhat on the plan of the +semi-subterranean winter houses. + + [422] Museum negative no. 44493, 5-6 of circle no. 14 from the east + on the terrace northwest of the junction of the Yakima and the + Naches Rivers (p. 15 and 157). Cf. also Museum negative no. 44522, + 7-2. + + [423] Cf. Lewis, p. 190; Lewis and Clark, II, pp. 139-140. + + [424] Lewis and Clark, IV, p. 369; Lewis, p. 190. + + +_Position of the Body._ In all the old graves the skeletons were flexed +and usually on the side (Plate VIII, Fig. 2).[425] The graves where the +body was buried at length with the feet to the east were doubtless +recent and probably placed that way due to the teachings of Christians. +In the Nez Perce region to the east, the body was placed in a variety of +positions, either flexed or at length[426] and sometimes upon the side. +Considering the difference between the costume and objects used by the +men and those by the women, in the Nez Perce region to the east,[427] it +would seem that the contents of the graves in this near by region may be +used to check the determination of the sex of the skeletons. + + [425] Museum negative no. 44516, 7-6, see grave no. 22, p. 160. + + [426] Spinden, pp. 182 and 252. + + [427] Cf. Spinden, p. 216. + + +_Property with the Dead._ Objects are usually found with the remains of +the dead in all classes of old burials but some of the graves contained +nothing; others very little. There was apparently no radical difference +in the character of the material in the graves in volcanic domes and +those in the rock-slides; but the more modern rock-slide graves seemed, +on the whole, to contain a greater number of objects than the older +graves or the graves in domes. On the coast, objects are found with +recent burials, but rarely in ancient graves. The cremation circles +often contained dentalium shells and bits of shell objects but little +else. In the Nez Perce region to the east a considerable amount of +property, ornaments and utensils is found buried with the dead.[428] + + [428] Spinden, pp. 182 and 252. + + +_Horse Sacrifices._ We discovered no graves containing horse bones or +over which a skeleton of a horse was found, although it will be +remembered that such were found in the Nez Perce region east of +here.[429] There, the killing of horses over the graves of their owners +became the usual practice when horses were plentiful. Sometimes a horse +was buried over the body.[430] In this region, however, we found no +evidences of the horse in connection with the graves other than the +presence of an old Spanish bit in one of the more recent burials. + + [429] Spinden, p. 182. + + [430] Spinden, p. 252. + + +_Diseases._ Out of about seventeen complete skeletons and six skulls +secured in this region by our party those of two children (99-4323, +99-4326) and two adults, one of which was apparently a female (99-4336), +exhibited anchylosis of some of the vertebrae. The left ankle bones of +the other skeleton (99-4327) showed anchylosis with the tibia and one of +the ribs was abnormal. The skeleton of a young child (99-4329) with +persistent frontal suture, an example of retarded development was also +found.[431] + + [431] Cf. Wounds, p. 82. + + + + +CONCLUSION. + + +The connection, nay partial identity, of this culture with that of the +Thompson River region in the southern interior of British Columbia is +supported by considerable evidence. Small heaps of fresh-water clam +shells are found in both regions. The preponderance of chipped points +over those ground out of stone, bone and antler; the presence of digging +stick handles; pestles with flaring bodies and no striking heads, others +with tops in the form of animal heads; celts; the sites of cache pits, +of circular summer lodges marked by rings of stones; and of +semi-subterranean houses with stones on the encircling ridge; pairs of +arrow-shaft smoothers, and bone tubes, were all found to be common to +both regions. The simple pipe bowl found here, although with one +exception not found among archaeological objects in the Thompson area is +commonly used by the present Indians there. Tubular pipes, modern copper +tubes or beads, incised designs consisting of a circle with a dot in it +and engraved dentalium shells, each of a particular kind, besides +pictographs in red, rock-slide sepulchres, modern graves walled up with +parts of canoes, the marking of recent graves with sticks, and the +custom of burying artifacts with the dead were also found to be common +to both areas. Perforated slate tablets of gorget-form are unknown in +both regions. Circles of stones which mark places where cremated human +remains were found in this region sometimes indicate graves in the +Thompson River region. + +Frazer[432] mentions meeting Yakima Indians in the Lillooet Valley which +shows that they travelled even beyond the Thompson River country and +readily accounts for the dissemination of cultural elements. + + [432] Fraser, p. 175. + +On the other hand, many differences in culture are observable. Thus +objects made of nephrite and mica which occur, the former being common +in the Thompson River valley, were not found in the Yakima area. +Quarries and terraced rock-slides such as were seen here are not known +to us in the Thompson River region. The bone of the whale occasionally +found in the Thompson River country is lacking in Yakima collections. +That glassy basalt was not the chief material for chipped implements, as +it was in the Thompson River region, is probably due to the scarcity of +this material and its use is perhaps as rare in the Yakima valley as on +the coast. Chipped implements were made of a greater variety of stone +than in the interior of British Columbia, and a greater proportion were +of the more beautifully colored materials. No harpoon points made of a +unio (?) shell, such as the object found in the Thompson River region or +other objects made of such a shell, were seen. Notched sinkers and large +grooved sinkers were more commonly found than in the Thompson Valley, +while sap scrapers which were common there, were not found in the Yakima +district. A great number of pestles made from short cylindrical pebbles, +forming a type rather rare in the Thompson River region; many long +pestles, of which only four or five have been found in interior British +Columbia; and one with a zigzag design not represented among the finds +from that region, were found in the Yakima area. Saucer-shaped +depressions marking summer lodge sites were not noted by the writer. +Clubs made of stone were more numerous and all are of a different type. +Clubs or other objects made of the bone of the whale or drilled pendants +either circular or elongated were not found. Petroglyphs, pictographs +in white, and representations of feather headdresses were not found +among the archaeological objects in the Thompson region. Graves in +knolls, some with a cyst made of thin slabs of stones constitute another +distinct trait of the Yakima area. + +There is relatively less evidence of contact with the prehistoric people +of Puget Sound and the Pacific coast of Washington, and of southern +British Columbia. Several kinds of sea shells, including dentalium, +haliotis and pectunculus, which must have come from the coast, were +found in the Yakima Valley. Small points chipped from beautiful material +found in this region were occasionally seen on the coast, more +particularly south of Puget Sound. Glassy basalt was used here perhaps +about as much as on the coast. Net sinkers are also about as common here +as on the coast from Gray's Harbor southward. The pestles found in the +vicinity of Vancouver Island are similar to some of the short pestles +found in the Yakima region. Short tubular pipes are found on the coast +in the vicinity of the Saanich Peninsula and the Lower Frazer. The pipe +previously described as clearly representative of the art of the +Northwest coast must have been brought from there or made by a coast +artist, not by one merely familiar with the art of the coast. A portion +of the material indicative of coast culture that was found in the Yakima +Valley may have come up the Cowlitz and down the Toppenish River. + +The similarities mentioned are, however, outweighed by marked +differences. Large shell heaps--the chief feature of Coastal +archaeology--have not been found in the Yakima area, while quarries are +unknown to us on the coast. Objects made of nephrite and whale's bone +are lacking in the Yakima Valley. A very great number of points rubbed +out of slate and bone are found on the coast, but none rubbed out of +slate and only a few rubbed out of bone have been found on Yakima sites. +Net sinkers are much more common than on the coast, where they are +plentiful only from Gray's Harbor southward and in the Lower Columbia +Valley. Long pestles with the tops carved to represent animal heads are +distinctive of the Yakima area, while cylindrical pebbles used as +pestles but slightly changed from the natural form, which are quite +common in the Yakima Valley, are rarely found in the Coast country. One +style of club made of stone commonly found in this vicinity has not been +seen anywhere on the coast, although some clubs made of stone are like +specimens from that region. Perforated slate tablets like Coastal +gorgets are unknown to us from the Yakima area. Cairns common on the +coast are not found in the Yakima country, while the reverse holds true +of rock-slide burials. Graves in knolls are unknown on the Pacific, and +artifacts are often found in the Yakima graves but they seldom, if ever, +occur with ancient burials on the coast. + +Much of the material from the Yakima region resembles that which I have +seen from the general area including the Columbia Valley between +Umatilla and The Dalles, and possibly extending further down the valley. +There seems to be a greater similarity of the art products of the Yakima +to those of the Thompson River region than to those of the Columbia +Valley below the mouth of the Snake, so far as we understand the latter +region at this time, and this according to Lewis[433] is certainly not +contrary to the belief in an earlier occupancy of this region by the +Salish. The culture here resembles that of the Nez Perce region to the +east in that a considerable variety of material was used for chipped +implements.[434] + + [433] Lewis, p. 196. + + [434] Spinden, p. 181. + +Inter-tribal trade may have been a factor in the production of some +observed similarities. It was seen that pipes of three types, one of +which is found as far east as the Dakota, another as far north as the +Thompson River country, and a third as far west as the Queen Charlotte +Islands are all found in this region. It is clear that the ancient +people from the Yakima region had extensive communications not only with +the region southward as far as The Dalles, but also northward, as far as +the more distant Thompson River tribes. If the products of the sea found +in this region came up the Columbia, as may be inferred from Lewis,[435] +it is a good illustration of how trade as a rule, follows the line of +least physical resistance; although the migrations of the tribes do not +always follow such lines because the lines of trade as a rule are +thickly populated by people who resist the migration of their neighbors. +Lewis[436] states that from the coast inward there was only one trade +route of importance in the Washington-Oregon-Idaho region and this led +up the Columbia River to The Dalles where was found the greatest trade +center in the whole region and whither the tribes were wont to come from +the north and south as well as from the east.[437] Klamath,[438] Cayuse, +Nez Perce, Walla Walla and other Sahaptin and probably Salish tribes +were all in the habit of going there to traffic. He also states that +further east, the Sahaptin in their turn, traded with the Shoshone from +whom they obtained buffalo robes and meat. The center for this trade at +least in later times was the Grande Ronde in eastern Oregon;[439] but +this later center probably came into being after the advent of the +horse. The Okanogan are known to have crossed the mountains to Puget +Sound to trade wild hemp for sea shells especially dentalia as well as +for other small objects.[440] The Yakima also in later times crossed the +mountains and traded with Puget Sound tribes according to Gibbs,[441] +but if this trade were carried on in earlier times its effect in the +Yakima Valley seems to have been slight as indicated by the few +dentalium shells, the shell pendants shown in Figs. 87-94 and the pipe +of coast art, shown in Fig. 127. It is possible that this trade with the +coast became customary only after the horse was introduced. There was a +considerable amount of trade between the Yakima and the Thompson River +and other tribes of British Columbia which was carried on chiefly +through the Okanogan.[442] Lewis[443] states that the Walla Walla who +lived to the south of the Yakima at least in later times visited as far +north as the Thompson River region, and that certain Sahaptin tribes +seem to have moved northward and westward and forced back the Salish +tribes which at the time of Lewis and Clark's visit were on the north +bank of the Columbia and on its tributaries.[444] These tribes were +particularly the Klickitat and the Yakima, an assumption which Lewis +states is supported by the definite assertions of the natives +themselves. A number of old men positively assured Dr. Suckley that they +had pushed their way into the country formerly occupied by the +Salish.[445] The Klickitat, although living in a well wooded region on +the southern slopes of Mt. Adams and Mt. St. Helens are thought to have +been driven by the Cayuse from their earlier home which was further east +and south. Later, they went further west into the Cowlitz Valley.[446] +This may account for the circular pit surrounded by an embankment which +I saw near Rochester in Thurston County and interpreted as the remains +of a semi-subterranean winter house site. Lewis also states that the +Yakima probably lived on the Columbia near the mouth of the river which +now bears their name, and are in fact so located by Cox who places them +on the north and east side of the Columbia. The pressure of neighboring +tribes caused by the coming of the white race no doubt facilitated the +adoption of new cultural details. + + [435] Lewis, p. 193. + + [436] Lewis, p. 193. + + [437] Lewis and Clark, IV, p. 286; Ross, (b), p. 117. + + [438] Gatschet, p. 93. + + [439] Wilkes, IV, p. 394. + + [440] Ross, (a), p. 290; (b), I, p. 44. + + [441] Gibbs, (a), p. 408. + + [442] Cf. Teit, (a), p. 258. + + [443] Lewis, pp. 194-5. + + [444] Lewis and Clark, VI, pp. 115 and 119; Mooney, pp. 734-736. + + [445] Gibbs, (b), p. 224. + + [446] Swan, p. 323. + +As late as 1854, the Palus, a tribe living further east on the Paloose +River regarded themselves as a portion of the Yakima and the head chief +of the Yakima as their chief.[447] The general similarity of the Walla +Walla language to that of the Klickitat and Yakima rather than to that +of the Nez Perce is mentioned by Lewis. + + [447] Stevens, XII, p. 200, Pacific R. R. Rept., Pt. I. + +Cultural elements, especially those associated with the horse and with +the new mode of life which it made possible, probably came from the +region to the southeast, and show a great similarity to the Plains type +of culture. How much the Plains culture had influenced the Plateau type +before the introduction of the horse, is a question.[448] On the +Columbia River, near the mouth of the Yakima, were numerous Indians who +were visited by Clark in 1805, but he says that while he saw a few +horses, the Indians appeared to make but little use of them. If these +were the Yakima Indians there must have been quite a change in their +manner of living in the next few years.[449] This agrees very well with +the time of the introduction of the horse among the Lower Thompson +Indians towards the close of the eighteenth century, according to +Teit.[450] All this would tend to show that the horse, while common in +the Yakima country, about that time, had not yet affected the earlier +customs of the natives. + + [448] Lewis, p. 179. + + [449] Lewis, p. 184; Ross, (b), I, p. 19. + + [450] Teit, (a), p. 257. + +The early culture throughout the great area of which this is a part, +according to Lewis, was of a very simple and undeveloped character, +which probably accounts for the rapidity with which eastern types were +assimilated when once introduced.[451] + + [451] Lewis, p. 180. + +Summing up: the prehistoric culture of the Yakima area resembled that of +its recent inhabitants, as it will be remembered was the case in the +Thompson River region, the Lower Fraser Valley and the Puget Sound +country including the coast from Comox on Vancouver Island to Olympia. +As a typical plateau culture, being affiliated with the neighboring +cultures to the north, east and south, it presented a sharp contrast to +both the present and past cultures of the coast to the west. Compared +with other branches of the Plateau culture area it must be considered +inferior in complexity to its northern neighbor of the southern interior +of British Columbia and also to the adjacent branch near The Dalles to +the south. While each of these divisions has been influenced by the +others more especially in the past, differentiations due to environment +or specific historical conditions lead to local variations without +obscuring an essential unity of cultural traits. + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY. + + + BANCROFT, H. H. The Native Races of the Pacific States of + North America. 5 volumes. 1874-1882. + + CATLIN, GEORGE. O-Kee-Pa. A religious Ceremony and other + Customs of the Mandans. Philadelphia, 1867. + + COX, ROSS. Adventures on the Columbia River, etc. New + York, 1832. + + DE SMET, FATHER. Life, Letters and Travels of Father + Pierre-Jean De Smet, S.J., 1801-1873. Edited by + Chittenden and Richardson. 4 volumes. New York, 1905. + + DOUGLAS. D. Sketch of a Journey to the Northwestern part + of the Continent of North America during the years + 1824-27. (Oregon Historical Society Quarterly, 5-6, + 1904-05.) + + EELLS, MYRON. The Stone Age in Oregon. (Smithsonian + Report, for 1886, Washington, 1889, pp. 283-295.) + + FRASER, SIMON. Journal of a Voyage from the Rocky + Mountains to the Pacific Coast in 1802. + + GATSCHET, ALBERT S. The Klamath Indians of Southwestern + Oregon. (Contributions to North American Ethnology, II, + parts I-II, Washington, 1890.) + + GIBBS, GEORGE. (a) Report on the Indian Tribes of the + Territory of Washington. (Pacific Railroad Report, 1, pp. + 402-436, Washington, 1855.) + + (b) Tribes of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon. + (Contributions to North American Ethnology, I, pp. + 157-241, Washington, 1877.) + + HALE, HORATIO. United States Exploring Expedition during + the years 1838-1842. Under the command of Charles Wilkes. + Vol. VI. Ethnology and Philology. Philadelphia, 1846. + + JOCHELSON, WALDEMAR. Material Culture and Social + Organization of the Koryak. (Memoir, American Museum of + Natural History, 1908, Vol. X, Part 2, pp. 283-842.) + + KANE, PAUL. Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of + North America. London, 1859. + + LEWIS, ALBERT BUELL. Tribes of the Columbia Valley and + the Coast of Washington and Oregon. (Memoirs of the + American Anthropological Association, Vol. 1, Part 2, + 1906.) + + LEWIS AND CLARK. Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark + Expedition. (Thwaites Edition.) New York, 1904. + + LORD, JOHN KEAST. The Naturalist in Vancouver's Island + and British Columbia. 2 vols. London, 1866. + + MALLERY, GARRICK. Pictographs of the North American + Indians. (Fourth Annual Report, Bureau of American + Ethnology, Washington, 1886, pp. 3-256.) + + MOONEY, JAMES. The Ghost-dance Religion and the Sioux + Outbreak of 1890. (Fourteenth Annual Report, Bureau of + American Ethnology, Pt. 2, Washington, 1896.) + + MOOREHEAD, WARREN K. Prehistoric Implements. A + description of the Ornaments, Utensils and Implements of + Pre-Columbian Man in America. New York. 1900. + + ROSS, ALEXANDER. (a) Adventures of the First Settlers on + the Oregon or Columbia River. London, 1849. + + (b) The Fur Hunters of the Far West. 2 vols. London, + 1855. + + SCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY R. Historical and Statistical + Information respecting the History, Condition and + Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. + Philadelphia, 1851-1857. + + SMITH, HARLAN I. and FOWKE, GERARD. Cairns of British + Columbia and Washington. (Memoir, American Museum of + Natural History, 1901, Vol. 4, Part 2, pp. 55-75.) + + SMITH, HARLAN I. (a) Shell-Heaps of the Lower Fraser + River, British Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of + Natural History, 1903, Vol. 4, Part 4, pp. 133-191.) + + (b) Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound. + (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1907, Vol. + 4, Part 6, pp. 301-441.) + + (c) Archaeology of the Thompson River Region. (Memoir, + American Museum of Natural History, 1900, Vol. 2, Part 6, + pp. 401-442.) + + (d) The Archaeology of Lytton, British Columbia. (Memoir, + American Museum of Natural History, 1899, Vol. 2, Part 3, + pp. 129-161.) + + (e) Archaeological Investigations on the North Pacific + Coast in 1899. (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 2, + No. 3, July-September, 1900.) + + (f) New Evidence of the Distribution of Chipped Artifacts + and Interior Culture in British Columbia. (American + Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 11, No. 3, July-September, + 1909). + + (g) A Costumed Human Figure from Tampico, Washington. + (Bulletin, American Museum of Natural History, 1904, Vol. + 20, Article 16, pp. 195-203.) + + (h) A Remarkable Pipe from Northwestern America. + (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 8, No. 1, + January-March, 1906, pp. 33-38.) + + SPINDEN, HERBERT JOSEPH. The Nez Perce Indians. (Memoirs + of the American Anthropological Association, Vol. 2, Part + 3, 1908, pp. 171-274.) + + STEVENS, ISAAC I. Report of the Commissioner of Indian + Affairs for 1854, pp. 181-254. + + SWAN, JAMES G. The Northwest Coast; or Three Years' + Residence in Washington Territory, New York, 1857. + + TEIT, JAMES. (a) The Thompson Indians of British + Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, + 1900, Vol. 2, Part 4, pp. 163-392.) + + (b) The Lillooet Indians. (Memoir, American Museum of + Natural History, 1906, Vol. 4, Part 5, pp. 193-300.) + + WHITMAN. MRS. MARCUS. Letters written by Mrs. Whitman + from Oregon to her relations in New York. (Transactions + of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1891, pp. 79-179, + and 1893, pp. 53-219.) + + WILKES, C. Narrative of the United States Exploring + Expedition during the years 1838-1842. 5 vols. + Philadelphia, 1845. + + YARROW, H. C. A Further Contribution to the Study of the + Mortuary Customs of the North American Indians. (First + Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, + 1881, pp. 91-203.) + + + + +APPENDIX. + + +The following appendix contains a detailed account of graves with +catalogue numbers of their contents and other finds, upon which the +preceding descriptions are based. + + +KENNEWICK. + + 202-8114. Flint chip from the surface. No chips of this + quality were found in the Thompson River region. + + 202-8115. Chipped point made of buff jasper from the + surface (Plate II, Fig. 1). + + 202-8116. Large grooved pebble from the beach of the + Columbia River. + + 202-8117. Chipped pebble from the surface. + + 202-8118. Broken pestle from the surface. + + 202-8119. Chipped and battered hammerstone from the + surface. (Fig. 43). + + 202-8120. One half of a sculptured tubular steatite pipe, + purchased from Mr. W. F. Sonderman who dug it up while + building a flume near Kennewick (Fig. 105). + + +NORTH YAKIMA. + + 202-8121. Sculptured handle of a digging stick made of + the horn of a Rocky Mountain sheep purchased of Mr. W. Z. + York, at Old Yakima, who bought it from an Indian woman + living near Union Gap below Old Yakima. She, however, may + have brought it from some other locality. (Fig. 126). + + 202-8122. Tubular steatite pipe (Fig. 104). + + 202-8123. Pestle made of stone. Presented by Mr. W. M. + Gray of North Yakima. Found where the Moxie Ditch enters + the flume, about 3 miles northeast of the mouth of the + Naches River and southeast of the Yakima River. + + 202-8124. Fragment of rock painted red. Part of a + pictograph showing a human figure with feather headdress + (Plate XIV, Fig. 1), taken from the basaltic cliffs + southeast of the Naches River above the mouth of Cowiche + Creek, about four miles northwest of North Yakima. + Several other pictographs were photographed here from the + north: Plate XV, Fig. 2 (44480, 4-5), white human heads + with feather headdresses and white and red double star + figure; Plate XIV, Fig. 2 (44483, 4-8), white human heads + with feather headdresses, also (44484, 4-9), Plate XV, + Fig. 1 (44485, 4-10); Plate XVI, Fig. 1 (44486, 4-11), + and Plate XVI, Fig. 2 (44487, 4-12), white and red human + heads with feather headdresses. + + 202-8125. Six parts of pebbles, from the surface of the + flat on the east side of the Yakima River at "The Upper + Gap" near the northern end of North Yakima, as samples of + what could have been used as material for arrow points. + +[Illustration: +Miss Ruth B. Howe Delin. +Fig. 129. Sketch Map of the Yakima Valley. ] + + Numbers 202-8126 to 202-8136 are from the quarry shown in + Plate III, Fig. 1 (44488, 5-1 from the south, 44489, 5-2, + and 44490, 5-3). This quarry is on the ridge top north of + the Naches River, about two miles above its mouth (p. + 16). + + 202-8126. Stone, possibly a hammer. + + 202-8127. Two river pebbles used as stone hammers. + + 202-8128. Hammerstone (Fig. 40). + + 202-8129. Pebble used as a hammer. + + 202-8130. Fragment of a hammerstone, edge smooth. + + 202-8131. Two fragments of hammerstones. + + 202-8132. Four pieces of raw material for chipped + implements. + + 202-8133. Seven pieces of raw material for chipped + implements possibly waste from pieces blocked out to be + transported or possibly too small or of too poor a + quality to be transported. + + 202-8134. Two pieces of raw material, perhaps chipped. + + 202-8135. Two pieces of raw material, perhaps too poor to + be transported. + + 202-8136. Thirty pieces of raw material, some very good, + some very poor, all apparently waste of pieces blocked + out to be transported. No finished or broken implements + were found here. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 1. Plate VI, Fig. 3 (1910) from north of west + of the grave before it was disturbed (p. 14). This grave + was about 50 feet up the gully from No. 2, and was + excavated by us May 18. It was marked by a stick which + was very dry but not yet fully decayed. It was located in + the rock-slide on the east slope of the gully, a steep + ravine going down from the south to a little flat + southeast of the Yakima River. This ravine is on the + north side of the hill on the east of the Yakima River at + the mouth of the Naches River. The grave was about a mile + northeast of the mouth of the Naches River, and about 80 + feet above the Yakima. From the spot one can see out over + the valley of the Yakima. The grave was on a slight, + bench, terrace, or place that could be so interpreted. + There were large pits and terraces in the slide above + this grave, like those shown in Plate VII. Indications of + very old charred cedar strips were found across the + grave. Charcoal was found among the rocks, and the grave + was bounded by a sort of circular balcony of rocks of the + rock-slide and had a slight flat or depression in the + center. On top, the stones were large, averaging the size + of a man's head, some 30 pounds, some 100 pounds, some + the size of a man's fist. Below, covering the body, the + rocks were small and many were fine, being chipped small + from the same rock by fire. All except this burned rock + were the common irregular angular rock-slide material. In + the bottom of the grave were found adult human bones, + partly charred black, the parts not so charred were + yellow. Numbers 202-8137 to 202-8152 were found in this + grave. + + 202-8137. Left half of a charred human jaw, parts are + ivory black and parts yellowish gray. + + 202-8138. Part of a human vertebra. + + 202-8139. Some charred and calcined bones of a dog with + the joint end of the tibia showing the articulation + pulled off as in youth. Ashes and black fine masses + resembling pulverized charcoal were found in the bottom + of the grave. The human bones found with these were + probably of two skeletons, but all were much broken and + charred. Some yellow brown mass, composed of rootlets, + maggot sacks, etc., was found at the sides of the grave. + + 202-8140. At the east side of the grave, a large piece of + partly charred cedar about 8 inches wide by 2 inches + thick was found. + + 202-8141. Chipped point of obsidian with base broken off, + showing that at least some of the contents of the grave + were of prehistoric culture. + + 202-8142. Finely chipped point made of brown chert found + in fire refuse of this grave (Plate II, Fig. 5). + + 202-8143. Scorched point made of bone (Fig. 9). + + 202-8144. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found + with it. + + 202-8145. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found + with it. + + 202-8146. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found + with it. + + 202-8147. Tube of rolled brass having the diameter of a + lead pencil. Proving this grave to have been made since + the prehistoric people were able to reach the whites in + trade. + + 202-8148. Tube similar to 202-8147 (Fig. 75). + + 202-8149. Charred tube made of bone about 1-1/4 inches + long. + + 202-8150. Tube similar to 202-8149 (Fig. 97). + + 202-8151. Scorched tube made of bone and ornamented by + incisions running from one end to the other in a spiral + course. The tube is charred and about 1-1/4 inches long + (Fig. 98). + + 202-8152. Slate disk perforated in the center and at each + side. The object is about 1 inch in diameter and 1/8 inch + thick (Fig. 77). + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 2. Rock-slide grave, about 50 feet down the + ravine from grave No. 1 and about 40 feet above the + flume. It had grass growing in the center. The grave + seemed caved in and as if thoroughly walled like a well. + It contained nothing, apparently having been rifled. + Before excavation this seemed to be more like a grave + than No. 1. (See photograph taken from the southwest.) + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 3. Rock-slide grave. + + 99-4314. Bleached skull and jaw of an adult purchased of + a boy who said it was from a rock-slide grave on the + north side of the Yakima Ridge lying east of the Yakima + River above the Upper Gap. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 4. Rock-slide grave about 6 feet southeast of + grave No. 5 at Selah Canon. As this grave had been opened + and the skeleton had been disturbed, no accurate + description as to its position can be given. Some of the + rock-slide material was quite large, weighing from 200 to + 300 lbs; depth, 4 feet; diameter, 3 feet. Decayed wood + was found in the grave and long poles on the side of the + grave. The grave was probably not very old. + + 99-4315. Part of skull and skeleton of a youth which was + partly bleached. Found in Grave No. 4. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 5. Rock-slide grave in Selah Canon and about 6 + feet northwest of grave No. 4. Apparently this grave had + been rifled. The adult skull lay to the west and was + broken. The skeleton was flexed, the feet were toward the + east and the knees south of the vertebrae, that is, the + skeleton was on the right side. The grave which was about + 75 feet up the hillside, and 1-1/2 miles east of the + Yakima River on the south side of Selah Canon, was about + 3-1/2 feet deep by 3-1/2 feet in diameter. Long poles lay + on the side of the grave while decayed wood, leather + thongs and dried flesh yet adhering to some of the bones, + in this kind of a grave even in such a dry region as + this, especially the last two, suggest the grave to be + recent. + + 99-4316. Jaw and skeleton of an adult. Found in grave No. + 5. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 6. Rock-slide grave about 100 feet up the + hillside at the top of a rock-slide on a point south of + the Yakima River about 2 miles northeast and above the + mouth of the Naches River. The bones were found in + excavating an adjacent barren grave, 5 feet to the + northeast and had probably been thrown out of this one on + top of it. Pieces of cedar were scattered around the + grave, which had been rifled. Its depth was 5 feet, + diameter 5 feet. + + 99-4317. Skull and one hip bone of an adult. Probably + from grave No. 6. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 7. Rock-slide grave situated northeast of North + Yakima and about half a mile northeast of grave No. 6. + There is a road near the edge of the grave. The grave had + been rifled and pieces of wood were found lying near it; + the bones were scattered around and broken. None of them + were in anatomical order. Numbers 202-8153 to 202-8156 + were found in this grave. + + 202-8153. One brass bell. + + 202-8154. Three glass beads. + + 202-8155. Two shell beads. + + 202-8156. Three dentalium shells. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 8. Rifled rock-slide grave. The skeleton which + had been wrapped in cedar bark had been taken away. + Nothing besides the cedar bark was found. The grave was + found near No. 7 and about a half mile northeast of No. + 6. Wood was lying near by. There was a road near the edge + of the grave which had been rifled. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 9. Rock-slide grave found near No. 7 which was + situated about half a mile northeast of No. 6. The grave + contained nothing but charcoal. There was wood lying near + by. There was a road near the edge of the grave which had + been rifled. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 10. Rock-slide grave excavated June 2, 1903. + This grave was 150 feet up the hill from the Naches + River, half a mile above its mouth and on the north side. + It was 5 feet long by 6 feet wide and 4 feet deep and had + been disturbed and many of the bones thrown out. Dry + poles and cedar boards lay around the top. Numbers + 99-4318, 202-8157 to 202-8169 were found in this grave. + + 99-4318. An adult skull and skeleton with abnormality on + right malor and with one rib expanded, part of a young + adult skeleton and part of a child's skeleton were found. + Some of the bones were bleached. The adult and the child + were on the bottom. These two bodies had been wrapped in + bark and placed in a hole one foot deep in the ground + below the slide. The adult's head was to the west + southwest. On top and to the east northeast was the young + adult. Human hair was also found in grave No. 10. + + 202-8157. Four parts of the hearth of a fire drill, + similar to that used in the Thompson River region. See + Teit, (a) p. 203, for descriptions of fire drills (See + also Fig. 38.) + + 202-8158. Wolf or dog bones, some of them bleached. + + 202-8159. Part of a decorated wooden bow (Fig. 114). + + 202-8160a, b. Two pieces of a basket. Doubtless of a + finer stitch than those from the Thompson River Indians. + See Teit, (a), Fig. 131a and Figs. 143 to 146. + + 202-8161. Piece of coarse coil basket with splint + foundation and bifurcated stitch (Fig. 17). + + 202-8162. Piece of a stitched rush mat (p. 86). + + The bill of a saw-bill duck was found but not preserved. + + 202-8163. Copper tubes with six beads, short sections of + dentalium shells, which were found from the top to the + bottom of the grave. These beads were strung. + + 202-8164. Four bone tubes found near the bottom and + mostly to the east northeast of the grave. + + 202-8165. Point made of bone found to the west northwest + in grave (Fig. 7). + + 202-8166. A perforated cylinder made of steatite found at + about the center of the grave (Fig. 99). + + 202-8167. Fishbone. + + 202-8168. Three pieces of yellow jasper (raw material). + + 202-8169a, b, c. Three small arrow points, one found on + center, one in east northeast part and one in south of + grave. _a_ is of brownish fissile jasper (Plate II. Fig. + 2). + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 11. Rock-slide grave located on the north side + of the Naches River, a little over half a mile above its + mouth. The place is about 600 feet west southwest of + grave No. 10 and 150 feet above the river. It was 6 feet + by 4 feet in diameter and 4 feet deep. Apparently it had + been rifled as nothing was found in it except a skull and + a few bones. + + 99-4319. Skull, a lower jaw, and a few broken bones which + were scattered among the rocks. The skull was found in + the west southwest part of the grave with the face down. + The lower jaw was found in the southern part of the grave + about 1 foot higher up in the rocks. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 12. Bluff pebble grave. We examined a ring of + river boulders on the twenty-acre farm of Mr. James + McWhirter, a boy about fifteen years old, twelve miles up + the Naches River on the crest of the foothill terrace + north of the road, and overlooking the bottom along the + north side of the Naches River. This grave was about 150 + feet high above the river by about half a mile from it. + At first it looked like a little underground house site + or a shallow cache pit. (Museum negative, no. 44441, 1-2 + for general locality.) James, who called our attention to + the pile of boulders, said that some one threw off part + in an abandoned attempt to dig the grave. We thought the + grave practically undisturbed and it proved to have been + the least disturbed of any we had found up to this point. + The outside of the ring was 10 feet east and west by 5 + feet north and south. The inside of the ring or the space + surrounded was 6 feet east and west by 4 feet north and + south. Probably this grave was a boulder heap, the aspect + of a ring being given by the removal of the stones, i.e., + this central space may be where stones were thrown off. + River boulders were found from top to bottom. The + boulders varied in weight from about 7 to 30 pounds. Most + of them were disk-shaped but some were oval. Numbers + 99-4320 and 202-8170, 1 were found in this grave. + + 99-4320. An adult skeleton was found 4 feet deep with the + head towards the west, resting on its occiput. The skull + which was broken, faced south by east, with the mouth + open. The knees were north; the body was on its left side + and flexed. Over the north side of the knees was an + elliptically-shaped piece of cedar burned on the upper + side. It was about 2 feet wide by 4 feet long. A few + fragments of the skeleton of a child were found in the + grave. All the bones in the grave were very soft and as + the ends were broken off we discarded all but the skull + and a few of the bones of the child. Two shell disks + (202-8170,1) were found about 6 inches apart near the + neck, one at the south shoulder, and one at the south + side of the skull of the adult. + + 202-8170. Pendant of disk shape made of oyster shell with + one perforation near the edge (Fig. 94). + + 202-8171 Pendant of disk shape made of shell with two + perforations near one edge (Fig. 93). + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 13. Cremation circle, similar to several of the + others on the terrace northwest of the mouth of the + Naches River. This consisted of a ring of angular rocks + among which were no river pebbles, resembling a small + underground house site, 8 feet in diameter outside, 6 + feet in diameter at the top of the rocks, 4-1/2 feet in + diameter inside, both east-west and north-south. It is + widest and built of largest stones on the side towards + the lower part of the terrace, suggesting that the ring + had slid down but the nearly level terrace would argue + against this idea. This grave was like a rock-slide + grave, filled with soil, but on a gently sloping terrace + instead of a steep slide. Photograph no. 44495, 5-8, from + the south shows a telegraph pole to left and a flume + across the Yakima River to the right. See also graves No. + 14 and 15. Child bones, found two feet deep in volcanic + ash, were decayed and discarded. The tibiae were about + 2-1/2 inches long. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 14. This cremation circle was situated on the + terrace about 100 feet above the Naches River and about + 250 yards north of the two bridges near its mouth. Plate + IX, Fig. 1 (photograph no. 44493, 5-6) shows this from + the east with telegraph poles beyond. The stone circle + measured 6 feet north and south inside (16 outside) by 7 + feet east and west inside (14 outside). Our excavation + here was 6 by 5 by 4 feet deep. Fragments of charred + human bones, and some that seemed not to be charred, of + six or seven individuals were found from about 1 foot + deep down to 4 feet deep. Most of these were pieces of + skulls, but pieces of many other bones were found. The + bones which were most burned, were those found nearest + the surface. Much charcoal was seen. A layer of ashes + about 6 inches in thickness was found in the center. In + the northwest part of the hole a skeleton was found lying + on the left side flexed, the face east, and the head + north. This may have been buried after the others. The + bones were very much decomposed and the skull was broken + into small pieces. Numbers 202-8172 to 202-8174 were + found in this grave. + + 202-8172. A shell ornament found on the east side of the + skull. + + 202-8173. Two dentalium shells found on the west side of + the skull. Dentalium shells were found in all parts of + the excavation but were most numerous in the northeastern + parts. + + 202-8174. A shell ornament. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 15. Cremation circle excavated on June 10, 11 + and 12. Shown from the east in photograph No. 44494, 5-7. + It is 56 feet west of grave No. 14 and further up the + terrace. The outside circle of stones measured 15 feet + north and south by 15 feet east and west. The next circle + of stones measured 9 feet north and south by 9 feet east + and west. The space inside the stone circle measured 7 + feet north and south by 7 feet east and west. The depth + varied from 2 feet 6 inches in the east and south parts + to 4 feet in the north and west parts below all of which + was a pitching layer of basaltic rocks. The three rings + of stones surrounded a hollow. The inner row was about 12 + inches lower than the outer ring. Several boulders were + found in the grave. Ashes and lava composed the grave + soil. The whole cremation circle seemed to have been the + burned remains of a communal or family depository for the + dead, probably a hut like an underground winter house + walled around the edge of the roof with stones. Two + skeletons were found on the bottom, apparently not + burned, but much decayed. They were discarded. Numbers + 202-8175 to 202-8182 were found in this grave. + + 202-8175. Charcoal was abundant but most of it was found + about 14 inches deep. + + 202-8176. Broken and charred human bones of about twelve + individuals were found throughout the grave in a space + about 8 by 5 feet beginning at the east inner ring of + stones and extending beyond the second circle on the + west. They were found from 8 inches deep to parts of the + bottom. + + 202-8177. Dentalium shells were very abundant. + + 202-8178. Engraved dentalium shells (Fig. 118). + + 202-8179. Several kinds of shell ornaments were found in + the northern and northwestern parts of the grave. + + 202-8180. Several burned pieces of shell. + + 202-8181. One piece of metal, probably copper. + + 202-8182. Several pieces of shell of different kinds. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 16. Shallow cremation circle, 13 feet north and + south by 14 east and west (outside); 5 feet north and + south by 7 feet east and west (inside). Charred human + bones of a child about 10 years old were found. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 17. Cremation circle situated 58 feet west from + grave No. 15 and 46 feet west from grave No. 16. Its + diameter was 13 feet east and west by 14 feet north and + south outside of all stones. The diameter was 5 feet east + and west by 6 feet north and south inside. At the middle + of the stone ring the diameter was 9 feet. The middle of + the excavation was 3 feet deep in volcanic ash. No + evidence of burning was found among the bones except the + presence of charcoal at a depth of four feet. Parts of at + least four skeletons, one adult, and children were found, + all much broken and separated. The bones were mostly in + the southwestern end of the excavation. No skull bones + were found except a lower jaw, while in grave No. 13 most + of the pieces found were of skulls. Numbers 202-8183 to + 202-8185 were found here. + + 202-8183. Three shell ornaments found in the northeastern + part of the grave. + + 202-8184. Two dentalium shells found in the western part + of the excavation. These were the only two found in the + whole grave. + + 202-8185. Piece of copper found in the northwestern part + of the grave. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 18. Cremation circle situated 84 feet south of + grave No. 14. This grave had possibly been rifled. The + stone circle was 15 feet in diameter outside and 9 feet + in diameter inside. The excavation was 2 feet, 6 inches + to 3 feet 6 inches deep. Excavation 7 feet by 6 feet. + Some fragments of human bones were found on the surface. + There were more stones mixed in the earth than in the + graves previously excavated here; viz: Nos. 13 to 17. + Ashes were abundant especially at the bottom. Many pieces + of much broken human bones were found but not as many as + were seen in grave No. 15 and they were less burned than + in that grave. Numbers 202-8186 to 202-8187 were found in + this grave. + + 202-8186. Two engraved dentalium shells. + + 202-8187. Two dentalium shells of which one was crushed + and discarded. A broken flat shell ornament which we also + discarded, was found here. + + * * * * * + + Graves Nos. 19-20. These cremation circles were of the + usual construction, showed nothing new and contained no + specimens. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 21. Cremation rectangle last explored on the + terrace near the mouth of the Naches River and situated + 300 feet northwest from the two bridges. The rectangular + enclosure was bounded by a single row of stones, but on + the south several rows were placed outside to conform + with the slope of the hill covering a semi-circular area, + while on the west was a second row of marking stones. It + was 12 feet long north and south by 8 feet wide east and + west and 3 feet, 6 inches deep. Part of a child's skull, + two scapulae, two tibiae, and a piece of a femur of + another child; bones of a young adult; a small piece of + skull and part of a femur of an adult were found. All + the bones were in a poor state of preservation. Numbers + 202-8188 to 202-8189 were found in this grave. + + 202-8188. Dentalium shells. + + 202-8189. A shell ornament was found in this excavation. + A piece of beaver tooth and several pieces of decayed + cedar were also found and discarded. + + * * * * * + + 99-4321. See grave No. 25. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 22. Rock-slide grave located near the top of + the slide and above the flume on the southern side of the + Yakima Ridge on the northern side of the Yakima River + about a mile eastward from the mouth of the Naches River. + Traces of wrappings of stitched rush matting were seen in + the grave. + + 99-4322. Adult skeleton, partly bleached, flexed on back, + head north as shown in situ after removing covering rocks + in photograph (no. 44516, 7-6 from the south by west), + Plate VIII, Fig. 2 (pp. 15 and 142). + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 23. A grave 600 feet up on the plateau south of + Oak Spring Canon, in a dome-shaped mound of volcanic ash + left by the wind. It was not like a rock-slide grave. + Somewhat angular stones unlike rock-slide material among + which were no pebbles, formed a rectangular pile, 15 feet + long by 12 feet wide. The grave contained many stones, + several modern beads, evidently part of a rosary, two + dentalium shells and a human lower jaw, but all were + discarded. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 24. This grave was located in a dome of + volcanic ash on the hill or plateau north of the Ahtanum + River and northwest of Mr. A. D. Eglin's house near + Tampico. It was marked by a rectangular group of rough + and wind smoothed rocks (not rock-slide or river pebble) + which extended down as in the crude cairns, 6 feet + northeast and southwest by 4 feet wide northwest and + southeast, the vault being 5 feet by 3 feet. Numbers + 99-4323 and 202-8190 were found in this grave. + + 99-4323. A skeleton of a child found in a very much + decomposed condition. Some of the bones showed + anchylosis. The skull was found in the southwest of the + grave with part of the pelvis, two humerii and a scapula. + The rest of the skeleton was scattered, the lower jaw + being in the northwest corner of the grave with the + femora, tibiae and fibulae. The skull faced northeast and + rested on the occiput. + + 202-8190. Bone point found at the side of the skull. + + * * * * * + + 99-4324. See grave No. 27. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 25. Eglin stone grave located in a volcanic ash + knoll left behind by wind and surrounded by 'scab land' + on the bottom land about 18 miles up and west of North + Yakima or nearly to Tampico, Yakima County, and on the + north side of the river road, but east of the north and + south branch road which is east of Mr. Sherman Eglin's + place; about 600 feet north of the north branch of the + Ahtanum river and about 15 feet above the water level. + Over the grave was a stone heap of angular basalt about + 8 feet in diameter. At a depth of 3 feet, after finding + stones all the way down, was a cyst (Negative, nos. + 44498, 5-11 and 44499, 5-12, reproduced in Plate X, from + the same station looking east), made up of slabs + averaging 2 inches in maximum thickness with thin sharp + edges about 2 feet by 18 inches and smaller. There were + two such cover stones, some at the sides and ends. + Sometimes two or three such slabs were found parallel or + overlapping. There were no slabs or floor below the + skeleton. This grave resembled very much the stone graves + of Ohio and Kentucky except that the slabs were not of + limestone and there was a pile of rocks over the stone + cyst. Numbers 99-4321, and 202-8191 to 202-8195 were + found in this grave. + + 99-4321. In the cyst about on a level with the lower + edges of the enclosing slabs was the skeleton of a child + about six years old with head west, face north, and the + knees flexed on the left side. The skull was slightly + deformed by occipital pressure (Plate X). + + 202-8191. Horizontally under the vertebrae was found an + engraved slab of antler in the form of a costumed human + figure with the engraved surface up (Fig. 121). + + 202-8192. Dentalium shells were found under the body, + from the neck to the pelvis. + + 202-8193. Ten engraved dentalium shells (Fig. 117). + + 202-8194. A bit of bone. + + 202-8195. Charcoal found in this grave. + + The grave (No. 25) and its contents seem to antedate the + advent of the white race in this region or at least show + no European influence. + + * * * * * + + 99-4322 to 99-4323. See graves nos. 22 to 24. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 26. Rock-marked grave in a dome left by the + wind near the pasture gate on Mr. A. D. Eglin's place and + about half a mile north of his house near Tampico. A heap + of somewhat angular wind abraded rock some being smooth, + (none being river pebbles or rock-slide material) marked + the grave and extended below the surface about two feet. + Then about 1 foot of earth intervened between them and + thin rocks found around the bones of a very young child. + The skull was in the northwest end of the grave and was + disarticulated. The depth was 4 feet, the length of the + excavation 4 feet, and the width 3 feet. The skeleton was + found with the head northwest and the pelvis southeast. A + grave with outward appearance resembling this except that + it had river pebbles among the stones of the pile is + shown in Fig. 2, Plate IX, (Negative no. 44497, 5-10 + taken from the north of east). + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 27. Rock-marked grave in a dome of volcanic ash + left by the wind located about half a mile north of Mr. + A. D. Eglin's house near Tampico. This grave was like a + rude cairn being rudely walled and found filled with + earth and stones as well as covered by rocks of which + eight or nine weighing about 15 or 20 pounds, showed + above the surface of the ground. Its depth was 4 feet, + length 5 feet, and its width, 3 feet 6 inches, extending + west southwest and east northeast. A little charcoal was + found in this grave also. + + 99-4324. Adult skeleton found flexed on left side, facing + northeast. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 28. Rock-slide grave located in a small + irregular rock-slide on the north side of Cowiche Creek + about 3 miles west of its mouth and about 40 feet above + the road. The rocks were piled up in a crescent-shaped + ridge on the lower side of the grave. Four sticks about + four feet long were found planted upright among the + stones. The grave extended east and west. Parts of a + human skeleton were found. It was in a flexed position, + head west, skull and the bones of the upper part of the + body broken and decomposed. The bones of the lower part + of the body were well preserved. The skeleton had been + wrapped in matting or bark, several pieces of matting + being found in the grave as well as parts of a basket. + Numbers 202-8196a and 202-8196b were found in this grave. + + 202-8196a. Chipped point of mottled quartz found near the + skull (Plate II, Fig. 3). + + 202-8196b. Chipped point of white quartz found near the + skull (Plate II, Fig. 4). + + 202-8197. Pestle or roller made of stone from the surface + about a mile east of Fort Simcoe. This is of cylindrical + shape tapering to both ends but to one more than to the + other. Both ends are fractured (Fig. 37). + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 29. Rock-marked grave located on a plateau + above Wenas Creek near its mouth and about seven miles + north of North Yakima. The rocks marking the grave + covered a space 6 feet by 4 feet and extended down to the + skeleton which was very much broken but not decomposed. + No objects other than some charcoal were found in this + grave. + + All the other graves in the vicinity of the mouth of + Wenas Creek seem to have been rifled. + + 202-8198. Broken ulna of a deer found at the mouth of + Wenas Creek about 7 miles north of North Yakima. + + Numbers 202-8199 to 202-8204 were found on the surface at + the mouth of Wenas Creek. + + 202-8199. Small chipped point made of red jasper. + + 202-8200a-c. Three chipped points made of white chert. + + 202-8201. Broken and burned chipped point made of white + chert. + + 202-8202. Broken triangular chipped point made of white + chert. + + 202-8203. Chipped point made of reddish white chert + (Plate II. Fig. 13). + + 202-8204 a, b. Two chipped pieces of white chalcedony. + + Numbers 202-8205a-e to 202-8206f were found in the valley + of Wenas Creek, on the surface near where the trail from + North Yakima to Ellensburg crosses the creek, about 7 + miles north of North Yakima. + + 202-8205a-e. Five pieces of agate of reddish or amber + color. + + 202-8205f. Agate of whitish color + + 202-8206a. A chip of stone. + + 202-8206b-e. Four pieces of stone. + + 202-8206f. Chip of stone. + + Numbers 202-8207 to 202-8209 were found on the surface at + the mouth of Wenas Creek. + + 202-8207. Pestle made of stone. + + 202-8208. Pestle made of stone. + + 202-8209. Broken pebble, battered on the side. + + 202-8210. Fragment of a pestle made of stone of nearly + square cross section. Found on the surface three miles + north of Clemen's ranch, on Wenas Creek where the trail + from North Yakima to Ellensburg crosses. + + 202-8211. Pestle found about 28 miles north of North + Yakima, on the trail to Ellensburg. It was in a dry creek + in "Kittitass" Canon. This canon is probably the + Manastash not the "Kittitass," as we were told. + + +ELLENSBURG. + + 202-8212. Base of a triangular chipped point made of + jasper found on the surface near the town reservoir on + the ridge east of Ellensburg. + + Numbers 202-8213 to 202-8222 were found on the surface of + the bottom land west of Cherry Creek, near Ellensburg. + The place was a village site and is on the farm of Mr. + Bull near where an east and west road crosses the creek, + and opposite where the creek touches on the east, the + west base of the upland. At this point the creek comes up + to the upland from the lowland to the north (p. 12). + + 202-8213. Chipped boulder. + + 202-8214. Notched boulder, or net sinker. + + 202-8215. Battered pebble. + + 202-8216. Four burned stones. + + 202-8217. Gritstone, probably a whetstone. + + 202-8218. Pebble. + + 202-8219. Unio shells. + + 202-8220. Six chips. + + 202-8221. Scraper chipped from chalcedony (Fig. 52). + + 202-8222. Chipped point of heart shape made of clove + brown jasper. (Plate II, Fig. 12). + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 30. Stone circle located on the crest of a + western extension of the Saddle Mountains on Mr. Bull's + farm, east of Cherry Creek and about seven miles south of + Ellensburg. The place is east of the village site + above-mentioned which is on the bottom land along the + west side of the creek at this point. A circular ring of + stones, 10 feet in diameter marked the grave. Smaller + stones and earth in the middle extended 3 feet 6 inches + down to the skeleton. No objects were found except a + plentiful supply of charcoal. + + 99-4325. The bones of an adult human skeleton which + appeared as if it had been flexed were found very much + out of anatomical order. It lay northeast and southwest + in the southeast part of the grave. There was a large + hole in the right frontal of the skull which lay facing + the northwest. The lower jaw was found on top of the + skull with its angle east. Fragments of the tibiae were + blackened by fire. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 31. Rock-slide grave located in the rock-slide + on the west side of the bluff, a western extension of the + Saddle Mountains, east of Cherry Creek and about half a + mile southwest of Mr. Bull's house. One small piece of + decayed wood was found projecting above the rock-slide, + and it was the only indication of the grave, there being + no cavity over it. Among the rocks, four more posts were + found, one at each corner of the grave. These had + evidently rotted off even with the surface, having + formerly, no doubt, extended above it. The depth of the + grave was from 2 to 3 feet, according to the slope of the + hill. Numbers 99-4326 and 202-8223 to 202-8228 were found + in this grave. + + 99-4326. Skeleton of a child with anchylosed neck + vertebrae. Some of the bones were bleached. The bones + were very much displaced, the skull being found in the + middle of the grave and some of the vertebrae being found + near the surface, but most of the bones were around the + skull. The body dressed and wrapped in matting had been + placed between four large boulders. + + 202-8223. Fragments of leather or skin clothing. + + 202-8224. Dentalium shells. + + 202-8225. Glass beads. + + 202-8226. Three bracelets made of iron (Fig. 96). + + 202-8227. A bone disk with central perforation (Fig. 80). + + 202-8228. A bit of a fresh water shell. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 32. Rock-slide grave located about 30 feet + south southwest of grave No. 31 and in the same + rock-slide. It had the same characteristics but had + evidently been disturbed, the skull being missing. No + artifacts were found in the grave. + + 99-4327. Adult skeleton without skull and some bones of a + little child. The bones of an adult were found in a heap + except the vertebrae which lay extended full length; + cervical vertebrae to the north. The bones of one ankle, + a tibia, and fibula were diseased. The cervical vertebrae + are anchylosed; and one of the ribs is abnormal. The + bones of the knees are partly bleached. The bones of the + child being found between the ribs and the pelvis suggest + that it was foetal. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 33. Rock-slide grave located 40 feet south + southwest from grave No. 31 in the same rock-slide with + it. There was nothing on the surface to indicate this + grave, but below the surface of the slide on the upper + side of the grave, were three rows of sticks, about 3 + feet long, standing vertically and close to each other. + These seemed to be so placed that they would prevent the + slide from further movement towards the grave. The grave + cavity was 5 feet south southeast by 4 feet east + northeast and 4 feet deep on one side, 3 feet on the + other, or averaging about 3-1/2 feet deep, and extending + into the soil below the slide. Numbers 99-4328 and + 202-8229 to 202-8230 were found in this grave. + + 99-4328. In the bottom of the grave the skeleton of a + youth was found. It was in good condition, lying on its + back, facing west, but having rolled westward. The legs + were flexed so that the femora lay at right angles or to + the southeast of the pelvis, and the tibiae and fibulae + lay parallel to them. The arms lay extended at the sides + of the body with the hands on the pelvis. Three of the + arm bones and one pelvis bone are stained by copper. The + tibia of a child was found with these. + + 202-8229. Mat of twined rushes found under the pelvis. + The rushes were stitched together in pairs with cord and + each pair was twisted once between each stitch (Fig. 71). + + 202-8230. Open twine matting of rushes held together with + cords woven around them, skin with hair on it, and in + this were copper beads strung with beads made of + dentalium shells on a leather thong (Fig. 72). + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 34. Rock-slide grave found 5 feet south + southwest of grave No. 32. There were no surface + indications of the grave. Posts of decayed wood were + found extending from the surface down to about 6 inches + from the bottom. The tops appeared to have been cut off + and probably never extended above the surface. Numbers + 99-4329 and 202-8231 to 202-8246 were found in this + grave. + + 99-4329. The skeleton of a young child with a persistent + frontal suture was found at a depth of from 3 to 4 feet + with the head east, trunk on back, femora at right angles + to tibiae, and fibulae parallel to them, flexed to left + or south. + + 202-8231. Skin with the hair on found on body. + + 202-8232. Matting. + + 202-8233. Several rows of beads, some of copper, others + of glass and still others of sections of dentalium shells + were found at the neck, arms and legs. These are strung + on pieces of thong, some of which are wound at the ends. + Some of them are on coarse twisted, and others on fine + twisted plant fibre (Fig. 74). + + 202-8234a, b. Two pendants made of haliotis shell were + found, one near the head and one at the pelvis (Fig. 91). + + 202-8235a, b. Two copper pendants were found at the legs, + _b_ has a thong in the perforation. + + 202-8236a-d. Four bracelets made of copper found on the + arms (Fig. 95). + + 202-8237. Teeth of a rodent found in the grave. + + 202-8238. A square pendant made of copper with a thong + and bead made of copper (Fig. 78). + + 202-8239. A pendant made of copper (Fig. 83). + + 202-8240. A bit of wood bounding a knot hole. + + 202-8241. Two dentalium shells. + + 202-8242. A piece of iron. + + 202-8243. Woodpecker feathers, some bound at the tips + with fabric, one with feather, and fur or moss. + + 202-8244. A copper ornament found among the rocks over + this grave about 1 foot deep. + + 202-8245. A pendant made of brass with thong and bead + made of copper found among the rocks over this grave + about 1 foot deep (Fig. 84). + + 202-8246. A pendant made of copper with thong found about + 1 foot deep among the rocks over this grave (Fig. 82). + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 35. Rock-slide grave located in the same slide + with Nos. 31, 32, 33 and 34, 8 feet to the south + southwest of No. 34. The grave was 3 feet in diameter by + 4 feet deep. Four posts of poplar were found at the + corners of this grave but these did not show above the + surface being decayed down to within 6 or 8 inches of the + ground under the rock-slide. Sticks had also been used to + mark this grave on the surface. Numbers 99-4330 and + 202-8247 to 202-8249 were found in this grave. + + 99-4330. The skeleton of a youth was found resting on its + back with the head to the east, arms at the sides, legs + flexed at right angles, i.e., to the north. Two buttons, + one of bone and one of pearl, or shell, and a bridle bit + were found in the grave, but were discarded. + + 202-8247. A bit of shell. + + 202-8248. Thirteen cones made of iron (Fig. 86). + + 202-8249. Two pendants made of iron (Fig. 85). + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 36. A rock-enclosure burial located on the hill + south of Mr. Bull's house near the gap south of + Ellensburg and about 300 feet north of grave No. 30. This + burial was the southwestern of a group of eight, all very + close together and of which the southern circular + enclosure of five had been rifled although the three + oblong enclosures were intact. There were traces of human + bones in all of the eight enclosures. The enclosure to + the north contained a skeleton that had been burned. No. + 36 differed from No. 30 in that the stones did not extend + below the surface. + + 99-4331. At a depth of 3 feet, in the grave pit 5 feet by + 3 feet was the skeleton of an adult lying with the head + north, face east, on the left side, arms extended to + pelvis, legs flexed to left, i.e., to east. No specimens + were found in this enclosure. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 37. A rock-slide grave was located about 10 + feet west of grave No. 35 and was similar to it in + general character. Numbers 99-4332 and 202-8250 to + 202-8258 were found in this grave. + + 99-4332. The very much decomposed skeleton of a child was + found here. The broken skull was preserved. + + 202-8250a, b. Two fragments of antler, perhaps part of an + implement found about 1 inch above the pelvis. + + 202-8251. A triangular copper object with two + perforations found inside the skull. + + 202-8252. A pendant or nose ornament made of haliotis + shell and stained pink in places found on the lower jaw + (Fig. 92). + + 202-8253. Dentalium shells. + + 202-8254. A long shell pendant with two perforations. + + 202-8255. A pendant made of haliotis shell bearing a pink + stain with a perforation and part of a second perforation + (Fig. 90). + + 202-8256. A long shell pendant with one perforation. + + 202-8257a, b. Two triangular objects made of shell. + + 202-8258. Pieces of shell found near the lower jaw. + + +PRIEST RAPIDS. + + 202-8259. One pebble showing use at the end as a pestle. + Found on the surface of the divide 25 miles east of + Ellensburg, and about 15 miles west of Mr. Craig's house + near the head of Priest Rapids. + + 202-8260a, b. Pieces of a pestle made of part of a column + of basalt, with the corners rounded by pecking. Found on + the surface at the head of Priest Rapids on the west side + of the river. + + 202-8261. A pestle made by rounding the edges of a piece + of a basaltic column. Found on the surface of the west + bank of the Columbia River 8 miles above Mr. Craig's + house, which is at the head of Priest Rapids. + + * * * * * + + Numbers 202-8262 to 202-8266 were found on the surface + near the head of Priest Rapids. + + 202-8262. A pestle or part of a pestle. + + 202-8263. A river pebble partly pecked into the form of a + pestle (Fig. 22). + + 202-8264. The end of a pestle having a large striking + head. + + 202-8265. Part of a stone pestle. + + 202-8266. Pestle formed by rounding the corners of a + small basaltic column. + + 202-8267. to 202-8290. Numbers 202-8267 to 202-8290 are + pestles made of stone found on the surface near the head + of Priest Rapids (Fig. 21, 202-8281). + + Numbers 202-8291 to 202-8295 were found on the surface + near the head of Priest Rapids. + + 202-8291. Part of a pestle made of stone. + + 202-8292a. A pebble battered on each end (Fig. 41). + + 202-8292b. Pebble, one side of which has been used as a + mortar. + + 202-8293. Part of a mortar made of stone. + + 202-8294. Part of a mortar. + + 202-8295. Disk-shaped boulder, one side of which is + notched opposite a natural notch. Possibly this has been + a net sinker similar to the following. + + * * * * * + + Numbers 202-8296 to 202-8334 were found on the surface of + the bank of the Columbia River near the head of Priest + Rapids. + + 202-8296. River pebble. Such pebbles were made into + sinkers for fish nets. See 202-8310 and adjacent + catalogue numbers (Fig. 13a). + + 202-8297. Scraper or knife made of a river pebble one + side of which is chipped (Fig. 55). + + 202-8298. River pebble of disk shape, partly chipped. + + 202-8299. River pebble of disk shape, partly chipped on + two edges. + + 202-8300. River pebble of disk shape, partly chipped on + one edge. + + 202-8301. River pebble of disk shape, partly chipped on + two edges. + + 202-8302. River pebble of disk shape, partly chipped on + four edges (Fig. 53). + + 202-8303. River pebble, partly chipped. + + 202-8304. River pebble of disk shape, chipped around the + edge from one side only. + + 202-8305. Disk-shaped river pebble, chipped around the + edge from both sides. + + 202-8306. Disk-shaped river pebble, chipped in two + places, opposite each other from both sides, and at a + place equi-distant from these two from only one side. + + 202-8307. Scraper or knife chipped from a pebble (Fig. + 54). + + 202-8308. Chipped pebble. + + * * * * * + + 202-8309 to 202-8322. Numbers 202-8309 to 202-8322 are + oblong flat river pebbles with a notch chipped in the + edge at each end from both sides. They are probably + sinkers for fish nets. (202-8313, see Fig. 13_c_; + 202-8318, see Fig. 13_b_). + + 202-8323 to 202-8325. Numbers 202-8323 to 202-8325 are + oval flat river pebbles with pieces chipped from the + edges in several places. + + 202-8326. Flat oval river pebble with pieces chipped from + both sides of the edge at five places, probably a sinker + for a fish net. + + 202-8327. Flat disk-shaped pebble with four notches about + equi-distant around the edge, and chipped from each side, + probably a sinker for a fish net. + + 202-8328. Oval river pebble with four notches chipped in + the edge nearly equi-distant from each other, probably a + sinker for a fish net. + + 202-8329. Oval flat river pebble with four notches + chipped in the edge from both sides, and about + equi-distant from each other, probably a sinker for a + fish net. + + 202-8330. Oval flat river pebble with four notches + chipped in the edge from both sides, and about + equi-distant from each other, probably a sinker for a + fish net (Fig. 13_d_). + + 202-8331. Half of a stone ring, probably a sinker for a + fish net. + + 202-8332. Boulder in which groove is partly pecked, + probably a net sinker or anchor. + + 202-8333. Large chipped implement made of basalt (Plate + I, Fig. 1). + + 202-8334. Large chipped form made of white chert (Plate + I, Fig. 3). + + * * * * * + + Numbers 202-8335 to 202-8383 were found on the surface + near the head of Priest Rapids. + + 202-8335. Chipped form. + + 202-8336. Chipped form of white chalcedony (Fig. 3). + + 202-8337. Chipped form. + + 202-8338. Chipped form made of red jasper (Plate _I_, + Fig. 2). + + 202-8339 to 202-8344. Numbers 202-8339 to 202-8344 are + chipped forms. + + 202-8345. Basal half of a chipped point. + + 202-8346. Half of a chipped form. + + 202-8347. Point of a chipped form. + + 202-8348. Part of a chipped form. + + 202-8349 to 202-8354. Numbers 202-8349 to 202-8354 are + points of chipped forms. + + 202-8355. Triangular chipped point. + + 202-8356. Triangular chipped point. + + 202-8357. Chipped form. + + 202-8358. Chipped point. + + 202-8359. Chipped point made of brown horn stone (Plate + II, Fig. 11). + + 202-8360. Triangular chipped point made of pale yellow + chalcedony. The chalcedony is flint-like in texture + (Plate II, Fig. 14). + + 202-8361. Chipped point made of yellow agate (Plate II, + Fig. 10). + + 202-8362. Chipped point. + + 202-8363. Chipped point made of pale fulvous chalcedony + (Plate II, Fig. 8). + + 202-8364. Chipped arrow, knife or spear point made of + chalcedony (Fig. 2). + + 202-8365. Chipped arrow, spear or knife point. + + 202-8366. Chipped arrow point made of pale fulvous + chalcedony (Plate II, Fig. 7). + + 202-8367. Chipped arrow point. + + 202-8368. Chipped arrow point made of opaline whitish + chalcedony (Plate II, Fig. 9). + + 202-8369. Chipped arrow point made of chalcedony (Fig. + 1). + + 202-8370. Point for a drill chipped from chert (Fig. 48). + + 202-8371. Scraper chipped from petrified wood (Fig. 49). + + 202-8372. Scraper chipped from agate (Fig. 50). + + 202-8373. Scraper chipped from chalcedony (Fig. 51). + + 202-8374. Chipped piece of chalcedony. + + 202-8375. Chipped piece of petrified wood. + + 202-8376. Flake of stone. + + 202-8377. Flake of stone. + + 202-8378a. Piece of antler showing knife marks. + + 202-8378b. Part of a wedge made of antler. + + 202-8379. A piece of antler that has been whittled. + + 202-8380a, b, c. Three pieces of antler. + + 202-8381. Bleached barb for a fish spear made of bone + (Fig. 12). + + 202-8382. Six clam shells from the Columbia River. + + 202-8383. Seventeen clam shells from the old shell bed + shown in Plate V, Fig. 1. + + 202-8384. Four shell disks found among the refuse of a + rock-slide grave near the head of Priest Rapids (Fig. + 76). + + 202-8385. One dentalium shell found among the refuse of a + rock-slide grave near the head of Priest Rapids. + + 202-8386. Pendant made of haliotis shell, triangular in + form, perforated at the most acute corner. This shell + came from the Pacific Coast. Found in the grave of a + child in a rock-slide near the head of Priest Rapids west + of the Columbia River near the home of Mr. Craig (Fig. + 89). Numbers 202-8387 to 202-8390 were also found here. + + 202-8387a, b, c, d. Vertebrae of a fish. + + 202-8388. Pendant made of a shell probably a young + _Pectunculus gigantea_. The hinge side has been smoothed + off (Fig. 88). + + 202-8389. Three dentalium shells. + + 202-8390. Twenty-eight shell disks or beads. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 38. A rock-slide grave located on the east side + of the escarpment that runs south to the Columbia River + about two miles southwest of Mr. Craig's house near the + head of Priest Rapids. Stones were heaped up over this + grave and sticks about 6 feet long were standing up and + extended from the earth above the skeleton to 3 feet + above the surface. Numbers 99-4333 and 202-8391 to + 202-8392 were found in the grave. + + 99-4333. An adult skeleton was found at a depth of 3 feet + from the top of the rock heap. The head was east. The + skeleton was flexed and it was lying on the left side. + + 202-8391. Stitched rush matting, probably recent, found + in contact with the skin on this skeleton (Fig. 70). Part + was of the stitch shown in Fig. 71. + + 202-8392. A roll of birch bark. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 39. Grave of a child near grave No. 38. This + child's grave was of the same kind as grave No. 38. + + 202-8393. Pendant or bead made of sea shell (Fig. 87). + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 40. A rock-slide grave found 8 miles above Mr. + Craig's house in a small slide at the foot of the bluff. + Upright cedar slabs about 8 feet long were found along + about 6 feet of the lower part of the grave. The skeleton + of an adult lay flexed along the slabs with the head to + the north. + + 99-4334. The skull. + + Several similar graves, most of which have been rifled, + were seen at this place. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 41. Grave found about 5 miles south of Mr. + Craig's house on the western bank of the Columbia. It was + in the sand, covered with flat river boulders. No + artifacts were found in the grave. + + 99-4335. Adult skeleton, bleached. Much of the skeleton + was found exposed and parts were missing. The head was + north. + + * * * * * + + Grave No. 42. Boulder-covered grave in sand was located + at the edge of the river 12 miles up the Columbia from + Mr. Craig's house. Numbers 99-4336 and 202-8394 to + 202-8395 were found in this grave. + + 99-4336. An adult skeleton was found in this grave with + the head north, face down, and flexed. + + 202-8394. Fragment of a large mortar made of stone (Fig. + 18). + + 202-8395a, b, c. Three pestles found among the covering + boulders of this grave. + + * * * * * + + Numbers 202-8396 to 202-8398 were presented by Mrs. J. B. + Davidson of Ellensburg. The specimens were collected at + the head of Priest Rapids. + + 202-8396. Pipe made of limestone decorated with the + circle and dot design similar to that used in the + Thompson River region (Fig. 106 also negative 44505, + 6-6). + + 202-8397. Double notched point chipped from black glassy + basalt or trap (Plate II, Fig. 6). + + 202-8398. Point for a drill or perforator chipped from + chalcedony (Fig. 47). + + 202-8399. River pebble partly pecked into the form of a + pestle. Found on the surface 8 miles above the head of + Priest Rapids (Fig. 23). + + +VARIOUS LOCALITIES. + + Numbers 20.0-1463 to 20.0-1471 were collected and + presented by Mr. D. W. Owen of Kennewick. + + 20.0-1463. Bone object broken and partly missing from + Blalock Island fifteen miles below Umatilla in the + Columbia River. + + 20.0-1464. Wedge made of antler from the surface near the + Columbia River near the mouth of the Snake River (Fig. + 39). + + 20.0-1465. Bleached awl made of bone from an island in + the Columbia River, forty miles above the mouth of the + Snake River (Fig. 57). + + 20.0-1466. Bleached awl made of bone from the surface of + an island in the Columbia River near the mouth of the + Snake River (Fig. 56). + + 20.0-1467. Awl made of brownish bone nearly circular in + section with five incised lines on two sides, four on + one, and none on the other which is plain because worn + smooth probably by age or use. From a grave on Blalock + Island, a long island in the Columbia River fifteen miles + below Umatilla. + + 20.0-1468. Awl made of brownish bone. The shaft has + nearly parallel sides and rounded corners but the base is + nearly circular in section. Striations such as are made + by a gritstone show on the surface. Found with another in + a grave on an island in the Snake River five miles above + its mouth (Fig. 10). + + 20.0-1469. Sculptured arm with hand made of black slate + having four nearly parallel sides and rounded corners. + From Umatilla, Oregon. + + 20.0-1470. Pipe made of sandstone bearing design. From + the Snake River Indians (Figs. 107 and 115). + + 20.0-1471. Sculptured handle broken from a club made of + serpentine. The broken surface is smooth. There are + notches 1/4 inch long on the edge. From Blalock Island + opposite Umatilla in the Columbia Valley (Fig. 167h, + Smith, (b).). + + 20.0-3343. Fluted stone, possibly an unfinished pestle. + From near Lewiston, Idaho. Presented by Mr. Henry Fair, + Spokane, Idaho. + + * * * * * + + Numbers 20.0-3344 to 20.0-3346 are from an old village + site near Fort Simcoe. Collected by Dr. H. J. Spinden. + + 20.0-3344. Mortar. + + 20.0-3345. Pestle. + + 20.0-3346. Pestle. + + T-21184 (H-180). Fragment of a leaf-shaped point made of + chert. From Wallula near the Columbia River, Oregon. + Collected by Judge James Kennedy in 1882 (Fig. 6). + + T-22107 (H-177). Fragments of a figure made of antler. + From Umatilla, Oregon. Collected by Mrs. James Terry + (Fig. 123). + + +[Illustration: CHIPPED POINTS. (Page 24) PLATE I.] + + +[Illustration: CHIPPED POINTS. (Page 25) PLATE II.] + + +[Illustration: QUARRY NEAR NACHES RIVER. (Page 16) +HOUSE SITE NEAR NACHES RIVER. (Page 51) PLATE III.] + + +[Illustration: HOUSE SITES NEAR NACHES RIVER. (Page 52) PLATE IV.] + + +[Illustration: CAMP SITES NEAR SENTINAL BLUFFS. (Page 56) PLATE V.] + + +[Illustration: FORT NEAR ROCK CREEK. ROCK-SLIDE GRAVE ON YAKIMA RIDGE. +(Page 14) PLATE VI.] + + +[Illustration: TERRACED ROCK-SLIDE ON YAKIMA RIDGE. (Page 141) +PLATE VII.] + + +[Illustration: ROCK-SLIDE GRAVES ON YAKIMA RIDGE. (Page 140) +PLATE VIII.] + + +[Illustration: CREMATION CIRCLE NEAR MOUTH OF NACHES RIVER. (Page 142) +GRAVE IN DOME OF VOLCANIC ASH NEAR TAMPICO. (Page 139) PLATE IX.] + + +[Illustration: OPENED GRAVE IN DOME OF VOLCANIC ASH NEAR TAMPICO. +(Page 139) PLATE X.] + + +[Illustration: PETROGLYPHS NEAR SENTINAL BLUFFS.( Page 121) PLATE XI.] + + +[Illustration: PETROGLYPHS IN SELAH CANON. (Page 122) PLATE XII.] + + +[Illustration: PETROGLYPH IN SELAH CANON. (Page 123) +PETROGLYPH NEAR WALLULA JUNCTION. (Page 123) PLATE XIII.] + + +[Illustration: PICTOGRAPHS AT MOUTH OF COWICHE CREEK. (Page 119) +PLATE XIV.] + + +[Illustration: PICTOGRAPHS AT MOUTH OF COWICHE CREEK. (Page 120) +PLATE XV.] + + +[Illustration: PICTOGRAPHS AT MOUTH OF COWICHE CREEK. (Page 120) +PLATE XVI.] + + * * * * * + +TRANSCRIBER NOTES: + + Archaic, alternate and misspellings of words have been retained to + match the original work with the exception of those listed below + + Missing punctuation has been added and obvious punctuation errors + have been corrected. + + Page 19: "gulley" changed to "gully" (on either side by a + gully). + + Page 36: footnote 78, added "p." ( Spinden, p, 194.) + + Page 82: "anterio" changed to "anterior" (leaving a large + anterior lateral projection). + + Page 92: "assymetrical" changed to "asymmetrical" ( a slightly + asymmetrical disk) + + Page 93: illustration caption: "n" changed to "in" ( in + the collection of) + + Page 97: "he" changed to "be" ( contents will be found) + + Page 108: "begining" changed to "beginning" (first + beginning at the East). + + Page 108: "untill" changed to "until" (held the pipe until + I took). + + Page 109: "simitransparent" changed to "semi-transparent" + (where the semi-transparent green steatite). + + Page 113: "p.13" changed to "p. 131" (under the section of art on p. + 131.) + + Page 129: "fo" changed to "of" (and the method of + indicating) + + Page 145: "familar" changed to "familiar" (not be one merely + familiar with) + + Page 149: "Bibiography" changed to "Bibliography" + + Page 160: "tibiæ" changed to "tibiae" and "fibulæ" changed + to "fibulae" for consistency. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Archaeology of the Yakima Valley, by +Harlan Ingersoll Smith + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40167 *** |