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diff --git a/40113-h/40113-h.htm b/40113-h/40113-h.htm index bf554a2..649c0b6 100644 --- a/40113-h/40113-h.htm +++ b/40113-h/40113-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Flags of the World, by F. Edward Hulme</title> <style type="text/css"> p, h5 { margin-top:.75em; margin-bottom:.75em; } @@ -84,26 +84,9 @@ </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40113 ***</div> <h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Flags of the World, by F. Edward Hulme</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: The Flags of the World</p> -<p> Their History, Blazonry, and Associations</p> -<p>Author: F. Edward Hulme</p> -<p>Release Date: July 1, 2012 [eBook #40113]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FLAGS OF THE WORLD***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="http://archive.org">http://archive.org</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -188,7 +171,7 @@ and Nations—the Standards of Antiquity—Egyptian, Assyrian, Persian, Greek, and Roman—the Vexillum—the Labarum of Constantine—Invocation of Religion—the Flags of the Enemy—Early Flags of Religious Character—Flags of Saints at Funeral -Obsequies—Company and Guild Flags of the Mediæval Period—Political +Obsequies—Company and Guild Flags of the Mediæval Period—Political Colours—Various kinds of Flags—the Banner—Rolls of Arms—Roll of Karlaverok—The Flag called the Royal Standard is really the Royal Banner—Main-sail Banners—Trumpet @@ -316,7 +299,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> Persian, Greek, and Roman—the Vexillum—The Labarum of Constantine—Invocation of Religion—the Flags of the Enemy—Early Flags of Religious Character—Flags of Saints at - Funeral Obsequies—Company and Guild Flags of the Mediæval + Funeral Obsequies—Company and Guild Flags of the Mediæval Period—Political Colours—Various kinds of Flags—the Banner—Rolls of Arms—Roll of Karlaverok—The Flag called the Royal Standard is really the Royal Banner—Mainsail @@ -359,7 +342,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> name="page2"></a>{2}</span></p> <p>The standards used by the nations of antiquity differed in nature from - the flags that in mediæval and modern days have taken their place. These + the flags that in mediæval and modern days have taken their place. These earlier symbols were ordinary devices wrought in metal, and carried at the head of poles or spears. Thus the hosts of Egypt marched to war beneath the shadow of the various sacred animals that typified their @@ -521,7 +504,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> monasteries to the field of battle, while monks and priests in attendance on them invoked the aid of Heaven during the strife. In an old statement of accounts, still existing, we read that Edward I. made a payment of - 8½d. a day to a priest of Beverley for carrying throughout one of his + 8½d. a day to a priest of Beverley for carrying throughout one of his campaigns a banner bearing the figure of St. John. St. Wilfred's banner from Ripon, together with this banner of St. John from Beverley, were brought on to the field at Northallerton; the flag of St. Denis was @@ -572,7 +555,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> physician, disquiet, negligence, gorgeously, burying, whipped, pillory, artillery, dishes of spices.</p> - <p>The various companies and guilds of the mediæval period had their + <p>The various companies and guilds of the mediæval period had their special flags that came out, as do those of their successors of the present day, on the various occasions of civic pageantry; and in many cases, as may be seen in the illuminated MSS. in the British Museum and @@ -587,7 +570,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> the flags therein introduced bear the most extraordinary devices, boots and shoes, drinking-vessels, anvils, and the like, that owe their presence there to the fact that various trade guilds sent their - contingents of men to the fight. In a French work on mediæval guilds we + contingents of men to the fight. In a French work on mediæval guilds we find the candle-makers of Bayeux marching beneath a black banner with three white candles on it, the locksmiths of La Rochelle having a scarlet flag with four golden keys on it. The lawyers of Loudoun had a flag with @@ -611,7 +594,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> The local colours are often those that were once the livery colours of the principal family in the district, and were assumed by its adherents for the family's sake quite independently of its political creed. The - notion of livery is now an unpleasant one, but in mediæval days the + notion of livery is now an unpleasant one, but in mediæval days the colours of the great houses were worn by the whole country-side, and the wearing carried with it no suggestion either of toadyism or servitude. As this influence was hereditary and at one time all-powerful, the colour of @@ -715,7 +698,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> their career on earth entitled them.</p> <p>The names bestowed upon the different kinds of flags have varied from - time to time, the various authorities of mediæval and modern days not + time to time, the various authorities of mediæval and modern days not being quite of one mind sometimes, so that while the more salient forms are easily identifiable, some little element of doubt creeps in when we would endeavour to bestow with absolute precision a name to a certain @@ -772,7 +755,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> href="#fig11">11</a>, have had no despite done them, the square form being clearly well-adapted for their due display.</p> - <p>The Rolls of Arms prepared on various occasions by the mediæval and + <p>The Rolls of Arms prepared on various occasions by the mediæval and later heralds form an admirable storehouse of examples. Some of these have been reproduced in facsimile, and are, therefore, more or less readily accessible. We have before us as we write the roll of the arms of @@ -848,7 +831,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> Chapel, Windsor, while those of the Knights of the Bath are similarly displayed in the Chapel of Henry VII. in Westminster Abbey.</p> - <p>The whole of the great mainsail of a mediæval ship was often + <p>The whole of the great mainsail of a mediæval ship was often emblazoned with arms, and formed one large banner. This usage may be very well seen in the illuminations, seals, etc., of that period. As early as the year 1247 we find Otho, Count of Gueldres, represented as bearing on @@ -1044,7 +1027,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> <p>Fig. <a href="#fig15">15</a> is the standard of Sir Thomas de Swynnerton. The swine is an example of the punning allusion to the - bearer's name that is so often seen in the charges of mediæval + bearer's name that is so often seen in the charges of mediæval heraldry.</p> <p>Figs. <a href="#fig14">14</a> and <a href="#fig15">15</a> are typical @@ -1138,7 +1121,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> of Nelson bears his motto, "<i>Palmam qui meruit ferat</i>," but instead of the Cross of St. George it has the union of the crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick, since in 1806, the year of his funeral, the - England of mediæval days had expanded into the Kingdom of Great Britain + England of mediæval days had expanded into the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In the imposing funeral procession of the great Duke of Wellington we find again amongst the flags not only the national flag, regimental colours, and other insignia, but the ten bannerolls of the @@ -1226,11 +1209,11 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> <p>The statement of the cost of the funeral of Oliver Cromwell is interesting, as we see therein the divers kinds of flags that graced the - ceremony. The total cost of the affair was over £28,000, and the unhappy + ceremony. The total cost of the affair was over £28,000, and the unhappy undertaker, a Mr. Rolt, was paid very little, if any, of his bill. The items include "six gret banners wrought on rich taffaty in oil, and gilt - with fine gold," at £6 each. Five large standards, similarly wrought, at - a cost of £10 each; six dozen <!-- Page 20 --><span class="pagenum" title="031.png" + with fine gold," at £6 each. Five large standards, similarly wrought, at + a cost of £10 each; six dozen <!-- Page 20 --><span class="pagenum" title="031.png" ><a name="page20"></a>{20}</span>pennons, a yard long, at a sovereign each; forty trumpet banners, at forty shillings apiece; thirty dozen of pennoncelles, a foot long, at twenty shillings a dozen; and twenty dozen @@ -1242,9 +1225,9 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> for the new payntyng and guyldyng of ten trumpet banners, for payntyng and guyldyng of two long pennons of the Lord Maior's armes on callicoe," and many other items that we need not set down, the total cost of the - flag department being £67 15<i>s.</i> 10<i>d.</i>, while for the Lord + flag department being £67 15<i>s.</i> 10<i>d.</i>, while for the Lord Mayor's Show of the year 1685 we find that the charge for this item was - the handsome sum of £140.</p> + the handsome sum of £140.</p> <p>The Pennant, or pendant, is a long narrow flag with pointed end, and derives its name from the Latin word signifying to hang. Examples of it @@ -1273,7 +1256,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> href="#fig157">157</a> that of Chili, and in <a href="#fig173">173</a> that of Brazil.</p> - <p>In mediæval days many devices were introduced, the streamer being made + <p>In mediæval days many devices were introduced, the streamer being made of sufficient width to allow of their display. Thus Dugdale gives an account of the fitting up of the ship in which Beauchamp, fifth Earl of Warwick, during the reign of Henry VI., went over to France. The original @@ -1332,14 +1315,14 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> reference is the Guidon. The word is derived from the <!-- Page 22 --><span class="pagenum" title="033.png"><a name="page22"></a>{22}</span>French <i>guide-homme</i>, but in the lax - spelling of mediæval days it undergoes many perversions, such as + spelling of mediæval days it undergoes many perversions, such as guydhome, guydon, gytton, geton, and such-like more or less barbarous renderings. Guidon is the regulation name now applied to the small standards borne by the squadrons of some of our cavalry regiments. The Queen's guidon is borne by the first squadron; this is always of crimson silk; the others are the colour of the regimental facings. The modern cavalry guidon is square in form, and richly embroidered, fringed, and - tasselled. A mediæval writer on the subject lays down the law that "a + tasselled. A mediæval writer on the subject lays down the law that "a guydhome must be two and a half yardes or three yardes longe, and therein shall be no armes putt, but only the man's crest, cognizance, and device, and from that, from his standard or streamer a man may flee; but not from @@ -1368,7 +1351,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> href="#fig35">35</a>, sketched from a MS. of the early part of the fourteenth century, in the British Museum, is of somewhat curious and abnormal form. It is of religious type, and bears the Agnus Dei. The - original is in a letter of Philippe de Mezières, pleading for peace and + original is in a letter of Philippe de Mezières, pleading for peace and friendship between Charles VI. of France and Richard II. of England.</p> <p>Flags are nowadays ordinarily made of bunting, a woollen fabric which, @@ -1464,7 +1447,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> <p>During the Civil War between the Royalists and Parliamentarians, we find a great use made of flags inscribed with mottoes. Thus, on one we see five hands stretching at a crown defended by an armed hand issuing - from a cloud, and the motto, "Reddite Cæsari." In another we see an angel + from a cloud, and the motto, "Reddite Cæsari." In another we see an angel with a flaming sword treading a dragon underfoot, and the motto, "Quis ut Deus," while yet another is inscribed, "Courage pour la Cause." On a fourth we find an ermine, and the motto, "Malo mori quam @@ -1603,7 +1586,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> href="#fig57">57</a>, now no longer in existence. Fig. <a href="#fig62">62</a> is the flag of Savoy, an ancient sovereignty that, within the memory of many of our readers, has expanded into the kingdom - of Italy. The break up of the Napoleonic <i>régime</i> in France, the + of Italy. The break up of the Napoleonic <i>régime</i> in France, the crushing out of the Confederate States in North America, the dismissal from the throne of the Emperor of Brazil, have all, within comparatively recent years, led to the superannuation and disestablishment of a goodly @@ -1914,7 +1897,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> of France and England.</p> <p>Originally the fleurs-de-lys were scattered freely over the field, - <i>semée</i> or sown, as it is termed heraldically, so that besides + <i>semée</i> or sown, as it is termed heraldically, so that besides several in the centre that showed their complete form, others at the margin were more or less imperfect. On turning to Fig. <a href="#fig188">188</a>, an early French flag, we see this disposition of @@ -1938,7 +1921,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> that alike on coinage, arms, and Standard the fiction was preserved, and Londoners may see at Whitehall the statue still standing of James II., bearing on its pedestal the inscription—"<i>Jacobus secundus Dei - Gratia Angliæ, Scotiæ, Franciæ et Hiberniæ Rex</i>."</p> + Gratia Angliæ, Scotiæ, Franciæ et Hiberniæ Rex</i>."</p> <p>During the Protectorate, both the Union Flag and the Standard underwent several modifications, but the form that the personal Standard @@ -2378,7 +2361,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> celestial omen strengthening the hearts and arms of the men of Hungus to such effect that the Northumbrians were completely routed. Should neither of these explanations appear sufficiently explanatory, we can offer yet a - third. On the martyrdom of St. Andrew, in the year 69, at Patræ, in + third. On the martyrdom of St. Andrew, in the year 69, at Patræ, in Achaia, his remains were carefully preserved as relics, but in the year 370, Regulus, one of the Greek monks who had them in their keeping, was warned in a vision that the Emperor Constantine was proposing to @@ -2569,7 +2552,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> documents. Several other theories have been broached, of varying degrees of improbability; one of these deriving it from the word "jaque"<a name="NtA_35" href="#Nt_35"><sup>[35]</sup></a> (hence our modern - jacket), the surcoat worn over the armour in mediæval days. This, we have + jacket), the surcoat worn over the armour in mediæval days. This, we have seen, had the Cross of St. George always represented on it; but there is no proof that the jaque was ever worn with the union of the two crosses upon it, so that the derivation breaks down just at the critical point. @@ -3703,7 +3686,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> that category. On account of this, all yacht owners were warned that should they wish to pass the Dardanelles under the white or blue ensign, the latter being also the flag of the Royal Naval Reserve, they must - first obtain an Imperial Iradé, otherwise they were recommended to + first obtain an Imperial Iradé, otherwise they were recommended to display the red ensign. Austria-Hungary, Spain, Denmark, Italy, Sweden, Norway, and France have each, in like manner, given to the leading club of the country the privilege of flying the naval flag. In America and @@ -4949,7 +4932,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> fourth quarters are themselves quartered, black and white for Zollern, while the second and third quarters are azure with a golden stag for Sigmaringen. Friedrich VI., the first of the Hohenzollerns, the Burggraf - of Nürnberg, became Friedrich I., Elector of Brandenburg, in 1417. There + of Nürnberg, became Friedrich I., Elector of Brandenburg, in 1417. There were twelve in all, of these Hohenzollern Electors, and Friedrich III., the last of these, became in 1701 the first King of Prussia. All the succeeding Sovereigns have been of the same house, so that the black and @@ -5070,7 +5053,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> <p>The Imperial Standard of the Czar of all the Russias is the brilliant yellow and black flag represented in Fig. <a href="#fig226">226</a>. The introduction of the black two-headed eagle dates back from the year 1472, - when Ivan the Great married Sophia, a niece of Constantine Palæolagus, + when Ivan the Great married Sophia, a niece of Constantine Palæolagus, and thence assumed the arms of the Greek Empire. On the breast of the eagle is an escutcheon bearing on its red field in silver the figure of St. George slaying the dragon, the whole being surrounded by the collar @@ -5181,7 +5164,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> in the flag of a Consul-General, since he is an official of the State, and at the same time his duties deal largely with commercial interests; and much the same ground may be taken as regards the blending of the two - flags in Fig. <a href="#fig221">221</a>, the flag of a Russian Chargé + flags in Fig. <a href="#fig221">221</a>, the flag of a Russian Chargé d'Affaires. Fig. <a href="#fig223">223</a> is the ensign of a Russian transport; if of the second division the field of the flag is blue, and if of the third it is red, in each of these cases the crossed anchors @@ -5292,7 +5275,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> <p>The white cross frequently appears on the early French flags. Fig. <a href="#fig188">188</a>, the flag of the French Guards in the year 1563, is a good example of this. We find Favyn, in a book published in Paris in - 1620, "Le Théâtre d'honneur et de Chevalerie," writing: "Le grand + 1620, "Le Théâtre d'honneur et de Chevalerie," writing: "Le grand estendard de satin bleu celeste en riche broderie de fleurs de lys d'or a une grande croix plein de satin blanc, qui est la croix de France." Figs. <a href="#fig180">180</a> and <a href="#fig181">181</a> are taken from a @@ -5306,7 +5289,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> cross as the leading feature. Fig. <a href="#fig182">182</a>, for example, is that of the Soissonois. Desjardins, in his excellent book on the French flag,<a name="NtA_69" href="#Nt_69"><sup>[69]</sup></a> gives - a great many illustrations of these. In the Musée d'Artillerie in Paris + a great many illustrations of these. In the Musée d'Artillerie in Paris we find a very valuable collection of martial equipments from the time of Charlemagne, and amongst these a fine series (original where possible, or, failing this copies) of the flags of France from the year 1250.</p> @@ -5416,7 +5399,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> disappeared from the national colours. The flag of the French army is now surmounted by a wreath of laurel traversed by a golden dart with the letters R.F. and the regimental number, while on one face of the flag - itself is, in the middle, the inscription "Republique Française, Honneur + itself is, in the middle, the inscription "Republique Française, Honneur et Patrie," each corner being occupied by a golden wreath enclosing the number of the regiment. The name of the regiment and its "honours" occupy the other side.</p> @@ -5715,13 +5698,13 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> Norway and Sweden, is the simple and beautiful flag of Switzerland. Like the crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, St. Patrick, or that on the flag of Denmark, its device has a religious significance. Gautier tells us - that:—"La première fois qu'il en est fait mention dans l'histoire - écrite est dans la Chronique du Bearnois Justinger. Il dit, après avoir - fait l'énumération des forces des Suisses quittant Berne pour marcher - contre l'armée des nobles coalisés en 1339—'Et tous étaient marqués - au signe de la Sainte Croix, une croix blanche dans un écusson rouge, par - la raison que l'affranchissement de la nation était pour eux une cause - aussi sacrée que la délivrance des lieux saints.'"</p> + that:—"La première fois qu'il en est fait mention dans l'histoire + écrite est dans la Chronique du Bearnois Justinger. Il dit, après avoir + fait l'énumération des forces des Suisses quittant Berne pour marcher + contre l'armée des nobles coalisés en 1339—'Et tous étaient marqués + au signe de la Sainte Croix, une croix blanche dans un écusson rouge, par + la raison que l'affranchissement de la nation était pour eux une cause + aussi sacrée que la délivrance des lieux saints.'"</p> <p>Its twenty-two cantons are united by a Constitution, under one President and one flag, but each canton has its own cantonal colours. @@ -5858,7 +5841,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> Ottomans as a badge of triumph. Prior to that event, the crescent was a very common charge in the armorial bearings of English Knights, but it fell into considerable disuse when it became the special device of the - Mohamedans, though even so late as the year 1464 we find René, Duke of + Mohamedans, though even so late as the year 1464 we find René, Duke of Anjou, founding an Order of Knighthood having as its badge the crescent moon, encircled by a motto signifying "praise by increasing." Though the crescent was, as we have seen, originally a Pagan symbol, it remained @@ -6223,7 +6206,7 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> all circumstances the greatest visibility.</p> <p>The person sending the signals should hold the flag pointing upwards - to the left, and with the pole making an angle of about 25°, with an + to the left, and with the pole making an angle of about 25°, with an imaginary vertical line passing down the centre of his body. The signals are based upon the dot and dash system of Morse. The dot or short stroke is made by waving the flag from the normal position to the corresponding @@ -6240,50 +6223,50 @@ Stations</td><td class="vbm ar"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr> class="nw">:—</span></p> <table class="mc" style="width:30em"><tr><td class="vtp pl2 w33 br"> -A · —<br /> -A (æ) · — · —<br /> -B — · · ·<br /> -C — · — ·<br /> -D — · ·<br /> -E ·<br /> -F · · — ·<br /> -G — — ·<br /> -H · · · ·<br /> -I · ·</td><td class="vtp pl2 w33 br"> -J · — — —<br /> -K — · —<br /> -L · — · ·<br /> +A · —<br /> +A (æ) · — · —<br /> +B — · · ·<br /> +C — · — ·<br /> +D — · ·<br /> +E ·<br /> +F · · — ·<br /> +G — — ·<br /> +H · · · ·<br /> +I · ·</td><td class="vtp pl2 w33 br"> +J · — — —<br /> +K — · —<br /> +L · — · ·<br /> M — —<br /> -N — ·<br /> +N — ·<br /> O — — —<br /> -O (œ) — — — ·<br /> -P · — — ·<br /> -Q — — · —<br /> -R · — ·</td><td class="vtp pl2 w33"> -S · · ·<br /> +O (œ) — — — ·<br /> +P · — — ·<br /> +Q — — · —<br /> +R · — ·</td><td class="vtp pl2 w33"> +S · · ·<br /> T —<br /> -U · · —<br /> -U (ue) · · — —<br /> -V · · · —<br /> -W · — —<br /> -X — · · —<br /> -Y — · — —<br /> -Z — — · ·<br /> +U · · —<br /> +U (ue) · · — —<br /> +V · · · —<br /> +W · — —<br /> +X — · · —<br /> +Y — · — —<br /> +Z — — · ·<br /> Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> <p>The following code is adopted to represent figures<span class="nw">:—</span></p> <table class="mc" style="width:30em"><tr><td class="vtp pl2 w50 br"> -1 · — — — —<br /> -2 · · — — —<br /> -3 · · · — —<br /> -4 · · · · —<br /> -5 · · · · ·</td><td class="vtp pl4 w50"> -6 — · · · ·<br /> -7 — — · · ·<br /> -8 — — — · ·<br /> -9 — — — — ·<br /> +1 · — — — —<br /> +2 · · — — —<br /> +3 · · · — —<br /> +4 · · · · —<br /> +5 · · · · ·</td><td class="vtp pl4 w50"> +6 — · · · ·<br /> +7 — — · · ·<br /> +8 — — — · ·<br /> +9 — — — — ·<br /> 0 — — — — —</td></tr></table> <p>A space about equal in length to the dash is left between each letter, @@ -6315,7 +6298,7 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> to work off or for the receiver to read.</p> <p>Besides the ordinary spelling out of the words, various arbitrary - signs are used, thus a continued succession of dots · · · · · · is used + signs are used, thus a continued succession of dots · · · · · · is used to call attention to the fact that a message is going to be sent, and a series of dashes — — — — — — means that it is finished. G means "go on," R is a request to "move more to the @@ -6334,9 +6317,9 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> signalling, communication can be established during an expedition between the ships and the troops on shore. The signal for communication is a white pendant with two black X.X on it. Should this special flag not be - forthcoming, the X.X — · · — — · · — (see code of + forthcoming, the X.X — · · — — · · — (see code of letters) is flashed at night or waved by the flag by day, and as soon as - the preparative dots · · · · · · have been acknowledged, the message is + the preparative dots · · · · · · have been acknowledged, the message is dispatched. When the message is of a general character, nothing more need be done, but when it is intended for a particular vessel, the communication is preceded by the special sign apportioned to that @@ -6751,7 +6734,7 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> Our readers will see at once how distinctive they are. Figs. <a href="#fig335">335</a> to <a href="#fig349">349</a> inclusive are the special flags of well-known steamships of the Peninsular and Oriental, - the Orient Line, and the <i>Compagnie Générale Transatlantique</i>.</p> + the Orient Line, and the <i>Compagnie Générale Transatlantique</i>.</p> <p>Should the vessel be a yacht, it is the <i>Aline</i> if she shows the flags P.W.N.D; the <i>Star of the Sea</i> if her signal is T.N.B.H; but @@ -6872,7 +6855,7 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> <p>Though we have covered much ground, it must have been patent to all readers who have thus far companioned us that much detail was necessarily omitted, unless our book had to grow to the dimensions of an - encyclopædia. It would probably, for instance, take some fifty figures or + encyclopædia. It would probably, for instance, take some fifty figures or so to give all the distinctive flags of the various government departments, official ranks, etc., of a single Great Power. We trust nevertheless that while our labours have been by no means exhaustive, @@ -7128,7 +7111,7 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> <p class="i8"><b>F.</b></p> <p>Facings of the regiment <a href="#page62">62</a></p> <p>Falcon as a device <a href="#page17">17</a></p> - <p>Favyn "Le Théâtre d'honneur" <a href="#page4">4</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a></p> + <p>Favyn "Le Théâtre d'honneur" <a href="#page4">4</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a></p> <p>Fiji, badge of colony <a href="#page84">84</a></p> <p>Files represented on trade flag <a href="#page7">7</a></p> <p>Flag-book of the Admiralty <a href="#page120">120</a></p> @@ -7263,7 +7246,7 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> <p>Knights of the Bath, banners of <a href="#page12">12</a></p> <p>Knights of the Garter, banners of <a href="#page12">12</a></p> <p>Knights Templars, banner of the <a href="#page24">24</a></p> - <p>Köbel, book on costume and flags <a href="#page101">101</a></p> + <p>Köbel, book on costume and flags <a href="#page101">101</a></p> <p>Korea, flag of kingdom of <a href="#page125">125</a></p> </div> @@ -7325,7 +7308,7 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> <p>Massachusetts, flag of <a href="#page3">3</a>, <a href="#page87">87</a></p> <p><i>Mayflower</i>, sailing of the <a href="#page87">87</a></p> <p>Mecklenburg-Strelitz, flag of <a href="#page101">101</a></p> - <p>Mediæval spelling <a href="#page6">6</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a></p> + <p>Mediæval spelling <a href="#page6">6</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a></p> <p>Mediterranean and New York Company <a href="#page75">75</a></p> <p>Merchant flag, red ensign <a href="#page40">40</a>, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page58">58</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page80">80</a></p> <p>Merchant Shipping (Colours) Act <a href="#page58">58</a></p> @@ -7519,7 +7502,7 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> <p>Southern Cross <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page80">80</a>, <a href="#page96">96</a></p> <p>Sovereignty of the seas <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href="#page26">26</a></p> <p>Spain, flags of <a href="#page1">1</a>, <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page110">110</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page112">112</a></p> - <p>Spelling, mediæval liberty of <a href="#page6">6</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a></p> + <p>Spelling, mediæval liberty of <a href="#page6">6</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a></p> <p>Spenser, quotation from <a href="#page36">36</a></p> <p>Sphinx as a badge <a href="#page62">62</a>, <a href="#page63">63</a></p> <p>Spoon and fork on trade flag <a href="#page7">7</a></p> @@ -7690,7 +7673,7 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> <div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;"> <a href="images/plate1.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/plate1.jpg" alt="Plate 1" title="Plate 1" /></a> - PERSONAL FLAGS—MEDIÆVAL PERIOD. + PERSONAL FLAGS—MEDIÆVAL PERIOD. </div> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="bb"></td></tr> @@ -8094,7 +8077,7 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> <a name="fig218">218</a> Russia, Commercial.</p><p style="text-align:left" class="tcapt"> <a name="fig219">219</a> Early Form of Russian Ensign.</p><p style="text-align:left" class="tcapt"> <a name="fig220">220</a> Russia, Consul General.</p><p style="text-align:left" class="tcapt"> -<a name="fig221">221</a> Russia, Chargé d'Affaires.</p><p style="text-align:left" class="tcapt"> +<a name="fig221">221</a> Russia, Chargé d'Affaires.</p><p style="text-align:left" class="tcapt"> <a name="fig222">222</a> Russia, Ambassador or Minister.</p><p style="text-align:left" class="tcapt"> <a name="fig223">223</a> Russia, Transport Service.</p><p style="text-align:left" class="tcapt"> <a name="fig224">224</a> Danish Man-of-War.</p><p style="text-align:left" class="tcapt"> @@ -8285,24 +8268,24 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> tartan, that of Balmoral, was devised by Prince Albert in the year 1848.</p> - <p><a name="Nt_2" href="#NtA_2">[2]</a> In mediæval days the pastoral + <p><a name="Nt_2" href="#NtA_2">[2]</a> In mediæval days the pastoral staff or crook of the bishop often had a small scarf attached to it. This was known as the vexillum, and was supposed to be derived from the Labarum, or standard of the first Christian emperor, Constantine the Great.</p> - <p><a name="Nt_3" href="#NtA_3">[3]</a> In Favyn's book, "Le Théâtre + <p><a name="Nt_3" href="#NtA_3">[3]</a> In Favyn's book, "Le Théâtre d'honneur et de Chevalerie," published in Paris some two hundred and fifty years ago, we read of "Le grand estendard de satin bleu celeste - double en riche broderie de fleurs de lys d'or de Chypre à une grande + double en riche broderie de fleurs de lys d'or de Chypre à une grande croix plein de satin blanc, qui est la croix de France.</p> <p>"Le grand estendard Saint Michel ange gardien de la France, de satin - bleu celeste de riche broderie d'or de Chypre, semé d'estoiles d'or.</p> + bleu celeste de riche broderie d'or de Chypre, semé d'estoiles d'or.</p> <p>"Le grand estendard de l'ordre du benoist Saint-Esprit, faict de - double satin verd à une columbe d'argent, rayonné d'or de riche broderie, - le rest semé de flammes d'or."</p> + double satin verd à une columbe d'argent, rayonné d'or de riche broderie, + le rest semé de flammes d'or."</p> <p>Joan of Arc had a white standard powdered over with gold fleurs-de-lys, and in the centre a figure of Christ sitting on a rainbow, @@ -8582,7 +8565,7 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> <p><a name="Nt_42" href="#NtA_42">[42]</a> We read, for instance, in the Diary of Pepys that in the expedition of the Duke of Buckingham, in the - year 1627, against the Isle de Rhé that "the Duke divided his fleet into + year 1627, against the Isle de Rhé that "the Duke divided his fleet into squadrons. Himself, ye Admirall, and General in chiefe, went in ye Triumphe, bearing the Standard of England in ye maine topp, and Admirall particular of the bloody colours. The Earl of Lindsay was Vice-Admirall @@ -8795,7 +8778,7 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> never forgotten.</p> <p><a name="Nt_64" href="#NtA_64">[64]</a> The book on German costume by - Köbel, printed at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1545, should be referred to, + Köbel, printed at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1545, should be referred to, if possible, by the reader. It is, unfortunately, a very rare book. The first edition of this splendid volume contains 144 large illustrations of standard-bearers; the figures are admirably drawn and very varied in @@ -8815,10 +8798,10 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> short of the highest expectations that this exceptional honour would suggest.</p> - <p><a name="Nt_66" href="#NtA_66">[66]</a> "Clisson, assura sa Majesté du - gain de la bataille, le roi lui répondit: 'Connestable, Dieu le veeulte, + <p><a name="Nt_66" href="#NtA_66">[66]</a> "Clisson, assura sa Majesté du + gain de la bataille, le roi lui répondit: 'Connestable, Dieu le veeulte, nous irons donc avant au nom de Dieu et de Sainct - Denis.'"—<i>Vulson de la Colombière.</i></p> + Denis.'"—<i>Vulson de la Colombière.</i></p> <p><a name="Nt_67" href="#NtA_67">[67]</a> In a miniature of Charles II., <span class="sm">A.D.</span> 869, in a book of prayers, the royal sceptre @@ -8834,12 +8817,12 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> purple iris flower as his emblem.</p> <p><a name="Nt_69" href="#NtA_69">[69]</a> "Recherches sur les Drapeaux - Français, Oriflamme, bannière de France, Marques nationales, Couleurs du - roi, drapeaux de l'armée, pavilions de la Marine."—<span + Français, Oriflamme, bannière de France, Marques nationales, Couleurs du + roi, drapeaux de l'armée, pavilions de la Marine."—<span class="sc">Gustave Desjardins</span>, Paris, 1874.</p> <p>Another good book to see is the "Histoire du drapeau de la Monarchie - Française," by M. Rey.</p> + Française," by M. Rey.</p> <p><a name="Nt_70" href="#NtA_70">[70]</a> It may be helpful here to append for reference the chronology of the earlier sovereigns of the @@ -8849,7 +8832,7 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> 1793.</p> <p><a name="Nt_71" href="#NtA_71">[71]</a> Thus, at a grand military - <i>fête</i>, on May 10th, 1852, in the Champ de Mars, on restoring this + <i>fête</i>, on May 10th, 1852, in the Champ de Mars, on restoring this symbol, we find the Emperor addressing the troops:—"The Roman eagle, adopted by the Emperor Napoleon at the commencement of this century, was a brilliant symbol of the grandeur of France. It disappeared @@ -9015,360 +8998,6 @@ Ch — — — —</td></tr></table> <p> </p> <p> </p> -<hr class="pg" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FLAGS OF THE WORLD***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 40113-h.txt or 40113-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/0/1/1/40113">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/1/1/40113</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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