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diff --git a/40135-h/40135-h.htm b/40135-h/40135-h.htm index 76a6103..e549ddc 100644 --- a/40135-h/40135-h.htm +++ b/40135-h/40135-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Makers of Modern Rome, by Mrs. Oliphant. @@ -171,49 +171,7 @@ table { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's The Makers of Modern Rome, by Mrs. (Margaret) Oliphant - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Makers of Modern Rome - In Four Books - -Author: Mrs. (Margaret) Oliphant - -Illustrator: Henry P. Riviere - Joseph Pennell - -Release Date: July 3, 2012 [EBook #40135] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MAKERS OF MODERN ROME *** - - - - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40135 ***</div> <div class="tnbox"> <p class="center"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b></p> @@ -525,7 +483,7 @@ asks the indulgence of her unknown friends.</p> <td><span class="smcap">The Tarpeian Rock</span>, <i>by J. Pennell</i></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#illo_501">481</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td><span class="smcap">Ancient, Medićval, and Modern Rome</span>, <i>by J. Pennell</i></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#illo_523">503</a></td> +<td><span class="smcap">Ancient, Mediæval, and Modern Rome</span>, <i>by J. Pennell</i></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#illo_523">503</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="smcap">Modern Rome: Shelley's Tomb</span>, <i>by J. Pennell</i></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#illo_539">519</a></td> @@ -723,8 +681,8 @@ and by means as different as can be imagined it has conquered and held subject the world. All that was known to man in their age gave tribute and acknowledgment to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span> -the Cćsars; and an ever-widening circle, taking in countries -and races unknown to the Cćsars, have looked to the +the Cæsars; and an ever-widening circle, taking in countries +and races unknown to the Cæsars, have looked to the spiritual sovereigns who succeeded them as to the first and highest of authorities on earth. The reader knows, or at least is assisted on all hands to have some idea and conception @@ -735,7 +693,7 @@ were the only rule of civilisation—with its noble and grandiose edifices, its splendid streets, the magnificence and largeness of its life; while on the other hand most people are able to form some idea of what was the Rome of the -Popes, the superb yet squalid medićval city with its great +Popes, the superb yet squalid mediæval city with its great palaces and its dens of poverty, and that conjunction of exuberance and want which does not strike the eye while the bulk of a population remains in a state of slavery. But @@ -1256,7 +1214,7 @@ princes; while his attendants, one with all the wildness of a hermit from the desert in his eyes and aspect, in the unfamiliar robe and cowl—and the other mild and young like the ideal youth, shy and simple as a girl—were wonderful -apparitions in the fatigued and <i>blasé</i> society, which +apparitions in the fatigued and <i>blasĂ©</i> society, which longed above everything for something new, something real, among all the mocks and shows of their impotent life. @@ -1362,7 +1320,7 @@ flew from mouth to mouth among the marble salons where the Roman ladies languished for a new subject, or in the ante-rooms, where young priests and deacons awaited or forestalled the awakening of their patronesses. It might -be the Hôtel Rambouillet of which we are reading, and a +be the HĂ´tel Rambouillet of which we are reading, and a fine lady taking refuge at Port Royal who was being discussed and torn to pieces in those antique palaces. What was the meaning that lay beneath that brown gown? Was @@ -1426,7 +1384,7 @@ by the prospects of a triumphant re-entry into the full enjoyments of life, although a larger number were probably resistant and alarmed, anxious to retain their freedom, or to devote themselves as Marcella had done to a higher life. -Women of fashion not unwilling to add a devotion <i>ŕ la mode</i> +Women of fashion not unwilling to add a devotion <i>Ă la mode</i> to their other distractions, women of intellectual aspirations, lovers of the higher education, seekers after a society altogether brilliant and new, without any special emotions of @@ -1459,10 +1417,10 @@ Another, one of the most important of all in family and pretensions, and by far the most important in history of these constant visitors, was Paula, a descendant (collateral, the link being of the lightest and easiest kind, as was characteristic -of the time) of the great Ćmilius Paulus, the +of the time) of the great Æmilius Paulus, the daughter of a distinguished Greek who claimed to be descended from Agamemnon, and widow of another who -claimed Ćneas as his ancestor. These large claims apart, +claimed Æneas as his ancestor. These large claims apart, she was certainly a great lady in every sense of the word, delicate, luxurious, following all the fashions of the time. She too was a widow, with a family of young daughters, in @@ -1485,7 +1443,7 @@ that her grief for her husband was profound and sincere)—with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span> her young daughters growing up round her, more like her sisters than her children, and sharing every thought. -Blćsilla, the eldest, a widow at twenty, was, like her +Blæsilla, the eldest, a widow at twenty, was, like her mother, a Roman exquisite, loving everything that was beautiful and soft and luxurious. In the affectionate gibes of the family she is described as spending entire days before @@ -1514,13 +1472,13 @@ fervour, or at least imbued with the new spirit of revolt against the corruption of the time, was closely connected with the still existing pagan society of Rome. Her sister-in-law, sister of her husband and aunt of her children, was -a certain lady named Prćtextata, the wife of Hymettius, a +a certain lady named Prætextata, the wife of Hymettius, a high official under the Emperor Julian the Apostate, both of them belonging, with something of the fictitious enthusiasm of their master, to the faith of the old gods. No doubt one of the severest critics of that society on the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span> -Aventine, Prćtextata saw with impatience and wrath, what +Aventine, Prætextata saw with impatience and wrath, what no doubt she considered the artificial gravity, inspired by her surroundings, of the young niece who had already announced her intention never to marry, and to withdraw @@ -1589,7 +1547,7 @@ There is nothing ascetic in the picture, which is a very different one from that of those austere solitudes of the desert, which had suggested and inspired it—the lady Paula tottering in, with a servant on either side to conduct her to -the nearest couch, and young Blćsilla making a brilliant +the nearest couch, and young Blæsilla making a brilliant irruption in all her bravery, with her jewels sparkling and her transparent veil floating, and her golden heels tapping <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span> @@ -1722,7 +1680,7 @@ three corpses on one bier followed them to Rome to the family mausoleum alone, holding her infant son, the only thing left to her, in her arms. The populace of Rome, eager for any public show, had crowded upon the course of many -a triumph, and watched many a high-placed Cćsar return +a triumph, and watched many a high-placed Cæsar return in victory to the applauding city, but never had seen such a triumphal procession as this, Death the Conqueror leading his captives. We are not told whether it was attended by @@ -1916,7 +1874,7 @@ in which a certain compassionate scorn mingles with pride. "You esteem me by my present dress," she said, "which it is quite in my power to change when I will. Take care lest you bring yourself into trouble by what you -do in your ignorance." This incident happened at Cćsarea, +do in your ignorance." This incident happened at Cæsarea, the great city on the Mediterranean shore which Herod had built, and where the prodigious ruins still lie in sombre grandeur capable of restoration to the uses of life. The @@ -2024,7 +1982,7 @@ being in reality, as has been explained already, accompanied on every stage of the way by attendants enough to fill her ship and form her caravan wherever she went.</p> -<p>From Cćsarea, where Melania discomfited the government +<p>From Cæsarea, where Melania discomfited the government by her high rank and connections, it is but a little way to Jerusalem, where the steps of the party were directed after their prolonged journey through the desert. It had @@ -2137,7 +2095,7 @@ their science: and at the same time a monk and ascetic fresh from the austerities of the desert and one of those struggles with the flesh and the imagination which formed the epic of the solitary. It was not unnatural that the -régime of extreme abstinence combined with utter want of +rĂ©gime of extreme abstinence combined with utter want of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span> occupation, and the concentration of all thought upon one's self and one's moods and conditions of mind, should have @@ -2538,7 +2496,7 @@ of a new charity established, a new community founded: and never without amusement either, much knowledge of the sayings and doings of society outside, visits from the finest persons, and a daily entertainment in the flutterings of -young Blćsilla between the world and the convent, and +young Blæsilla between the world and the convent, and her pretty ways, so true a woman of the world, yet all the same a predestined saint: and the doings of Fabiola, one day wholly absorbed in the foundation of her great hospital, @@ -2642,10 +2600,10 @@ serene and happy life, dignified by everything that was best in the antique world.</p> <p>It was after the arrival of Jerome that the little tragedy -of Blćsilla, the eldest daughter of Paula, occurred, rending +of Blæsilla, the eldest daughter of Paula, occurred, rending their gentle hearts. "Our dear widow," as Jerome called her, had no idea of second marriage in her mind. -The first, it would appear, had not been happy; and Blćsilla, +The first, it would appear, had not been happy; and Blæsilla, fair and rich and young, had every mind to enjoy her freedom, her fine dresses, and all the pleasures of her youth. Safely lodged under her mother's wing, with those irreproachable @@ -2657,7 +2615,7 @@ Jerome, and there is no harsh tone in his voice. But in the midst of her gay and innocent life she fell ill of a fever, no unusual thing. It lingered, however, more than a month and took a dangerous form, so that the doctors began to -despair. When things were at this point Blćsilla had a +despair. When things were at this point Blæsilla had a dream or vision, in her fever, in which the Saviour appeared to her and bade her arise as He had done to Lazarus. It was the crisis of the disease, and she immediately began to @@ -2666,7 +2624,7 @@ miracle. The butterfly was touched beyond measure by this divine interposition, as she believed, in her favour, and as soon as she was well, made up her mind to devote herself to God. "An extraordinary thing has happened," cries Jerome. -"Blćsilla has put on a brown gown! What a scandal is +"Blæsilla has put on a brown gown! What a scandal is this!" He launches forth thereupon into a diatribe upon the fashionable ladies, with faces of gypsum like idols, who dare not shed a tear lest they should spoil their painted @@ -2681,7 +2639,7 @@ cushions hard, and is up the first in the morning to sing Alleluia in her silvery voice.</p> <p>The conversion rang through Rome all the more that -Blćsilla was known to have had no inclination toward +Blæsilla was known to have had no inclination toward austerity of life. Her relations, half pagan and altogether worldly, were hot against the fanatic monk, who according to the usual belief tyrannised over the whole house in which @@ -2849,7 +2807,7 @@ It was full time that the prudent mistress of the house which contained such a champion should interfere.</p> <p>While still the conflict raged which had been roused by -the retirement of Blćsilla from the world, and which had +the retirement of Blæsilla from the world, and which had thus widened into the general question, far more important than any individual case, between the reforming party in the Church, the Puritans of the time—then specially represented @@ -2862,7 +2820,7 @@ Rome desolate. The young convert in the bloom of her youthful devotion, who had been raised up miraculously as they all thought from her sick bed in order that she might devote her life to Christ, was again struck down by sickness, -and this time without any intervention of a miracle. Blćsilla +and this time without any intervention of a miracle. Blæsilla died in the fulness of her youth, scarcely twenty-two, praying only that she might be forgiven for not having been able to do what she had wished to do in the service of her @@ -2925,7 +2883,7 @@ the elements of friendship and the social life—she was the most important of those visitors and associates who made the House on the Aventine the fashion, and filled it with all that was best in Rome. Though her pedigree seems a -little delusive, her relationship to Ćmilius Paulus resolving +little delusive, her relationship to Æmilius Paulus resolving itself into a descent from his sister through her own mother, it is yet apparent that her claims of the highest birth and position were fully acknowledged, and that no Roman matron @@ -2972,7 +2930,7 @@ graver women—women all so near to each other in nature,—mutually related, members of one community, linked by every bond of common association and tradition.</p> -<p>When Blćsilla on her recovery from her illness threw +<p>When Blæsilla on her recovery from her illness threw off her gaieties and finery, put on the brown gown, and adopted all the rules of the community, the life of Paula, trembling between two spheres, was shaken by a stronger @@ -2984,13 +2942,13 @@ a fanatic and his sisters fools. Paula did all she could to combine the two lives, indulging perhaps in an excess of austerities under the cloth of gold and jewels which, as symbols of her state and rank, she could not yet put off. -The death of Blćsilla was the shock which shattered her +The death of Blæsilla was the shock which shattered her life to pieces. Even the coarse reproaches of the streets show us with what anguish of mourning this first breach in her family overwhelmed her. "This is why she weeps for her child as no woman has ever wept before," the crowd cried, turning her sorrow into an accusation, as if she had -thus acknowledged her own fault in leaving Blćsilla to +thus acknowledged her own fault in leaving Blæsilla to privations she was not able to endure. Did the cruel censure perhaps awake an echo in her heart, ready as all hearts are in that moment of prostration to blame themselves for @@ -3027,7 +2985,7 @@ am I," he cries, "to forbid the tears of a mother who myself weep? This letter is written in tears. He is not the best consoler whom his own groans master, whose being is un-manned, whose broken words distil into tears. Yes, Paula, -I call to witness Christ Jesus whom our Blćsilla now follows, +I call to witness Christ Jesus whom our Blæsilla now follows, and the angels who are now her companions, I, too, her father in the spirit, her foster-father in affection, could also say with you—Cursed be the day that I was born. @@ -3044,7 +3002,7 @@ not thus mourn that she has migrated to a better world. Have you no fear lest the Saviour should say to you, 'Are you angry, Paula, that your daughter has become my daughter? Are you vexed at my decree, and do you with rebellious -tears grudge me the possession of Blćsilla?' At the +tears grudge me the possession of Blæsilla?' At the sound of your cries Jesus, all-clement, asks, 'Why do you weep? the damsel is not dead but sleepeth.' And when you stretch yourself despairing on the grave of your child, @@ -3053,7 +3011,7 @@ among the dead?'"</p> <p>In conclusion Jerome adds a wonderful vow: "So long as breath animates my body, so long as I continue in life, I -engage, declare and promise that Blćsilla's name shall be for +engage, declare and promise that Blæsilla's name shall be for ever on my tongue, that my labours shall be dedicated to her honour, and my talents devoted to her praise." It was the last word which the enthusiasm of tenderness could say: @@ -3071,7 +3029,7 @@ more than she could bear. But it is little likely that this modern refinement of feeling affected these devoted souls; for such privations were in their eyes the highest privileges of life, and in fasting man was promoted to eat the food of -angels. At all events, the death of Blćsilla made a new +angels. At all events, the death of Blæsilla made a new bond between them, the bond of a mutual and most dear remembrance never to be forgotten.</p> @@ -3086,7 +3044,7 @@ calumny and outrage, and did not hesitate to accuse the lady and the monk of a shameful relationship and every crime. To make things worse, Damasus, whose friend and secretary, almost his son, Jerome had been, died a few -months after Blćsilla, depriving him at once of that high +months after Blæsilla, depriving him at once of that high place to which the Pope's favour naturally elevated him. He complains of the difference which his close connection with Paula's family had made on the general opinion of him. @@ -3118,7 +3076,7 @@ had not minced his words; he had flung libels and satires <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span> about that must have stung and wounded many, and in such matters reprisals are inevitable. But Paula had done no -harm. Even granting the case that Blćsilla's health had +harm. Even granting the case that Blæsilla's health had been ruined by fasting, the mother herself had gone through the same privations and exulted in them: and her only fault was to have followed and sympathised in, with enthusiasm, @@ -3150,7 +3108,7 @@ indeed it is very likely that his position had become intolerable and that his only resource was departure. It was in the summer of 385, nearly three years after his arrival in Rome—in August, seven months after the death of -Damasus, and not a year after that of Blćsilla, that he +Damasus, and not a year after that of Blæsilla, that he <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span> left "Babylon," as he called the tumultuous city, writing his farewell with tears of grief and wrath to the Lady @@ -3346,7 +3304,7 @@ greater in proportion to the smaller size and less population of the known world than are our many pilgrimages now, though this seems so strange a thing to say. But is there not a Murray, a Baedeker, of the fourth century, still -existent, the <i>Itinéraire de Bordeaux ŕ Jerusalem</i>, unquestioned +existent, the <i>ItinĂ©raire de Bordeaux Ă Jerusalem</i>, unquestioned and authentic, containing the most careful account of inns and places of refuge and modes of travel for the pilgrims? It is possible that the lady Paula may have @@ -3368,7 +3326,7 @@ the favourite dissipation of the cloister. The ladies afterwards continued their voyage to Antioch, where they met Jerome; and proceeded on their journey, having probably had enough of the sea, along the coast by Tyre and -Sidon, by Herod's splendid city of Cćsarea, and Joppa +Sidon, by Herod's splendid city of Cæsarea, and Joppa <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span> with its memories of the Apostles—not without a thought of Andromeda and her monster as they looked over the @@ -3534,7 +3492,7 @@ at their entreaty and with their help that he began the translation of the Psalms, so deeply appropriate to this scene, in which the voice of the shepherd of Bethlehem could almost be heard, singing as he led his flock about the -little hills. I quote from M. Amédée Thierry a sympathetic +little hills. I quote from M. AmĂ©dĂ©e Thierry a sympathetic description of the method of this work as it was carried out in the rocky chamber at Bethlehem, or in the convent close by.</p> @@ -3632,7 +3590,7 @@ them. She was indeed prostrated by grief again and again by the death of her daughters there, one after another, and mourned with a bitterness which makes us wonder whether that haunting doubt and self-censure, which perhaps gave -an additional sting to her sorrow in the case of Blćsilla, +an additional sting to her sorrow in the case of Blæsilla, may not have overwhelmed her heart again though on a contrary ground—the doubt whether perhaps the austerities she enjoined and shared had been fatal to one, the contradictory @@ -4430,7 +4388,7 @@ There Jerome, surrounded with soft flatteries and provocations, had talked his best, giving forth out of his stores the tales of wonder he had brought from Eastern cells and caves and all the knowledge of the schools, to dazzle the -amateurs of the Roman gynćceum. What gay, what thrilling, +amateurs of the Roman gynæceum. What gay, what thrilling, what happy memories!—mingled with the sweetness <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span> of remembrance of gentle Paula who was dead, of Asella @@ -4662,7 +4620,7 @@ East who had no such glorious antecedents!</p> forth, there had arisen the practical situation, which called the bishops of Rome to a kind of sovereignty of the city. The officials of the empire, a distant exarch at Ravenna, a feeble -prćtor at Rome, had no power either to protect or to rescue. +prætor at Rome, had no power either to protect or to rescue. The bishop instinctively, almost involuntarily, whenever he was a man of strength or note, was put into the breach. Whatever could be done by negotiation, he, a man of peace, @@ -4718,7 +4676,7 @@ to note that no patriotic saviour of his country, no defender of Rome, who might have called forth a spirit in the gilded youth, and raised up the ancient Roman strength for the deliverance of the city, seems to have -been possible in that age of degeneration. No Maccabćus +been possible in that age of degeneration. No Maccabæus was to be found among the ashes of the race which once had ruled the world. Whatever excellence remained in it was given to the new passion of the cloister, the instinct of @@ -4800,11 +4758,11 @@ of following their example. He tells us himself that he resisted as long as he could "the grace of conversion," and as a matter of fact entered into the public life such as it was, of the period, following in his father's footsteps, and was himself, -like Gordianus, <i>prćtor urbis</i> in his day, when he had +like Gordianus, <i>prætor urbis</i> in his day, when he had attained the early prime of manhood. The dates of his life are dubious until we come to his later years, but it is supposed that he was born about 540; and he was recommended -for the Prćtorship by the Emperor Julius, which +for the Prætorship by the Emperor Julius, which must have been before 573, at which date he would have attained the age of thirty-three, that period so significant in the life of man, the limit, as is believed, of our Lord's existence @@ -5023,7 +4981,7 @@ mention of the more solemn offices of worship in the age of Jerome, who was a priest in spite of himself, and never said but one mass in his life. It was to "live the life," as in the case of a recent remarkable convert from earthly occupations -to mystical religionism, that the late prćtor, sick of worldly +to mystical religionism, that the late prætor, sick of worldly things, devoted himself: and not to enter into a new caste, against which the tradition that discredits all priesthoods and the unelevated character of many of its members, has @@ -5047,7 +5005,7 @@ to hold the post of Apocrisarius or Nuncio, that Gregory was hastily invested with deacon's orders, and received the position later known as that of a Cardinal deacon. It is a little premature, and harmonises ill with the other features -of the man, to describe him as a true medićval Nuncio, with +of the man, to describe him as a true mediæval Nuncio, with all the subtle powers and arrogant assumptions of the Rome of the middle ages. This however is Gibbon's description of him, a bold anachronism, antedating by several ages the @@ -5449,7 +5407,7 @@ doubt a spot more wildly ruinous than now, though still with some of its great galleries and buildings standing among overthrown monuments and broken pillars—some one told him the story of Trajan and the widow, which -must have greatly affected the medićval imagination since +must have greatly affected the mediæval imagination since Dante has introduced it in his great poem. The prayer addressed to the Emperor on his way to the wars was the same as that of the widow in the parable, "Avenge me of @@ -5532,7 +5490,7 @@ approaching lines, the men married and unmarried, the priests and monks each approaching in a separate band; while proceeding from other churches came the women in all their subdivisions, the wives, the widows, the maidens, -the dedicated virgins, Ancillć Dei, each line converging +the dedicated virgins, Ancillæ Dei, each line converging towards the centre, each followed no doubt from windows within which the dying lay with tears and echoes of prayers. Many great sights there have been in old Rome, but few @@ -5630,7 +5588,7 @@ year before his successor was forced into the vacant place. In the meantime Gregory had appealed to the Emperor, begging that he would oppose the election and support him in his resistance. This letter fell into the hands of the -Prćfect of Rome, who intercepted it, and wrote in his own +Præfect of Rome, who intercepted it, and wrote in his own name and that of the people a contrary prayer, begging the Emperor Maurice to sanction and give authority to their choice. It was only when the answer was received @@ -5720,7 +5678,7 @@ in every possible way for the protection of the people round him, did put a certain heart in the city which had come through so many convulsions. Crowded with fugitives, decimated with pestilence, left for many months -without any more able head than the half-hearted prćtors +without any more able head than the half-hearted prætors and officials of the state and the distant exarch at Ravenna, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">151</a></span> with all of whom, according to Gregory's own witness, the @@ -6707,7 +6665,7 @@ may be different. This strange duration of trouble, equal in intensity though different in form, is specially manifest in a history such as that which we take up from one age to another in so remarkable a development of life and government -as Medićval Rome. We leave the city relieved +as Mediæval Rome. We leave the city relieved of some woes, soothed from some troubles, fed by much charity, and weeping apparently honest tears over Gregory the first of the name—although that great man was scarcely @@ -7250,7 +7208,7 @@ church of St. Remy, then newly built, which is still one of the glories of a city so rich in architectural wealth. The body of St. Remy was carried, with many wonderful processions, from the monastery where it lay, going round and -round the walls of the medićval town and through its +round the walls of the mediæval town and through its streets with chants and psalms, with banner and cross, until at last it was deposited solemnly on an altar in the new building, now so old and venerable. Half of France @@ -7287,8 +7245,8 @@ other men! The reader after all these centuries can scarcely fail to feel the thrill of alarm, or shame, or abject terror that must have run through that awful sitting as men looked into each other's faces and grew pale. The archbishop -of Trčves got up first and declared his hands to be -clean, so did the archbishop of Lyons and Besançon. Well +of Trèves got up first and declared his hands to be +clean, so did the archbishop of Lyons and Besançon. Well for them! But he of Rheims in his own cathedral, he who must have been in the front of everything for these few triumphant days of festival, faltered when his turn came. @@ -7553,7 +7511,7 @@ him his nickname, and thus sent down to posterity the fantastic vision of the momentary Pope with his mincing ways—no bad anti-pope though as Benedict X. he holds a faint footing in the papal roll—but a historical -<i>burla</i>, a medićval joke, not without its power to relieve the +<i>burla</i>, a mediæval joke, not without its power to relieve the grave chronicle of the time.</p> <p>The tumultuous public of Rome, which did not care very @@ -7705,7 +7663,7 @@ the great soul of Dante still dreamt of that Papa Angelico, the hope of ages, who might one day arise and set all things right. Hildebrand was not of the Angelical type. He was not that high priest made of benign charity, and love for all -men—of whom the medićval sages mused. But who will +men—of whom the mediæval sages mused. But who will say that his dream, too, was not of the noblest or his ideal less magnanimous and great? Such an arbiter was wanted—what words could say how much?—in all those troubled @@ -7871,7 +7829,7 @@ ready to ward off any blow.</p> of his assumption of the new dignity being carefully carried through as though in times of deepest peace. In Germany, however, the news produced a great sensation -and tumult. A Diet was held at Bâle, for the coronation +and tumult. A Diet was held at Bâle, for the coronation in the first place of the young king Henry, now twelve years old—but still more for the immediate settlement of this unheard-of revolt. When that ceremonial was over @@ -7962,7 +7920,7 @@ the Basilica to meet him, with a political rather than a devotional intention. Next day all Rome heard the news, and rising seized its arms and drove his handful of defenders out of the city. Cadalous was taken by one of his -supporters, Cencio or Vincencio "son of the prćfect" to St. +supporters, Cencio or Vincencio "son of the præfect" to St. Angelo, where he held out against the Romans for the space of two years, suffering many privations; and thence escaping on pain of his life after other adventures, disappears @@ -8814,7 +8772,7 @@ treasures that could be carried away, a reservoir and storehouse of relics to which every man might help himself. Professor Lanciani, the accomplished and learned savant to whom we owe so much information concerning the ancient -city, has shown us how much medićval covetousness in this +city, has shown us how much mediæval covetousness in this way had to do with the actual disappearance of ancient buildings, stone by stone. But this was not the only offence committed against the monuments of the past. The great @@ -8827,7 +8785,7 @@ buildings belonging to the time were monasteries, generally surrounded by strong walls, capable of affording protection to a powerful community, and in which the humble and poor could find refuge in time of trouble. These establishments, -and the medićval fortresses and towers built into the midst +and the mediæval fortresses and towers built into the midst of the ruins, occupied with many wild spaces between, where the luxuriant herbage buried fallen pillars and broken foundations, the wastes of desolation which filled up half the area @@ -8856,11 +8814,11 @@ a spider, drawing in flies to his web, taking toll of every stranger who entered Rome by that way—belonged to a certain Cencio<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> or Cencius of the family of Tusculum, the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">244</a></span> -son of the Prćfect of Rome. The Prćfect, unlike his +son of the Præfect of Rome. The Præfect, unlike his family, was one of the most devoted adherents of the Popes; he is, indeed, in the curious glimpse afforded to us by history, one of the most singular figures that occur in -that crowded foreground. A medićval noble and high official, +that crowded foreground. A mediæval noble and high official, he was at the same time a lay-preacher, delighted to exercise his gift when the more legitimate sermon failed from any cause, and only too proud, it would appear, of @@ -9068,7 +9026,7 @@ indignation which every secular prince has always shown when interfered with by the Holy See, and which so easily translates the august titles of the successor of St. Peter, the Vicar of Christ, into a fierce denunciation of the "Italian -priest" whom medićval princes feared and hated—was +priest" whom mediæval princes feared and hated—was only intensified by his supreme pretensions as Emperor, and grew in virulence as Gregory's undaunted front and continued exercise, so far as anathemas would do it, of the @@ -9169,7 +9127,7 @@ were liable to similar penalties. The reformer Pope, who after the many tentatives and half-measures of his predecessors, was now supreme, and would shrink from nothing in his great mission of purifying the Church, was a constant -danger and fear to these great medićval nobles varnished +danger and fear to these great mediæval nobles varnished over with the names of churchmen. One stroke had failed: but another was quite possible which great Henry the king, triumphant over all his enemies, might surely with their @@ -9215,7 +9173,7 @@ ordained who have begged the priesthood from his hands, or who have bought it from the instruments of his extortions; he deceives the vulgar by a feigned religion, fabricated in a womanish senate: it is there that he discusses the sacred mysteries of religion, ruins the papacy, -and attacks at once the holy see and the empire. He is guilty of <i>lčse-majesté</i> +and attacks at once the holy see and the empire. He is guilty of <i>lèse-majestĂ©</i> both divine and human, desiring to deprive of life and rank our consecrated emperor and gracious sovereign.</p> @@ -9315,7 +9273,7 @@ in Rome, and the people, ever stirred like the Athenians by the desire to hear some new thing, thronged the corridors and ante-chapels of the Lateran, the great portico and square which were for the moment the centre of Rome. -Again the vast basilica, the rustling medićval crowd in all +Again the vast basilica, the rustling mediæval crowd in all its glow of colour and picturesqueness of grouping, rises before us. Few scenes more startling and dramatic have ever occurred even in that place of many histories.</p> @@ -9346,7 +9304,7 @@ possibility of the most rapid speaker delivering himself of so many words before the assembly rose upon him to shut his insolent mouth. The Bishop of Porto was the first to spring up, to cry "Seize him!" but no doubt a hundred -hands were at his throat before the Prćtorian guard, with +hands were at his throat before the Prætorian guard, with their naked swords making a keen line of steel through the shadows of the crowded basilica, now full of shouts and tumult, came in from the gates. The wretch threw himself @@ -9424,7 +9382,7 @@ Pope than by that of the king.</p> declarations of war, the great conflict between Pope and Emperor, between the Church and the State, began. The long feud which ran into every local channel, and rent -every medićval town asunder with the struggles of Guelfs +every mediæval town asunder with the struggles of Guelfs and Ghibellines, thus originated amid events that shook the world. The Synod of Worms and the Council of Rome, with their sudden and extraordinary climax in the conference @@ -10552,7 +10510,7 @@ been made."</p> <p>These last, and especially the town of Salerno, one of the cities <i>la piu bella e piu deliziosa</i> of Italy, says old Muratori, had been recently taken by Guiscard from their Prince Gisolfo, -a <i>protégé</i> and friend of the Pope, who excepts them in +a <i>protĂ©gĂ©</i> and friend of the Pope, who excepts them in the same cautious manner from the sanction given to Robert's <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">292</a></span> other conquests. Gregory's act of investiture is altogether @@ -11003,7 +10961,7 @@ country, even the most deeply Christian. Scotland indeed has prevailed in having her own way, but that is because she has no important benefices, involving secular rank and privilege. No voice in England has ever been raised in -defence of simony, but the <i>congé d'élire</i> would have been as +defence of simony, but the <i>congĂ© d'Ă©lire</i> would have been as great an offence to Pope Gregory, and as much of a sin to Dr. Chalmers, as the purchase of an archbishopric in one case, or the placing of an unpopular preacher in another. @@ -11327,7 +11285,7 @@ during this period that he turned his thoughts to literature, and wrote his first book, a singular one for his age and position—and yet perhaps not so unlike the utterance of triumphant youth under its first check as might be supposed—<i>De -contemptu mundi, sive de miseriis humanć conditionis</i>, +contemptu mundi, sive de miseriis humanæ conditionis</i>, is its title. It was indeed the view of the world which every superior mind was supposed to take in his time, as it has again become the last juvenile fashion in our own; but @@ -11693,7 +11651,7 @@ kept his place in Rome.</p> <p>He was, however, in the first flush of his power, almost triumphant. He succeeded in changing the fluctuating constitution of the Roman commonwealth, which had been -hitherto presided over by a Prćfect, responsible to the Emperor +hitherto presided over by a Præfect, responsible to the Emperor and bound to his service, along with a vague body of senators, sometimes larger, sometimes smaller in number, and swayed by every popular demonstration or riot—the @@ -11720,10 +11678,10 @@ his court, his palace, his surroundings, of all that was superfluous in the way of luxury, all that was merely ostentatious in point of attendants and services, and all that was mercenary among the officials. When he succeeded in -transferring the allegiance of the Prćfect from the Emperor +transferring the allegiance of the Præfect from the Emperor to himself, he made at the same time the most stringent laws against the reception of any present or fee by that -Prćfect and his subordinate officers, thus securing, so far as +Præfect and his subordinate officers, thus securing, so far as was possible, the integrity of the city and its rulers as well as their obedience. And whether in the surprise of the community to be so summarily dealt with, or in its satisfaction @@ -12132,14 +12090,14 @@ against the setting sun. It was October when all the summer glow and heat is mellowed by autumnal airs, and the white tents shone outside the city gates with every kind of splendid cognisance of princes and noble houses, and magnificence -of medićval luxury. The ancient St. Peter's, +of mediæval luxury. The ancient St. Peter's, near the camp, was then planted, we are told, in the midst of a great number of convents, churches, and chapels, "Like a majestic mother surrounded by beautiful daughters"—though there was no Vatican as yet to add to its greatness: but the line of the walls on the opposite side of the river and the ancient splendour of Rome, more square and massive -in its lingering classicism than the medićval towns to +in its lingering classicism than the mediæval towns to which the German forces were more accustomed, shone in the mid-day sun: while towards the left the great round of St. Angelo dominated the bridge and the river, and all the @@ -12366,7 +12324,7 @@ setting another in her place is a different matter. The nation was on the side of the Church: the clergy, except in very rare cases, were unanimous: and for once Innocent in his severity and supremacy was successful. After seven -months of this terrible <i>régime</i> the king yielded. It had been +months of this terrible <i>rĂ©gime</i> the king yielded. It had been a time of threatening rebellion, of feuds and dissensions of all kinds, of diminished revenues and failing prosperity. Philip Augustus could not stand against these consequences. @@ -12887,7 +12845,7 @@ the land of song, where poetry and love were supreme according to all and every tradition of history, that the grimmest heresy abounded, and that this stern pair carried on their mission! but so it was. Toulouse, where Courts of -Love sate yearly, and the trouvčres held their tournaments +Love sate yearly, and the trouvères held their tournaments of song, was the centre of the tragedy. But not even those devoted preachers, nor the crowd of eager priests and monks who followed in their steps, succeeded in their mission. @@ -12933,7 +12891,7 @@ heretics, who are more dangerous than the Saracens!"</p> <p>The appeal came to a host of eager ears. Many good and true men were no doubt among the army which gathered -upon the gentle hill of Hyčres in the blazing midsummer +upon the gentle hill of Hyères in the blazing midsummer of the year 1209, cross on breast and sword in hand, sworn to exterminate heresy, and bring back the country to the sway of the true religion; but an overwhelming number @@ -12945,7 +12903,7 @@ of Simon de Montfort, their general, otherwise a good man and true. The sovereignty of Toulouse glimmered before him over seas of blood, which was as the blood of the Saracen, no better, though it flowed in the veins of Frenchmen; -but the Provençaux could scarcely be called Frenchmen in +but the Provençaux could scarcely be called Frenchmen in those early days. They were no more beloved of their northern neighbours than the English were by the Scots, and the expedition against them was as much justified by @@ -13207,7 +13165,7 @@ Holy Land by our blood and our wealth; no one should draw back from such a great work. In former times the Lord seeing a similar humiliation of Israel saved it by means of the priests; for he delivered Jerusalem and the Temple from the infidels by Matthias the son of the -priest Maccabćus." +priest Maccabæus." </p> </div> @@ -13234,7 +13192,7 @@ carnage. It is true that the rumour went that the men marked with a mark had not even been looked for, and one of the wonderful sayings which seem to spring up somehow in the air, at great moments, had been fathered upon a -legate—<i>Tuez les tous</i>. <i>Dieu reconnaîtra les siens</i>—a phrase +legate—<i>Tuez les tous</i>. <i>Dieu reconnaĂ®tra les siens</i>—a phrase which, like the "Up, Guards, and at them!" of Waterloo, is said to have no historical foundation whatever. Innocent was, however, clear not only that every good Catholic should @@ -13511,7 +13469,7 @@ must have superintended both these great edifices, and in this way, as also by many churches which he built or rebuilt, and some which he decorated with paintings and architectural ornament, he had his part in the reconstruction and -embellishment of that medićval Rome which after long +embellishment of that mediæval Rome which after long decay and much neglect, and the wholesale robbery of the very stones of the older city, was already beginning to lift up its head out of the ashes of antiquity.</p> @@ -13583,7 +13541,7 @@ from the beginning of their power; and her sons had long been divided into a multiplicity of parties, each holding by one of the nobles who built their fortresses among the classic ruins, and defied the world from within the indestructible -remnants of walls built by the Cćsars. One great family +remnants of walls built by the Cæsars. One great family after another entrenched itself within those monuments of the ancient ages. The Colosseum was at one time the stronghold of the great Colonna: Stefano, the head of that @@ -13603,7 +13561,7 @@ side nor were they against him,</p> <div class="poem"> <p class="i6">non furon rebelli</p> -<p>Nč fur fedeli a Dio, mŕ per sé foro.</p> +<p>Nè fur fedeli a Dio, mĂ per sĂ© foro.</p> </div> <p>The community was distracted by mere personal quarrels, by the feuds of the great houses who were their lords but @@ -13848,7 +13806,7 @@ strange principle that Rome, as a city, not by its Emperor nor by its Pope, but in its own right, was the fountain of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">390</a></span> honour, the arbiter of the world—everything in short which -in classical times its government was, and in the medićval +in classical times its government was, and in the mediæval ages, the Papacy wished to be. It is curious to account for such an article of belief; for the populace of Rome had never in modern times possessed any of the characteristics @@ -13867,7 +13825,7 @@ solemn ceremony.</p> <p>The coronation processions which passed through the streets from Sta. Maria Maggiore, according to Sismondi, to St. Peter's, were splendid, the barons and counsellors, or -<i>buon-homini</i> of Rome leading the <i>cortčge</i>, and clothed in +<i>buon-homini</i> of Rome leading the <i>cortège</i>, and clothed in cloth of gold. "Behind the monarch marched four thousand men whom he had brought with him; all the streets which he traversed were hung with rich tapestries." He @@ -13937,7 +13895,7 @@ San Pietro, Louis with his crown on his head, proposed to the multitude that they should elect a new Pope. Pietro de Corvara, a native of the Abbruzzi, of the order of the Friars Minor, a great hypocrite, was proposed: and the people, the greater part of whom hated Pope -John because he was permanently on the other side of the Alps (<i>dč la +John because he was permanently on the other side of the Alps (<i>dè la dai monti</i>), accepted the nomination. He assumed the name of Nicolas V. Before his consecration there was a promotion of seven false cardinals: and on the 22nd of May he was consecrated bishop by one @@ -14145,7 +14103,7 @@ ruin.</p> and splendour of the picturesque, is on the surface a much finer picture. The romance of the time lay altogether with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">397</a></span> -the noble houses which had grown up in medićval Rome, +the noble houses which had grown up in mediæval Rome, sometimes seizing a dubious title from an ancient Roman potentate, but most often springing from some stronghold in the adjacent country or the mountains, races which had @@ -14349,7 +14307,7 @@ good grammarian, a better rhetorician, a fine writer," says his biographer. "Heavens, what a rapid reader he was! He made great use of Livy, Seneca, Tully, and Valerius Maximus, and delighted much to tell forth the magnificence -of Julius Cćsar. All day long he studied the sculptured +of Julius Cæsar. All day long he studied the sculptured marbles that lie around Rome. There was no one like him for reading the ancient inscriptions. All the ancient writings he put in choice Italian; the marbles he interpreted. @@ -14486,7 +14444,7 @@ and also to give humble thanks to His Vicar, and to raise to that supreme Pontiff, in the Capitol or in the amphitheatre, a statue adorned with purple and gold that the joyous and glorious recollection may endure for ever. Who indeed has adorned his country with such -glory among the Ciceros, the Cćsars, Metullus, or Fabius, who are +glory among the Ciceros, the Cæsars, Metullus, or Fabius, who are celebrated as liberators in our old annals and whose statues we adorn with precious stones because of their virtues? These men have obtained passing triumphs by war, by the calamities of the world, by the @@ -14731,7 +14689,7 @@ throats, kneeling on their knees, in great sadness, and speaking thus:</p> <div class="poem"> <p class="o1">'By many virtues once accompanied</p> -<p>Thou on the sea goest now abandonëd.'</p> +<p>Thou on the sea goest now abandonĂ«d.'</p> </div> <p>"These were the four Cardinal virtues, Temperance, Justice, Prudence @@ -14891,7 +14849,7 @@ them down, destroy or rebuild cities, divert rivers out of their beds to flow in another channel, put on taxes or abolish them at his pleasure. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">418</a></span> All these things the Romans gave to Vespasian according to their -Charter to which Tiberius Cćsar consented. He then put aside that +Charter to which Tiberius Cæsar consented. He then put aside that paper and said, 'Sirs, such was the majesty of the people of Rome that it was they who conferred this authority upon the Emperor. Now they have lost it altogether.' Then he entered more fully into @@ -15039,7 +14997,7 @@ joint conception on the wall, and help him to read his lesson to the people!</p> <p>And Browning would have found another Rome still to -illustrate in the priests, the humbler clergy, the curé of St. +illustrate in the priests, the humbler clergy, the curĂ© of St. Angelo in the Fishmarket, and so many more, of the people yet over the people, the humble churchmen with their little learning, just enough to understand a classical name or @@ -15287,7 +15245,7 @@ the father of all the band—he of whom Petrarch speaks with such enthusiasm: "<i>Dio immortale!</i> what majesty in his aspect, what a voice, what a look, what nobility in his air, what vigour of soul and body at that age of his! I -seemed to stand before Julius Cćsar or Africanus, if not +seemed to stand before Julius Cæsar or Africanus, if not that he was older than either. Wonderful to say, this man never grows old, while Rome is older and older every day." He was absent from Rome, as has been said, on the occasion @@ -15508,7 +15466,7 @@ a splendid sight to behold.</p> <div class="blockquot"> <p> "The first to come was a militia of armed men on horseback, well -dressed and adorned, to make way before the Prćfect. Then followed +dressed and adorned, to make way before the Præfect. Then followed the officials, judges, notaries, peacemakers, syndics, and others; followed by the four marshals with their mounted escort. Then came Janni d'Allo carrying the cup of silver gilt in which was the offering, @@ -15604,7 +15562,7 @@ but he had yet to prove what he could do in arms; and the opportunity soon occurred. The only one of the nobles who had not yielded at least a pretence of submission was Giovanni di Vico, of the family of the Gaetani, who had -held the office of Prćfect of Rome, and was Lord of Viterbo. +held the office of Præfect of Rome, and was Lord of Viterbo. Against him the Tribune sent an expedition under one of the Orsini, which defeated and crushed the rebel, who, on hearing that Cola himself was coming to join his forces, @@ -15676,8 +15634,8 @@ which from the outside looked so much like a dramatic interlude to amuse the people, and a satisfaction of vanity on his own part. Both these things no doubt had their share, but they were not all. He made extraordinary preparations -for the success and <i>éclat</i>, of what was in reality -a <i>coup d'état</i> of the most extraordinary kind. First of all +for the success and <i>Ă©clat</i>, of what was in reality +a <i>coup d'Ă©tat</i> of the most extraordinary kind. First of all he fortified himself by the verdict of all the learned lawyers in Rome, to whom he submitted the question whether the Roman people had the right to resume into their own @@ -15718,7 +15676,7 @@ clung to the ghost of what was real only by stress of superior power and force, when all force had departed out of the hands which were but as painted shadows of the past. It is strange to conceive by what possible reasoning a conflicting -host of medićval barons of the most mixed blood, this +host of mediæval barons of the most mixed blood, this from the Rhine, that from the south of Italy, as Petrarch <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">440</a></span> describes on more than one occasion, of no true patrician @@ -16056,7 +16014,7 @@ on very surely when he heard of, or perhaps witnessed, the melodrama of the knighthood, the farce of the coronation. Cola had been forced to take advantage of the services of these barons, even though he hated them. He had -put an Orsini at the head of his troops against the Prćfect +put an Orsini at the head of his troops against the Præfect <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">448</a></span> Giovanni di Vico. He appointed Janni Colonna, his former patron, who had laughed at him so heartily, to lead the @@ -16411,7 +16369,7 @@ Janni was wounded only in the breast and in one of his feet. Then the people flung themselves forth from the gate furiously without order or leader, seeking merely whom to kill. They met the young Cavaliers, foremost of whom was Pietro of Agapito di Colonna who had -been Prćfect of Marseilles, and a priest. He had never used arms till +been Præfect of Marseilles, and a priest. He had never used arms till that day. He fell from his horse and could not recover himself, the ground being so slippery, but fled into a vineyard close by. Bald he was, and old, praying for God's sake to be forgiven. But vain was @@ -17634,7 +17592,7 @@ served his turn.</p> troop of 250 free lances, Germans and Burgundians, the same number of infantry from Tuscany, with fifty young men of good families in Perugia—a very tolerable army -for the time—and the two young Provençals, along with +for the time—and the two young Provençals, along with other youths to whom he had promised various offices, the new Senator set out for Rome. He was now a legal official, with all the strength of the Pope and constituted authority @@ -17805,7 +17763,7 @@ the common weal which had once existed in the bosom of Cola di Rienzi flashed up now in his mind, in one last and tremendous flame of righteous wrath? No one perhaps so dangerous to the permanent freedom and well-being of -Italy existed as this Provençal with his great army, which +Italy existed as this Provençal with his great army, which held allegiance to no leader but himself—without country, without creed or scruple—which he led about at his pleasure, flinging it now into one, now into the other scale. @@ -18006,8 +17964,8 @@ sheep, and they were afraid of the Tribune as of a demon." <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502">502</a></span></p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="illo_523" id="illo_523"></a> -<img src="images/illo_523.jpg" width="415" height="600" alt="ANCIENT, MEDIĆVAL, AND MODERN ROME" /> -<p class="caption">ANCIENT, MEDIĆVAL, AND MODERN ROME.<br /> +<img src="images/illo_523.jpg" width="415" height="600" alt="ANCIENT, MEDIÆVAL, AND MODERN ROME" /> +<p class="caption">ANCIENT, MEDIÆVAL, AND MODERN ROME.<br /> <span class="s05"><i>To face page</i> 502.</span></p> </div> @@ -18336,7 +18294,7 @@ of the helpless peasants and the smitten country on either side. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_515" id="Page_515">515</a></span></p> -<p>But the pettier rôle was one of which men tired, as much +<p>But the pettier rĂ´le was one of which men tired, as much as they did of that perpetual strain of the greater which required an amount of strength and concentration of mind not given to many, such as could not (and this was the @@ -18401,7 +18359,7 @@ credit of the policy of rebuilding the city, was a native-born Roman; but Pope Eugenius IV., who took up its embellishment still more seriously, was a Venetian, bringing with him from the sea-margin the love of glowing colour and that -"labour of an age in pilëd stones" which was so dear to +"labour of an age in pilĂ«d stones" which was so dear to those who built their palaces upon the waters. Nicolas was a Pisan, Pope Leo, who advanced the work so greatly, was a Florentine. But their common ambition was to make Rome @@ -18694,7 +18652,7 @@ more expedient to revoke a promise than to fulfil it." <p>Martin and Eugenius were both busy and warlike men. They were involved in all the countless internal conflicts of Italy; they were confronted by many troubles in the Church, -by the argumentative and persistent Council of Bâle, and +by the argumentative and persistent Council of Bâle, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_526" id="Page_526">526</a></span> an anti-Pope or two to increase their cares. The reign of Eugenius began by a flight from Rome with one attendant, @@ -18818,7 +18776,7 @@ for that great Revolution which, it was once fondly hoped, was to lay spiritual Rome in ruins, at the very moment when material Rome rose most gloriously from her ashes. But, notwithstanding that he was still troubled by that -long-drawn-out Council of Bâle, it does not seem that any +long-drawn-out Council of Bâle, it does not seem that any such shadow was in the mind of Nicolas. He stood calm in human unconsciousness between heathendom at his back, and the Reformation in front of him, going about his daily @@ -18849,7 +18807,7 @@ with the Latin, an object much in the mind of all the greater Popes: to promote which happy possibility Pope Eugenius called a Council in Ferrara in 1438, which was also intended to confound the rebellious and heretical -Council of Bâle, as well as to bring about, if possible, the +Council of Bâle, as well as to bring about, if possible, the desired union. The Emperor of the East was there in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_532" id="Page_532">532</a></span> person, along with the patriarch and a large following; and @@ -19121,7 +19079,7 @@ all kinds, which now fill up the endless halls and corridors of the Papal palace, comes a sweep of noble gardens full of shade and shelter from the Roman sun, such a resort for the</p> <div class="poem"> -<p class="i8">"learnčd leisure</p> +<p class="i8">"learnèd leisure</p> <p>Which in trim gardens takes its pleasure"</p> </div> @@ -19147,7 +19105,7 @@ of St. Peter's has been identified. The earlier church was full of riches, and of great associations, to which the wonderful St. Peter's we all know can lay claim only as its successor and supplanter. With its flight of broad steps, its -portico and colonnaded façade crowned with a great tower, +portico and colonnaded façade crowned with a great tower, it dominated the square, open and glowing in the sun without the shelter of the great existing colonnades or the sparkle of the fountains. Behind was the little palace begun @@ -19171,13 +19129,13 @@ against, but tradition is all on the side of those who assert it. The position taken by Signor Lanciani on this point seems to us a very sensible one. "I write about the monuments <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_540" id="Page_540">540</a></span> -of ancient Rome," he says, "from a strictly archćological +of ancient Rome," he says, "from a strictly archæological point of view, avoiding questions which pertain, or are supposed to pertain, to religious controversy."</p> <div class="blockquot"> <p> -"For the archćologist the presence and execution of SS. Peter and +"For the archæologist the presence and execution of SS. Peter and Paul in Rome are facts established beyond a shadow of doubt by purely monumental evidence. There was a time when persons belonging to different creeds made it almost a case of conscience to affirm or deny <i>a @@ -19192,7 +19150,7 @@ the monumental basilicas over their tombs on the Via Cornelia and the Via Ostiensis: when Eudoxia built the Church ad Vincula: when Damasus put a memorial tablet in the Platonia ad Catacombos: when the houses of Pudens and Aquila and Prisca were turned into -oratories: when the name of Nymphć Sancti Petri was given to the +oratories: when the name of Nymphæ Sancti Petri was given to the springs in the catacombs of the Via Nomentana: when the 29th June was accepted as the anniversary of St. Peter's execution: when sculptors, painters, medallists, goldsmiths, workers in glass and enamel, and @@ -19373,7 +19331,7 @@ also in their acquisitions for the Church in this kind; both of them being curious in goldsmiths' work, then entering upon its most splendid development, and in their collections of precious stones. The valuable work of M. -Muntz, <i>Les Arts ŕ la cour des papes</i>, abounds in details of +Muntz, <i>Les Arts Ă la cour des papes</i>, abounds in details of these splendid jewels. Indeed his sober records of daily work and its payment seem to transport us out of one busy scene into another as by the touch of a magician's wand, as @@ -19619,7 +19577,7 @@ a great house, though ruined or partially ruined in his day. He was a man who had travelled much, and was known at all the courts; at one time young, heretical, adventurous, and ready to pull down all authorities, the life and soul -of that famous Council of Bâle which took upon itself to +of that famous Council of Bâle which took upon itself to depose Pope Eugenius; but not long after that outburst of independent youthfulness and energy was over, we find him filling the highest offices, the Legate of Eugenius and @@ -19676,7 +19634,7 @@ for the little King of Hungary, to histories of various kingdoms, and philosophical disquisitions. Indeed the list of his subjects is like that of a series of popular lectures in our own day. "He wrote many books in dialogue—upon -the power of the Council of Bâle, upon the sources of the +the power of the Council of Bâle, upon the sources of the Nile, upon hunting, upon Fate, upon the presence of God." If he had been a University Extension lecturer, he could scarcely have been more many-sided. And he wrote largely @@ -19975,7 +19933,7 @@ Platina tells us, in the silent hours of the night. Some part at least of these magnificent tastes arose no doubt from the fact that he was himself a magnificent specimen of manhood, so distinguished in personal appearance that -he had the naďve vanity of suggesting the name of Formosus +he had the naĂŻve vanity of suggesting the name of Formosus for himself when elected Pope, though he yielded the point to the scandalised remonstrances of the Cardinals. This simplicity of self-admiration, so undoubting as to be almost @@ -20153,7 +20111,7 @@ pathetic desert of the ancient city, leaving a rim of ruin round the too-closely clustered centre of life where men <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_570" id="Page_570">570</a></span> crowded together for security and warmth after the custom -of the medićval age—when Sixtus began to reign; and +of the mediæval age—when Sixtus began to reign; and this it was which specially impressed King Ferdinand of Naples when he paid his visit to the Pope in the year 1475, and had to be led about by Cardinals and other high officials, @@ -20216,7 +20174,7 @@ severest stroke that was possible, and commit the worst of iconoclasms; but we do not doubt that the destruction of the porches, and stairheads, and balconies must have greatly diminished the old-world attraction of a city—in which, -however, it was the medićval with all its irregularities that +however, it was the mediæval with all its irregularities that was the intruder, while what was new in the hand of Sixtus and his architects linked itself in sympathy with the most ancient, the originator yet survivor of all.</p> @@ -20711,7 +20669,7 @@ of the glories of the Eternal City.</p> <p>The ancient St. Peter's would not seem to have had anything of the poetic splendour and mystery of a Gothic building as understood in northern countries: the rounded arches -of its façade did not spring upwards with the lofty lightness +of its façade did not spring upwards with the lofty lightness <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_585" id="Page_585"></a></span> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_586" id="Page_586"></a></span> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_587" id="Page_587">587</a></span> @@ -20731,7 +20689,7 @@ century, to whom unity of conception and correctness of form were of much more concern than any such imaginative interest. However Julius II. must not have greater guilt laid upon him than was his due. His operations concerned -only the eastern part of the great church: the façade, and +only the eastern part of the great church: the façade, and the external effect of the building remained unchanged for more than a hundred years; while the plan as now believed, was that of Pope Nicolas V., only carried out by @@ -21256,7 +21214,7 @@ THE END.</p> </ul> <ul class="none"> -<li>Bäle, Council of, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>.</li> +<li>Bäle, Council of, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>.</li> <li>Bavaria, Duke of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> @@ -21277,7 +21235,7 @@ THE END.</p> <li>Bible, Innocent III., on the interpretation of, by sectaries, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> -<li>Blćsilla, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; +<li>Blæsilla, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; her conversion, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>; her death and funeral, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> @@ -21320,7 +21278,7 @@ THE END.</p> <ul class="none"> <li>Cadalous, anti-Pope, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>-<a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> -<li>Cćsarea, Melania arrested at, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> +<li>Cæsarea, Melania arrested at, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> <li>Calixtus III., <a href="#Page_552">552</a>, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</li> @@ -21844,7 +21802,7 @@ THE END.</p> his career a failure, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>-<a href="#Page_363">363</a>; strengthened Papal authority over the Church, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>; his address to the fourth Lateran Council, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>-<a href="#Page_369">369</a>; - and the appeal of the Provençal nobles, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>; + and the appeal of the Provençal nobles, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>; befriends Raymond of Toulouse, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>; rouses the Italian towns to aid in a crusade, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>; his death, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>; @@ -21936,7 +21894,7 @@ THE END.</p> decides the case of the rival emperors, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>-<a href="#Page_285">285</a>; the fourth, Pope Innocent's address to, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>-<a href="#Page_369">369</a>; ordinances passed by, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>; - gives judgment for de Montfort against the Provençal nobles, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> + gives judgment for de Montfort against the Provençal nobles, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> <li>Lay investiture, decree against, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> @@ -22171,7 +22129,7 @@ THE END.</p> her friendship with Jerome, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>; her character and position, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>; how she was attracted to the Marcellan Society, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>; - Jerome's letter to, on Blćsilla's death, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>; + Jerome's letter to, on Blæsilla's death, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>; her abandonment of her home and children, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; her journey to Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>; her quarrel with Melania, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>; @@ -22270,7 +22228,7 @@ THE END.</p> their rising against him, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>-<a href="#Page_508">508</a>. <i>See</i> <a href="#Rome">Rome</a>.</li> -<li>Prćtextata, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> +<li>Prætextata, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> <li>Priests, Roman, Jerome quoted on, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> @@ -22619,7 +22577,7 @@ THE END.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> It is touching and pathetic to divine, in the present Pope, something of that visionary and disinterested ambition, that longing to -bless and help the universe, which was in those dreams of the medićval +bless and help the universe, which was in those dreams of the mediæval mind, prompted by a great pity, and a love that is half divine. Leo XIII. is too wise a man to dream of temporal power restored, though he is a martyr to the theory of it: but there would seem to be in his @@ -22675,383 +22633,6 @@ inscription.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> See the death of Pope Leo IX., <a href="#Page_199">p. 199</a>.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Makers of Modern Rome, by -Mrs. (Margaret) Oliphant - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MAKERS OF MODERN ROME *** - -***** This file should be named 40135-h.htm or 40135-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/1/3/40135/ - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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