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diff --git a/40119-h/40119-h.htm b/40119-h/40119-h.htm index 12ecd40..7889dac 100644 --- a/40119-h/40119-h.htm +++ b/40119-h/40119-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <title> Curiosities of Light and Sight, by Shelford Bidwell—A Project Gutenberg eBook </title> @@ -44,47 +44,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Curiosities of Light and Sight, by Shelford Bidwell - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Curiosities of Light and Sight - -Author: Shelford Bidwell - -Release Date: July 1, 2012 [EBook #40119] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CURIOSITIES OF LIGHT AND SIGHT *** - - - - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40119 ***</div> <h1><small>CURIOSITIES OF LIGHT AND SIGHT.</small></h1> @@ -198,7 +158,7 @@ explored.</p> <td>Helmholtz’s Curves of Colour Sensations</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_71">72</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#fig7">7.</a></td> - <td>König’s Curves</td> + <td>König’s Curves</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#fig8">8.</a></td> <td>Stencil Card for Complementary Colours</td> @@ -270,7 +230,7 @@ explored.</p> <td>Illusion of Inclination</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#fig31">31.</a></td> - <td>Zöllner’s Lines</td> + <td>Zöllner’s Lines</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#fig32">32.</a></td> <td>Slide for showing Illusions of Motions</td> @@ -523,7 +483,7 @@ undulate, and, in fact, it transports energy from one place to another by wave-motion. Some of its waves, such as those which proceed from an electric-light dynamo, may be thousands of miles in length, others may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> be shorter than a millionth of an inch, as is perhaps the case with those -associated with Professor Röntgen’s X-rays; but all, so far as is known, +associated with Professor Röntgen’s X-rays; but all, so far as is known, are of essentially the same character, differing from one another only as the billows of the Atlantic differ from the ripples on the surface of a pond. No matter how the disturbance is first set up, whether by the sun, @@ -755,7 +715,7 @@ with imperfections so striking.</p> being such as would never be tolerated in optical instruments of human manufacture. In any fairly good camera or telescope or microscope we should expect to find that the lenses were symmetrically figured, free -from striæ and properly centred; also that they were achromatic and +from striæ and properly centred; also that they were achromatic and efficiently corrected for spherical aberration. In the eye not one of these elementary requirements is fulfilled.</p> @@ -765,7 +725,7 @@ turning lathe or a lens-grinding machine; its curvature is greater in a vertical than in a horizontal direction, and the distinctness of the focussed image is consequently impaired. Again, the crystalline lens is constructed of a number of separate portions which are imperfectly joined -together. Striæ occur along the junctions, and the light which traverses +together. Striæ occur along the junctions, and the light which traverses them, instead of being uniformly refracted, is scattered irregularly. Moreover the system of lenses is not centred upon a common axis; neither is it achromatic, while the means employed for correcting spherical @@ -1218,17 +1178,17 @@ violet nerves strongly, and the red feebly.</p> <p><a name="fig7" id="fig7"></a> </p> <div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img07.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="center"><i>Fig. 7.—König’s Curves.</i></p> +<p class="center"><i>Fig. 7.—König’s Curves.</i></p> <p> </p> -<p><a href="#fig7">Fig. 7</a> shows another set of curves given more recently by Dr. König as the +<p><a href="#fig7">Fig. 7</a> shows another set of curves given more recently by Dr. König as the result of many thousands of experiments made, not only upon persons whose -vision was normal, but also upon some who were colour-blind. König found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +vision was normal, but also upon some who were colour-blind. König found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> that the equations he obtained were best satisfied by assuming as the normal fundamental sensations a purplish red (not to be found in the spectrum), a green like that of wave-length 5050, and a blue like that of wave-length 4700 approximately, the two latter, however, being purer or -more saturated than any actual spectrum colour. But König’s curves are not +more saturated than any actual spectrum colour. But König’s curves are not consistent with every class of vision which he examined, and the question as to what are the true fundamental colour-sensations, if such really exist at all, cannot yet be regarded as finally settled.<a name='fna_6' id='fna_6' href='#f_6'><small>[6]</small></a></p> @@ -2101,13 +2061,13 @@ for us, we shall infallibly imagine it to be in some such position as that indicated (in an exaggerated degree) by the dotted line<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> E F, while the true level A B will appear to slope oppositely to C D.</p> -<p>This class of illusion is remarkably well demonstrated by Zöllner’s lines, +<p>This class of illusion is remarkably well demonstrated by Zöllner’s lines, <a href="#fig31">Fig. 31</a>; the two thick lines which appear to diverge from left to right, are in truth strictly parallel.</p> <p><a name="fig31" id="fig31"></a> </p> <div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img33.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="center"><i>Fig. 31.—Zöllner’s Lines.</i></p> +<p class="center"><i>Fig. 31.—Zöllner’s Lines.</i></p> <p> </p> <p>I need not discuss in further detail the various illusions to which a @@ -2500,7 +2460,7 @@ With this object two methods of experimenting were employed. In the first, coloured light was obtained by passing white light through coloured glasses; in the second and more perfect series of experiments, the pure coloured light of the spectrum was used. Among other results it was found -that, <i>cæteris paribus</i>, the recurrent image was much stronger with green +that, <i>cæteris paribus</i>, the recurrent image was much stronger with green light than with any other, and that when the excitation was produced by pure red light, however intense, there was no recurrent image at all.</p> @@ -2561,7 +2521,7 @@ capable of adjustment. The arm is turned slowly by clock-work, thus causing the coloured spot on the screen to revolve in a circular orbit about 30 centimetres (1 foot) in diameter, its recurrent image following at a short distance behind it. When the mirror turns once in 1½ -seconds, this image appears about 50° behind the coloured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> spot, the +seconds, this image appears about 50° behind the coloured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> spot, the corresponding time-interval being about one-fifth of a second.</p> <p>Using this apparatus, it was found that white light was followed by a @@ -2646,7 +2606,7 @@ background,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></ the illumination must be strong. If, howover, the arrangement is slightly varied, so that transmitted instead of reflected light is made use of, comparatively feeble illumination is sufficient. A very effective way is -to turn a small metal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> disk, having an open sector of about 60°, in front +to turn a small metal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> disk, having an open sector of about 60°, in front of a sheet of ground or opal glass behind which is a lamp. By an arrangement of this kind upon a larger scale, the effect may easily be rendered visible to an audience. The eyes should not be allowed to follow @@ -2891,7 +2851,7 @@ the illumination is suitable, appear to be bright red.</p> <p>We may go a step further. Cut out a disk of white cardboard, divide it into two equal parts by a straight line through the centre, and paint one half black.<a name='fna_13' id='fna_13' href='#f_13'><small>[13]</small></a> At the junction of the black and white portions cut out a -gap, which may conveniently be of the form of a sector of 45°. (See <a href="#fig47">Fig. 47</a>.) +gap, which may conveniently be of the form of a sector of 45°. (See <a href="#fig47">Fig. 47</a>.) Stick a long pin through the centre and hold the arrangement by the pointed end of the pin a few inches above a printed page near a good light. Make the disk spin at the rate of about five or six turns a second @@ -3130,383 +3090,6 @@ are not at present concerned.</p> <p><a name='f_13' id='f_13' href='#fna_13'>[13]</a> Or, for best results, use a balanced metal disk covered with black velvet and white paper.</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Curiosities of Light and Sight, by Shelford Bidwell - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CURIOSITIES OF LIGHT AND SIGHT *** - -***** This file should be named 40119-h.htm or 40119-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/1/1/40119/ - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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