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+Project Gutenberg's The Works of Sir Thomas Browne, by Thomas Browne
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: The Works of Sir Thomas Browne
+       (Volume 3 of 3)
+
+Author: Thomas Browne
+
+Editor: Charles Sayle
+
+Release Date: November 5, 2012 [EBook #39962]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WORKS OF SIR THOMAS BROWNE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, KD Weeks and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+The role of marginal notes differs from text to text in this collection.
+Please see the Transcriber's Notes for how they are rendered in this
+text version.
+
+Italics are used freely, and have been rendered using _underscore_
+characters. Bold text is indicated as '=bold='. A super-imposed bar
+spanning several letters, which is a conventional mode of abbreviation,
+is denoted with '==' (eg. 'a==a'). The [oe] ligature is rendered as 'oe'.
+
+Superscripted letters are indicated with a carat '^' as in 'K^t'. Where
+multiple characters are superscripted, { } are used, as in 'M^{rs.}'
+
+The text includes Greek and several instances of Hebrew, both of which
+are transliterated, and denoted with '+' delimiters as '+greek+' or
++hebrew+.
+
+The apothecary's symbol for 'ounce', occuring once, is rendered as [-3],
+which it resembles. The letter m, with a macron, is rendered as [=m].
+
+Please consult the more detailed notes at the end of this text.
+
+
+
+
+                    THE ENGLISH LIBRARY
+
+                        THE WORKS OF
+
+                      SIR THOMAS BROWNE
+
+
+                         VOLUME III
+
+
+
+
+                       THE WORKS OF
+
+                    SIR THOMAS BROWNE
+
+
+                         Edited by
+
+                       CHARLES SAYLE
+
+
+                        VOLUME III
+
+
+                         EDINBURGH
+
+                        JOHN GRANT
+
+                           1907
+
+
+
+
+PREFATORY NOTE
+
+In concluding the present edition of Sir Thomas Browne's works,
+attention may be drawn to the reprint of the _Hydriotaphia_, from the
+first edition of 1658. The copy collated was the one preserved in the
+Library of Trinity College, Cambridge. In this, in addition to the
+corrections made at the time of publication on the printed label
+attached, there are a few others made by a contemporary hand, which
+deserve consideration. Among these is the excision of a sentence
+hitherto preserved in the text, and now relegated to the margin (p.
+205). If further sanction were needed for the change indicated, it may
+be gathered from the inscription on the title-page, 'Ex dono Auctoris.'
+The text of the _Christian Morals_ of 1716 has been collated with the
+copy in the same Library.
+
+For the account of Birds and Fishes found in Norfolk (pp. 513-539),
+Professor Alfred Newton generously placed his annotated copy at the
+disposal of the editor. As those actual pages were in the press,
+Professor Newton passed away, and Death has deprived us of the pleasure
+of placing this volume in his hands. In this edition Professor Newton's
+readings have been in the main followed, with the additional help of the
+valuable recension, published by Mr. Thomas Southwell of Norwich, in
+1902, to which every serious student of this treatise must always refer.
+
+For further assistance in questions of identification, I am again
+indebted to the kindness of Mr. W. Aldis Wright; and for one correction
+to Mr. A. R. Waller.
+
+Sir Thomas Browne's Latin treatises and his correspondence are not
+included in these volumes. It was the determination of the original
+publisher of this edition that they should be omitted; and indeed they
+do not form the most characteristic part of Sir Thomas Browne's work.
+His erudition, and the resources from which he drew, his amazing
+industry, his marvellous diction, and natural piety--all these are
+apparent to the general reader of his English text; and it is to such
+that the present edition of Sir Thomas Browne's works, as they
+originally appeared, will primarily appeal.
+
+                                                              C. S.
+_16th June 1907._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                    Page
+
+  PREFATORY NOTE BY THE EDITOR,                                        v
+
+  PSEUDODOXIA EPIDEMICA--
+
+  THE SEVENTH BOOK:
+
+      1. Of the Forbidden Fruit,                                       1
+      2. That a Man hath one Rib less then a Woman,                    5
+      3. Of Methuselah,                                                8
+      4. That there was no Rain-bow before the Flood,                 11
+      5. Of Sem, Ham, and Japhet,                                     15
+      6. That the Tower of Babel was erected against a Second Deluge, 17
+      7. Of the Mandrakes of Leah,                                    19
+      8. Of the three Kings of Collein,                               25
+      9. Of the food of John Baptist, Locust and Wild Honey,          27
+     10. That John Evangelist should not die,                         29
+     11. More compendiously of some others,                           36
+     12. Of the Cessation of Oracles,                                 39
+     13. Of the death of Aristotle,                                   42
+     14. Of the Wish of Philoxenus,                                   49
+     15. Of the Lake Asphaltites,                                     52
+     16. Of divers other Relations,                                   56
+     17. Of some others,                                              65
+     18. More briefly of some others,                                 74
+     19. Of some Relations whose truth we fear,                       81
+
+  HYDRIOTAPHIA AND THE GARDEN OF CYRUS (1658),                        87
+
+        Epistle to Thomas Le Gros,                                    89
+        Epistle to Nicholas Bacon,                                    93
+    HYDRIOTAPHIA,                                                     97
+    THE GARDEN OF CYRUS,                                             145
+
+    The Stationer to the Reader,                                     211
+
+  CERTAIN MISCELLANY TRACTS (1684),                                  213
+
+  The Publisher to the Reader,                                       215
+
+      1. Observations upon several Plants mentioned in Scripture,    218
+      2. Of Garlands and Coronary or Garden-plants,                  281
+      3. Of the Fishes eaten by Our Saviour,                         286
+      4. An Answer to certain Queries relating to
+           Fishes, Birds, Insects,                                   289
+      5. Of Hawks and Falconry,                                      294
+      6. Of Cymbals, etc.,                                           301
+      7. Of Ropalic or Gradual Verses, etc.,                         304
+      8. Of Languages, and particularly of the Saxon Tongue,         307
+      9. Of Artificial Hills, Mounts or Burrows,                     322
+     10. Of Troas, etc.,                                             326
+     11. Of the Answers of Apollo at Delphos to Croesus,             333
+     12. A Prophecy concerning several Nations,                      342
+     13. Musaeum Clausum, or Bibliotheca Abscondita,                  350
+
+  A LETTER TO A FRIEND (1690),                                       367
+
+  POSTHUMOUS WORKS (1712),                                           395
+
+          Repertorium, or some Account of the
+          Tombs and Monuments in the Cathedral
+          Church of Norwich in 1680,                                 397
+
+    MISCELLANIES:
+
+      1. An Account of Island, _alias_ Ice-land, in 1662,            427
+      2. Concerning some Urnes found in Brampton-Field,
+           in Norfolk, in 1667,                                      430
+      3. Concerning too nice Curiosity,                              437
+      4. Upon reading Hudibras,                                      438
+
+    CHRISTIAN MORALS (1716),                                         439
+        Dedication,                                                  441
+        Preface,                                                     442
+      CHRISTIAN MORALS,                                              443
+
+    NOTES ON CERTAIN BIRDS FOUND IN NORFOLK,                         513
+
+    NOTES ON CERTAIN FISHES AND MARINE ANIMALS FOUND
+      IN NORFOLK,                                                    526
+
+    ON THE OSTRICH,                                                  540
+
+    BOULIMIA CENTENARIA,                                             544
+
+    UPON THE DARK MIST, 27TH NOVEMBER 1674,                          545
+
+    ACCOUNT OF A THUNDERSTORM AT NORWICH, 1665,                      548
+
+    ON DREAMS,                                                       550
+
+    OBSERVATIONS ON GRAFTING,                                        555
+
+    CORRIGENDA,                                                      559
+
+    INDEX,                                                           561
+
+
+PLATES
+
+EN SUM QUOD DIGITIS QUINQUE,     _to face page_                       97
+
+QUID QUINCUNCE SPECIOSIUS,               "                           147
+
+
+
+
+THE SEVENTH BOOK
+
+Concerning many Historical Tenents generally received, and some deduced
+from the history of holy Scripture.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+Of the Forbidden Fruit.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Opinions, of what kind the forbidden fruit was._]
+
+That the Forbidden fruit of Paradise was an Apple, is commonly believed,
+confirmed by Tradition, perpetuated by Writings, Verses, Pictures; and
+some have been so bad _Prosodians_, as from thence to derive the Latine
+word _malum_, because that fruit was the first occasion of evil; wherein
+notwithstanding determinations are presumptuous, and many I perceive are
+of another belief. For some have, conceived it a Vine; in the mystery of
+whose fruit lay the expiation of the transgression: _Goropius Becanus_
+reviving the conceit of _Barcephas_, peremptorily concludeth it to be
+the _Indian_ Fig-tree; and by a witty Allegory labours to confirm the
+same. Again, some fruits pass under the name of _Adams_ apples, which in
+common acception admit not that appellation; the one described by
+_Mathiolus_ under the name of _Pomum Adami_, a very fair fruit, and not
+unlike a Citron, but somewhat rougher, chopt and cranied, vulgarly
+conceived the marks of _Adams_ teeth. Another, the fruit of that plant
+which _Serapion_ termeth _Musa_, but the Eastern Christians commonly the
+Apples of Paradise; not resembling an apple in figure, and in taste a
+Melon or Cowcomber. Which fruits although they have received
+appellations suitable unto the tradition, yet can we not from thence
+infer they were this fruit in question: No more then _Arbor vitae_, so
+commonly called, to obtain its name from the tree of life in Paradise,
+or _Arbor Judae_, to be the same which supplied the gibbet unto _Judas_.
+
+Again, There is no determination in the Text; wherein is only
+particulared that it was the fruit of a tree good for food, and
+pleasant unto the eye, in which regards many excell the Apple; and
+therefore learned men do wisely conceive it inexplicable; and _Philo_
+puts determination unto despair, when he affirmeth the same kind of
+fruit was never produced since. Surely were it not requisite to have
+been concealed, it had not passed unspecified; nor the tree revealed
+which concealed their nakedness, and that concealed which revealed it;
+for in the same chapter mention is made of fig-leaves. And the like
+particulars, although they seem uncircumstantial, are oft set down in
+holy Scripture; so is it specified that _Elias_ sat under a juniper
+tree, _Absalom_ hanged by an Oak, and _Zacheus_ got up into a Sycomore.
+
+And although to condemn such Indeterminables unto him that demanded on
+what hand _Venus_ was wounded, the Philosopher thought it a sufficient
+resolution to re-inquire upon what leg King _Philip_ halted; and the
+_Jews_ not undoubtedly resolved of the Sciatica-side of _Jacob_ [SN:
+Jacobs _Sciatica_, see _Gen._ 32. 25, 31, 32.], do cautelously in their
+diet abstain from the sinews of both: yet are there many nice
+particulars which may be authentically determined. That _Peter_ cut off
+the right ear of _Malchus_, is beyond all doubt. That our Saviour eat
+the Passover in an upper room, we may determine from the Text. And some
+we may concede which the Scripture plainly defines not. That the Dyal of
+_Ahaz_ was placed upon the West side of the Temple, we will not deny, or
+contradict the description of _Adricomius_. That _Abrahams_ servant put
+his hand under his right thigh, we shall not question; and that the
+Thief on the right hand was saved, and the other on the left reprobated,
+to make good the Method of the last judicial dismission, we are ready to
+admit. But surely in vain we enquire of what wood was _Moses_ rod, or
+the tree that sweetned the waters. Or though tradition or humane
+History might afford some light, whether the Crown of thorns was made of
+Paliurus; Whether the cross of Christ were made of those four woods in
+the Distick of _Durantes_ [SN: Pes ceorus est, truncus cupressus, oliva
+supremum, palmaq; transversum Christi sunt in cruce lignum.], or only of
+Oak, according unto _Lipsius_ and _Goropius_, we labour not to
+determine. For though hereof prudent Symbols and pious Allegories be
+made by wiser Conceivers; yet common heads will flie unto superstitious
+applications, and hardly avoid miraculous or magical expectations.
+
+Now the ground or reason that occasioned this expression by an Apple,
+might be the community of this fruit, and which is often taken for any
+other. So the Goddess of Gardens is termed _Pomona_; so the Proverb
+expresseth it to give Apples unto _Alcinous; so_ the fruit which _Paris_
+decided was called an Apple; so in the garden of _Hesperides_ (which
+many conceive a fiction drawn from Paradise) we read of golden Apples
+guarded by the Dragon. And to speak strictly in this appellation, they
+placed it more safely then any other; for beside the great variety of
+Apples, the word in Greek comprehendeth Orenges, Lemmons, Citrons,
+Quinces; and as _Ruellius_ defineth [SN: _Ruel._ de stirpium natura.],
+such fruits as have no stone within, and a soft covering without;
+excepting the Pomegranate. And will extend much farther in the acception
+of _Spigelius_ [SN: Isagoge in rem Herbariam.], who comprehendeth all
+round fruits under the name of apples, not excluding Nuts and Plumbs.
+
+It hath been promoted in some constructions from a passage in the
+_Canticle_ [SN: _Can._ 8.], as it runs in the vulgar translation, _Sub
+arbore malo suscitavi te, ibi corrupta est mater tua, ibi violata est
+genetrix tua_; Which words notwithstanding parabolically intended, admit
+no literal inference, and are of little force in our translation, I
+raised thee under an Apple-tree, there thy mother brought thee forth,
+there she brought thee forth that bare thee. So when from a basket of
+summer fruits or apples, as the vulgar rendreth them, God by _Amos_
+foretold the destruction of his people, we cannot say they had any
+reference unto the fruit of Paradise, which was the destruction of man;
+but thereby was declared the propinquity of their desolation, and that
+their tranquility was of no longer duration then those horary or soon
+decaying fruits of Summer. Nor when it is said in the same translation
+[SN: Fructus horaei.], _Poma desiderii animae tuae discesserunt a te_, the
+apples that thy soul lusted after are departed from thee, is there any
+allusion therein unto the fruit of Paradise. But thereby is threatned
+unto _Babylon_, that the pleasures and delights of their Palate should
+forsake them. And we read in _Pierius_, that an Apple was the
+Hieroglyphick of Love, and that the Statua of _Venus_ was made with one
+in her hand. So the little Cupids in the figures of _Philostratus_ [SN:
+_Philostrat._ figur. 6. De amoribus.] do play with apples in a garden;
+and there want not some who have symbolized the Apple of Paradise unto
+such constructions.
+
+Since therefore after this fruit, curiosity fruitlesly enquireth, and
+confidence blindly determineth, we shall surcease our Inquisition;
+rather troubled that it was tasted, then troubling our selves in its
+decision; this only we observe, when things are left uncertain, men will
+assure them by determination. Which is not only verified concerning the
+fruit, but the Serpent that perswaded; many defining the kind or species
+thereof. [SN: _Opinions of what kind the Serpent was_, etc.] So
+_Bonaventure_ and _Comestor_ affirm it was a Dragon, _Eugubinus_ a
+Basilisk, _Delrio_ a Viper, and others a common snake. Wherein men still
+continue the delusion of the Serpent, who having deceived _Eve_ in the
+main, sets her posterity on work to mistake in the circumstance, and
+endeavours to propagate errors at any hand. And those he surely most
+desireth which concern either God or himself; for they dishonour God
+who is absolute truth and goodness; but for himself, who is extreamly
+evil, and the worst we can conceive, by aberration of conceit they may
+extenuate his depravity, and ascribe some goodness unto him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+That a Man hath one Rib less then a Woman.
+
+
+That a Man hath one Rib less then a Woman, is a common conceit derived
+from the History of _Genesis_, wherein it stands delivered, that _Eve_
+was framed out of a Rib of _Adam_; whence 'tis concluded the sex of man
+still wants that rib our Father lost in _Eve_. And this is not only
+passant with the many, but was urged against _Columbus_ in an Anatomy of
+his at _Pisa_, where having prepared the Sceleton of a woman that
+chanced to have thirteen ribs on one side, there arose a party that
+cried him down, and even unto oaths affirmed, this was the rib wherein a
+woman exceeded. Were this true, it would ocularly silence that dispute
+out of which side _Eve_ was framed; it would determine the opinion of
+_Oleaster_, that she was made out of the ribs of both sides, or such as
+from the expression of the Text [SN: Os ex ossibus meis.] maintain there
+was a plurality of ribs required; and might indeed decry the parabolical
+exposition of _Origen_, _Cajetan_, and such as fearing to concede a
+monstrosity, or mutilate the integrity of _Adam_, preventively conceive
+the creation of thirteen ribs.
+
+[Sidenote: _How many ribs commonly in men and women._]
+
+But this will not consist with reason or inspection. For if we survey
+the Sceleton of both sexes, and therein the compage of bones, we shall
+readily discover that men and women have four and twenty ribs, that is,
+twelve on each side, seven greater annexed unto the Sternon, and five
+lesser which come short thereof. Wherein if it sometimes happen that
+either sex exceed, the conformation is irregular, deflecting from the
+common rate or number, and no more inferrible upon mankind, then the
+monstrosity of the son of _Rapha_, or the vitious excess in the number
+of fingers and toes. And although some difference there be in figure and
+the female _os inominatum_ be somewhat more protuberant, to make a
+fairer cavity for the Infant; the coccyx sometime more reflected to give
+the easier delivery, and the ribs themselves seem a little flatter, yet
+are they equal in number. And therefore while _Aristotle_ doubteth the
+relations made of Nations, which had but seven ribs on a side, and yet
+delivereth, that men have generally no more than eight; as he rejecteth
+their history, so can we not accept of his Anatomy.
+
+Again, Although we concede there wanted one rib in the Sceleton of
+_Adam_, yet were it repugnant unto reason and common observation that
+his posterity should want the same. For we observe that mutilations are
+not transmitted from father unto son; the blind begetting such as can
+see, men with one eye children with two, and cripples mutilate in their
+own persons do come out perfect in their generations. For the seed
+conveyeth with it not only the extract and single Idea of every part,
+whereby it transmits their perfections or infirmities; but double and
+over again; whereby sometimes it multipliciously delineates the same, as
+in Twins, in mixed and numerous generations. Parts of the seed do seem
+to contain the Idea and power of the whole; so parents deprived of
+hands, beget manual issues, and the defect of those parts is supplied by
+the Idea of others. So in one grain of corn appearing similary and
+insufficient for a plural germination, there lyeth dormant the
+virtuality of many other; and from thence sometimes proceed above an
+hundred ears. And thus may be made out the cause of multiparous
+productions; for though the seminal materials disperse and separate in
+the matrix, the formative operator will not delineate a part, but
+endeavour the formation of the whole; effecting the same as far as the
+matter will permit, and from dividing materials attempt entire
+formations. And therefore, though wondrous strange, it may not be
+impossible what is confirmed at _Lausdun_ concerning the Countess of
+_Holland_, nor what _Albertus_ reports of the birth of an hundred and
+fifty. And if we consider the magnalities of generation in some things,
+we shall not controvert its possibilities in others: nor easily question
+that great work, whose wonders are only second unto those of the
+Creation, and a close apprehension of the one, might perhaps afford a
+glimmering light, and crepusculous glance of the other.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+Of _Methuselah_.
+
+
+What hath been every where opinioned by all men, and in all times, is
+more then paradoxical to dispute; and so that _Methuselah_ was the
+longest liver of all the posterity of _Adam_, we quietly believe: but
+that he must needs be so, is perhaps below paralogy to deny. For hereof
+there is no determination from the Text; wherein it is only particulared
+he was the longest Liver of all the Patriarchs whose age is there
+expressed; but that he out-lived all others, we cannot well conclude.
+For of those nine whose death is mentioned before the flood, the Text
+expresseth that _Enoch_ was the shortest Liver; who saw but three
+hundred sixty-five years. But to affirm from hence, none of the rest,
+whose age is not expressed, did die before that time, is surely an
+illation whereto we cannot assent.
+
+Again, Many persons there were in those days of longevity, of whose age
+notwithstanding there is no account in Scripture; as of the race of
+_Cain_, the wives of the nine Patriarchs, with all the sons and
+daughters that every one begat: whereof perhaps some persons might
+out-live _Methuselah_; the Text intending only the masculine line of
+_Seth_, conduceable unto the Genealogy of our Saviour, and the
+antediluvian Chronology. And therefore we must not contract the lives of
+those which are left in silence by _Moses_; for neither is the age of
+_Abel_ expressed in the Scripture, yet is he conceived far elder then
+commonly opinioned; and if we allow the conclusion of his Epitaph as
+made by _Adam_, and so set down by _Salian, Posuit moerens pater, cui
+a filio justius positum foret, Anno ab ortu rerum 130. Ab Abele nato
+129_, we shall not need to doubt. Which notwithstanding _Cajetan_ and
+others confirm, nor is it improbable, if we conceive that _Abel_ was
+born in the second year of _Adam_, and _Seth_ a year after the death of
+_Abel_: for so it being said, that _Adam_ was an hundred and thirty
+years old when he begat _Seth_, _Abel_ must perish the year before,
+which was one hundred twenty nine.
+
+And if the account of _Cain_ extend unto the Deluge, it may not be
+improbable that some thereof exceeded any of _Seth_. Nor is it unlikely
+in life, riches, power and temporal blessings, they might surpass them
+in this world, whose lives related unto the next. For so when the seed
+of _Jacob_ was under affliction and captivity, that of _Ismael_ and
+_Esau_ flourished and grew mighty, there proceeding from the one twelve
+Princes, from the other no less then fourteen Dukes and eight Kings. And
+whereas the age of _Cain_ and his posterity is not delivered in the
+Text, some do salve it from the secret method of Scripture, which
+sometimes wholly omits, but seldom or never delivers the entire duration
+of wicked and faithless persons, as is observable in the history of
+_Esau_, and the Kings of _Israel_ and _Judah_. And therefore when
+mention is made that _Ismael_ lived 137 years, some conceive he adhered
+unto the faith of _Abraham_; for so did others who were not descended
+from _Jacob_; for _Job_ is thought to be an _Idumean_, and of the seed
+of _Esau_. [SN: _Job thought by some to be of the race of_ Esau.]
+
+Lastly (although we rely not thereon) we will not omit that conceit
+urged by learned men, that _Adam_ was elder then _Methuselah_; inasmuch
+as he was created in the perfect age of man, which was in those days 50
+or 60 years, for about that time we read that they begat children; so
+that if unto 930 we add 60 years, he will exceed _Methuselah_. And
+therefore if not in length of days, at least in old age he surpassed
+others; he was older then all, who was never so young as any. For though
+he knew old age, he was never acquainted with puberty, youth or
+Infancy; and so in a strict account he begat children at one year old.
+And if the usual compute will hold, that men are of the same age which
+are born within compass of the same year, _Eve_ was as old as her
+husband and parent _Adam_, and _Cain_ their son coetaneous unto both.
+
+Now that conception, that no man did ever attain unto a thousand years,
+because none should ever be one day old in the sight of the Lord, unto
+whom according to that of _David_, A thousand years are but one day,
+doth not advantage _Methuselah_. And being deduced from a popular
+expression, which will not stand a _Metaphysical_ and strict
+examination, is not of force to divert a serious enquirer. For unto God
+a thousand years are no more then one moment, and in his sight
+_Methuselah_ lived no nearer one day then _Abel_, for all parts of time
+are alike unto him, unto whom none are referrible; and all things
+present, unto whom nothing is past or to come. And therefore, although
+we be measured by the Zone of time, and the flowing and continued
+instants thereof, do weave at last a line and circle about the eldest:
+yet can we not thus commensurate the sphere of _Trismegistus_; or sum up
+the unsuccessive and stable duration of God.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+That there was no Rain-bow before the Flood.
+
+
+That there shall no Rain-bow appear forty years before the end of the
+world, and that the preceding drought unto that great flame shall
+exhaust the materials of this Meteor, was an assertion grounded upon no
+solid reason: but that there was not any in sixteen hundred years, that
+is, before the flood, seems deduceable from holy Scripture, _Gen._ 9. I
+do set my bow in the clouds, and it shall be for a token of a Covenant
+between me and the earth. From whence notwithstanding we cannot conclude
+the nonexistence of the Rain-bow; nor is that Chronology naturally
+established, which computeth the antiquity of effects arising from
+physical and setled causes, by additionall impositions from voluntary
+determinators. Now by the decree of reason and Philosophy, the Rain-bow
+hath its ground in Nature, as caused by the rays of the Sun, falling
+upon a roride and opposite cloud: whereof some reflected, others
+refracted, beget that semi-circular variety we generally call the
+Rain-bow; which must succeed upon concurrence of causes and subjects
+aptly predisposed. And therefore, to conceive there was no Rain-bow
+before, because God chose this out as a token of the Covenant, is to
+conclude the existence of things from their signalities, or of what is
+objected unto the sense, a coexistence with that which is internally
+presented unto the understanding. With equall reason we may infer there
+was no water before the institution of Baptism, nor bread and wine
+before the holy Eucharist.
+
+[Sidenote: _That there is a Rain-bow of the Moon._]
+
+Again, while men deny the antiquity of one Rain-bow, they anciently
+concede another. For, beside the solary Iris which God shewed unto
+_Noah_, there is another Lunary, whose efficient is the Moon, visible
+only in the night, most commonly at full Moon, and some degrees above
+the Horizon. Now the existence hereof men do not controvert, although
+effected by a different Luminary in the same way with the other. And
+probably appeared later, as being of rare appearance and rarer
+observation, and many there are which think there is no such thing in
+Nature. And therefore by casual spectators they are lookt upon like
+prodigies, and significations made, not signified by their natures.
+
+Lastly, We shall not need to conceive God made the Rain-bow at this
+time, if we consider that in its created and predisposed nature, it was
+more proper for this signification then any other Meteor or celestial
+appearancy whatsoever. Thunder and lightning had too much terrour to
+have been tokens of mercy; Comets or blazing Stars appear too seldom to
+put us in mind of a Covenant to be remembred often: and might rather
+signifie the world should be once destroyed by fire, then never again by
+water. The Galaxia or milky Circle had been more probable; for (beside
+that unto the latitude of thirty, it becomes their Horizon twice in four
+and twenty hours, and unto such as live under the AEquator, in that space
+the whole Circle appeareth) part thereof is visible unto any situation;
+but being only discoverable in the night, and when the ayr is clear, it
+becomes of unfrequent and comfortless signification. A fixed Star had
+not been visible unto all the Globe, and so of too narrow a signality in
+a Covenant concerning all. But Rain-bows are seen unto all the world,
+and every position of sphere. Unto our own elevation they may appear in
+the morning, while the Sun hath attained about forty five degrees above
+the Horizon (which is conceived the largest semi-diameter of any Iris)
+and so in the afternoon when it hath declined unto that altitude again;
+which height the Sun not attaining in winter, rain-bows may happen with
+us at noon or any time. Unto a right position of sphere they may appear
+three hours after the rising of the Sun, and three before its setting;
+for the Sun ascending fifteen degrees an hour, in three attaineth forty
+five of altitude. Even unto a parallel sphere, and such as live under
+the pole, for half a year some segments may appear at any time and
+under any quarter, the Sun not setting, but walking round about them.
+
+[Sidenote: _The natural signification of the rain-bow._]
+
+But the propriety of its Election most properly appeareth in the natural
+signification and prognostick of it self; as containing a mixt signality
+of rain and fair weather. For being in a roride cloud and ready to drop,
+it declareth a pluvious disposure in the air; but because when it
+appears the Sun must also shine, there can be no universal showrs, and
+consequently no Deluge. Thus when the windows of the great deep were
+open, in vain men lookt for the Rain-bow: for at that time it could not
+be seen, which after appeared unto _Noah_. It might be therefore
+existent before the flood, and had in nature some ground of its
+addition. Unto that of nature God superadded an assurance of his
+Promise, that is, never to hinder its appearance, or so to replenish the
+heavens again, as that we should behold it no more. And thus without
+disparaging the promise, it might rain at the same time when God shewed
+it unto _Noah_; thus was there more therein then the heathens
+understood, when they called it the _Nuncia_ of the gods, and the laugh
+of weeping Heaven [SN: Risus plorantis Olympi.]; and thus may it be
+elegantly said; I put my bow, not my arrow in the clouds, that is, in
+the menace of rain the mercy of fair weather.
+
+Cabalistical heads, who from that expression in _Esay_ [SN: _Isa._ 34.
+4.], do make a book of heaven, and read therein the great concernments
+of earth, do literally play on this, and from its semicircular figure,
+resembling the Hebrew letter +C+ Caph, whereby is signified
+the uncomfortable number of twenty, at which years _Joseph_ was sold,
+which _Jacob_ lived under _Laban_, and at which men were to go to war:
+do note a propriety in its signification; as thereby declaring the
+dismal Time of the Deluge. And Christian conceits do seem to strain as
+high, while from the irradiation of the Sun upon a cloud, they apprehend
+the mysterie of the Sun of Righteousness in the obscurity of flesh; by
+the colours green and red, the two destructions of the world by fire and
+water; or by the colours of blood and water, the mysteries of Baptism,
+and the holy Eucharist.
+
+Laudable therefore is the custom of the _Jews_, who upon the appearance
+of the Rain-bow, do magnifie the fidelity of God in the memory of his
+Covenant; according to that of _Syracides_, look upon the Rain-bow, and
+praise him that made it. And though some pious and Christian pens have
+only symbolized the same from the mysterie of its colours, yet are there
+other affections which might admit of Theological allusions. Nor would
+he find a more improper subject, that should consider that the colours
+are made by refraction of Light, and the shadows that limit that light;
+that the Center of the Sun, the Rain-bow, and the eye of the Beholder
+must be in one right line, that the spectator must be between the Sun
+and the Rain-bow; that sometime there appear, sometime one reversed.
+With many others, considerable in Meteorological Divinity, which would
+more sensibly make out the Epithite of the Heathens [SN: Thaumancias.];
+and the expression of the son of _Syrach_. Very beautifull is the
+Rain-bow, it compasseth the heaven about with a glorious circle, and the
+hands of the most High have bended it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+Of _Sem_, _Ham_ and _Japhet_.
+
+
+Concerning the three sons of _Noah_, _Sem_, _Ham_ and _Japhet_, that the
+order of their nativity was according to that of numeration, and
+_Japhet_ the youngest son, as most believe, as _Austin_ and others
+account, the sons of _Japhet_, and _Europeans_ need not grant: nor will
+it so well concord unto the letter of the Text, and its readiest
+interpretations. For so is it said in our Translation, _Sem_ the father
+of all the sons of _Heber_ the brother of _Japhet_ the elder: so by the
+Septuagint, and so by that of _Tremelius_. And therefore when the Vulgar
+reads it, _Fratre Japhet majore_, the mistake as _Junius_ observeth,
+might be committed by the neglect of the Hebrew account; which
+occasioned _Jerom_ so to render it, and many after to believe it. Nor is
+that Argument contemptible which is deduced from their Chronology: for
+probable it is that _Noah_ had none of them before, and begat them from
+that year when it is said he was five hundred years old, and begat
+_Sem_, _Ham_ and _Japhet_. Again it is said he was six hundred years old
+at the flood, and that two years after _Sem_ was but an hundred;
+therefore _Sem_ must be born when _Noah_ was five hundred and two, and
+some other before in the year of five hundred and one.
+
+Now whereas the Scripture affordeth the priority of order unto _Sem_, we
+cannot from thence infer his primogeniture. For in _Sem_ the holy line
+was continued: and therefore however born, his genealogy was most
+remarkable. So is it not unusuall in holy Scripture to nominate the
+younger before the elder: so is it said, That _Tarah_ begat
+_Abraham_[SN: _Gen._ 11.], _Nachor_ and _Haram_: whereas _Haram_ was the
+eldest. So _Rebecca_ [SN: _Gen._ 28.] is termed the mother of _Jacob_
+and _Esau_. Nor is it strange the younger should be first in
+nomination, who have commonly had the priority in the blessings of God,
+and been first in his benediction. [SN: _In divine benedictions the
+younger often preferred._] So _Abel_ was accepted before _Cain_, _Isaac_
+the younger preferred before _Ishmael_ the elder, _Jacob_ before _Esau_,
+_Joseph_ was the youngest of twelve, and _David_ the eleventh son and
+minor cadet of _Jesse_.
+
+Lastly, though _Japhet_ were not elder then _Sem_, yet must we not
+affirm that he was younger then _Cham_, for it is plainly delivered,
+that after _Sem_ and _Japhet_ had covered _Noah_, he awaked, and knew
+what his youngest son had done unto him +hyios ho neoteros+, is the
+expression of the Septuagint, _Filius minor_ of _Jerom_, and _minimus_
+of _Tremelius_. And upon these grounds perhaps _Josephus_ doth vary from
+the Scripture enumeration, and nameth them _Sem_, _Japhet_ and _Cham_;
+which is also observed by the _Annian Berosus_; _Noah cum tribus filiis,
+Semo, Japeto, Cham_. And therefore although in the priority of _Sem_ and
+_Japhet_, there may be some difficulty, though _Cyril_, _Epiphanius_ and
+_Austin_ have accounted _Sem_ the elder, and _Salian_ the _Annalist_,
+and _Petavius_ the Chronologist contend for the same, yet _Cham_ is more
+plainly and confessedly named the youngest in the Text.
+
+[Sidenote: _That_ Noah _and_ Saturn _were the same person_.]
+
+And this is more conformable unto the Pagan history and Gentile account
+hereof, unto whom _Noah_ was _Saturn_, whose symbol was a ship, as
+relating unto the Ark, and who is said to have divided the world between
+his three sons. _Ham_ is conceived to be _Jupiter_, who was the youngest
+son: worshipped by the name of _Hamon_, which was the _Egyptian_ and
+_African_ name for _Jupiter_, who is said to have cut off the genitals
+of his father, derived from the history of _Ham_, who beheld the
+nakednes of his, and by no hard mistake might be confirmed from the Text
+[SN: _Gen._ 9. 22.], as _Bochartus_ [SN: _Reading_ Veiaggod et abscidit,
+_for_ Veiegged et nunciavit. Bochartus de Geographia sacra.] hath well
+observed.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+That the Tower of _Babel_ was erected against a second Deluge.
+
+
+An opinion there is of some generality, that our fathers after the flood
+attempted the Tower of _Babel_ to secure themselves against a second
+Deluge. Which however affirmed by _Josephus_ and others, hath seemed
+improbable unto many who have discoursed hereon. For (beside that they
+could not be ignorant of the Promise of God never to drown the world
+again, and had the Rain-bow before their eyes to put them in mind
+thereof) it is improbable from the nature of the Deluge; which being not
+possibly causable from natural showers above, or watery eruptions below,
+but requiring a supernatural hand, and such as all acknowledg
+irresistible; must needs disparage their knowledg and judgment in so
+succesless attempts.
+
+Again, They must probably hear, and some might know, that the waters of
+the flood ascended fifteen cubits above the highest mountains. Now, if
+as some define, the perpendicular altitude of the highest mountains be
+four miles; or as others, but fifteen furlongs, it is not easily
+conceived how such a structure could be effected. Although we allowed
+the description of _Herodotus_ concerning the Tower of _Belus_; whose
+lowest story was in height and bredth one furlong, and seven more built
+upon it; abating that of the Annian _Berosus_, the traditional relation
+of _Jerom_, and fabulous account of the _Jews_. Probable it is that
+what they attempted was feasible, otherwise they had been amply fooled
+in fruitless success of their labours, nor needed God to have hindred
+them, saying, Nothing will be restrained from them, which they begin to
+do.
+
+[Sidenote: _History of the world._]
+
+It was improbable from the place, that is a plain in the land of
+_Shinar_. And if the situation of _Babylon_ were such at first as it was
+in the days of _Herodotus_, it was rather a feat of amenity and
+pleasure, than conducing unto this intention. It being in a very great
+plain, and so improper a place to provide against a general Deluge by
+Towers and eminent structures, that they were fain to make provisions
+against particular and annual inundations by ditches and trenches, after
+the manner of _Egypt_. And therefore Sir _Walter Raleigh_ accordingly
+objecteth: If the Nations which followed _Nimrod_, still doubted the
+surprise of a second flood, according to the opinions of the ancient
+_Hebrews_, it soundeth ill to the ear of Reason, that they would have
+spent many years in that low and overflown valley of _Mesopotamia_. And
+therefore in this situation, they chose a place more likely to have
+secured them from the worlds destruction by fire, then another Deluge of
+water: and as _Pierius_ observeth, some have conceived that this was
+their intention.
+
+Lastly, The reason is delivered in the Text. Let us build us a City and
+a Tower, whose top may reach unto heaven, and let us make us a name,
+lest we be scattered abroad upon the whole earth; as we have already
+began to wander over a part. These were the open ends proposed unto the
+people; but the secret design of _Nimrod_ was to settle unto himself a
+place of dominion, and rule over his Brethren, as it after succeeded,
+according to the delivery of the Text, the beginning of his kingdom was
+_Babel_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+Of the Mandrakes of _Leah_.
+
+
+We shall not omit the Mandrakes of _Leah_, according to the History of
+_Genesis_. And _Reuben_ went out in the daies of Wheat-harvest, and
+found Mandrakes in the field, and brought them unto his mother _Leah_;
+then _Rachel_ said unto _Leah_, give me, I pray thee, of thy sons
+Mandrakes: and she said unto her, is it a small matter that thou hast
+taken my husband, and wouldest thou take my sons Mandrakes also? and
+_Rachel_ said, Therefore he shall lie with thee this night for thy sons
+Mandrakes. From whence hath arisen a common conceit, that _Rachel_
+requested these plants as a medicine of fecundation, or whereby she
+might become fruitfull. Which notwithstanding is very questionable, and
+of incertain truth.
+
+For first from the comparison of one Text with another, whether the
+Mandrakes here mentioned, be the same plant which holds that name with
+us, there is some cause to doubt. The word is used in another place of
+Scripture, [SN: _Cant._ 7.] when the Church inviting her beloved into
+the fields, among the delightfull fruits of Grapes and Pomegranates, it
+is said, The Mandrakes give a smell, and at our gates are all manner of
+pleasant fruits. Now instead of a smell of Delight, our Mandrakes afford
+a papaverous and unpleasant odor, whether in the leaf or apple, as is
+discoverable in their simplicity or mixture. The same is also dubious
+from the different interpretations: for though the Septuagint and
+_Josephus_ do render it the Apples of Mandrakes in this Text, yet in the
+other of the _Canticles_, the _Chaldy_ Paraphrase termeth it Balsame. R.
+_Solomon_, as _Drusius_ observeth, conceives it to be that plant the
+_Arabians_ named Jesemin. _Oleaster_, and _Georgius Venetus_, the Lilly,
+and that the word _Dudaim_ may comprehend any plant that hath a good
+smell, resembleth a womans breast, and flourisheth in wheat harvest.
+_Tremelius_ interprets the same for any amiable flowers of a pleasant
+and delightfull odor: but the _Geneva_ Translators have been more wary
+then any: for although they retain the word Mandrake in the Text, they
+in effect retract it in the Margin: wherein is set down the word in the
+original is _Dudaim_, which is a kind of fruit or Flower unknown.
+
+[Sidenote: _The vegetables in H. Scripture how variously expounded._]
+
+Nor shall we wonder at the dissent of exposition, and difficulty of
+definition concerning this Text, if we perpend how variously the
+vegetables of Scripture are expounded, and how hard it is in many places
+to make out the _species_ determined. Thus are we at variance concerning
+the plant that covered _Jonas_; which though the Septuagint doth render
+Colocynthis, the _Spanish_ Calabaca, and ours accordingly a Gourd: yet
+the vulgar translates it Hedera or Ivy; and as _Grotius_ observeth,
+_Jerom_ thus translated it, not as the same plant, but best apprehended
+thereby. The Italian of _Diodati_, and that of _Tremelius_ have named it
+_Ricinus_, and so hath ours in the Margin, for _palma Christi_ is the
+same with _Ricinus_. The _Geneva_ Translators have herein been also
+circumspect, for they have retained the Original word _Kikaion_, and
+ours hath also affixed the same unto the Margin.
+
+Nor are they indeed alwayes the same plants which are delivered under
+the same name, and appellations commonly received amongst us. So when it
+is said of _Solomon_, that he writ of plants from the Cedar of Lebanus,
+unto the Hysop that groweth upon the wall, that is, from the greatest
+unto the smallest, it cannot be well conceived our common Hysop; for
+neither is that the least of vegetables, nor observed to grow upon wals;
+but rather as _Lemnius_ well conceiveth, some kind of the capillaries,
+which are very small plants, and only grow upon wals and stony places.
+Nor are the four species in the holy oyntment, Cinnamon, Myrrhe, Calamus
+and Cassia, nor the other in the holy perfume, Frankincense, Stacte,
+Onycha and Galbanum, so agreeably expounded unto those in use with us,
+as not to leave considerable doubts behind them. Nor must that perhaps
+be taken for a simple unguent, which _Matthew_ only termeth a precious
+oyntment; but rather a composition as _Mark_ and _John_ imply by pistick
+_Nard_ [SN: _V._ Mathioli. Epist.], that is faithfully dispensed, and
+may be that famous composition described by _Dioscorides_, made of oyl
+of Ben, Malabathrum, Juncus Odoratus, Costus, Amomum, Myrrhe, Balsam and
+Nard; which _Galen_ affirmeth to have been in use with the delicate
+Dames of _Rome_; and that the best thereof was made at _Laodicea_; from
+whence by Merchants it was conveyed unto other parts. But how to make
+out that Translation concerning the Tithe of Mint, Anise and Cumin, we
+are still to seek; for we find not a word in the Text that can properly
+be rendred Anise; the Greek being +anethon+, which the Latines call
+_Anethum_, and is properly Englished Dill. Lastly, What meteor that was,
+that fed the _Israelites_ so many years, they must rise again to inform
+us. Nor do they make it out [SN: _V._ Doctissimum Chrysostom. Magnenum
+de Manna.], who will have it the same with our Manna; nor will any one
+kind thereof, or hardly all kinds we read of, be able to answer the
+qualities thereof, delivered in the Scripture; that is, to fall upon the
+ground, to breed worms, to melt with the Sun, to taste like fresh oyl,
+to be grounded in Mils, to be like Coriander seed, and of the colour of
+Bdellium.
+
+Again, It is not deducible from the Text or concurrent sentence of
+Comments, that _Rachel_ had any such intention, and most do rest in the
+determination of _Austin_, that she desired them for rarity, pulchritude
+or suavity. Nor is it probable she would have resigned her bed unto
+_Leah_, when at the same time she had obtained a medicine to fructifie
+her self. And therefore _Drusius_ who hath expresly and favourable
+treated hereof, is so far from conceding this intention, that he plainly
+concludeth, _Hoc quo modo illis in mentem venerit conjicere nequeo_; how
+this conceit fell into mens minds, it cannot fall into mine; for the
+Scripture delivereth it not, nor can it be clearly deduced from the
+Text.
+
+Thirdly, If _Rachel_ had any such intention, yet had they no such
+effect, for she conceived not many years after of _Joseph_; whereas in
+the mean time _Leah_ had three children, _Isachar_, _Zebulon_ and
+_Dinah_.
+
+Lastly, Although at that time they failed of this effect, yet is it
+mainly questionable whether they had any such vertue either in the
+opinions of those times, or in their proper nature. That the opinion was
+popular in the land of _Canaan_, it is improbable, and had _Leah_
+understood thus much, she would not surely have parted with fruits of
+such a faculty; especially unto _Rachel_, who was no friend unto her. As
+for its proper nature, the Ancients have generally esteemed in Narcotick
+or stupefactive, and it is to be found in the list of poysons, set down
+by _Dioscorides_, _Galen_, _AEtius_, _AEgineta_, and several Antidotes
+delivered by them against it. It was I confess from good Antiquity, and
+in the days of _Theophrastus_ accounted a philtre, or plant that
+conciliates affection; and so delivered by _Dioscorides_. And this
+intent might seem most probable, had they not been the wives of holy
+_Jacob_: had _Rachel_ presented them unto him, and not requested them
+for her self.
+
+Now what _Dioscorides_ affirmeth in favour of this effect, that the
+grains of the apples of Mandrakes mundifie the matrix, and applied with
+Sulphur, stop the fluxes of women, he overthrows again by qualities
+destructive unto conception; affirming also that the juice thereof
+purgeth upward like Hellebore; and applied in pessaries provokes the
+menstruous flows, and procures abortion. _Petrus Hispanus_, or Pope
+_John_ the twentieth speaks more directly in his _Thesaurus pauperum_:
+wherein among the receits of fecundation, he experimentally commendeth
+the wine of Mandrakes given with _Triphera magna_. But the soul of the
+medicine may lie in _Triphera magna_, an excellent composition, and for
+this effect commended by _Nicolaus_. And whereas _Levinus Lemnius_ that
+eminent Physitian doth also concede this effect, it is from manifest
+causes and qualities elemental occasionally producing the same. For he
+imputeth the same unto the coldness of that simple, and is of opinion
+that in hot climates, and where the uterine parts exceed in heat, by the
+coldness hereof they may be reduced into a conceptive constitution, and
+Crasis accommodable unto generation; whereby indeed we will not deny the
+due and frequent use may proceed unto some effect, from whence
+notwithstanding we cannot infer a fertilitating condition or property of
+fecundation. For in this way all vegetables do make fruitful according
+unto the complexion of the Matrix; if that excel in heat, plants
+exceeding in cold do rectifie it; if it be cold, simples that are hot
+reduce it; if dry moist, if moist dry correct it; in which division all
+plants are comprehended. But to distinguish thus much is a point of Art,
+and beyond the Method of _Rachels_ or feminine Physick. Again, Whereas
+it may be thought that _Mandrakes_ may fecundate, since _Poppy_ hath
+obtained the Epithite of fruitful, and that fertility was
+Hieroglyphically described by _Venus_ with an head of _Poppy_ in her
+hand; the reason hereof was the multitude of seed within it self, and no
+such multiplying in humane generation. And lastly, whereas they may seem
+to have this quality, since _Opium_ it self is conceived to extimulate
+unto venery, and for that intent is sometimes used by _Turks_,
+_Persians_, and most oriental Nations; although _Winclerus_ doth seem to
+favour the conceit, yet _Amatus Lusitanus_, and _Rodericus a Castro_ are
+against it; _Garcias ab horto_ refutes it from experiment; and they
+speak probably who affirm the intent and effect of eating Opium [SN:
+_Opium, of what effect in venery._], it not so much to invigorate
+themselves in coition, as to prolong the Act, and spin out the motions
+of carnality.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+Of the three Kings of _Collein_.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Three magi or wise men_ (Mat. 2.) _What manner of Kings they
+were._]
+
+A common conceit there is of the three Kings of _Collein_, conceived to
+be the wise men that travelled unto our Saviour by the direction of the
+Star, Wherein (omitting the large Discourses of _Baronius_, _Pineda_ and
+_Montacutius_,) that they might be Kings, beside the Ancient Tradition
+and Authority of many Fathers, the Scripture also implieth. The Gentiles
+shall come to thy light, and Kings to the brightness of thy rising. The
+Kings of _Tharsis_ and the Isles, the Kings of _Arabia_ and _Saba_ shall
+offer gifts, which places most Christians and many _Rabbins_ interpret
+of the _Messiah_. Not that they are to be conceived potent monarchs, or
+mighty Kings; but Toparks, Kings of Cities or narrow Territories; such
+as were the Kings of _Sodom_ and _Gomorrah_, the Kings of _Jericho_ and
+_Ai_, the one and thirty which _Joshuah_ subdued, and such as some
+conceive the Friends of _Job_ to have been.
+
+But although we grant they were Kings, yet can we not be assured they
+were three. For the Scripture maketh no mention of any number; and the
+numbers of their presents, Gold, Myrrhe and Frankincense, concludeth not
+the number of their persons; for these were the commodities of their
+Country, and such as probably the Queen of _Sheba_ in one person had
+brought before unto _Solomon_. So did not the sons of _Jacob_ divide the
+present unto _Joseph_, but are conceived to carry one for them all,
+according to the expression of their Father--Take of the best fruits of
+the land in your vessels, and carry down the man a present. And
+therefore their number being uncertain, what credit is to be given unto
+their names, _Gasper_,_ Melchior_, _Balthazar_, what to the charm
+thereof against the falling sickness [SN: Gaspar fert myrrham, _etc._],
+or what unto their habits, complexions, and corporal accidents, we must
+rely on their uncertain story, and received pourtraits of _Collein_.
+
+Lastly, Although we grant them Kings, and three in number, yet could we
+not conceive that they were Kings of _Collein_. For though _Collein_
+were the chief City of the _Ubii_, then called _Ubiopolis_, and
+afterwards _Agrippina_, yet will no History inform us there were three
+Kings thereof. Beside, these being rulers in their Countries, and
+returning home, would have probably converted their subjects: but
+according unto _Munster_, their conversion was not wrought until seventy
+years after by _Maternus_ a disciple of _Peter_. And lastly, it is said
+that the wise men came from the East; but _Collein_ is seated West-ward
+from _Jerusalem_; for _Collein_ hath of longitude thirty four degrees,
+but _Jerusalem_ seventy two.
+
+[Sidenote: _And why of_ Collein.]
+
+The ground of all was this. These wise men or Kings, were probably of
+_Arabia_, and descended from _Abraham_ by _Keturah_, who apprehending
+the mystery of this Star, either by the Spirit of God, the prophesie of
+_Balaam_, the prophesie which _Suetonius_ mentions, received and
+constantly believed through all the East, that out of Jury one should
+come that should rule the whole world: or the divulged expectation of
+the _Jews_ from the expiring prediction of _Daniel_: were by the same
+conducted unto _Judea_, returned unto their Country, and were after
+baptized by _Thomas_. From whence about three hundred years after, by
+_Helena_ the Empress their bodies were translated to _Constantinople_.
+From thence by _Eustatius_ unto Millane, and at last by _Renatus_ the
+Bishop unto _Collein_: where they are believed at present to remain,
+their monuments shewn unto strangers, and having lost their _Arabian_
+titles, are crowned Kings of _Collein_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+Of the food of _John Baptist_, Locusts and Wild-honey.
+
+
+Concerning the food of _John Baptist_ in the wilderness, Locusts and
+Wild-honey, lest popular opiniatrity should arise, we will deliver the
+chief opinions. The first conceiveth the Locusts here mentioned to be
+that fruit which the Greeks name +keration+ mentioned by _Luke_ in the
+diet of the Prodigal son, the Latins _Siliqua_, and some _Panis Sancti
+Johannis_; included in a broad Cod, and indeed a taste almost as
+pleasant as Honey. But this opinion doth not so truly impugn that of the
+Locusts: and might rather call into controversie the meaning of
+Wild-honey.
+
+[Sidenote: _Opinions concerning_ +akrides+, _or the Locusts of S._ John
+_Baptist_.]
+
+The second affirmeth that they were the tops or tender crops of trees:
+for so _Locusta_ also signifieth: which conceit is plausible in Latin,
+but will not hold in Greek, wherein the word is +akris+, except for
++akrides+, we read +akrodrya+, or +akremones+, which signifie the
+extremities of trees, of which belief have divers been: more confidently
+_Isidore Peleusiota_, who in his Epistles plainly affirmeth they think
+unlearnedly who are of another belief. And this so wrought upon
+_Baronius_, that he concludeth in neutrality; _Haec cum scribat Isidorus
+definiendum nobis non est et totum relinquimus lectoris arbitrio; nam
+constat Graecam dictionem_ +akrides+, _et Locustam, insecti genus, et
+arborum summitates significare. Sed fallitur_, saith Montacutius, _nam
+constat contrarium_, +Akrida+ _apud nullum authorem classicum_
++Akrodrya+ _significare_. But above all _Paracelsus_ with most animosity
+promoteth this opinion, and in his book _de melle_, spareth not his
+Friend Erasmus. _Hoc a nonnullis ita explicatur ut dicant Locastus aut
+cicadas Johanni pro cibo fuisse; sed hi stultitiam dissimulare non
+possunt, veluti Jeronimus, Erasmus, et alii Prophetae Neoterici in
+Latinitate immortui._
+
+[Sidenote: _The more probable what._]
+
+A third affirmeth that they were properly Locusts: that is, a
+sheath-winged and six-footed insect, such as is our Grashopper. And this
+opinion seems more probable than the other. For beside the authority of
+_Origen_, _Jerom_, _Chrysostom_, _Hillary_ and _Ambrose_ to confirm it:
+this is the proper signification of the word, thus used in Scripture by
+the Septuagint, Greek vocabularies thus expound it. _Suidas_ on the word
++Akris+ observes it to be that animal whereon the Baptist fed in the
+desert; in this sense the word is used by _Aristotle_, _Dioscorides_,
+_Galen_, and several humane Authors. And lastly, there is no absurdity
+in this interpretation, or any solid reason why we should decline it, it
+being a food permitted unto the _Jews_, whereof four kinds are reckoned
+up among clean meats. Beside, not only the _Jews_, but many other
+Nations long before and since, have made an usual food thereof. That the
+_AEthiopians_, _Mauritanians_ and _Arabians_ did commonly eat them, is
+testified by _Diodorus_, _Strabo_, _Solinus_, _AElian_ and _Pliny_: that
+they still feed on them is confirmed by _Leo_, _Cadamustus_ and others.
+_John_ therefore as our Saviour saith, came neither eating nor drinking:
+that is, far from the diet of _Jerusalem_ and other Riotous places: but
+fared coursly and poorly according unto the apparel he wore, that is of
+Camels hair: the place of his abode, the wilderness; and the doctrin he
+preached, humiliation and repentance.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+That _John_ the Evangelist should not die.
+
+
+The conceit of the long-living, or rather not dying of _John_ the
+Evangelist, although it seem inconsiderable, and not much weightier than
+that of _Joseph_ the wandring _Jew_: yet being deduced from Scripture,
+and abetted by Authors of all times, it shall not escape our enquiry. It
+is drawn from the speech of our Saviour unto _Peter_ after the
+prediction of his Martyrdom; _Peter_ saith unto Jesus [SN: _John_ 21.].
+Lord what shall this man do? Jesus saith unto him, If I will that he
+tarry until I come, what is that to thee? Follow thou me; then went this
+saying abroad among the brethren, that this disciple should not die.
+
+Now the belief hereof hath been received either grosly and in the
+general, that is not distinguishing the manner or particular way of this
+continuation, in which sense probably the grosser and undiscerning party
+received it. Or more distinctly apprehending the manner of his
+immortality; that is, that _John_ should never properly die, but be
+translated into Paradise, there to remain with _Enoch_ and _Elias_ until
+about the coming of Christ; and should be slain with them under
+Antichrist, according to that of the Apocalyps. I will give power unto
+my two witnesses, and they shall prophesie a thousand two hundred and
+threescore days cloathed in sack-cloth, and when they shall have
+finished their Testimony, the beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless
+pit, shall make war against them, and shall overcome them, and kill
+them. Hereof, as _Baronius_ observeth, within three hundred years after
+Christ, _Hippolytus_ the Martyr was the first assertor, but hath been
+maintained by _Metaphrastes_, by _Freculphus_, but especially by
+_Georgius Trapezuntius_, who hath expresly treated upon this Text, and
+although he lived but in the last Century, did still affirm that _John_
+was not yet dead.
+
+The same is also hinted by the learned Italian Poet _Dante_, who in his
+Poetical survey of Paradise, meeting with the soul of St. _John_, and
+desiring to see his body; received answer from him that his body was in
+earth, and there should remain with other bodys, until the number of the
+blessed were accomplished.
+
+          _In terra e terra il mio corpo, et saragli
+          Tanto con gli altri, che l' numero nostro
+          Con l' eterno proposito s' agguagli._
+
+As for the gross opinion that he should not die, it is sufficiently
+refuted by that which first occasioned it, that is the Scripture it
+self, and no further off than the very subsequent verse: Yet Jesus said
+unto him, he should not die, but if I will that he tarry till I come,
+What is that to thee? And this was written by _John_ himself, whom the
+opinion concerned; and as is conceived many years after, when _Peter_
+had suffered and fulfilled the prophesie of Christ.
+
+For the particular conceit, the foundation is weak, nor can it be made
+out from the Text alledged in the Apocalyps: for beside that therein two
+persons are only named, no mention is made of _John_, a third Actor in
+this Tragedy. [SN: _The death of St._ John _Evangelist, where and
+when._] The same is also overthrown by History, which recordeth not only
+the death of _John_, but assigneth the place of his burial, that is
+_Ephesus_, a City in _Asia_ minor, whither after he had been banished
+into _Patmos_ by _Domitian_, he returned in the reign of Nerva, there
+deceased, and was buried in the days of _Trajan_. And this is testified
+by _Jerom_[SN: De Scriptor. Ecclesiast.], by _Tertullian_ [SN: De
+Anima.], by _Chrysostom_ and _Eusebius_, in whose days his Sepulchre was
+to be seen; and by a more ancient Testimony alleadged also by him, that
+is of _Polycrates_ Bishop of _Ephesus_, not many successions after
+_John_; whose words are these in an Epistle unto _Victor_ Bishop of
+_Rome, Johannes ille qui supra pectus Domini recumbebat, Doctor optimus,
+apud Ephesum dormivit_; many of the like nature are noted by _Baronius_,
+_Jansenius_, _Estius_, _Lipellous_, and others.
+
+Now the main and primitive ground of this error, was a gross mistake in
+the words of Christ, and a false apprehension of his meaning;
+understanding that positively which was but conditionally expressed, or
+receiving that affirmatively which was but concessively delivered. For
+the words of our Saviour run in a doubtful strain, rather reprehending
+than satisfying the curiosity of _Peter_; as though he should have said,
+Thou hast thy own doom, why enquirest thou after thy Brothers? What
+relief unto thy affliction, will be the society of anothers? Why pryest
+thou into the secrets of Gods will? If he stay until I come, what
+concerneth it thee, who shalt be sure to suffer before that time? And
+such an answer probably he returned, because he fore-knew _John_ should
+not suffer a violent death, but go unto his grave in peace. Which had
+_Peter_ assuredly known, it might have cast some water on his flames,
+and smothered those fires which kindled after unto the honour of his
+Master.
+
+[Sidenote: _Of all the Apostles St._ John _only is thought to have
+suffered a natural death: And why?_]
+
+Now why among all the rest _John_ only escaped the death of a Martyr,
+the reason is given; because all others fled away or withdrew themselves
+at his death, and he alone of the Twelve beheld his passion on the
+Cross. Wherein notwithstanding, the affliction that he suffered could
+not amount unto less than Martyrdom: for if the naked relation, at least
+the intentive consideration of that Passion, be able still, and at this
+disadvantage of time, to rend the hearts of pious Contemplators; surely
+the near and sensible vision thereof must needs occasion Agonies beyond
+the comprehension of flesh; and the trajections of such an object more
+sharply pierce the Martyred soul of _John_, than afterward did the nails
+the crucified body of _Peter_.
+
+Again, They were mistaken in the Emphatical apprehension, placing the
+consideration upon the words, If I will: whereas it properly lay in
+these, when I come. Which had they apprehended as some have since, that
+is, not for his ultimate and last return, but his coming in Judgment and
+destruction upon the _Jews_; or such a coming, as it might be said, that
+that generation should not pass before it was fulfilled; they needed
+not, much less need we suppose such diuturnity. For after the death of
+_Peter_, _John_ lived to behold the same fulfilled by _Vespasian_: nor
+had he then his _Nunc dimittis_, or went out like unto _Simeon_; but old
+in accomplisht obscurities, and having seen the expire of _Daniels_
+prediction, as some conceive, he accomplished his Revelation.
+
+But besides this original and primary foundation, divers others have
+made impressions according unto different ages and persons by whom they
+were received. For some established the conceit in the disciples and
+brethren, which were contemporary unto him, or lived about the same time
+with him; and this was first the extraordinary affection our Saviour
+bare unto this disciple, who hath the honour to be called the disciple
+whom Jesus loved. Now from hence they might be apt to believe their
+Master would dispense with his death, or suffer him to live to see him
+return in glory, who was the only Apostle that beheld him to die in
+dishonour. Another was the belief and opinion of those times, that
+Christ would suddenly come; for they held not generally the same opinion
+with their successors, or as descending ages after so many Centuries;
+but conceived his coming would not be long after his passion, according
+unto several expressions of our Saviour grosly understood, and as we
+find the same opinion not long after reprehended by St. _Paul_ [SN:
+_Thes._ 2.]: and thus conceiving his coming would not be long, they
+might be induced to believe his favorite should live unto it. [SN:
+_Saint_ John, _how long surviving our B. Saviour._] Lastly, the long
+life of _John_ might much advantage this opinion; for he survived the
+other twelve, he was aged 22 years when he was called by Christ, and 25
+that is the age of Priesthood at his death, and lived 93 years, that is
+68 after his Saviour, and died not before the second year of _Trajan_.
+Now having out lived all his fellows, the world was confirmed he might
+live still, and even unto the coming of his Master.
+
+The grounds which promoted it in succeeding ages, were especially two.
+The first his escape of martyrdom: for whereas all the rest suffered
+some kind of forcible death, we have no history that he suffered any;
+and men might think he was not capable thereof: For as History
+informeth, by the command of _Domitian_ he was cast into a Caldron of
+burning oyl, and came out again unsinged. Now future ages apprehending
+he suffered no violent death, and finding also the means that tended
+thereto could take no place, they might be confirmed in their opinion
+that death had no power over him, that he might live always who could
+not be destroyed by fire, and was able to resist the fury of that
+element which nothing shall resist. The second was a corruption crept
+into the Latin Text, reading for _Si, Sic eum manere volo_; whereby the
+answer of our Saviour becometh positive, or that he will have it so;
+which way of reading was much received in former ages, and is still
+retained in the vulgar Translation; but in the Greek and original the
+word is +ean+, signifying _Si_ or if, which is very different
+from +houtos+, and cannot be translated for it: and answerable
+hereunto is the translation of _Junius_, and that also annexed unto the
+Greek by the authority of _Sixtus Quintus_.
+
+The third confirmed it in ages farther descending, and proved a
+powerfull argument unto all others following; because in his tomb at
+_Ephesus_ there was no corps or relique thereof to be found; whereupon
+arose divers doubts, and many suspitious conceptions; some believing he
+was not buried, some that he was buried but risen again, others that he
+descended alive into his tomb, and from thence departed after. But all
+these proceeded upon unveritable grounds, as _Baronius_ hath observed;
+who alledgeth a letter of _Celestine_ Bishop of _Rome_, unto the Council
+of _Ephesus_, wherein he declareth the reliques of _John_ were highly
+honoured by that City; and by a passage also of _Chrysostome_ in the
+Homilies of the Apostles, That _John_ being dead, did cures in
+_Ephesus_, as though he were still alive. And so I observe that
+_Esthius_ discussing this point concludeth hereupon, _Quod corpus ejus
+nunquam reperiatur, hoc non dicerent si veterum scripta diligenter
+perlustrassent_.
+
+Now that the first ages after Christ, those succeeding, or any other
+should proceed into opinions so far divided from reason, as to think of
+immortality after the fall of _Adam_, or conceit a man in these later
+times should out-live our fathers in the first; although it seem very
+strange, yet is it not incredible. For the credulity of men hath been
+deluded into the like conceits; and as _Ireneus_ and _Tertullian_
+mention, one _Menander_ a _Samaritan_ obtained belief in this very
+point; whose doctrin it was, that death should have no power on his
+disciples, and such as received his baptism should receive immortality
+therewith. Twas surely an apprehension very strange; nor usually falling
+either from the absurdities of Melancholy or vanities of ambition. Some
+indeed have been so affectedly vain, as to counterfeit Immortality, and
+have stoln their death, in a hope to be esteemed immortal; and others
+have conceived themselves dead; but surely few or none have fallen upon
+so bold an errour, as not to think that they could die at all. The
+reason of those mighty ones, whose ambition could suffer them to be
+called gods, would never be flattered into immortality; but the proudest
+thereof have by the daily dictates of corruption convinced the
+impropriety of that appellation. And surely although delusion may run
+high, and possible it is that for a while a man may forget his nature,
+yet cannot this be durable. For the inconcealable imperfections of our
+selves, or their daily examples in others, will hourly prompt us our
+corruption, and loudly tell us we are the sons of earth.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+More compendiously of some others.
+
+
+Many others there are which we resign unto Divinity, and perhaps
+deserve not controversie. Whether _David_ were punished only for pride
+of heart in numbring the people, as most do hold, or whether as
+_Josephus_ and many maintain, he suffered also for not performing the
+Commandment of God concerning capitation; that when the people were
+numbred, for every head they should pay unto God a shekell, we shall not
+here contend. Surely, if it were not the occasion of this plague, we
+must acknowledge the omission thereof was threatned with that
+punishment, according to the words of the Law [SN: Exod. 30.]. When thou
+takest the sum of the children of _Israel_, then shall they give every
+man a ransom for his soul unto the Lord, that there be no plague amongst
+them. Now how deeply hereby God was defrauded in the time of _David_,
+and opulent State of Israel, will easily appear by the sums of former
+lustrations. For in the first [SN: Exod. 38.], the silver of them that
+were numbred was an hundred Talents, and a thousand seven hundred
+three-score and fifteen shekels; a Bekah for every man, that is, half a
+shekel, after the shekel of the sanctuary; for every one from twenty
+years old and upwards, for six hundred thousand, and three thousand and
+five hundred and fifty men. Answerable whereto we read in _Josephus_,
+_Vespasian_ ordered that every man of the _Jews_ should bring into the
+Capital two dragms; which amounts unto fifteen pence, or a quarter of an
+ounce of silver with us: and is equivalent unto a Bekah, or half a
+shekel of the Sanctuary. [SN: _What the Attick dragm is. What the
+didrachmum and the stater_, Mat. 17. 27.] For an Attick dragm is seven
+pence halfpeny or a quarter of a shekel, and a didrachmum or double
+dragm, is the word for Tribute money, or half a shekel; and a stater the
+money found in the fishes mouth was two Didrachmums, or an whole shekel,
+and tribute sufficient for our Saviour and for _Peter_.
+
+We will not question the Metamorphosis of _Lots_ wife, or whether she
+were transformed into a real statua of Salt: though some conceive that
+expression Metaphorical, and no more thereby then a lasting and durable
+column, according to the nature of Salt, which admitteth no corruption:
+in which sense the Covenant of God is termed a Covenant of Salt; and it
+is also said, God gave the Kingdom unto _David_ for ever, or by a
+Covenant of Salt.
+
+That _Absalom_ was hanged by the hair of the head, and not caught up by
+the neck, as _Josephus_ conceiveth, and the common argument against long
+hair affirmeth, we are not ready to deny. Although I confess a great and
+learned party there are of another opinion; although if he had his
+Morion or Helmet on, I could not well conceive it; although the
+translation of _Jerom_ or _Tremelius_ do not prove it, and our own seems
+rather to overthrow it.
+
+[Sidenote: _How_ Judas _might die_.]
+
+That _Judas_ hanged himself, much more, that he perished thereby, we
+shall not raise a doubt. Although _Jansenius_ discoursing the point,
+produceth the testimony of _Theophylact_ and _Euthimius_, that he died
+not by the Gallows, but under a cart wheel, and _Baronius_ also
+delivereth, this was the opinion of the _Greeks_, and derived as high as
+_Papias_, one of the Disciples of _John_. Although also how hardly the
+expression of _Matthew_ is reconcilable unto that of _Peter_, and that
+he plainly hanged himself, with that, that falling head-long he burst
+asunder in the midst, with many other, the learned _Grotius_ plainly
+doth acknowledge. And lastly, Although as he also urgeth, the word
++apenxato+ in _Matthew_, doth not only signifie suspension or
+pendulous illaqueation, as the common picture discribeth it, but also
+suffocation, strangulation or interception of breath, which may arise
+from grief, despair, and deep dejection of spirit [SN: Strangulat
+inclusus dolor.], in which sense it is used in the History of _Tobit_
+concerning _Sara_, +elypethe sphodra hoste apanxasthai+. _Ita
+tristata est ut strangulatione premeretur_, saith _Junius_; and so might
+it happen from the horrour of mind unto _Judas_. So do many of the
+_Hebrews_ affirm, that _Achitophel_ was also strangled, that is, not
+from the rope, but passion. For the Hebrew and Arabick word in the Text,
+not only signifies suspension, but indignation, as _Grotius_ hath also
+observed.
+
+Many more there are of indifferent truths, whose dubious expositions
+worthy Divines and Preachers do often draw into wholesome and sober uses
+whereof we shall not speak; with industry we decline such Paradoxes, and
+peaceably submit unto their received acceptions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+Of the Cessation of Oracles.
+
+
+That Oracles ceased or grew mute at the coming of Christ, is best
+understood in a qualified sense, and not without all latitude, as though
+precisely there were none after, nor any decay before. For (what we must
+confess unto relations of Antiquity) some pre-decay is observable from
+that of _Cicero_, urged by _Baronius_; _Cur isto modo jam oracula
+Delphis non eduntur, non modo nostra aetate, sed jam diu, ut nihil possit
+esse contemptius_. That during his life they were not altogether dumb,
+is deduceable from _Suetonius_ in the life of _Tiberius_, who attempting
+to subvert the Oracles adjoyning unto _Rome_, was deterred by the Lots
+or chances which were delivered at _Preneste_. After his death we meet
+with many; _Suetonius_ reports, that the Oracle of _Antium_ forewarned
+_Caligula_ to beware of _Cassius_, who was one that conspired his death.
+_Plutarch_ enquiring why the Oracles of _Greece_ ceased, excepteth that
+of _Lebadia_: and in the same place _Demetrius_ affirmeth the Oracles of
+_Mopsus_ and _Amphilochus_ were much frequented in his days. In brief,
+Histories are frequent in examples, and there want not some even to the
+reign of _Julian_.
+
+What therefore may consist with history, by cessation of Oracles with
+_Montacutius_ we may understand their intercision, not abscission or
+consummate desolation; their rare delivery, not total dereliction, and
+yet in regard of divers Oracles, we may speak strictly, and say there
+was a proper cessation. Thus may we reconcile the accounts of times, and
+allow those few and broken divinations, whereof we read in story and
+undeniable Authors. For that they received this blow from Christ, and no
+other causes alledged by the heathens, from oraculous confession they
+cannot deny; whereof upon record there are some very remarkable. The
+first that Oracle of _Delphos_ delivered unto _Augustus_.
+
+          _Me puer Hebraeus Divos Deus ipse gubernans
+          Cedere sede jubet, tristemq; redire sub orcum;
+          Aris ergo dehinc tacitus discedito nostris._
+
+          An Hebrew child, a God all gods excelling,
+          To hell again commands me from this dwelling.
+          Our Altars leave in silence, and no more
+          A Resolution e're from hence implore.
+
+A second recorded by _Plutarch_, of a voice that was heard to cry unto
+Mariners at the sea, _Great Pan is dead_; which is a relation very
+remarkable, and may be read in his defect of Oracles. A third reported
+by _Eusebius_ in the life of his magnified _Constantine_, that about
+that time _Apollo_ mourned, declaring his Oracles were false and that
+the righteous upon earth did hinder him from speaking truth. And a
+fourth related by _Theodoret_, and delivered by _Apollo Daphneus_ unto
+_Julian_ upon his _Persian_ expedition, that he should remove the bodies
+about him before he could return an answer, and not long after his
+Temple was burnt with lightning.
+
+All which were evident and convincing acknowledgements of that Power
+which shut his lips, and restrained that delusion which had reigned so
+many Centuries. But as his malice is vigilant, and the sins of men do
+still continue a toleration of his mischiefs, he resteth not, nor will
+he ever cease to circumvent the sons of the first deceived. [SN: _The
+devils retreat when expelled the Oracles._] And therefore expelled from
+Oracles and solemn Temples of delusion, he runs into corners, exercising
+minor trumperies, and acting his deceits in Witches, Magicians,
+Diviners, and such inferiour seducers. And yet (what is deplorable)
+while we apply our selves thereto, and affirming that God hath left to
+speak by his Prophets, expect in doubtfull matters a resolution from
+such spirits, while we say the devil is mute, yet confess that these can
+speak; while we deny the substance, yet practise the effect and in the
+denied solemnity maintain the equivalent efficacy; in vain we cry that
+Oracles are down; _Apollos_ Altar still doth smoak; nor is the fire of
+_Delphos_ out unto this day.
+
+Impertinent it is unto our intention to speak in general of Oracles, and
+many have well performed it. The plainest of others was that of _Apollo
+Delphicus_ recorded by _Herodotus_, and delivered unto _Croesus_; who
+as a trial of their omniscience sent unto distant Oracles; and so
+contrived with the Messengers, that though in several places, yet at the
+same time they should demand what _Croesus_ was then a doing. Among
+all others the Oracle of _Delphos_ only hit it, returning answer, he was
+boyling a Lamb with a Tortoise, in a brazen vessel, with a cover of the
+same metal. The stile is haughty in Greek, though somewhat lower in
+Latine.
+
+        _AEquoris est spatium et numerus mihi notus arenae
+        Mutum percipio, fantis nihil audio vocem.
+        Venit ad hos sensus nidor testudinis acris,
+        Quae semel agnina coquitur cum carne labete,
+        Aere infra strato, et stratum cui desuper aes est._
+
+        I know the space of Sea, the number of the sand,
+        I hear the silent, mute I understand.
+        A tender Lamb joined with Tortoise flesh,
+        Thy Master King of _Lydia_ now doth dress.
+        The scent thereof doth in my nostrils hover,
+        From brazen pot closed with brazen cover.
+
+Hereby indeed he acquired much wealth and more honour, and was reputed
+by _Croesus_ as a Diety: and yet not long after, by a vulgar fallacy
+he deceived his favourite and greatest friend of Oracles into an
+irreparable overthrow by _Cyrus_. And surely the same success are likely
+all to have that rely or depend upon him. 'Twas the first play he
+practised on mortality; and as time hath rendred him more perfect in the
+Art, so hath the inveterateness of his malice more ready in the
+execution. 'Tis therefore the soveraign degree of folly, and a crime not
+only against God, but also our own reasons, to expect a favour from the
+devil; whose mercies are more cruel than those of _Polyphemus_; for he
+devours his favourites first, and the nearer a man approacheth, the
+sooner he is scorched by _Moloch_. In brief, his favours are deceitfull
+and double-headed, he doth apparent good, for real and convincing evil
+after it; and exalteth us up to the top of the Temple, but to humble us
+down from it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+Of the death of _Aristotle_.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _What an_ Euripus _is generally_.]
+
+That _Aristotle_ drowned himself in _Euripus_, as despairing to resolve
+the cause of its reciprocation, or ebb and flow seven times a day, with
+this determination, _Si quidem ego non capio te, tu capies me_, was the
+assertion of _Procopius_, _Nazianzen_, _Justin Martyr_, and is generally
+believed amongst us. Wherein, because we perceive men have but an
+imperfect knowledge, some conceiving _Euripus_ to be a River, others not
+knowing where or in what part to place it; we first advertise, it
+generally signifieth any strait, fret, or channel of the Sea, running
+between two shoars, as _Julius Pollux_ hath defined it; as we read of
+_Euripus Hellespontiacus_, _Pyrrhaeus_, and this whereof we treat,
+_Euripus Euboicus_ or _Chalcidicus_, that is, a narrow passage of Sea
+dividing _Attica_, and the Island of _Euboea_, now called _Golfo de
+Negroponte_, from the name of the Island and chief City thereof; famous
+in the wars of _Antiochus_, and taken from the _Venetians_ by _Mahomet_
+the Great.
+
+[Sidenote: _Touching the death of_ Aristotle.]
+
+Now that in this _Euripe_ or fret of _Negropont_, and upon the occasion
+mentioned, _Aristotle_ drowned himself, as many affirm, and almost all
+believe, we have some room to doubt. For without any mention of this, we
+find two ways delivered of his death by _Diogenes Laertius_, who
+expresly treateth thereof; the one from _Eumolus_ and _Phavorimus_, that
+being accused of impiety for composing an Hymn unto _Hermias_ (upon
+whose Concubine he begat his son _Nichomachus_) he withdrew into
+_Chalcis_, where drinking poison he died; the Hymn is extant in
+_Laertius_, and the fifteenth book of _Athenaeus_. Another by
+_Apollodorus_, that he died at _Chalcis_ of a natural death and
+languishment of stomach, in his sixty third, or great Climacterical
+year; and answerable hereto is the account of _Suidas_ and _Censorinus_.
+And if that were clearly made out, which _Rabbi Ben Joseph_ affirmeth,
+he found in an _Egyptian_ book of _Abraham Sapiens Perizol_; that
+_Aristotle_ acknowledged all that was written in the Law of _Moses_, and
+became at last a Proselyte [SN: _Licetus_ de quaesitis, epist.]; it would
+also make improbable this received way of his death.
+
+Again, Beside the negative of Authority, it is also deniable by reason;
+nor will it be easie to obtrude such desperate attempts upon
+_Aristotle_, from unsatisfaction of reason, who so often acknowledged
+the imbecillity thereof. Who in matters of difficulty, and such which
+were not without abstrusities, conceived it sufficient to deliver
+conjecturalities. And surely he that could sometimes sit down with high
+improbabilities, that could content himself, and think to satisfie
+others, that the variegation of Birds was from their living in the Sun,
+or erection made by deliberation of the Testicles; would not have been
+dejected unto death with this. He that was so well acquainted with +e
+hoti+, and +poteron+ _utrum_, and _An Quia_, as we observe in the
+Queries of his Problems: with +isos+ and +epi to poly+, _fortasse_ and
+_plerumque_, as is observable through all his Works: had certainly
+rested with probabilities, and glancing conjectures in this: Nor would
+his resolutions have ever run into that mortal Antanaclasis, and
+desperate piece of Rhetorick, to be compriz'd in that he could not
+comprehend. Nor is it indeed to be made out that he ever endeavoured the
+particular of _Euripus_, or so much as to resolve the ebb and flow of
+the Sea. For, as _Vicomercatus_ and others observe, he hath made no
+mention hereof in his Works, although the occasion present it self in
+his Meteors, wherein he disputeth the affections of the Sea: nor yet in
+his Problems, although in the twenty-third Section, there be no less
+than one and forty Queries of the Sea. Some mention there is indeed in a
+Work of the propriety of Elements, ascribed unto _Aristotle_: which
+notwithstanding is not reputed genuine, and was perhaps the same whence
+this was urged by _Plutarch_. [SN: De placitis Philosophorum.]
+
+Lastly, the thing it self whereon the opinion dependeth, that is, the
+variety of the flux and the reflux of _Euripus_, or whether the same do
+ebb and flow seven times a day, is not incontrovertible. For though
+_Pomponius Mela_, and after him _Solinus_ and _Pliny_ have affirmed it,
+yet I observe _Thucydides_, who speaketh often of _Euboea_, hath
+omitted it. _Pausanias_ an ancient Writer, who hath left an exact
+description of _Greece_, and in as particular a way as _Leandro_ of
+_Italy_, or _Cambden_ of great _Britain_, describing not only the
+Country Towns, and Rivers; but Hills, Springs and Houses, hath left no
+mention hereof. _AEschines_ in _Ctesiphon_ only alludeth unto it; and
+_Strabo_ that accurate Geographer speaks warily of it, that is,
++hos phasi+, and as men commonly reported. And so doth also _Maginus,
+Velocis ac varii fluctus est mare, ubi quater in die, aut septies, ut
+alii dicunt, reciprocantur aestus. Botero_ more plainly, _Il mar cresce e
+cala con un impeto mirabile quatra volte il di, ben che communimente si
+dica sette volte_, etc. This Sea with wondrous impetuosity ebbeth and
+floweth four times a day, although it be commonly said seven times, and
+generally opinioned, that _Aristotle_ despairing of the reason, drowned
+himself therein. In which description by four times a day, it exceeds
+not in number the motion of other Seas, taking the words properly, that
+is, twice ebbing and twice flowing in four and twenty hours. And is no
+more than what _Thomaso Porrcacchi_ affirmeth in his description of
+famous Islands, that twice a day it hath such an impetuous flood, as is
+not without wonder. _Livy_ speaks more particularly, _Haud facile
+infestior classi statio est et fretum ipsum Euripi, non septies die
+(ficut fama fert) temporibus certis reciprocat, sed temere in modum
+venti, nunc hunc nunc illuc verso mari, velut monte praecipiti devolutus
+torrens rapitur_. There is hardly a worse harbour, the fret or channel
+of _Euripus_ not certainly ebbing or flowing seven times a day,
+according to common report: but being uncertainly, and in the manner of
+a wind carried hither and thither, is whirled away as a torrent down a
+hill. But the experimental testimony of _Gillius_ is most considerable
+of any: who having beheld the course thereof, and made enquiry of
+Millers that dwelt upon its shore, received answer, that it ebbed and
+flowed four times a day, that is, every six hours, according to the Law
+of the Ocean: but that indeed sometimes it observed not that certain
+course. And this irregularity, though seldom happening, together with
+its unruly and tumultuous motion, might afford a beginning unto the
+common opinion. Thus may the expression in _Ctesiphon_ be made out: And
+by this may _Aristotle_ be interpreted, when in his Problems he seems to
+borrow a Metaphor from _Euripus_: while in the five and twentieth
+Section he enquireth, why in the upper parts of houses the air doth
+Euripize, that is, is whirled hither and thither.
+
+A later and experimental testimony is to be found in the travels of
+Monsieur _Duloir_; who about twenty years ago, remained sometime at
+_Negroponte_, or old _Chalcis_, and also passed and repassed this
+_Euripus_; who thus expresseth himself. I wonder much at the Error
+concerning the flux and reflux of _Euripus_; and I assure you that
+opinion is false. I gave a Boat-man a Crown, to set me in a convenient
+place, where for a whole day I might observe the same. It ebbeth and
+floweth by six hours, even as it doth at _Venice_, but the course
+thereof is vehement.
+
+Now that which gave life unto the assertion, might be his death at
+_Chalcis_, the chief City of _Euboea_, and seated upon _Euripus_,
+where 'tis confessed by all he ended his days. That he emaciated and
+pined away in the too anxious enquiry of its reciprocations, although
+not drowned therein, as _Rhodiginus_ relateth, some conceived, was a
+half confession thereof not justifiable from Antiquity. Surely the
+Philosophy of flux and reflux was very imperfect of old among the Greeks
+and Latins; nor could they hold a sufficient theory thereof, who only
+observed the Mediterranean, which in some places hath no ebb, and not
+much in any part. Nor can we affirm our knowledg is at the height, who
+have now the Theory of the Ocean and narrow Seas beside. While we refer
+it unto the Moon, we give some satisfaction for the Ocean, but no
+general salve for Creeks, and Seas which know no flood; nor resolve why
+it flows three or four foot at _Venice_ in the bottom of the Gulf, yet
+scarce at all at _Ancona_, _Durazzo_, or _Corcyra_, which lie but by the
+way. And therefore old abstrusities have caused new inventions; and some
+from the Hypotheses of _Copernicus_, or the Diurnal and annual motion of
+the earth, endeavour to salve flows and motions of these Seas,
+illustrating the same by water in a boal, that rising or falling to
+either side, according to the motion of the vessel; the conceit is
+ingenuous, salves some doubts, and is discovered at large by _Galileo_.
+[SN: Rog. Bac. doctis, Cabeus Met. 2.]
+
+[Sidenote: _How the Moon may cause the ebbing and flowing of the Sea._]
+
+[Sidenote: _Why Rivers and Lakes ebb and flow not. Why some Seas flow
+higher than others, and continue longer._]
+
+But whether the received principle and undeniable action of the Moon may
+not be still retained, although in some difference of application, is
+yet to be perpended [SN: Rog. Bac. doctis, Cabeus Met. 2.]; that is, not
+by a simple operation upon the surphace or superiour parts, but
+excitation of the nitro-sulphureous spirits, and parts disposed to
+intumescency at the bottom; not by attenuation of the upper part of the
+Sea, (whereby ships would draw more water at the flow than at the ebb)
+but inturgescencies caused first at the bottom, and carrying the upper
+part before them: subsiding and falling again, according to the Motion
+of the Moon from the Meridian, and languor of the exciting cause: and
+therefore Rivers and Lakes who want these fermenting parts at the
+bottom, are not excited unto aestuations; and therefore some Seas flow
+higher than others, according to the Plenty of these spirits, in their
+submarine constitutions. And therefore also the periods of flux and
+reflux are various, nor their increase or decrease equal: according to
+the temper of the terreous parts at the bottom: who as they are more
+hardly or easily moved, do variously begin, continue or end their
+intumescencies.
+
+[Sidenote: _Whence the violent flows proceed in some Estuaries and
+Rivers._]
+
+From the peculiar disposition of the earth at the bottom, wherein quick
+excitations are made, may arise those Agars and impetuous flows in some
+aestuaries and Rivers, as is observable about _Trent_ and _Humber_ in
+_England_; which may also have some effect in the boisterous tides of
+_Euripus_, not only from ebullitions at the bottom, but also from the
+sides and lateral parts, driving the streams from either side, which
+arise or fall according to the motion in those parts, and the intent or
+remiss operation of the first exciting causes, which maintain their
+activities above and below the Horizon; even as they do in the bodies of
+plants and animals, and in the commotion of _Catarrhes_.
+
+However therefore _Aristotle_ died, what was his end, or upon what
+occasion, although it be not altogether assured, yet that his memory and
+worthy name shall live, no man will deny, nor grateful Scholar doubt,
+and if according to the Elogy of _Solon_, a man may be only said to be
+happy after he is dead, and ceaseth to be in the visible capacity of
+beatitude, or if according unto his own Ethicks, sense is not essential
+unto felicity, but a man may be happy without the apprehension thereof;
+surely in that sense he is pyramidally happy; nor can he ever perish but
+in the Euripe of Ignorance, or till the Torrent or Barbarism
+overwhelmeth all.
+
+[Sidenote: Homers _death_.]
+
+A like conceit there passeth of _Melisigenes, alias Homer_, the Father
+Poet, that he pined away upon the Riddle of the fishermen. But
+_Herodotus_ who wrote his life hath cleared this point; delivering, that
+passing from _Samos_ unto Athens, he went sick ashore upon the Island
+_Ios_, where he died, and was solemnly interred upon the Sea side; and
+so decidingly concludeth, _Ex hac aegritudine extremum diem clausit
+Homerus in Io, non, ut arbitrantur aliqui, AEnigmatis perplexitate
+enectus, sed morbo_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+Of the Wish of _Philoxenus_.
+
+
+That Relation of _Aristotle_, and conceit generally received concerning
+_Philoxenus_, who wished the neck of a Crane, that thereby he might take
+more pleasure in his meat, although it pass without exception, upon
+enquiry I find not only doubtful in the story, but absurd in the desire
+or reason alledged for it. For though his Wish were such as is
+delivered, yet had it not perhaps that end, to delight his gust in
+eating; but rather to obtain advantage thereby in singing, as is
+declared by _Mirandula_. _Aristotle_ (saith he) in his Ethicks and
+Problems, accuseth _Philoxenus_ of sensuality, for the greater pleasure
+of gust desiring the neck of a Crane; which desire of his, assenting
+unto _Aristotle_, I have formerly condemned: But since I perceive that
+_Aristotle_ for this accusation hath been accused by divers Writers. For
+_Philoxenus_ was an excellent Musician, and desired the neck of a Crane,
+not for any pleasure at meat; but fancying thereby an advantage in
+singing or warbling, and dividing the notes in musick. And many Writers
+there are which mention a Musician of that name, as _Plutarch_ in his
+book against usury, and _Aristotle_ himself in the eighth of his
+Politicks, speaks of one _Philoxenus_ a Musician, that went off from the
+Dorick Dithyrambicks unto the Phrygian Harmony.
+
+Again, Be the story true or false, rightly applied or not, the intention
+is not reasonable, and that perhaps neither one way nor the other. For
+if we rightly consider the Organ of tast, we shall find the length of
+the neck to conduce but little unto it. For the tongue being the
+instrument of tast, and the tip thereof the most exact distinguisher, it
+will not advantage the gust to have the neck extended; Wherein the
+Gullet and conveying parts are only seated, which partake not of the
+nerves of gustation, or appertaining unto sapor, but receive them only
+from the sixth pair; whereas the nerves of tast descend from the third
+and fourth propagations, and so diffuse themselves into the tongue. And
+therefore Cranes, Herns and Swans have no advantage in taste beyond
+Hawks, Kites, and others of shorter necks.
+
+Nor, if we consider it, had Nature respect unto the taste in the
+different contrivance of necks, but rather unto the parts contained, the
+composure of the rest of the body, and the manner whereby they feed.
+Thus animals of long legs, have generally long necks; that is, for the
+conveniency of feeding, as having a necessity to apply their mouths unto
+the earth. So have Horses, Camels, Dromedaries long necks, and all tall
+animals, except the Elephant, who in defect thereof is furnished with a
+Trunk, without which he could not attain the ground. So have Cranes,
+Herns, Storks and Shovelards long necks: and so even in Man, whose
+figure is erect, the length of the neck followeth the proportion of
+other parts: and such as have round faces or broad chests and shoulders,
+have very seldom long necks. For, the length of the face twice exceedeth
+that of the neck, and the space betwixt the throat-pit and the navell,
+is equall unto the circumference thereof. Again, animals are framed with
+long necks, according unto the course of their life or feeding: so many
+with short legs have long necks, because they feed in the water, as
+Swans, Geese, Pelicans, and other fin-footed animals. But Hawks and
+birds of prey have short necks and trussed leggs; for that which is long
+is weak and flexible, and a shorter figure is best accomodated unto
+that intention. Lastly, the necks of animals do vary, according to the
+parts that are contained in them, which are the weazon and the gullet.
+Such as have no weazon and breath not, have scarce any neck, as most
+sorts of fishes; and some none at all, as all sorts of pectinals, Soals,
+Thornback, Flounders; and all crustaceous animals, as Crevises, Crabs
+and Lobsters.
+
+All which considered, the Wish of _Philoxenus_ will hardly consist with
+reason. More excusable had it been to have wished himself an Ape, which
+if common conceit speak true, is exacter in taste then any. Rather some
+kind of granivorous bird then a Crane, for in this sense they are so
+exquisite that upon the first peck of their bill, they can distinguish
+the qualities of hard bodies; which the sense of man discerns not
+without mastication. Rather some ruminating animal, that he might have
+eat his meat twice over; or rather, as _Theophilus_ observed in
+_Athenaeus_, his desire had been more reasonable, had he wished himself
+an Elephant, or an Horse; for in these animals the appetite is more
+vehement, and they receive their viands in large and plenteous manner.
+And this indeed had been more sutable, if this were the same
+_Philoxenus_ whereof _Plutarch_ speaketh who was so uncivilly greedy,
+that to engross the mess, he would preventively deliver his nostrils in
+the dish.
+
+As for the musical advantage, although it seem more reasonable, yet do
+we not observe that Cranes and birds of long necks have any musical, but
+harsh and clangous throats. But birds that are canorous, and whose notes
+we most commend, are of little throats and short necks, as Nightingales,
+Finches, Linnets, Canary birds and Larks. And truly, although the
+weazon, throtle and tongue be the instruments of voice, and by their
+agitations do chiefly concurr unto these delightfull modulations, yet
+cannot we distinctly and peculiarly assign the cause unto any
+particular formation; and I perceive the best thereof, the nightingale,
+hath some disadvantage in the tongue; which is not accuminate and
+pointed as in the rest, but seemeth as it were cut off, which perhaps
+might give the hint unto the fable of _Philomela_, and the cutting off
+her tongue by _Tereus_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+Of the Lake Asphaltites.
+
+
+Concerning the Lake _Asphaltites_, the Lake of _Sodom_, or the dead Sea,
+that heavy bodies cast therein sink not, but by reason of a salt and
+bituminous thickness in the water float and swim above, narrations
+already made are of that variety, we can hardly from thence deduce a
+satisfactory determination; and that not only in the story it self, but
+in the cause alledged. As for the story, men deliver it variously: some
+I fear too largely, as _Pliny_, who affirmeth that bricks will swim
+therein. _Mandevil_ goeth farther, that Iron swimmeth, and feathers
+sink. _Munster_ in his Cosmography hath another relation, although
+perhaps derived from the Poem of _Tertullian,_ that a candle Burning
+swimmeth, but if extinguished sinketh. Some more moderately, as
+_Josephus_, and many others: affirming only that living bodies float,
+nor peremptorily averring they cannot sink, but that indeed they do not
+easily descend. Most traditionally, as _Galen_, _Pliny_, _Solinus_ and
+_Strabo_, who seems to mistake the Lake _Serbonis_ for it. Few
+experimentally, most contenting themselves in the experiment of
+_Vespasian_, by whose command some captives bound were cast therein, and
+found to float as though they could have swimmed: divers
+contradictorily, or contrarily, quite overthrowing the point.
+_Aristotle_ in the second of his Meteors speaks lightly thereof, +hosper
+mythologousi+, which word is variously rendred, by some as a fabulous
+account, by some as a common talk. _Biddulphus_ divideth the common
+accounts of _Judea_ in three parts, the one saith he, are apparent
+Truths, the second apparent falshoods, the third are dubious or between
+both; in which form he ranketh the relation of this Lake.[SN: Biddulphi
+intinerarium Anglice.] But _Andrew Thevet_ in his Cosmography doth
+ocularly overthrow it; for he affirmeth, he saw an Ass with his Saddle
+cast therein and drowned. Now of these relations so different or
+contrary unto each other, the second is most moderate and safest to be
+embraced, which saith, that living bodies swim therein, that is, they do
+not easily sink: and this, untill exact experiment further determine,
+may be allowed, as best consistent with this quality, and the reasons
+alledged for it.
+
+As for the cause of this effect, common opinion conceives it to be the
+salt and bituminous thickness of the water. This indeed is probable, and
+may be admitted as far as the second opinion concedeth. For certain it
+is that salt water will support a greater burden then fresh; and we see
+an egg will descend in salt water, which will swim in brine. But that
+Iron should float therein, from this cause is hardly granted; for heavy
+bodies will only swim in that liquor, wherein the weight of their bulk
+exceedeth not the weight of so much water as it occupieth or taketh up.
+But surely no water is heavy enough to answer the ponderosity of Iron,
+and therefore that metal will sink in any kind thereof, and it was a
+perfect Miracle which was wrought this way by _Elisha_. Thus we perceive
+that bodies do swim or sink in different liquors, according unto the
+tenuity or gravity of those liquors which are to support them. So salt
+water beareth that weight which will sink in vineger, vineger that which
+will fall in fresh water, fresh water that which will sink in spirits of
+Wine, and that will swim in spirits of Wine which will sink in clear
+oyl; as we made experiment in globes of wax pierced with light sticks to
+support them. So that although it be conceived an hard matter to sink in
+oyl, I believe a man should find it very difficult, and next to flying,
+to swim therein. And thus will Gold sink in Quick-silver, wherein Iron
+and other metals swim; for the bulk of Gold is only heavier then that
+space of Quick-silver which it containeth: and thus also in a solution
+of one ounce of Quick-silver in two of _Aqua fortis_, the liquor will
+bear Amber, Horn, and the softer kinds of stones, as we have made triall
+in each.
+
+But a private opinion there is which crosseth the common conceit,
+maintained by some of late, and alleadged of old by _Strabo_, that the
+floating of bodies in this Lake proceeds not from the thickness of the
+water, but a bituminous ebullition from the bottom, whereby it wafts up
+bodies injected, and suffereth them not easily to sink. The verity
+thereof would be enquired by ocular exploration, for this way is also
+probable. So we observe, it is hard to wade deep in baths where springs
+arise; and thus sometime are bals made to play upon a spouting stream.
+
+And therefore, until judicious and ocular experiment confirm or
+distinguish the assertion, that bodies do not sink herein at all, we do
+not yet believe; that they not easily, or with more difficulty descend
+in this than other water, we shall readily assent. But to conclude an
+impossibility from a difficulty, or affirm whereas things not easily
+sink, they do not drown at all; beside the fallacy, is a frequent
+addition in humane expression, and an amplification not unusual as well
+in opinions as relations; which oftentimes give indistinct accounts of
+proximities, and without restraint transcend from one another. Thus,
+forasmuch as the torrid Zone was conceived exceeding hot, and of
+difficult habitation, the opinions of men so advanced its constitution,
+as to conceive the same unhabitable, and beyond possibility for man to
+live therein. Thus, because there are no Wolves in _England_, nor have
+been observed for divers generations, common people have proceeded into
+opinions, and some wise men into affirmations, they will not live
+therein, although brought from other Countries. Thus most men affirm,
+and few here will believe the contrary, that there be no Spiders in
+_Ireland_; but we have beheld some in that Country; and though but few,
+some Cob-webs we behold in Irish wood in _England_. Thus the Crocodile
+from an egg growing up to an exceeding magnitude, common conceit, and
+divers Writers deliver, it hath no period of encrease, but groweth as
+long as it liveth. And thus in brief, in most apprehensions the conceits
+of men extend the considerations of things, and dilate their notions
+beyond the propriety of their natures.
+
+In the Mapps of the dead Sea or Lake of _Sodom_, we meet with the
+destroyed Cities, and in divers the City of _Sodom_ placed about the
+middle, or far from the shore of it; but that it could not be far from
+_Segor_, which was seated under the mountains neer the side of the Lake,
+seems inferrible from the sudden arrival of _Lot_, who coming from
+_Sodom_ at day break, attained _Segor_ at Sun rising; and therefore
+_Sodom_ to be placed not many miles from it, and not in the middle of
+the Lake, which is accounted about eighteen miles over; and so will
+leave about nine miles to be passed in too small a space of time.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+Of divers other Relations.
+
+
+1. The relation of _Averroes_, and now common in every mouth, of the
+woman that conceived in a bath, by attracting the sperm or seminal
+effluxion of a man admitted to bath in some vicinity unto her, I have
+scarce faith to believe; and had I been of the Jury, should have hardly
+thought I had found the father in the person that stood by her. 'Tis a
+new and unseconded way in History to fornicate at a distance, and much
+offendeth the rules of Physick, which say, there is no generation
+without a joynt emission, nor only a virtual, but corporal and carnal
+contaction. And although _Aristotle_ and his adherents do cut off the
+one, who conceive no effectual ejaculation in women, yet in defence of
+the other they cannot be introduced. For, if as he believeth, the
+inordinate longitude of the organ, though in its proper recipient, may
+be a means to inprolificate the seed; surely the distance of place, with
+the commixture of an aqueous body, must prove an effectual impediment,
+and utterly prevent the success of a conception. And therefore that
+conceit concerning the daughters of _Lot_, that they were impregnated
+by their sleeping father, or conceived by seminal pollution received at
+distance from him, will hardly be admitted. [SN: _Generations by the
+Devil very improbable._] And therefore what is related of devils, and
+the contrived delusions of spirits, that they steal the seminal
+emissions of man, and transmit them into their votaries in coition, is
+much to be suspected; and altogether to be denied, that there ensue
+conceptions thereupon; however husbanded by Art, and the wisest menagery
+of that most subtile imposter. And therefore also that our magnified
+_Merlin_ was thus begotten by the devil, is a groundless conception; and
+as vain to think from thence to give the reason of his prophetical
+spirit. For if a generation could succeed, yet should not the issue
+inherit the faculties of the devil, who is but an auxiliary, and no
+univocal Actor; Nor will his nature substantially concur to such
+productions.
+
+And although it seems not impossible, that impregnation may succeed from
+seminal spirits, and vaporous irradiations containing the active
+principle, without material and gross immissions; as it happeneth
+sometimes in imperforated persons, and rare conceptions of some much
+under pubertie or fourteen. As may be also conjectured in the coition of
+some insects, wherein the female makes intrusion into the male; and from
+the continued ovation in Hens, from one single tread of a cock, and
+little stock laid up near the vent, sufficient for durable
+prolification. And although also in humane generation the gross and
+corpulent seminal body may return again, and the great business be acted
+by what it caryeth with it: yet will not the same suffice to support the
+story in question, wherein no corpulent immission is acknowledged;
+answerable unto the fable of the _Talmudists_, in the storie of
+_Benzira_, begotten in the same manner on the daughter of the Prophet
+_Jeremie_.
+
+2. The Relation of _Lucillius_, and now become common, concerning
+_Crassus_ the grand-father of _Marcus_ the wealthy _Roman_, that he
+never laughed but once in all his life, and that was at an Ass eating
+thistles, is something strange. For, if an indifferent and unridiculous
+object could draw his habitual austereness unto a smile, it will be hard
+to believe he could with perpetuity resist the proper motives thereof.
+[SN: _Laughter. What kind of Passion it is._] For the act of Laughter
+which is evidenced by a sweet contraction of the muscles of the face,
+and a pleasant agitation of the vocal Organs, is not meerly voluntary,
+or totally within the jurisdiction of our selves: but as it may be
+constrained by corporal contaction in any, and hath been enforced in
+some even in their death, so the new unusual or unexpected jucundities,
+which present themselves to any man in his life, at some time or other
+will have activity enough to excitate the earthiest soul, and raise a
+smile from most composed tempers. Certainly the times were dull when
+these things happened, and the wits of those Ages short of these of
+ours; when men could maintain such immutable faces, as to remain like
+statues under the flatteries of wit and persist unalterable at all
+efforts of Jocularity. The spirits in hell, and _Pluto_ himself, whom
+_Lucian_ makes to laugh at passages upon earth, will plainly condemn
+these Saturnines, and make ridiculous the magnified _Heraclitus_, who
+wept preposterously, and made a hell on earth; for rejecting the
+consolations of life, he passed his days in tears, and the uncomfortable
+attendments of hell.
+
+3. The same conceit there passeth concerning our blessed Saviour, and is
+sometimes urged as an high example of gravity. And this is opinioned,
+because in holy Scripture it is recorded he sometimes wept, but never
+that he laughed. Which howsoever granted, it will be hard to conceive
+how he passed his younger years and child-hood without a smile, if as
+Divinity affirmeth, for the assurance of his humanity unto men, and the
+concealment of his Divinity from the devil, he passed this age like
+other children, and so proceeded untill he evidenced the same. And
+surely herein no danger there is to affirm the act or performance of
+that, whereof we acknowledge the power and essential property; and
+whereby indeed he most nearly convinced the doubt of his humanity. Nor
+need we be afraid to ascribe that unto the incarnate Son, which
+sometimes is attributed unto the uncarnate Father; of whom it is said,
+He that dwelleth in the heavens shall laugh the wicked to scorn. For a
+laugh there is of contempt or indignation, as well as of mirth and
+Jocosity; and that our Saviour was not exempted from the ground hereof,
+that is, the passion of anger, regulated and rightly ordered by reason,
+the schools do not deny: and besides the experience of the
+money-changers and Dove-sellers in the Temple, is testified by St.
+_John_, when he saith, the speech of _David_ [SN: Zelus domus tuae
+comedit me.] was fulfilled in our Saviour.
+
+Now the Alogie of this opinion consisteth in the illation; it being not
+reasonable to conclude from Scripture negatively in points which are not
+matters of faith, and pertaining unto salvation. And therefore although
+in the description of the creation there be no mention of fire,
+Christian Philosophy did not think it reasonable presently to annihilate
+that element, or positively to decree there was no such thing at all.
+Thus whereas in the brief narration of _Moses_ there is no record of
+wine before the flood, we cannot satisfactorily conclude that _Noah_ was
+the first that ever tasted thereof. [SN: _Only in the vulgar Latin._
+Judg. 9. 53.] And thus because the word _Brain_ is scarce mentioned
+once, but _Heart_ above an hundred times in holy Scripture; Physitians
+that dispute the principality of parts are not from hence induced to
+bereave the animal Organ of its priority. Wherefore the Scriptures being
+serious, and commonly omitting such Parergies, it will be unreasonable
+from hence to condemn all Laughter, and from considerations
+inconsiderable to discipline a man out of his nature. For this is by a
+rustical severity to banish all urbanity; whose harmless and confined
+condition, as it stands commended by morality, so is it consistent with
+Religion, and doth not offend Divinity.
+
+4. The custom it is of Popes to change their name at their creation; and
+the Author thereof is commonly said to be _Bocca di porco_, or swines
+face; who therefore assumed the stile of _Sergius_ the second, as being
+ashamed so foul a name should dishonour the chair of _Peter_; wherein
+notwithstanding, from _Montacutius_ and others I find there may be some
+mistake. For _Massonius_ who writ the lives of Popes, acknowledgeth he
+was not the first that changed his name in that Sea; nor as _Platina_
+affirmeth, have all his Successors precisely continued that custom; for
+_Adrian_ the sixt, and _Marcellus_ the second, did still retain their
+Baptismal denomination. Nor is it proved, or probable, that _Sergius_
+changed the name of _Bocca di Porco_, for this was his sirname or
+gentilitious appellation: nor was it the custom to alter that with the
+other; but be commuted his Christian name _Peter_ for _Sergius_,
+because he would seem to decline the name of _Peter_ the second. A
+scruple I confess not thought considerable in other Seas, whose
+Originals and first Patriarchs have been less disputed; nor yet perhaps
+of that reality as to prevail in points of the same nature. For the
+names of the Apostles, Patriarchs and Prophets have been assumed even to
+affectation; the name of Jesus hath not been appropriate; but some in
+precedent ages have born that name, and many since have not refused the
+Christian name of _Emmanuel_. Thus are there few names more frequent
+then _Moses_ and _Abraham_ among the _Jews_; The _Turks_ without scruple
+affect the name of _Mahomet_, and with gladness receive so honourable
+cognomination.
+
+And truly in humane occurrences there ever have been many well directed
+intentions, whose rationalities will never bear a rigid examination, and
+though in some way they do commend their Authors, and such as first
+began them, yet have they proved insufficient to perpetuate imitation in
+such as have succeeded them. Thus was it a worthy resolution of
+_Godfrey_, and most Christians have applauded it, That he refused to
+wear a Crown of Gold where his Saviour had worn one of thorns. Yet did
+not his Successors durably inherit that scruple, but some were anointed,
+and solemnly accepted the Diadem of regality. Thus _Julius_, _Augustus_
+and _Tiberius_ with great humility or popularity refused the name of
+_Imperator_, but their Successors have challenged that title, and retain
+the same even in its titularity. And thus to come nearer our subject,
+the humility of _Gregory_ the Great would by no means admit the stile of
+universal Bishop; but the ambition of _Boniface_ made no scruple
+thereof, nor of more queasie resolutions have been their Successors ever
+since.
+
+[Sidenote: Turkish _History_.]
+
+5. That _Tamerlane_ was a _Scythian_ Shepherd, from Mr. _Knolls_ and
+others, from _Alhazen_ a learned _Arabian_ who wrote his life, and was
+Spectator of many of his exploits, we have reasons to deny. Not only
+from his birth, for he was of the blood of the _Tartarian_ Emperours,
+whose father _Og_ had for his possession the Country of _Sagathy_; which
+was no slender Territory, but comprehended all that tract wherein were
+contained _Bactriana_, _Sogdiana_, _Margiana_, and the nation of the
+_Massagetes_, whose capital City was _Samarcand_; a place though now
+decaid, of great esteem and trade in former ages. But from his regal
+Inauguration, for it is said, that being about the age of fifteen, his
+old father resigned the Kingdom and men of war unto him. And also from
+his education, for as the storie speaks it, he was instructed in the
+_Arabian_ learning, and afterward exercised himself therein. Now
+_Arabian_ learning was in a manner all the liberal Sciences, especially
+the Mathematicks, and natural Philosophy; wherein not many ages before
+him there flourished _Avicenna_, _Averroes_, _Avenzoar_, _Geber_,
+_Almanzor_ and _Alhazen_, cognominal unto him that wrote his History,
+whose Chronology indeed, although it be obscure, yet in the opinion of
+his Commentator, he was contemporary unto _Avicenna_, and hath left
+sixteen books of Opticks, of great esteem with ages past, and textuary
+unto our days.
+
+Now the ground of this mistake was surely that which the Turkish
+Historian declareth. Some, saith he, of our Historians will needs have
+_Tamerlane_ to be the Son of a Shepherd. But this they have said, not
+knowing at all the custom of their Country; wherein the principal
+revenews of the King and Nobles consisteth in cattle; who despising gold
+and silver, abound in all sorts thereof. And this was the occasion that
+some men call them Shepherds, and also affirm this Prince descended from
+them. Now, if it be reasonable, that great men whose possessions are
+chiefly in cattle, should bear the name of Shepherds, and fall upon so
+low denominations; then may we say that _Abraham_ was a Shepherd,
+although too powerful for four Kings: that _Job_ was of that condition,
+who beside Camels and Oxen had seven thousand Sheep: and yet is said to
+be the greatest man in the East. Thus was _Mesha_ King of _Moab_ a
+Shepherd, who annually paid unto the Crown of _Israel_ an hundred
+thousand Lambs, and as many Rams. Surely it is no dishonourable course
+of life which _Moses_ and _Jacob_ have made exemplary: 'tis a profession
+supported upon the natural way of acquisition, and though contemned by
+the _Egyptians_, much countenanced by the Hebrews, whose sacrifices
+required plenty of Sheep and Lambs. And certainly they were very
+numerous; for, at the consecration of the Temple, beside two and twenty
+thousand Oxen, King _Solomon_ sacrificed an hundred and twenty thousand
+Sheep: and the same is observable from the daily provision of his house:
+which was ten fat Oxen, twenty Oxen out of the pastures, and an hundred
+Sheep, beside row Buck, fallow Deer, and fatted Fowls. [SN: _Description
+of the Turkish Seraglio, since printed. The daily provision of the
+Seraglio._] Wherein notwithstanding (if a punctual relation thereof do
+rightly inform us) the grand Seignior doth exceed: the daily provision
+of whose Seraglio in the reign of _Achmet_, beside Beeves, consumed two
+hundred Sheep, Lambs and Kids when they were in season one hundred,
+Calves ten, Geese fifty, Hens two hundred, Chickens one hundred, Pigeons
+an hundred pair.
+
+And therefore this mistake concerning the noble _Tamerlane_, was like
+that concerning _Demosthenes_, who is said to be the Son of a
+Black-smith, according to common conceit, and that handsome expression
+of _Juvenal_.
+
+        _Quem pater ardentis massae fuligine lippus,
+        A carbone et forcipibus, gladiosq; parante
+        Incude, et luteo Vulcano ad Rhetora misit._
+
+        _Thus Englished by Sir_ Robert _Stapleton_.
+
+        Whom's Father with the smoaky forg half blind,
+        From blows on sooty Vulcans anvil spent.
+        In ham'ring swords, to study Rhet'rick sent.
+
+But _Plutarch_ who writ his life hath cleared this conceit, plainly
+affirming he was most nobly descended, and that this report was raised,
+because his father had many slaves that wrought Smiths work, and brought
+the profit unto him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+Of some others.
+
+
+1. We are sad when we read the story of _Belisarius_ that worthy
+Chieftain of _Justinian_; who, after his Victories over _Vandals_,
+_Goths_, _Persians_, and his Trophies in three parts of the World, had
+at last his eyes put out by the Emperour, and was reduced to that
+distress, that he begged relief on the high-way, in that uncomfortable
+petition, _Date obolum Belisario_. And this we do not only hear in
+Discourses, Orations and Themes, but find it also in the leaves of
+_Petrus Crinitus_, _Volaterranus_, and other worthy Writers.
+
+But, what may somewhat consolate all men that honour vertue, we do not
+discover the latter Scene of his Misery in Authors of Antiquity, or such
+as have expresly delivered the stories of those times. For, _Suidas_ is
+silent herein, _Cedrenus_ and _Zonaras_, two grave and punctual Authors,
+delivering only the confiscation of his goods, omit the History of his
+mendication. _Paulus Diaconus_ goeth farther, not only passing over this
+act, but affirming his goods and dignities were restored. _Agathius_ who
+lived at the same time, declareth he suffered much from the envy of the
+Court: but that he descended thus deep into affliction, is not to be
+gathered from his pen. The same is also omitted by _Procopius_ a
+contemporary and professed enemy unto _Justinian_ and _Belisarius_, who
+hath left an opprobrious book [SN: +Anekdota+, _or_ Arcana historia.]
+against them both.
+
+And in this opinion and hopes we are not single, but _Andreas Alciatus_
+the Civilian in his _Parerga_, and _Franciscus de Cordua_ in his
+_Didascalia_, have both declaratorily confirmed the same, which is also
+agreeable unto the judgment of _Nicolaus Alemannus_, in his notes upon
+the bitter History of _Procopius_. Certainly sad and Tragical stories
+are seldom drawn within the circle of their verities; but as their
+Relators do either intend the hatred or pitty of the persons, so are
+they set forth with additional amplifications. Thus have some suspected
+it hath happened unto the story of _Oedipus_; and thus do we conceive it
+hath fared with that of _Judas_, who having sinned beyond aggravation,
+and committed one villany which cannot be exasperated by all other: is
+also charged with the murther of his reputed brother, parricide of his
+father, and Incest with his own mother, as _Florilegus_ or _Matthew_ of
+_Westminster_ hath at large related. And thus hath it perhaps befallen
+the noble _Belisarius_; who, upon instigation of the Empress, having
+contrived the exile, and very hardly treated Pope _Serverius_, Latin
+pens, as a judgment of God upon this fact, have set forth his future
+sufferings: and omitting nothing of amplification, they have also
+delivered this: which notwithstanding _Johannes_ the Greek makes
+doubtful, as may appear from his Iambicks in _Baronius_, and might be a
+mistake or misapplication, translating the affliction of one man upon
+another, for the same befell unto _Johannes Cappadox_, contemporary unto
+_Belisarius_, and in great favour with _Justinian_; who being afterward
+banished into _Egypt_, was fain to beg relief on the high-way. [SN:
+Procop. Bell. Persic. 1. +Arton e obolon aiteisthai+.]
+
+2. That _fluctus Decumanus_, or the tenth wave is greater and more
+dangerous than any other, some no doubt will be offended if we deny; and
+hereby we shall seem to contradict Antiquity; for, answerable unto the
+litteral and common acception, the same is averred by many Writers, and
+plainly described by Ovid.
+
+      _Qui venit hic fluctus, fluctus supereminet omnes,
+      Posterior nono est, undecimoq; prior._
+
+Which notwithstanding is evidently false; nor can it be made out by
+observation either upon the shore or the Ocean, as we have with
+diligence explored in both. And surely in vain we expect a regularity in
+the waves of the Sea, or in the particular motions thereof, as we may in
+its general reciprocations whose causes are constant, and effects
+therefore correspondent. Whereas its fluctuations are but motions
+subservient; which winds, storms, shores, shelves, and every
+interjacency irregulates. With semblable reason we might expect a
+regularity in the winds; whereof though some be statary, some
+anniversary, and the rest do tend to determinate points of heaven, yet
+do the blasts and undulary breaths thereof maintain no certainty in
+their course; nor are they numerally feared by Navigators.
+
+Of affinity hereto is that conceit of _Ovum Decumanum_, so called,
+because the tenth egg is bigger than any other, according unto the
+reason alledged by _Festus, Decumana ova dicuntur, quia ovum decimum
+majus nascitur_. For the honour we bear unto the Clergy, we cannot but
+wish this true: but herein will be found no more of verity than in the
+other: and surely few will assent hereto without an implicite credulity,
+or Pythagorical submission unto every conception of number.
+
+For, surely the conceit is numeral, and though not in the sense
+apprehended, relateth unto the number of ten, as _Franciscus Sylvius_
+hath most probably declared. For, whereas amongst simple numbers or
+Digits, the number of ten is the greatest: therefore whatsoever was the
+greatest in every kind, might in some sense be named from this number.
+Now, because also that which was the greatest, was metaphorically by
+some at first called _Decumanus_; therefore whatsoever passed under this
+name, was literally conceived by others to respect and make good this
+number.
+
+The conceit is also Latin; for the Greeks to express the greatest wave,
+do use the number of three, that is, the word +trikymia+, which is a
+concurrence of three waves in one, whence arose the proverb, +trikymia
+kakon+, or a trifluctuation of evils, which _Erasmus_ doth render,
+_Malorum fluctus Decumanus_. And thus, although the terms be very
+different, yet are they made to signifie the self-same thing; the number
+of ten to explain the number of three, and the single number of one wave
+the collective concurrence of more.
+
+3. The poyson of _Parysatis_ reported from _Ctesias_ by _Plutarch_ in
+the life of _Artaxerxes_, whereby anointing a knife on the one side, and
+therewith dividing a bird; with the one half she poysoned _Statira_, and
+safely fed her self on the other, was certainly a very subtile one, and
+such as our ignorance is well content it knows not. But surely we had
+discovered a poyson that would not endure _Pandoraes_ box, could we be
+satisfied in that which for its coldness nothing could contain but an
+Asses hoof, and wherewith some report that _Alexander_ the great was
+poysoned. Had men derived so strange an effect from some occult or
+hidden qualities, they might have silenced contradiction; but ascribing
+it unto the manifest and open qualities of cold, they must pardon our
+belief, who perceive the coldest and most Stygian waters may be included
+in glasses; and by _Aristotle_ who saith, that glass is the perfectest
+work of Art, we understand they were not then to be invented.
+
+And though it be said that poyson will break a Venice glass, yet have we
+not met with any of that nature. Were there a truth herein, it were the
+best preservative for Princes and persons exalted unto such fears: and
+surely far better than divers now in use. And though the best of China
+dishes, and such as the Emperour doth use, be thought by some of
+infallible vertue unto this effect; yet will they not, I fear, be able
+to elude the mischief of such intentions. [SN: _In what sense God
+Almighty hath created all things double._] And though also it be true,
+that God made all things double, and that if we look upon the works of
+the most High, there are two and two, one against another; that one
+contrary hath another, and poyson is not without a poyson unto it self;
+yet hath the curse so far prevailed, or else our industry defected that
+poysons are better known than their Antidotes, and some thereof do
+scarce admit of any. And lastly, although unto every poyson men have
+delivered many Antidotes, and in every one is promised an equality unto
+its adversary, yet do we often find they fail in their effects: Moly
+will not resist a weaker cup then that of Circe; a man may be poysoned
+in a Lemnian dish; without the miracle of _John_, there is no confidence
+in the earth of _Paul_ [SN: Terra Melitea.]; and if it be meant that no
+poyson could work upon him, we doubt the story, and expect no such
+success from the diet of _Mithridates_.
+
+A story there passeth of an Indian King, that sent unto _Alexander_ a
+fair woman fed with Aconites and other poysons, with this intent, either
+by converse or copulation complexionally to destroy him. For my part,
+although the design were true, I should have doubted the success. For,
+though it be possible that poysons may meet with tempers whereto they
+may become Aliments, and we observe from fowls that feed on fishes, and
+others fed with garlick and onyons, that simple aliments are not alwayes
+concocted beyond their vegetable qualities; and therefore that even
+after carnall conversion, poysons may yet retain some portion of their
+natures; yet are they so refracted, cicurated and subdued, as not to
+make good their first and destructive malignities. And therefore the
+Stork that eateth Snakes, and the Stare that feedeth upon Hemlock,
+though no commendable aliments, are not destructive poysons. For,
+animals that can innoxiously digest these poysons, become antidotall
+unto the poyson digested. And therefore whether their breath be
+attracted, or their flesh ingested, the poysonous reliques go still
+along with their Antidote: whose society will not permit their malice to
+be destructive. And therefore also animals that are not mischieved by
+poysons which destroy us, may be drawn into Antidote against them; the
+blood or flesh of Storks against the venom of Serpents, the Quail
+against Hellebore, and the diet of Starlings against the drought of
+_Socrates_ [SN: _Hemlock._]. Upon like grounds are some parts of Animals
+Alexipharmacall unto others; and some veins of the earth, and also whole
+regions, not only destroy the life of venemous creatures, but also
+prevent their productions. For though perhaps they contain the seminals
+of Spiders and Scorpions, and such as in other earths by suscitiation of
+the Sun may arise unto animation; yet lying under command of their
+Antidote, without hope of emergency they are poysoned in their matrix by
+powers easily hindring the advance of their originals, whose confirmed
+forms they are able to destroy.
+
+5. The story of the wandring Jew is very strange, and will hardly obtain
+belief; yet is there a formall account thereof set down by _Mathew
+Paris_, from the report of an Armenian Bishop; who came into this
+kingdom about four hundred years ago, and had often entertained this
+wanderer at his Table. That he was then alive, was first called
+_Cartaphilus_, was keeper of the Judgement Hall, whence thrusting out
+our Saviour with expostulation of his stay, was condemned to stay untill
+his return [SN: Vade quid moraris? Ego vado, tu autem morare donec
+venio.]; was after baptized by _Ananias_, and by the name of _Joseph_;
+was thirty years old in the dayes of our Saviour, remembred the Saints
+that arised with him, the making of the Apostles Creed, and their
+several peregrinations. Surely were this true, he might be an happy
+arbitrator in many Christian controversies; but must impardonably
+condemn the obstinacy of the Jews, who can contemn the Rhetorick of such
+miracles, and blindly behold so living and lasting conversions.
+
+6. Clearer confirmations must be drawn for the history of Pope _Joan_,
+who succeeded _Leo_ the fourth, and preceeded _Benedict_ the third, then
+many we yet discover. And since it is delivered with _aiunt_ and
+_ferunt_ by many; since the learned _Leo Allatius_ [SN: Confutatio
+fabulae de Joanna Papissa cum Nihusio.] hath discovered, that ancient
+copies of _Martinus Polonus_, who is chiefly urged for it, had not this
+story in it; since not only the stream of Latine Historians have omitted
+it, but _Photius_ the Patriarch, _Metrophanes Smyrnaeus_, and the
+exasperated Greeks have made no mention of it, but conceded _Benedict_
+the third to bee Successor unto _Leo_ the fourth; he wants not grounds
+that doubts it.
+
+Many things historicall which seem of clear concession, want not
+affirmations and negations, according to divided pens: as is notoriously
+observable in the story of _Hildebrand_ or _Gregory_ the seventh,
+repugnantly delivered by the Imperiall and Papal party. In such divided
+records partiality hath much depraved history, wherein if the equity of
+the reader do not correct the iniquity of the writer, he will be much
+confounded with repugnancies, and often find in the same person, _Numa_
+and _Nero_. In things of this nature moderation must intercede; and so
+charity may hope, that Roman Readers will construe many passages in
+_Bolsech_, _Fayus_, _Schlusselberg_ and _Cochlaeus_. [SN: _Of_ Luther,
+Calvin, Beza.]
+
+7. Every ear is filled with the story of Frier _Bacon_ [SN: Rog. Bacon.
+minor ita. Oxoniensis vir doctissimus.], that made a brazen head to
+speak these words, _Time is_, Which though there want not the like
+relations, is surely too literally received, and was but a mystical
+fable concerning the Philosophers great work, wherein he eminently
+laboured: implying no more by the copper head, then the vessel wherein
+it was wrought, and by the words it spake, then the opportunity to be
+watched, about the _Tempus ortus_, or birth of the mystical child, or
+Philosophical King of _Lullius_: the rising of the _Terra foliata_ of
+_Arnoldus_, when the earth sufficiently impregnated with the water,
+ascendeth white and splendent. Which not observed, the work is
+irrecoverably lost; according to that of _Petrus Bonus [SN: Margarita
+pretiosa.]. Ibi est operis perfectio aut annihilatio; quoniam ipsa die,
+immo hora, oriuntur elementa simplicia depurata, quae egent statim
+compositione, antequam volent ab igne._
+
+Now letting slip this critical opportunity, he missed the intended
+treasure. Which had he obtained, he might have made out the tradition of
+making a brazen wall about _England_. That is, the most powerfull
+defence, and strongest fortification which Gold could have effected.
+
+8. Who can but pitty the vertuous _Epicurus_, who is commonly conceived
+to have placed his chief felicity in pleasure and sensual delights, and
+hath therefore left an infamous name behind him? How true, let them
+determine who read that he lived seventy years, and wrote more books
+then any Philosopher but _Chrysippus_, and no less then three hundred,
+without borrowing from any Author. That he was contented with bread and
+water, and when he would dine with _Jove_, and pretend unto epulation,
+he desired no other addition then a piece of _Cytheridian_ cheese. That
+shall consider the words of _Seneca, Non dico, quod pleriq; nostrorum,
+sectam Epicuri flagitiorum magistrum esse: sed illud dico, male audit
+infamis est, et immerito_. Or shall read his life, his Epistles, his
+Testament in _Laertius_, who plainly names them Calumnies, which are
+commonly said against them.
+
+The ground hereof seems a mis-apprehension of his opinion, who placed
+his Felicity not in the pleasures of the body, but the mind, and
+tranquility thereof, obtained by wisdom and vertue, as is clearly
+determined in his Epistle unto _Menoeceus_. Now how this opinion was
+first traduced by the _Stoicks_, how it afterwards became a common
+belief, and so taken up by Authors of all ages, by _Cicero_, _Plutarch_,
+_Clemens_, _Ambrose_ and others, the learned Pen of _Gassendus_ hath
+discovered. [SN: De vita et moribus Epicuri.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+More briefly of some others.
+
+
+Other relations there are, and those in very good Authors, which though
+we do not positively deny, yet have they not been unquestioned by some,
+and at least as improbable truths have been received by others. Unto
+some it hath seemed incredible what _Herodotus_ reporteth of the great
+Army of _Xerxes_, that drank whole rivers dry. And unto the Author
+himself it appeared wondrous strange, that they exhausted not the
+provision of the Countrey, rather then the waters thereof. For as he
+maketh the account, and _Budeus de Asse_ correcting the mis-compute of
+_Valla_, delivereth it; if every man of the Army had had a chenix of
+Corn a day, that is, a sextary and half; or about two pints and a
+quarter, the Army had daily expended ten hundred thousand and forty
+Medimna's, or measures containing six Bushels. Which rightly considered,
+the _Abderites_ had reason to bless the Heavens, that _Xerxes_ eat but
+one meal a day; and _Pythius_ his noble Host, might with less charge and
+possible provision entertain both him and his Army. And yet may all be
+salved, if we take it hyperbolically, as wise men receive that
+expression in _Job_, concerning _Behemoth_ or the Elephant; Behold, he
+drinketh up a river and hasteth not, he trusteth that he can draw up
+_Jordan_ into his mouth.
+
+2. That _Annibal_ eat or brake through the Alps with Vinegar, may be too
+grosly taken and the Author of his life annexed unto _Plutarch_
+affirmeth only, he used this artifice upon the tops of some of the
+highest mountains. For as it is vulgarly understood, that he cut a
+passage for his Army through those mighty mountains, it may seem
+incredible, not only in the greatness of the effect, but the quantity of
+the efficient and such as behold them, may think an Ocean of Vinegar too
+little for that effect. 'Twas a work indeed rather to be expected from
+earthquakes and inundations, then any corrosive waters, and much
+condemneth the Judgement of _Xerxes_, that wrought through Mount _Athos_
+with Mattocks.
+
+3. That _Archimedes_ burnt the ships of _Marcellus_, with speculums of
+parabolical figures, at three furlongs, or as some will have it, at the
+distance of three miles, sounds hard unto reason, and artificial
+experience: and therefore justly questioned by _Kircherus_ [SN: De luce
+et umbra.], who after long enquiry could find but one made by _Manfredus
+Septalius_ that fired at fifteen paces. And therefore more probable it
+is, that the ships were nearer the shore, or about some thirty paces: at
+which distance notwithstanding the effect was very great. But whereas
+men conceive the ships were more easily set on flame by reason of the
+pitch about them, it seemeth no advantage. Since burning glasses will
+melt pitch or make it boyle, not easily set it on fire.
+
+4. The story of the _Fabii_, whereof three hundred and six marching
+against the _Veientes_, were all slain, and one child alone to support
+the family remained; is surely not to be paralleld, nor easie to be
+conceived, except we can imagine, that of three hundred and six, but one
+had children below the service of war; that the rest were all unmarried,
+or the wife but of one impregnated.
+
+5. The received story of _Milo_, who by daily lifting a Calf, attained
+an ability to carry it being a Bull, is witty conceit, and handsomly
+sets forth the efficacy of Assuefaction. But surely the account had been
+more reasonably placed upon some person not much exceeding in strength,
+and such a one as without the assistance of custom could never have
+performed that act; which some may presume that _Milo_ without precedent
+artifice or any other preparative, had strength enough to perform. For
+as relations declare, he was the most pancratical man of _Greece_, and
+as _Galen_ reporteth, and _Mercurialis_ in his Gymnasticks representeth,
+he was able to persist erect upon an oyled plank, and not to be removed
+by the force or protrusion of three men. And if that be true which
+_Atheneus_ reporteth, he was little beholding to custom for this
+ability. For in the Olympick games, for the space of a furlong, he
+carried an Ox of four years upon his shoulders; and the same day he
+carried it in his belly: for as it is there delivered he eat it up
+himself. Surely he had been a proper guest at _Grandgousiers_ feast, and
+might have matcht his throat that eat six pilgrims for a Salad. [SN: In
+Rabelais.]
+
+6. It much disadvantageth the Panegyrick of _Synesius_ [SN: _Who writ in
+the praise of baldness._], and is no small disparagement unto baldness,
+if it be true what is related by _AElian_ concerning _AEschilus_, whose
+bald-pate was mistaken for a rock, and so was brained by a Tortoise
+which an _AEagle_ let fall upon it. Certainly it was a very great mistake
+in the perspicacy of that Animal. [SN: _An argument or instance against
+the motion of the earth._] Some men critically disposed, would from
+hence confute the opinion of _Copernicus_, never conceiving how the
+motion of the earth below should not wave him from a knock
+perpendicularly directed from a body in the air above.
+
+7. It crosseth the Proverb, and _Rome_ might well be built in a day; if
+that were true which is traditionally related by _Strabo_; that the
+great Cities _Anchiale_ and _Tarsus_, were built by _Sardanapalus_ both
+in one day, according to the inscription of his monument, _Sardanapalus
+Anacyndaraxis filius, Anchialem et Tarsum una die edificavi, Tu autem
+hospes Ede, Lude, Bibe_, etc. Which if strictly taken, that is, for the
+finishing thereof, and not only for the beginning; for an artificial or
+natural day, and not one of _Daniels_ weeks, that is, seven whole years;
+surely their hands were very heavy that wasted thirteen years in the
+private house of _Solomon_: It may be wondred how forty years were spent
+in the erection of the Temple of _Jerusalem_, and no less than an
+hundred in that famous one of _Ephesus_. Certainly it was the greatest
+Architecture of one day, since that great one of six; an Art quite lost
+with our Mechanicks, a work not to be made out, but like the wals of
+_Thebes_, and such an Artificer as _Amphion_.
+
+[Sidenote: _The Syracusia or King_ Hiero's _Galleon, of what Bulk_.]
+
+8. It had been a sight only second unto the Ark to have beheld the great
+_Syracusia_, or mighty ship of _Hiero_, described in _Athenaeus_; and
+some have thought it a very large one, wherein were to be found ten
+stables for horses, eight Towers, besides Fish-ponds, Gardens,
+Tricliniums, and many fair rooms paved with Agath, and precious Stones.
+But nothing was impossible unto _Archimedes_, the learned Contriver
+thereof; nor shall we question his removing the earth, when he finds an
+immoveable base to place his Engine upon it.
+
+9. That the _Pamphilian_ Sea gave way unto _Alexander_ in his intended
+March toward _Persia_, many have been apt to credit, and _Josephus_ is
+willing to believe, to countenance the passage of the _Israelites_
+through the Red Sea. But _Strabo_ who writ before him delivereth another
+account; that the Mountain _Climax_ adjoyning to the _Pamphilian_ Sea,
+leaves a narrow passage between the Sea and it, which passage at an ebb
+and quiet Sea all men take; but _Alexander_ coming in the Winter, and
+eagerly pursuing his affairs, would not wait for the reflux or return of
+the Sea; and so was fain to pass with his Army in the water, and march
+up to the navel in it.
+
+[Sidenote: _A List of some historical Errata's in this and the following
+Sections._]
+
+10. The relation of _Plutarch_ of a youth of _Sparta_, that suffered a
+Fox concealed under his robe to tear out his bowels, before he would
+either by voice or countenance betray his theft; and the other of the
+Spartan Lad, that with the same resolution suffered a coal from the
+Altar to burn his arm, although defended by the Author that writes his
+life, is I perceive mistrusted by men of Judgment, and the Author with
+an _aiunt_, is made to salve himself. Assuredly it was a noble Nation
+that could afford an hint to such inventions of patience, and upon whom,
+if not such verities, at least such verisimilities of fortitude were
+placed. Were the story true, they would have made the only Disciples for
+_Zeno_ and the _Stoicks_, and might perhaps have been perswaded to laugh
+in _Phaleris_ his Bull.
+
+11. If any man shall content his belief with the speech of _Balaams_
+Ass, without a belief of that of _Mahomets_ Camel, or _Livies_ Ox: If
+any man make a doubt of _Giges_ ring in _Justinus_, or conceives he must
+be a _Jew_ that believes the Sabbatical river in _Josephus._ If any man
+will say he doth not apprehend how the tayl of an _African_ Weather
+out-weigheth the body of a good Calf, that is, an hundred pound,
+according unto _Leo Africanus_, or desires before belief, to behold such
+a creature as is the Ruck in _Paulus Venetus_, for my part I shall not
+be angry with his incredulity.
+
+12. If any one shall receive as stretcht or fabulous accounts what is
+delivered of _Cocles_, _Scaevola_ and _Curtius_, the sphere of
+_Archimedes_, the story of the _Amazons_, the taking of the City of
+_Babylon_, not known to some therein three days after; that the nation
+was deaf which dwelt at the fall of _Nilus_, the laughing and weeping
+humour of _Heraclitus_ and _Democritus_, with many more, he shall not
+want some reason and the authority of _Lancelotti_. [SN: Farsalloni
+Historici.]
+
+13. If any man doubt of the strange Antiquities delivered by Historians,
+as of the wonderful corps of _Antaeus_ untombed a thousand years after
+his death by _Sertorius_. Whether there were no deceit in those
+fragments of the Ark so common to be seen in the days of _Berosus_;
+whether the Pillar which _Josephus_ beheld long ago, _Tertullian_ long
+after, and _Bartholomeus de Saligniaco_, and _Borchardus_ long since, be
+the same with that of _Lots_ wife; whether this were the hand of _Paul_,
+or that which is commonly shewn the head of _Peter_, if any doubt, I
+shall not much dispute with their suspicions. If any man shall not
+believe the Turpentine Tree, betwixt _Jerusalem_ and _Bethlem_, under
+which the Virgin suckled our Saviour, as she passed between those
+Cities; or the fig-tree of _Bethany_ shewed to this day, whereon
+_Zacheus_ ascended to behold our Saviour; I cannot tell how to enforce
+his belief, nor do I think it requisite to attempt it. [SN: _To compel
+Religion, somewhat contrary to Reason._] For, as it is no reasonable
+proceeding to compel a religion, or think to enforce our own belief upon
+another, who cannot without the concurrence of Gods spirit have any
+indubitable evidence of things that are obtruded: So is it also in
+matters of common belief; whereunto neither can we indubitably assent,
+without the co-operation of our sense or reason, wherein consists the
+principles of perswasion. For, as the habit of Faith in Divinity is an
+Argument of things unseen, and a stable assent unto things inevident,
+upon authority of the Divine Revealer: So the belief of man which
+depends upon humane testimony is but a staggering assent unto the
+affirmative, not without some fear of the negative. And as there is
+required the Word of God, or infused inclination unto the one, so must
+the actual sensation of our senses, at least the non-opposition of our
+reasons procure our assent and acquiescence in the other. So when
+_Eusebius_ an holy Writer affirmeth, there grew a strange and unknown
+plant near the statue of Christ, erected by his Haemorrhoidal patient in
+the Gospel, which attaining unto the hem of his vesture, acquired a
+sudden faculty to cure all diseases. Although he saith he saw the
+statue in his days, yet hath it not found in many men so much as humane
+belief? Some believing, others opinioning, a third suspective it might
+be otherwise. For indeed, in matters of belief the understanding
+assenting unto the relation, either for the authority of the person, or
+the probability of the object, although there may be a confidence of the
+one, yet if there be not a satisfaction in the other, there will arise
+suspensions; nor can we properly believe until some argument of reason,
+or of our proper sense convince or determine our dubitations.
+
+And thus it is also in matters of certain and experimented truth: for if
+unto one that never heard thereof, a man should undertake to perswade
+the affections of the Load-stone, or that Jet and Amber attracteth
+straws and light bodies, there would be little Rhetorick in the
+authority of _Aristotle_, _Pliny_, or any other. Thus although it be
+true that the string of a Lute or Viol will stir upon the stroak of an
+Unison or Diapazon in another of the same kind; that Alcanna being
+green, will suddenly infect the nails and other parts with a durable
+red; that a Candle out of a Musket will pierce through an Inch-board, or
+an urinal force a nail through a Plank; yet can few or none believe thus
+much without a visible experiment. Which notwithstanding fals out more
+happily for knowledge; for these relations leaving unsatisfaction in the
+Hearers, do stir up ingenuous dubiosities unto experiment, and by an
+exploration of all, prevent delusion in any.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+Of some Relations whose truth we fear.
+
+
+Lastly, As there are many Relations whereto we cannot assent, and make
+some doubt thereof, so there are divers others whose verities we fear,
+and heartily wish there were no truth therein.
+
+1. It is an unsufferable affront unto filiall piety, and a deep
+discouragement unto the expectation of all aged Parents, who shall but
+read the story of that barbarous Queen, who after she had beheld her
+royall Parents ruin, lay yet in the arms of his assassine, and carowsed
+with him in the skull of her father. For my part, I should have doubted
+the operation of antimony, where such a potion would not work; 'twas an
+act me thinks beyond Anthropophagy, and a cup fit to be served up only
+at the table of _Atreus_.
+
+2. While we laugh at the story of _Pygmaleon_, and receive as a fable
+that he fell in love with a statue; we cannot but fear it may be true,
+what is delivered by _Herodotus_ concerning _Egyptian_ Pollinctors, or
+such as annointed the dead; that some thereof were found in the act of
+carnality with them. From wits that say 'tis more then incontinency for
+_Hylas_ to sport with _Hecuba_, and youth to flame in the frozen
+embraces of age, we require a name for this: wherein _Petronius_ or
+_Martial_ cannot relieve us. [SN: _Who tied dead and living bodies
+together._] The tyrannie of _Mezentius_ did never equall the vitiosity
+of this _Incubus_, that could embrace corruption, and make a Mistress of
+the grave; that could not resist the dead provocations of beauty, whose
+quick invitements scarce excuse submission. Surely, if such depravities
+there be yet alive, deformity need not despair; nor will the eldest
+hopes be ever superannuated, since death hath spurs, and carcasses have
+been courted.
+
+3. I am heartily sorry, and wish it were not true, what to the dishonour
+of Christianity is affirmed of the _Italian_, who after he had inveigled
+his enemy to disclaim his faith for the redemption of his life, did
+presently poyniard him, to prevent repentance, and assure his eternal
+death. The villany of this Christian exceedeth the persecution of
+Heathens, whose malice was never so Longimanous [SN: _Long-handed._] as
+to reach the soul of their enemies; or to extend unto the exile of their
+_Elysiums._ And though the blindness of some ferities have savaged on
+the bodies of the dead, and been so injurious unto worms, as to disinter
+the bodies of the deceased; yet had they therein no design upon the
+soul: and have been so far from the destruction of that, or desires of a
+perpetual death, that for the satisfaction of their revenge they wisht
+them many souls, and were it in their power would have reduced them unto
+life again. It is a great depravity in our natures, and surely an
+affection that somewhat savoureth of hell, to desire the society, or
+comfort our selves in the fellowship of others that suffer with us; but
+to procure the miseries of others in those extremities, wherein we hold
+an hope to have no society our selves, is me thinks a strain above
+_Lucifer_, and a project beyond the primary seduction of hell.
+
+4. I hope it is not true, and some indeed have probably denied, what is
+recorded of the Monk that poysoned _Henry_ the Emperour, in a draught of
+the holy Eucharist. 'Twas a scandalous wound unto Christian Religion,
+and I hope all Pagans will forgive it, when they shall read that a
+Christian was poysoned in a cup of Christ, and received his bane in a
+draught of his salvation. Had he believed Transubstantiation, he would
+have doubted the effect; and surely the sin it self received an
+aggravation in that opinion. It much commendeth the innocency of our
+forefathers, and the simplicity of those times, whose Laws could never
+dream so high a crime as parricide: whereas this at the least may seem
+to out-reach that fact, and to exceed the regular distinctions of
+murder. I will not say what sin it was to act it; yet may it seem a kind
+of martyrdom to suffer by it. For, although unknowingly, he died for
+Christ his sake, and lost his life in the ordained testimony of his
+death. Certainly, had they known it, some noble zeales would scarcely
+have refused it; rather adventuring their own death, then refusing the
+memorial of his.
+
+Many other accounts like these we meet sometimes in history [SN: Hujus
+farinae multa in historia horribili.], scandalous unto Christianity, and
+even unto humanity; whose verities not only, but whose relations honest
+minds do deprecate. For of sins heteroclital, and such as want either
+name or president, there is oft times a sin even in their histories. We
+desire no records of such enormities; sins should be accounted new, that
+so they may be esteemed monstrous. They omit of monstrosity as they fall
+from their rarity; for men count it veniall to err with their
+forefathers, and foolishly conceive they divide a sin in its society.
+The pens of men may sufficiently expatiate without these singularities
+of villany; For, as they encrease the hatred of vice in some, so do they
+enlarge the theory of wickedness in all. And this is one thing that may
+make latter ages worse then were the former; For, the vicious examples
+of Ages past, poyson the curiosity of these present, affording a hint of
+sin unto seduceable spirits, and soliciting those unto the imitation of
+them, whose heads were never so perversly principled as to invent them.
+In this kind we commend the wisdom and goodness of _Galen_, who would
+not leave unto the world too subtile a Theory of poisons; unarming
+thereby the malice of venemous spirits, whose ignorance must be
+contented with Sublimate and Arsenick. For, surely there are subtiler
+venenations, such as will invisibly destroy, and like the Basilisks of
+heaven. In things of this nature silence commendeth history: 'tis the
+veniable part of things lost; wherein there must never rise a
+Pancirollus [SN: _Who writ_ De Antiquis deperditis, _or of inventions
+lost_.], nor remain any Register but that of hell.
+
+And yet, if as some Stoicks opinion, and _Seneca_ himself disputeth,
+these unruly affections that make us sin such prodigies, and even sins
+themselves be animals; there is an history of _Africa_ and story of
+Snakes in these. And if the transanimation of _Pythagoras_ or method
+thereof were true, that the souls of men transmigrated into species
+answering their former natures; some men must surely live over many
+Serpents, and cannot escape that very brood whose sire Satan entered.
+And though the objection of _Plato_ should take place, that bodies
+subjected unto corruption, must fail at last before the period of all
+things, and growing fewer in number, must leave some souls apart unto
+themselves; the spirits of many long before that time will find but
+naked habitations: and meeting no assimilables wherein to react their
+natures, must certainly anticipate such natural desolations.
+
+
+                              Lactant.
+          _Primus sapientiae gradus est, falsa intelligere._
+
+                            =_FINIS._=
+
+
+
+
+                          HYDRIOTAPHIA
+
+                          URNE-BURIALL
+
+                      OR A DISCOURSE OF THE
+
+                        SEPULCHRALL URNES
+
+                          LATELY FOUND
+
+                           IN NORFOLK
+
+                         _TOGETHER WITH_
+
+                       THE GARDEN OF CYRUS
+
+
+
+
+                 TO MY WORTHY AND HONOURED FRIEND
+
+                         THOMAS LE GROS
+
+                     Of _Crostwick_ Esquire.
+
+
+When the Funerall pyre was out, and the last valediction over, men took
+a lasting adieu of their interred Friends, little expecting the
+curiosity of future ages should comment upon their ashes, and having no
+old experience of the duration of their Reliques, held no opinion of
+such after-considerations.
+
+But who knows the fate of his bones, or how often he is to be buried?
+who hath the Oracle of his ashes, or whether they are to be scattered?
+The Reliques of many lie like the ruines of [A]_Pompeys_, in all parts
+of the earth; And when they arrive at your hands, these may seem to have
+wandred farre, who in a [B]direct and _Meridian_ Travell, have but few
+miles of known Earth between your selfe and the Pole.
+
+  [A] Pompeios juvenes Asia, atque Europa, sed ipsum terra tegit _Lybies_.
+
+  [B] _Little directly, but Sea between your house and_ Greenland.
+
+That the bones of _Theseus_ should be seen again [C]in _Athens_, was not
+beyond conjecture, and hopeful expectation; but that these should arise
+so opportunely to serve your self, was an hit of fate and honour beyond
+prediction.
+
+  [C] _Brought back by_ Cimon. _Plutarch._
+
+We cannot but wish these Urnes might have the effect of Theatrical
+vessels, and great [D]_Hippodrome_ Urnes in _Rome_; to resound the
+acclamations and honour due unto you. But these are sad and sepulchral
+Pitchers, which have no joyfull voices; silently expressing old
+mortality, the ruines of forgotten times, and can only speak with life,
+how long in this corruptible frame, some parts may be uncorrupted; yet
+able to out-last bones long unborn, and noblest [E]pyle among us.
+
+  [D] _The great Urnes in the_ Hippodrome _at_ Rome _conceived to resound
+the voices of people at their shows._
+
+  [E] _Worthily possessed by that true Gentleman Sir_ Horatio Townshend
+_my honored Friend_.
+
+We present not these as any strange sight or spectacle unknown to your
+eyes, who have beheld the best of Urnes, and noblest variety of Ashes;
+Who are your self no slender master of Antiquities, and can daily
+command the view of so many Imperiall faces; Which raiseth your thoughts
+unto old things, and consideration of times before you, when even living
+men were Antiquities; when the living might exceed the dead, and to
+depart this world, could not be properly said, to go unto the [F]greater
+number. And so run up your thoughts upon the ancient of dayes, the
+Antiquaries truest object, unto whom the eldest parcels are young, and
+earth it self an Infant; and without [G]AEgyptian account makes but small
+noise in thousands.
+
+  [F] Abiit ad plures.
+
+  [G] _Which makes the world so many years old._
+
+We were hinted by the occasion, not catched the opportunity to write of
+old things, or intrude upon the Antiquary. We are coldly drawn unto
+discourses of Antiquities, who have scarce time before us to comprehend
+new things, or make out learned Novelties. But seeing they arose as
+they lay, almost in silence among us, at least in short account suddenly
+passed over; we were very unwilling they should die again, and be buried
+twice among us.
+
+Beside, to preserve the living, and make the dead to live, to keep men
+out of their Urnes, and discourse of humane fragments in them, is not
+impertinent unto our profession; whose study is life and death, who
+daily behold examples of mortality, and of all men least need artificial
+_memento's_, or coffins by our bed side, to minde us of our graves.
+
+'Tis time to observe Occurrences, and let nothing remarkable escape us;
+The Supinity of elder dayes hath left so much in silence, or time hath
+so martyred the Records, that the most industrious[H] heads do finde no
+easie work to erect a new _Britannia_.
+
+  [H] _Wherein M._ Dugdale _hath excellently well endeavoured, and worthy
+to be countenanced by ingenuous and noble persons_.
+
+'Tis opportune to look back upon old times, and contemplate our
+Forefathers. Great examples grow thin, and to be fetched from the passed
+world. Simplicity flies away, and iniquity comes at long strides upon
+us. We have enough to do to make up our selves from present and passed
+times, and the whole stage of things scarce serveth for our instruction.
+A compleat peece of vertue must be made up from the _Centos_ of all
+ages, as all the beauties of _Greece_ could make but one handsome
+_Venus_.
+
+When the bones of King _Arthur_ were digged up[I], the old Race might
+think, they beheld therein some Originals of themselves; Unto these of
+our Urnes none here can pretend relation, and can only behold the
+Reliques of those persons, who in their life giving the Laws unto their
+predecessors, after long obscurity, now lye at their mercies. But
+remembring the early civility they brought upon these Countreys, and
+forgetting long passed mischiefs; We mercifully preserve their bones,
+and pisse not upon their ashes.
+
+  [I] _In the time of_ Henry _the second_, Cambden.
+
+In the offer of these Antiquities we drive not at ancient Families, so
+long out-lasted by them; We are farre from erecting your worth upon the
+pillars of your Fore-fathers, whose merits you illustrate. We honour
+your old Virtues, conformable unto times before you, which are the
+Noblest Armoury. And having long experience of your friendly
+conversation, void of empty Formality, full of freedome, constant and
+Generous Honesty, I look upon you as a Gemme of the Old Rock[J], and
+must professe my self even to Urne and Ashes,
+
+  [J] Adamas de rupe veteri praestantissimus.
+
+                              Your ever faithfull Friend,
+                                        and Servant,
+                                                THOMAS BROWNE.
+Norwich, May 1.
+
+
+
+
+                    TO MY WORTHY AND HONOURED FRIEND
+                            NICHOLAS BACON
+                       Of _Gillingham_ Esquire.
+
+_Had I not observed that [K]Purblinde men have discoursed well of sight,
+and some [L]without issue, excellently of Generation; I that was never
+master of any considerable garden, had not attempted this Subject. But
+the Earth is the Garden of Nature, and each fruitfull Countrey a
+Paradise. Dioscorides made most of his Observations in his march about
+with_ Antonius; _and_ Theophrastus _raised his generalities chiefly from
+the field_.
+
+  [K] Plempius, Cabeus, _etc_.
+
+  [L] _D. Harvy._
+
+_Beside, we write no Herball, nor can this Volume deceive you, who have
+handled the [M]massiest thereof: who know that thre [N]Folio's are yet
+too little, and how New Herbals fly from_ America _upon us, from
+persevering Enquirers, and [O]old in those singularities, we expect such
+Descriptions. Wherein_ [P]England _is now so exact, that it yeelds not
+to other Countreys_.
+
+  [M] _Besleri_ Hortus Eystetensis.
+
+  [N] _Bauhini_ Theatrum Botanicum, _etc._
+
+  [O] _My worthy friend M._ Goodier _an ancient and learned Botanist_.
+
+  [P] _As in_ London _and divers parts, whereof we mention none, lest we
+      seem to omit any_.
+
+_We pretend not to multiply vegetable divisions by Quincuncial and
+Reticulate plants; or erect a new Phytology. The Field of knowledge hath
+been so traced, it is hard to spring any thing new. Of old things we
+write something new, If truth may receive addition, or envy will have
+any thing new; since the Ancients knew the late Anatomicall discoveries,
+and_ Hippocrates _the Circulation_.
+
+_You have been so long out of trite learning, that 'tis hard to finde a
+subject proper for you; and if you have met with a Sheet upon this, we
+have missed our intention. In this multiplicity of writing, bye and
+barren Themes are best fitted for invention; Subjects so often
+discoursed confine the Imagination, and fix our conceptions unto the
+notions of fore-writers. Beside, such Discourses allow excursions, and
+venially admit of collaterall truths, though at some distance from their
+principals. Wherein if we sometimes take wide liberty, we are not
+single, but erre by great [Q]example._
+
+  [Q] Hippocrates de superfoetatione, de dentitione.
+
+_He that will illustrate the excellency of this order, may easily fail
+upon so spruce a Subject, wherein we have not affrighted the common
+Reader with any other Diagramms, then of it self; and have industriously
+declined illustrations from rare and unknown plants._
+
+_Your discerning judgement so well acquainted with that study, will
+expect herein no mathematicall truths, as well understanding how few
+generalities and [R]Vfinita's there are in nature. How_ Scaliger _hath
+found exceptions in most Universals of_ Aristotle _and_ Theophrastus.
+_How Botanicall Maximes must have fair allowance, and are tolerably
+currant, if not intolerably over-ballanced by exceptions_.
+
+  [R] _Rules without exceptions_.
+
+_You have wisely ordered your vegetable delights, beyond the reach of
+exception. The Turks who passt their dayes in Gardens here, will have
+Gardens also hereafter, and delighting in Flowers on earth, must have
+Lillies and Roses in Heaven. In Garden Delights 'tis not easie to hold a
+Mediocrity; that insinuating pleasure is seldome without some extremity.
+The Antients venially delighted in flourishing Gardens; Many were
+Florists that knew not the true use of a Flower; And in_ Plinies
+_dayes none had directly treated of that subject. Some commendably
+affected Plantations of venemous Vegetables, some confined their
+delights unto single plants, and Cato seemed to dote upon Cabbadge;
+While the Ingenuous delight of Tulipists, stands saluted with hard
+language, even by their own [S]Professors._
+
+  [S] Tulipo mania, Narrencruiid, Laurenberg. Pet. Hondius. in lib.
+      _Belg._
+
+_That in this Garden Discourse, we range into extraneous things, and
+many parts of Art and Nature, we follow herein the example of old and
+new Plantations, wherein noble spirits contented not themselves with
+Trees, but by the attendance of Aviaries, Fish-Ponds, and all variety of
+Animals, they made their gardens the Epitome of the earth, and some
+resemblance of the secular shows of old._
+
+_That we conjoyn these parts of different Subjects, or that this should
+succeed the other; Your judgement will admit without impute of
+incongruity; Since the delightfull World comes after death, and Paradise
+succeeds the Grave. Since the verdant state of things is the Symbole of
+the Resurrection, and to flourish in the state of Glory, we must first
+be sown in corruption. Beside the ancient practise of Noble Persons, to
+conclude in Garden-Graves, and Urnes themselves of old, to be wrapt up
+flowers and garlands._
+
+Nullam sine venia placuisse eloquium, _is more sensibly understood by
+Writers, then by Readers; nor well apprehended by either, till works
+have hanged out like_ Apelles _his Pictures; wherein even common eyes
+will finde something for emendation._
+
+_To wish all Readers of your abilities, were unreasonably to multiply
+the number of Scholars beyond the temper of these times. But unto this
+ill-judging age, we charitably desire a portion of your equity,
+judgement, candour, and ingenuity; wherein you are so rich, as not to
+lose by diffusion. And being a flourishing branch of that [T]Noble
+Family, unto which we owe so much observance, you are not new set, but
+long rooted in such perfection; whereof having had so lasting
+confirmation in your worthy conversation, constant amity, and
+expression; and knowing you a serious Student in the highest_ arcana's
+_of Nature; with much excuse we bring these low delights, and poor
+maniples to your Treasure_.
+
+  [T] _Of the most worthy Sr_ Edmund Bacon _prime Baronet, my true and
+      noble Friend._
+
+                           _Your affectionate Friend,
+                                     and Servant_,
+                                               THOMAS BROWNE.
+
+_Norwich, May 1._
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _En sum quod digitis Quinque Levatur onus Propert_]
+
+
+
+
+HYDRIOTAPHIA: URNE BURIAL
+
+Or, a brief Discourse of the Sepulchrall Urnes lately found in Norfolk.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+
+In the deep discovery of the Subterranean world, a shallow part would
+satisfie some enquirers; who, if two or three yards were open about the
+surface, would not care to wrack the bowels of _Potosi_,[1] regions
+towards the Centre. Nature hath furnished one part of the Earth, and man
+another. The treasures of time lie high, in Urnes, Coynes, and
+Monuments, scarce below the roots of some vegetables. Time hath
+endlesse rarities, and shows of all varieties; which reveals old things
+in heaven, makes new discoveries in earth, and even earth it self a
+discovery. That great antiquity _America_ lay buried for thousands of
+years; and a large part of the earth is still in the Urne unto us.
+
+  [1] _The rich mountain of Peru._
+
+Though if _Adam_ were made out of an extract of the Earth, all parts
+might challenge a restitution, yet few have returned their bones far
+lower then they might receive them; not affecting the graves of Giants
+under hilly and heavy coverings, but content with lesse then their own
+depth, have wished their bones might lie soft, and the earth be light
+upon them; Even such as hope to rise again, would not be content with
+central interrment, or so desperately to place their reliques as to lie
+beyond discovery, and in no way to be seen again; which happy
+contrivance hath made communication with our forefathers, and left unto
+our view some parts, which they never beheld themselves.
+
+Though earth hath engrossed the name yet water hath proved the smartest
+grave; which in fourty dayes swallowed almost mankinde, and the living
+creation; Fishes not wholly escaping, except the salt Ocean were
+handsomly contempered by a mixture of the fresh Element.
+
+Many have taken voluminous pains to determine the state of the soul upon
+disunion; but men have been most phantastical in the singular
+contrivances of their corporall dissolution: whilest the soberest
+Nations have rested in two wayes, of simple inhumation and burning.
+
+That carnal interrment or burying, was of the elder date, the old
+examples of _Abraham_ and the Patriarches are sufficient to illustrate;
+And were without competition, if it could be made out, that _Adam_ was
+buried near _Damascus_, or Mount _Calvary_, according to some Tradition.
+God himself that buried but one, was pleased to make choice of this way,
+collectible from Scripture-expression, and the hot contest between Satan
+and the Arch-Angel, about discovering the body of _Moses_. But the
+practice of Burning was also of great Antiquity, and of no slender
+extent. For (not to derive the same from _Hercules_) noble descriptions
+there are hereof in the Grecian Funerale of _Homer_, in the formal
+Obsequies of _Patroclus_, and _Achilles_; and somewhat elder in the
+_Theban_ war, and solemn combustion of _Meneceus_, and _Archemorus_,
+contemporary unto _Jair_ the Eighth Judge of _Israel_. Confirmable also
+among the _Trojans_, from the Funeral Pyre of _Hector_, burnt before the
+gates of _Troy_, and the burning[2] of _Penthisilea_ the _Amazonian
+Queen_: and long continuance of that practice in the inward Countries of
+_Asia_; while as low as the Reign of _Julian_, we finde that the King of
+_Chionia_[3] burnt the body of his Son, and interred the ashes in a
+silver Urne.
+
+  [2] _Q. Calaber lib._ 1.
+
+  [3] _Ammianus Marcellinus, Gumbrates King of_ Chionia _a Countrey near_
+      Persia.
+
+The same practice extended also far West,[4] and besides _Herulians_,
+_Getes_, and _Thracians_, was in use with most of the _Celtae_,
+_Sarmatians_, _Germans_, _Gauls_, _Danes_, _Swedes_, _Norwegians_; not
+to omit some use thereof among _Carthaginians_ and _Americans_: Of
+greater antiquity among the _Romans_ then most opinion, or _Pliny_ seems
+to allow. For (beside the old Table Laws of burning[5] or burying within
+the City, of making the Funeral fire with plained wood, or quenching the
+fire with wine) _Manlius_ the Consul burnt the body of his son: _Numa_
+by special clause of his will, was not burnt but buried; And _Remus_ was
+solemnly buried, according to the description of _Ovid_.[6]
+
+  [4] _Arnoldis Montanis not in_ Caes. _Commentar. L. L. Gyraldus.
+      Kirkmannus._
+
+  [5] _12 Tabul. part. 1 de jure sacro. Hominem mortuum in urbe ne
+      sepelito, neve urito. tom. 2. Rogum ascia ne polito. to. 4 Item
+      vigeneri Annottat in Livium, et Alex. ab Alex. cum Tiraquello
+      Roscinus cum dempstero._
+
+  [6] _Ultima prolato subditu flamma rogo. De Fast. lib. 4. cum Car.
+      Neapol. anaptyxi._
+
+_Cornelius Sylla_ was not the first whose body was burned in _Rome_,
+but of the _Cornelian_ Family, which being indifferently, not frequently
+used before; from that time spread and became the prevalent practice.
+Not totally pursued in the highest run of Cremation; For when even Crows
+were funerally burnt, _Poppaea_ the wife of _Nero_ found a peculiar grave
+enterment. Now as all customs were founded upon some bottom of Reason,
+so there wanted not grounds for this; according to several apprehensions
+of the most rational dissolution. Some being of the opinion of _Thales_,
+that water was the original of all things, thought it most equal to
+submit unto the principle of putrifaction, and conclude in a moist
+relentment. Others conceived it most natural to end in fire, as due unto
+the master principle in the composition, according to the doctrine of
+_Heraclitus_.
+
+And therefore heaped up large piles, more actively to waft them toward
+that Element, whereby they also declined a visible degeneration into
+worms, and left a lasting parcel of their composition.
+
+Some apprehended a purifying virtue in fire, refining the grosser
+commixture, and firing out the AEthereal particles so deeply immersed in
+it. And such as by tradition or rational conjecture held any hint of the
+final pyre of all things; or that this Element at last must be too hard
+for all the rest; might conceive most naturally of the fiery
+dissolution. Others pretending no natural grounds, politickly declined
+the malice of enemies upon their buried bodies. Which consideration led
+_Sylla_ unto this practice; who having thus served the body of _Marius_,
+could not but fear a retaliation upon his own; entertained after in the
+Civil wars, and revengeful contentions of _Rome_.
+
+But as many Nations embraced, and many left it indifferent, so others
+too much affected, or strictly declined this practice. The _Indian
+Brachmans_ seemed too great friends unto fire, who burnt themselves
+alive, and thought it the noblest way to end their dayes in fire;
+according to the expression of the Indian, burning himself at
+_Athens_,[7] in his last words upon the pyre unto the amazed spectators,
+_Thus I make my self immortal_.
+
+  [7] _And therefore the Inscription of his Tomb was made accordingly._
+      Nic. Damasc.
+
+But the _Chaldeans_ the great Idolaters of fire, abhorred the burning of
+their carcasses, as a polution of that Deity. The _Persian Magi_
+declined it upon the like scruple, and being only solicitous about their
+bones, exposed their flesh to the prey of Birds and Dogs. And the
+_Persees_ now in _India_, which expose their bodies unto Vultures, and
+endure not so much as _feretra_ or Beers of Wood; the proper Fuell of
+fire, are led on with such nicities. But whether the ancient _Germans_
+who burned their dead, held any such fear to pollute their Deity of
+_Herthus_, or the earth, we have no Authentick conjecture.
+
+The AEgyptians were afraid of fire, not as a Deity, but a devouring
+Element, mercilesly consuming their bodies, and leaving too little of
+them; and therefore by precious Embalments, depositure in dry earths, or
+handsome inclosure in glasses, contrived the notablest wayes of
+integrall conservation. And from such AEgyptian scruples imbibed by
+_Pythagoras_, it may be conjectured that _Numa_ and the Pythagorical
+Sect first waved the fiery solution.
+
+The _Scythians_ who swore by winde and sword, that is, by life and
+death, were so far from burning their bodies, that they declined all
+interrment, and made their grave in the ayr: And the _Ichthyophagi_ or
+fish-eating Nations about AEgypt, affected the Sea for their grave:
+Thereby declining visible corruption, and restoring the debt of their
+bodies. Whereas the old Heroes in _Homer_, dreaded nothing more than
+water or drowning; probably upon the old opinion of the fiery substance
+of the soul, onely extinguishable by that Element; And therfore the Poet
+emphatically implieth the total destruction in this kinde of death,
+which happened to _Ajax Oileus_.[8]
+
+  [8] _Which_ Magius _reads_ +exapolole+.
+
+The old _Balearians_[9] had a peculiar mode, for they used great Urnes
+and much wood, but no fire in their burials; while they bruised the
+flesh and bones of the dead, crowded them into Urnes, and laid heaps of
+wood upon them. And the _Chinois_[10] without cremation or urnal
+interrment of their bodies, make use of trees and much burning, while
+they plant a Pine-tree by their grave, and burn great numbers of printed
+draughts of slaves and horses over it, civilly content with their
+companies in effigie, which barbarous Nations exact unto reality.
+
+  [9] Diodorus Siculus.
+
+  [10] Ramusius _in_ Navigat.
+
+Christians abhorred this way of obsequies, and though they stickt not to
+give their bodies to be burnt in their lives, detested that mode after
+death; affecting rather a depositure than absumption, and properly
+submitting unto the sentence of God, to return not unto ashes but unto
+dust again, conformable unto the practice of the Patriarches, the
+interrment of our Saviour, of _Peter_, _Paul_, and the ancient Martyrs.
+And so far at last declining promiscuous enterrment with Pagans, that
+some[11] have suffered Ecclesiastical censures, for making no scruple
+thereof.
+
+  [11] _Martialis the Bishop._ Cyprian.
+
+The _Musselman_ beleevers will never admit this fiery resolution. For
+they hold a present trial from their black and white Angels in the
+grave; which they must have made so hollow, that they may rise upon
+their knees.
+
+The Jewish Nation, though they entertained the old way of inhumation,
+yet sometimes admitted this practice. For the men of _Jabesh_ burnt the
+body of _Saul_. And by no prohibited practice to avoid contagion or
+pollution, in time of pestilence, burnt the bodies of their friends.[12]
+And when they burnt not their dead bodies, yet sometimes used great
+burnings near and about them, deducible from the expressions concerning
+_Jehoram_, _Sedechias_, and the sumptuous pyre of Asa; And were so
+little averse from Pagan[13] burning, that the Jews lamenting the death
+of _Caesar_ their friend, and revenger on _Pompey_, frequented the place
+where his body was burnt for many nights together. And as they raised
+noble Monuments and _Mausolaeums_ for their own Nation,[14] so they were
+not scrupulous in erecting some for others, according to the practice of
+_Daniel_, who left that lasting sepulchral pyle in _Echbatana_, for the
+_Median_ and _Persian_ Kings.[15]
+
+  [12] _Amos_ 6. 10.
+
+  [13] _Sueton. in vita._ Jul. Caes.
+
+  [14] _As that magnificent sepulchral Monument erected by Simon.
+       Mach. 1. 13._
+
+  [15] +Kataskeuasma thaumasios pepoiemenon+, _whereof a Jewish
+       Priest had alwayes the custody unto _Josephus _his dayes._ Jos.
+       _Lib. 10. Antiq._
+
+But even in times of subjection and hottest use, they conformed not unto
+the _Romane_ practice of burning; whereby the Prophecy was secured
+concerning the body of Christ, that it should not see corruption, or a
+bone should not be broken; which we beleeve was also providentially
+prevented, from the Souldiers spear and nailes that past by the little
+bones both in his hands and feet: Nor of ordinary contrivance, that it
+should not corrupt on the crosse, according to the Law of _Romane_
+Crucifixion, or an hair of his head perish, though observable in Jewish
+customes, to cut the haires of Malefactors.
+
+Nor in their long co-habitation with the AEgyptians, crept into a custome
+of their exact embalming, wherein deeply slashing the muscles, and
+taking out the braines and entrailes, they had broken the subject of so
+entire a Resurrection, nor fully answered the tipes of _Enoch_, _Eliah_,
+or _Jonah_, which yet to prevent or restore, was of equall facility unto
+that rising power, able to break the fasciations and bands of death, to
+get clear out of the Cere-cloth, and an hundred pounds of oyntment, and
+out of the Sepulchre before the stone was rolled from it.
+
+But though they embraced not this practice of burning, yet entertained
+they many ceremonies agreeable unto _Greek_ and _Romane_ obsequies, And
+he that observeth their funeral Feasts, their Lamentations at the grave,
+their musick, and weeping mourners; how they closed the eyes of their
+friends, how they washed, anointed, and kissed the dead; may easily
+conclude these were not meer Pagan Civilities. But whether that mournful
+burthen, and treble calling out after _Absalom_, had any reference unto
+the last conclamation, and triple valediction, used by other nations, we
+hold but a wavering conjecture.
+
+_Civilians_ make sepulture but of the Law of nations, others do
+naturally found it and discover it also in animals. They that are so
+thick skinned as still to credit the story of the _Phoenix_, may say
+something for animal burning: More serious conjectures finde some
+examples of sepulture in Elephants, Cranes, the Sepulchral Cells of
+Pismires and practice of Bees; which civil society carrieth out their
+dead, and hath exequies, if not interrments.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+
+The Solemnities, Ceremonies, Rites of their Cremation or enterrment, so
+solemnly delivered by Authours, we shall not disparage our Reader to
+repeat. Only the last and lasting part in their Urns, collected bones
+and Ashes, we cannot wholly omit, or decline that Subject, which
+occasion lately presented, in some discovered among us.
+
+In a Field of old _Walsingham_, not many months past, were digged up
+between fourty and fifty Urnes, deposited in a dry and sandy soile, not
+a yard deep, nor far from one another: Not all strictly of one figure,
+but most answering these described; Some containing two pounds of bones,
+distinguishable in skulls, ribs, jawes, thigh-bones, and teeth, with
+fresh impressions of their combustion. Besides the extraneous
+substances, like peeces of small boxes, or combs handsomely wrought,
+handles of small brasse instruments, brazen nippers, and in one some
+kinde of _Opale_.[16]
+
+  [16] _In one sent me by my worthy friend Dr._ Thomas Witherley _of_
+       Walsingham.
+
+Near the same plot of ground, for about six yards compasse were digged
+up coals and incinerated substances, which begat conjecture that this
+was the _Ustrina_ or place of burning their bodies, or some sacrificing
+place unto the _Manes_, which was properly below the surface of the
+ground, as the _Arae_ and _Altars_ unto the gods and _Heroes_ above it.
+
+That these were the Urnes of _Romanes_ from the common custome and place
+where they were found, is no obscure conjecture, not far from a _Romane_
+Garrison, and but five mile from _Brancaster_, set down by ancient
+Record under the name of _Brannodunum_. And where the adjoyning Town,
+containing seven Parishes, in no very different sound, but Saxon
+termination, still retaines the Name of _Burnham_, which being an early
+station, it is not improbable the neighbour parts were filled with
+habitations, either of _Romanes_ themselves, or _Brittains Romanised_,
+which observed the _Romane_ customes.
+
+Nor is it improbable that the _Romanes_ early possessed this Countrey;
+for though we meet not with such strict particulars of these parts,
+before the new Institution of _Constantine_, and military charge of the
+Count of the _Saxon_ shore, and that about the _Saxon_ Invasions, the
+_Dalmatian_ Horsemen were in the Garrison of _Brancaster_: Yet in the
+time of _Claudius Vespasian_, and _Severus_, we finde no lesse then
+three Legions dispersed through the Province of _Brittain_. And as high
+as the Reign of _Claudius_ a great overthrow was given unto the _Iceni_,
+by the _Romane_ Lieutenant _Ostorius_. Not long after the Countrey was
+so molested, that in hope of a better state _Prasatagus_ bequeathed his
+Kingdom unto _Nero_ and his Daughters; and _Boadicea_ his Queen fought
+the last decisive Battle with _Paulinus_. After which time and Conquest
+of _Agricola_ the Lieutenant of _Vespasian_, probable it is they wholly
+possessed this Countrey, ordering it into Garrisons or Habitations, best
+suitable with their securities. And so some _Romane_ habitations, not
+improbable in these parts, as high as the time of _Vespasian_, where the
+_Saxons_ after seated, in whose thin-fill'd Mappes we yet finde the Name
+of _Walsingham_. Now if the _Iceni_ were but _Gammadims_, _Anconians_,
+or men that lived in an Angle wedge or Elbow of _Brittain_, according to
+the Original Etymologie, this countrey will challenge the Emphatical
+appellation, as most properly making the Elbow or Iken of _Icenia_.
+
+That _Britain_ was notably populous is undeniable, from that expression
+of _Caesar_[17]. That the _Romanes_ themselves were early in no small
+numbers, Seventy Thousand with their associats slain by _Boadicea_,
+affords a sure account. And though many _Roman_ habitations are now
+unknown, yet some by old works, Rampiers, Coynes, and Urnes do testifie
+their Possessions. Some Urnes have been found at Castor, some also about
+_Southcreake_ and not many years past, no lesse then ten in a field at
+_Buxton_,[18] not near any recorded Garrison. Nor is it strange to finde
+_Romane_ Coynes of Copper and Silver among us; of _Vespasian_, _Trajan_,
+_Adrian_, _Commodus_, _Antoninus_, _Severus_, etc. But the greater
+number of _Dioclesian_, _Constantine_, _Constans_, _Valens_, with many
+of _Victorinus Posthumius_, _Tetricus_, and the thirty Tyrants in the
+Reigne of _Gallienus_; and some as high as _Adrianus_ have been found
+about _Thetford_, or _Sitomagus_, mentioned in the itinerary of
+_Antoninus_, as the way from _Venta_ or _Castor_ unto _London_[19].t the
+most frequent discovery is made at the two _Casters_ by _Norwich_ and
+_Yarmouth_[20] _Burghcastle_ and _Brancaster_.[21]
+
+  [17] Hominum infinita multitudo est, creberrimaque aedificia fere
+       Gallicis consimilia. _Caes._ de bello Gal. _l._ 5.
+
+  [18] _In the ground of my worthy Friend_ Rob. Jegon, _Esq., wherein
+       some things contained were preserved by the most worthy Sir_
+       William Paston, _Bt._
+
+  [19] _From Castor to Thetford the Romans accounted thirty-two miles,
+       and from thence observed not our common road to_ London, _but
+       passed by_ Combretonium ad Ansam, Canonium, Caesaromagus, _etc.,
+       by_ Bretenham, Coggeshall, Chelmeford, Burntwood, _etc._
+
+  [20] _Most at_ Caster _by_ Yarmouth, _found in a place called_
+       East-bloudyburgh furlong, _belonging to Mr._ Thomas Wood, _a
+       person of civility, industry and knowledge in this way, who hath
+       made observation of remarkable things about him, and from whom we
+       have received divers Silver and Copper Coynes._
+
+  [21] _Belonging to that Noble Gentleman, and true example of worth
+       Sir_ Ralph Hare, _Baronet, my honoured Friend_.
+
+Besides, the _Norman_, _Saxon_ and _Danish_ peeces of _Cuthred_,
+_Canutus_, _William Matilda_,[22] and others, some Brittish Coynes of
+gold have been dispersedly found; And no small number of silver peeces
+neer _Norwich_[23]; with a rude head upon the obverse, and an ill formed
+horse on the reverse, with inscriptions _Ic. Duro T._ whether implying
+_Iceni_, _Duroriges_, _Tascia_, or _Trinobantes_, we leave to higher
+conjecture. Vulgar Chronology will have _Norwich_ Castle as old as
+_Julius Caesar_, but his distance from these parts, and its _Gothick_
+form of structure, abridgeth such Antiquity. The _British_ Coyns afford
+conjecture of early habitation in these parts, though the City of
+_Norwich_ arose from the ruines of _Venta_, and though perhaps not
+without some habitation before, was enlarged, builded, and nominated by
+the _Saxons_. In what bulk or populosity it stood in the old East-angle
+Monarchy, tradition and history are silent. Considerable it was in the
+_Danish_ Eruptions, when _Sueno_ burnt _Thetford_ and _Norwich_,[24] and
+_Ulfketel_ the Governour thereof was able to make some resistance, and
+after endeavoured to burn the _Danish_ Navy.
+
+  [22] _A peece of_ Maud _the Empresse said to be found in_ Buckenham
+       Castle _with this inscription_, Elle n'a elle.
+
+  [23] _At_ Thorpe.
+
+  [24] _Brampton_ Abbas Jorvallensis.
+
+How the _Romanes_ left so many Coynes in Countreys of their Conquests,
+seemes of hard resolution, except we consider how they buried them under
+ground, when upon barbarous invasions they were fain to desert their
+habitations in most part of their Empire, and the strictnesse of their
+laws forbiding to transfer them to any other uses; Wherein the
+_Spartans_[25] were singular, who to make their copper money uselesse,
+contempered it with vinegar. That the _Britains_ left any, some wonder;
+since their money was iron, and Iron rings before _Caesar_; and those of
+after stamp by permission, and but small in bulk and bignesse; that so
+few of the _Saxons_ remain, because overcome by suceeding Conquerours
+upon the place, their Coynes by degrees passed into other stamps, and
+the marks of after ages.
+
+  [25] _Plut._ in vita Lycurg.
+
+Then the time of these Urnes deposited, or precise Antiquity of these
+Relicks, nothing of more uncertainty. For since the Lieutenant of
+_Claudius_ seems to have the first progresse into these parts, since
+_Boadicea_ was overthrown by the Forces of _Nero_, and _Agricola_ put a
+full end to these Conquests; it is not probable the Country was fully
+garrisoned or planted before; and therefore however these Urnes might be
+of later date, not likely of higher Antiquity.
+
+And the succeeding Emperours desisted not from their conquests in these
+and other parts; as testified by history and medal inscription yet
+extant. The Province of _Britain_ in so divided a distance from _Rome_,
+beholding the faces of many Imperial persons, and in large account no
+fewer than _Caesar_, _Claudius_, _Britannicus_, _Vespasian_, _Titus_,
+_Adrian_, _Severus_, _Commodus_, _Geta_, and _Caracalla_.
+
+A great obscurity herein, because, no medall or Emperours coyne
+enclosed, which might denote the dates of their enterrments, observable
+in many Urnes, and found in those of _Spittle_ Fields by _London_,[26]
+which contained the Coynes of _Claudius_, _Vespasian_, _Commodus_,
+_Antoninus_, attended with Lacrymatories, Lamps, Bottles of Liquor, and
+other appurtenances of affectionate superstition, which in these rurall
+interrments were wanting.
+
+  [26] Stowes _Survey of_ London.
+
+Some uncertainty there is from the period or term of burning, or the
+cessation of that practise. _Macrobius_ affirmeth it was disused in his
+dayes. But most agree, though without authentick record, that it ceased
+with the _Antonini_. Most safely to be understood after the Reigne of
+those Emperours, which assumed the name of _Antoninus_, extending unto
+_Heliogabalus_. Not strictly after _Marcus_; For about fifty years later
+we finde the magnificent burning, and consecration of _Severus_; and if
+we so fix this period or cessation, these Urnes will challenge above
+thirteen hundred yeers.
+
+But whether this practise was onely then left by Emperours and great
+persons, or generally about _Rome_, and not in other Provinces, we hold
+no authentick account. For after _Tertullian_, in the dayes of
+_Minucius_ it was obviously objected upon Christians, that they
+condemned the practise of burning.[27] And we finde a passage in
+_Sidonius_,[28] which asserteth that practise in France unto a lower
+account. And perhaps not fully disused till Christianity fully
+established, which gave the final extinction to these Sepulchral
+Bonefires.
+
+  [27] Execrantur rogos, et damnant ignium sepulturam. _Min. in Oct._
+
+  [28] Sidon. Apollinaris.
+
+Whether they were the bones of men or women or children, no authentick
+decision from ancient custome in distinct places of burial. Although not
+improbably conjectured, that the double Sepulture or burying place of
+_Abraham_, had in it such intension. But from exility of bones,
+thinnesse of skulls, smallnesse of teeth, ribbes, and thigh-bones; not
+improbable that many thereof were persons of _minor_ age, or women.
+Confirmable also from things contained in them: In most were found
+substances resembling Combes, Plates like Boxes, fastened with Iron
+pins, and handsomely overwrought like the necks or Bridges of Musicall
+Instruments, long brasse plates overwrought like the handles of neat
+implements, brazen nippers to pull away hair, and in one a kinde of
+_Opale_ yet maintaining a blewish colour.
+
+Now that they accustomed to burn or bury with them, things wherein they
+excelled, delighted, or which were dear unto them, either as farewells
+unto all pleasure, or vain apprehension that they might use them in the
+other world, is testified by all Antiquity. Observable from the Gemme or
+Beril Ring upon the finger of _Cynthia_, the Mistress of _Propertius_,
+when after her Funeral Pyre her Ghost appeared unto him. And notably
+illustrated from the Contents of that _Roman_ Urne preserved by Cardinal
+_Farnese_,[29] wherein besides great number of Gemmes with heads of Gods
+and Goddesses, were found an Ape of _Agath_, a Grashopper, an Elephant
+of Ambre, a Crystal Ball, three glasses, two Spoons, and six Nuts of
+Crystall. And beyond the content of Urnes, in the Monument of
+_Childerick_ the first,[30] and fourth King from _Pharamond_, casually
+discovered three years past at _Tournay_, restoring unto the world much
+gold richly adorning his Sword, two hundred Rubies, many hundred
+Imperial Coyns, three hundred Golden Bees, the bones and horseshoe of
+his horse enterred with him, according to the barbarous magnificence of
+those dayes in their sepulchral Obsequies. Although if we steer by the
+conjecture of many and Septuagint expression; some trace thereof may be
+found even with the ancient Hebrews, not only from the Sepulcral
+treasure of _David_, but the circumcision knives which _Josuah_ also
+buried.
+
+  [29] Vigeneri Annot. in 4. Liv.
+
+  [30] Chifflet in Anast. Childer.
+
+Some men considering the contents of these Urnes, lasting peeces and
+toyes included in them, and the custome of burning with many other
+Nations, might somewhat doubt whether all Urnes found among us, were
+properly _Romane_ Reliques, or some not belonging unto our _Brittish_,
+_Saxon_, or _Danish_ Forefathers.
+
+In the form of Burial among the ancient _Brittains_, the large
+Discourses of _Caesar_, _Tacitus_, and _Strabo_ are silent: For the
+discovery whereof, with other particulars, we must deplore the loss of
+that Letter which _Cicero_ expected or received from his Brother
+_Quintus_, as a resolution of _Brittish_ customes; or the account which
+might have been made by _Scribonius Largus_ the Physician, accompanying
+the Emperor _Claudius_, who might have also discovered that frugal
+Bit[31] of the Old _Brittains_, which in the bigness of a Bean could
+satisfie their thirst and hunger.
+
+  [31] Dionis excerpta per Xiphilin. in Severo.
+
+But that the _Druids_ and ruling Priests used to burn and bury, is
+expressed by _Pomponius_; That _Bellinus_ the Brother of _Brennus_, and
+King of _Brittains_ was burnt, is acknowledged by _Polydorus_, as also
+by _Amandus Zierexensis_ in _Historia_, and _Pineda_ in his _Universa
+historia_. Spanish. That they held that practise in _Gallia, Caesar_
+expressly delivereth. Whether the Brittains (probably descended from
+them, of like Religion, Language and Manners) did not sometimes make use
+of burning; or whether at least such as were after civilized unto the
+_Romane_ life and manners, conformed not unto this practise, we have no
+historical assertion or denial. But since from the account of _Tacitus_
+the _Romanes_ early wrought so much civility upon the Brittish stock,
+that they brought them to build Temples, to wear the Gown, and study the
+_Romane_ Laws and Language, that they conformed also unto their
+Religious rites and customes in burials, seems no improbable conjecture.
+
+That burning the dead was used in _Sarmatia_, is affirmed by _Gaguinus_,
+that the _Sueons_ and _Gothlanders_ used to burn their Princes and great
+persons, is delivered by _Saxo_ and _Olaus_; that this was the old
+_Germane_ practise, is also asserted by _Tacitus_. And though we are
+bare in historical particulars of such obsequies in this Island, or that
+the _Saxons_, _Jutes_, and _Angles_ burnt their dead, yet came they from
+parts where 'twas of ancient practise; the _Germanes_ using it, from
+whom they were descended. And even in _Jutland_ and _Sleswick_ in
+_Anglia Cymbrica_, Urnes with bones were found not many years before us.
+
+[Sidenote: Roisold, Brendetiide. Ild tyde.]
+
+But the _Danish_ and Northern Nations have raised an _AEra_ or point of
+compute from their Custome of burning their dead: Some deriving it from
+_Unguinus_, some from _Frotho_ the great; who ordained by Law, that
+Princes and Chief Commanders should be committed unto the fire, though
+the common sort had the common grave enterrment. So _Starkatterus_ that
+old _Heroe_ was burnt, and _Ringo_ royally burnt the body of _Harald_
+the King slain by him.
+
+What time this custome generally expired in that Nation, we discern no
+assured period; whether it ceased before Christianity, or upon their
+Conversion, by _Ansgurius_ the Gaul in the time of _Ludovicus Pius_ the
+Son of _Charles_ the Great, according to good computes; or whether it
+might not be used by some persons, while for a hundred and eighty years
+Paganisme and Christianity were promiscuously embraced among them, there
+is no assured conclusion. About which times the _Danes_ were busie in
+_England_, and particularly infested this Countrey: Where many Castles
+and strong holds were built by them, or against them, and great number
+of names and Families still derived from them. But since this custome
+was probably disused before their Invasion or Conquest, and the
+_Romanes_ confessedly practised the same, since their possession of this
+Island, the most assured account will fall upon the _Romanes_, or
+_Brittains Romanized_.
+
+However certain it is, that Urnes conceived of no _Romane_ Original, are
+often digged up both in _Norway_ and _Denmark_, handsomely described,
+and graphically represented by the Learned Physician _Wormius_,[32] And
+in some parts of _Denmark_ in no ordinary number, as stands delivered by
+Authors exactly describing those Countreys.[33] And they contained not
+only bones, but many other substances in them, as Knives, peeces of
+Iron, Brass and Wood, and one of _Norway_ a brasse guilded Jewes harp.
+
+  [32] Olai Wormii monumenta et Antiquitat. Dan.
+
+  [33] Adolphus Cyprius in Annal. Sleswic. urnis adeo abundabat collis,
+       _etc._
+
+Nor were they confused or carelesse in disposing the noblest sort, while
+they placed large stones in circle about the Urnes, or bodies which they
+interred: Somewhat answerable unto the Monument of _Rollrich_ stones in
+_England_,[34] or sepulcral Monument probably erected by _Rollo_, who
+after conquered _Normandy_. Where 'tis not improbable somewhat might be
+discovered. Mean while to what Nation or person belonged that large Urne
+found at _Ashburie_,[35] containing mighty bones, and a Buckler; what
+those large Urnes found at little _Massingham_,[36] or why the
+_Anglesea_ Urnes are placed with their mouths downwards, remains yet
+undiscovered.
+
+  [34] _In Oxfordshire_; Cambden.
+
+  [35] _In Cheshire_, Twinus de rebus Albionicis.
+
+  [36] _In Norfolk_, Hollingshead.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+
+Playstered and whited Sepulchres, were anciently affected in cadaverous,
+and corruptive Burials; And the rigid Jews were wont to garnish the
+Sepulchres of the righteous;[37] _Ulysses_ in _Hecuba_[38] cared not how
+meanly he lived, so he might finde a noble Tomb after death. Great
+Princes affected great Monuments, and the fair and larger Urnes
+contained no vulgar ashes, which makes that disparity in those which
+time discovereth among us. The present Urnes were not of one capacity,
+the largest containing above a gallon, Some not much above half that
+measure; nor all of one figure, wherein there is no strict conformity,
+in the same or different Countreys; Observable from those represented by
+_Casalius_, _Bosio_, and others, though all found in _Italy_: While many
+have handles, ears, and long necks, but most imitate a circular figure,
+in a spherical and round composure; whether from any mystery, best
+duration or capacity, were but a conjecture. But the common form with
+necks was a proper figure, making our last bed like our first; nor much
+unlike the Urnes of our Nativity, while we lay in the nether part of the
+Earth,[39] and inward vault of our Microcosme. Many Urnes are red, these
+but of a black colour, somewhat smooth, and dully sounding, which begat
+some doubt, whether they were burnt, or only baked in Oven or Sun:
+According to the ancient way, in many bricks, tiles, pots, and
+testaceous works; and as the word _testa_ is properly to be taken, when
+occurring without addition: And chiefly intended by _Pliny_, when he
+commendeth bricks and tiles of two years old, and to make them in the
+spring. Nor only these concealed peeces, but the open magnificence of
+Antiquity, ran much in the Artifice of Clay. Hereof the house of
+_Mausolus_ was built, thus old _Jupiter_ stood in the Capitol, and the
+_Statua_ of _Hercules_ made in the Reign of _Tarquinius Priscus_, was
+extant in _Plinies_ dayes. And such as declined burning or Funeral
+Urnes, affected Coffins of Clay, according to the mode of _Pythagoras_,
+and way preferred by _Varro_. But the spirit of great ones was above
+these circumscriptions, affecting Copper, Silver, Gold, and _Porphyrie_
+Urnes, wherein _Severus_ lay, after a serious view and sentence on that
+which should contain him.[40] Some of these Urnes were thought to have
+been silvered over, from sparklings in several pots, with small Tinsel
+parcels; uncertain whether from the earth, or the first mixture in them.
+
+  [37] _Matt._ 23.
+
+  [38] Euripides.
+
+  [39] _Psa._ 63.
+
+  [40] +Choreseis ton anthropon, hon he oikoumene ouk echoresen.+
+       Dion.
+
+Among these Urnes we could obtain no good account of their coverings;
+only one seemed arched over with some kinde of brickwork. Of those found
+at _Buxton_ some were covered with flints, some in other parts with
+Tiles, those at _Yarmouth Caster_, were closed with _Romane_ bricks. And
+some have proper earthen covers adapted and fitted to them. But in the
+_Homerical_ Urne of _Patroclus_, whatever was the solid Tegument, we
+finde the immediate covering to be a purple peece of silk: And such as
+had no covers might have the earth closely pressed into them, after
+which disposure were probably some of these, wherein we found the bones
+and ashes half mortered unto the sand and sides of the Urne; and some
+long roots of Quich, or Dogs-grass wreathed about the bones.
+
+No Lamps, included Liquors, Lachrymatories, or Tear-Bottles attended
+these rural Urnes, either as sacred unto the _Manes_, or passionate
+expressions of their surviving friends. While with rich flames, and
+hired teares they solemnized their Obsequies, and in the most lamented
+Monuments made one part of their Inscriptions.[41] Some finde sepulchral
+Vessels containing liquors, which time hath incrassated into gellies.
+For beside these Lachrymatories, notable Lamps, with Vessels of Oyles
+and Aromatical Liquors attended noble Ossuaries. And some yet retaining
+a Vinosity[42] and spirit in them, which if any have tasted they have
+far exceeded the Palats of Antiquity. Liquors not to be computed by
+years of annual Magistrates, but by great conjunctions and the fatal
+periods of Kingdoms.[43] The draughts of Consulary date, were but crude
+unto these, and _Opimian_[44] Wine but in the muste unto them.
+
+  [41] Cum lacrymis posuere.
+
+  [42] Lazius.
+
+  [43] _About five hundred years._ Plato.
+
+  [44] Vinum Opiminianum annorum centum. _Petron._
+
+In sundry graves and Sepulchres, we meet with Rings, Coynes, and
+Chalices; Ancient frugality was so severe, that they allowed no gold to
+attend the Corps, but onely that which served to fasten their teeth.[45]
+Whether the _Opaline_ stone in this Urne were burnt upon the finger of
+the dead, or cast into the fire by some affectionate friend, it will
+consist with either custome. But other incinerable substances were found
+so fresh, that they could feel no sindge from fire. These upon view were
+judged to be wood, but sinking in water and tried by the fire, we found
+them to be bone or Ivory. In their hardnesse and yellow colour they most
+resembled Box, which in old expressions found the Epithete[46] of
+Eternal, and perhaps in such conservatories might have passed
+uncorrupted.
+
+  [45] 12. Tabul. _l. xi._ de Jure sacro. Neve aurum addito, ast quoi auro
+       dentes vincti erunt, im cum illo sepelire et utere, se fraude esto.
+
+  [46] _Plin._ 1. xvi. Inter +xyla asape+ numerat Theophrastus.
+
+That Bay-leaves were found green in the Tomb of S. _Humbert_,[47] after
+an hundred and fifty yeers, was looked upon as miraculous. Remarkable it
+was unto old Spectators, that the Cypresse of the Temple of _Diana_,
+lasted so many hundred years: The wood of the Ark and Olive Rod of
+_Aaron_ were older at the Captivity. But the Cypresse of the Ark of
+_Noah_, was the greatest vegetable Antiquity, if _Josephus_ were not
+deceived, by some fragments of it in his dayes. To omit the Moore-logs,
+and Firre-trees found underground in some parts of _England_; the
+undated ruines of winds, flouds or earthquakes; and which in _Flanders_
+still shew from what quarter they fell, as generally lying in the
+North-East position.[48]
+
+  [47] Surius.
+
+  [48] Gorop. Becanus in Niloscopio.
+
+But though we found not these peeces to be Wood, according to first
+apprehension, yet we missed not altogether of some woody substance; for
+the bones were not so clearly pickt, but some coals were found amongst
+them; A way to make wood perpetual, and a fit associat for metal,
+whereon was laid the foundation of the great _Ephesian_ Temple, and
+which were made the lasting tests of old boundaries, and Landmarks;
+Whilest we look on these we admire not observations of Coals found
+fresh, after four hundred years.[49] In a long deserted habitation,[50]
+even Egge-shels have been found fresh, not tending to corruption.
+
+  [49] _Of_ Beringuccio nella pyrotechnia.
+
+  [50] _At_ Elmeham.
+
+In the Monument of King _Childerick_, the Iron Reliques were found all
+rusty and crumbling into peeces. But our little Iron pins which fastened
+the ivory works, held well together, and lost not their Magneticall
+quality, though wanting a tenacious moisture for the firmer union of
+parts, although it be hardly drawn into fusion, yet that metal soon
+submitteth unto rust and dissolution. In the brazen peeces we admired
+not the duration but the freedom from rust, and ill savour; upon the
+hardest attrition, but now exposed unto the piercing Atomes of aire; in
+the space of a few moneths, they begin to spot and betray their green
+entrals. We conceive not these Urns to have descended thus naked as they
+appear, or to have entred their graves without the old habit of flowers.
+The Urne of _Philopoemen_ was so laden with flowers and ribbons, that
+it afforded no sight of it self. The rigid _Lycurgus_ allowed Olive and
+Myrtle. The _Athenians_ might fairely except against the practise of
+_Democritus_ to be buried up in honey; as fearing to embezzle a great
+commodity of their Countrey, and the best of that kinde in _Europe_. But
+_Plato_ seemed too frugally politick, who allowed no larger monument
+then would contain four Heroick verses, and designed the most barren
+ground for sepulture: Though we cannot commend the goodnesse of that
+sepulchral ground, which was set at no higher rate then the mean salary
+of _Judas_. Though the earth had confounded the ashes of these
+Ossuaries, yet the bones were so smartly burnt, that some thin plates of
+brasse were found half melted among them: whereby we apprehended they
+were not of the meanest carcasses, perfunctorily fired as sometimes in
+military, and commonly in pestilence, burnings; or after the manner of
+abject corps, hudled forth and carelessly burnt, without the Esquiline
+Port at _Rome_; which was an affront continued upon _Tiberius_, while
+they but half burnt his body,[51] and in the Amphitheatre, according to
+the custome in notable Malefactors; whereas _Nero_ seemed not so much to
+fear his death, as that his head should be cut off and his body not
+burnt entire.
+
+  [51] _Sueton._ in vita Tib. et in Amphitheatro semiustulandum, _not._
+       Casaub.
+
+Some finding many fragments of sculs in these Urnes, suspected a
+mixture of bones; In none we searched was there cause of such
+conjecture, though sometimes they declined not that practise; The ashes
+of _Domitian_[52] were mingled with those of _Julia_, of _Achilles_ with
+those of _Patroclus_: All Urnes contained not single ashes; Without
+confused burnings they affectionately compounded their bones;
+passionately endeavouring to continue their living Unions. And when
+distance of death denied such conjunctions, unsatisfied affections
+conceived some satisfaction to be neighbours in the grave, to lye Urne
+by Urne, and touch but in their names. And many were so curious to
+continue their living relations, that they contrived large, and family
+Urnes, wherein the Ashes of their nearest friends and kindred might
+successively be received,[53] at least some parcels thereof, while their
+collateral memorials lay in _minor_ vessels about them.
+
+  [52] Sueton. in vita Domitian
+
+  [53] _S. the most learned and worthy Mr._ M. Casaubon _upon_ Antoninus.
+
+Antiquity held too light thoughts from Objects of mortality, while some
+drew provocatives of mirth from Anatomies,[54] and Juglers shewed tricks
+with Skeletons. When Fidlers made not so pleasant mirth as Fencers, and
+men could sit with quiet stomacks while hanging was plaied before
+them.[55] Old considerations made few _memento's_ by sculs and bones
+upon their monuments. In the AEgyptian Obelisks and Hieroglyphical
+figures, it is not easie to meet with bones. The sepulchral Lamps speak
+nothing lesse then sepulture; and in their literal draughts prove often
+obscene and antick peeces: Where we finde _D. M._[56] it is obvious to
+meet with sacrificing _patera's_, and vessels of libation, upon old
+sepulchral Monuments. In the Jewish _Hypogaeum_[57] and subterranean Cell
+at _Rome_, was little observable beside the variety of Lamps, and
+frequent draughts of the holy Candlestick. In authentick draughts of
+_Anthony_ and _Jerome_, we meet with thigh-bones and deaths heads; but
+the cemiterial Cels of ancient Christians and Martyrs, were filled with
+draughts of Scripture Stories; not declining the flourishes of Cypresse,
+Palms, and Olive; and the mystical Figures of Peacocks, Doves and Cocks.
+But iterately affecting the pourtraits of _Enoch_, _Lazarus_, _Jonas_,
+and the vision of _Ezechiel_, as hopeful draughts, and hinting imagery
+of the Resurrection; which is the life of the grave, and sweetens our
+habitations in the Land of _Moles_ and _Pismires_.
+
+  [54] Sic erimus cuncti, _etc._ Ergo dum vivimus vivamus.
+
+  [55] +Agchonen paizein.+ _A barbarous pastime at Feasts, when men
+       stood upon a rolling Globe, with their necks in a Rope, and a
+       knife in their hands, ready to cut it when the stone was rolled
+       away, wherein if they failed, they lost their lives to the
+       laughter of their spectators._ Athenaeus.
+
+  [56] Diis manibus.
+
+  [57] Bosio.
+
+Gentile inscriptions precisely delivered the extent of mens lives,
+seldome the manner of their deaths, which history it self so often
+leaves obscure in the records of memorable persons. There is scarce any
+Philosopher but dies twice or thrice in _Laertius_; Nor almost any life
+without two or three deaths in _Plutarch_; which makes the tragical ends
+of noble persons more favourably resented by compassionate Readers, who
+finde some relief in the Election of such differences.
+
+The certainty of death is attended with uncertainties, in time, manner,
+places. The variety of Monuments hath often obscured true graves: and
+_Cenotaphs_ confounded Sepulchres. For beside their real Tombs, many
+have found honorary and empty Sepulchres. The variety of _Homers_
+Monuments made him of various Countreys. _Euripides_[58] had his Tomb in
+_Africa_, but his sepulture in _Macedonia_. And _Severus_[59] found his
+real Sepulchre in _Rome_, but his empty grave in _Gallia_.
+
+  [58] Pausan. in Atticis.
+
+  [59] _Lamprid._ in vit. Alexand. Severi.
+
+[Sidenote: _The Commission of the_ Gothish _King_ Theodoric _for finding
+out sepulchrall treasure._ Cassiodor. Var. _l._ 4.]
+
+He that lay in a golden Urne[60] eminently above the earth, was not like
+to finde the quiet of these bones. Many of these Urnes were broke by a
+vulgar discoverer in hope of inclosed treasure. The ashes of
+_Marcellus_[61] were lost above ground, upon the like account. Where
+profit hath prompted, no age hath wanted such miners. For which the most
+barbarous Expilators found the most civil Rhetorick. Gold once out of
+the earth is no more due unto it; What was unreasonably committed to the
+ground is reasonably resumed from it: Let Monuments and rich Fabricks,
+not Riches adorn mens ashes. The commerce of the living is not to be
+transferred unto the dead: It is no injustice to take that which none
+complaines to lose, and no man is wronged where no man is possessor.
+
+  [60] _Trajanus._ Dion.
+
+  [61] _Plut._ in vit. Marcelli.
+
+What virtue yet sleeps in this _terra damnata_ and aged cinders, were
+petty magick to experiment; These crumbling reliques and long-fired
+particles superannate such expectations: Bones, hairs, nails, and teeth
+of the dead, were the treasures of old Sorcerers. In vain we revive such
+practices; Present superstition too visibly perpetuates the folly of our
+fore-fathers, wherein unto old Observation this Island was so compleat,
+that it might have instructed _Persia_.[62]
+
+  [62] Britannia hodie eam attonite celebrat tantis ceremoniis, ut dedisse
+       Persis videri possit. _Plin. l. 29._
+
+_Plato's_ historian of the other world, lies twelve dayes incorrupted,
+while his soul was viewing the large stations of the dead. How to keep
+the corps seven dayes from corruption by anointing and washing, without
+exenteration, were an hazardable peece of art, in our choisest practise.
+How they made distinct separation of bones and ashes from fiery
+admixture, hath found no historical solution. Though they seemed to make
+a distinct collection, and overlooked not _Pyrrhus_ his toe. Some
+provision they might make by fictile Vessels, Coverings, Tiles, or flat
+stones, upon and about the body. And in the same Field, not far from
+these Urnes, many stones were found under ground, as also by careful
+separation of extraneous matter, composing and raking up the burnt bones
+with forks, observable in that notable lamp of _Galuanus_.
+_Martianus_,[63] who had the sight of the _Vas Ustrinum_, or vessel
+wherein they burnt the dead, found in the Esquiline Field at _Rome_,
+might have afforded clearer solution. But their insatisfaction herein
+begat that remarkable invention in the Funeral Pyres of some Princes, by
+incombustible sheets made with a texture of _Asbestos_, incremable flax,
+or Salamanders wool, which preserved their bones and ashes[64]
+incommixed.
+
+  [63] Topographiae Roma ex Martiano. Erat et vas ustrinum appellatum quod
+       in eo cadavera comburerenur. _Cap._ de Campo Esquilino.
+
+  [64] _To be seen in_ Licet. de reconditis veterum lucernis.
+
+How the bulk of a man should sink into so few pounds of bones and ashes,
+may seem strange unto any who considers not its constitution, and how
+slender a mass will remain upon an open and urging fire of the carnal
+composition. Even bones themselves reduced into ashes, do abate a
+notable proportion. And consisting much of a volatile salt, when that is
+fired out, make a light kind of cinders. Although their bulk be
+disproportionable to their weight, when the heavy principle of Salt is
+fired out, and the Earth almost onely remaineth; Observable in sallow,
+which makes more Ashes then Oake; and discovers the common fraud of
+selling Ashes by measure, and not by ponderation.
+
+Some bones make best Skeletons,[65] some bodies quick and speediest
+ashes: Who would expect a quick flame from Hydropical _Heraclitus_? The
+poisoned Souldier when his Belly brake, put out two pyres in
+_Plutarch_.[66] But in the plague of _Athens_,[67] one private pyre
+served two or three Intruders; and the _Saracens_ burnt in large heaps,
+by the King of _Castile_,[68] shewed how little Fuel sufficeth. Though
+the Funeral pyre of _Patroclus_ took up an hundred foot,[69] a peece of
+an old boat burnt _Pompey_; And if the burthen of _Isaac_ were
+sufficient for an holocaust, a man may carry his own pyre.
+
+  [65] _Old bones according to_ Lyserus. _Those of young persons not tall
+       nor fat according to_ Columbus.
+
+  [66] In vita. _Gracc._
+
+  [67] Thucydides.
+
+  [68] Laurent. Valla.
+
+  [69] +Hekatompedon entha e entha+.
+
+From animals are drawn good burning lights, and good medicines[70]
+against burning; Though the seminal humor seems of a contrary nature to
+fire, yet the body compleated proves a combustible lump, wherein fire
+findes flame even from bones, and some fuel almost from all parts.
+Though the Metropolis[71] of humidity seems least disposed unto it,
+which might render the sculls of these Urnes less burned then other
+bones. But all flies or sinks before fire almost in all bodies. When the
+common ligament is dissolved, the attenuable parts ascend, the rest
+subside in coal, calx or ashes.
+
+  [70] Sperm ran. Alb. Ovor.
+
+  [71] _The brain._ Hippocrates.
+
+To burn the bones of the King of _Edom_[72] for Lyme, seems no
+irrational ferity; But to drink of the ashes of dead relations,[73] a
+passionate prodigality. He that hath the ashes of his friend, hath an
+everlasting treasure: where fire taketh leave, corruption slowly enters;
+In bones well burnt, fire makes a wall against it self, experimented in
+copels, and tests of metals, which consist of such ingredients. What the
+Sun compoundeth, fire analyseth, not transmuteth. That devouring agent
+leaves almost alwayes a morsel for the Earth, whereof all things are but
+a colony; and which, if time permits, the mother Element will have in
+their primitive mass again.
+
+  [72] _Amos_ 2. 1.
+
+  [73] _As_ Artemisia _of her Husband_ Mausolus.
+
+He that looks for Urnes and old sepulchral reliques, must not seek them
+in the ruines of Temples: where no Religion anciently placed them. These
+were found in a Field, according to ancient custome, in noble or private
+burial; the old practise of the _Canaanites_, the Family of _Abraham_,
+and the burying place of _Josua_, in the borders of his possessions;
+and also agreeable unto _Romane_ practise to bury by highwayes, whereby
+their Monuments were under eye: Memorials of themselves, and
+_memento's_ of mortality into living passengers; whom the Epitaphs of
+great ones were fain to beg to stay and look upon them. A language
+though sometimes used, not so proper in Church-Inscriptions.[74] The
+sensible Rhetorick of the dead, to exemplarity of good life, first
+admitted the bones of pious men, and Martyrs within Church-wals; which
+in succeeding ages crept into promiscuous practise. While _Constantine_
+was peculiarly favoured to be admitted unto the Church Porch; and the
+first thus buried in _England_ was in the dayes of _Cuthred_.
+
+  [74] Siste viator.
+
+Christians dispute how their bodies should lye in the grave.[75] In
+urnal enterrment they clearly escaped this Controversie: Though we
+decline the Religious consideration, yet in cemiterial and narrower
+burying places, to avoid confusion and crosse position, a certain
+posture were to be admitted; which even Pagan civility observed, The
+_Persians_ lay North and South, The _Megarians_ and _Phoenicians_
+placed their heads to the East: The _Athenians_, some think, towards the
+West, which Christians still retain. And _Beda_ will have it to be the
+posture of our Saviour. That he was crucified with his face towards the
+West, we will not contend with tradition and probable account; But we
+applaud not the hand of the Painter, in exalting his Cross so high above
+those on either side; since hereof we finde no authentick account in
+history, and even the crosses found by _Helena_ pretend no such
+distinction from longitude or dimension.
+
+  [75] Kirckmannus de funer.
+
+To be gnawd out of our graves, to have our sculs made drinking-bowls,
+and our bones turned into Pipes, to delight and sport our Enemies, are
+Tragical abominations, escaped in burning Burials.
+
+Urnal enterrments, and burnt Reliques lye not in fear of worms, or to be
+an heritage for Serpents; In carnal sepulture, corruptions seem peculiar
+unto parts, and some speak of snakes out of the spinal marrow. But while
+we suppose common wormes in graves, 'tis not easie to finde any there;
+few in Church-yards above a foot deep, fewer or none in Churches, though
+in fresh decayed bodies. Teeth, bones, and hair, give the most lasting
+defiance to corruption. In an Hydropical body ten years buried in a
+Church yard, we met with a fat concretion, where the nitre of the Earth,
+and the salt and lixivious liquor of the body, had coagulated large
+lumps of fat, into the consistence of the hardest castle-soap; whereof
+part remaineth with us. After a battle with the _Persians_, the _Romane_
+Corps decayed in few dayes, while the _Persian_ bodies remained dry and
+uncorrupted. Bodies in the same ground do not uniformly dissolve, nor
+bones equally moulder; whereof in the opprobrious disease we expect no
+long duration. The body of the Marquess of _Dorset_ seemed sound and
+handsomely cereclothed, that after seventy eight years was found
+uncorrupted.[76] Common Tombs preserve not beyond powder: A firmer
+consistence and compage of parts might be expected from Arefaction, deep
+burial or Charcoal. The greatest Antiquities of mortal bodies may remain
+in petrified bones, whereof, though we take not in the pillar of _Lots_
+wife, or Metamorphosis of _Ortelius_,[77] some may be older then
+Pyramids, in the petrified Reliques of the general inundation. When
+_Alexander_ opened the Tomb of _Cyrus_, the remaining bones discovered
+his proportion, whereof urnal fragments afford but a bad conjecture, and
+have this disadvantage of grave enterrments, that they leave us ignorant
+of most personal discoveries. For since bones afford not only rectitude
+and stability, but figure unto the body; It is no impossible Physiognomy
+to conjecture at fleshly appendencies; and after what shape the muscles
+and carnous parts might hang in their full consistences. A full spread
+_Cariola_ shews a well-shaped horse behinde, handsome formed sculls,
+give some analogy of flesh resemblance. A critical view of bones makes a
+good distinction of sexes. Even colour is not beyond conjecture, since
+it is hard to be deceived in the distinction of _Negro's_ sculls.
+_Dantes_[78] Characters are to be found in sculls as well as faces.
+_Hercules_ is not onely known by his foot. Other parts make out their
+comproportions, and inferences upon whole, or parts. And since the
+dimensions of the head measure the whole body, and the figure thereof
+gives conjecture of the principal faculties; Physiognomy out-lives our
+selves, and ends not in our graves.
+
+  [76] _Of_ Thomas _Marquesse of_ Dorset, _whose body being buried
+       1530, was 1608 upon the cutting open of the Cerecloth found perfect
+       and nothing corrupted, the flesh not hardened, but in colour,
+       proportion, and softnesse like an ordinary corps newly to be
+       interred._ Burtons _descript. of_ Leicestershire.
+
+  [77] _In his Map of_ Russia.
+
+  [78] _The Poet_ Dante _in his view of Purgatory, found gluttons so
+       meagre, and extenuated, that he conceived them to have been in the
+       siege of_ Jerusalem, _and that it was easie to have discovered_
+       Homo _or_ Omo _in their faces: M being made by the two lines of
+       their cheeks, arching over the Eye-brows to the nose, and their
+       sunk eyes making O O which makes up_ Omo. Parean l'occhiaie
+       anella senza gemme che nel viso de gli huomini legge huomo
+       Ben'hauria quiui conosciuto l'emme.
+
+Severe contemplators observing these lasting reliques, may think them
+good monuments of persons past, little advantage to future beings. And
+considering that power which subdueth all things unto it self, that can
+resume the scattered Atomes, or identifie out of any thing, conceive it
+superfluous to expect a resurrection out of Reliques. But the soul
+subsisting, other matter clothed with due accidents, may salve the
+individuality: Yet the Saints we observe arose from graves and
+monuments, about the holy City. Some think the ancient Patriarchs so
+earnestly desired to lay their bones in _Canaan_, as hoping to make a
+part of that Resurrection, and though thirty miles from Mount _Calvary_,
+at least to lie in that Region, which should produce the first-fruits of
+the dead. And if according to learned conjecture, the bodies of men
+shall rise where their greatest Reliques remain, many are not like to
+erre in the Topography of their Resurrection, though their bones or
+bodies be after translated by Angels into the field of _Ezechiels_
+vision, or as some will order it, into the Valley of Judgement, or
+_Jehosaphat_.[79]
+
+  [79] Tirin. _in Ezek._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+
+Christians have handsomely glossed the deformity of death, by careful
+consideration of the body, and civil rites which take off brutal
+terminations. And though they conceived all reparable by a resurrection,
+cast not off all care of enterrment. And since the ashes of Sacrifices
+burnt upon the Altar of God, were carefully carried out by the Priests,
+and deposed in a clean field; since they acknowledged their bodies to be
+the lodging of Christ, and temples of the holy Ghost, they devolved not
+all upon the sufficiency of soul existence; and therefore with long
+services and full solemnities concluded their last Exequies, wherein[80]
+to all distinctions the Greek devotion seems most pathetically
+ceremonious.
+
+  [80] Rituale Graecum opera J. Goar in officio exequiarum.
+
+Christian invention hath chiefly driven at Rites, which speak hopes of
+another life, and hints of a Resurrection. And if the ancient Gentiles
+held not the immortality of their better part, and some subsistence
+after death; in several rites, customes, actions and expressions, they
+contradicted their own opinions: wherein _Democritus_ went high, even to
+the thought of a resurrection,[81] as scoffingly recorded by _Pliny_.
+What can be more express than the expression of _Phocyllides_?[82] Or
+who would expect from _Lucretius_[83] a sentence of _Ecclesiastes_?
+Before _Plato_ could speak, the soul had wings in _Homer_, which fell
+not, but flew out of the body into the mansions of the dead; who also
+observed that handsome distinction of _Demas_ and _Soma_, for the body
+conjoyned to the soul and body separated from it. _Lucian_ spoke much
+truth in jest, when he said, that part of _Hercules_ which proceeded
+from _Alchmena_ perished, that from _Jupiter_ remained immortal. Thus
+_Socrates_[84] was content that his friends should bury his body, so
+they would not think they buried _Socrates_, and regarding only his
+immortal part, was indifferent to be burnt or buried. From such
+Considerations _Diogenes_ might contemn Sepulture. And being satisfied
+that the soul could not perish, grow careless of corporal enterrment.
+The _Stoicks_ who thought the souls of wise men had their habitation
+about the _Moon_, might make slight account of subterraneous deposition;
+whereas the _Pythagorians_ and transcorporating Philosophers, who were
+to be often buried, held great care of their enterrment. And the
+Platonicks rejected not a due care of the grave, though they put their
+ashes to unreasonable expectations, in their tedious term of return and
+long set revolution.
+
+  [81] Similis reviviscendi promissa Democrito vanitas, qui non revixit
+       ipse. Quae, malum, ista dementia est; iterari vitam morte. _Plin. l.
+       7 c. 55._
+
+  [82] +Kai tacha d'ek gaies elpizomen hes phaos elthein leipsan
+       apoichomenon.+
+
+  [83] Cedit enim retro de terra quod fuit ante In terram, _etc._
+       _Lucret._
+
+  [84] Plato _in_ Phaed.
+
+Men have lost their reason in nothing so much as their Religion, wherein
+stones and clouts make Martyrs; and since the Religion of one seems
+madness unto another, to afford an account or rational of old Rites,
+requires no rigid Reader; That they kindled the pyre aversly, or turning
+their face from it, was an handsome Symbole of unwilling ministration;
+That they washed their bones with wine and milk, that the mother wrapt
+them in Linnen, and dryed them in her bosome, the first fostering part,
+and place of their nourishment; That they opened their eyes towards
+heaven, before they kindled the fire, as the place of their hopes or
+original, were no improper Ceremonies. Their last valediction[85] thrice
+uttered by the attendants was also very solemn, and somewhat answered by
+Christians, who thought it too little, if they threw not the earth
+thrice upon the enterred body. That in strewing their Tombs the
+_Romanes_ affected the Rose, the Greeks _Amaranthus_ and myrtle; that
+the Funeral pyre consisted of sweet fuel, Cypress, Firre, Larix, Yewe,
+and Trees perpetually verdant, lay silent expressions of their surviving
+hopes: Wherein Christians which deck their Coffins with Bays have found
+a more elegant Embleme. For that tree seeming dead, will restore it self
+from the root, and its dry and exuccous leaves resume their verdure
+again; which if we mistake not, we have also observed in Furze. Whether
+the planting of Yewe in Churchyards, hold not its original from ancient
+Funeral Rites, or as an Embleme of Resurrection from its perpetual
+verdure, may also admit conjecture.
+
+  [85] Vale, vale, vale, nos te ordine quo natura permittet sequemur.
+
+They made use of Musick to excite or quiet the affections of their
+friends, according to different harmonies. But the secret and symbolical
+hint was the harmonical nature of the soul; which delivered from the
+body, went again to enjoy the primitive harmony of heaven, from whence
+it first descended; which according to its progresse traced by
+antiquity, came down by _Cancer_, and ascended by _Capricornus_.
+
+They burnt not children before their teeth appeared, as apprehending
+their bodies too tender a morsel for fire, and that their gristly bones
+would scarce leave separable reliques after the pyral combustion. That
+they kindled not fire in their houses for some dayes after, was a strict
+memorial of the late afflicting fire. And mourning without hope, they
+had an happy fraud against excessive lamentation, by a common opinion
+that deep sorrows disturbed their ghosts.[86]
+
+  [86] Tu manes ne laede meos.
+
+That they buried their dead on their backs, or in a supine position,
+seems agreeable unto profound sleep, and common posture of dying;
+contrary to the most natural way of birth; Nor unlike our pendulous
+posture, in the doubtful state of the womb. _Diogenes_ was singular, who
+preferred a prone situation in the grave, and some Christians[87] like
+neither, who decline the figure of rest, and make choice of an erect
+posture.
+
+  [87] Russians, _etc._
+
+That they carried them out of the world with their feet forward, not
+inconsonant unto reason: As contrary unto the native posture of man, and
+his production first into it. And also agreeable unto their opinions,
+while they bid adieu unto the world, not to look again upon it; whereas
+_Mahometans_ who think to return to a delightful life again, are carried
+forth with their heads forward, and looking towards their houses.
+
+They closed their eyes as parts which first die or first discover the
+sad effects of death. But their iterated clamations to excitate their
+dying or dead friends, or revoke them unto life again, was a vanity of
+affection; as not presumably ignorant of the critical tests of death, by
+apposition of feathers, glasses, and reflexion of figures, which dead
+eyes represent not; which however not strictly verifiable in fresh and
+warm _cadavers_, could hardly elude the test, in corps of four or five
+dayes.
+
+That they suck'd in the last breath of their expiring friends, was
+surely a practice of no medicall institution, but a loose opinion that
+the soul passed out that way, and a fondnesse of affection from some
+_Pythagoricall_[88] foundation, that the spirit of one body passed into
+another; which they wished might be their own.
+
+  [88] Francesco Perucci Pompe funebr.
+
+That they powred oyle upon the pyre, was a tolerable practise, while
+the intention rested in facilitating the accension; But to place good
+_Omens_ in the quick and speedy burning, to sacrifice unto the winds for
+a dispatch in this office, was a low form of superstition.
+
+The _Archimime_ or _Jester_ attending the Funeral train, and imitating
+the speeches, gesture, and manners of the deceased, was too light for
+such solemnities, contradicting their funerall Orations, and dolefull
+rites of the grave.
+
+That they buried a peece of money with them as a Fee of the _Elysian
+Ferriman_, was a practise full of folly. But the ancient custome of
+placing coynes in considerable Urnes, and the present practice of
+burying medals in the Noble Foundations of _Europe_, are laudable wayes
+of historicall discoveries, in actions, persons, Chronologies; and
+posterity will applaud them.
+
+We examine not the old Laws of Sepulture, exempting certain persons from
+burial or burning. But hereby we apprehend that these were not the bones
+of persons Planet-struck or burnt with fire from Heaven: No Reliques of
+Traitors to their Countrey, Self-killers, or Sacrilegious Malefactors;
+Persons in old apprehension unworthy of the _earth_; condemned unto the
+_Tartara's_ of Hell, and bottomlesse pit of _Pluto_, from whence there
+was no redemption.
+
+Nor were only many customes questionable in order to their Obsequies,
+but also sundry practises, fictions, and conceptions, discordant or
+obscure, of their state and future beings; whether unto eight or ten
+bodies of men to adde one of a woman, as being more inflammable, and
+unctuously constituted for the better pyrall combustion, were any
+rational practise: Or whether the complaint of _Perianders_ Wife be
+tolerable, that wanting her Funerall burning she suffered intolerable
+cold in Hell, according to the constitution of the infernal house of
+_Pluto_, wherein cold makes a great part of their tortures; it cannot
+passe without some question.
+
+Why the Female Ghosts appear unto _Ulysses_, before the _Heroes_ and
+masculine spirits? Why the _Psyche_ or soul of _Tiresias_ is of the
+masculine gender; who being blinde on earth sees more then all the rest
+in hell; Why the Funeral Suppers consisted of Egges, Beans, Smallage,
+and Lettuce, since the dead are made to eat _Asphodels_ about the
+_Elysian_ medows? Why since there is no Sacrifice acceptable, nor any
+propitiation for the Covenant of the grave: men set up the Deity of
+_Morta_, and fruitlesly adored Divinities without ears? it cannot escape
+some doubt.
+
+The dead seem all alive in the humane _Hades_ of _Homer_, yet cannot we
+speak, prophesie, or know the living, except they drink blood, wherein
+is the life of man. And therefore the souls of _Penelope's_ Paramours
+conducted by _Mercury_ chiriped like bats, and those which followed
+_Hercules_ made a noise but like a flock of birds.
+
+The departed spirits know things past and to come, yet are ignorant of
+things present. _Agememnon_ fortels what should happen unto _Ulysses_,
+yet ignorantly enquires what is become of his own Son. The ghosts are
+afraid of swords in _Homer_, yet _Sybilla_ tells _AEneas_ in _Virgil_,
+the thin habit of spirits was beyond the force of weapons. The spirits
+put off their malice with their bodies, and _Caesar_ and _Pompey_ accord
+in Latine Hell, yet _Ajax_ in _Homer_ endures not a conference with
+_Ulysses_: And _Deiphobus_ appears all mangled in _Virgils_ Ghosts, yet
+we meet with perfect shadows among the wounded ghosts of _Homer_.
+
+Since _Charon_ in _Lucian_ applauds his condition among the dead,
+whether it be handsomely said of _Achilles_, that living contemner of
+death, that he had rather be a Plowmans servant then Emperour of the
+dead? How _Hercules_ his soul is in hell, and yet in heaven, and
+_Julius_ his soul in a Star, yet seen by _AEneas_ in hell, except the
+Ghosts were but images and shadows of the soul, received in higher
+mansions, according to the ancient division of body, soul, and image or
+_simulachrum_ of them both. The particulars of future beings must needs
+be dark unto ancient Theories, which Christian Philosophy yet determines
+but in a Cloud of opinions. A Dialogue between two Infants in the womb
+concerning the state of this world, might handsomly illustrate our
+ignorance of the next, whereof methinks we yet discourse in _Platoes_
+denne, and are but _Embryon_ Philosophers.
+
+_Pythagoras_ escapes in the fabulous hell of _Dante_,[89] among that
+swarm of Philosophers, wherein whilest we meet with _Plato_ and
+_Socrates_, _Cato_ is to be found in no lower place then Purgatory.
+Among all the set, _Epicurus_ is most considerable, whom men make honest
+without an _Elyzium_, who contemned life without encouragement of
+immortality, and making nothing after death, yet made nothing of the
+King of terrours.
+
+  [89] Del inferno. _cant. 4._
+
+Were the happinesse of next world as closely apprehended as the
+felicities of this, it were a martyrdome to live; and unto such as
+consider none hereafter, it must be more then death to die, which makes
+us amazed at those audacities, that durst be nothing, and return into
+their _Chaos_ again. Certainly such spirits as could contemn death, when
+they expected no better being after, would have scorned to live had they
+known any. And therefore we applaud not the judgment of _Machiavel_,
+that Christianity makes men cowards, or that with the confidence of but
+half dying, the dispised virtues of patience and humility, have abased
+the spirits of men, which Pagan principles exalted, but rather regulated
+the wildenesse of audacities, in the attempts, grounds, and eternal
+sequels of death; wherein men of the boldest spirits are often
+prodigiously temerarious. Nor can we extenuate valour of ancient
+Martyrs, who contemned death in the uncomfortable scene of their lives,
+and in their decrepit Martyrdomes did probably lose not many moneths of
+their dayes, or parted with life when it was scarce worth the living.
+For (beside that long time past holds no consideration unto a slender
+time to come) they had no small disadvantage from the constitution of
+old age, which naturally makes men fearful; And complexionally
+superannuated from the bold and couragious thoughts of youth and fervent
+years. But the contempt of death from corporal animosity, promoteth not
+our felicity. They may set in the _Orchestra_, and noblest Seats of
+Heaven, who have held up shaking hands in the fire, and humanely
+contended for glory.
+
+Mean while _Epicurus_ lies deep in _Dante's_ hell, wherin we meet with
+Tombs enclosing souls which denied their immortalities. But whether the
+virtuous heathen, who lived better then he spake, or erring in the
+principles of himself, yet lived above Philosophers of more specious
+Maximes, lye so deep as he is placed; at least so low as not to rise
+against Christians, who beleeving or knowing that truth, have lastingly
+denied it in their practise and conversation, were a quaery too sad to
+insist on.
+
+But all or most apprehensions rested in Opinions of some future being,
+which ignorantly or coldly beleeved, beget those perverted conceptions,
+Ceremonies, Sayings, which Christians pity or laugh at. Happy are they,
+which live not in that disadvantage of time, when men could say little
+for futurity, but from reason. Whereby the noblest mindes fell often
+upon doubtful deaths, and melancholly Dissolutions; With these hopes
+_Socrates_ warmed his doubtful spirits, against that cold potion, and
+_Cato_ before he durst give the fatal stroak, spent part of the night in
+reading the immortality of _Plato_, thereby confirming his wavering hand
+unto the animosity of that attempt.
+
+It is the heaviest stone that melancholy can throw at a man, to tell him
+he is at the end of his nature; or that there is no further state to
+come, unto which this seemes progressional, and otherwise made in vaine;
+Without this accomplishment the natural expectation and desire of such a
+state, were but a fallacy in nature; unsatisfied Considerators would
+quarrel the justice of their constitutions, and rest content that _Adam_
+had fallen lower; whereby by knowing no other Original, and deeper
+ignorance of themselves, they might have enjoyed the happinesse of
+inferiour Creatures; who in tranquillity possess their Constitutions, as
+having not the apprehension to deplore their own natures. And being
+framed below the circumference of these hopes, or cognition of better
+being, the wisedom of God hath necessitated their Contentment: But the
+superiour ingredient and obscured part of our selves, whereto all
+present felicities afford no resting contentment, will be able at last
+to tell us we are more then our present selves; and evacuate such hopes
+in the fruition of their own accomplishments.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+
+Now since these dead bones have already out-lasted the living ones of
+_Methuselah_, and in a yard under ground, and thin walls of clay,
+out-worn all the strong and specious buildings above it; and quietly
+rested under the drums and tramplings of three conquests; What Prince
+can promise such diuturnity unto his Reliques, or might not gladly say,
+
+          _Sic ego componi versus in ossa velim._[90]
+
+  [90] Tibullus.
+
+Time which antiquates Antiquities, and hath an art to make dust of all
+things, hath yet spared these _minor_ Monuments. In vain we hope to be
+known by open and visible conservatories, when to be unknown was the
+means of their continuation and obscurity their protection: If they dyed
+by violent hands, and were thrust into their Urnes, these bones become
+considerable, and some old Philosophers would honour them,[91] whose
+soules they conceived most pure, which were thus snatched from their
+bodies; and to retain a stronger propension unto them: whereas they
+weariedly left a languishing corps, and with faint desires of reunion.
+If they fell by long and aged decay, yet wrapt up in the bundle of time,
+they fall into indistinction, and make but one blot with Infants. If we
+begin to die when we live, and long life be but a prolongation of death;
+our life is a sad composition; we live with death, and die not in a
+moment. How many pulses made up the life of _Methuselah_, were work for
+_Archimedes_: Common Counters sum up the life of _Moses_ his man.[92]
+Our dayes become considerable like petty sums by minute accumulations;
+where numerous fractions make up but small round numbers; and our dayes
+of a span long make not one little finger.[93]
+
+  [91] Oracula Chaldaica cum scholiis Pselli et Phethonis. +Bie liponton
+       soma psychai katharotatai+. Vi corpus relinquentium animae
+       purissimae.
+
+  [92] _In the Psalme of_ Moses.
+
+  [93] _According to the ancient Arithmetick of the hand wherein the
+       little finger of the right hand contracted, signified an
+       hundred._ Pierius in Hieroglyph.
+
+If the nearnesse of our last necessity, brought a nearer conformity
+unto it, there were a happinesse in hoary hairs, and no calamity in half
+senses. But the long habit of living indisposeth us for dying; When
+Avarice makes us the sport of death; When even _David_ grew politickly
+cruel; and _Solomon_ could hardly be said to be the wisest of men. But
+many are to early old, and before the date of age. Adversity stretcheth
+our dayes, misery makes _Alcmenas_ nights,[94] and time hath no wings
+unto it. But the most tedious being is that which can unwish it self,
+content to be nothing, or never to have been, which was beyond the
+_male_-content of _Job_, who cursed not the day of his life, but his
+Nativity; Content to have so far been, as to have a title to future
+being; Although he had lived here but in an hidden state of life, and as
+it were an abortion.
+
+  [94] _One night as long as three._
+
+[Sidenote: _The puzling questions of_ Tiberius _unto Grammarians.
+Marcel. Donatus in Suet._ +Klyta ethnea nekron+ Hom. Job.]
+
+What Song the _Syrens_ sang, or what name _Achilles_ assumed when he hid
+himself among women, though puzling questions are not beyond all
+conjecture. What time the persons of these Ossuaries entred the famous
+Nations of the dead, and slept with Princes and Counsellors, might admit
+a wide solution. But who were the proprietaries of these bones, or what
+bodies these ashes made up, were a question above Antiquarism. Not to be
+resolved by man, nor easily perhaps by spirits, except we consult the
+Provincial Guardians, or tutelary Observators. Had they made as good
+provision for their names, as they have done for their Reliques, they
+had not so grosly erred in the art of perpetuation. But to subsist in
+bones, and be but Pyramidally extant, is a fallacy in duration. Vain
+ashes, which in the oblivion of names, persons, times, and sexes, have
+found unto themselves a fruitlesse continuation, and only arise unto
+late posterity, as Emblemes of mortal vanities; Antidotes against pride,
+vainglory, and madding vices. Pagan vain glories which thought the world
+might last for ever, had encouragement for ambition, and finding no
+_Atropos_ unto the immortality of their Names, were never dampt with the
+necessity of oblivion. Even old ambitions had the advantage of ours, in
+the attempts of their vain-glories, who acting early, and before the
+probable Meridian of time, have by this time found great accomplishment
+of their designes, whereby the ancient _Heroes_ have already out-lasted
+their Monuments, and Mechanical preservations. But in this latter Scene
+of time we cannot expect such Mummies unto our memories, when ambition
+may fear the Prophecy of _Elias_,[95] and _Charles_ the fift can never
+hope to live within two _Methusela's_ of _Hector_.[96]
+
+  [95] _That the world may last but six thousand years._
+
+  [96] _Hectors fame lasting above two lives of_ Methuselah, _before that
+       famous Prince was extant._
+
+And therefore restlesse inquietude for the diuturnity of our memories
+unto present considerations, seemes a vanity almost out of date, and
+superannuated peece of folly. We cannot hope to live so long in our
+names, as some have done in their persons, one face of _Janus_ holds no
+proportion to the other. 'Tis to late to be ambitious. The great
+mutations of the world are acted, or time may be too short for our
+designes. To extend our memories by Monuments, whose death we dayly pray
+for, and whose duration we cannot hope, without injury to our
+expectations, in the advent of the last day, were a contradiction to our
+beliefs. We whose generations are ordained in this setting part of time,
+are providentially taken off from such imaginations. And being
+necessitated to eye the remaining particle of futurity, are naturally
+constituted unto thoughts of the next world, and cannot excusably
+decline the consideration of that duration, which maketh Pyramids
+pillars of snow, and all that's past a moment.
+
+Circles and right lines limit and close all bodies, and the mortal
+right-lined-circle[97] must conclude and shut up all. There is no
+antidote against the _Opium_ of time, which temporally considereth all
+things; Our Fathers finde their graves in our short memories, and sadly
+tell us how we may be buried in our Survivors. Grave-stones tell truth
+scarce fourty yeers:[98] Generations passe while some trees stand, and
+old Families last not three Oakes. To be read by bare inscriptions like
+many in _Gruter_,[99] to hope for Eternity by AEnigmatical Epithetes, or
+first letters of our names, to be studied by Antiquaries, who we were,
+and have new Names given us like many of the Mummies, are cold
+consolations unto the Students of perpetuity, even by everlasting
+Languages.
+
+  [97] +Theta+ _The character of death._
+
+  [98] _Old ones being taken up, and other bodies laid under them._
+
+  [99] Gruteri Inscriptiones Antiquae
+
+To be content that times to come should only know there was such a man,
+not caring whether they knew more of him, was a frigid ambition in
+_Cardan_:[100] disparaging his horoscopal inclination and judgement of
+himself, who cares to subsist like _Hippocrates_ Patients, or _Achilles_
+horses in _Homer_, under naked nominations, without deserts and noble
+acts, which are the balsame of our memories, the _Entelechia_ and soul
+of our subsistences. To be namelesse in worthy deeds exceeds an infamous
+history. The _Canaanitish_ woman lives more happily without a name, then
+_Herodias_ with one. And who had not rather have been the good theef,
+then _Pilate_?
+
+  [100] Cuperem notum esse quod sim, non opto ut sciatur qualis sim.
+        _Card._ in vita propria.
+
+But the iniquity of oblivion blindly scattereth her poppy, and deals
+with the memory of men without distinction to merit of perpetuity. Who
+can but pity the founder of the Pyramids? _Herostratus_ lives that burnt
+the Temple of _Diana_, he is almost lost that built it; Time hath spared
+the Epitaph of _Adrians_ horse, confounded that of himself. In vain we
+compute our felicities by the advantage of our good names, since bad
+have equal durations; and _Thersites_ is like to live as long as
+_Agamemnon_. Who knows whether the best of men be known? or whether
+there be not more remarkable persons forgot, then any that stand
+remembred in the known account of time? Without the favour of the
+everlasting Register the first man had been as unknown as the last, and
+_Methuselahs_ long life had been his only Chronicle.
+
+Oblivion is not to be hired: The greater part must be content to be as
+though they had not been, to be found in the register of God, not in the
+record of man. Twenty seven names make up the first story, and the
+recorded names ever since contain not one living Century. The number of
+the dead long exceedeth all that shall live. The night of time far
+surpasseth the day, and who knows when was the AEquinox? Every houre
+addes unto that current Arithmetique, which scarce stands one moment.
+And since death must be the _Lucina_ of life, and even Pagans could
+doubt whether thus to live, were to die; Since our longest Sun sets at
+right descensions, and makes but winter arches, and therefore it cannot
+be long before we lie down in darknesse, and have our light in ashes;
+Since the brother of death daily haunts us with dying _memento's_, and
+time that grows old it self, bids us hope no long duration: Diuturnity
+is a dream and folly of expectation.
+
+Darknesse and light divide the course of time, and oblivion shares with
+memory, a great part even of our living beings; we slightly remember our
+felicities, and the smartest stroaks of affliction leave but short smart
+upon us. Sense endureth no extremities, and sorrows destroy us or
+themselves. To weep into stones are fables. Afflictions induce
+callosities, miseries are slippery, or fall like snow upon us, which
+notwithstanding is no stupidity. To be ignorant of evils to come, and
+forgetful of evils past, is merciful provision in nature, whereby we
+digest the mixture of our few and evil dayes, and our delivered senses
+not relapsing into cutting remembrances, our sorrows are not kept raw by
+the edge of repetitions. A great part of Antiquity contented their hopes
+of subsistency with a transmigration of their souls. A good way to
+continue their memories, while having the advantage of plural
+successions, they could not but act something remarkable in such variety
+of beings, and enjoying the fame of their passed selves, make
+accumulation of glory unto their last durations. Others rather then be
+lost in the uncomfortable night of nothing, were content to recede into
+the common being, and make one particle of the publick soul of all
+things, which was no more then to return into their unknown and divine
+Original again. AEgyptian ingenuity was more unsatisfied, contriving
+their bodies in sweet consistences, to attend the return of their souls.
+But all was vanity, feeding the winde,[101] and folly. The AEgyptian
+Mummies, which _Cambyses_ or time hath spared, avarice now consumeth.
+Mummie is become Merchandise, _Mizraim_ cures wounds, and _Pharaoh_ is
+sold for balsoms.
+
+  [101] Omnia vanitas et pastio venti, +nome anemou, boskesis+ ut olim
+        Aquila et Symmachus.
+
+        _V. Drus._ Eccles.
+
+In vain do individuals hope for immortality, or any patent from
+oblivion, in preservations below the Moon: Men have been deceived even
+in their flatteries above the Sun, and studied conceits to perpetuate
+their names in heaven. The various Cosmography of that part hath already
+varied the names of contrived constellations; _Nimrod_ is lost in
+_Orion_, and _Osyris_ in the Dogge-starre. While we look for
+incorruption in the heavens, we finde they are but like the Earth;
+Durable in their main bodies, alterable in their parts: whereof beside
+Comets and new Stars, perspectives begin to tell tales. And the spots
+that wander about the Sun, with _Phaetons_ favour, would make clear
+conviction.
+
+There is nothing strictly immortal, but immortality; whatever hath no
+beginning may be confident of no end. All others have a dependent being,
+and within the reach of destruction, which is the peculiar of that
+necessary essence that cannot destroy it self; And the highest strain of
+omnipotency to be so powerfully constituted, as not to suffer even from
+the power of it self. But the sufficiency of Christian Immortality
+frustrates all earthly glory, and the quality of either state after
+death makes a folly of posthumous memory. God who can only destroy our
+souls, and hath assured our resurrection, either of our bodies or names
+hath directly promised no duration. Wherein there is so much of chance
+that the boldest Expectants have found unhappy frustration; and to hold
+long subsistence, seems but a scape in oblivion. But man is a Noble
+Animal, splendid in ashes, and pompous in the grave, solemnizing
+Nativities and Deaths with equal lustre, nor omitting Ceremonies of
+bravery, in the infamy of his nature.
+
+Life is a pure flame, and we live by an invisible Sun within us. A
+small fire sufficeth for life, great flames seemed too little after
+death, while men vainly affected precious pyres, and burn like
+_Sardanapalus_, but the wisedom of funeral Laws found the folly of
+prodigal blazes, and reduced undoing fires, unto the rule of sober
+obsequies, wherein few could be so mean as not to provide wood, pitch, a
+mourner, and an Urne.
+
+Five Languages secured not the Epitaph of _Gordianus;_ The man of God
+lives longer without a Tomb then any by one, invisibly interred by
+Angels, and adjudged to obscurity, though not without some marks
+directing humane discovery. _Enoch_ and _Elias_ without either tomb or
+burial, in an anomalous state of being, are the great Examples of
+perpetuity, in their long and living memory, in strict account being
+still on this side death, and having a late part yet to act upon this
+stage of earth. If in the decretory term of the world we shall not all
+die but be changed, according to received translation; the last day will
+make but few graves; at least quick Resurrections will anticipate
+lasting Sepultures; Some Graves will be opened before they be quite
+closed, and _Lazarus_ be no wonder. When many that feared to die shall
+groan that they can die but once, the dismal state is the second and
+living death, when life puts despair on the damned; when men shall wish
+the coverings of Mountaines, not of Monuments, and annihilation shall be
+courted.
+
+While some have studied Monuments, others have studiously declined them:
+and some have been so vainly boisterous, that they durst not acknowledge
+their Graves; wherein _Alaricus_[102] seems most subtle, who had a Rever
+turned to hide his bones at the bottome. Even _Sylla_ that thought
+himself safe in his Urne, could not prevent revenging tongues, and
+stones thrown at his Monument. Happy are they whom privacy makes
+innocent, who deal so with men in this world, that they are not afraid
+to meet them in the next, who when they die, make no commotion among the
+dead, and are not toucht with that poeticall taunt of _Isaiah_.[103]
+
+  [102] Jornandes de rebus Geticis.
+
+  [103] _Isa._ 14.
+
+_Pyramids_, _Arches_, _Obelisks_, were but the irregularities of
+vain-glory, and wilde enormities of ancient magnanimity. But the most
+magnanimous resolution rests in the Christian Religion, which trampleth
+upon pride, and sets on the neck of ambition, humbly pursuing that
+infallible perpetuity, unto which all others must diminish their
+diameters and be poorly seen in Angles of contingency.[104]
+
+  [104] Angulus contingentiae, _the least of Angles_.
+
+Pious spirits who passed their dayes in raptures of futurity, made
+little more of this world, then the world that was before it, while they
+lay obscure in the Chaos of preordination, and night of their
+fore-beings. And if any have been so happy as truly to understand
+Christian annihilation, extasis, exolution, liquefaction,
+transformation, the kisse of the Spouse, gustation of God, and
+ingression into the divine shadow, they have already had an handsome
+anticipation of heaven; the glory of the world is surely over, and the
+earth in ashes unto them.
+
+To subsist in lasting Monuments, to live in their productions, to exist
+in their names, and praedicament of _Chymera's_, was large satisfaction
+unto old expectations and made one part of their _Elyziums_. But all
+this is nothing in the Metaphysicks of true belief. To live indeed is to
+be again our selves, which being not only an hope but an evidence in
+noble beleevers; 'Tis all one to lie in St. _Innocents_
+Church-yard,[105] as in the Sands of _AEgypt_: Ready to be any thing, in
+the extasie of being ever, and as content with six foot as the Moles of
+_Adrianus_.[106]
+
+  [105] _In_ Paris _where bodies soon consume._
+
+  [106] _A stately_ Mausoleum _or sepulchral pyle built by_ Adrianus _in_
+        Rome, _where now standeth the Castle of_ St. Angelo.
+
+                               Lucan
+
+                    ----_Tabesne cadavera solvat
+                    An rogus haud refert._----
+
+
+
+
+                       THE GARDEN OF CYRUS
+                    OR, THE QUINCUNCIAL, LOZENGE
+                     OR NET-WORK PLANTATIONS OF
+                     THE ANCIENTS, ARTIFICIALLY
+                        NATURALLY, MYSTICALLY
+                            CONSIDERED
+
+                                BY
+
+                    THOMAS BROWN D. OF PHYSICK
+
+                    Printed in the Year, 1658
+
+[Illustration: _Quid Quincunce speciosius, qui, in quam cunq; partem
+spectaueris, rectus est. Quintilian;_//]
+
+
+
+
+THE GARDEN OF CYRUS
+
+Or, The Quincuncial, Lozenge, or Net-work Plantations of the Ancients,
+Artificially, Naturally, Mystically considered.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+
+That _Vulcan_ gave arrows unto _Apollo_ and _Diana_ the fourth day after
+their Nativities, according to Gentile Theology, may passe for no blinde
+apprehension of the Creation of the Sunne and Moon, in the work of the
+fourth day; When the diffused light contracted into Orbes, and shooting
+rayes, of those Luminaries. Plainer Descriptions there are from Pagan
+pens, of the creatures of the fourth day; While the divine
+Philosopher[107] unhappily omitteth the noblest part of the third; And
+_Ovid_ (whom many conceive to have borrowed his description from
+_Moses_) coldly deserting the remarkable account of the text, in three
+words,[108] describeth this work of the third day; the vegetable
+creation, and first ornamental Scene of nature; the primitive food of
+animals, and first story of Physick, in Dietetical conservation.
+
+  [107] Plato in Timaeo.
+
+  [108] fronde tegi silvas.
+
+For though Physick may pleade high, from the medicall act of God, in
+casting so deep a sleep upon our first Parent; And Chirurgery[109] finde
+its whole art, in that one passage concerning the Rib of _Adam_, yet is
+there no rivality with Garden contrivance and Herbery. For if Paradise
+were planted the third day of the Creation, as wiser Divinity
+concludeth, the Nativity thereof was too early for Horoscopie; Gardens
+were before Gardiners, and but some hours after the earth.
+
+  [109] +diairesis+ _in opening the flesh_. +exairesis+, _in taking
+        out the rib_. +synthesis+,_ in closing up the part again_.
+
+Of deeper doubt is its Topography, and locall designation, yet being the
+primitive garden, and without much controversie[110] seated in the East;
+it is more then probable the first curiosity, and cultivation of plants,
+most nourished in those quarters. And since the Ark of _Noah_ first
+toucht upon some mountains of _Armenia,_ the planting art arose again in
+the East, and found its revolution not far from the place of its
+Nativity, about the Plains of those Regions. And if _Zoroaster_ were
+either _Cham_, _Chus_, or _Mizraim_, they were early proficients
+therein, who left (as _Pliny_ delivereth) a work of Agriculture.
+
+  [110] _For some there is from the ambiguity of the word_ Mikedem,
+        _whether_ ab oriente _or_ a principio.
+
+However the account of the Pensill or hanging gardens of _Babylon_, if
+made by _Semiramis_, the third or fourth from _Nimrod_, is of no
+slender antiquity; which being not framed upon ordinary level of ground,
+but raised upon pillars admitting under-passages, we cannot accept as
+the first _Babylonian_ Gardens; But a more eminent progress and
+advancement in that art, then any that went before it: Somewhat
+answering or hinting the old Opinion concerning Paradise it self, with
+many conceptions elevated above the plane of the Earth.
+
+_Nebuchodonosor_, whom some will have to be the famous _Syrian_ King of
+_Diodorus_, beautifully repaired that City; and so magnificently built
+his hanging gardens;[111] that from succeeding Writers he had the honour
+of the first. From whence over-looking _Babylon_, and all the Region
+about it, he found no circumscription to the eye of his ambition, till
+over-delighted with the bravery of this Paradise; in his melancholy
+metamorphosis, he found the folly of that delight, and a proper
+punishment, in the contrary habitation, in wilde plantations and
+wandrings of the fields.
+
+  [111] Josephus.
+
+The _Persian_ Gallants who destroyed this Monarchy, maintained their
+Botanicall bravery. Unto whom we owe the very name of Paradise:
+wherewith we meet not in Scripture before the time of _Solomon_, and
+conceived originally _Persian_. The word for that disputed Garden,
+expressing in the Hebrew no more then a Field enclosed, which from the
+same Root is content to derive a garden and a Buckler.
+
+_Cyrus_ the elder brought up in Woods and Mountains, when time and power
+enabled, pursued the dictate of his education, and brought the treasures
+of the field into rule and circumscription, So nobly beautifying the
+hanging Gardens of _Babylon_, that he was also thought to be the authour
+thereof.
+
+_Ahasuerus_ (whom many conceive to have been _Artaxerxes Longimanus_) in
+the Countrey and City of Flowers,[112] and in an open Garden,
+entertained his Princes and people, while _Vasthi_ more modestly treated
+the Ladies within the Palace thereof.
+
+  [112] Sushan in Susiana.
+
+But if (as some opinion) [SN: Plutarch _in the life of_ Artaxerxes.]
+King _Ahasuerus_ were _Artaxerxes Mnemon_, that found a life and reign
+answerable unto his great memory, our magnified _Cyrus_ was his second
+brother: who gave the occasion of that memorable work, and almost
+miraculous retrait of _Xenophon_. A person of high spirit and honour,
+naturally a King, though fatally prevented by the harmlesse chance of
+_post_-geniture: Not only a Lord of Gardens, but a manuall planter
+thereof: disposing his trees like his armies in regular ordination. So
+that while old _Laertas_ hath found a name in _Homer_ for pruning
+hedges, and clearing away thorns and bryars; while King _Attalus_ lives
+for his poysonous plantations of _Aconites_, Henbane, Hellebore, and
+plants hardly admitted within the walls of Paradise; While many of the
+Ancients do poorly live in the single names of Vegetables; All stories
+do look upon _Cyrus_, as the splendid and regular planter.
+
+According whereto _Xenophon_[113] describeth his gallant plantation at
+_Sardis_, thus rendered by _Stobaeus, Arbores pari intervallo sitas,
+rectos ordines, et omnia perpulchre in Quincuncem directa_.[114] Which
+we shall take for granted as being accordingly rendered by the most
+elegant of the Latines;[115] and by no made term, but in use before by
+_Varro_. That is, the rows and orders so handsomely disposed; or five
+trees so set together, that a regular angularity, and through prospect,
+was left on every side. Owing this name not only unto the Quintuple
+number of Trees, but the figure declaring that number, which being
+doubled at the angle, makes up the Letter +Chi+, that is the
+Emphatical decussation, or fundamental figure.
+
+  [113] Xenophon in Oeconomico.
+
+  [114] +Kala men ta dendra, di isou de ta pephyteumena, orthoi de
+        hoi stichoi ton dendron, eugonea de panta kalos.+
+
+  [115] Cicero iae Cat. Major.
+
+Now though in some ancient and modern practice the _area_ or decussated
+plot, might be a perfect square, answerable to a _Tuscan Pedestal_, and
+the _Quinquernio_ or Cinque-point of a die; wherein by Diagonal lines
+the intersection was regular; accommodable unto Plantations of large
+growing Trees; and we must not denie our selves the advantage of this
+order; yet shall we chiefly insist upon that of _Curtius_[116] and
+_Porta_, in their brief description hereof. Wherein the _decussis_ is
+made within a longilateral square, with oposite angles, acute and obtuse
+at the intersection; and so upon progression making a _Rhombus_ or
+Lozenge figuration, which seemeth very agreeable unto the Original
+figure; Answerable whereunto we observe the decussated characters in
+many consulary coynes, and even in those of _Constantine_ and his Sons,
+which pretend their pattern in the Sky; the crucigerous Ensigne carried
+this figure, not transversly or rectangularly intersected, but in a
+decussation, after the form of an _Andrean_ or _Burgundian_ cross, which
+answereth this description.
+
+  [116] Benedict Curtius de Hortis. Bapt. Portainvilla.
+
+Where by the way we shall decline the old Theme, so traced by antiquity
+of crosses and crucifixion: Whereof some being right, and of one single
+peece without traversion or transome, do little advantage our subject.
+Nor shall we take in the mystical _Tau_, or the Crosse of our blessed
+Saviour, which having in some descriptions an _Empedon_ or crossing
+foot-stay, made not one single transversion. And since the Learned
+_Lipsius_ hath made some doubt even of the crosse of St. _Andrew_,
+since some Martyrological Histories deliver his death by the general
+Name of a crosse, and _Hippolitus_ will have him suffer by the sword; we
+should have enough to make out the received Crosse of that Martyr. Nor
+shall we urge the _labarum_, and famous Standard of _Constantine_, or
+make further use thereof, then as the first letters in the Name of our
+Saviour Christ, in use among Christians, before the dayes of
+_Constantine_, to be observed in Sepulchral Monuments of Martyrs,[117]
+in the Reign of _Adrian_, and _Antoninus_; and to be found in the
+Antiquities of the Gentiles, before the advent of Christ, as in the
+Medal of King _Ptolomy_, signed with the same characters, and might be
+the beginning of some word or name, which Antiquaries have not hit on.
+
+  [117] _Of_ Marius, Alexander, Roma Sotterranea.
+
+We will not revive the mysterious crosses of _AEgypt_, with circles on
+their heads, in the breast of _Serapis_, and the hands of their Geniall
+spirits, not unlike the character of _Venus_, and looked on by ancient
+Christians, with relation unto Christ. Since however they first began,
+the AEgyptians thereby expressed the processe and motion of the spirit of
+the world, and the diffusion thereof upon the Celestiall and Elementall
+nature; implyed by a circle and right-lined intersection. A secret in
+their Telesmes and magicall Characters among them. Though he that
+considereth the plain crosse[118] upon the head of the Owl in the
+Laterane Obelisk, or the crosse[119] erected upon a pitcher diffusing
+streams of water into two basins, with sprinkling branches in them, and
+all described upon a two-footed Altar, as in the Hieroglyphicks of the
+brazen Table of _Bembus_: will hardly decline all thought of Christian
+signality in them.
+
+  [118] _Wherein the lower part is some what longer, as defined by_ Upton
+       de studio militari, _and_ Johannes de Bado Aureo, cum comment.
+       clariss. et doctiss. Bi saei.
+
+  [119] Casal. de Ritibus. Bosio nella Trionfante croce.
+
+We shall not call in the Hebrew _Tenapha_, or ceremony of their
+Oblations, waved by the priest unto the four quarters of the world,
+after the form of a cross; as in the peace-offerings. And if it were
+clearly made out what is remarkably delivered from the Traditions of
+the Rabbins, that as the Oyle was powred coronally or circularly upon
+the head of Kings, so the High-Priest was anointed decussatively or in
+the form of a X; though it could not escape a typical thought of Christ,
+from mystical considerators; yet being the conceit is Hebrew, we should
+rather expect its verification from Analogy in that language, then to
+confine the same unto the unconcerned Letters of _Greece_, or make it
+out by the characters of _Cadmus_ or _Palamedes_.
+
+Of this Quincuncial Ordination the Ancients practised, much discoursed
+little; and the Moderns have nothing enlarged; which he that more nearly
+considereth, in the form of its square _Rhombus_, and decussation, with
+the several commodities, mysteries, parallelismes, and resemblances,
+both in Art and Nature, shall easily discern the elegancy of this order.
+
+That this was in some wayes of practice in diverse and distant Nations,
+hints or deliveries there are from no slender Antiquity. In the hanging
+Gardens of _Babylon_, from _Abydenus_, _Eusebius_, and others,
+_Curtius_[120] describeth this rule of decussation. In the memorable
+Garden of _Alcinous_ anciently conceived an original phancy, from
+Paradise, mention there is of well contrived order; For so hath
+_Didymus_ and _Eustachius_ expounded the emphatical word. _Diomedes_
+describing the Rurall possions of his Father, gives account in the same
+Language of Trees orderly planted. And _Ulysses_ being a boy was
+promised by his father fourty Fig-trees, and fifty rows of vines,[121]
+producing all kind of grapes.
+
+  [120] Decussatio ipsa jucundum ac peramaenum conspectum praebuit.
+        _Cart._ Hortar. _l._ 6.
+
+  [121] +orchoi, stichoi ampelon, phyton stichos, e kata taxin phyteia.+
+        Phavorinus Philoxenus.
+
+That the Eastern Inhabitants of _India_, made use of such order, even in
+open Plantations, is deducible from _Theophrastus_; who describing the
+trees whereof they made their garments, plainly delivereth that they
+were planted +kat orchous+, and in such order that at a distance
+men would mistake them for Vineyards. The same seems confirmed in
+_Greece_ from a singular expression in _Aristotle_[122] concerning the
+order of Vines, delivered by a military term representing the orders of
+Souldiers, which also confirmeth the antiquity of this form yet used in
+vineal plantations.
+
+  [122] +systadas ampelon+. _Polit. 7._
+
+That the same was used in Latine plantations is plainly confirmed from
+the commending penne of _Varro_, _Quintilian_, and handsome Description
+of _Virgil_.[123]
+
+  [123] Indulge ordinibus, nec secius omnis in unguem Arboribus positis,
+        secto via limite quadret. _Georg. 2._
+
+That the first Plantations not long after the Floud were disposed after
+this manner, the generality and antiquity of this order observed in
+Vineyards, and Wine Plantations, affordeth some conjecture. And since
+from judicious enquiry, _Saturn_ who divided the world between his three
+sonnes, who beareth a Sickle in his hand, who taught the Plantations of
+Vines, the setting, grafting of trees, and the best part of Agriculture,
+is discovered to be _Noah_, whether this early dispersed Husbandry in
+Vineyards, had not its Original in that Patriarch, is no such
+Paralogical doubt.
+
+And if it were clear that this was used by _Noah_ after the Floud, I
+could easily beleeve it was in use before it; Not willing to fix such
+ancient inventions no higher original then _Noah_; Nor readily
+conceiving those aged _Heroes_, whose diet was vegetable, and only, or
+chiefly consisted in the fruits of the earth, were much deficient in
+their splendid cultivations; or after the experience of fifteen hundred
+years, left much for future discovery in Botanical Agriculture. Nor
+fully perswaded that Wine was the invention of _Noah_, that fermented
+Liquors, which often make themselves, so long escaped their Luxury or
+experience; that the first sinne of the new world was no sin of the old.
+That _Cain_ and _Abel_ were the first that offered Sacrifice; or because
+the Scripture is silent that _Adam_ or _Isaac_ offered none at all.
+
+Whether _Abraham_ brought up in the first planting Countrey, observed
+not some rule hereof, when he planted a grove at _Beer-sheba_; or
+whether at least a like ordination were not in the Garden of _Solomon_,
+probability may contest. Answerably unto the wisedom of that eminent
+Botanologer, and orderly disposer of all his other works. Especially
+since this was one peece of Gallantry, wherein he pursued the specious
+part of felicity, according to his own description. I made me Gardens
+and Orchards, and planted Trees in them of all kindes of fruit. I made
+me Pools of water, to water therewith the wood that bringeth forth
+Trees,[124] which was no ordinary plantation, if according to the
+_Targum_, or _Chaldee Paraphrase_, it contained all kindes of Plants,
+and some fetched as far as _India_; And the extent thereof were from the
+wall of _Jerusalem_ unto the water of _Siloah_.
+
+  [124] _Eccles._ 2.
+
+And if _Jordan_ were but _Jaar Eden_, that is, the River of _Eden,
+Genesar_ but _Gansar_ or the prince of Gardens; and it could be made
+out, that the Plain of _Jordan_ were watered not comparatively, but
+causally, and because it was the Paradise of God, as the learned
+_Abramas_[125] hinteth, he was not far from the Prototype and originall
+of Plantations. And since even in Paradise it self, the tree of
+knowledge was placed in the middle of the Garden, whatever was the
+ambient figure; there wanted not a centre and rule of decussation.
+Whether the groves and sacred Plantations of Antiquity, were not thus
+orderly placed, either by _quaternio's_, or quintuple ordinations, may
+favourably be doubted. For since they were so methodical in the
+constitutions of their temples, as to observe the due scituation,
+aspect, manner, form, and order in Architectonicall relations, whether
+they were not as distinct in their groves and Plantations about them, in
+form and _species_ respectively unto their Deities, is not without
+probability of conjecture. And in their groves of the Sunne this was a
+fit number, by multiplication to denote the dayes of the year; and might
+Hieroglyphically speak as much, as the mystical _Statua_ of _Janus_[126]
+in the Language of his fingers. And since they were so critical in the
+number of his horses, the strings of his Harp, and rayes about his head,
+denoting the orbes of heaven, the Seasons and Moneths of the Yeare:
+witty Idolatry would hardly be flat in other appropriations.
+
+  [125] Vet. Testamenti Pharus.
+
+  [126] _Which King_ Numa _set up with his fingers so disposed that they
+        numerically denoted 365._ Pliny.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+
+Nor was this only a form of practise in Plantations, but found imitation
+from high Antiquity, in sundry artificial contrivances and manual
+operations. For to omit the position of squared stones, _cuncatim_ or
+_wedgwise_ in the walls of _Roman_ and _Gothick_ buildings; and the
+_lithostrata_ or figured pavements of the ancients, which consisted not
+all of square stones, but were divided into triquetrous segments,
+honeycombs, and sexangular figures, according to _Vitruvius_; The
+squared stones and bricks in ancient fabricks, were placed after this
+order. And two above or below conjoyned by a middle stone or _Plinthus_,
+observable in the ruines of _Forum Nervae,_ the _Mausoleum_ of
+_Augustus_, the Pyramid of _Cestius_, and the sculpture draughts of the
+larger Pyramids of AEgypt. And therefore in the draughts of eminent
+fabricks, Painters do commonly imitate this order in the lines of their
+description.
+
+In the Laureat draughts of sculpture and picture, the leaves and foliate
+works are commonly thus contrived, which is but in imitation of the
+_Pulvinaria_, and ancient pillow-work, observable in _Ionick_ peeces,
+about columns, temples and altars. To omit many other analogies, in
+Architectonicall draughts, which art itself is founded upon fives,[127]
+having its subject, and most gracefull peeces divided by this number.
+
+  [127] _Of a structure five parts_, Fundamentum, parietes, Aperturae,
+        Compartitio tectum, _Leo. Alberti. Five Columes_, Tuscan, Dorick,
+        Ionick, Corinthian, Compound. _Five different intercolumniations_,
+        Pycnostylos, dystylos, Systylos, Areostylos, Eustylos. _Vitru._
+
+The Triumphal Oval, and Civicall Crowns of Laurel, Oake, and Myrtle,
+when fully made, were pleated after this order. And to omit the Crossed
+Crowns of Christian Princes; what figure that was which _Anastatius_
+described upon the head of _Leo_ the third; or who first brought in the
+Arched Crown; That of Charles the great, (which seems the first
+remarkably closed Crown), was framed after this manner;[128] with an
+intersection in the middle from the main crossing barres, and the
+interspaces, unto the frontal circle, continued by handsome
+network-plates, much after this order. Whereon we shall not insist,
+because from greater Antiquity, and practice of consecration, we meet
+with the radiated, and starry Crown, upon the head of _Augustus_, and
+many succeeding Emperors. Since the Armenians and Parthians had a
+peculiar royall Capp; And the Grecians from _Alexander_ another kinde of
+diadem. And even Diadems themselves were but fasciations, and handsome
+ligatures, about the heads of Princes; nor wholly omitted in the mitrall
+Crown, which common picture seems to set too upright and forward upon
+the head of _Aaron_: Worne[129] sometimes singly, or doubly by Princes,
+according to their Kingdomes; and no more to be expected from two Crowns
+at once, upon the head of _Ptolomy_. And so easily made out when
+historians tell us, some bound up wounds, some hanged themselves with
+diadems.
+
+  [128] Uti constat ex pergamena apud Chifflet; in _B. R._ Bruxelli, et
+        Icon. _f._ Stradae.
+
+  [129] Macc, 1. 11.
+
+The beds of the antients were corded somewhat after this fashion: That
+is not directly, as ours at present, but obliquely, from side to side,
+and after the manner of network; whereby they strengthened the spondae or
+bedsides, and spent less cord in the work: as is demonstrated by
+_Blancanus_.[130]
+
+  [130] Aristot. Mechan. Quaest.
+
+And as they lay in crossed beds, so they sat upon seeming crosse legg'd
+seats: in which form the noblest thereof were framed; Observable in the
+triumphall seats, the _sella curulis_, or _AEdyle Chayres_, in the coyns
+of _Cestius_, _Sylla_, and _Julius_. That they sat also crosse legg'd
+many noble draughts declare; and in this figure the sitting gods and
+goddesses are drawn in medalls and medallions. And beside this kinde of
+work in Retiarie and hanging tectures, in embroderies, and eminent
+needle-works; the like is obvious unto every eye in glass-windows. Nor
+only in Glassie contrivances, but also in Lattice and Stone-work,
+conceived in the Temple of _Solomon_; wherein the windows are termed
+_fenestrae reticulatae_, or lights framed like nets.[131] And agreeable
+unto the Greek expression concerning Christ in the _Canticles_,[132]
+looking through the nets, which ours hath rendered, he looketh forth at
+the windows, shewing himselfe through the lattesse; that is, partly seen
+and unseen, according to the visible and invisible side of his nature.
+To omit the noble reticulate work, in the chapters of the pillars of
+_Solomon_, with Lillies, and Pomegranats upon a network ground; and the
+_Craticula_ or grate through which the ashes fell in the altar of burnt
+offerings.
+
+  [131] +diktyota.+
+
+  [132] _Cant._ 2.
+
+That the networks and nets of antiquity were little different in the
+form from ours at present, is confirmable from the nets in the hands of
+the Retiarie gladiators, the proper combatants with the secutores. To
+omit the ancient Conopeion or gnatnet of the AEgyptians, the inventors of
+that Artifice: the rushey labyrinths of _Theocritus_; the nosegaynets,
+which hung from the head under the nostrils of Princes; and that uneasie
+metaphor of _Reticulum Jecoris_, which some expound the lobe, we the
+caule above the liver. As for that famous network[133] of _Vulcan_,
+which inclosed _Mars_ and _Venus_, and caused that unextinguishable
+laugh in heaven; since the gods themselves could not discern it, we
+shall not prie into it; Although why _Vulcan_ bound them, _Neptune_
+loosed them, and _Apollo_ should first discover them, might afford no
+vulgar mythologie. Heralds have not omitted this order or imitation
+thereof, whiles they Symbollically adorn their Scuchions with Mascles,
+Fusils and Saltyrs,[134] and while they disposed the figures of Ermins,
+and vaired coats in this Quincuncial method.
+
+  [133] +Asbestos d ar' enorto gelos.+ Hom.
+
+  [134] De armis Scaccatis, Masculatis, invectis fuselatis vide Spelm.
+        Aspilog. et Upton. cum erudit. Bissaeo.
+
+The same is not forgot by Lapidaries while they cut their gemms
+pyramidally, or by aequicrural triangles. Perspective pictures, in their
+Base, Horison, and lines of distances, cannot escape these Rhomboidall
+decussations. Sculptors in their strongest shadows, after this order doe
+draw their double Haches. And the very _Americans_ do naturally fall
+upon it, in their neat and curious textures, which is also observed in
+the elegant artifices of _Europe_. But this is no law unto the wool of
+the neat _Retiarie_ Spider, which seems to weave without transversion,
+and by the union of right lines to make out a continued surface, which
+is beyond the common art of Textury, and may still nettle _Minerva_ the
+goddesse of that mystery.[135] And he that shall hatch the little seeds,
+either found in small webs, or white round Egges, carried under the
+bellies of some Spiders, and behold how at their first production in
+boxes, they will presently fill the same with their webbs, may observe
+the early, and untaught finger of nature, and how they are natively
+provided with a stock, sufficient for such Texture.
+
+  [135] _As in the contention between_ Minerva _and_ Arachne.
+
+The Rurall charm against _Dodder_, _Tetter_, and strangling weeds, was
+contrived after this order, while they placed a chalked Tile at the four
+corners, and one in the middle of their fields, which though ridiculous
+in the intention, was rationall in the contrivance, and a good way to
+diffuse the magick through all parts of the _Area_.
+
+Somewhat after this manner they ordered the little stones in the old
+game of _Pentalithismus_, or casting up five stones to catch them on the
+back of their hand. And with some resemblance hereof, the _Proci_ or
+Prodigal Paramours disposed their men, when they played _Penelope_.[136]
+For being themselves an hundred and eight, they set fifty four stones on
+either side, and one in the middle, which they called _Penelope_, which
+he that hit was Master of the game.
+
+  [136] _In_ Eustachius.
+
+In Chesse-boards and Tables we yet finde Pyramids and Squares, I wish we
+had their true and ancient description, far different from ours, or the
+_Chet mat_ of the _Persians_, and might continue some elegant
+remarkables, as being an invention as High as _Hermes_ the Secretary of
+_Osyris_,[137] figuring the whole world, the motion of the Planets, with
+Eclipses of Sunne and Moon.
+
+  [137] Plato.
+
+Physicians are not without the use of this decussation in several
+operations, in ligatures and union of dissolved continuities. Mechanicks
+make use hereof in forcipal Organs, and Instruments of incision; wherein
+who can but magnifie the power of decussation, inservient to contrary
+ends, solution and consolidation, union, and division, illustrable from
+_Aristotle_ in the old _Nucifragium_ or Nutcraker, and the Instruments
+of Evulsion, compression or incision; which consisting of two _Vectes_
+or armes, converted towards each other, the innitency and stresse being
+made upon the _hypomochlion_ or fulciment in the decussation, the
+greater compression is made by the union of two impulsors.
+
+                 -----    -----    -----    -----    -----
+        _Hast._ |     |  |     |  |     |  |     |  |     |
+                 -----    -----    -----    -----    -----
+                     -----    -----    -----    -----
+        _Pr._       |     |  |     |  |     |  |     |
+                     -----    -----    -----    -----
+                 -----    -----    -----    -----    -----
+        _Tr._   |     |  |     |  |     |  |     |  |     |
+                 -----    -----    -----    -----    -----
+
+The _Romane Batalia_[138] was ordered after this manner, whereof as
+sufficiently known _Virgil_ hath left but an hint, and obscure
+intimation. For thus were the maniples and cohorts of the _Hastiti_,
+_Principes_ and _Triarii_ placed in their bodies, wherein consisted the
+strength of the _Romane battle_. By this Ordination they readily fell
+into each other; the _Hastati_ being pressed, handsomely retired into
+the intervals of the _principes_, these into that of the _Triarii_,
+which making as it were a new body, might joyntly renew the battle,
+wherein consisted the secret of their successes. And therefore it was
+remarkably singular[139] in the battle of _Africa_, that _Scipio_
+fearing a rout from the Elephants the Enemy, left not the _Principes_ in
+their alternate distances, whereby the Elephants passing the vacuities
+of the _Hastati_, might have run upon them, but drew his battle into
+right order, and leaving the passages bare, defeated the mischief
+intended by the Elephants. Out of this figure were made two remarkable
+forms of Battle, the _Cuneus_ and _Forceps_, or the Sheare and wedge
+Battles, each made of half a _Rhombus_, and but differenced by position.
+The wedge invented to break or worke into a body, the _forceps_ to
+environ and defeat the power thereof composed out of selectest Souldiery
+and disposed into the form of an V, wherein receiving the wedge, it
+inclosed it on both sides. After this form the famous _Narses_[140]
+ordered his battle against the _Franks_, and by this figure the _Almans_
+were enclosed, and cut in peeces.
+
+  [138] _In the disposure of the Legions in the Wars of the Republike,
+        before the division of the Legion into ten cohorts by the
+        Emperours._ Salmas. _in his Epistle a Mounsieur de Peyresc. & de
+        Re militari Romanorum_.
+
+  [139] Polybius Appianus.
+
+  [140] Agathius Ammianus.
+
+The _Rhombus_ or Lozenge figure so visible in this order, was also a
+remarkable form of battle in the _Grecian_ Cavalry,[141] observed by the
+_Thessalians_, and _Philip_ King of _Macedon_, and frequently by the
+_Parthians_, As being most ready to turn every way, and best to be
+commanded, as having its ductors, or Commanders at each Angle.
+
+  [141] AElian. Tact.
+
+The _Macedonian Phalanx_ (a long time thought invincible) consisted of a
+long square. For though they might be sixteen in Rank and file, yet when
+they shut close, so that the sixt pike advanced before the first, though
+the number might be square, the figure was oblong, answerable unto the
+Quincuncial quadrate of _Curtius_. According to this square _Thucydides_
+delivers, the _Athenians_ disposed their battle against the
+_Lacedemonians_ brickwise,[142] and by the same word the Learned
+_Guellius_ expoundeth the quadrat of _Virgil_[143] after the form of a
+brick or tile.
+
+  [142] +en plasio.+
+
+  [143] Secto via limite quadret. _Comment._ in Virgil.
+
+And as the first station and position of trees, so was the first
+habitation of men, not in round Cities, as of later foundation; For the
+form of _Babylon_ the first City was square, and so shall also be the
+last, according to the description of the holy City in the Apocalyps.
+The famous pillars of _Seth_ before the floud had also the like
+foundation, if they were but _antidiluvian_ Obelisks, and such as _Cham_
+and his _AEgyptian_ race, imitated after the Floud.
+
+But _Nineveh_ which Authours acknowledge to have exceeded _Babylon_, was
+of a longilaterall[144] figure, ninety five Furlongs broad, and an
+hundred and fifty long, and so making about sixty miles in circuit,
+which is the measure of three dayes journey, according unto military
+marches, or castrensiall mansions. So that if _Jonas_ entred at the
+narrower side, he found enough for one dayes walk to attain the heart of
+the City, to make his Proclamation, And if we imagine a City extending
+from _Ware_ to _London_, the expression will be moderate of six score
+thousand Infants, although we allow vacuities, fields, and intervals of
+habitation, as there needs must be when the monument of _Ninus_ took up
+no lesse then ten furlongs.
+
+  [144] Diod. Sic.
+
+And, though none of the seven wonders, yet a noble peece of Antiquity,
+and made by a Copy exceeding all the rest, had its principal parts
+disposed after this manner, that is, the Labyrinth of _Crete_, built
+upon a long quadrate, containing five large squares, communicating by
+right inflections, terminating in the centre of the middle square, and
+lodging of the _Minotaur_, if we conform unto the description of the
+elegant medal thereof in _Agostino_.[145] And though in many accounts we
+reckon grosly by the square, yet is that very often to be accepted as a
+long-sided quadrate which was the figure of the Ark of the Covenant, the
+table of the Shew-bread, and the stone wherein the names of the twelve
+Tribes were engraved, that is, three in a row, naturally making a
+longilateral Figure, the perfect quadrate being made by nine.
+
+  [145] Antonio Agostino delle medaglie.
+
+What figure the stones themselves maintained, tradition and Scripture
+are silent, yet Lapidaries in precious stones affect a Table or long
+square, and in such proportion, that the two laterall, and also the
+three inferiour Tables are equall unto the superiour, and the angles of
+the laterall Tables, contain and constitute the _hypothenusae_, or broder
+sides subtending.
+
+That the Tables of the Law were of this figure, general imitation and
+tradition hath confirmed; yet are we unwilling to load the shoulders of
+_Moses_ with such massie stones, as some pictures lay upon them, since
+'tis plainly delivered that he came down with them in his hand; since
+the word strictly taken implies no such massie hewing, but cutting, and
+fashioning of them into shape and surface; since some will have them
+Emeralds, and if they were made of the materials of Mount _Sina_, not
+improbable that they were marble: since the words were not many, the
+letters short of seven hundred, and the Tables written on both sides
+required no such capacity.
+
+The beds of the Ancients were different from ours at present, which are
+almost square, being framed oblong, and about a double unto their
+breadth; not much unlike the _area_, or bed of this Quincuncial
+quadrate. The single beds of _Greece_ were six foot,[146] and a
+little more in length, three in breadth; the Giant-like bed of _Og_,
+which had four cubits of bredth, nine and a half in length, varied not
+much from this proportion. The Funeral bed of King _Cheops_, in the
+greater Pyramid, which holds seven in length, and four foot in bredth,
+had no great deformity from this measure; And whatsoever were the
+bredth, the length could hardly be lesse, of the tyrannical bed of
+_Procrustes_, since in a shorter measure he had not been fitted with
+persons for his cruelty of extension. But the old sepulchral bed, or
+_Amazonian_ Tomb[147] in the market-place of _Megara_, was in the form
+of a Lozenge; readily made out by the composure of the body. For the
+armes not lying fasciated or wrapt up after the _Grecian_ manner but in
+a middle distention, the including lines will strictly make out that
+figure.
+
+  [146] Aristot. Mechan.
+
+  [147] _Plut._ in vit. Thes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+
+Now although this elegant ordination of vegetables, hath found
+coincidence or imitation in sundry works of Art, yet is it not also
+destitute of natural examples, and though overlooked by all, was
+elegantly observable, in severall works of nature.
+
+Could we satisfie our selves in the position of the lights above, or
+discover the wisedom of that order so invariably maintained in the fixed
+Stars of heaven; Could we have any light, why the stellary part of the
+first masse, separated into this order, that the Girdle of _Orion_
+should ever maintain its line, and the two Stars in _Charles's_ Wain
+never leave pointing at the Pole-Starre, we might abate the
+_Pythagoricall_ Musick of the Spheres, the sevenfold Pipe of _Pan_; and
+the strange Cryptography of _Gaffarell_ in his Starrie Book of Heaven.
+
+But not to look so high as Heaven or the single Quincunx of the
+_Hyades_ upon the neck of _Taurus_, the Triangle, and remarkable
+_Crusero_ about the foot of the _Centaur_; observable rudiments there
+are hereof in subterraneous concretions, and bodies in the Earth; in the
+_Gypsum_ or _Talcum Rhomboides_, in the Favaginites or honey-comb-stone,
+in the _Asteria_ and _Astroites_, and in the crucigerous stone of S.
+_Iago_ of _Gallicia_.
+
+The same is observably effected in the _Julus_, _Catkins_, or pendulous
+excrescencies of severall Trees, of Wallnuts, Alders, and Hazels, which
+hanging all the Winter, and maintaining their Net-work close, by the
+expansion thereof are the early foretellers of the spring, discoverable
+also in long Pepper, and elegantly in the _Julus_ of _Calamus
+Aromaticus_, so plentifully growing with us in the first palms of
+Willowes, and in the flowers of Sycamore, Petasites, Asphodelus, and
+_Blattaria_, before explication. After such order stand the flowery
+Branches in our best spread _Verbascum_, and the seeds about the spicous
+head or torch of _Tapsus Barbatus_, in as fair a regularity as the
+circular and wreathed order will admit, which advanceth one side of the
+square, and makes the same Rhomboidall.
+
+In the squamous heads of _Scabious_, _Knapweed_, and the elegant _Jacea
+Pinea_, and in the Scaly composure of the Oak-Rose,[148] which some
+years most aboundeth. After this order hath Nature planted the Leaves in
+the Head of the common and prickled Artichoak: wherein the black and
+shining Flies do shelter themselves, when they retire from the purple
+Flower about it; The same is also found in the pricks, sockets, and
+impressions of the seeds, in the pulp or bottome thereof; wherein do
+elegantly stick the Fathers of their Mother. To omit the Quincunciall
+Specks on the top of the Miscle-berry, especially that which grows upon
+the _Tilia_ or Lime-Tree. And the remarkable disposure of those yellow
+fringes about the purple Pestill of _Aaron_, and elegant clusters of
+Dragons, so peculiarly secured by nature, with an _umbrella_ or
+skreening Leaf about them.
+
+  [148] Capitula squammata Quercum Bauhini, _whereof though he saith_
+        perraro reperiuntur bis tantum invenimus, _yet we finde them
+        commonly with us and in great numbers_.
+
+[Sidenote: _Especially the_ porus cervinus Imperati, Sporosa, Alga
++platykeros+. Bauhini.]
+
+The Spongy leaves of some Sea-wracks, Fucus, Oaks, in their several
+kindes, found about the shoar,[149] with ejectments of the Sea, are
+overwrought with Net-work elegantly containing this order, which plainly
+declareth the naturality of this texture; And how the needle of nature
+delighteth to work, even in low and doubtful vegetations.
+
+  [149] Antho. Graec. inter Epigrammata +griphode endon emon metros
+        lagonon echo patera+.
+
+The _Arbustetum_ or Thicket on the head of the Teazell, may be observed
+in this order: And he that considereth that fabrick so regularly
+palisadoed, and stemm'd with flowers of the royal colour; in the house
+of the solitary maggot, may finde the Seraglio of _Solomon_. And
+contemplating the calicular shafts, and uncous disposure of their
+extremities, so accommodable unto the office of abstersion, not condemn
+as wholly improbable the conceit of those who accept it, for the herb
+_Borith_.[150] Where by the way, we could with much inquiry never
+discover any transfiguration, in this abstemious insect, although we
+have kept them long in their proper houses, and boxes. Where some wrapt
+up in their webbs, have lived upon their own bowels, from _September_
+unto _July_.
+
+  [150] _Jer._ 2, 22.
+
+In such a grove doe walk the little creepers about the head of the
+burre. And such an order is observed in the aculeous prickly plantation,
+upon the heads of several common thistles, remarkably in the notable
+palisados about the flower of the milk-thistle; And he that inquireth
+into the little bottome of the globe-thistle, may finde that gallant
+bush arise from a scalpe of like disposure.
+
+The white umbrella or medicall bush of Elder, is an Epitome of this
+order: arising from five main stemms Quincuncially disposed, and
+tollerably maintained in their subdivisions. To omit the lower
+observations in the seminal spike of Mercurie weld, and Plantane.
+
+Thus hath nature ranged the flowers of Santfoyne, and French honey
+suckle; and somewhat after this manner hath ordered the bush in
+_Jupiters_ beard, or house-leek; which old superstition set on the tops
+of houses, as a defensative against lightening and thunder. The like in
+Fenny Seagreen or the water Souldier;[151] which, though a military name
+from Greece, makes out the Roman order.
+
+  [151] Stratiotes.
+
+A like ordination there is in the favaginous Sockets, and Lozenge seeds
+of the noble flower of the Sunne. Wherein in Lozenge figured boxes
+nature shuts up the seeds, and balsame which is about them.
+
+But the Firre and Pinetree from their fruits doe naturally dictate this
+position. The Rhomboidall protuberances in Pineapples maintaining this
+Quincuncial order unto each other, and each Rhombus in it self. Thus are
+also disposed the triangular foliations, in the conicall fruit of the
+firre tree, orderly shadowing and protecting the winged seeds below
+them.
+
+The like so often occurreth to the curiosity of observers, especially in
+spicated seeds and flowers, that we shall not need to take in the single
+Quincunx of Fuchsius in the grouth of the masle fearn, the seedie
+disposure of Gramen Ischemon, and the trunck or neat Reticulate work in
+the codde of the Sachell palme.
+
+For even in very many round stalk plants, the leaves are set after a
+Quintuple ordination, the first leaf answering the fift, in lateral
+disposition. Wherein the leaves successively rounding the stalk, in
+foure at the furthest the compass is absolved, and the fifth leafe or
+sprout, returns to the position of the other fift before it; as in
+accounting upward is often observable in furze pellitorye, Ragweed, the
+sproutes of Oaks, and thorns upon pollards, and very remarkably in the
+regular disposure of the rugged excrescencies in the yearly shoots of
+the Pine.
+
+But in square stalked plants, the leaves stand respectively unto each
+other, either in crosse or decussation to those above or below them,
+arising at crosse positions; whereby they shadow not each other, and
+better resist the force of winds, which in a parallel situation, and
+upon square stalkes would more forcibly bear upon them.
+
+And to omit, how leaves and sprouts which compasse not the stalk, are
+often set in a Rhomboides, and making long and short Diagonals, do stand
+like the leggs of Quadrupeds when they goe: Nor to urge the thwart
+enclosure and furdling of flowers, and blossomes, before explication, as
+in the multiplied leaves of Pionie; And the Chiasmus in five leaved
+flowers, while one lies wrapt about the staminous beards, the other
+foure obliquely shutting and closing upon each other; and how even
+flowers which consist of foure leaves, stand not ordinarily in three and
+one, but two, and two crosse wise unto the Stilus; even the Autumnal
+budds, which awaite the return of the Sun, doe after the winter solstice
+multiply their calicular leaves, making little Rhombuses, and network
+figures, as in the Sycamore and Lilac.
+
+The like is discoverable in the original production of plants which
+first putting forth two leaves, those which succeed, bear not over each
+other, but shoot, obliquely or crossewise, untill the stalk appeareth;
+which sendeth not forth its first leaves without all order unto them;
+and he that from hence can discover in what position the two first
+leaves did arise, is no ordinary observator.
+
+Where by the way, he that observeth the rudimental spring of seeds,
+shall finde strict rule, although not after this order. How little is
+required unto effectual generation, and in what deminutives the plastick
+principle lodgeth, is exemplified in seeds, wherein the greater mass
+affords so little comproduction. In beans the leaf and root sprout from
+the Germen, the main sides split, and lye by, and in some pull'd up near
+the time of blooming, we have found the pulpous sides intire or little
+wasted. In Acorns the nebb dilating splitteth the two sides, which
+sometimes lye whole, when the Oak is sprouted two handfuls. In Lupins
+these pulpy sides do sometimes arise with the stalk in a resemblance of
+two fat leaves. Wheat and Rye will grow up, if after they have shot some
+tender roots, the adhering pulp be taken from them. Beanes will prosper
+though a part be cut away, and so much set as sufficeth to contain and
+keep the Germen close. From this superfluous pulp in unkindely, and wet
+years, may arise that multiplicity of little insects, which infest the
+Roots and Sprouts of tender Graines and pulses.
+
+In the little nebbe or fructifying principle, the motion is regular, and
+not transvertible, as to make that ever the leaf, which nature intendeth
+the root; observable from their conversion, until they attain their
+right position, if seeds be set inversedly.
+
+In vain we expect the production of plants from different parts of the
+seed, from the same _corculum_ or little original proceed both
+germinations; and in the power of this slender particle lye many Roots
+and Spoutings, that though the same be pull'd away, the generative
+particle will renew them again, and proceed to a perfect plant; And malt
+may be observed to grow, though the Cummes be fallen from it.
+
+The seminal nebbe hath a defined and single place, and not extended unto
+both extremes. And therefore many too vulgarly conceive that Barley and
+Oats grow at both ends; For they arise from one _punctilio_ or
+generative nebbe, and the Speare sliding under the husk, first appeareth
+nigh the toppe. But in Wheat and Rye being bare the sprouts are seen
+together. If Barley unhulled would grow, both would appear at once. But
+in this and Oat-meal the nebbe is broken away, which makes them the
+milder food, and lesse apt to raise fermentation in Decoctions.
+
+Men taking notice of what is outwardly visible, conceive a sensible
+priority in the Root. But as they begin from one part, so they seem to
+start and set out upon one signall of nature. In Beans yet soft, in
+Pease while they adhere unto the Cod, the rudimentall Leafe and Root are
+discoverable. In the Seeds of Rocket and Mustard, sprouting in Glasses
+of water, when the one is manifest the other is also perceptible. In
+muddy waters apt to breed _Duckweed_, and Periwinkles, if the first and
+rudimentall stroaks of _Duckweed_ be observed, the Leaves and Root
+anticipate not each other. But in the Date-stone the first sprout is
+neither root nor leaf distinctly, but both together; For the Germination
+being to passe through the narrow navel and hole about the midst of the
+stone, the generative germ is faine to enlengthen it self, and shooting
+out about an inch, at that distance divideth into the ascending and
+descending portion.
+
+And though it be generally thought that Seeds will root at that end,
+where they adhere to their Originals, and observable it is that the
+nebbe sets most often next the stalk, as in Grains, Pulses, and most
+small Seeds, yet is it hardly made out in many greater plants. For in
+Acornes, Almonds, Pistachios, Wallnuts, and acuminated shells, the germ
+puts forth at the remotest part of the pulp. And therefore to set Seeds
+in that posture, wherein the Leaf and Roots may shoot right without
+contortion, or forced circumvolution, which might render them strongly
+rooted, and straighter, were a Criticisme in Agriculture. And nature
+seems to have made some provision hereof in many from their figure, that
+as they fall from the Tree they may lye in Positions agreeable to such
+advantages.
+
+Beside the open and visible Testicles of plants, the seminall powers lie
+in great part invisible, while the Sun findes polypody in stone-wals,
+the little stinging Nettle, and nightshade in barren sandy High-wayes,
+_Scurvy-grasse_ in _Greeneland_, and unknown plants in earth brought
+from remote Countries. Beside the known longevity of some Trees, what is
+the most lasting herb, or seed, seems not easily determinable. Mandrakes
+upon known account have lived near an hundred yeares. Seeds found in
+Wilde-Fowls Gizards have sprouted in the earth. The Seeds of Marjorane
+and _Stramonium_ carelessly kept, have grown after seven years. Even in
+Garden-Plots long fallow, and digged up, the seeds of _Blattaria_ and
+yellow henbane, and after twelve years burial have produced themselves
+again.
+
+That bodies are first spirits _Paracelsus_ could affirm, which in the
+maturation of Seeds and fruits, seems obscurely implied by[152]
+_Aristotle_, when he delivereth, that the spirituous parts are
+converted into water, and the water into earth, and attested by
+observation in the maturative progresse of Seeds, wherein at first may
+be discerned a flatuous distention of the husk, afterwards a thin
+liquor, which longer time digesteth into a pulp or kernell observable in
+Almonds and large Nuts. And some way answered in the progressionall
+perfection of animall semination, in its spermaticall maturation, from
+crude pubescency unto perfection. And even that seeds themselves in
+their rudimentall discoveries, appear in foliaceous surcles, or sprouts
+within their coverings, in a diaphanous gellie, before deeper
+incrassation, is also visibly verified in Cherries, Acorns, Plums.
+
+  [152] In met. cum Gabeo.
+
+From seminall considerations, either in reference unto one mother, or
+distinction from animall production, the holy Scripture describeth the
+vegetable creation; And while it divideth plants but into Herb and Tree,
+though it seemeth to make but an accidental division, from magnitude, it
+tacitely containeth the naturall distinction of vegetables, observed by
+Herbarists, and comprehending the four kinds. For since the most
+naturall distinction is made from the production of leaf or stalk, and
+plants after the two first seminall leaves, do either proceed to send
+forth more leaves, or a stalk, and the folious and stalky emission
+distinguisheth herbs and trees, in a large acception it compriseth all
+Vegetables, for the frutex and suffrutex are under the progression of
+trees, and stand Authentically differenced, but from the accidents of
+the stalk.
+
+The AEquivocal production of things under undiscerned principles, makes a
+large part of generation, though they seem to hold a wide univocacy in
+their set and certain Originals, while almost every plant breeds its
+peculiar insect, most a Butterfly, moth or fly, wherein the Oak seemes
+to contain the largest seminality, while the Julus, Oak, apple, dill,
+woolly tuft, foraminous roundles upon the leaf, and grapes under ground
+make a Fly with some difference. The great variety of Flyes lyes in the
+variety of their Originals, in the Seeds of Caterpillars or Cankers
+there lyeth not only a Butterfly or Moth, but if they be sterill or
+untimely cast, their production is often a Fly, which we have also
+observed from corrupted and mouldred Egges, both of Hens and Fishes; To
+omit the generation of Bees out of the bodies of dead Heifers, or what
+is strange yet well attested, the production of Eeles[153] in the backs
+of living Cods and Perches.
+
+  [153] Schoneveldus de Pisc.
+
+The exiguity and smallnesse of some seeds extending to large productions
+is one of the magnalities of nature, somewhat illustrating the work of
+the Creation, and vast production from nothing. The true seeds of
+Cypresse[154] and Rampions are indistinguishable by old eyes. Of the
+seeds of Tobacco a thousand make not one grain, The disputed seeds of
+Harts tongue, and Maidenhair, require a greater number. From such
+undiscernable seminalities arise spontaneous productions. He that would
+discern the rudimentall stroak of a plant, may behold it in the
+Originall of Duckweed, at the bignesse of a pins point, from convenient
+water in glasses, wherein a watchfull eye may also discover the
+puncticular Originals of Periwincles and Gnats.
+
+  [154] Doctissim. Laurenburg horr.
+
+That seeds of some Plants are lesse then any animals, seems of no clear
+decision; That the biggest of Vegetables exceedeth the biggest of
+Animals, in full bulk, and all dimensions, admits exception in the
+Whale, which in length and above ground measure, will also contend with
+tall Oakes. That the richest odour of plants surpasseth that of Animals,
+may seem of some doubt, since animall-musk, seems to excell the
+vegetable, and we finde so noble a scent in the Tulip-Fly, and
+Goat-Beetle.[155]
+
+  [155] _The long and tender green_ Capricornus _rarely found, we could
+        never meet with but two._
+
+Now whether seminall nebbes hold any sure proportion unto seminall
+enclosures, why the form of the germe doth not answer the figure of the
+enclosing pulp, why the nebbe is seated upon the solid, and not the
+channeld side of the seed as in grains, why since we often meet with two
+yolks in one shell, and sometimes one Egge within another, we do not
+oftener meet with two nebbes in one distinct seed: why since the Egges
+of a Hen laid at one course, do commonly outweigh the bird, and some
+moths coming out of their cases, without assistance of food, will lay so
+many Egges as to outweigh their bodies, trees rarely bear their fruit,
+in that gravity or proportion: Whether in the germination of seeds
+according to _Hippocrates_, the lighter part ascendeth, and maketh the
+sprout, the heaviest tending downward frameth the root; Since we observe
+that the first shoot of seeds in water, will sink or bow down at the
+upper and leafing end: Whether it be not more rational Epicurisme to
+contrive whole dishes out of the nebbes and spirited particles of
+plants, then from the Gallatures and treddles of Egges; since that part
+is found to hold no seminall share in Oval Generation, are quaeries which
+might enlarge but must conclude this digression.
+
+And though not in this order, yet how nature delighteth in this number,
+and what consent and coordination there is in the leaves and parts of
+flowers, it cannot escape our observation in no small number of plants.
+For the calicular or supporting and closing leaves, do answer the number
+of the flowers, especially in such as exceed not the number of Swallows
+Egges; as in Violets, Stichwort, Blossomes, and flowers of one leaf
+have often five divisions, answered by a like number of calicular
+leaves; as _Gentianella, Convolvulus_, Bell-flowers. In many the
+flowers, blades, or staminous shoots and leaves are all equally five, as
+in cockle, mullein and _Blattaria_; Wherein the flowers before
+explication are pentagonally wrapped up, with some resemblance of the
+_blatta_ or moth from whence it hath its name; But the contrivance of
+nature is singular in the opening and shutting of Bindeweeds, performed
+by five inflexures, distinguishable by pyramidicall figures, and also
+different colours.
+
+The rose at first is thought to have been of five leaves, as it yet
+groweth wilde among us; but in the most luxuriant, the calicular leaves
+do still maintain that number. But nothing is more admired then the five
+Brethren of the Rose, and the strange disposure of the Appendices or
+Beards, in the calicular leaves thereof, which in despair of resolution
+is tolerably salved from this contrivance, best ordered and suited for
+the free closure of them before explication. For those two which are
+smooth, and of no beard are contrived to lye undermost, as without
+prominent parts, and fit to be smoothly covered, the other two which are
+beset with Beards on either side, stand outward and uncovered, but the
+fifth or half-bearded leaf is covered on the bare side but on the open
+side stands free, and bearded like the other.
+
+Besides a large number of leaves have five divisions, and may be
+circumscribed by a _Pentagon_ or figure of five Angles, made by right
+lines from the extremity of their leaves, as in Maple, Vine, Figge-Tree:
+But five-leaved flowers are commonly disposed circularly about the
+_Stylus_; according to the higher Geometry of Nature, dividing a circle
+by five _Radii_, which concurre not to make Diameters, as in
+Quadrilaterall and sexangular Intersections.
+
+Now the number of five is remarkable in every Circle, not only as the
+first sphaerical Number, but the measure of sphaerical motion. For
+sphaerical bodies move by fives, and every globular Figure placed upon a
+plane, in direct volutation, returns to the first point of contaction in
+the fift touch, accounting by the Axes of the Diameters or Cardinall
+points of the four quarters thereof. And before it arriveth unto the
+same point again, it maketh five circles equall unto it self, in each
+progresse from those quarters, absolving an equall circle.
+
+By the same number doth nature divide the circle of the Sea-starre, and
+in that order and number disposeth those elegant Semi-circles, or
+dentall sockets and egges in the Sea Hedge-hogge. And no mean
+Observations hereof there is in the Mathematicks of the neatest Retiary
+Spider, which concluding in fourty four Circles, from five Semidiameters
+beginneth that elegant texture.
+
+And after this manner doth lay the foundation of the Circular branches
+of the Oak, which being five-cornered, in the tender annual sprouts, and
+manifesting upon incision the signature of a Starre, is after made
+circular, and swel'd into a round body: Which practice of nature is
+become a point of art, and makes two Problemes in _Euclide_.[156] But
+the Bryar which sends forth shoots and prickles from its angles,
+maintains its pentagonall figure, and the unobserved signature of a
+handsome porch within it. To omit the five small buttons dividing the
+Circle of the Ivy-berry, and the five characters in the Winter stalk of
+the Walnut, with many other Observables, which cannot escape the eyes of
+signal discerners; Such as know where to finde _Ajax_ his name in
+_Gallitricum_, or _Arons_ Mitre in Henbane.
+
+  [156] Elem. _li._ 4.
+
+Quincuncial forms and ordinations are also observable in animal
+figurations. For to omit the hioides or throat bone of animals, the
+_furcula_ or _merry-thought_ in birds; which supporteth the _scapulae_,
+affording a passage for the winde-pipe and the gullet, the wings of
+Flyes, and disposure of their legges in their first formation from
+maggots, and the position of their horns, wings and legges, in their
+_Aurelian_ cases and swadling clouts: The back of the _Cimex Arboreus_,
+found often upon Trees and lesser plants, doth elegantly discover the
+_Burgundian_ decussation; And the like is observable in the belly of the
+_Notonecton_, or water-Beetle, which swimmeth on its back, and the
+handsome Rhombusses of the Sea-poult, or Weazell, on either side the
+Spine.
+
+The sexangular Cels in the Honey-combs of Bees are disposed after this
+order, much there is not of wonder in the confused Houses of Pismires;
+though much in their busie life and actions, more in the edificial
+Palaces of Bees and Monarchical spirits; who make their combs
+six-corner'd, declining a circle, whereof many stand not close together,
+and compleatly fill the _area_ of the place; But rather affecting a
+six-sided figure, whereby every cell affords a common side unto six
+more, and also a fit receptacle for the Bee it self, which gathering
+into a Cylindrical Figure, aptly enters its sexangular house, more
+nearly approaching a circular figure, then either doth the Square or
+Triangle. And the Combes themselves so regularly contrived, that their
+mutual intersections make three Lozenges at the bottom of every Cell;
+which severally regarded make three Rows of neat Rhomboidall Figures,
+connected at the angles, and so continue three several chaines
+throughout the whole comb.
+
+As for the _Favago_ found commonly on the Sea-shoar, though named from
+an honey-comb, it but rudely makes out the resemblance, and better
+agrees with the round Cels of humble Bees. He that would exactly discern
+the shop of a Bees mouth, need observing eyes, and good augmenting
+glasses; wherein is discoverable one of the neatest peeces in nature,
+and must have a more piercing eye then mine; who findes out the shape of
+Buls heads, in the guts of Drones pressed out behinde, according to the
+experiment of _Gomesius_[157]; wherein notwithstanding there seemeth
+somewhat which might incline a pliant fancy to credulity of similitude.
+
+  [157] Gom. de Sale.
+
+A resemblance hereof there is in the orderly and rarely disposed Cels,
+made by Flyes and Insects, which we have often found fastened about
+small sprigs, and in those cottonary and woolly pillows, which sometimes
+we meet with fastened unto Leaves, there is included an elegant Net-work
+Texture, out of which come many small Flies. And some resemblance there
+is of this order in the Egges of some Butterflies and moths, as they
+stick upon leaves, and other substances; which being dropped from
+behinde, nor directed by the eye, doth neatly declare how nature
+Geometrizeth, and observeth order in all things.
+
+A like correspondency in figure is found in the skins and outward
+teguments of animals, whereof a regardable part are beautiful by this
+texture. As the backs of several Snakes and Serpents, elegantly
+remarkable in the _Aspis_, and the Dart-snake, in the Chiasmus, and
+larger decussations upon the back of the Rattlesnake, and in the close
+and finer texture of the _Mater formicarum_, or snake that delights in
+Anthils; whereby upon approach of outward injuries, they can raise a
+thicker Phalanx on their backs, and handsomely contrive themselves into
+all kindes of flexures: Whereas their bellies are commonly covered with
+smooth semicircular divisions, as best accommodable unto their quick and
+gliding motion.
+
+This way is followed by nature in the peculiar and remarkable tayl of
+the Bever, wherein the scaly particles are disposed, somewhat after this
+order, which is the plainest resolution of the wonder of _Bellonius_,
+while he saith, with incredible Artifice hath Nature framed the tayl or
+Oar of the Bever: where by the way we cannot but wish a model of their
+houses, so much extolled by some Describers: wherein since they are so
+bold as to venture upon three stages, we might examine their Artifice in
+the contignations, the rule and order in the compartitions; or whether
+that magnified structure be any more then a rude rectangular pyle or
+meer hovell-building.
+
+Thus works the hand of nature in the feathery plantation about birds.
+Observable in the skins of the breast,[158] legs and Pinions of Turkies,
+Geese, and Ducks, and the Oars or finny feet of Water-Fowl: And such a
+naturall net is the scaly covering of Fishes, of Mullets, Carps,
+Tenches, _etc._ even in such as are excoriable and consist of smaller
+scales, as Bretts, Soals, and Flounders. The like Reticulate grain is
+observable in some _Russia_ Leather. To omit the ruder Figures of the
+ostracion, the triangular or cunny fish, or the pricks of the
+Sea-Porcupine.
+
+  [158] _Elegantly conspicuous on the inside of the striped skins of
+        Dive-Fowl, of the cormorant, Goshonder, Weasell, Loon_, etc.
+
+The same is also observable in some part of the skin of man, in habits
+of neat texture, and therefore not unaptly compared unto a Net: We
+shall not affirm that from such grounds, the AEgyptian Embalmers imitated
+this texture, yet in their linnen folds the same is still observable
+among their neatest Mummies, in the figures of _Isis_ and _Osyris_, and
+the Tutelary spirits in the Bembine Table. Nor is it to be over-looked
+how _Orus_, the Hieroglyphick of the world is described in a Net-work
+covering, from the shoulder to the foot. And (not to enlarge upon the
+cruciated Character of _Trismegistus_, or handed crosses, so often
+occurring in the Needles of _Pharaoh_, and Obelisks of Antiquity) the
+_Statuae Isiacae_, Teraphims, and little Idols, found about the Mummies,
+do make a decussation or _Jacobs_ Crosse, with their armes, like that on
+the head of _Ephraim_ and _Manasses_, and this _decussis_ is also
+graphically described between them.
+
+This Reticulate or Net-work was also considerable in the inward parts of
+man, not only from the first _subtegmen_ or warp of his formation, but
+in the netty _fibres_ of the veines and vessels of life; wherein
+according to common Anatomy the right and transverse _fibres_ are
+decussated by the oblique _fibres_; and so must frame a Reticulate and
+Quincuncial Figure by their Obliquations, Emphatically extending that
+Elegant expression of Scripture. Thou hast curiously embroydered me,
+thou hast wrought me up after the finest way of texture, and as it were
+with a Needle.
+
+Nor is the same observable only in some parts, but in the whole body of
+man, which upon the extension of arms and legges, doth make out a
+square, whose intersection is at the genitals. To omit the phantastical
+Quincunx, in _Plato_ of the first Hermaphrodite or double man, united at
+the Loynes, which _Jupiter_ after divided.
+
+A rudimental resemblance hereof there is in the cruciated and rugged
+folds of the _Reticulum_, or Net-like Ventricle of ruminating horned
+animals, which is the second in order, culinarily called the Honey-comb.
+For many divisions there are in the stomack of severall animals; what
+number they maintain in the _Scarus_ and ruminating Fish, common
+description, or our own experiment hath made no discovery. But in the
+Ventricle of _Porpuses_ there are three divisions. In many Birds a crop,
+Gizard, and little receptacle before it; but in Cornigerous animals,
+which chew the cudd, there are no lesse then four of distinct position
+and office.
+
+The _Reticulum_ by these crossed cels, makes a further digestion, in the
+dry and exuccous part of the Aliment received from the first Ventricle.
+For at the bottome of the gullet there is a double Orifice; What is
+first received at the mouth descendeth into the first and greater
+stomack, from whence it is returned into the mouth again; and after a
+fuller mastication, and salivous mixture, what part thereof descendeth
+again, in a moist and succulent body, it slides down the softer and more
+permeable Orifice, into the Omasus or third stomack; and from thence
+conveyed into the fourth, receives its last digestion. The other dry and
+exuccous part after rumination by the larger and stronger Orifice
+beareth into the first stomack, from thence into the _Reticulum_, and so
+progressively into the other divisions. And therefore in Calves newly
+calved, there is little or no use of the two first Ventricles, for the
+milk and liquid aliment slippeth down the softer Orifice, into the third
+stomack; where making little or no stay, it passeth into the fourth, the
+seat of the _Coagulum_, or Runnet, or that division of stomack which
+seems to bear the name of the whole, in the Greek translation of the
+Priests Fee, in the Sacrifice of Peace-offerings.
+
+As for those Rhomboidal Figures made by the Cartilagineous parts of the
+Wezon, in the Lungs of great Fishes, and other animals, as _Rondeletius_
+discovered, we have not found them so to answer our Figure as to be
+drawn into illustration; Something we expected in the more discernable
+texture of the lungs of frogs, which notwithstanding being but two
+curious bladders not weighing above a grain, we found interwoven with
+veins, not observing any just order. More orderly situated are those
+cretaceous and chalky concretions found sometimes in the bignesse of a
+small fech on either side their spine; which being not agreeable unto
+our order, nor yet observed by any, we shall not here discourse on.
+
+But had we found a better account and tolerable Anatomy of that
+prominent jowle of the _Sperma Ceti_ Whale,[159] then questuary
+operation, or the stench of the last cast upon our shoar, permitted, we
+might have perhaps discovered some handsome order in those Net-like
+seases and sockets, made like honey-combs, containing that medicall
+matter.
+
+  [159] 1652. _described in our_ Pseudo Epidem. _Edit._ 3.
+
+Lastly, The incession or locall motion of animals is made with analogy
+unto this figure, by decussative diametrals, Quincunciall Lines and
+angles. For to omit the enquiry how Butterflies and breezes move their
+four wings, how birds and fishes in ayre and water move by joynt stroaks
+of opposite wings and Finnes, and how salient animals in jumping forward
+seem to arise and fall upon a square base; As the station of most
+Quadrupeds is made upon a long square, so in their motion they make a
+Rhomboides; their common progression being performed Diametrally, by
+decussation and crosse advancement of their legges, which not observed
+begot that remarkable absurdity in the position of the legges of
+_Castors_ horse in the Capitoll. The Snake which moveth circularly makes
+his spires in like order, the convex and concave spirals answering each
+other at alternate distances; In the motion of man the armes and legges
+observe this thwarting position, but the legges alone do move
+Quincuncially by single angles with some resemblance of an V measured by
+successive advancement from each foot, and the angle of indenture great
+or lesse, according to the extent or brevity of the stride.
+
+Studious Observators may discover more analogies in the orderly book of
+nature, and cannot escape the Elegancy of her hand in other
+correspondencies. The Figures of nails and crucifying appurtenances, are
+but precariously made out in the _Granadilla_ or flower of Christs
+passion; And we despair to behold in these parts that handsome draught
+of crucifixion in the fruit of the _Barbado_ Pine. The seminal Spike of
+_Phalaris_, or great shaking grasse, more nearly answers the tayl of a
+Rattle-Snake, then many resemblances in Porta: And if the man
+_Orchis_[160] of _Culumna_ be well made out, it excelleth all analogies.
+In young Wall-nuts cut athwart, it is not hard to apprehend strange
+characters; and in those of somewhat elder growth, handsome ornamental
+draughts about a plain crosse. In the root of _Osmond_ or Water-fern,
+every eye may discern the form of a Half Moon, Rain-bow, or half the
+character of _Pisces_. Some finde Hebrew, Arabick, Greek, and Latine
+Characters in Plants; In a common one among us we seem to reade _Acaia_,
+_Viviu_, _Lilil_.
+
+  [160] Orchis Anthropophora, Fabii Columnae.
+
+Right lines and circles make out the bulk of plants; In the parts
+thereof we finde Helicall or spirall roundles, voluta's, conicall
+Sections, circular Pyramids, and frustums of _Archimedes_; And cannot
+overlook the orderly hand of nature, in the alternate succession of the
+flat and narrower sides in the tender shoots of the Ashe, or the regular
+inequality of bignesse in the five leaved flowers of Henbane, and
+something like in the calicular leaves of _Tutson_. How the spots of
+_Persicaria_ do manifest themselves between the sixth and tenth ribbe.
+How the triangular capp in the stemme or _stylus_ of Tuleps doth
+constantly point at three outward leaves. That spicated flowers do open
+first at the stalk. That white flowers have yellow thrums or knops. That
+the nebbe of Beans and Pease do all look downward, and so presse not
+upon each other; And how the seeds of many pappous or downy flowers
+lockt up in sockets after a gomphosis or _mortis_-articulation, diffuse
+themselves circularly into branches of rare order, observable in
+_Tragopogan_ or Goats-beard, conformable to the Spiders web, and the
+_Radii_ in like manner telarely inter-woven.
+
+And how in animall natures, even colours hold correspondencies, and
+mutuall correlations. That the colour of the Caterpillar will shew again
+in the Butterfly, with some latitude is allowable. Though the regular
+spots in their wings seem but a mealie adhesion, and such as may be
+wiped away, yet since they come in this variety, out of their cases,
+there must be regular pores in those parts and membranes, defining such
+Exudations.
+
+That _Augustus_[161] had native notes on his body and belly, after the
+order and number in the Starre of _Charles wayne_, will not seem strange
+unto astral Physiognomy, which accordingly considereth moles in the body
+of man, or Physicall Observators, who from the position of moles in the
+face, reduce them to rule and correspondency in other parts. Whether
+after the like method medicall conjecture may not be raised, upon parts
+inwardly affected; since parts about the lips are the criticall seats of
+Pustules discharged in Agues; And scrophulous tumours about the neck do
+so often speak the like about the Mesentery, may also be considered.
+
+  [161] Suet. in vit. Aug.
+
+The russet neck in young Lambs seems but adventitious, and may owe its
+tincture to some contaction in the womb; But that if sheep have any
+black or deep russet in their faces, they want not the same about their
+legges and feet; That black Hounds have mealy months and feet; That
+black Cows which have any white in their tayls, should not misse of some
+in their bellies; and if all white in their bodies, yet if
+black-mouth'd, their ears and feet maintain the same colour, are
+correspondent tinctures not ordinarily failing in nature, which easily
+unites the accidents of extremities, since in some generations she
+transmutes the parts themselves, while in the _Aurelian Metamorphosis_
+the head of the canker becomes the Tayl of the Butterfly. Which is in
+some way not beyond the contrivance of Art, in submersions and Inlays,
+inverting the extremes of the plant, and fetching the root from the top,
+and also imitated in handsome columnary work, in the inversion of the
+extremes; wherein the Capitel, and the Base, hold such near
+correspondency.
+
+In the motive parts of animals may be discovered mutuall proportions;
+not only in those of Quadrupeds, but in the thigh-bone, legge,
+foot-bone, and claws of Birds. The legs of Spiders are made after a
+sesquitertian proportion, and the long legs of some locusts, double unto
+some others. But the internodial parts of Vegetables, or spaces between
+the joints, are contrived with more uncertainty; though the joints
+themselves in many Plants, maintain a regular number.
+
+In vegetable composure, the unition of prominent parts seems most to
+answer the _Apophyses_ or processes of Animall bones, whereof they are
+the produced parts or prominent explantations. And though in the parts
+of plants which are not ordained for motion, we do not expect
+correspondent Articulations; yet in the setting on of some flowers, and
+seeds in their sockets, and the lineall commissure of the pulp of
+severall seeds, may be observed some shadow of the Harmony; some show of
+the _Gomphosis_ or _mortis_-articulation.
+
+As for the _Diarthrosis_ or motive Articulation, there is expected
+little Analogy, though long-stalked leaves doe move by long lines, and
+have observable motions, yet are they made by outward impulsion, like
+the motion of pendulous bodies, while the parts themselves are united by
+some kinde of _symphysis_ unto the stock.
+
+But standing Vegetables, void of motive-Articulations, are not without
+many motions. For beside the motion of vegetation upward, and of
+radiation unto all quarters, that of contraction, dilatation,
+inclination, and contortion, is discoverable in many plants. To omit the
+rose of _Jericho_, the ear of Rye, which moves with change of weather,
+and the Magical spit, made of no rare plants, which windes before the
+fire, and rosts the bird without turning.
+
+Even Animals near the Classis of plants, seem to have the most restlesse
+motions. The Summer-worm of Ponds and plashes makes a long waving
+motion; the hair-worm seldome lies still. He that would behold a very
+anomalous motion, may observe it in the Tortile and tiring stroaks of
+Gnatworms.[162]
+
+  [162] _Found often in some form of redmaggot in the standing waters of
+        Cisterns in the Summer._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+
+As for the delights, commodities, mysteries, with other concernments of
+this order, we are unwilling to fly them over, in the short deliveries
+of _Virgil_, _Varro_, or others, and shall therefore enlarge with
+additionall ampliations.
+
+By this position they had a just proportion of Earth, to supply an
+equality of nourishment. The distance being ordered, thick or thin,
+according to the magnitude or vigorous attraction of the plant, the
+goodnesse, leannesse, or propriety of the soyl, and therefore the rule
+of _Solon_, concerning the territory of _Athens_, not extendible unto
+all; allowing the distance of six foot unto common Trees, and nine for
+the Figge and Olive.
+
+They had a due diffusion of their roots on all or both sides, whereby
+they maintained some proportion to their height, in Trees of large
+radication. For that they strictly make good their profundeur or depth
+unto their height, according to common conceit, and that expression of
+_Virgil_,[163] though confirmable from the plane Tree in _Pliny_, and
+some few examples, is not to be expected from the generation of Trees
+almost in any kinde, either of side-spreading or tap-roots: Except we
+measure them by lateral and opposite diffusions; nor commonly to be
+found in _minor_ or hearby plants; If we except Sea-holly, Liquorish,
+Sea-rush, and some others.
+
+  [163] Quantum vertice ad auras AEthereas, tantum radice ad tartara
+        tendit.
+
+They had a commodious radiation in their growth; and a due expansion of
+their branches, for shadow or delight. For trees thickly planted, do
+runne up in height and branch with no expansion, shooting unequally or
+short, and thinne upon the neighbouring side. And therefore Trees are
+inwardly bare, and spring, and leaf from the outward and Sunny side of
+their branches.
+
+Whereby they also avoided the perill of +synolethrismos+ or one tree
+perishing with another, as it happeneth ofttimes from the sick
+_effluviums_ or entanglements of the roots, falling foul with each
+other. Observable in Elmes set in hedges, where if one dieth the
+neighbouring Tree prospereth not long after.
+
+In this situation divided into many intervals and open unto six
+passages, they had the advantage of a fair perflation from windes,
+brushing and cleansing their surfaces; relaxing and closing their pores
+unto due perspiration. For that they afford large _effluviums_
+perceptible from odours, diffused at great distances, is observable from
+Onyons out of the Earth; which though dry, and kept until the spring, as
+they shoot forth large and many leaves, do notably abate of their
+weight. And mint growing in glasses of water, until it arriveth unto the
+weight of an ounce, in a shady place, will sometimes exhaust a pound of
+water.
+
+And as they send forth much, so may they receive somewhat in: For beside
+the common way and road of reception by the root, there may be a
+refection and imbibition from without; For gentle showrs refresh plants,
+though they enter not their roots; And the good and bad _effluviums_ of
+Vegetables, promote or debilitate each other. So _Epithymum_ and
+_Dodder_, rootlesse and out of the ground, maintain themselves upon
+Thyme, Savory, and plants, whereon they hang. And _Ivy_ divided from the
+root, we have observed to live some years, by the cirrous parts commonly
+conceived but as tenacles and holdfasts unto it. The stalks of mint
+cropt from the root stripped from the leaves, and set in _glasses_ with
+the root end upward, and out of the water, we have observed to send
+forth sprouts and leaves without the aid of roots, and _scordium_ to
+grow in like manner, the leaves set downward in water. To omit severall
+Sea-plants, which grow on single roots from stones, although in very
+many there are side-shoots _fibres_, beside the fastening root.
+
+By this open position they were fairly exposed unto the rayes of Moon
+and Sunne, so considerable in the growth of Vegetables. For though
+Poplars, Willows, and severall Trees be made to grow about the brinks of
+_Acharon_, and dark habitations of the dead; Though some plants are
+content to grow in obscure Wells; wherein also old Elme pumps afford
+sometimes long bushy sprouts, not observable in any above ground: And
+large fields of Vegetables are able to maintain their verdure at the
+bottome and shady part of the Sea; yet the greatest number are not
+content without the actual rayes of the Sun, but bend, incline, and
+follow them; As large lists of solisequious and Sun-following plants.
+And some observe the method of its motion in their own growth and
+conversion twining towards the West by the South, as Bryony, Hops,
+Woodbine, and several kindes of Bindeweed, which we shall more admire;
+when any can tell us, they observe another motion, and Twist by the
+North at the _Antipodes_. The same plants rooted against an erect
+North-wall full of holes, will finde a way through them to look upon the
+Sun. And in tender plants from mustard-seed, sown in the winter, and in
+a plot of earth placed inwardly against a South-window, the tender
+stalks of two leaves arose not erect, but bending towards the window,
+nor looking much higher then the Meridian Sun. And if the pot were
+turned they would work themselves into their former declinations, making
+their conversion by the East. That the Leaves of the Olive and some
+other Trees solstitially turn, and precisely tell us, when the Sun is
+entred _Cancer_, is scarce expectable in any Climate; and _Theophrastus_
+warily observes it; Yet somewhat thereof is observable in our own, in
+the leaves of Willows and Sallows, some weeks after the Solstice. But
+the great _Convolvulus_ or white-flower'd _Bindweed_ observes both
+motions of the Sunne, while the flower twists AEquinoctionally from the
+left hand to the right according to the daily revolution; The stalk
+twineth ecliptically from the right to the left, according to the annual
+conversion.
+
+Some commend the exposure of these orders unto the Western gales, as the
+most generative and fructifying breath of heaven. But we applaud the
+Husbandry of _Solomon_, whereto agreeth the doctrine of _Theophrastus_.
+Arise O North-winde, and blow thou South upon my garden, that the spices
+thereof may flow out; For the North-winde closing the pores, and
+shutting up the _effluviums_, when the South doth after open and relax
+them; the Aromatical gummes do drop, and sweet odours fly actively from
+them. And if his garden had the same situation, which mapps and charts
+afford it, on the East side of _Jerusalem_, and having the wall on the
+West; these were the winds, unto which it was well exposed.
+
+By this way of plantation they encreased the number of their trees,
+which they lost in _Quaternio's_, and square-orders, which is a
+commodity insisted on by _Varro_, and one great intent of nature, in
+this position of flowers and seeds in the elegant formation of plants,
+and the former Rules observed in naturall and artificiall Figurations.
+
+Whether in this order and one Tree in some measure breaking the cold,
+and pinching gusts of windes from the other, trees will not better
+maintain their inward circles, and either escape or moderate their
+excentricities, may also be considered. For the circles in Trees are
+naturally concentricall, parallel unto the bark, and unto each other,
+till frost and piercing windes contract and close them on the
+weatherside, the opposite semi-circle widely enlarging, and at a comely
+distance, which hindreth oftentimes the beauty and roundnesse of Trees,
+and makes the Timber lesse serviceable; whiles the ascending juyce not
+readily passing, settles in knots and inequalities. And therefore it is
+no new course of Agriculture, to observe the native position of Trees
+according to North and South in their transplantations.
+
+The same is also observable underground in the circinations and
+sphaerical rounds of Onyons, wherein the circles of the Orbes are
+ofttimes larger, and the meridionall lines stand wider upon one side
+then the other. And where the largenesse will make up the number of
+planetical Orbes, that of _Luna_, and the lower planets excede the
+dimensions of _Saturne_, and the higher: Whether the like be not
+verified in the Circles of the large roots of Briony and Mandrake, or
+why in the knotts of Deale or Firre the Circles are often eccentrical,
+although not in a plane, but vertical and right position, deserves a
+further enquiry.
+
+Whether there be not some irregularity of roundnesse in most plants
+according to their position? Whether some small compression of pores be
+not perceptible in parts which stand against the current of waters, as
+in Reeds, Bull-rushes, and other vegetables toward the streaming
+quarter, may also be observed, and therefore such as are long and weak,
+are commonly contrived into a roundnesse of figure, whereby the water
+presseth lesse, and slippeth more smoothly from them, and even in flags
+or flat-figured leaves, the greater part obvert their sharper sides unto
+the current in ditches.
+
+But whether plants which float upon the surface of the water, be for the
+most part of cooling qualities, those which shoot above it of heating
+vertues, and why? whether _Sargasso_ for many miles floating upon the
+Western Ocean, or Sea-lettuce, and Phasganium at the bottome of our
+Seas, make good the like qualities? Why Fenny waters afford the hottest
+and sweetest plants, as Calamus, Cyperus, and Crowfoot, and mudd cast
+out of ditches most naturally produceth Arsmart? Why plants so greedy of
+water so little regard oyl? Why since many seeds contain much oyl within
+them, they endure it not well without, either in their growth or
+production? Why since Seeds shoot commonly under ground, and out of the
+aire, those which are let fall in shallow glasses, upon the surface of
+the water, will sooner sprout then those at the bottom? And if the water
+be covered with oyle, those at the bottome will hardly sprout at all, we
+have not room to conjecture.
+
+Whether Ivy would not lesse offend the Trees in this clean ordination,
+and well kept paths, might perhaps deserve the question. But this were a
+quaery only unto some habitations, and little concerning _Cyrus_ or the
+Babylonian territory; wherein by no industry _Harpalus_ could make Ivy
+grow: And _Alexander_ hardly found it about those parts to imitate the
+pomp of _Bacchus_. And though in these Northern Regions we are too much
+acquainted with one Ivy, we know too little of another, whereby we
+apprehend not the expressions of Antiquity, the Splenetick[164] medicine
+of _Galen_, and the Emphasis of the Poet, in the beauty of the white
+Ivy.[165]
+
+  [164] Galen. de med. secundum loc.
+
+  [165] Hedera formosior alba.
+
+The like concerning the growth of Misseltoe, which dependeth not only
+of the _species_, or kinde of Tree, but much also of the Soil. And
+therefore common in some places, not readily found in others, frequent
+in _France_, not so common in _Spain_, and scarce at all in the
+Territory of _Ferrara_: Nor easily to be found where it is most required
+upon Oakes, lesse on trees continually verdant. Although in some places
+the Olive escapeth it not, requiting its detriment, in the delightful
+view of its red Berries; as _Clusius_ observed in _Spain_, and
+_Bellonius_ about _Hierusalem_. But this Parasitical plant suffers
+nothing to grow upon it, by any way of art; nor could we ever make it
+grow where nature had not planted it; as we have in vain attempted by
+inocculation and incision, upon its native or forreign stock, and though
+there seem nothing improbable in the seed, it hath not succeeded by
+sation in any manner of ground, wherein we had no reason to despair
+since we reade of vegetable horns [SN: Linschoten.], and how Rams horns
+will root about _Goa_.
+
+But besides these rural commodities, it cannot be meanly delectable in
+the variety of Figures, which these orders open, and closed do make.
+Whilest every inclosure makes a _Rhombus_, the figures obliquely taken a
+Rhomboides, the intervals bounded with parallel lines, and each
+intersection built upon a square, affording two Triangles or Pyramids
+vertically conjoyned; which in the strict Quincuncial order do
+oppositely make acute and blunt Angles.
+
+And though therein we meet not with right angles, yet every Rhombus
+containing four Angles equal unto two right, it virtually contains two
+right in every one. Nor is this strange unto such as observe the natural
+lines of Trees, and parts disposed in them. For neither in the root doth
+nature affect this angle, which shooting downward for the stability of
+the plant, doth best effect the same by Figures of Inclination; Nor in
+the Branches and stalky leaves, which grow most at acute angles; as
+declining from their head the root, and diminishing their Angles with
+their altitude: Verified also in lesser Plants, whereby they better
+support themselves, and bear not so heavily upon the stalk: So that
+while near the root they often make an Angle of seventy parts, the
+sprouts near the top will often come short of thirty. Even in the nerves
+and master veines of the leaves the acute angle ruleth; the obtuse but
+seldome found, and in the backward part of the leaf, reflecting and
+arching about the stalk. But why ofttimes one side of the leaf is
+unequal unto the other, as in Hazell and Oaks, why on either side the
+master vein the lesser and derivative channels stand not directly
+opposite, nor at equal angles, respectively unto the adverse side, but
+those of one part do often exceed the other, as the Wallnut and many
+more, deserves another enquiry.
+
+Now if for this order we affect coniferous and tapering Trees,
+particularly the Cypresse, which grows in a conical figure; we have
+found a tree not only of great Ornament, but in its Essentials of
+affinity unto this order. A solid Rhombus being made by the conversion
+of two Equicrural Cones, as _Archimedes_ hath defined. And these were
+the common Trees about _Babylon_, and the East, whereof the Ark was
+made; and _Alexander_ found no Trees so accommodable to build his Navy;
+And this we rather think to be the tree mentioned in the Canticles,
+which stricter Botanology will hardly allow to be Camphire.
+
+And if delight or ornamentall view invite a comely disposure by circular
+amputations, as is elegantly performed in Hawthorns; then will they
+answer the figures made by the conversion of a Rhombus, which maketh two
+concentrical Circles; the greater circumference being made by the lesser
+angles, the lesser by the greater.
+
+The Cylindrical figure of trees is virtually contained and latent in
+this order. A Cylinder or long round being made by the conversion or
+turning of a Parallelogram, and most handsomely by a long square, which
+makes an equal, strong, and lasting figure in trees, agreeable unto the
+body and motive parts of animals, the greatest number of Plants, and
+almost all roots, though their stalks be angular, and of many corners,
+which seem not to follow the figure of their Seeds; Since many angular
+Seeds send forth round stalks, and sphaericall seeds arise from angular
+spindles, and many rather conform unto their roots, as the round stalks
+of bulbous Roots, and in tuberous Roots stemmes of like figure. But why
+since the largest number of Plants maintain a circular Figure, there are
+so few with teretous or long round leaves; why coniferous Trees are
+tenuifolious or narrow leafed, why Plants of few or no joynts have
+commonly round stalks, why the greatest number of hollow stalks are
+round stalks; or why in this variety of angular stalks the quadrangular
+most exceedeth, were too long a speculation; Mean while obvious
+experience may finde, that in Plants of divided leaves above, nature
+often beginneth circularly in the two first leaves below, while in the
+singular plant of Ivy, she exerciseth a contrary Geometry, and beginning
+with angular leaves below, rounds them in the upper branches.
+
+Nor can the rows in this order want delight, as carrying an aspect
+answerable unto the _dipteros hypoethros_, or double order of columns
+open above; the opposite ranks of Trees standing like pillars in the
+_Cavedia_ of the Courts of famous buildings, and the _Portico's_ of the
+_Templa subdialia_ of old; Somewhat imitating the _Peristylia_ or
+Cloyster buildings, and the _Exedrae_ of the Ancients, wherein men
+discoursed, walked and exercised; For that they derived the rule of
+Columnes from trees, especially in their proportionall diminutions, is
+illustrated by _Vitruvius_ from the shafts of Firre and Pine. And though
+the inter-arboration do imitate the _Areostylos_, or thin order, not
+strictly answering the proportion of intercolumniations; yet in many
+trees they will not exceed the intermission of the Columnes in the court
+of the Tabernacle; which being an hundred cubits long, and made up by
+twenty pillars, will afford no lesse then intervals of five cubits.
+
+Beside, in this kinde of aspect the sight being not diffused but
+circumscribed between long parallels and the +episkiasmos+ and
+adumbration from the branches, it frameth a penthouse over the eye, and
+maketh a quiet vision: And therefore in diffused and open aspects, men
+hollow their hand above their eye, and make an artificiall brow, whereby
+they direct the dispersed rayes of sight, and by this shade preserve a
+moderate light in the chamber of the eye; keeping the _pupilla_ plump
+and fair, and not contracted or shrunk as in light and vagrant vision.
+
+And therefore providence hath arched and paved the great house of the
+world, with colours of mediocrity, that is, blew and green, above and
+below the sight, moderately terminating the _acies_ of the eye. For most
+plants, though green above-ground, maintain their original white below
+it, according to the candour of their seminall pulp, and the rudimental
+leaves do first appear in that colour; observable in Seeds sprouting in
+water upon their first foliation. Green seeming to be the first
+supervenient, or above-ground complexion of Vegetables, separable in
+many upon ligature or inhumation, as Succory, Endive, Artichoaks, and
+which is also lost upon fading in the Autumn.
+
+And this is also agreeable unto water it self, the alimental vehicle of
+plants, which first altereth into this colour; And containing many
+vegetable seminalities, revealeth their Seeds by greennesse; and
+therefore soonest expected in rain or standing water, not easily found
+in distilled or water strongly boiled; wherein the seeds are
+extinguished by fire and decoction, and therefore last long and pure
+without such alteration, affording neither uliginous coats, gnatworms,
+Acari, hairworms, like crude and common water; And therefore most fit
+for wholsome beverage, and with malt makes Ale and Beer without boyling.
+What large water-drinkers some Plants are, the Canary-tree and Birches
+in some Northern Countries, drenching the fields about them do
+sufficiently demonstrate. How water it self is able to maintain the
+growth of Vegetables, and without extinction of their generative or
+medicall vertues; Beside the experiment of _Helmonts_ tree, we have
+found in some which have lived six years in glasses. The seeds of
+Scurvy-grasse growing in water-pots, have been fruitful in the Land;
+and _Asarum_ after a years space, and once casting its leaves in water
+in the second leaves, hath handsomely performed its vomiting operation.
+
+Nor are only dark and green colours, but shades and shadows contrived
+through the great Volume of nature, and trees ordained not only to
+protect and shadow others, but by their shades and shadowing parts, to
+preserve and cherish themselves. The whole radiation or branchings
+shadowing the stock and the root, the leaves, the branches and fruit,
+too much exposed to the windes and scorching Sunne. The calicular leaves
+inclose the tender flowers, and the flowers themselves lye wrapt about
+the seeds, in their rudiment and first formations, which being advanced
+the flowers fall away; and are therefore contrived in variety of
+Figures, best satisfying the intention; Handsomely observable in hooded
+and gaping flowers, and the Butterfly bloomes of leguminous plants, the
+lower leaf closely involving the rudimental Cod, and the alary or wingy
+divisions embracing or hanging over it.
+
+But Seeds themselves do lie in perpetual shades, either under the leaf,
+or shut up in coverings; and such as lye barest, have their husks,
+skins, and pulps about them, wherein the nebbe and generative particle
+lyeth moist and secured from the injury of Aire and Sunne. Darknesse and
+light hold interchangeable dominions, and alternately rule the seminal
+state of things. Light unto _Pluto_[166] is darknesse unto _Jupiter_.
+Legions of seminall _Idaea's_ lye in their second Chaos and _Orcus_ of
+_Hippocrates_; till putting on the habits of their forms, they shew
+themselves upon the stage of the world, and open dominion of _Jove_.
+They that held the Stars of heaven were but rayes and flashing glimpses
+of the Empyreall light, through holes and perforations of the upper
+heaven, took of the natural shadows of stars, while according to better
+discovery the poor Inhabitants of the Moon[167] have but a polary life,
+and must passe half their dayes in the shadow of that Luminary.
+
+  [166] Lux orco, tenebrae Jovi, tenebrae orco, lux Jovi. _Hippocr._ de
+        diaeta.
+
+  [167] S. Hevelii Selenographia.
+
+Light that makes things seen, makes some things invisible, were it not
+for darknesse and the shadow of the earth, the noblest part of the
+Creation had remained unseen, and the Stars in heaven as invisible as on
+the fourth day, when they were created above the Horizon, with the Sun,
+or there was not an eye to behold them. The greatest mystery of Religion
+is expressed by adumbration, and in the noblest part of Jewish Types, we
+finde the Cherubims shadowing the Mercy-seat: Life it self is but the
+shadow of death, and souls departed but the shadows of the living: All
+things fall under this name. The Sunne it self is but the dark
+_simulachrum_, and light but the shadow of God.
+
+Lastly, It is no wonder that this Quincunciall order was first and still
+affected as gratefull unto the Eye: For all things are seen
+Quincuncially; For at the eye the Pyramidal rayes from the object,
+receive a decussation, and so strike a second base upon the _Retina_ or
+hinder coat, the proper organ of Vision; wherein the pictures from
+objects are represented, answerable to the paper, or wall in the dark
+chamber; after the decussation of the rayes at the hole of the
+hornycoat, and their refraction upon the Christalline humour, answering
+the _foramen_ of the window, and the _convex_ or burning-glasses, which
+refract the rayes that enter it. And if ancient Anatomy would hold, a
+like disposure there was of the optick or visual nerves in the brain,
+wherein Antiquity conceived a concurrence by decussation. And this not
+only observable in the Laws of direct Vision, but in some part also
+verified in the reflected rayes of sight. For making the angle of
+incidence equal to that of reflexion, the visuall ray returneth
+Quincuncially, and after the form of a V, and the line of reflexion
+being continued unto the place of vision, there ariseth a
+semi-decussation which makes the object seen in a perpendicular unto it
+self, and as farre below the reflectent, as it is from it above,
+observable in the Sun and Moon beheld in water.
+
+And this is also the law of reflexion in moved bodies and sounds, which
+though not made by decussation, observe the rule of equality between
+incidence and reflexion; whereby whispering places are framed by
+Elliptical arches laid side-wise; where the voice being delivered at the
+_focus_ of one extremity, observing an equality unto the angle of
+incidence, it will reflect unto the _focus_ of the other end, and so
+escape the ears of the standers in the middle.
+
+A like rule is observed in the reflection of the vocall and sonorous
+line in Ecchoes, which cannot therefore be heard in all stations. But
+hapning in woody plantations, by waters, and able to return some words;
+if reacht by a pleasant and well-dividing voice, there may be heard the
+softest notes in nature.
+
+And this not only verified in the way of sense, but in animall and
+intellectual receptions. Things entring upon the intellect by a Pyramid
+from without, and thence into the memory by another from within, the
+common decussation being in the understanding as is delivered by
+_Bovillus_.[168] Whether the intellectual and phantastical lines be not
+thus rightly disposed, but magnified, diminished, distorted, and ill
+placed in the Mathematicks of some brains, whereby they have irregular
+apprehensions of things, perverted notions, conceptions, and incurable
+hallucinations, were no unpleasant speculation.
+
+  [168] Car. Bovillus de intellectu.
+
+And if AEgyptian Philosophy may obtain, the scale of influences was thus
+disposed, and the geniall spirits of both worlds, do trace their way in
+ascending and descending Pyramids, mystically apprehended in the Letter
+X, and the open Bill and stradling Legges of a Stork, which was imitated
+by that Character.
+
+Of this Figure _Plato_ made choice to illustrate the motion of the soul,
+both of the world and man; while he delivered that God divided the whole
+conjunction length-wise, according to figure of a Greek X, and then
+turning it about reflected it into a circle; By the circle implying the
+uniform motion of the first Orb, and by the right lines, the planetical
+and various motions within it. And this also with application unto the
+soul of man, which hath a double aspect, one right, whereby it beholdeth
+the body, and objects without; another circular and reciprocal, whereby
+it beholdeth it self. The circle declaring the motion of the indivisible
+soul, simple, according to the divinity of its nature, and returning
+into it self; the right lines respecting the motion pertaining unto
+sense, and vegetation, and the central decussation, the wonderous
+connexion of the severall faculties conjointly in one substance. And so
+conjoyned the unity and duality of the soul, and made out the three
+substances so much considered by him; That is, the indivisible or
+divine, the divisible or corporeal, and that third, which was the
+_Systasis_ or harmony of those two, in the mystical decussation.
+
+And if that were clearly made out which _Justin Martyr_ took for
+granted, this figure hath had the honour to characterise and notifie our
+blessed Saviour, as he delivereth in that borrowed expression from
+_Plato: Decussavit eum in universo_, the hint whereof he would have
+_Plato_ derive from the figure of the brazen Serpent, and to have
+mistaken the Letter X for T, whereas it is not improbable, he learned
+these and other mystical expressions in his Learned Observations of
+AEgypt, where he might obviously behold the Mercurial characters, the
+handed crosses, and other mysteries not throughly understood in the
+sacred Letter X, which being derivative from the Stork, one of the ten
+sacred animals, might be originally AEgyptian, and brought into _Greece_
+by _Cadmus_ of that Countrey.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+
+To enlarge this contemplation unto all the mysteries and secrets,
+accommodable unto this number, were inexcusable Pythagorisme, yet cannot
+omit the ancient conceit of five surnamed the number of justice[169]; as
+justly dividing between the digits, and hanging in the centre of Nine,
+described by square numeration, which angularly divided will make the
+decussated number; and so agreeable unto the Quincunciall Ordination,
+and rowes divided by Equality, and just _decorum_, in the whole
+complantation; And might be the Originall of that common game among us,
+wherein the fifth place is Soveraigne, and carrieth the chief intention.
+The Ancients wisely instructing youth, even in their recreations unto
+virtue, that is, early to drive at the middle point and Central Seat of
+justice.
+
+  [169] +dike+
+        . . .
+        . . .
+        . . .
+
+Nor can we omit how agreeable unto this number an handsome division is
+made in Trees and Plants, since _Plutarch_ and the Ancients have named
+it the Divisive Number, justly dividing the Entities of the world, many
+remarkable things in it, and also comprehending the generall[170]
+division of Vegetables. And he that considers how most blossomes of
+Trees, and greatest number of Flowers, consist of five Leaves; and
+therein doth rest the setled rule of nature; So that in those which
+exceed there is often found, or easily made a variety; may readily
+discover how nature rests in this number, which is indeed the first rest
+and pause of numeration in the fingers, the natural Organs thereof. Nor
+in the division of the feet of perfect animals doth nature exceed this
+account. And even in the joynts of feet, which in birds are most
+multiplied, surpasseth not this number; So progressionally making them
+out in many, that from five in the foreclaw she descendeth unto two in
+the hindemost. And so in fower feet makes up the number of joynts, in
+the five fingers or toes of man.
+
+[170] +Dendron, Thamnos, Phryganon, Poa+, Arbor, frutex, suffrutex,
+      herba, _and that fifth which comprehendeth the_ fungi _and_
+      tubera, _whether to be named_ +Aschion+ _or_ +gymnon+,
+      _comprehending also_ conserva marina salsa, _and Sea-cords, of so
+      many yards length_.
+
+Not to omit the Quintuple Section of a Cone,[171] of handsome practise
+in Ornamentall Garden-plots, and in some way discoverable in so many
+works of Nature; In the leaves, fruits, and seeds of Vegetables, and
+scales of some Fishes, so much considerable in glasses, and the optick
+doctrine; wherein the learned may consider the Crystalline humour of the
+eye in the cuttle-fish and _Loligo_.
+
+  [171] Elleipsis, parabola, Hyperbole, Circulus, Triangulum.
+
+He that forgets not how Antiquity named this the Conjugall or wedding
+Number, and made it the Embleme of the most remarkable conjunction, will
+conceive it duely appliable unto this handsome Oeconomy, and vegetable
+combination; May hence apprehend the allegoricall sence of that obscure
+expression of _Hesiod_,[172] and afford no improbable reason why _Plato_
+admitted his Nuptiall guests by fives, in the kindred of the
+married[173] couple.
+
+  [172] +pemptas+ id est nuptias multas. _Rhodig._
+
+  [173] _Plato_ de leg. 6.
+
+And though a sharper mystery might be implied in the Number of the five
+wise and foolish Virgins, which were to meet the Bridegroom, yet was the
+same agreeable unto the Conjugall Number, which ancient Numerists made
+out by two and three, the first parity and imparity, the active and
+passive digits, the materiall and formall principles in generative
+Societies. And not discordant even from the customes of the _Romans_,
+who admitted but five[174] Torches in their Nuptiall Solemnities.
+Whether there were any mystery or not implied, the most generative
+animals were created on this day, and had accordingly the largest
+benediction; And under a Quintuple consideration, wanton Antiquity
+considered the Circumstances of generation, while by this number of five
+they naturally divided the Nectar of the fifth Planet.
+
+  [174] Plutarch problem. Rom. 1.
+
+The same number in the Hebrew Mysteries and Cabalistical Accounts was
+the Character[175] of Generation; declared by the Letter _He_, the fifth
+in their Alphabet; According to that Cabalisticall _Dogma_: If _Abram_
+had not had this Letter added unto his Name, he had remained fruitlesse,
+and without the power of Generation: Not onely because hereby the number
+of his Name attained two hundred fourty eight, the number of the
+affirmative precepts, but because as in created natures there is a male
+and female, so in divine and intelligent productions, the mother of Life
+and Fountain of souls in Cabalisticall Technology is called _Binah_;
+whose Seal and Character was _He._ So that being sterill before, he
+received the power of generation from that measure and mansion in the
+Archetype; and was made conformable unto _Binah._ And upon such involved
+considerations, the ten[176] of _Sarai_ was exchanged into five. If any
+shall look upon this as a stable number, and fitly appropriable unto
+Trees, as Bodies of Rest and Station, he hath herein a great Foundation
+in nature, who observing much variety in legges and motive Organs of
+Animals, as two, four, six, eight, twelve, fourteen, and more, hath
+passed over five and ten, and assigned them unto none.[177] And for the
+stability of this Number, he shall not want the sphericity of its
+nature, which multiplied in it self, will return into its own
+denomination, and bring up the reare of the account. Which is also one
+of the Numbers that makes up the mysticall Name of God, which consisting
+of Letters denoting all the sphaericall Numbers, ten, five, and six;
+Emphatically sets forth the notion of _Trismegistus_, and that
+intelligible Sphear which is the Nature of God.
+
+  [175] Archang. dog. Cabal.
+
+  [176] Jod _into_ He.
+
+  [177] Or very few, as the _Phalangium monstrosum Brasilianum, Clusii et
+        Jac de Laet. Cur. poster. Americae, Descript._ If perfectly
+        described.
+
+Many Expressions by this Number occurre in Holy Scripture, perhaps
+unjustly laden with mysticall Expositions, and little concerning our
+order. That the Israelites were forbidden to eat the fruit of their new
+planted Trees, before the fifth yeare, was very agreeable unto the
+naturall Rules of Husbandry; Fruits being unwholsome, and lash, before
+the fourth, or fifth Yeare. In the second day or Feminine part of five,
+there was added no approbation. For in the third or masculine day, the
+same is twice repeated; and a double benediction inclosed both
+Creations, whereof the one in some part was but an accomplishment of the
+other. That the Trespasser[178] was to pay a fifth part above the head
+or principall, makes no secret in this Number, and implied no more then
+one part above the principall; which being considered in four parts, the
+additionall forfeit must bear the Name of a fift. The five golden mice
+had plainly their determination from the number of the Princes; That
+five should put to flight an hundred might have nothing mystically
+implyed; considering a rank of Souldiers could scarce consist of a
+lesser number. Saint _Paul_ had rather speak five words in a known then
+ten thousand in an unknown tongue: That is as little as could well be
+spoken. A simple proposition consisting of three words, and a complexed
+one, not ordinarily short of five.
+
+  [178] Lev. 6.
+
+More considerable there are in this mysticall account, which we must not
+insist on. And therefore why the radicall Letters in the Pentateuch
+should equall the number of the Souldiery of the Tribes; Why our Saviour
+in the Wildernesse fed five thousand persons with five Barley Loaves,
+and again, but four thousand with no lesse then seven of Wheat? Why
+_Joseph_ designed five changes of Rayment unto _Benjamin_? and _David_
+took just five pibbles[179] out of the Brook against the Pagan Champion?
+We leave it unto Arithmeticall Divinity, and Theologicall explanation.
+
+  [179] +tessara en ke+ _four and one, or five_. Scalig.
+
+Yet if any delight in new Problemes, or think it worth the enquiry,
+whether the Criticall Physician hath rightly hit the nominall notation
+of Quinque; Why the Ancients mixed five or three but not four parts of
+water unto their Wine: And _Hippocrates_ observed a fifth proportion in
+the mixture of water with milk, as in _Dysenteries_ and bloudy fluxes.
+Under what abstruse foundation Astrologers do figure the good or bad
+Fate from our Children, in good Fortune,[180] or the fifth house of
+their Celestial Schemes. Whether the AEgyptians described a Starre by a
+Figure of five points, with reference unto the five[181] Capitall
+aspects, whereby they transmit their Influences, or abstruser
+Considerations? Why the Cabalisticall Doctors, who conceive the whole
+_Sephiroth_, or divine Emanations to have guided the ten-stringed Harp
+of _David_, whereby he pacified the evil spirit of _Saul_, in strict
+numeration doe begin with the Perihypate Meson, or ff fa ut, and so
+place the Tiphereth answering C sol fa ut, upon the fifth string: Or
+whether this number be oftner applied unto bad things and ends, then
+good in holy Scripture, and why? He may meet with abstrusities of no
+ready resolution.
+
+  [180] +Agathe tyche+, _or_ bona fortuna _the name of the fifth house_.
+
+  [181] _Conjunct, opposite, sextile, trigonal, tetragonal._
+
+If any shall question the rationality of that Magick, in the cure of the
+blinde man by _Serapis_, commanded to place five fingers on his Altar,
+and then his hand on his Eyes? Why since the whole Comoedy is
+primarily and naturally comprised in four[182] parts; and Antiquity
+permitted not so many persons to speak in one Scene, yet would not
+comprehend the same in more or lesse then five acts? Why amongst
+Sea-starres nature chiefly delighteth in five points? And since there
+are found some of no fewer then twelve, and some of seven and nine,
+there are few or none discovered of six or eight? If any shall enquire
+why the Flowers of Rue properly consist of four Leaves, The first and
+third Flower have five? Why since many Flowers have one leaf or
+none,[183] as _Scaliger_ will have it, diverse three, and the greatest
+number consist of five divided from their bottomes; there are yet so few
+of two: or why nature generally beginning or setting out with two
+opposite leaves at the Root, doth so seldome conclude with that order
+and number at the Flower? he shall not passe his hours in vulgar
+speculations.
+
+  [182] +Protasis, epitasis, katastasis, katastrophe+.
+
+  [183] Unifolium nullifolima.
+
+If any shall further quaery why magneticall Philosophy excludeth
+decussations, and needles transversly placed do naturally distract their
+verticities. Why Geomancers do imitate the Quintuple Figure, in their
+Mother Characters of Acquisition and Amission, _etc._ somewhat answering
+the Figures in the Lady or speckled Beetle? With what Equity,
+Chiromantical conjecturers decry these decussations in the Lines and
+Mounts of the hand? What that decussated Figure intendeth in the medall
+of _Alexander_ the Great? Why the Goddesses sit commonly crosse-legged
+in ancient draughts, Since _Juno_ is described in the same as a
+venefical posture to hinder the birth of _Hercules_? If any shall doubt
+why at the Amphidromicall Feasts, on the fifth day after the Childe was
+born, presents were sent from friends, of _Polipusses_, and Cuttle
+fishes? Why five must be only left in that Symbolicall mutiny among the
+men of _Cadmus_? Why _Proteus_ in _Homer_ the Symbole of the first
+matter, before he setled himself in the midst of his Sea-Monsters, doth
+place them out by fives? Why the fifth years Oxe was acceptable
+Sacrifice unto _Jupiter_? Or why the Noble _Antoninus_ in some sence
+doth call the soul it self a Rhombus? He shall not fall on trite or
+triviall disquisitions. And these we invent and propose unto acuter
+enquirers, nauseating crambe verities and questions over-queried. Flat
+and flexible truths are beat out by every hammer; But _Vulcan_ and his
+whole forge sweat to work out _Achilles_ his armour. A large field is
+yet left unto sharper discerners to enlarge upon this order, to search
+out the _quaternio's_ and figured draughts of this nature, and
+moderating the study of names, and meer nomenclature of plants, to erect
+generalities, disclose unobserved proprieties, not only in the
+vegetable shop, but the whole volume of nature; affording delightfull
+Truths, confirmable by sense and ocular Observation, which seems to me
+the surest path, to trace the Labyrinth of truth. For though discursive
+enquiry and rationall conjecture, may leave handsome gashes and
+flesh-wounds; yet without conjunction of this expect no mortal or
+dispatching blows unto errour.
+
+But the Quincunx[184] of Heaven runs low, and 'tis time to close the
+five ports of knowledge; We are unwilling to spin out our awaking
+thoughts into the phantasmes of sleep, which often continueth
+praecogitations; making Cables of Cobwebbes and Wildernesses of handsome
+Groves. Beside _Hippocrates_[185] hath spoke so little and the
+Oneirocriticall Masters,[186] have left such frigid Interpretations from
+plants, that there is little encouragement to dream of Paradise it self.
+Nor will the sweetest delight of Gardens afford much comfort in sleep;
+wherein the dulnesse of that sense shakes hands with delectable odours;
+and though in the Bed[187] of _Cleopatra_, can hardly with any delight
+raise up the ghost of a Rose.
+
+  [184] Hyades _near the Horizon about midnight, at that time._
+
+  [185] De insomniis.
+
+  [186] Artemodorus et Apomazar.
+
+  [187] _Strewed with roses._
+
+Night, which Pagan Theology could make the daughter of _Chaos_, affords
+no advantage to the description of order: Although no lower then that
+Masse can we derive its Genealogy. All things began in order, so shall
+they end, and so shall they begin again; according to the ordainer of
+order and mystical Mathematicks of the City of heaven.
+
+Though _Somnus_ in _Homer_ be sent to rowse up _Agamemnon_, I finde no
+such effects in the drowsy approaches of sleep. To keep our eyes open
+longer were but to act our _Antipodes_. The Huntsmen are up in
+_America_, and they are already past their first sleep in _Persia_. But
+who can be drowsie at that howr which freed us from everlasting sleep?
+or have slumbring thoughts at that time, when sleep it self must end,
+and as some conjecture all shall awake again?
+
+                            _FINIS_
+
+
+
+
+                   THE STATIONER TO THE READER
+
+
+I cannot omit to advertise, that a Book was published not long since,
+Entituled, _Natures Cabinet Unlockt_, bearing the Name of this Authour:
+If any man have been benefited thereby this Authour is not so ambitious
+as to challenge the honour thereof, as having no hand in that Work. To
+distinguish of true and spurious Peeces was the Originall Criticisme,
+and some were so handsomely counterfeited, that the Entitled Authours
+needed not to disclaime them. But since it is so, that either he must
+write himself, or Others will write for him, I know no better Prevention
+then to act his own part with lesse intermission of his Pen.
+
+
+
+
+                            CERTAIN
+
+                           MISCELLANY
+
+                             TRACTS.
+
+
+                           Written by
+
+                      _THOMAS BROWN_, K^t,
+                      and Doctour of Physick;
+                         late of _NORWICH_.
+
+
+                            _LONDON_,
+
+          Printed for _Charles Mearne_, and are to be sold
+                by _Henry Bonwick_, at the _Red Lyon_,
+                    in St. _Paul's_ Church-Yard,
+
+                            MDCLXXXIV.
+
+
+
+
+                  THE PUBLISHER TO THE READER
+
+
+The Papers from which these _Tracts_ were printed, were, a while since,
+deliver'd to me by, those worthy persons, the _Lady_ and _Son_ of the
+excellent Authour. He himself gave no charge concerning his
+_Manuscripts_, either for the suppressing or the publishing of them.
+Yet, seeing he had procured _Transcripts_ of them, and had kept those
+_Copies_ by him, it seemeth probable that He designed them for publick
+use.
+
+Thus much of his Intention being presumed, and many who had tasted of
+the fruits of his former studies being covetous of more of the like
+kind; Also these _Tracts_ having been perused and much approv'd of by
+some Judicious and Learned men; I was not unwilling to be instrumental
+in fitting them for the Press.
+
+To this end, I selected them out of many disordred Papers, and dispos'd
+them into such a method as They seem'd capable of; beginning first with
+_Plants_, going on to _Animals_, proceeding farther to things relating
+to _Men_, and concluding with _matters_ of a _various nature_.
+
+Concerning the _Plants_, I did, on purpose, forbear to range them (as
+some advised) according to their _Tribes_ and _Families_; because, by so
+doing, I should have represented that as a studied and formal work,
+which is but a Collection of _occasional Essaies_. And, indeed, both
+this _Tract_, and those which follow, were rather the _diversions_ than
+the _Labours_ of his Pen: and, because He did, as it were, drop down his
+Thoughts of a sudden, in those little spaces of vacancy which he
+snatch'd from those very many occasions which gave him hourly
+interruption; If there appears, here and there, any uncorrectness in the
+style, a small degree of Candour sufficeth to excuse it.
+
+If there be any such errours in the words, I'm sure the Press has not
+made them fewer; but I do not hold my self oblig'd to answer for That
+which I could not perfectly govern. However, the matter is not of any
+great moment: such errours will not mislead a Learned Reader; and He who
+is not such in some competent degree, is not a fit Peruser of these
+LETTERS. Such these _Tracts_ are; but, for the Persons to whom they were
+written, I cannot well learn their _Names_ from those few obscure marks
+which the Authour has set at the beginning of them. And these Essaies
+being _Letters_, as many as take offence at some few familiar things
+which the Authour hath mixed with them, find fault with decence. Men are
+not wont to set down Oracles in every line they write to their
+Acquaintance.
+
+There, still, remain other brief Discourses written by this most Learned
+and ingenious Authour. Those, also, may come forth, when some of his
+Friends shall have sufficient leisure; and at such due distance from
+these Tracts, that They may follow rather than stifle them.
+
+Amongst these Manuscripts there is one which gives a brief Account of
+all the _Monuments_ of the _Cathedral_ of _Norwich_. It was written
+merely for private use: and the Relations of the Authour expect such
+Justice from those into whose hands some imperfect Copies of it are
+fallen; that, without their Consent first obtain'd, they forbear the
+publishing of It.
+
+The truth is, matter equal to the skill of the Antiquary was not, there,
+afforded: had a fit Subject of that nature offer'd it self, He would
+scarce have been guilty of an oversight like to that of _Ausonius_, who,
+in the description of his native City of _Burdeaux_, omitted the two
+famous Antiquities of it, _Palais de Tutele_, and, _Palais de Galien_.
+
+Concerning the _Authour himself_, I chuse to be silent, though I have
+had the happiness to have been, for some years, known to him. There is
+on foot a design of writing his _Life_: and there are, already, some
+Memorials collected by one of his ancient Friends. Till that work be
+perfected, the Reader may content himself with these present _Tracts_;
+all which commending themselves by their _Learning_, _Curiosity_ and
+_Brevity_, if He be not pleased with them, he seemeth to me to be
+distemper'd with such a niceness of Imagination as no wise man is
+concern'd to humour.
+
+                                        _THO. TENISON._
+
+
+
+
+                       OBSERVATIONS
+
+                       Upon several
+
+               PLANTS mention'd in SCRIPTURE.
+
+
+                          TRACT I
+
+
+[Sidenote: _The Introduction._]
+
+SIR,
+
+Though many ordinary Heads run smoothly over the Scripture, yet I must
+acknowledge, it is one of the hardest Books I ever met with: and
+therefore well deserveth those numerous Comments, Expositions and
+Annotations which make up a good part of our Libraries.
+
+However so affected I am therewith, that I wish there had been more of
+it: and a larger Volume of that Divine Piece which leaveth such welcome
+impressions, and somewhat more, in the Readers, than the words and sense
+after it. At least, who would not be glad that many things barely hinted
+were at large delivered in it? The particulars of the Dispute between
+the Doctours and our Saviour could not but be welcome to them, who have
+every word in honour which proceeded from his mouth, or was otherwise
+delivered by him: and so would be glad to be assured what he wrote with
+his Finger on the ground: But especially to have a particular of that
+instructing Narration or Discourse which he made unto the Disciples
+after his resurrection, where 'tis said [SN: Luke 24. 27.]: _And
+beginning at Moses, and all the Prophets, he expounded unto them in all
+the Scriptures the things concerning himself._
+
+But to omit Theological obscurities, you must needs observe that most
+Sciences do seem to have something more nearly to consider in the
+expressions of the Scripture.
+
+Astronomers find therein the Names but of few Stars, scarce so many as
+in _Achilles_ his _Buckler_ in _Homer_, and almost the very same. But in
+some passages of the Old Testament they think they discover the Zodiacal
+course of the Sun: and they, also, conceive an Astronomical sense in
+that elegant expression of S. _James_[SN: Jam. 1. 17.] concerning _the
+father of lights, with whom there is no variableness, neither shadow of
+turning_: and therein an allowable allusion unto the tropical conversion
+of the Sun, whereby ensueth a variation of heat, light, and also of
+shadows from it. But whether the _Stellae erraticae_, or wandring Stars in
+S. _Jude_, may be referr'd to the celestial Planets, or some
+meteorological wandring Stars, _Ignes fatui, Stellae cadentes et
+erraticae_, or had any allusion unto the Impostour _Barchochebas_, or
+_Stellae Filius_, who afterward appeared, and wandred about in the time
+of _Adrianus_, they leave unto conjecture.
+
+Chirurgions may find their whole Art in that one passage, concerning the
+Rib which God took out of _Adam_, that is their +diairesis+ in opening
+the Flesh, +exairesis+ in taking out the Rib, and +synthesis+ in closing
+and healing the part again.
+
+Rhetoricians and Oratours take singular notice of very many excellent
+passages, stately metaphors, noble tropes and elegant expressions, not
+to be found or parallel'd in any other Authour.
+
+Mineralists look earnestly into the twenty eighth of _Job_, take special
+notice of the early artifice in Brass and Iron under _Tubal-Cain_: And
+find also mention of Gold, Silver, Brass, Tin, Lead, Iron; beside
+Refining, Sodering, Dross, Nitre, Saltpits, and in some manner also of
+Antimony.[188]
+
+  [188] _Depinxit oculos stibio._ 2 Kings 9. 30. Jerem. 4. 30. Ezek. 23.
+        40.
+
+Gemmarie Naturalists reade diligently the pretious Stones in the holy
+City of the _Apocalypse_: examine the Breast-plate of _Aaron_, and
+various Gemms upon it, and think the second Row the nobler of the four:
+they wonder to find the Art of Ingravery so ancient upon pretious Stones
+and Signets; together with the ancient use of Ear-rings and Bracelets.
+And are pleased to find Pearl, Coral, Amber and Crystal in those sacred
+Leaves, according to our Translation. And when they often meet with
+Flints and Marbles, cannot but take notice that there is no mention of
+the Magnet or Loadstone, which in so many similitudes, comparisons, and
+allusions, could hardly have been omitted in the Works of _Solomon_: if
+it were true that he knew either the attractive or directive power
+thereof, as some have believed.
+
+Navigatours consider the Ark, which was pitched without and within, and
+could endure the Ocean without Mast or Sails: They take special notice
+of the twenty seventh of _Ezekiel_; the mighty Traffick and great
+Navigation of _Tyre_, with particular mention of their Sails, their
+Masts of Cedar, Oars of Oak, their skilfull Pilots, Mariners and
+Calkers; as also of the long Voyages of the Fleets of _Solomon_; of
+_Jehosaphat's_ Ships broken at _Ezion-Geber_; of the notable Voyage and
+Shipwreck of S. _Paul_, so accurately delivered in the _Acts_.
+
+Oneirocritical Diviners apprehend some hints of their knowledge, even
+from Divine Dreams; while they take notice of the Dreams of _Joseph_,
+_Pharaoh_, _Nebuchadnezzar_, and the Angels on _Jacob's_ Ladder; and
+find, in _Artemidorus_ and _Achmetes_, that Ladders signifie Travels,
+and the Scales thereof Preferment; and that Oxen Lean and Fat naturally
+denote Scarcity or Plenty, and the successes of Agriculture.
+
+Physiognomists will largely put in from very many passages of Scripture.
+And when they find in _Aristotle_, _quibus frons quadrangula,
+commensurata, fortes, referuntur ad leones_, cannot but take special
+notice of that expression concerning the Gadites; _mighty men of war,
+fit for battel, whose faces were as the faces of lyons_.
+
+Geometrical and Architectonical Artists look narrowly upon the
+description of the Ark, the fabrick of the Temple, and the holy City in
+the _Apocalypse_.
+
+But the Botanical Artist meets every where with Vegetables, and from the
+Figg Leaf in _Genesis_ to the Star Wormwood in the _Apocalypse_, are
+variously interspersed expressions from Plants, elegantly advantaging
+the significancy of the Text: Whereof many being delivered in a
+Language proper unto _Judaea_ and neighbour Countries are imperfectly
+apprehended by the common Reader, and now doubtfully made out, even by
+the Jewish Expositour.
+
+And even in those which are confessedly known, the elegancy is often
+lost in the apprehension of the Reader, unacquainted with such
+Vegetables, or but nakedly knowing their natures: whereof holding a
+pertinent apprehension, you cannot pass over such expressions without
+some doubt or want of satisfaction in your judgment. Hereof we shall
+onely hint or discourse some few which I could not but take notice of in
+the reading of holy Scripture.
+
+Many Plants are mention'd in Scripture which are not distinctly known in
+our Countries, or under such Names in the Original, as they are fain to
+be rendred by analogy, or by the name of Vegetables of good affinity
+unto them, and so maintain the textual sense, though in some variation
+from identity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: _The Observations. Kikaion._]
+
+1. The Plant which afforded a shade unto _Jonah_,[189] mention'd by the
+name of Kikaion, and still retained at least marginally in some
+Translations, to avoid obscurity _Jerome_ rendred _Hedera_ or Ivy; which
+notwithstanding (except in its scandent nature) agreed not fully with
+the other, that is, to _grow up in a night_, or be consumed with a Worm;
+Ivy being of no swift growth, little subject unto Worms, and a scarce
+Plant about _Babylon_.
+
+  [189] Jona 4. 6. _a Gourd_.
+
+[Sidenote: _Hyssope._]
+
+2. That Hyssope is taken for that Plant which cleansed the Leper, being
+a well scented, and very abstersive Simple, may well be admitted; so we
+be not too confident, that it is strictly the same with our common
+Hyssope: The Hyssope of those parts differing from that of ours; as
+_Bellonius_ hath observed in the Hyssope which grows in _Judaea_, and the
+Hyssope of the Wall mention'd in the Works of _Solomon_, no kind of our
+Hyssope; and may tolerably be taken for some kind of minor Capillary,
+which best makes out the Antithesis with the Cedar. Nor when we meet
+with _Libanotis_, is it to be conceived our common Rosemary, which is
+rather the first kind thereof among several others, used by the
+Ancients.
+
+[Sidenote: _Hemlock._ Hosea 10. 4. Amos 6. 2.]
+
+3. That it must be taken for Hemlock, which is twice so rendred in our
+Translation, will hardly be made out, otherwise than in the intended
+sense, and implying some Plant, wherein bitterness or a poisonous
+quality is considerable.
+
+[Sidenote: Paliurus.]
+
+4. What _Tremelius_ rendreth _Spina_, and the Vulgar Translation
+_Paliurus_, and others make some kind of _Rhamnus_, is allowable in the
+sense; and we contend not about the species, since they are known Thorns
+in those Countries, and in our Fields or Gardens among us: and so common
+in _Judaea_, that men conclude the thorny Crown of our Saviour was made
+either of _Paliurus_ or _Rhamnus_.
+
+[Sidenote: Rubus.]
+
+5. Whether the Bush which burnt and consumed not, were properly a
+_Rubus_ or Bramble, was somewhat doubtfull from the Original and some
+Translations, had not the Evangelist, and S. _Paul_ express'd the same
+by the Greek word +Batos+, which from the description of _Dioscorides_,
+Herbarists accept for _Rubus_; although the same word +Batos+ expresseth
+not onely the _Rubus_ or kinds of Bramble, but other Thorn-bushes, and
+the Hipp-briar is also named +Kynosbatos+, or the Dog-briar or Bramble.
+
+[Sidenote: Myrica. Cant. 1. 14.]
+
+6. That _Myrica_ is rendred, Heath, sounds instructively enough to our
+ears, who behold that Plant so common in barren Plains among us: But you
+cannot but take notice that _Erica_, or our Heath is not the same Plant
+with _Myrica_ or Tammarice, described by _Theophrastus_ and
+_Dioscorides_, and which _Bellonius_ declareth to grow so plentifully
+in the Desarts of _Judaea_ and _Arabia_.
+
+[Sidenote: _Cypress._ Cant. 1. 14.]
+
+7. That the +botrys tes Kyprou+, _botrus Cypri_, or Clusters of Cypress,
+should have any reference to the Cypress Tree, according to the original
+_Copher_, or Clusters of the noble Vine of _Cyprus_, which might be
+planted into _Judaea_, may seem to others allowable in some latitude. But
+there seeming some noble Odour to be implied in this place, you may
+probably conceive that the expression drives at the +Kypros+ of
+_Dioscorides_, some oriental kind of _Ligustrum_ or _Alcharma_, which
+_Dioscorides_ and _Pliny_ mention under the name of +Kypros+ and
+_Cyprus_, and to grow about _AEgypt_ and _Ascalon_, producing a sweet and
+odorate bush of Flowers, and out of which was made the famous _Oleum
+Cyprinum_.
+
+But why it should be rendred Camphyre your judgment cannot but doubt,
+who know that our Camphyre was unknown unto the Ancients, and no
+ingredient into any composition of great Antiquity: that learned men
+long conceived it a bituminous and fossile Body, and our latest
+experience discovereth it to be the resinous substance of a Tree, in
+_Borneo_ and _China_; and that the Camphyre that we use is a neat
+preparation of the same.
+
+[Sidenote: _Shittah Tree_, etc. Isa. 41. 19.]
+
+8. When 'tis said in _Isaiah 41. I will plant in the wilderness the
+Cedar, the Shittah Tree, and the Myrtle and the Oil Tree, I will set in
+the Desart, the Firre Tree, and the Pine, and the Box Tree_: Though some
+doubt may be made of the Shittah Tree, yet all these Trees here
+mentioned being such as are ever green, you will more emphatically
+apprehend the mercifull meaning of God in this mention of no fading, but
+always verdant Trees in dry and desart places.
+
+[Sidenote: _Grapes of_ Eshcol. Num. 13. 23.]
+
+9. _And they cut down a Branch with one cluster of Grapes, and they bare
+it between two upon a Staff, and they brought Pomegranates and Figgs._
+This cluster of Grapes brought upon a Staff by the Spies, was an
+incredible sight, in _Philo Judaeus_,[190] seem'd notable in the eyes of
+the Israelites, but more wonderfull in our own, who look onely upon
+Northern Vines. But herein you are like to consider, that the Cluster
+was thus carefully carried to represent it entire, without bruising or
+breaking; that this was not one Bunch but an extraordinary Cluster, made
+up of many depending upon one gross stalk. And however, might be
+parallel'd with the Eastern Clusters of _Margiana_ and _Caramania_, if
+we allow but half the expressions of _Pliny_ and _Strabo_, whereof one
+would lade a Curry or small Cart; and may be made out by the clusters of
+the Grapes of _Rhodes_ presented unto Duke _Radzivil_[191] each
+containing three parts of an Ell in compass, and the Grapes as big as
+Prunes.
+
+  [190] +apistos thea+. Philo.
+
+  [191] Radzivil _in his Travels_.
+
+[Sidenote: _Ingred. of holy Perfume._ _Stacte_, etc. Exod. 30.34, 35.]
+
+10. Some things may be doubted in the species of the holy Ointment and
+Perfume. With Amber, Musk and Civet we meet not in the Scripture, nor
+any Odours from Animals; except we take the Onycha of that Perfume for
+the Covercle of a Shell-fish called _Unguis Odoratus_, or _Blatta
+Byzantina_, which _Dioscorides_ affirmeth to be taken from a Shell-fish
+of the Indian Lakes, which feeding upon the Aromatical Plants is
+gathered when the Lakes are drie. But whether that which we now call
+_Blatta Byzantina_, or _Unguis Odoratus_, be the same with that odorate
+one of Antiquity, great doubt may be made; since _Dioscorides_ saith it
+smelled like _Castoreum_, and that which we now have is of an
+ungratefull odour.
+
+No little doubt may be also made of Galbanum prescribed in the same
+Perfume, if we take it for Galbanum which is of common use among us,
+approaching the evil scent of _Assa Foetida_; and not rather for
+Galbanum of good odour, as the adjoining words declare, and the original
+_Chelbena_ will bear; which implies a fat or resinous substance, that
+which is commonly known among us being properly a gummous body and
+dissoluble also in Water.
+
+The holy Ointment of Stacte or pure Myrrh, distilling from the Plant
+without expression or firing, of Cinnamon, Cassia and Calamus,
+containeth less questionable species, if the Cinnamon of the Ancients
+were the same with ours, or managed after the same manner. For thereof
+_Dioscorides_ made his noble Unguent. And Cinnamon was so highly valued
+by Princes, that _Cleopatra_ carried it unto her Sepulchre with her
+Jewels; which was also kept in wooden Boxes among the rarities of Kings:
+and was of such a lasting nature, that at his composing of Treacle for
+the Emperor _Severus_, _Galen_ made use of some which had been laid up
+by _Adrianus_.
+
+[Sidenote: _Husks eaten by the Prodigal._ Luke 15. 16.]
+
+11. That the Prodigal Son desired _to eat of Husks_ given unto Swine,
+will hardly pass in your apprehension for the Husks of Pease, Beans, or
+such edulious Pulses; as well understanding that the textual word
++Keration+ or _Ceration_, properly intendeth the Fruit of the
+_Siliqua_ Tree so common in _Syria_, and fed upon by Men and Beasts;
+called also by some the Fruit of the Locust Tree, and _Panis Sancti
+Johannis_, as conceiving it to have been part of the Diet of the
+_Baptist_ in the Desart. The Tree and Fruit is not onely common in
+_Syria_ and the Eastern parts, but also well known in _Apuglia_, and the
+Kingdom of _Naples_, growing along the _Via Appia_, from _Fundi_ unto
+_Mola_; the hard Cods or Husks making a rattling noise in windy weather,
+by beating against one another: called by the Italians _Carobe_ or
+_Carobole_, and by the French _Carouges_. With the sweet Pulp hereof
+some conceive that the Indians preserve Ginger, Mirabolans and Nutmegs.
+Of the same (as _Pliny_ delivers) the Ancients made one kind of Wine,
+strongly expressing the Juice thereof; and so they might after give the
+expressed and less usefull part of the Cods, and remaining Pulp unto
+their Swine: which being no gustless or unsatisfying Offal, might be
+well desired by the Prodigal in his hunger.
+
+[Sidenote: _Cucumbers_ etc. _of_ AEgypt.]
+
+12. No marvel it is that the Israelites having lived long in a well
+watred Country, and been acquainted with the noble Water of _Nilus_,
+should complain for Water in the dry and barren Wilderness. More
+remarkable it seems that they should extoll and linger after the
+Cucumbers and Leeks, Onions and Garlick in _AEgypt_: wherein
+notwithstanding lies a pertinent expression of the Diet of that Country
+in ancient times, even as high as the building of the Pyramids, when
+_Herodotus_ delivereth, that so many Talents were spent in Onions and
+Garlick, for the Food of Labourers and Artificers; and is also
+answerable unto their present plentifull Diet in Cucumbers, and the
+great varieties thereof, as testified by _Prosper Alpinus_, who spent
+many years in _AEgypt_.
+
+[Sidenote: _Forbidden Fruit._ Gen. 2. 17. etc.]
+
+13. What Fruit that was which our first Parents tasted in Paradise, from
+the disputes of learned men seems yet indeterminable. More clear it is
+that they cover'd their nakedness or secret parts with Figg Leaves;
+which when I reade, I cannot but call to mind the several considerations
+which Antiquity had of the Figg Tree, in reference unto those parts,
+particularly how Figg Leaves by sundry Authours are described to have
+some resemblance unto the Genitals, and so were aptly formed for such
+contection of those parts; how also in that famous Statua of
+_Praxiteles_, concerning _Alexander_ and _Bucephalus_, the Secret Parts
+are veil'd with Figg Leaves; how this Tree was sacred unto _Priapus_,
+and how the Diseases of the Secret Parts have derived their Name from
+Figgs.
+
+[Sidenote: _Balsam. Oil._ Luke 10. 34.]
+
+14. That the good Samaritan coming from _Jericho_ used any of the Judean
+Balsam upon the wounded Traveller, is not to be made out, and we are
+unwilling to disparage his charitable Surgery in pouring Oil into a
+green Wound; and therefore when 'tis said he used Oil and Wine, may
+rather conceive that he made an _Oinelaeum_ or medicine of Oil and Wine
+beaten up and mixed together, which was no improper Medicine, and is an
+Art now lately studied by some so to incorporate Wine and Oil that they
+may lastingly hold together, which some pretend to have, and call it
+_Oleum Samaritanum_, or Samaritans Oil.
+
+[Sidenote: _Pulse of_ Daniel. Dan. 1. 12.]
+
+15. When _Daniel_ would not pollute himself with the Diet of the
+Babylonians, he probably declined Pagan commensation, or to eat of Meats
+forbidden to the Jews, though common at their Tables, or so much as to
+taste of their Gentile Immolations, and Sacrifices abominable unto his
+Palate.
+
+But when 'tis said that he made choice of the Diet of Pulse and Water,
+whether he strictly confined unto a leguminous Food, according to the
+Vulgar Translation, some doubt may be raised, from the original word
+_Zeragnim_, which signifies _Seminalia_, and is so set down in the
+Margin of _Arias Montanus_; and the Greek word _Spermata_, generally
+expressing Seeds, may signifie any edulious or cerealious Grains besides
++ospria+ or leguminous Seeds.
+
+Yet if he strictly made choice of a leguminous Food, and Water instead
+of his portion from the King's Table, he handsomely declined the Diet
+which might have been put upon him, and particularly that which was
+called the _Potibasis_ of the King, which as _Athenaeus_ informeth
+implied the Bread of the King, made of Barley, and Wheat, and the Wine
+of _Cyprus_, which he drank in an oval Cup. And therefore distinctly
+from that he chose plain Fare of Water, and the gross Diet of Pulse, and
+that perhaps not made into Bread, but parched, and tempered with Water.
+
+Now that herein (beside the special benediction of God) he made choice
+of no improper Diet to keep himself fair and plump and so to excuse the
+Eunuch his Keeper, Physicians will not deny, who acknowledge a very
+nutritive and impinguating faculty in Pulses, in leguminous Food, and in
+several sorts of Grains and Corns, is not like to be doubted by such who
+consider that this was probably a great part of the Food of our
+Forefathers before the Floud, the Diet also of _Jacob_: and that the
+Romans (called therefore _Pultifagi_) fed much on Pulse for six hundred
+years; that they had no Bakers for that time: and their Pistours were
+such as, before the use of Mills, beat out and cleansed their Corn. As
+also that the Athletick Diet was of Pulse, _Alphiton_, _Maza_, Barley
+and Water; whereby they were advantaged sometimes to an exquisite state
+of health, and such as was not without danger. And therefore though
+_Daniel_ were no Eunuch, and of a more fatning and thriving temper, as
+some have phancied, yet was he by this kind of Diet, sufficiently
+maintained in a fair and carnous state of Body, and accordingly his
+Picture not improperly drawn, that is, not meagre and lean, like
+_Jeremy's_, but plump and fair, answerable to the most authentick
+draught of the _Vatican_, and the late German _Luther's_ Bible.
+
+The Cynicks in _Athenaeus_ make iterated Courses of Lentils, and prefer
+that Diet before the Luxury of _Seleucus_. The present AEgyptians, who
+are observed by _Alpinus_ to be the fattest Nation, and Men to have
+breasts like Women, owe much, as he conceiveth, unto the Water of
+_Nile_, and their Diet of Rice, Pease, Lentils and white Cicers. The
+Pulse-eating Cynicks and Stoicks, are all very long livers in
+_Laertius_. And _Daniel_ must not be accounted of few years, who, being
+carried away Captive in the Reign of _Joachim_, by King
+_Nebuchadnezzar_, lived, by Scripture account, unto the first year of
+_Cyrus_.
+
+[Sidenote: Jacob's _Rods_. Gen. 30. 31.]
+
+16. _And Jacob took Rods of green Poplar, and of the Hazel and the
+Chesnut Tree, and pilled white streaks in them, and made the white
+appear which was in the Rods_, etc. Men multiply the Philosophy of
+_Jacob_, who, beside the benediction of God, and the powerfull effects
+of imagination, raised in the Goats and Sheep from pilled and
+party-coloured objects, conceive that he chose out these particular
+Plants above any other, because he understood they had a particular
+virtue unto the intended effects, according unto the conception of
+_Georgius Venetus_.[192]
+
+  [192] G. Venetus _Problem_ 200.
+
+Whereto you will hardly assent, at least till you be better satisfied
+and assured concerning the true species of the Plants intended in the
+Text, or find a clearer consent and uniformity in the Translation: For
+what we render Poplar, Hazel and Chesnut, the Greek translateth _Virgam
+styracinam, nucinam, plataninam_, which some also render a Pomegranate:
+and so observing this variety of interpretations concerning common and
+known Plants among us, you may more reasonably doubt, with what
+propriety or assurance others less known be sometimes rendred unto us.
+
+[Sidenote: _Lilies of the Field._ Matt. 6. 28.]
+
+17. Whether in the Sermon of the Mount, the _Lilies of the Field_ did
+point at the proper Lilies, or whether those Flowers grew wild in the
+place where our Saviour preached, some doubt may be made: because
++Krinon+ the word in that place is accounted of the same signification
+with +Leirion+, and that in _Homer_ is taken for all manner of specious
+Flowers: so received by _Eustachius_, _Hesychius_, and the Scholiast
+upon _Apollonius Rhodius_, +Katholou ta anthe Leiria legetai+. And
++Krinon+ is also received in the same latitude, not signifying onely
+Lilies, but applied unto Daffodils, Hyacinths, Iris's, and the Flowers
+of _Colocynthis_.
+
+Under the like latitude of acception, are many expressions in the
+_Canticles_ to be received. And when it is said _he feedeth among the
+Lilies_, therein may be also implied other specious Flowers, not
+excluding the proper Lilies. But in that expression, _the Lilies drop
+forth Myrrhe_, neither proper Lilies nor proper Myrrhe can be
+apprehended, the one not proceeding from the other, but may be received
+in a Metaphorical sense: and in some latitude may be also made out from
+the roscid and honey drops observable in the Flowers of Martagon, and
+inverted flowred Lilies, and, 'tis like, is the standing sweet Dew on
+the white eyes of the Crown Imperial, now common among us.
+
+And the proper Lily may be intended in that expression of 1 _Kings_ 7.
+that the brazen Sea was of the thickness of a hand breadth, and the brim
+like a Lily. For the figure of that Flower being round at the bottom,
+and somewhat repandous, or inverted at the top, doth handsomely
+illustrate the comparison.
+
+But that the Lily of the Valley, mention'd in the _Canticles_[SN: Cant.
+2.], _I am the Rose of Sharon, and the Lily of the Valleys_, is that
+Vegetable which passeth under the same name with us, that is _Lilium
+convallium_, or the _May_ Lily, you will more hardly believe, who know
+with what insatisfaction the most learned Botanists reduce that Plant
+unto any described by the Ancients; that _Anguillara_ will have it to be
+the _Oenanthe_ of _Athenaeus_, _Cordus_ the _Pothos_ of _Theophrastus_;
+and _Lobelius_ that the Greeks had not described it; who find not six
+Leaves in the Flower agreeably to all Lilies, but onely six small
+divisions in the Flower, who find it also to have a single, and no
+bulbous Root, nor Leaves shooting about the bottom, nor the Stalk round,
+but angular. And that the learned _Bauhinus_ hath not placed it in the
+Classis of Lilies, but nervifolious Plants.
+
+[Sidenote: _Fitches_, _Cummin_, &c. _in_ Isa. 28. 25]
+
+18. _Doth he not cast abroad the Fitches, and scatter the Cummin Seed,
+and cast in the principal Wheat, and the appointed Barley, and the Rye
+in their place_: Herein though the sense may hold under the names
+assigned, yet is it not so easie to determine the particular Seeds and
+Grains, where the obscure original causeth such differing Translations.
+For in the Vulgar we meet with _Milium_ and Gith, which our Translation
+declineth, placing Fitches for Gith, and Rye for _Milium_ or Millet,
+which notwithstanding is retained by the Dutch.
+
+That it might be _Melanthium_, _Nigella_, or Gith, may be allowably
+apprehended, from the frequent use of the Seed thereof among the Jews
+and other Nations, as also from the Translation of _Tremellius_; and
+the Original implying a black Seed, which is less than Cummin, as, out
+of _Aben Ezra_, _Buxtorfius_ hath expounded it.
+
+But whereas _Milium_ or +Kenchros+ of the Septuagint is by ours
+rendred Rye, there is little similitude or affinity between those
+Grains; For _Milium_ is more agreeable unto _Spelta_ or Espaut, as the
+Dutch and others still render it.
+
+That we meet so often with Cummin Seed in many parts of Scripture in
+reference unto _Judaea_, a Seed so abominable at present unto our Palates
+and Nostrils, will not seem strange unto any who consider the frequent
+use thereof among the Ancients, not onely in medical but dietetical use
+and practice: For their Dishes were filled therewith, and the noblest
+festival preparations in _Apicius_ were not without it: And even in the
+_Polenta_, and parched Corn, the old Diet of the Romans, (as _Pliny_
+recordeth) unto every Measure they mixed a small proportion of Lin-seed
+and Cummin-seed.
+
+And so Cummin is justly set down among things of vulgar and common use,
+when it is said in _Matthew_ 23. v. 23. _You pay Tithe of Mint, Annise
+and Cummin_: but how to make out the translation of Annise we are still
+to seek, there being no word in that Text which properly signifieth
+Annise: the Original being +Anethon+, which the Latins call _Anethum_,
+and is properly englished Dill.
+
+That among many expressions, allusions and illustrations made in
+Scripture from Corns, there is no mention made of Oats, so usefull a
+Grain among us, will not seem very strange unto you, till you can
+clearly discover that it was a Grain of ordinary use in those parts; who
+may also find that _Theophrastus_, who is large about other Grains,
+delivers very little of it. That _Dioscorides_ is also very short
+therein. And _Galen_ delivers that it was of some use in _Asia minor_,
+especially in _Mysia_, and that rather for Beasts than Men: And _Pliny_
+affirmeth that the _Pulticula_ thereof was most in use among the
+Germans. Yet that the Jews were not without all use of this Grain seems
+confirmable from the Rabbinical account, who reckon five Grains liable
+unto their Offerings, whereof the Cake presented might be made; that is,
+Wheat, Oats, Rye, and two sorts of Barley.
+
+[Sidenote: _Ears of Corn._ Matt. 12. 1.]
+
+19. Why the Disciples being hungry pluck'd the Ears of Corn, it seems
+strange to us, who observe that men half starved betake not themselves
+to such supply; except we consider the ancient Diet of _Alphiton_ and
+_Polenta_, the Meal of dried and parched Corn, or that which was
++Omelysis+, or Meal of crude and unparched Corn, wherewith they being
+well acquainted, might hope for some satisfaction from the Corn yet in
+the Husk; that is, from the nourishing pulp or mealy part within it.
+
+[Sidenote: _Stubble of_ AEgypt Exod. 5.7, etc.]
+
+20. The inhumane oppression of the AEgyptian Task-masters, who, not
+content with the common tale of Brick, took also from the Children of
+Israel their allowance of _Straw_, and forced them to gather _Stubble_
+where they could find it, will be more nearly apprehended, if we
+consider how hard it was to acquire any quantity of Stubble in _AEgypt_,
+where the Stalk of Corn was so short, that to acquire an ordinary
+measure, it required more than ordinary labour; as is discoverable from
+that account, which _Pliny_[193] hath happily left unto us. In the Corn
+gather'd in _AEgypt_ the Straw is never a Cubit long: because the Seed
+lieth very shallow, and hath no other nourishment than from the Mudd and
+Slime left by the River; For under it is nothing but Sand and Gravel.
+
+  [193] _Lib. 18. Nat. Hist._
+
+So that the expression of Scripture is more Emphatical than is commonly
+apprehended, when 'tis said, _The people were scattered abroad through
+all the Land of AEgypt to gather Stubble instead of Straw_. For the
+Stubble being very short, the acquist was difficult; a few Fields
+afforded it not, and they were fain to wander far to obtain a sufficient
+quantity of it.
+
+[Sidenote: _Flowers of the Vine._ Cant. 2. 13.]
+
+21. It is said in the _Song of Solomon_, that _the Vines with the tender
+Grape give a good smell_. That the Flowers of the Vine should be
+Emphatically noted to give a pleasant smell, seems hard unto our
+Northern Nostrils, which discover not such Odours, and smell them not in
+full Vineyards; whereas in hot Regions, and more spread and digested
+Flowers, a sweet savour may be allowed, denotable from several humane
+expressions, and the practice of the Ancients, in putting the dried
+Flowers of the Vine into new Wine to give it a pure and flosculous race
+or spirit, which Wine was therefore called +Oinathinon+, allowing unto
+every _Cadus_ two pounds of dried Flowers.
+
+And, therefore, the Vine flowering but in the Spring, it cannot but seem
+an impertinent objection of the Jews, that the Apostles were _full of
+new Wine_ at _Pentecost_ when it was not to be found. Wherefore we may
+rather conceive that the word +Gleuky+[194] in that place implied
+not _new Wine_ or _Must_, but some generous strong and sweet Wine,
+wherein more especially lay the power of inebriation.
+
+  [194] Acts 2. 13.
+
+But if it be to be taken for some kind of _Must_, it might be some kind
+of +Aeigleukos+, or long-lasting _Must_, which might be had at any time
+of the year, and which, as _Pliny_ delivereth, they made by hindring,
+and keeping the _Must_ from fermentation or working, and so it kept soft
+and sweet for no small time after.
+
+[Sidenote: _The Olive Leaf in_ Gen. 8. 11.]
+
+22. When the _Dove_, sent out of the Ark, return'd with _a green Olive
+Leaf_, according to the Original: how the Leaf, after ten Months, and
+under water, should still maintain a verdure or greenness, need not much
+amuse the Reader, if we consider that the Olive Tree is +Aeiphyllon+, or
+continually green; that the Leaves are of a bitter taste, and of a fast
+and lasting substance. Since we also find fresh and green Leaves among
+the Olives which we receive from remote Countries; and since the Plants
+at the bottom of the Sea, and on the sides of Rocks, maintain a deep and
+fresh verdure.
+
+How the Tree should stand so long in the Deluge under Water, may partly
+be allowed from the uncertain determination of the Flows and Currents of
+that time, and the qualification of the saltness of the Sea, by the
+admixture of fresh Water, when the whole watery Element was together.
+
+And it may be signally illustrated from the like examples in
+_Theophrastus_[195] and _Pliny_[196] in words to this effect: Even the
+Sea affordeth Shrubs and Trees; In the red Sea whole Woods do live,
+namely of Bays and Olives bearing Fruit. The Souldiers of _Alexander_,
+who sailed into _India_, made report, that the Tides were so high in
+some Islands, that they overflowed, and covered the Woods, as high as
+Plane and Poplar Trees. The lower sort wholly, the greater all but the
+tops, whereto the Mariners fastned their Vessels at high Waters, and at
+the root in the Ebb; That the Leaves of these Sea Trees while under
+water looked green, but taken out presently dried with the heat of the
+Sun. The like is delivered by _Theophrastus_, that some Oaks do grow and
+bear Acrons under the Sea.
+
+  [195] Theophrast. _Hist. Lib. 4. Cap. 7. 8._
+
+  [196] Plin. _lib. 13. cap. ultimo._
+
+[Sidenote: _Grain of Mustard-seed in S._ Matt 13. 31, 32.]
+
+23. _The Kingdom of Heaven is like to a grain of Mustard-seed, which a
+Man took and sowed in his Field, which indeed is the least of all Seeds;
+but when 'tis grown is the greatest among Herbs, and becometh a Tree, so
+that the Birds of the Air come and lodge in the Branches thereof._
+
+Luke 13. 19. _It is like a grain of Mustard-seed, which a Man took and
+cast it into his Garden, and it waxed a great Tree, and the Fowls of the
+Air lodged in the Branches thereof._
+
+This expression by a grain of Mustard-seed, will not seem so strange
+unto you, who well consider it. That it is simply the least of Seeds,
+you cannot apprehend, if you have beheld the Seeds of _Rapunculus_,
+Marjorane, Tobacco, and the smallest Seed of _Lunaria_.
+
+But you may well understand it to be the smallest Seed among Herbs which
+produce so big a Plant, or the least of herbal Plants, which arise unto
+such a proportion, implied in the expression; _the smallest of Seeds_,
+and _becometh the greatest of Herbs_.
+
+And you may also grant that it is the smallest of Seeds of Plants apt to
++dendrizein+, _arborescere_, _fruticescere_, or to grow unto a ligneous
+substance, and from an herby and oleraceous Vegetable, to become a kind
+of Tree, and to be accounted among the _Dendrolachana_, or
+_Arboroleracea_; as upon strong Seed, Culture and good Ground, is
+observable in some Cabbages, Mallows, and many more, and therefore
+expressed by +ginetai to dendron+, and +ginetai eis to dendron+, it
+becometh a Tree, or _arborescit_, as _Beza_ rendreth it.
+
+Nor if warily considered doth the expression contain such difficulty.
+For the Parable may not ground it self upon generals, or imply any or
+every grain of Mustard, but point at such a grain as from its fertile
+spirit, and other concurrent advantages, hath the success to become
+arboreous, shoot into such a magnitude, and acquire the like tallness.
+And unto such a Grain the Kingdom of Heaven is likened which from such
+slender beginnings shall find such increase and grandeur.
+
+The expression also that it might grow into such dimensions that Birds
+might lodge in the Branches thereof, may be literally conceived; if we
+allow the luxuriancy of plants in _Judaea_, above our Northern Regions;
+If we accept of but half the Story taken notice of by Tremellius, from
+the _Jerusalem Talmud_, of a Mustard Tree that was to be climbed like a
+Figg Tree; and of another, under whose shade a Potter daily wrought: and
+it may somewhat abate our doubts, if we take in the advertisement of
+_Herodotus_ concerning lesser Plants of _Milium_ and _Sesamum_ in the
+Babylonian Soil: _Milium ac Sesamum in proceritatem instar arborum
+crescere, etsi mihi compertum, tamen memorare supersedeo, probe sciens
+cis qui nunquam Babyloniam regionem adierunt perquam incredibile visum
+iri._ We may likewise consider that the word +kataskenosai+ doth
+not necessarily signifie _making a Nest_, but rather sitting, roosting,
+covering and resting in the Boughs, according as the same word is used
+by the _Septuagint_ in other places[197] as the Vulgar rendreth it in
+this, _inhabitant_, as our Translation, _lodgeth_, and the Rhemish,
+_resteth_ in the Branches.
+
+  [197] Dan. 4. 9. Ps. 1. 14. 12.
+
+[Sidenote: _The Rod of_ Aaron. Numb. 17. 8.]
+
+24. _And it came to pass that on the morrow Moses went into the
+Tabernacle of witness, and behold the Rod of Aaron for the House of Levi
+was budded, and brought forth Buds, and bloomed Blossomes, and yielded
+Almonds._ In the contention of the Tribes and decision of priority and
+primogeniture of _Aaron_, declared by the Rod, which in a night budded,
+flowred and brought forth Almonds, you cannot but apprehend a propriety
+in the Miracle from that species of Tree which leadeth in the Vernal
+germination of the year, unto all the Classes of Trees; and so apprehend
+how properly in a night and short space of time the Miracle arose, and
+somewhat answerable unto its nature the Flowers and Fruit appeared in
+this precocious Tree, and whose original Name[198] implies such speedy
+efflorescence, as in its proper nature flowering in _February_, and
+shewing its Fruit in _March_.
+
+  [198] Sbacher _from_ Sbachar festinus fuit _or_ maturuit.
+
+This consideration of that Tree maketh the expression in _Jeremy_[SN:
+Jer. 1. 11.] more Emphatical, when 'tis said, _What seest thou? and he
+said, A Rod of an Almond Tree. Then said the Lord unto me, Thou hast
+well seen, for I will hasten the Word to perform it._ I will be quick
+and forward like the Almond Tree, to produce the effects of my word, and
+hasten to display my judgments upon them.
+
+And we may hereby more easily apprehend the expression in _Ecclesiastes_
+[SN: Eccles. 12. 5.]; _When the Almond Tree shall flourish_. That is
+when the Head, which is the prime part, and first sheweth it self in the
+world, shall grow white, like the Flowers of the Almond Tree, whose
+Fruit, as _Athenaeus_ delivereth, was first called +Karenon+, or the
+Head, from some resemblance and covering parts of it.
+
+How properly the priority was confirmed by a Rod or Staff, and why the
+Rods and Staffs of the Princes were chosen for this decision,
+Philologists will consider. For these were the badges, signs and
+cognisances of their places, and were a kind of Sceptre in their hands,
+denoting their supereminencies. The Staff of Divinity is ordinarily
+described in the hands of Gods and Goddesses in old draughts. Trojan and
+Grecian Princes were not without the like, whereof the Shoulders of
+_Thersites_ felt from the hands of _Ulysses_. _Achilles_ in _Homer_, as
+by a desperate Oath, swears by his wooden Sceptre, which should never
+bud nor bear Leaves again; which seeming the greatest impossibility to
+him, advanceth the Miracle of _Aaron's_ Rod. And if it could be well
+made out that _Homer_ had seen the Books of _Moses_, in that expression
+of _Achilles_, he might allude unto this Miracle.
+
+That power which proposed the experiment by Blossomes in the Rod, added
+also the Fruit of Almonds; the Text not strictly making out the Leaves,
+and so omitting the middle germination: the Leaves properly coming after
+the Flowers, and before the Almonds. And therefore if you have well
+perused Medals, you cannot but observe how in the impress of many
+Shekels, which pass among us by the name of the _Jerusalem_ Shekels, the
+Rod of _Aaron_ is improperly laden with many Leaves, whereas that which
+is shewn under the name of the Samaritan Shekel seems most conformable
+unto the Text, which describeth the Fruit without Leaves.
+
+[Sidenote: _The Vine in_ Gen. 49. 11.]
+
+25. _Binding his Foal unto the Vine, and his Asses Colt unto the choice
+Vine._
+
+That Vines, which are commonly supported, should grow so large and
+bulky, as to be fit to fasten their Juments, and Beasts of labour unto
+them, may seem a hard expression unto many: which notwithstanding may
+easily be admitted, if we consider the account of _Pliny_, that in many
+places out of _Italy_ Vines do grow without any stay or support: nor
+will it be otherwise conceived of lusty Vines, if we call to mind how
+the same Authour[199] delivereth, that the _Statua_ of _Jupiter_ was
+made out of a Vine; and that out of one single Cyprian Vine a Scale or
+Ladder was made that reached unto the Roof of the Temple of _Diana_ at
+_Ephesus_.
+
+  [199] Plin. _lib. 14._
+
+[Sidenote: _Rose of_ Jericho. Ecclus. 24. 14.]
+
+26. _I was exalted as a Palm Tree in Engaddi, and as a Rose Plant in
+Jericho._ That the Rose of _Jericho_, or that Plant which passeth among
+us under that denomination, was signified in this Text, you are not like
+to apprehend with some, who also name it the _Rose of S. Mary_, and
+deliver, that it openeth the Branches, and Flowers upon the Eve of our
+Saviour's Nativity: But rather conceive it some proper kind of Rose,
+which thrived and prospered in _Jericho_ more than in the neighbour
+Countries. For our Rose of _Jericho_ is a very low and hard Plant, a few
+inches above the ground; one whereof brought from _Judaea_ I have kept by
+me many years, nothing resembling a Rose Tree, either in Flowers,
+Branches, Leaves or Growth; and so, improper to answer the Emphatical
+word of exaltation in the Text: growing not only about _Jericho_, but
+other parts of _Judaea_ and _Arabia_, as _Bellonius_ hath observed: which
+being a drie and ligneous Plant, is preserved many years, and though
+crumpled and furdled up, yet, if infused in Water, will swell and
+display its parts.
+
+[Sidenote: _Turpentine Tree in_ Ecclus. 24. 16.]
+
+27. _Quasi Terebinthus extendi ramos_, when it is said in the same
+Chapter, _as a Turpentine Tree have I stretched out my Branches_: it
+will not seem strange unto such as have either seen that Tree, or
+examined its description: For it is a Plant that widely displayeth its
+Branches: and though in some European Countries it be but of a low and
+fruticeous growth, yet _Pliny_[200] observeth that it is great in
+_Syria_, and so allowably, or at least not improperly mentioned in the
+expression of _Hosea_[201] according to the Vulgar Translation. _Super
+capita montium sacrificant,_ etc. _sub quercu, populo et terebintho,
+quoniam bona est umbra ejus._ And this diffusion and spreading of its
+Branches, hath afforded the Proverb of _Terebintho stultior_, applicable
+unto arrogant or boasting persons, who spread and display their own
+acts, as _Erasmus_ hath observed.
+
+  [200] Terebinthus in Macedonia fruticat, in Syria, magna est. _Lib. 13._
+        Plin.
+
+  [201] Hosea. 4. 13.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Pomegranate in_ 1 Sam. 14. 2.]
+
+28. It is said in our Translation. _Saul tarried in the uppermost parts
+of Gibeah, under a Pomegranate Tree which is in Migron: and the people
+which were with him were about six hundred men._ And when it is said in
+some Latin Translations, _Saul morabatur fixo tentorio sub Malogranato_,
+you will not be ready to take in the common literal sense, who know that
+a Pomegranate Tree is but low of growth, and very unfit to pitch a Tent
+under it; and may rather apprehend it as the name of a place, or the
+Rock of _Rimmon_, or Pomegranate; so named from Pomegranates which grew
+there, and which many think to have been the same place mentioned in
+_Judges_.[202]
+
+  [202] Judges 20. 45, 47. _Ch._ 21. 13.
+
+[Sidenote: _A Green Field in_ Wisd. 19. 7.]
+
+29. It is said in the Book of _Wisedom_, _Where water stood before, drie
+land appeared, and out of the red Sea a way appeared without impediment,
+and out of the violent streams a green Field_; or as the Latin renders
+it, _Campus germinans de profundo_: whereby it seems implied that the
+Israelites passed over a green Field at the bottom of the Sea: and
+though most would have this but a Metaphorical expression, yet may it be
+literally tolerable; and so may be safely apprehended by those that
+sensibly know what great number of Vegetables (as the several varieties
+of _Alga's_, _Sea Lettuce_, _Phasganium_, _Conferua_, _Caulis Marina_,
+_Abies_, _Erica_, _Tamarice_, divers sorts of _Muscus_, _Fucus_,
+_Quercus Marina_ and _Corallins_) are found at the bottom of the Sea.
+Since it is also now well known, that the Western Ocean, for many
+degrees, is covered with _Sargasso_ or _Lenticula Marina_, and found to
+arise from the bottom of that Sea; since, upon the coast of _Provence_
+by the Isles of _Eres_, there is a part of the _Mediterranean Sea_,
+called _la Prairie_, or the _Meadowy Sea_, from the bottom thereof so
+plentifully covered with Plants: since vast heaps of Weeds are found in
+the Bellies of some Whales taken in the Northern Ocean, and at a great
+distance from the Shore: And since the providence of Nature hath
+provided this shelter for minor Fishes; both for their spawn, and safety
+of their young ones. And this might be more peculiarly allowed to be
+spoken of the Red Sea, since the Hebrews named it _Suph_, or the _Weedy
+Sea_: and, also, seeing _Theophrastus_ and _Pliny_, observing the growth
+of Vegetables under water, have made their chief illustrations from
+those in the Red Sea.
+
+[Sidenote: _Sycamore._]
+
+30. You will readily discover how widely they are mistaken, who accept
+the Sycamore mention'd in several parts of Scripture for the Sycamore,
+or Tree of that denomination, with us: which is properly but one kind or
+difference of _Acer_, and bears no Fruit with any resemblance unto a
+Figg.
+
+But you will rather, thereby, apprehend the true and genuine Sycamore,
+or _Sycaminus_, which is a stranger in our parts. A Tree (according to
+the description of _Theophrastus_, _Dioscorides_ and _Galen_) resembling
+a Mulberry Tree in the Leaf, but in the Fruit a Figg; which it produceth
+not in the Twiggs but in the Trunck or greater Branches, answerable to
+the Sycamore of _AEgypt_, the AEgyptian Figg or Giamez of the Arabians,
+described by _Prosper Alpinus_, with a Leaf somewhat broader than a
+Mulberry, and in its Fruit like a Figg. Insomuch that some have fancied
+it to have had its first production from a Figg Tree grafted on a
+Mulberry.
+
+It is a Tree common in _Judaea_, whereof they made frequent use in
+Buildings; and so understood, it explaineth that expression in
+_Isaiah_:[203] _Sycamori excisi sunt, Cedros substituemus. The Bricks
+are fallen down, we will build with hewen Stones: The Sycamores are cut
+down, but we will change them into Cedars._
+
+  [203] Isa. 9. 10
+
+It is a broad spreading Tree, not onely fit for Walks, Groves and Shade,
+but also affording profit. And therefore it is said that King
+_David_[204] appointed _Baalhanan_ to be over his Olive Trees and
+Sycamores, which were in great plenty; and it is accordingly
+delivered,[205] that _Solomon made Cedars to be as the Sycamore Trees
+that are in the Vale for abundance_. That is, he planted many, though
+they did not come to perfection in his days.
+
+  [204] 1 Chron. 27. 28.
+
+  [205] 1 King. 10. 27.
+
+And as it grew plentifully about the Plains, so was the Fruit good for
+Food; and, as _Bellonius_ and late accounts deliver, very refreshing
+unto Travellers in those hot and drie Countries: whereby the expression
+of _Amos_[206] becomes more intelligible, when he said he was _an
+Herdsman, and a gatherer of Sycamore Fruit_. And the expression of
+_David_[207] also becomes more Emphatical; _He destroyed their Vines
+with Hail, and their Sycamore Trees with Frost_. That is, their
+_Sicmoth_ in the Original, a word in the sound not far from the
+Sycamore.
+
+  [206] Amos 7. 14.
+
+  [207] Psal. 78 47.
+
+Thus when it is said,[208] _If ye had Faith as a grain of Mustard-seed,
+ye might say unto this Sycamine Tree, Be thou plucked up by the roots,
+and be thou placed in the Sea, and it should obey you_: it might be more
+significantly spoken of this Sycamore; this being described to be _Arbor
+vasta_, a large and well rooted Tree, whose removal was more difficult
+than many others. And so the instance in that Text, is very properly
+made in the Sycamore Tree, one of the largest and less removable Trees
+among them. A Tree so lasting and well rooted, that the Sycamore which
+_Zacheus_ ascended, is still shewn in _Judaea_ unto Travellers; as also
+the hollow Sycamore at _Maturaea_ in _AEgypt_, where the blessed Virgin is
+said to have remained: which though it relisheth of the Legend, yet it
+plainly declareth what opinion they had of the lasting condition of that
+Tree, to countenance the Tradition; for which they might not be without
+some experience, since the learned describer of the _Pyramides_[209]
+observeth, that the old AEgyptians made Coffins of this Wood, which he
+found yet fresh and undecayed among divers of their Mummies.
+
+  [208] Luk. 17. 6.
+
+  [209] D. Greaves.
+
+And thus, also, when _Zacheus_ climbed up into a Sycamore above any
+other Tree, this being a large and fair one, it cannot be denied that he
+made choice of a proper and advantageous Tree to look down upon our
+Saviour.
+
+[Sidenote: _Increase of Seed 100. fold in_ Matt. 13. 23.]
+
+31. Whether the expression of our Saviour in the Parable of the Sower,
+and the increase of the Seed _unto thirty, sixty and a hundred fold_,
+had any reference unto the ages of Believers, and measures of their
+Faith, as Children, Young and Old Persons, as to beginners, well
+advanced and strongly confirmed Christians, as learned men have hinted;
+or whether in this progressional assent there were any latent Mysteries,
+as the mystical Interpreters of Numbers may apprehend, I pretend not to
+determine.
+
+But, how this multiplication may well be conceived, and in what way
+apprehended, and that this centesimal increase is not naturally strange,
+you that are no stranger in Agriculture, old and new, are not like to
+make great doubt.
+
+That every Grain should produce an Ear affording an hundred Grains, is
+not like to be their conjecture who behold the growth of Corn in our
+Fields, wherein a common Grain doth produce far less in number. For
+barley consisting but of two _Versus_ or Rows, seldom exceedeth twenty
+Grains, that is, ten upon each +Stoichos+, or Row; Rye, of a square
+figure, is very fruitfull at forty: Wheat, besides the _Frit_ and
+_Uruncus_, or imperfect Grains of the small Husks at the top and bottom
+of the Ear, is fruitfull at ten treble _Glumae_ or Husks in a Row, each
+containing but three Grains in breadth, if the middle Grain arriveth at
+all to perfection; and so maketh up threescore Grains in both sides.
+
+Yet even this centesimal fructification may be admitted in some sorts of
+_Cerealia_, and Grains from one Ear: if we take in the _Triticum
+centigranum_, or _fertilissimum Plinii_, Indian Wheat, and _Panicum_;
+which, in every Ear, containeth hundreds of Grains.
+
+But this increase may easily be conceived of Grains in their total
+multiplication, in good and fertile ground, since, if every Grain of
+Wheat produceth but three Ears, the increase will arise above that
+number. Nor are we without examples of some grounds which have produced
+many more Ears, and above this centesimal increase: As _Pliny_ hath left
+recorded of the _Byzacian_ Field in _Africa_. _Misit ex eo loco
+Procurator ex uno quadraginta minus germina. Misit et Neroni pariter
+tercentum quadraginta stipulos, ex uno grano. Cum centessimos quidem
+Leontini Siciliae campi fundunt, aliique, et tota Boetica, et imprimis
+AEgyptus._ And even in our own Country, from one Grain of Wheat sowed in
+a Garden, I have numbred many more than an hundred.
+
+And though many Grains are commonly lost which come not to sprouting or
+earing, yet the same is also verified in measure; as that one Bushel
+should produce a hundred, as is exemplified by the Corn in _Gerar_;[210]
+_Then Isaac sowed in that Land, and received in that year an hundred
+fold_. That is, as the Chaldee explaineth it, _a hundred for one_, when
+he measured it. And this _Pliny_ seems to intend, when he saith of the
+fertile Byzacian Territory before mentioned, _Ex uno centeni
+quinquaginta modii redduntur_. And may be favourably apprehended of the
+fertility of some grounds in _Poland_; wherein, after the account of
+_Gaguinus_, from Rye sowed in _August_, come thirty or forty Ears, and a
+Man on Horseback can scarce look over it. In the Sabbatical Crop of
+_Judaea_, there must be admitted a large increase, and probably not short
+of this centesimal multiplication: For it supplied part of the sixth
+year, the whole seventh, and eighth untill the Harvest of that year.
+
+  [210] Gen. 26. 12.
+
+The _seven years of plenty in AEgypt_ must be of high increase; when, by
+storing up but the fifth part, they supplied the whole Land, and many of
+their neighbours after: for it is said,[211] the Famine was in all the
+Land about them. And therefore though the causes of the Dearth in
+_AEgypt_ be made out from the defect of the overflow of _Nilus_,
+according to the Dream of _Pharaoh_; yet was that no cause of the
+scarcity of the Land of _Canaan_, which may rather be ascribed to the
+want of the former and latter rains, for some succeeding years, if their
+Famine held time and duration with that of _AEgypt_; as may be probably
+gather'd from that expression of _Joseph_,[212] _Come down unto me [into
+AEgypt] and tarry not, and there will I nourish you: (for yet there are
+five years of Famine) lest thou and thy Household, and all that thou
+hast come to poverty_.
+
+  [211] Gen. 41. 56.
+
+  [212] Gen. 45. 9, 11.
+
+How they preserved their Corn so long in _AEgypt_ may seem hard unto
+Northern and moist Climates, except we consider the many ways of
+preservation practised by antiquity, and also take in that handsome
+account of _Pliny_; What Corn soever is laid up in the Ear, it taketh no
+harm keep it as long as you will; although the best and most assured way
+to keep Corn is in Caves and Vaults under ground, according to the
+practice of _Cappadocia_ and _Thracia_.
+
+In _AEgypt_ and _Mauritania_ above all things they look to this, that
+their Granaries stand on high ground; and how drie so ever their Floor
+be, they lay a course of Chaff betwixt it and the ground. Besides, they
+put up their Corn in Granaries and Binns together with the Ear. And
+_Varro_ delivereth that Wheat laid up in that manner will last fifty
+years; Millet an hundred; and Beans so conserved in a Cave of
+_Ambracia_, were known to last an hundred and twenty years; that is,
+from the time of King _Pyrrhus_, unto the Pyratick War under the conduct
+of _Pompey_.
+
+More strange it may seem how, after seven years, the Grains conserved
+should be fruitfull for a new production. For it is said that _Joseph
+delivered Seed unto the AEgyptians, to sow their Land for the eighth
+year_: and Corn after seven years is like to afford little or no
+production, according to _Theophrastus_;[213] _Ad Sementem semen
+anniculum optimum putatur, binum deterius et trinum; ultra sterile ferme
+est, quanquam ad usum cibarium idoneum_.
+
+  [213] Theoph. _Hist. l. 8_.
+
+Yet since, from former exemplifications, Corn may be made to last so
+long, the fructifying power may well be conceived to last in some good
+proportion, according to the region and place of its conservation, as
+the same _Theophrastus_ hath observed, and left a notable example from
+_Cappadocia_, where Corn might be kept sixty years, and remain fertile
+at forty; according to his expression thus translated; _In Cappadociae
+loco quodam petra dicto, triticum ad quadraginta annos foecundum est,
+at ad sementem percommodum durare proditum est, sexagenos aut
+septuagenos ad usum cibarium servari posse idoneum._ The situation of
+that Conservatory, was, as he delivereth, +hipselon, eupnoun, euauron+,
+_high, airy and exposed to several favourable winds_. And upon such
+consideration of winds and ventilation, some conceive the AEgyptian
+Granaries were made open, the Country being free from rain. Howsoever it
+was, that contrivance could not be without some hazard:[214] for the
+great Mists and Dews of that Country might dispose the Corn unto
+corruption.
+
+  [214] AEgypt +homichlodes, kai droseros+ _Vid._ Theophrastum
+
+More plainly may they mistake, who from some analogy of name (as if
+_Pyramid_ were derived from +Pyron+, _Triticum_), conceive the
+AEgyptian Pyramids to have been built for Granaries; or look for any
+settled Monuments about the Desarts erected for that intention; since
+their Store-houses were made in the great Towns, according to Scripture
+expression,[215] _He gathered up all the Food of seven years, which was
+in the Land of AEgypt, and laid up the Food in the Cities: the Food of
+the Field which was round about every City, laid he up in the same_.
+
+  [215] Gen. 41. 48.
+
+[Sidenote: _Olive Tree in_ Rom. 11. 24.]
+
+32. _For if thou wert cut out of the Olive Tree, which is wild by
+nature, and wert grafted, contrary to nature, into a good Olive Tree,
+how much more shall these, which be the natural Branches, be grafted
+into their own Olive Tree?_ In which place, how answerable to the
+Doctrine of Husbandry this expression of S. _Paul_ is, you will readily
+apprehend who understand the rules of insition or grafting, and that way
+of vegetable propagation; wherein that is contrary to nature, or natural
+rules which Art observeth: _viz._ to make use of a Cyons more ignoble
+than the Stock, or to graft wild upon domestick and good Plants,
+according as _Theophrastus_[216] hath anciently observed, and, making
+instance in the Olive, hath left this Doctrine unto us; _Urbanum
+Sylvestribus ut satis Oleastris inserere. Nam si e contrario Sylvestrem
+in Urbanos severis, etsi differentia quaedam erit, tamen[217] bonae frugis
+Arbor nunquam profecto reddetur_: which is also agreeable unto our
+present practice, who graft Pears on Thorns, and Apples upon Crabb
+Stocks, not using the contrary insition. And when it is said, _How much
+more shall these, which are the natural Branches, be grafted into their
+own natural Olive Tree?_ this is also agreeable unto the rule of the
+same Author; +Esti de beltion enkentrismos, homoion eis homoia+,
+_Insitio melior est similium in similibus_: For the nearer consanguinity
+there is between the Cyons and the Stock, the readier comprehension is
+made, and the nobler fructification. According also unto the later
+caution of _Laurenbergius_;[218] _Arbores domesticae insitioni destinatae,
+semper anteponendae Sylvestribus_. And though the success be good, and
+may suffice upon Stocks of the same denomination; yet, to be grafted
+upon their own and Mother Stock, is the nearest insition: which way,
+though less practised of old, is now much imbraced, and found a notable
+way for melioration of the Fruit; and much the rather, if the Tree to be
+grafted on be a good and generous Plant, a good and fair Olive, as the
+Apostle seems to imply by a peculiar word[219] scarce to be found
+elsewhere.
+
+  [216] De causis Plant. _Lib. 1. Cap. 7_.
+
+  [217] +Kallikarpein ouk exei+.
+
+  [218] De horticultura.
+
+  [219] +Kallielaion+ Rom. 11. 42.
+
+It must be also considered, that the _Oleaster_, or wild Olive, by
+cutting, transplanting and the best managery of Art, can be made but to
+produce such Olives as (_Theophrastus_ saith) were particularly named
+_Phaulia_, that is, but _bad Olives_; and that it was reckon'd among
+Prodigies, for the _Oleaster_ to become an Olive Tree.
+
+And when insition and grafting, in the Text, is applied unto the Olive
+Tree, it hath an Emphatical sense, very agreeable unto that Tree which
+is best propagated this way; not at all by surculation, as
+_Theophrastus_ observeth, nor well by Seed, as hath been observed. _Omne
+semen simile genus perficit, praeter oleam, Oleastrum enim generat, hoc
+est sylvestrem oleam, et non oleam veram._
+
+"If, therefore, thou Roman and Gentile Branch, which wert cut from the
+wild Olive, art now, by the signal mercy of God, beyond the ordinary and
+commonly expected way, grafted into the true Olive, the Church of God;
+if thou, which neither naturally nor by humane art canst be made to
+produce any good Fruit, and, next to a Miracle, to be made a true Olive,
+art now by the benignity of God grafted into the proper Olive; how much
+more shall the Jew, and natural Branch, be grafted into its genuine and
+mother Tree, wherein propinquity of nature is like, so readily and
+prosperously, to effect a coalition? And this more especially by the
+expressed way of insition or implantation, the Olive being not
+successfully propagable by Seed, nor at all by surculation."
+
+[Sidenote: _Stork nesting on Firre Trees in_ Psal. 104. 17.]
+
+33. _As for the Stork, the Firre Trees are her House._ This expression,
+in our Translation, which keeps close to the Original _Chasidah_, is
+somewhat different from the Greek and Latin Translation; nor agreeable
+unto common observation, whereby they are known commonly to build upon
+Chimneys, or the tops of Houses, and high Buildings, which
+notwithstanding, the common Translation may clearly consist with
+observation, if we consider that this is commonly affirmed of the black
+Stork, and take notice of the description of _Ornithologus_ in
+_Aldrovandus_, that such Storks are often found in divers parts, and
+that they do _in Arboribus nidulari, praesertim in abietibus_; Make their
+Nests on Trees, especially upon Firre Trees. Nor wholly disagreeing unto
+the practice of the common white Stork, according unto _Varro_,
+_nidulantur in agris_: and the concession of _Aldrovandus_ that
+sometimes they build on Trees: and the assertion of _Bellonius_,[220]
+that men dress them Nests, and place Cradles upon high Trees, in Marish
+regions, that Storks may breed upon them: which course some observe for
+Herns and Cormorants with us. And this building of Storks upon Trees,
+may be also answerable unto the original and natural way of building of
+Storks before the political habitations of men, and the raising of
+Houses and high Buildings; before they were invited by such conveniences
+and prepared Nests, to relinquish their natural places of nidulation. I
+say, before or where such advantages are not ready; when Swallows found
+other places than Chimneys, and Daws found other places than holes in
+high Fabricks to build in.
+
+  [220] Bellonius _de Avibus_.
+
+[Sidenote: _Balm, in_ Gen. 43. 11.]
+
+34. _And, therefore, Israel said carry down the man a present, a little
+Balm, a little Honey, and Myrrhe, Nuts and Almonds._ Now whether this,
+which _Jacob_ sent, were the proper Balsam extolled by humane Writers,
+you cannot but make some doubt, who find the Greek Translation to be
++Rhetine+, that is, _Resina_, and so may have some suspicion that
+it might be some pure distillation from the Turpentine Tree, which grows
+prosperously and plentifully in _Judaea_, and seems so understood by the
+Arabick; and was indeed esteemed by _Theophrastus_ and _Dioscorides_,
+the chiefest of resinous Bodies, and the word _Resina_ Emphatically used
+for it.
+
+That the Balsam Plant hath grown and prospered in _Judaea_ we believe
+without dispute. For the same is attested by _Theophrastus_, _Pliny_,
+_Justinus_, and many more; from the commendation that _Galen_ affordeth
+of the Balsam of _Syria_, and the story of _Cleopatra_, that she
+obtain'd some Plants of Balsam from _Herod_ the Great to transplant into
+_AEgypt_. But whether it was so anciently in _Judaea_ as the time of
+_Jacob_; nay, whether this Plant was here before the time of _Solomon_,
+that great collectour of Vegetable rarities, some doubt may be made from
+the account of _Josephus_, that the Queen of _Sheba_, a part of
+_Arabia_, among presents unto _Solomon_, brought some Plants of the
+Balsam Tree, as one of the peculiar estimables of her Country.
+
+Whether this ever had its natural growth, or were an original native
+Plant of _Judaea_, much more that it was peculiar unto that Country, a
+greater doubt may arise: while we reade in _Pausanias_, _Strabo_ and
+_Diodorus,_ that it grows also in _Arabia_, and find in
+_Theophrastus_,[221] that it grew in two Gardens about _Jericho_ in
+_Judaea_. And more especially whiles we seriously consider that notable
+discourse between _Abdella_, _Abdachim_ and _Alpinus_, concluding the
+natural and original place of this singular Plant to be in _Arabia_,
+about _Mecha_ and _Medina_, where it still plentifully groweth, and
+Mountains abound therein. From whence it hath been carefully
+transplanted by the _Basha's_ of _Grand Cairo_, into the Garden of
+_Matarea_; where, when it dies, it is repaired again from those parts of
+_Arabia_, from whence the _Grand Signior_ yearly receiveth a present of
+Balsam from the _Xeriff_ of _Mecha_, still called by the Arabians
+_Balessan_; whence they believe arose the Greek appellation _Balsam_.
+And since these Balsam-plants are not now to be found in _Judaea_, and
+though purposely cultivated, are often lost in _Judaea_, but
+everlastingly live, and naturally renew in _Arabia_; They probably
+concluded, that those of _Judaea_ were foreign and transplanted from
+these parts.
+
+  [221] Theophrast. _l. 9. c. 6_.
+
+All which notwithstanding, since the same Plant may grow naturally and
+spontaneously in several Countries, and either from inward or outward
+causes be lost in one Region, while it continueth and subsisteth in
+another, the Balsam Tree might possibly be a native of _Judaea_ as well
+as of _Arabia_; which because _de facto_ it cannot be clearly made out,
+the ancient expressions of Scripture become doubtfull in this point. But
+since this Plant hath not, for a long time, grown in _Judaea_, and still
+plentifully prospers in _Arabia_, that which now comes in pretious
+parcels to us, and still is called the Balsam of _Judaea_, may now
+surrender its name, and more properly be called the Balsam of _Arabia_.
+
+[Sidenote: _Barley Flax, &c. in_ Exod. 9. 31.]
+
+35. _And the Flax and the Barley was smitten; for the Barley was in the
+Ear, and the Flax was bolled, but the Wheat and the Rye was not smitten,
+for they were not grown up._[222] How the Barley and the Flax should be
+smitten in the plague of Hail in _AEgypt_, and the Wheat and Rye escape,
+because they were not yet grown up, may seem strange unto English
+observers, who call Barley Summer Corn sown so many months after Wheat,
+and, beside _hordeum Polystichon_, or big Barley, sowe not Barley in the
+Winter, to anticipate the growth of Wheat.
+
+  [222] Linum folliculos germinavit, +spermatizon+ _Septuag._ Serotina,
+        _Lat._ +opsima+, _Gr._
+
+And the same may also seem a preposterous expression unto all who do
+not consider the various Agriculture, and different Husbandry of
+Nations, and such as was practised in _AEgypt_, and fairly proved to have
+been also used in _Judaea_, wherein their Barley Harvest was before that
+of Wheat; as is confirmable from that expression in _Ruth_, that she
+_came into Bethlehem at the beginning of Barley Harvest_, and staid unto
+the end of Wheat Harvest; from the death of _Manasses_ the Father of
+_Judith_, Emphatically expressed to have happened in the Wheat Harvest,
+and more advanced heat of the Sun; and from the custom of the Jews, to
+offer the Barley Sheaf of the first fruits in _March_, and a Cake of
+Wheat Flower but at the end of _Pentecost_. Consonant unto the practice
+of the AEgyptians, who (as _Theophrastus_ delivereth) sowed their Barley
+early in reference to their first Fruits; and also the common rural
+practice, recorded by the same Authour, _Mature seritur Triticum,
+Hordeum, quod etiam maturius seritur; Wheat and Barley are sowed early,
+but Barley earlier of the two_.
+
+Flax was also an early Plant, as may be illustrated from the neighbour
+Country of _Canaan_. For the Israelites kept the Passover in _Gilgal_ in
+the fourteenth day of the first Month, answering unto part of our
+_March_, having newly passed _Jordan_: And the Spies which were sent
+from _Shittim_ unto _Jericho_, not many days before, were hid by _Rahab_
+under the stalks of Flax, which lay drying on the top of her House;
+which sheweth that the Flax was already and newly gathered. For this was
+the first preparation of Flax, and before fluviation or rotting, which,
+after _Pliny's_ account, was after Wheat Harvest.
+
+_But the Wheat and the Rye were not smitten, for they were not grown
+up._ The Original signifies that it was _hidden_, or _dark_, the Vulgar
+and Septuagint that it was _serotinous_ or _late_, and our old
+Translation that it was _late sown_. And so the expression and
+interposition of _Moses_, who well understood the Husbandry of _AEgypt_,
+might Emphatically declare the state of Wheat and Rye in that particular
+year; and if so, the same is solvable from the time of the floud of
+_Nilus_, and the measure of its inundation. For if it were very high,
+and over-drenching the ground, they were forced to later Seed-time; and
+so the Wheat and the Rye escaped; for they were more slowly growing
+Grains, and, by reason of the greater inundation of the River, were sown
+later than ordinary that year, especially in the Plains near the River,
+where the ground drieth latest.
+
+Some think the plagues of _AEgypt_ were acted in one Month, others but in
+the compass of twelve. In the delivery of Scripture there is no account,
+of what time of the year or particular Month they fell out; but the
+account of these grains, which were either smitten or escaped, make the
+plague of Hail to have probably hapned in _February_: This may be
+collected from the new and old account of the Seed time and Harvest in
+_AEgypt_. For, according to the account of _Radzevil_,[223] the river
+rising in _June_, and the Banks being cut in _September_, they sow about
+S. _Andrews_, when the Floud is retired, and the moderate driness of the
+ground permitteth. So that the Barley anticipating the Wheat, either in
+time of sowing or growing, might be in Ear in _February_.
+
+  [223] Radzevil's _Travels_.
+
+The account of _Pliny_[224] is little different. They cast the Seed upon
+the Slime and Mudd when the River is down, which commonly happeneth in
+the beginning of _November_. They begin to reap and cut down a little
+before the Calends of _April_, about the middle of _March_, and in the
+Month of _May_ their Harvest is in. So that Barley anticipating Wheat,
+it might be in Ear in _February_, and Wheat not yet grown up, at least
+to the Spindle or Ear, to be destroyed by the Hail. For they cut down
+about the middle of _March_, at least their forward Corns, and in the
+Month of _May_ all sorts of Corns were in.
+
+  [224] Plin. _lib. 18. cap. 18_.
+
+The _turning of the River into Bloud_ shews in what Month this happened
+not. That is, not when the River had overflown; for it is said, _the
+AEgyptians digged round about the River for Water to drink_, which they
+could not have done, if the River had been out, and the Fields under
+Water.
+
+In the same Text you cannot, without some hesitation, pass over the
+translation of Rye, which the Original nameth _Cassumeth_, the Greek
+rendreth _Olyra_, the French and Dutch _Spelta_, the Latin _Zea_, and
+not _Secale_ the known word for Rye. But this common Rye so well
+understood at present, was not distinctly described, or not well known
+from early Antiquity. And therefore, in this uncertainty, some have
+thought it to have been the _Typha_ of the Ancients. _Cordus_ will have
+it to be _Olyra_, and _Ruellius_ some kind of _Oryza_. But having no
+vulgar and well known name for those Grains, we warily embrace an
+appellation of near affinity, and tolerably render it _Rye_.
+
+While Flax, Barley, Wheat and Rye are named, some may wonder why no
+mention is made of Ryce, wherewith, at present, _AEgypt_ so much
+aboundeth. But whether that Plant grew so early in that Country, some
+doubt may be made: for Ryce is originally a Grain of _India_, and might
+not then be transplanted into _AEgypt_.
+
+[Sidenote: _Sheaves of Grass, in_ Psal. 12. 6, 7.]
+
+36. _Let them become as the Grass growing upon the House top, which
+withereth before it be plucked up, whereof the mower filleth not his
+hand, nor he that bindeth Sheaves his bosome._ Though the _filling of
+the hand_, and mention of _Sheaves of Hay_, may seem strange unto us,
+who use neither handfulls nor Sheaves in that kind of Husbandry, yet may
+it be properly taken, and you are not like to doubt thereof, who may
+find the like expressions in the Authours _de Re rustica_, concerning
+the old way of this Husbandry.
+
+_Columella_,[225] delivering what Works were not to be permitted upon
+the Roman _Feriae_, or Festivals, among others sets down, that upon such
+days, it was not lawfull to carry or bind up Hay, _nec foenum vincire
+nec vehere, per religiones Ponteficum licet_.
+
+  [225] Columella _lib. 2 cap. 22_.
+
+_Marcus Varro_[226] is more particular; _Primum de pratis herbarum cum
+crescere desiit, subsecari falcibus debet, et quoad peracescat furcillis
+versari, cum peracuit, de his manipulos fieri et vehi in villam_.
+
+  [226] Varro _lib. 1. cap. 49_.
+
+And their course of mowing seems somewhat different from ours. For they
+cut not down clear at once, but used an after section, which they
+peculiarly called _Sicilitium_, according as the word is expounded by
+_Georgius Alexandrinus_, and _Beroaldus_ after _Pliny_; _Sicilire est
+falcibus consectari quae foenisecae praeterierunt, aut ea secare quae
+foenisecae praeterierunt_.
+
+[Sidenote: _Juniper Tree, in_ 1 King. 19. 5, etc.]
+
+37. When 'tis said that _Elias_ lay and slept under a Juniper Tree,
+some may wonder how that Tree, which in our parts groweth but low and
+shrubby, should afford him shade and covering. But others know that
+there is a lesser and a larger kind of that Vegetable; that it makes a
+Tree in its proper soil and region. And may find in _Pliny_ that in the
+Temple of _Diana Saguntina_ in _Spain_, the Rafters were made of
+Juniper.
+
+In that expression of _David_,[227] _Sharp Arrows of the mighty, with
+Coals of Juniper_; Though Juniper be left out in the last Translation,
+yet may there be an Emphatical sense from that word; since Juniper
+abounds with a piercing Oil, and makes a smart Fire. And the rather, if
+that quality be half true, which _Pliny_ affirmeth, that the Coals of
+Juniper raked up will keep a glowing Fire for the space of a year. For
+so the expression will Emphatically imply, not onely the _smart burning,
+but the lasting fire of their malice_.
+
+  [227] Psal. 120. 4.
+
+That passage of _Job_,[228] wherein he complains that poor and half
+famished fellows despised him, is of greater difficulty; _For want and
+famine they were solitary, they cut up Mallows by the Bushes, and
+Juniper roots for meat_. Wherein we might at first doubt the
+Translation, not onely from the Greek Text but the assertion of
+_Dioscorides_, who affirmeth that the roots of Juniper are of a venomous
+quality. But _Scaliger_ hath disproved the same from the practice of the
+African Physicians, who use the decoction of Juniper roots against the
+Venereal Disease. The Chaldee reads it _Genista_, or some kind of Broom,
+which will be also unusual and hard Diet, except thereby we understand
+the _Orobanche_, or Broom Rape, which groweth from the roots of Broom;
+and which, according to _Dioscorides_, men used to eat raw or boiled in
+the manner of _Asparagus_.
+
+  [228] Job 30. 3, 4.
+
+And, therefore, this expression doth highly declare the misery, poverty
+and extremity of the persons who were now mockers of him; they being so
+contemptible and necessitous, that they were fain to be content, not
+with a mean Diet, but such as was no Diet at all, the roots of Trees,
+the roots of Juniper, which none would make use of for Food, but in the
+lowest necessity, and some degree of famishing.
+
+[Sidenote: _Scarlet Tincture, in_ Gen. 38. 28. Exod. 25. 4, etc.]
+
+38. While some have disputed whether _Theophrastus_ knew the Scarlet
+Berry, others may doubt whether that noble tincture were known unto the
+Hebrews, which notwithstanding seems clear from the early and iterated
+expressions of Scripture concerning the Scarlet Tincture, and is the
+less to be doubted because the Scarlet Berry grew plentifully in the
+Land of _Canaan_, and so they were furnished with the Materials of that
+Colour. For though _Dioscorides_ saith it groweth in _Armenia_ and
+_Cappadocia_, yet that it also grew in _Judaea_, seems more than probable
+from the account of _Bellonius_, who observed it to be so plentifull in
+that Country, that it afforded a profitable Commodity, and great
+quantity thereof was transported by the Venetian Merchants.
+
+How this should be fitly expressed by the word _Tolagnoth_, _Vermis_, or
+_Worm_, may be made out from _Pliny_, who calls it _Coccus Scolecius_,
+or the _Wormy Berry_; as also from the name of that Colour called
+_Vermilion_, or the _Worm Colour_; and which is also answerable unto the
+true nature of it. For this is no proper Berry containing the
+fructifying part, but a kind of Vessicular excrescence, adhering
+commonly to the Leaf of the _Ilex Coccigera_, or dwarf and small kind of
+Oak, whose Leaves are always green, and its proper seminal parts
+Acrons. This little Bagg containeth a red Pulp, which, if not timely
+gathered, or left to it self, produceth small red Flies, and partly a
+red powder, both serviceable unto the tincture. And therefore, to
+prevent the generation of Flies, when it is first gathered, they
+sprinkle it over with Vinegar, especially such as make use of the fresh
+Pulp for the confection of _Alkermes_; which still retaineth the Arabick
+name, from the _Kermesberry_; which is agreeable unto the description of
+_Bellonius_ and _Quinqueranus_. And the same we have beheld in
+_Provence_ and _Languedock_, where it is plentifully gathered, and
+called _Manna Rusticorum_, from the considerable profit which the
+Peasants make by gathering of it.
+
+[Sidenote: _Oaks, in_ Gen. 35. 4, 8. Josh. 24. 26. Isa. 1. 29. Ezek. 27.
+6. Hosea. 4. 13, etc.]
+
+39. Mention is made of Oaks in divers parts of Scripture, which though
+the Latin sometimes renders a Turpentine Tree, yet surely some kind of
+Oak may be understood thereby; but whether our common Oak as is commonly
+apprehended, you may well doubt; for the common Oak, which prospereth so
+well with us, delighteth not in hot regions. And that diligent Botanist
+_Bellonius_, who took such particular notice of the Plants of _Syria_
+and _Judaea_, observed not the vulgar Oak in those parts. But he found
+the _Ilex_, _Chesne Vert_, or Ever-green Oak, in many places; as also
+that kind of Oak which is properly named _Esculus_: and he makes mention
+thereof in places about _Jerusalem_, and in his Journey from thence unto
+_Damascus_, where he found _Montes Ilice, et Esculo virentes_; which, in
+his Discourse of _Lemnos_, he saith are always green. And therefore when
+it is said[229] of _Absalom_, that his _Mule went under the thick Boughs
+of a great Oak, and his Head caught hold of the Oak, and he was taken up
+between the Heaven and the Earth_, that Oak might be some _Ilex_, or
+rather _Esculus_. For that is a thick and bushy kind, in _Orbem comosa_,
+as _Dale-champius_; _ramis in orbem dispositis comans_, as _Renealmus_
+describeth it. And when it is said[230] that _Ezechias broke down the
+Images, and cut down the Groves_, they might much consist of Oaks, which
+were sacred unto Pagan Deities, as this more particularly, according to
+that of _Virgil_,
+
+          _Nemorumque Jovi quae maxima frondet Esculus._
+
+And, in _Judaea_, where no hogs were eaten by the Jews, and few kept by
+others, 'tis not unlikely that they most cherished the _Esculus_, which
+might serve for Food of men. For the Acrons thereof are the sweetest of
+any Oak, and taste like Chesnuts; and so producing an edulious or
+esculent Fruit, is properly named _Esculus_.
+
+  [229] 2 Sam. 18. 9, 14.
+
+  [230] 2 King. 18. 4.
+
+They which know the _Ilex_, or Ever-green Oak, with somewhat prickled
+leaves, named +Prinos+, will better understand the irreconcileable
+answer of the two Elders, when the one accused _Susanna_ of incontinency
+under a +Prinos+, or Ever-green Oak, the other under a +Schinos+,
+_Lentiscus_, or Mastick Tree, which are so different in Bigness, Boughs,
+Leaves and Fruit, the one bearing Acrons, the other Berries: And,
+without the knowledge hereof, will not Emphatically or distinctly
+understand that of the Poet,
+
+          _Flavaque de viridi stillabant Ilice mella._
+
+[Sidenote: _Cedars of_ Libanus.]
+
+40. When we often meet with the Cedars of _Libanus_, that expression may
+be used not onely because they grew in a known and neighbour Country,
+but also because they were of the noblest and largest kind of that
+Vegetable, and we find the Phoenician Cedar magnified by the Ancients.
+The Cedar of _Libanus_ is a _coniferous_ Tree, bearing _Cones_ or
+Cloggs; (not Berries) of such a vastness, that _Melchior Lussy_, a great
+Traveller, found one upon _Libanus_ as big as seven men could compass.
+Some are now so curious as to keep the Branches and _Cones_ thereof
+among their rare Collections. And, though much Cedar Wood be now brought
+from _America_, yet 'tis time to take notice of the true Cedar of
+_Libanus_, imployed in the Temple of _Solomon_; for they have been much
+destroyed and neglected, and become at last but thin. _Bellonius_ could
+reckon but twenty eight, _Rowolfius_ and _Radzevil_ but twenty four, and
+_Bidulphus_ the same number. And a later account[231] of some English
+Travellers saith, that they are now but in one place, and in a small
+compass, in _Libanus_.
+
+  [231] _A journey to_ Jerusalem, 1672.
+
+[Sidenote: _Uncircumcised Fruit, in_ Levit. 19. 23.]
+
+_Quando ingressi fueritis terram, et Plantaveritis in illa ligna
+Pomifera, auferetis praeputia eorum. Poma quae germinant immunda erunt
+vobis, nec edetis ex eis. Quarto autem anno, omnis fructus eorum
+sanctificabitur, laudabilis Domino. Quinto autem anno comedetis
+fructus._ By this Law they were injoyned not to eat of the Fruits of the
+Trees which they planted for the _first three years_: and, as the Vulgar
+expresseth it, to take away the Prepuces, from such Trees, during that
+time; the Fruits of _the fourth year being holy unto the Lord_, and
+those of the fifth allowable unto others. Now if _auferre praeputia_ be
+taken, as many learned men have thought, to pluck away the bearing Buds,
+before they proceed unto Flowers or Fruit, you will readily apprehend
+the Metaphor, from the analogy and similitude of those Sprouts and Buds,
+which, shutting up the fruitfull particle, resembleth the preputial
+part.
+
+And you may also find herein a piece of Husbandry not mentioned in
+_Theophrastus_, or _Columella_. For by taking away of the Buds, and
+hindering fructification, the Trees become more vigorous, both in growth
+and future production. By such a way King _Pyrrhus_ got into a lusty
+race of Beeves, and such as were desired over all _Greece_, by keeping
+them from Generation untill the ninth year.
+
+And you may also discover a physical advantage of the goodness of the
+Fruit, which becometh less crude and more wholsome, upon the fourth or
+fifth years production.
+
+[Sidenote: _Partition of Plants into Herb and Tree, in_ Gen. 1. 11.]
+
+41. While you reade in _Theophrastus_, or modern Herbalists, a strict
+division of Plants, into _Arbor_, _Frutex_, _Suffrutex et Herba_, you
+cannot but take notice of the Scriptural division at the Creation, into
+_Tree_ and _Herb_: and this may seem too narrow to comprehend the
+Classis of Vegetables; which, notwithstanding, may be sufficient, and a
+plain and intelligible division thereof. And therefore in this
+difficulty concerning the division of Plants, the learned Botanist,
+_Caesalpinus_, thus concludeth. _Clarius agemus si altera divisione
+neglecta, duo tantum Plantarum genera substituamus, Arborem scilicet, et
+Herbam, conjungentes cum Arboribus Frutices, et cum Herba Suffrutices_;
+_Frutices_ being the lesser Trees, and _Suffrutices_ the larger, harder
+and more solid Herbs.
+
+And this division into Herb and Tree, may also suffice, if we take in
+that natural ground of the division of perfect Plants, and such as grow
+from Seeds. For Plants, in their first production, do send forth two
+Leaves adjoining to the Seed; and then afterwards, do either produce two
+other Leaves, and so successively before any Stalk; and such go under
+the name of +Poa, Botane+, or _Herb_; or else, after the first Leaves
+succeeding to the Seed Leaves, they send forth a Stalk, or rudiment of a
+Stalk before any other Leaves, and such fall under the Classis of
++Dendron+, or _Tree_. So that, in this natural division, there are but
+two grand differences, that is, _Tree_ and _Herb_. The _Frutex_ and
+_Suffrutex_ have the way of production from the Seed, and in other
+respects the _Suffrutices_, or _Cremia_, have a middle and participating
+nature, and referable unto Herbs.
+
+[Sidenote: _The Bay Tree, in_ Psal. 37. 35]
+
+42. _I have seen the ungodly in great power, and flourishing like a
+green Bay Tree._ Both Scripture and humane Writers draw frequent
+illustrations from Plants. _Scribonius Largus_ illustrates the old
+Cymbals from the _Cotyledon Palustris_, or _Umbelicus Veneris_. Who
+would expect to find _Aaron's_ Mitre in any Plant? yet _Josephus_ hath
+taken some pains to make out the same in the seminal knop of
+_Hyoscyamus_, or Henbane. The Scripture compares the Figure of Manna
+unto the Seed of Coriander. In _Jeremy_[232] we find the expression,
+_Streight as a Palm Tree_: And here the wicked in their flourishing
+state are likened unto a Bay Tree. Which, sufficiently answering the
+sense of the Text, we are unwilling to exclude that noble Plant from the
+honour of having its name in Scripture. Yet we cannot but observe, that
+the Septuagint renders it _Cedars_, and the Vulgar accordingly, _Vidi
+impium superexaltatum, et elevatum sicut Cedros Libani_; and the
+Translation of _Tremelius_ mentions neither Bay nor Cedar; _Sese
+explicantem tanquam Arbor indigena virens_; which seems to have been
+followed by the last Low Dutch Translation. A private Translation
+renders it like _a green self-growing[233] Laurel_, The High Dutch of
+_Luther's_ Bible, retains the word _Laurel_; and so doth the old Saxon
+and Island Translation; so also the French, Spanish; and Italian of
+_Diodati_: yet his Notes acknowledge that some think it rather a Cedar,
+and others any large Tree in a prospering and natural Soil.
+
+  [232] Jer. 10. 5.
+
+  [233] Ainsworth.
+
+But however these Translations differ, the sense is allowable and
+obvious unto apprehension: when no particular Plant is named, any proper
+to the sense may be supposed; where either Cedar or Laurel is
+mentioned, if the preceding words [_exalted and elevated_] be used, they
+are more appliable unto the Cedar; where the word [_flourishing_] is
+used, it is more agreeable unto the Laurel, which, in its prosperity,
+abounds with pleasant flowers, whereas those of the Cedar are very
+little, and scarce perceptible, answerable to the Firre, Pine and other
+coniferous Trees.
+
+[Sidenote: _The Figg Tree, in_ S. Mark. 11. 13, etc.]
+
+43. _And in the morning, when they were come from Bethany, he was
+hungry; and seeing a Figg Tree afar off having Leaves, he came, if haply
+he might find any thing thereon; and when he came to it, he found
+nothing but leaves: for the time of Figgs was not yet._ Singular
+conceptions have passed from learned men to make out this passage of S.
+_Mark_, which S. _Matthew_[234] so plainly delivereth; most men doubting
+why our Saviour should curse the Tree for bearing no Fruit, when the
+time of Fruit was not yet come; or why it is said that _the time of
+Figgs was not yet_, when, notwithstanding, Figgs might be found at that
+season.
+
+  [234] Matt. 21. 19.
+
+_Heinsius_,[235] who thinks that _Elias_ must salve the doubt, according
+to the received Reading of the Text, undertaketh to vary the same,
+reading +hou gar en, kairos sykon+, that is, _for where he was, it was
+the season or time of Figgs_.
+
+  [235] Heinsius _in_ Nonnum.
+
+A learned Interpreter[236] of our own, without alteration of accents or
+words, endeavours to salve all, by another interpretation of the same,
++Hou gar kairos sykon+, _For it was not a good or seasonable year for
+Figgs_.
+
+  [236] D. Hammond.
+
+But, because men part not easily with old beliefs, or the received
+construction of words, we shall briefly set down what may be alledged
+for it.
+
+And, first, for the better comprehension of all deductions hereupon, we
+may consider the several differences and distinctions both of Figg Trees
+and their Fruits. _Suidas_ upon the word +Ischas+ makes four divisions
+of Figgs, +Olynthos, Phelex, Sykon+ and +Ischas+. But because +Phelex+
+makes no considerable distinction, learned men do chiefly insist upon
+the three others; that is, +Olynthos+, or _Grossus_, which are the
+Buttons, or small sort of Figgs, either not ripe, or not ordinarily
+proceeding to ripeness, but fall away at least in the greatest part, and
+especially in sharp Winters; which are also named +Sykades+, and
+distinguished from the Fruit of the wild Figg, or _Caprificus_, which is
+named +Erineos+, and never cometh unto ripeness. The second is called
++Sykon+, or _Ficus_, which commonly proceedeth unto ripeness in its due
+season. A third the ripe Figg dried, which maketh the +Ischades+, or
+_Carrier_.
+
+Of Figg Trees there are also many divisions; For some are _prodromi_, or
+precocious, which bear Fruit very early, whether they bear once, or
+oftner in the year; some are _protericae_, which are the most early of
+the precocious Trees, and bear soonest of any; some are _aestivae_, which
+bear in the common season of the Summer, and some _serotinae_ which bear
+very late.
+
+Some are _biferous_ and _triferous_, which bear twice or thrice in the
+year, and some are of the ordinary standing course, which make up the
+expected season of Figgs.
+
+Again some Figg Trees, either in their proper kind, or fertility in some
+single ones, do bear Fruit or rudiments of Fruit all the year long; as
+is annually observable in some kind of Figg Trees in hot and proper
+regions; and may also be observed in some Figg Trees of more temperate
+Countries, in years of no great disadvantage, wherein, when the
+Summer-ripe Figg is past, others begin to appear, and so, standing in
+Buttons all the Winter, do either fall away before the Spring, or else
+proceed to ripeness.
+
+Now, according to these distinctions, we may measure the intent of the
+Text, and endeavour to make out the expression. For, considering the
+diversity of these Trees, and their several fructifications, probable or
+possible it is, that some thereof were implied, and may literally afford
+a solution.
+
+And first, though it was not the season for Figgs, yet some Fruit might
+have been expected, even in ordinary bearing Trees. For the _Grossi_ or
+Buttons appear before the Leaves, especially before the Leaves are well
+grown. Some might have stood during the Winter, and by this time been of
+some growth: Though many fall off, yet some might remain on, and proceed
+towards maturity. And we find that good Husbands had an art to make them
+hold on, as is delivered by _Theophrastus_.
+
+The +Sykon+ or common Summer Figg was not expected; for that is
+placed by _Galen_ among the _Fructus Horarii_, or _Horaei_, which ripen
+in that part of Summer, called +Hora+, and stands commended by
+him above other Fruits of that season. And of this kind might be the
+Figgs which were brought unto _Cleopatra_ in a Basket together with an
+Asp, according to the time of her death on the nineteenth of _August_.
+And that our Saviour expected not such Figgs, but some other kind, seems
+to be implied in the indefinite expression, _if haply he might find any
+thing thereon_; which in that Country, and the variety of such Trees,
+might not be despaired of, at this season, and very probably hoped for
+in the first precocious and early bearing Trees. And that there were
+precocious and early bearing Trees in _Judaea_, may be illustrated from
+some expressions in Scripture concerning precocious Figgs;[237]
+_Calathus unus habebat Ficus bonas nimis, sicut solent esse Ficus primi
+temporis; One Basket had very good Figgs, even like the Figgs that are
+first ripe_. And the like might be more especially expected in this
+place, if this remarkable Tree be rightly placed in some Mapps of
+_Jerusalem_; for it is placed, by _Adrichomius_, in or near _Bethphage_,
+which some conjectures will have to be the _House of Figgs_: and at this
+place Figg Trees are still to be found, if we consult the Travels of
+_Bidulphus_.
+
+  [237] Jer. 24. 2.
+
+Again, in this great variety of Figg Trees, as precocious, proterical,
+biferous, triferous, and always bearing Trees, something might have been
+expected, though the time of common Figgs was not yet. For some Trees
+bear in a manner all the year; as may be illustrated from the Epistle of
+the Emperour _Julian_, concerning his Present of _Damascus_ Figgs, which
+he commendeth from their successive and continued growing and bearing,
+after the manner of the Fruits which _Homer_ describeth in the Garden of
+_Alcinous_. And though it were then but about the eleventh of _March_,
+yet, in the Latitude of _Jerusalem_, the Sun at that time hath a good
+power in the day, and might advance the maturity of precocious
+often-bearing or ever-bearing Figgs. And therefore when it is said that
+S. _Peter_[238] stood and warmed himself by the Fire in the Judgment
+Hall, and the reason is added [_for it was cold_[239]] that expression
+might be interposed either to denote the coolness in the Morning,
+according to hot Countries, or some extraordinary and unusual coldness,
+which happened at that time. For the same _Bidulphus_, who was at that
+time of the year at _Jerusalem_, saith, that it was then as hot as at
+_Midsummer_ in _England_: and we find in Scripture, that the first Sheaf
+of Barley was offer'd in _March_.
+
+  [238] _S._ Mark 14. 67. _S._ Luke 22. 55, 56.
+
+  [239] _S._ John 18. 18.
+
+Our Saviour therefore, seeing a Figg Tree with Leaves well spread, and
+so as to be distinguished a far off, went unto it, and when he came,
+found nothing but Leaves; he found it to be no precocious, or
+always-bearing Tree: And though it were not the time for Summer Figgs,
+yet he found no rudiments thereof: and though he expected not common
+Figgs, yet something might happily have been expected of some other
+kind, according to different fertility, and variety of production; but,
+discovering nothing, he found a Tree answering the State of the Jewish
+Rulers, barren unto all expectation.
+
+And this is consonant unto the mystery of the Story, wherein the Figg
+Tree denoteth the Synagogue and Rulers of the Jews, whom God having
+peculiarly cultivated, singularly blessed and cherished, he expected
+from them no ordinary, slow, or customary fructification, but an
+earliness in good Works, a precocious or continued fructification, and
+was not content with common after-bearing; and might justly have
+expostulated with the Jews, as God by the Prophet _Micah_[240] did with
+their Forefathers; _Praecoquas Ficus desideravit Anima mea, My Soul
+longed for_, (or desired) _early ripe Fruits, but ye are become as a
+Vine already gathered, and there is no cluster upon you_.
+
+  [240] Micah 7. 1.
+
+Lastly, In this account of the Figg Tree, the mystery and symbolical
+sense is chiefly to be looked upon. Our Saviour, therefore, taking a
+hint from his hunger to go unto this specious Tree, and intending, by
+this Tree, to declare a Judgment upon the Synagogue and people of the
+Jews, he came unto the Tree, and, after the usual manner, inquired, and
+looked about for some kind of Fruit, as he had done before in the Jews,
+but found nothing but Leaves and specious outsides, as he had also found
+in them; and when it bore no Fruit like them, when he expected it, and
+came to look for it, though it were not the time of ordinary Fruit, yet
+failing when he required it, in the mysterious sense, 'twas fruitless
+longer to expect it. For he had come unto them, and they were nothing
+fructified by it, his departure approached, and his time of preaching
+was now at an end.
+
+Now, in this account, besides the Miracle, some things are naturally
+considerable. For it may be question'd how the Figg Tree, naturally a
+fruitfull Plant, became barren, for it had no shew or so much as
+rudiment of Fruit: And it was in old time, a signal Judgment of God,
+that _the Figg Tree should bear no Fruit_: and therefore this Tree may
+naturally be conceived to have been under some Disease indisposing it to
+such fructification. And this, in the Pathology of Plants, may be the
+Disease of +phyllomania emphyllismos+; or superfolliation mention'd by
+_Theophrastus_; whereby the fructifying Juice is starved by the excess
+of Leaves; which in this Tree were already so full spread, that it might
+be known and distinguished a far off. And this was, also, a sharp
+resemblance of the hypocrisie of the Rulers, made up of specious
+outsides, and fruitless ostentation, contrary to the Fruit of the Figg
+Tree, which, filled with a sweet and pleasant pulp, makes no shew
+without, not so much as of any Flower.
+
+Some naturals are also considerable from the propriety of this
+punishment settled upon a Figg Tree: For infertility and barrenness
+seems more intolerable in this Tree than in any, as being a Vegetable
+singularly constituted for production; so far from bearing no Fruit that
+it may be made to bear almost any. And therefore the Ancients singled
+out this as the fittest Tree whereon to graft and propagate other
+Fruits, as containing a plentifull and lively Sap, whereby other Cyons
+would prosper: And, therefore, this Tree was also sacred unto the Deity
+of Fertility: and the _Statua_ of _Priapus_ was made of the Figg Tree.
+
+          _Olim Truncus eram Ficulnus inutile Lignum._
+
+It hath also a peculiar advantage to produce and maintain its Fruit
+above all other Plants, as not subject to miscarry in Flowers and
+Blossomes, from accidents of Wind and Weather. For it beareth no Flowers
+outwardly, and such as it hath, are within the Coat, as the later
+examination of Naturalists hath discovered.
+
+Lastly, It was a Tree wholly constituted for Fruit, wherein if it
+faileth, it is in a manner useless, the Wood thereof being of so little
+use, that it affordeth proverbial expressions,
+
+          _Homo Ficulneus, argumentum Ficulneum_,
+
+for things of no validity.
+
+[Sidenote: _The Palm Tree, in_ Cant. 7. 8.]
+
+44. _I said I will go up into the Palm Tree, and take hold of the Boughs
+thereof._ This expression is more agreeable unto the Palm than is
+commonly apprehended, for that it is a tall bare Tree bearing its Boughs
+but at the top and upper part; so that it must be ascended before its
+Boughs or Fruit can be attained: And the going, getting or climbing up,
+may be Emphatical in this Tree; for the Trunk or Body thereof is
+naturally contrived for ascension, and made with advantage for getting
+up, as having many welts and eminencies, and so as it were a natural
+Ladder, and Staves, by which it may be climbed, as _Pliny_[241]
+observeth, _Palmae teretes atque proceres, densis quadratisque pollicibus
+faciles se ad scandendum praebent_, by this way men are able to get up
+into it. And the Figures of Indians thus climbing the same are
+graphically described in the Travels of _Linschoten_. This Tree is often
+mentioned in Scripture, and was so remarkable in _Judaea_, that in
+after-times it became the Emblem of that Country, as may be seen in that
+Medal of the Emperour _Titus_, with a Captive Woman sitting under a
+Palm, and the Inscription of _Judaea Capta_. And _Pliny_ confirmeth the
+same when he saith, _Judaea Palmis inclyta_.
+
+  [241] Plin. 13. _cap. 4_.
+
+[Sidenote: _Lilies, in_ Cant. 2. 1, 2, 16.]
+
+45. Many things are mention'd in Scripture, which have an Emphasis from
+this or the neighbour Countries: For besides the Cedars, the Syrian
+Lilies are taken notice of by Writers. That expression in the
+_Canticles_,[242] _Thou art fair, thou art fair, thou hast Doves eyes_,
+receives a particular character, if we look not upon our common Pigeons,
+but the beauteous and fine ey'd Doves of Syria.
+
+  [242] Cant. 4. 1.
+
+When the Rump is so strictly taken notice of in the Sacrifice of the
+Peace Offering, in these words,[243] _The whole Rump, it shall be taken
+off hard by the Back-bone_, it becomes the more considerable in
+reference to this Country, where Sheep had so large Tails; which,
+according to _Aristotle_,[244] were a Cubit broad; and so they are
+still, as _Bellonius_ hath delivered.
+
+  [243] Levit. 3. 9.
+
+  [244] Aristot. _Hist. Animal. lib. 8_.
+
+When 'tis said in the _Canticles_,[245] _Thy Teeth are as a Flock of
+Sheep, which go up from the washing, whereof every one beareth Twins,
+and there is not one barren among them_; it may seem hard unto us of
+these parts to find whole Flocks bearing Twins, and not one barren among
+them; yet may this be better conceived in the fertile Flocks of those
+Countries, where Sheep have so often two, sometimes three, and sometimes
+four, and which is so frequently observed by Writers of the neighbour
+Country of _AEgypt_. And this fecundity, and fruitfulness of their
+Flocks, is answerable unto the expression of the Psalmist,[246] _That
+our Sheep may bring forth thousands and ten thousands in our Streets_.
+And hereby, besides what was spent at their Tables, a good supply was
+made for the great consumption of Sheep in their several kinds of
+Sacrifices; and of so many thousand Male unblemished yearling Lambs,
+which were required at their Passeovers.
+
+  [245] Cant. 4. 2.
+
+  [246] Psal. 144. 13.
+
+Nor need we wonder to find so frequent mention both of Garden and Field
+Plants; since _Syria_ was notable of old for this curiosity and variety,
+according to _Pliny_, _Syria hortis operosissima_; and since _Bellonius_
+hath so lately observed of _Jerusalem_, that its hilly parts did so
+abound with Plants, that they might be compared unto Mount _Ida_ in
+_Crete_ or _Candia_: which is the most noted place for noble Simples yet
+known.
+
+[Sidenote: _Trees and Herbs not expresly nam'd in Scripture._]
+
+46. Though so many Plants have their express Names in Scripture, yet
+others are implied in some Texts which are not explicitly mention'd. In
+the Feast of _Tabernacles_ or _Booths_, the Law was this,[247] _Thou
+shalt take unto thee Boughs of goodly Trees, Branches of the Palm, and
+the Boughs of thick Trees, and Willows of the Brook_. Now though the
+Text descendeth not unto particulars of the _goodly Trees_, and _thick
+Trees_; yet _Maimonides_ will tell us that for a _goodly Tree_ they made
+use of the Citron Tree, which is fair and goodly to the eye, and well
+prospering in that Country: And that for the _thick Trees_ they used the
+Myrtle, which was no rare or infrequent Plant among them. And though it
+groweth but low in our Gardens, was not a little Tree in those parts; in
+which Plant also the Leaves grew thick, and almost covered the Stalk.
+And _Curtius[248] Symphorianus_ in his description of the _Exotick_
+Myrtle, makes it, _Folio densissimo senis in ordinem versibus_. The
+Paschal Lamb was to be eaten with bitterness or bitter Herbs, not
+particularly set down in Scripture: but the Jewish Writers declare, that
+they made use of Succory, and wild Lettuce, which Herbs while some
+conceive they could not get down, as being very bitter, rough and
+prickly, they may consider that the time of the Passeover was in the
+Spring, when these Herbs are young and tender, and consequently less
+unpleasant: besides, according to the Jewish custom, these Herbs were
+dipped in the _Charoseth_ or Sawce made of Raisins stamped with Vinegar,
+and were also eaten with Bread; and they had four Cups of Wine allowed
+unto them; and it was sufficient to take but a pittance of Herbs, or the
+quantity of an Olive.
+
+  [247] Levit. 23. 40.
+
+  [248] Curtius _de Hortis._
+
+[Sidenote: _Reeds in Scripture._]
+
+47. Though the famous paper Reed of _AEgypt_, be onely particularly named
+in Scripture; yet when Reeds are so often mention'd, without special
+name or distinction, we may conceive their differences may be
+comprehended, and that they were not all of one kind, or that the common
+Reed was onely implied. For mention is made in _Ezekiel_[249] of _a
+measuring Reed of six Cubits_: we find that they smote our Saviour on
+the Head with a Reed,[250] and put a Sponge with Vinegar on a Reed,
+which was long enough to reach to his mouth, while he was upon the
+Cross; And with such differences of Reeds, _Vallatory_, _Sagittary_,
+_Scriptory_, and others, they might be furnished in _Judaea_: For we find
+in the portion of _Ephraim_,[251] _Vallis arundineti_; and so set down
+in the Mapps of _Adricomius_, and in our Translation the River _Kana_,
+or Brook of _Canes_. And _Bellonius_ tells us that the River _Jordan_
+affordeth plenty and variety of Reeds; out of some whereof the Arabs
+make Darts, and light Lances, and out of others, Arrows; and withall
+that there plentifully groweth the fine _Calamus, arundo Scriptoria_, or
+writing Reed, which they gather with the greatest care, as being of
+singular use and commodity at home and abroad; a hard Reed about the
+compass of a Goose or Swans Quill, whereof I have seen some polished and
+cut with a Webb; which is in common use for writing throughout the
+Turkish Dominions, they using not the Quills of Birds.
+
+  [249] Ezek. 40. 5.
+
+  [250] _S._ Matt 27. 30, 48.
+
+  [251] Josh. 16. 17.
+
+And whereas the same Authour with other describers of these parts
+affirmeth, that the River _Jordan_ not far from _Jerico_, is but such a
+Stream as a youth may throw a Stone over it, or about eight fathoms
+broad, it doth not diminish the account and solemnity of the miraculous
+passage of the Israelites under _Joshua_; For it must be considered,
+that they passed it in the time of Harvest, when the River was high, and
+the Grounds about it under Water, according to that pertinent
+parenthesis, _As the Feet of the Priests, which carried the Ark, were
+dipped in the brim of the Water, (for Jordan[252] overfloweth all its
+Banks at the time of Harvest.)_ In this consideration it was well joined
+with the great River _Euphrates_, in that expression in
+_Ecclesiasticus_,[253] _God maketh the understanding to abound like
+Euphrates, and as Jordan in the time of Harvest_.
+
+  [252] Josh. 3. 13.
+
+  [253] Ecclus. 24. 26.
+
+[Sidenote: _Zizania, in S._ Matt. 13. 24, 25, etc.]
+
+48. _The Kingdom of Heaven is likened unto a man which sowed good Seed
+in his Field, but while men slept, his Enemy came and sowed Tares_ (or,
+as the Greek, _Zizania_) _among the Wheat._
+
+Now, how to render _Zizania_, and to what species of Plants to confine
+it, there is no slender doubt; for the word is not mention'd in other
+parts of Scripture, nor in any ancient Greek Writer: it is not to be
+found in _Aristotle_, _Theophrastus_, or _Dioscorides_. Some Greek and
+Latin Fathers have made use of the same, as also _Suidas_ and
+_Phavorinus_; but probably they have all derived it from this Text.
+
+And therefore this obscurity might easily occasion such variety in
+Translations and Expositions. For some retain the word _Zizania_, as the
+Vulgar, that of _Beza_, of _Junius_, and also the Italian and Spanish.
+The Low Dutch renders it _Oncruidt_, the German _Oncraut_, or _Herba
+Mala_, the French _Turoye_ or _Lolium_, and the English _Tares_.
+
+Besides, this being conceived to be a Syriack word, it may still add
+unto the uncertainty of the sense. For though this Gospel were first
+written in Hebrew, or Syriack, yet it is not unquestionable whether the
+true Original be any where extant: And that Syriack Copy which we now
+have, is conceived to be of far later time than S. _Matthew_.
+
+Expositours and Annotatours are also various. _Hugo Grotius_ hath passed
+the word _Zizania_ without a Note. _Diodati_, retaining the word
+_Zizania_, conceives that it was some peculiar Herb growing among the
+Corn of those Countries, and not known in our Fields. But _Emanuel de
+Sa_ interprets it, _Plantas semini noxias_, and so accordingly some
+others.
+
+_Buxtorfius_, in his Rabbinical Lexicon, gives divers interpretations,
+sometimes for degenerated Corn, sometimes for the black Seeds in Wheat,
+but withall concludes, _an haec sit eadem vox aut species, cum Zizania
+apud Evangelistam, quaerant alii_. But Lexicons and Dictionaries by
+_Zizania_ do almost generally understand _Lolium_, which we call
+_Darnel_, and commonly confine the signification to that Plant:
+Notwithstanding, since _Lolium_ had a known and received Name in Greek,
+some may be apt to doubt, why, if that Plant were particularly intended,
+the proper Greek word was not used in the Text. For _Theophrastus_[254]
+named _Lolium_ +Aira+, and hath often mentioned that Plant; and in one
+place saith that Corn doth sometimes _Loliescere_ degenerate into
+_Darnel_. _Dioscorides_, who travelled over _Judaea_, gives it the same
+name, which is also to be found in _Galen_, _AEtius_ and _AEgineta_; and
+_Pliny_ hath sometimes latinized that word into _AEra_.
+
+  [254] +exairesthai+. Theophrast. _Hist. Plant. l. 8_.
+
+Besides, _Lolium_ or Darnel shews it self in the Winter, growing up with
+the Wheat; and _Theophrastus_ observed that it was no Vernal Plant, but
+came up in the Winter; which will not well answer the expression of the
+Text, _And when the Blade came up, and brought forth Fruit_, or gave
+evidence of its Fruit, _the Zizania_ appeared. And if the Husbandry of
+the Ancients were agreeable unto ours, they would not have been so
+earnest to weed away the Darnel; for our Husbandmen do not commonly weed
+it in the Field, but separate the Seeds after Thrashing. And therefore
+_Galen_ delivereth, that in an unseasonable year, and great scarcity of
+Corn, when they neglected to separate the Darnel, the Bread proved
+generally unwholsome, and had evil effects on the Head.
+
+Our old and later Translation render _Zizania_, _Tares_, which name our
+English Botanists give unto _Aracus_, _Cracca_, _Vicia sylvestris_,
+calling them Tares, and strangling Tares. And our Husbandmen by Tares
+understand some sorts of wild Fitches, which grow amongst Corn, and
+clasp upon it, according to the Latin Etymology, _Vicia a Vinciendo_.
+Now in this uncertainty of the Original, Tares as well as some others,
+may make out the sense, and be also more agreeable unto the
+circumstances of the Parable. For they come up and appear what they are,
+when the Blade of the Corn is come up, and also the Stalk and Fruit
+discoverable. They have likewise little spreading Roots, which may
+intangle or rob the good Roots, and they have also tendrils and
+claspers, which lay hold of what grows near them, and so can hardly be
+weeded without endangering the neighbour Corn.
+
+However, if by _Zizania_ we understand _Herbas segeti noxias_, or _vitia
+segetum_, as some Expositours have done, and take the word in a more
+general sense, comprehending several Weeds and Vegetables offensive unto
+Corn, according as the Greek word in the plural Number may imply, and as
+the learned _Laurenbergius_[255] hath expressed, _Runcare quod apud
+nostrates Weden dicitur, Zizanias inutiles est evellere_. If, I say, it
+be thus taken, we shall not need to be definitive, or confine unto one
+particular Plant, from a word which may comprehend divers: And this may
+also prove a safer sense, in such obscurity of the Original.
+
+  [255] De Horticultura.
+
+And therefore since in this Parable the sower of the _Zizania_ is the
+Devil, and the _Zizania_ wicked persons; if any from this larger
+acception, will take in Thistles, Darnel, Cockle, wild strangling
+Fitches, Bindweed, _Tribulus_, Restharrow and other _Vitia Segetum_; he
+may, both from the natural and symbolical qualities of those Vegetables,
+have plenty of matter to illustrate the variety of his mischiefs, and of
+the wicked of this world.
+
+[Sidenote: _Cockle, in_ Job 31. 40.]
+
+49. When 'tis said in _Job_, _Let Thistles grow up instead of Wheat, and
+Cockle instead of Barley_, the words are intelligible, the sense
+allowable and significant to this purpose: but whether the word _Cockle_
+doth strictly conform unto the Original, some doubt may be made from the
+different Translations of it; For the Vulgar renders it _Spina_,
+_Tremelius Vitia Frugum_, and the _Geneva Turoye_ or Darnel. Besides,
+whether Cockle were common in the ancient Agriculture of those parts, or
+what word they used for it, is of great uncertainty. For the Elder
+Botanical Writers have made no mention thereof, and the Moderns have
+given it the Name of _Pseudomelanthium_, _Nigellastrum_, _Lychnoeides
+Segetum_, names not known unto Antiquity: And therefore our Translation
+hath warily set down [_noisome Weeds_] in the Margin.
+
+
+
+
+                           OF GARLANDS
+                 and Coronary or Garden-plants.
+
+                             TRACT II
+
+
+SIR,
+
+The use of flowry Crowns and Garlands is of no slender Antiquity, and
+higher than I conceive you apprehend it. For, besides the old Greeks and
+Romans, the AEgyptians made use hereof; who, beside the bravery of their
+Garlands, had little Birds upon them to peck their Heads and Brows, and
+so to keep them sleeping at their Festival compotations. This practice
+also extended as far as _India_: for at the Feast with the Indian King,
+it is peculiarly observed by _Philostratus_ that their custom was to
+wear Garlands, and come crowned with them unto their Feast.
+
+The Crowns and Garlands of the Ancients were either Gestatory, such as
+they wore about their Heads or Necks; Portatory, such as they carried at
+solemn Festivals; Pensile or Suspensory, such as they hanged about the
+Posts of their Houses in honour of their Gods, as of _Jupiter Thyraeus_
+or _Limeneus_; or else they were Depository, such as they laid upon the
+Graves and Monuments of the dead. And these were made up after all ways
+of Art, Compactile, Sutile, Plectile; for which Work there were
++stephanoplokoi+ or expert Persons to contrive them after the best grace
+and property.
+
+Though we yield not unto them in the beauty of flowry Garlands, yet some
+of those of Antiquity were larger than any we lately meet with: for we
+find in _Athenaeus_ that a Myrtle Crown of one and twenty foot in compass
+was solemnly carried about at the Hellotian Feast in _Corinth_, together
+with the Bones of _Europa_.
+
+And Garlands were surely of frequent use among them; for we reade in
+_Galen_[256] that when _Hippocrates_ cured the great Plague of _Athens_
+by Fires kindled in and about the City; the fuel thereof consisted much
+of their Garlands. And they must needs be very frequent and of common
+use, the ends thereof being many. For they were convivial, festival,
+sacrificial, nuptial, honorary, funebrial. We who propose unto our
+selves the pleasure of two Senses, and onely single out such as are of
+Beauty and good Odour, cannot strictly confine our selves unto imitation
+of them.
+
+  [256] _De Theriaca ad Pisonem._
+
+For, in their convivial Garlands, they had respect unto Plants
+preventing drunkenness, or discussing the exhalations from Wine;
+wherein, beside Roses, taking in Ivy, Vervain, Melilote, _etc._ they
+made use of divers of small Beauty or good Odour. The solemn festival
+Garlands were made properly unto their Gods, and accordingly contrived
+from Plants sacred unto such Deities; and their sacrificial ones were
+selected under such considerations. Their honorary Crowns triumphal,
+ovary, civical, obsidional, had little of Flowers in them: and their
+funebrial Garlands had little of beauty in them beside Roses, while they
+made them of Myrtle, Rosemary, Apium, _etc._ under symbolical
+intimations: but our florid and purely ornamental Garlands, delightfull
+unto sight and smell, nor framed according to mystical and symbolical
+considerations, are of more free election, and so may be made to excell
+those of the Ancients; we having _China_, _India_, and a new world to
+supply us, beside the great distinction of Flowers unknown unto
+Antiquity, and the varieties thereof arising from Art and Nature.
+
+But, beside Vernal, AEstival and Autumnal made of Flowers, the Ancients
+had also Hyemal Garlands; contenting themselves at first with such as
+were made of Horn died into several Colours, and shaped into the Figures
+of Flowers, and also of _AEs Coronarium_ or _Clincquant_ or Brass thinly
+wrought out into Leaves commonly known among us. But the curiosity of
+some Emperours for such intents had Roses brought from _AEgypt_ untill
+they had found the art to produce late Roses in _Rome_, and to make them
+grow in the Winter, as is delivered in that handsome Epigramme of
+_Martial_,
+
+          _At tu Romanae jussus jam cedere Brumae
+            Mitte tuas messes, Accipe, Nile, Rosas._
+
+Some American Nations, who do much excell in Garlands, content not
+themselves onely with Flowers, but make elegant Crowns of Feathers,
+whereof they have some of greater radiancy and lustre than their
+Flowers: and since there is an Art to set into shapes, and curiously to
+work in choicest Feathers, there could nothing answer the Crowns made of
+the choicest Feathers of some _Tomineios_ and Sun Birds.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Catalogue of Coronary Plants is not large in _Theophrastus_,
+_Pliny_, _Pollux_, or _Athenaeus_: but we may find a good enlargement in
+the Accounts of Modern Botanists; and additions may still be made by
+successive acquists of fair and specious Plants, not yet translated from
+foreign Regions or little known unto our Gardens: he that would be
+complete may take notice of these following,
+
+     _Flos Tigridis._
+     _Flos Lyncis._
+     _Pinea Indica Recchi, Talama Ouiedi._
+     _Herba Paradisea._
+     _Volubilis Mexicanus._
+     _Narcissus Indicus Serpentarius._
+     _Helichrysum Mexicanum._
+     _Xicama._
+     _Aquilegia novae Hispaniae Cacoxochitli Recchi._
+     _Aristochaea Mexicana._
+     _Camaratinga sive Caragunta quarta Pisonis._
+     _Maracuia Granadilla._
+     _Cambay sive Myrtus Americana._
+     _Flos Auriculae Flor de la Oreia._
+     _Floripendio novae Hispaniae._
+     _Rosa Indica._
+     _Zilium Indicum._
+     _Fula Magori Garciae._
+     _Champe Garciae Champacca Bontii._
+     _Daullontas frutex odoratus seu Chamaemelum arborescens Bontii._
+     _Beidelsar Alpini._
+     _Sambuc._
+     _Amberboi Turcarum._
+     _Nuphar AEgyptium._
+     _Lilionarcissus Indicus._
+     _Bamma AEgyptiacum._
+     _Hiucca Canadensis horti Farnesiani._
+     _Bupthalmum novae Hispaniae Alepocapath._
+     _Valeriana seu Chrysanthemum Americanum Acocotlis._
+     _Flos Corvinus Coronarius Americanus._
+     _Capolin Cerasus dulcis Indicus Floribus racemosis._
+     _Asphodelus Americanus._
+     _Syringa Lutea Americana._
+     _Bulbus unifolius._
+     _Moly latifolium Flore luteo._
+     _Conyza Americana purpurea._
+     _Salvia Cretica pomifera Bellonii._
+     _Lausus Serrata Odora._
+     _Ornithogalus Promontorii Bonae Spei._
+     _Fritallaria crassa Soldanica Promontorii Bonae Spei._
+     _Sigillum Solomonis Indicum._
+     _Tulipa Promontorii Bonae Spei._
+     _Iris Uvaria._
+     _Nopolxoch sedum elegans novae Hispaniae._
+
+More might be added unto this List; and I have onely taken the pains to
+give you a short Specimen of those many more which you may find in
+respective Authours, and which time and future industry may make no
+great strangers in _England_. The Inhabitants of _Nova Hispania_, and a
+great part of _America_, Mahometans, Indians, Chineses, are eminent
+promoters of these coronary and specious Plants: and the annual tribute
+of the King of _Bisnaguer_ in _India_, arising out of Odours and
+Flowers, amounts unto many thousands of Crowns.
+
+Thus, in brief, of this matter. I am, _etc._
+
+
+
+
+                OF THE FISHES EATEN BY OUR SAVIOUR
+            with His Disciples after His Resurrection
+                        from the Dead.
+
+                           TRACT III
+
+
+SIR,
+
+I have thought, a little, upon the Question proposed by you [viz. _What
+kind of Fishes those were of which our Saviour ate with his Disciples
+after his Resurrection?_[257]] and I return you such an Answer, as, in
+so short time for study, and in the midst of my occasions, occurs to me.
+
+  [257] _S._ Joh. 21. 9, 10, 11, 13.
+
+The Books of Scripture (as also those which are Apocryphal) are often
+silent, or very sparing, in the particular Names of Fishes; or in
+setting them down in such manner as to leave the kinds of them without
+all doubt and reason for farther inquiry. For, when it declareth what
+Fishes were allowed the Israelites for their Food, they are onely set
+down in general which have Finns and Scales; whereas, in the account of
+_Quadrupeds_ and Birds, there is particular mention made of divers of
+them. In the Book of _Tobit_ that Fish which he took out of the River is
+onely named a great Fish, and so there remains much uncertainty to
+determine the Species thereof. And even the Fish which swallowed
+_Jonah_, and is called a _great Fish_, and commonly thought to be a
+great Whale, is not received without all doubt; while some learned men
+conceive it to have been none of our Whales, but a large kind of
+_Lamia_.
+
+And, in this narration of S. _John_, the Fishes are onely expressed by
+their Bigness and Number, not their Names, and therefore it may seem
+undeterminable what they were: notwithstanding, these Fishes being taken
+in the great Lake or Sea of _Tiberias_, something may be probably stated
+therein. For since _Bellonius_, that diligent and learned Traveller,
+informeth us, that the Fishes of this Lake were Trouts, Pikes, Chevins
+and Tenches; it may well be conceived that either all or some thereof
+are to be understood in this Scripture. And these kind of Fishes become
+large and of great growth, answerable unto the expression of Scripture,
+_One hundred and fifty-three great Fishes_; that is, large in their own
+kinds, and the largest kinds in this Lake and fresh Water, wherein no
+great variety, and of the larger sort of Fishes, could be expected. For
+the River _Jordan_, running through this Lake, falls into the Lake of
+_Asphaltus_, and hath no mouth into the Sea, which might admit of great
+Fishes or greater variety to come up into it.
+
+And out of the mouth of some of these forementioned Fishes might the
+_Tribute money_ be taken, when our Saviour, at _Capernaum_, seated upon
+the same Lake, said unto _Peter_, _Go thou to the Sea, and cast an Hook,
+and take up the Fish that first cometh; and when thou hast opened his
+mouth thou shalt find a piece of money; that take and give them for thee
+and me_.
+
+And this makes void that common conceit and tradition of the Fish called
+_Fabermarinus_, by some, a _Peter_ or _Penny Fish_; which having two
+remarkable round spots upon either side, these are conceived to be the
+marks of S. _Peter's_ Fingers or signatures of the Money: for though it
+hath these marks, yet is there no probability that such a kind of Fish
+was to be found in the Lake of _Tiberias_, _Geneserah_ or _Galilee_,
+which is but sixteen miles long and six broad, and hath no communication
+with the Sea; for this is a mere Fish of the Sea and salt Water, and
+(though we meet with some thereof on our Coast) is not to be found in
+many Seas.
+
+Thus having returned no improbable Answer unto your Question, I shall
+crave leave to ask another of your self concerning that Fish mentioned
+by _Procopius_,[258] which brought the famous King _Theodorick_ to his
+end: his words are to this effect: 'The manner of his Death was this,
+_Symmachus_ and his Son-in-law _Boethius_, just men and great relievers
+of the poor, Senatours and Consuls, had many enemies, by whose false
+accusations _Theodorick_ being perswaded that they plotted against him,
+put them to death and confiscated their Estates. Not long after his
+Waiters set before him at Supper a great Head of a Fish, which seemed to
+him to be the Head of _Symmachus_ lately murthered; and with his Teeth
+sticking out, and fierce glaring eyes to threaten him: being frighted,
+he grew chill, went to Bed, lamenting what he had done to _Symmachus_
+and _Boethius_; and soon after died.' What Fish do you apprehend this to
+have been? I would learn of you; give me your thoughts about it.
+
+  [258] _De Bello Gothico, lib. 1._
+
+                                                  _I am_, etc.
+
+
+
+
+                  AN ANSWER TO CERTAIN QUERIES
+              relating to Fishes, Birds, Insects.
+
+                           TRACT IV
+
+
+SIR,
+
+I return the following Answers to your Queries which were these,
+
+     [1. What Fishes are meant by the Names, _Halec_ and _Mugil_?
+
+     2. What is the Bird which you will receive from the Bearer? and
+     what Birds are meant by the Names _Halcyon_, _Nysus_, _Ciris_,
+     _Nycticorax_?
+
+     3. What Insect is meant by the word _Cicada_?]
+
+[Sidenote: _Answer to Query 1._]
+
+The word _Halec_ we are taught to render an _Herring_, which, being an
+ancient word, is not strictly appropriable unto a Fish not known or not
+described by the Ancients; and which the modern Naturalists are fain to
+name _Harengus_; the word _Halecula_ being applied unto such little Fish
+out of which they were fain to make Pickle; and _Halec_ or _Alec_, taken
+for the Liquamen or Liquor itself, according to that of the Poet,
+
+          ----_Ego faecem primus et Alec
+          Primus et inveni piper album_----
+
+And was a conditure and Sawce much affected by Antiquity, as was also
+_Muria_ and _Garum_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In common constructions, _Mugil_ is rendred a _Mullet_, which,
+notwithstanding, is a different Fish from the _Mugil_ described by
+Authours; wherein, if we mistake, we cannot so closely apprehend the
+expression of _Juvenal_,
+
+          ----_Quosdam ventres et Mugilis intrat._
+
+And misconceive the Fish, whereby Fornicatours were so opprobriously and
+irksomely punished; for the _Mugil_ being somewhat rough and hard
+skinned, did more exasperate the gutts of such offenders: whereas the
+Mullet was a smooth Fish, and of too high esteem to be imployed in such
+offices.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: _Answer to Query 2._]
+
+I cannot but wonder that this Bird you sent should be a stranger unto
+you, and unto those who had a sight thereof: for, though it be not seen
+every day, yet we often meet with it in this Country. It is an elegant
+Bird, which he that once beholdeth can hardly mistake any other for it.
+From the proper Note it is called an _Hoopebird_ with us; in Greek
+_Epops_, in Latin _Upupa_. We are little obliged unto our School
+instruction, wherein we are taught to render _Upupa_, a _Lapwing_, which
+Bird our natural Writers name _Vannellus_; for thereby we mistake this
+remarkable Bird, and apprehend not rightly what is delivered of it.
+
+We apprehend not the Hieroglyphical considerations which the old
+AEgyptians made of this observable Bird; who considering therein the
+order and variety of Colours, the twenty six or twenty eight Feathers in
+its Crest, his latitancy, and mewing this handsome outside in the
+Winter; they made it an Emblem of the varieties of the World, the
+succession of Times and Seasons, and signal mutations in them. And
+therefore _Orus_, the Hieroglyphick of the World, had the Head of an
+Hoopebird upon the top of his Staff.
+
+Hereby we may also mistake the _Duchiphath_, or Bird forbidden for Food
+in _Leviticus_ [SN: Levit. 11. 19.]; and, not knowing the Bird, may the
+less apprehend some reasons of that prohibition; that is, the magical
+virtues ascribed unto it by the AEgyptians, and the superstitious
+apprehensions which that Nation held of it, whilst they precisely
+numbred the Feathers and Colours thereof, while they placed it on the
+Heads of their Gods, and near their Mercurial Crosses, and so highly
+magnified this Bird in their sacred Symbols.
+
+Again, not knowing or mistaking this Bird, we may misapprehend, or not
+closely apprehend, that handsome expression of _Ovid_, when _Tereus_ was
+turned into an _Upupa_, or Hoopebird.
+
+          _Vertitur in volucrem cui sunt pro vertice Cristae,
+          Protinus immodicum surgit pro cuspide rostrum
+          Nomen Epops volucri, facies armata videtur._
+
+For, in this military shape, he is aptly phancied even still
+revengefully to pursue his hated Wife _Progne_: in the propriety of his
+Note crying out, _Pou, pou, ubi, ubi_, or _Where are you?_
+
+Nor are we singly deceived in the nominal translation of this Bird: in
+many other Animals we commit the like mistake. So _Gracculus_ is rendred
+a _Jay_, which Bird notwithstanding must be of a dark colour according
+to that of _Martial_,
+
+_Sed quandam volo nocte nigriorem
+Formica, pice, Gracculo, cicada._
+
+_Halcyon_[259] is rendred a _King-fisher_, a Bird commonly known among
+us, and by Zoographers and Naturals the same is named _Ispida_, a well
+coloured Bird frequenting Streams and Rivers, building in holes of Pits,
+like some Martins, about the end of the Spring; in whose Nests we have
+found little else than innumerable small Fish Bones, and white round
+Eggs of a smooth and polished surface, whereas the true _Alcyon_ is a
+Sea Bird, makes an handsome Nest floating upon the Water, and breedeth
+in the Winter.
+
+  [259] _See Vulg. Err. B. 3. c. 10._
+
+That _Nysus_ should be rendred either an _Hobby_ or a _Sparrow Hawk_, in
+the Fable of _Nysus_ and _Scylla_ in _Ovid_, because we are much to seek
+in the distinction of Hawks according to their old denominations, we
+shall not much contend, and may allow a favourable latitude therein: but
+that the _Ciris_ or Bird into which _Scylla_ was turned should be
+translated a _Lark_, it can hardly be made out agreeable unto the
+description of _Virgil_ in his Poem of that name,
+
+          _Inde alias volucres mimoque infecta rubenti
+          Crura_----
+
+But seems more agreeable unto some kind of _Haemantopus_ or Redshank; and
+so the _Nysus_ to have been some kind of Hawk, which delighteth about
+the Sea and Marishes, where such prey most aboundeth, which sort of Hawk
+while _Scaliger_ determineth to be a Merlin, the French Translatour
+warily expoundeth it to be some kind of Hawk.
+
+_Nycticorax_ we may leave unto the common and verbal translation of a
+_Night Raven_, but we know no proper kind of Raven unto which to confine
+the same, and therefore some take the liberty to ascribe it unto some
+sort of Owls, and others unto the Bittern; which Bird in its common
+Note, which he useth out of the time of coupling and upon the Wing, so
+well resembleth the croaking of a Raven that I have been deceived by it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: _Answer to Query 3._]
+
+While _Cicada_ is rendred a _Grashopper_, we commonly think that which
+is so called among us to be the true _Cicada_; wherein, as we have
+elsewhere declared,[260] there is a great mistake: for we have not the
+_Cicada_ in _England_, and indeed no proper word for that Animal, which
+the French nameth _Cigale_. That which we commonly call a Grashopper,
+and the French _Saulterelle_ being one kind of Locust, so rendred in the
+Plague of _AEgypt_, and, in old Saxon named _Gersthop_.
+
+  [260] _Vulg. Err. B. 5. c. 3._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have been the less accurate in these Answers, because the Queries are
+not of difficult Resolution, or of great moment: however, I would not
+wholly neglect them or your satisfaction, as being, Sir,
+
+                                                  _Yours_, etc.
+
+
+
+
+                      OF HAWKS AND FALCONRY
+
+                        Ancient and Modern.
+
+                             TRACT V
+
+
+SIR,
+
+In vain you expect much information, _de Re Accipitraria_, of Falconry,
+Hawks or Hawking, from very ancient Greek or Latin Authours; that Art
+being either unknown or so little advanced among them, that it seems to
+have proceeded no higher than the daring of Birds: which makes so little
+thereof to be found in _Aristotle_, who onely mentions some rude
+practice thereof in _Thracia_; as also in _AElian_, who speaks something
+of Hawks and Crows among the Indians; little or nothing of true Falconry
+being mention'd before _Julius Firmicus_, in the days of _Constantius_,
+Son to _Constantine_ the Great.
+
+Yet if you consult the accounts of later Antiquity left by _Demetrius_
+the Greek, by _Symmachus_ and _Theodosius_, and by _Albertus Magnus_,
+about five hundred years ago, you, who have been so long acquainted with
+this noble Recreation, may better compare the ancient and modern
+practice, and rightly observe how many things in that Art are added,
+varied, disused or retained in the practice of these days.
+
+In the Diet of Hawks, they allowed of divers Meats which we should
+hardly commend. For beside the Flesh of Beef, they admitted of Goat,
+Hog, Deer, Whelp and Bear. And how you will approve the quantity and
+measure thereof, I make some doubt; while by weight they allowed half a
+pound of Beef, seven ounces of Swines Flesh, five of Hare, eight ounces
+of Whelp, as much of Deer, and ten ounces of He-Goats Flesh.
+
+In the time of _Demetrius_ they were not without the practice of
+Phlebotomy or Bleeding, which they used in the Thigh and Pounces; they
+plucked away the Feathers on the Thigh, and rubbed the part, but if the
+Vein appeared not in that part, they opened the Vein of the fore Talon.
+
+In the days of _Albertus_, they made use of Cauteries in divers places:
+to advantage their sight they seared them under the inward angle of the
+eye; above the eye in distillations and diseases of the Head; in upward
+pains they seared above the Joint of the Wing, and at the bottom of the
+Foot, against the Gout; and the chief time for these cauteries they made
+to be the month of _March_.
+
+In great coldness of Hawks they made use of Fomentations, some of the
+steam or vapour of artificial and natural Baths, some wrapt them up in
+hot Blankets, giving them Nettle Seeds and Butter.
+
+No Clysters are mention'd, nor can they be so profitably used; but they
+made use of many purging Medicines. They purged with Aloe, which, unto
+larger Hawks, they gave in the bigness of a Great Bean; unto less, in
+the quantity of a _Cicer_, which notwithstanding I should rather give
+washed, and with a few drops of Oil of Almonds: for the Guts of flying
+Fowls are tender and easily scratched by it; and upon the use of Aloe
+both in Hawks and Cormorants I have sometimes observed bloody
+excretions.
+
+In phlegmatick causes they seldom omitted _Stave-saker_, but they purged
+sometimes with a Mouse, and the Food of boiled Chickens, sometimes with
+good Oil and Honey.
+
+They used also the Ink of Cuttle Fishes, with Smallage, Betony, Wine and
+Honey. They made use of stronger Medicines than present practice doth
+allow. For they were not afraid to give _Coccus Baphicus_; beating up
+eleven of its Grains unto a Lentor, which they made up into five Pills
+wrapt up with Honey and Pepper: and, in some of their old Medicines, we
+meet with Scammony and _Euphorbium_. Whether, in the tender Bowels of
+Birds, infusions of Rhubarb, Agaric and Mechoachan be not of safer use,
+as to take of Agary two Drachms, of Cinnamon half a Drachm, of Liquorish
+a Scruple, and, infusing them in Wine, to express a part into the mouth
+of the Hawk, may be considered by present practice.
+
+Few Mineral Medicines were of inward use among them: yet sometimes we
+observe they gave filings of Iron in the straitness of the Chest, as
+also Lime in some of their pectoral Medicines.
+
+But they commended Unguents of Quick-silver against the Scab: and I have
+safely given six or eight Grains of _Mercurius Dulcis_ unto Kestrils and
+Owls, as also crude and current Quick-silver, giving the next day small
+Pellets of Silver or Lead till they came away uncoloured: and this, if
+any, may probably destroy that obstinate Disease of the _Filander_ or
+Back-worm.
+
+A peculiar remedy they had against the Consumption of Hawks. For,
+filling a Chicken with Vinegar, they closed up the Bill, and hanging it
+up untill the Flesh grew tender, they fed the Hawk therewith: and to
+restore and well Flesh them, they commonly gave them Hogs Flesh, with
+Oil, Butter and Honey; and a decoction of Cumfory to bouze.
+
+They disallowed of salt Meats and Fat; but highly esteemed of Mice in
+most indispositions; and in the falling Sickness had great esteem of
+boiled Batts: and in many Diseases, of the Flesh of Owls which feed upon
+those Animals. In Epilepsies they also gave the Brain of a Kid drawn
+thorough a gold Ring; and, in Convulsions, made use of a mixture of Musk
+and _Stercus humanum aridum_.
+
+For the better preservation of their Health they strowed Mint and Sage
+about them; and for the speedier mewing of their Feathers, they gave
+them the Slough of a Snake, or a Tortoise out of the Shell, or a green
+Lizard cut in pieces.
+
+If a Hawk were unquiet, they hooded him, and placed him in a Smith's
+Shop for some time, where, accustomed to the continual noise of
+hammering, he became more gentle and tractable.
+
+They used few terms of Art, plainly and intelligibly expressing the
+parts affected, their Diseases and Remedies. This heap of artificial
+terms first entring with the French Artists: who seem to have been the
+first and noblest Falconers in the Western part of _Europe_; although,
+in their Language, they have no word which in general expresseth an
+Hawk.
+
+They carried their Hawks in the left hand, and let them flie from the
+right. They used a Bell, and took great care that their Jesses should
+not be red, lest Eagles should flie at them. Though they used Hoods, we
+have no clear description of them, and little account of their Lures.
+
+The ancient Writers left no account of the swiftness of Hawks or measure
+of their flight: but _Heresbachius_[261] delivers that _William_ Duke of
+_Cleve_ had an Hawk which, in one day, made a flight out of _Westphalia_
+into _Prussia_. And, upon good account, an Hawk in this Country of
+_Norfolk_, made a flight at a Woodcock near thirty miles in one hour.
+How far the Hawks, Merlins and wild Fowl which come unto us with a
+North-west wind in the Autumn, flie in a day, there is no clear account;
+but coming over Sea their flight hath been long, or very speedy. For I
+have known them to light so weary on the coast, that many have been
+taken with Dogs, and some knock'd down with Staves and Stones.
+
+  [261] _De Re Accipitraria, in 3 Books._
+
+Their Perches seem not so large as ours; for they made them of such a
+bigness that their Talons might almost meet: and they chose to make them
+of Sallow, Poplar or Lime Tree.
+
+They used great clamours and hollowing in their flight, which they made
+by these words, _ou loi, la, la, la_; and to raise the Fowls, made use
+of the sound of a Cymbal.
+
+Their recreation seemed more sober and solemn than ours at present, so
+improperly attended with Oaths and Imprecations. For they called on God
+at their setting out, according to the account of _Demetrius_, +ton Theon
+epikalesantes+, _in the first place calling upon God_.
+
+The learned _Rigaltius_ thinketh, that if the Romans had well known this
+airy Chase, they would have left or less regarded their Circensial
+Recreations. The Greeks understood Hunting early, but little or nothing
+of our Falconry. If _Alexander_ had known it, we might have found
+something of it and more of Hawks in _Aristotle_; who was so
+unacquainted with that way, that he thought that Hawks would not feed
+upon the Heart of Birds. Though he hath mention'd divers Hawks, yet
+_Julius Scaliger_, an expert Falconer, despaired to reconcile them unto
+ours. And 'tis well if, among them, you can clearly make out a Lanner, a
+Sparrow Hawk and a Kestril, but must not hope to find your Gier Falcon
+there, which is the noble Hawk; and I wish you one no worse than that of
+_Henry_ King of _Navarre_; which, _Scaliger_ saith, he saw strike down a
+Buzzard, two wild Geese, divers Kites, a Crane and a Swan.
+
+Nor must you expect from high Antiquity the distinctions of Eyess and
+Ramage Hawks, of Sores and Entermewers, of Hawks of the Lure and the
+Fist; nor that material distinction into short and long winged Hawks;
+from whence arise such differences in their taking down of Stones; in
+their flight, their striking down or seizing of their Prey, in the
+strength of their Talons, either in the Heel and fore-Talon, or the
+middle and the Heel: nor yet what Eggs produce the different Hawks, or
+when they lay three Eggs, that the first produceth a Female and large
+Hawk, the second of a midler sort, and the third a smaller Bird
+Tercellene or Tassel of the Masle Sex; which Hawks being onely observed
+abroad by the Ancients, were looked upon as Hawks of different kinds and
+not of the same Eyrie or Nest. As for what _Aristotle_ affirmeth that
+Hawks and Birds of prey drink not; although you know that it will not
+strictly hold, yet I kept an Eagle two years, which fed upon Kats,
+Kittlings, Whelps and Ratts, without one drop of Water.
+
+If any thing may add unto your knowledge in this noble Art, you must
+pick it out of later Writers than those you enquire of. You may peruse
+the two Books of Falconry writ by that renowned Emperour _Frederick_ the
+Second; as also the Works of the noble Duke _Belisarius_, of _Tardiffe_,
+_Francherius_, of _Francisco Sforzino_ of _Vicensa_; and may not a
+little inform or recreate your self with that elegant Poem of
+_Thuanus_.[262] I leave you to divert your self by the perusal of it,
+having, at present, no more to say but that I am, _etc._
+
+  [262] _De Re Rustica._
+
+
+
+
+                          OF CYMBALS, Etc.
+
+                              TRACT VI
+
+
+SIR,
+
+With what difficulty, if possibility, you may expect satisfaction
+concerning the Musick, or Musical Instruments of the Hebrews, you will
+easily discover if you consult the attempts of learned men upon that
+Subject: but for Cymbals, of whose Figure you enquire, you may find some
+described in _Bayfius_, in the Comment of _Rhodius_ upon _Scribonius
+Largus_, and others.
+
+As for +Kymbalon alalazon+ mentioned by S. _Paul_,[263] and rendred a
+_Tinckling Cymbal_, whether the translation be not too soft and
+diminutive some question may be made: for the word +alalazon+ implieth
+no small sound, but a strained and lofty vociferation, or some kind of
+hollowing sound, according to the Exposition of _Hesychius_, +Alalaxate
+enypsosate ten phonen+. A word drawn from the lusty shout of Souldiers,
+crying +Alala+ at the first charge upon their Enemies, according to the
+custom of Eastern Nations, and used by Trojans in _Homer_; and is also
+the Note of the Chorus in _Aristophanes_ +Alalai ie paion+. In other
+parts of Scripture we reade of loud and high sounding Cymbals; and in
+_Clemens Alexandrinus_ that the Arabians made use of Cymbals in their
+Wars instead of other military Musick; and _Polyaenus_ in his
+_Stratagemes_ affirmeth that _Bacchus_ gave the signal of Battel unto
+his numerous Army not with Trumpets but with Tympans and Cymbals.
+
+  [263] Cor. 13. 1
+
+And now I take the opportunity to thank you for the new Book sent me
+containing the Anthems sung in our Cathedral and Collegiate Churches:
+'tis probable there will be additions, the Masters of Musick being now
+active in that affair. Beside my naked thanks I have yet nothing to
+return you but this enclosed, which may be somewhat rare unto you, and
+that is a Turkish Hymn translated into French out of the Turkish Metre,
+which I thus render unto you.
+
+     _O what praise doth he deserve, and how great is that Lord, all
+     whose Slaves are as so many Kings!_
+
+     _Whosoever shall rub his Eyes with the dust of his Feet, shall
+     behold such admirable things that he shall fall into an ecstasie._
+
+     _He that shall drink one drop of his Beverage, shall have his
+     Bosome like the Ocean filled with Gems and pretious Liquours._
+
+     _Let not loose the Reins unto thy Passions in this world: he that
+     represseth them shall become a true Solomon in the Faith._
+
+     _Amuse not thy self to adore Riches, nor to build great Houses and
+     Palaces._
+
+     _The end of what thou shall build is but ruine._
+
+     _Pamper not thy Body with delicacies and dainties; it may come to
+     pass one day that this Body may be in Hell._
+
+     _Imagine not that he who findeth Riches findeth Happiness; he that
+     findeth Happiness is he that findeth God._
+
+     _All who prostrating themselves in humility shall this day believe
+     in_ Vele,[264] _if they were Poor shall be Rich, and if Rich shall
+     become Kings._
+
+  [264] Vele _the Founder of the Convent_.
+
+After the Sermon ended which was made upon a Verse in the Alcoran
+containing much Morality, the _Deruices_ in a Gallery apart sung this
+Hymn, accompanied with Instrumental Musick, which so affected the Ears
+of Monsieur _du Loyr_, that he would not omit to set it down, together
+with the Musical Notes, to be found in his first Letter unto Monsieur
+_Bouliau_, Prior of _Magny_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Excuse my brevity: I can say but little where I understand but little.
+
+                                                  _I am_, etc.
+
+
+
+
+                        OF ROPALIC
+                  or Gradual Verses, Etc.
+
+          _Mens mea sublimes rationes praemeditatur._
+
+                         TRACT VII
+
+
+SIR,
+
+Though I may justly allow a good intention in this Poem presented unto
+you, yet I must needs confess, I have no affection for it; as being
+utterly averse from all affectation in Poetry, which either restrains
+the phancy, or fetters the invention to any strict disposure of words. A
+poem of this nature is to be found in _Ausonius_ beginning thus,
+
+          _Spes Deus aeternae stationis conciliator._
+
+These are Verses _Ropalici_ or _Clavales_, arising gradually like the
+Knots in a +Rhopale+ or Clubb; named also _Fistulares_ by _Priscianus_,
+as _Elias Vinetus_[265] hath noted. They consist properly of five
+words, each thereof encreasing by one syllable. They admit not of a
+_Spondee_ in the fifth place, nor can a Golden or Silver Verse be made
+this way. They run smoothly both in Latin and Greek, and some are
+scatteringly to be found in _Homer_; as,
+
+          +O makar Atreide moiregenes olbiodaimon+,
+
+     _Libere dicam sed in aurem, ego versibus hujusmodi Ropalicis, longo
+     syrmate protractis, Ceraunium affigo._
+
+  [265] El Vinet. _in_ Auson.
+
+He that affecteth such restrained Poetry, may peruse the Long Poem of
+_Hugbaldus_ the Monk, wherein every word beginneth with a C penned in
+the praise of _Calvities_ or Baldness, to the honour of _Carolus Calvus_
+King of _France_,
+
+          _Carmina clarisonae calvis cantate Camaenae._
+
+The rest may be seen at large in the _adversaria_ of _Barthius_: or if
+he delighteth in odd contrived phancies may he please himself with
+_Antistrophes_, _Counterpetories_, _Retrogrades_, _Rebusses_, _Leonine_
+Verses, etc. to be found in _Sieur des Accords_. But these and the like
+are to be look'd upon, not pursued, odd works might be made by such
+ways; and for your recreation I propose these few lines unto you,
+
+    _Arcu paratur quod arcui sufficit._
+
+    _Misellorum clamoribus accurrere non tam humanum quam sulphureum est._
+
+    _Asino teratur quae Asino teritur._
+
+    _Ne Asphodelos comedas, phoenices manduca._
+
+    _Coelum aliquid potest, sed quae mira praestat Papilio est._
+
+Not to put you unto endless amusement, the Key hereof is the homonomy of
+the Greek made use of in the Latin words, which rendreth all plain. More
+aenigmatical and dark expressions might be made if any one would speak or
+compose them out of the numerical Characters or characteristical Numbers
+set down by _Robertus de Fluctibus_.[266]
+
+  [266] _Tract 2. Part lib. 1._
+
+As for your question concerning the contrary expressions of the Italian
+and Spaniards in their common affirmative answers, the Spaniard
+answering _cy Sennor_, the Italian _Signior cy_, you must be content
+with this Distich,
+
+     _Why saith the Italian Signior cy, the Spaniard cy Sennor?
+     Because the one puts that behind, the other puts before._
+
+And because you are so happy in some Translations, I pray return me
+these two verses in English,
+
+          _Occidit heu tandem multos quae occidit amantes,
+            Et cinis est hodie quae fuit ignis heri._
+
+My occasions make me to take off my Pen. I am, _etc._
+
+
+
+
+                          OF LANGUAGES
+
+               And particularly of the Saxon Tongue.
+
+                            TRACT VIII
+
+
+SIR,
+
+The last Discourse we had of the Saxon Tongue recalled to my mind some
+forgotten considerations. Though the Earth were widely peopled before
+the Flood, (as many learned men conceive) yet whether after a large
+dispersion, and the space of sixteen hundred years, men maintained so
+uniform a Language in all parts, as to be strictly of one Tongue, and
+readily to understand each other, may very well be doubted. For though
+the World preserved in the Family of _Noah_ before the confusion of
+Tongues might be said to be of one Lip, yet even permitted to themselves
+their humours, inventions, necessities, and new objects, without the
+miracle of Confusion at first, in so long a tract of time, there had
+probably been a Babel. For whether _America_ were first peopled by one
+or several Nations, yet cannot that number of different planting
+Nations, answer the multiplicity of their present different Languages,
+of no affinity unto each other; and even in their Northern Nations and
+incommunicating Angles, their Languages are widely differing. A native
+Interpreter brought from _California_ proved of no use unto the
+Spaniards upon the neighbour Shore. From _Chiapa_, to _Guatemala_, _S.
+Salvador_, _Honduras_, there are at least eighteen several languages;
+and so numerous are they both in the Peruvian and Mexican Regions, that
+the great Princes are fain to have one common Language, which besides
+their vernaculous and Mother Tongues, may serve for commerce between
+them.
+
+And since the confusion of Tongues at first fell onely upon those which
+were present in _Sinaar_ at the work of _Babel_, whether the primitive
+Language from _Noah_ were onely preserved in the Family of _Heber_, and
+not also in divers others, which might be absent at the same, whether
+all came away and many might not be left behind in their first
+Plantations about the foot of the Hills, whereabout the Ark rested and
+_Noah_ became an Husbandman, is not absurdly doubted.
+
+For so the primitive Tongue might in time branch out into several parts
+of _Europe_ and _Asia_, and thereby the first or Hebrew Tongue which
+seems to be ingredient into so many Languages, might have larger
+originals and grounds of its communication and traduction than from the
+Family of _Abraham_, the Country of _Canaan_ and words contained in the
+Bible which come short of the full of that Language. And this would
+become more probable from the Septuagint or Greek Chronology strenuously
+asserted by _Vossius_; for making five hundred years between the Deluge
+and the days of _Peleg_, there ariseth a large latitude of
+multiplication and dispersion of People into several parts, before the
+descent of that Body which followed _Nimrod_ unto _Sinaar_ from the
+East.
+
+They who derive the bulk of European Tongues from the Scythian and the
+Greek, though they may speak probably in many points, yet must needs
+allow vast difference or corruptions from so few originals, which
+however might be tolerably made out in the old Saxon, yet hath time much
+confounded the clearer derivations. And as the knowledge thereof now
+stands in reference unto our selves, I find many words totally lost,
+divers of harsh sound disused or refined in the pronunciation, and many
+words we have also in common use not to be found in that Tongue, or
+venially derivable from any other from whence we have largely borrowed,
+and yet so much still remaineth with us that it maketh the gross of our
+Language.
+
+The religious obligation unto the Hebrew Language hath so notably
+continued the same, that it might still be understood by _Abraham_,
+whereas by the _Mazorite_ Points and Chaldee Character the old Letter
+stands so transformed, that if _Moses_ were alive again, he must be
+taught to reade his own Law.
+
+The Chinoys, who live at the bounds of the Earth, who have admitted
+little communication, and suffered successive incursions from one
+Nation, may possibly give account of a very ancient Language; but
+consisting of many Nations and Tongues; confusion, admixtion and
+corruption in length of time might probably so have crept in as without
+the virtue of a common Character, and lasting Letter of things, they
+could never probably make out those strange memorials which they
+pretend, while they still make use of the Works of their great
+_Confutius_ many hundred years before Christ, and in a series ascend as
+high as _Poncuus_, who is conceived our _Noah_.
+
+The present Welch, and remnant of the old Britanes, hold so much of that
+ancient Language, that they make a shift to understand the Poems of
+_Merlin_, _Enerin_, _Telesin_, a thousand years ago, whereas the
+Herulian _Pater Noster_, set down by _Wolfgangus Lazius_, is not without
+much criticism made out, and but in some words; and the present
+Parisians can hardly hack out those few lines of the League between
+_Charles_ and _Lewis_, the Sons of _Ludovicus Pius_, yet remaining in
+old French.
+
+The Spaniards, in their corruptive traduction and Romance, have so
+happily retained the terminations from the Latin, that notwithstanding
+the Gothick and Moorish intrusion of words, they are able to make a
+Discourse completely consisting of Grammatical Latin and Spanish,
+wherein the Italians and French will be very much to seek.
+
+The learned _Casaubon_ conceiveth that a Dialogue might be composed in
+Saxon onely of such words as are derivable from the Greek, which surely
+might be effected, and so as the learned might not uneasily find it out.
+_Verstegan_ made no doubt that he could contrive a Letter which might be
+understood by the English, Dutch and East Frislander, which, as the
+present confusion standeth, might have proved no very clear Piece, and
+hardly to be hammer'd out: yet so much of the Saxon still remaineth in
+our English, as may admit an orderly discourse and series of good sense,
+such as not onely the present English, but _AElfric_, _Bede_ and _Alured_
+might understand after so many hundred years.
+
+Nations that live promiscuously, under the Power and Laws of Conquest,
+do seldom escape the loss of their Language with their Liberties,
+wherein the Romans were so strict that the Grecians were fain to conform
+in their judicial Processes; which made the Jews loose more in seventy
+years dispersion in the Provinces of _Babylon_, than in many hundred in
+their distinct habitation in _AEgypt_; and the English which dwelt
+dispersedly to loose their Language in _Ireland_, whereas more tolerable
+reliques there are thereof in _Fingall_, where they were closely and
+almost solely planted; and the Moors which were most huddled together
+and united about _Granada_, have yet left their _Arvirage_ among the
+Granadian Spaniards.
+
+But shut up in Angles and inaccessible corners, divided by Laws and
+Manners, they often continue long with little mixture, which hath
+afforded that lasting life unto the Cantabrian and British Tongue,
+wherein the Britanes are remarkable, who, having lived four hundred
+years together with the Romans, retained so much of the British as it
+may be esteemed a Language; which either they resolutely maintained in
+their cohabitation with them in Britane, or retiring after in the time
+of the Saxons into Countries and parts less civiliz'd and conversant
+with the Romans, they found the People distinct, the Language more
+intire, and so fell into it again.
+
+But surely no Languages have been so straitly lock'd up as not to admit
+of commixture. The Irish, although they retain a kind of a Saxon
+Character, yet have admitted many words of Latin and English. In the
+Welch are found many words from Latin, some from Greek and Saxon. In
+what parity and incommixture the Language of that People stood which
+were casually discovered in the heart of _Spain_, between the Mountains
+of _Castile_, no longer ago than in the time of Duke _D' Alva_, we have
+not met with a good account any farther than that their words were
+Basquish or Cantabrian: but the present Basquensa one of the minor
+Mother Tongues of _Europe_, is not without commixture of Latin and
+Castilian, while we meet with _Santifica_, _tentationeten_, _Glaria_,
+_puissanea_, and four more in the short Form of the Lord's Prayer, set
+down by _Paulus Merula_: but although in this brief Form we may find
+such commixture, yet the bulk of their Language seems more distinct,
+consisting of words of no affinity unto others, of numerals totally
+different, of differing Grammatical Rule, as may be observed in the
+Dictionary and short _Basquensa_ Grammar, composed by _Raphael
+Nicoleta_, a Priest of _Bilboa_.
+
+And if they use the auxiliary Verbs of _Equin_ and _Ysan_, answerable
+unto _Hazer_ and _Ser_, to Have, and Be, in the Spanish, which Forms
+came in with the Northern Nations into the Italian, Spanish and French,
+and if that Form were used by them before, and crept not in from
+imitation of their neighbours, it may shew some ancienter traduction
+from Northern Nations, or else must seem very strange; since the
+Southern Nations had it not of old, and I know not whether any such mode
+be found in the Languages of any part of _America_.
+
+The Romans, who made the great commixture and alteration of Languages in
+the World, effected the same, not onely by their proper Language, but
+those also of their military Forces, employed in several Provinces, as
+holding a standing _Militia_ in all Countries, and commonly of strange
+Nations; so while the cohorts and Forces of the Britanes were quartered
+in _AEgypt_, _Armenia_, _Spain_, _Illyria_, etc. the Stablaesians and
+Dalmatians here, the Gauls, Spaniards and Germans in other Countries,
+and other Nations in theirs, they could not but leave many words behind
+them, and carry away many with them, which might make that in many words
+of very distinct Nations some may still remain of very unknown and
+doubtfull Genealogy.
+
+And if, as the learned _Buxhornius_ contendeth, the Scythian Language as
+the Mother Tongue runs through the Nations of _Europe_, and even as far
+as _Persia_, the community in many words between so many Nations, hath a
+more reasonable original traduction, and were rather derivable from the
+common Tongue diffused through them all, than from any particular
+Nation, which hath also borrowed and holdeth but at second hand.
+
+The Saxons settling over all _England_, maintained an uniform Language,
+onely diversified in Dialect, Idioms, and minor differences, according
+to their different Nations which came in to the common Conquest, which
+may yet be a cause of the variation in the speech and words of several
+parts of _England_, where different Nations most abode or settled, and
+having expelled the Britanes, their Wars were chiefly among themselves,
+with little action with foreign Nations untill the union of the
+Heptarchy under _Egbert_; after which time although the Danes infested
+this Land and scarce left any part free, yet their incursions made more
+havock in Buildings, Churches and Cities, than the Language of the
+Country, because their Language was in effect the same, and such as
+whereby they might easily understand one another.
+
+And if the Normans, which came into _Neustria_ or _Normandy_ with
+_Rollo_ the Dane, had preserved their Language in their new acquists,
+the succeeding Conquest of _England_, by Duke _William_ of his race, had
+not begot among us such notable alterations; but having lost their
+Language in their abode in _Normandy_ before they adventured upon
+_England_, they confounded the English with their French, and made the
+grand mutation, which was successively encreased by our possessions in
+_Normandy_, _Guien_ and _Aquitain_, by our long Wars in France, by
+frequent resort of the French, who to the number of some thousands came
+over with _Isabel_ Queen to _Edward_ the Second, and the several Matches
+of _England_ with the Daughters of _France_ before and since that time.
+
+But this commixture, though sufficient to confuse, proved not of ability
+to abolish the Saxon words; for from the French we have borrowed many
+Substantives, Adjectives and some Verbs, but the great Body of Numerals,
+auxiliary Verbs, Articles, Pronouns, Adverbs, Conjunctions and
+Prepositions, which are the distinguishing and lasting part of a
+Language, remain with us from the Saxon, which, having suffered no great
+alteration for many hundred years, may probably still remain, though the
+English swell with the inmates of Italian, French and Latin. An Example
+whereof may be observ'd in this following.
+
+
+                    _English_ I.
+
+     The first and formost step to all good Works is the dread and fear
+     of the Lord of Heaven and Earth, which thorough the Holy Ghost
+     enlightneth the blindness of our sinfull hearts to tread the ways
+     of wisedom, and leads our feet into the Land of Blessing.
+
+                    _Saxon_ I.
+
+     The erst and fyrmost staep to eal gode Weorka is the draed and feurt
+     of the Lauord of Heofan and Eorth, whilc thurh the Heilig Gast
+     onlihtneth the blindnesse of ure sinfull heorte to traed the waeg of
+     wisdome, and thone laed ure fet into the Land of Blessung.
+
+                    _English_ II.
+
+     For to forget his Law is the Door, the Gate and Key to let in all
+     unrighteousness, making our Eyes, Ears and Mouths to answer the
+     lust of Sin, our Brains dull to good Thoughts, our Lips dumb to his
+     Praise, our Ears deaf to his Gospel, and our Eyes dim to behold his
+     Wonders, which witness against us that we have not well learned the
+     word of God, that we are the Children of wrath, unworthy of the
+     love and manifold gifts of God, greedily following after the ways
+     of the Devil and witchcraft of the World, doing nothing to free and
+     keep our selves from the burning fire of Hell, till we be buried in
+     Sin and swallowed in Death, not to arise again in any hope of
+     Christ's Kingdom.
+
+                    _Saxon_ II.
+
+
+     For to fuorgytan his Laga is the Dure, the Gat and Caeg to let in
+     eal unrightwisnysse, makend ure Eyge, Eore and Muth to answare the
+     lust of Sin, ure Braegan dole to gode Theoht, ure Lippan dumb to his
+     Preys, ure Earen deaf to his Gospel, and ure Eyge dim to behealden
+     his Wundra, whilc ge witnysse ongen us that wee oef noht wel
+     gelaered the weord of God, that wee are the Cilda of ured, unwyrthe
+     of the lufe and maenigfeald gift of God, grediglice felygend aefter
+     the waegen of the Deoful and wiccraft of the Weorld, doend nothing
+     to fry and caep ure saula from the byrnend fyr of Hell, till we be
+     geburied in Synne and swolgen in Death not to arise agen in aenig
+     hope of Christes Kynedome.
+
+                    _English_ III.
+
+     Which draw from above the bitter doom of the Almighty of Hunger,
+     Sword, Sickness, and brings more sad plagues than those of Hail,
+     Storms, Thunder, Bloud, Frogs, swarms of Gnats and Grashoppers,
+     which ate the Corn, Grass and Leaves of the Trees in _AEgypt_.
+
+                    _Saxon_ III.
+
+     Whilc drag from buf the bitter dome of the Almagan of Hunger,
+     Sweorde, Seoknesse, and bring mere sad plag, thone they of Hagal,
+     Storme, Thunner, Blode, Frog, swearme of Gnaet and Gaersupper, whilc
+     eaten the Corn, Gaers and Leaf of the Treowen in _AEgypt_.
+
+                    _English_ IV.
+
+     If we reade his Book and holy Writ, these among many others, we
+     shall find to be the tokens of his hate, which gathered together
+     might mind us of his will, and teach us when his wrath beginneth,
+     which sometimes comes in open strength and full sail, oft steals
+     like a Thief in the night, like Shafts shot from a Bow at midnight,
+     before we think upon them.
+
+                    _Saxon_ IV.
+
+     Gyf we raed his Boc and heilig Gewrit, these gemong maenig othern, we
+     sceall findan the tacna of his hatung whilc gegatherod together
+     miht gemind us of his willan, and teac us whone his ured onginneth,
+     whilc sometima come in open strength and fill seyle, oft stael gelyc
+     a Theof in the niht, gelyc Sceaft scoten fram a Boge at midneoht,
+     beforan we thinck uppen them.
+
+                    _English_ V.
+
+     And though they were a deal less, and rather short than beyond our
+     sins, yet do we not a whit withstand or forbear them, we are wedded
+     to, not weary of our misdeeds, we seldom look upward, and are not
+     ashamed under sin, we cleanse not our selves from the blackness and
+     deep hue of our guilt; we want tears and sorrow, we weep not, fast
+     not, we crave not forgiveness from the mildness, sweetness and
+     goodness of God, and with all livelihood and stedfastness to our
+     uttermost will hunt after the evil of guile, pride, cursing,
+     swearing, drunkenness, overeating, uncleanness, all idle lust of
+     the flesh, yes many uncouth and nameless sins, hid in our inmost
+     Breast and Bosomes, which stand betwixt our forgiveness, and keep
+     God and Man asunder.
+
+                    _Saxon_ V.
+
+     And theow they waere a dael lesse, and reither scort thone begond
+     oure sinnan, get do we naht a whit withstand and forbeare them, we
+     eare bewudded to, noht werig of ure agen misdeed, we seldon loc
+     upweard, and ear not ofschaemod under sinne, we cleans noht ure
+     selvan from the blacnesse and daep hue of ure guilt; we wan teare
+     and sara, we weope noht, faest noht, we craf noht foregyfnesse fram
+     the mildnesse, sweetnesse and goodnesse of God, and mit eal
+     lifelyhood and stedfastnesse to ure uttermost witt hunt aefter the
+     ufel of guile, pride, cursung, swearung, druncennesse, overeat,
+     uncleannesse and eal idle lust of the flaesc, vis maenig uncuth and
+     nameleas sinnan, hid in ure inmaest Brist and Bosome, whilc stand
+     betwixt ure foregyfnesse, and caep God and Man asynder.
+
+                    _English_ VI.
+
+     Thus are we far beneath and also worse than the rest of God's
+     Works; for the Sun and Moon, the King and Queen of Stars, Snow,
+     Ice, Rain, Frost, Dew, Mist, Wind, fourfooted and creeping things,
+     Fishes and feathered Birds, and Fowls either of Sea or Land do all
+     hold the Laws of his will.
+
+                    _Saxon_ VI.
+
+     Thus eare we far beneoth and ealso wyrse thone the rest of Gods
+     Weorka; for the Sune and Mone, the Cyng and Cquen of Stearran,
+     Snaw, Ise, Ren, Frost, Deaw, Miste, Wind, feower fet and crypend
+     dinga, Fix yefetherod Brid, and Faelan auther in Sae or Land do eal
+     heold the Lag of his willan.
+
+Thus have you seen in few words how near the Saxon and English meet.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Now of this account the French will be able to make nothing; the modern
+Danes and Germans, though from several words they may conjecture at the
+meaning, yet will they be much to seek in the orderly sense and
+continued construction thereof, whether the Danes can continue such a
+series of sense out of their present Language and the old Runick, as to
+be intelligible unto present and ancient times, some doubt may well be
+made; and if the present French would attempt a Discourse in words
+common unto their present Tongue and the old _Romana Rustica_ spoken in
+Elder times, or in the old Language of the Francks, which came to be in
+use some successions after _Pharamond_, it might prove a Work of some
+trouble to effect.
+
+It were not impossible to make an Original reduction of many words of no
+general reception in _England_ but of common use in _Norfolk_, or
+peculiar to the East Angle Countries; as, _Bawnd_, _Bunny_, _Thurck_,
+_Enemmis_, _Sammodithee_, _Mawther_, _Kedge_, _Seele_, _Straft_,
+_Clever_, _Matchly_, _Dere_, _Nicked_, _Stingy_, _Noneare_, _Feft_,
+_Thepes_, _Gosgood_, _Kamp_, _Sibrit_, _Fangast_, _Sap_, _Cothish_,
+_Thokish_, _Bide owe_, _Paxwax_: of these and some others of no easie
+originals, when time will permit, the resolution may be attempted; which
+to effect, the Danish Language new and more ancient may prove of good
+advantage: which Nation remained here fifty years upon agreement, and
+have left many Families in it, and the Language of these parts had
+surely been more commixed and perplex, if the Fleet of _Hugo de Bones_
+had not been cast away, wherein threescore thousand Souldiers out of
+_Britany_ and _Flanders_ were to be wafted over, and were by King
+_John's_ appointment to have a settled habitation in the Counties of
+_Norfolk_ and _Suffolk_.
+
+But beside your laudable endeavours in the Saxon, you are not like to
+repent you of your studies in the other European and Western Languages,
+for therein are delivered many excellent Historical, Moral and
+Philosophical Discourses, wherein men merely versed in the learned
+Languages are often at a loss: but although you are so well accomplished
+in the French, you will not surely conceive that you are master of all
+the Languages in _France_, for to omit the Briton, Britonant or old
+British, yet retained in some part of _Britany_, I shall onely propose
+this unto your construction.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Chavalisco d' aquestes Boemes chems an freitado lou cap cun taules
+Jargonades, ero necy chi voluiget bouta sin tens embe aquelles. Anin a
+lous occells, che dizen tat prou ben en ein voz L' ome nosap
+comochodochi yen ay jes de plazer, d' ausir la mitat de paraulles en el
+mon._
+
+This is a part of that Language which _Scaliger_ nameth _Idiotismus
+Tectosagicus_, or _Langue d' oc_, counterdistinguishing it unto the
+_Idiotismus Francicus_, or _Langue d'ouy_, not understood in a petty
+corner or between a few Mountains, but in parts of early civility, in
+_Languedoc_, _Provence_ and _Catalonia_, which put together will make
+little less than _England_.
+
+Without some knowledge herein you cannot exactly understand the Works of
+_Rablais_: by this the French themselves are fain to make out that
+preserved relique of old French, containing the League between _Charles_
+and _Lewis_ the Sons of _Ludovicus Pius_. Hereby may tolerably be
+understood the several Tracts written in the Catalonian Tongue; and in
+this is published the Tract of Falconry written by _Theodosius_ and
+_Symmachus_: in this is yet conserved the Poem _Vilhuardine_ concerning
+the French expedition in the Holy War, and the taking of
+_Constantinople_, among the Works of _Marius AEquicola_ an Italian Poet.
+You may find, in this Language, a pleasant Dialogue of Love: this,
+about an hundred years ago, was in high esteem, when many Italian Wits
+flocked into _Provence_; and the famous _Petrarcha_ wrote many of his
+Poems in _Vaucluse_ in that Country.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For the word [_Dread_] in the Royal Title [_Dread Sovereign_] of which
+you desire to know the meaning, I return answer unto your question
+briefly thus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Most men do vulgarly understand this word _Dread_ after the common and
+English acception, as implying _Fear_, _Awe_ or _Dread_.
+
+Others may think to expound it from the French word _Droit_ or _Droyt_.
+For, whereas in elder times, the _Presidents_ and _Supremes_ of Courts
+were termed _Sovereigns_, men might conceive this a distinctive Title
+and proper unto the King as eminently and by right the Sovereign.
+
+A third exposition may be made from some Saxon Original, particularly
+from _Driht_, _Domine_, or _Drihten_, _Dominus_, in the Saxon Language,
+the word for _Dominus_ throughout the Saxon Psalms, and used in the
+expression of the year of our Lord in the Decretal Epistle of Pope
+_Agatho_ unto _Athelred_ King of the Mercians, _Anno_, 680.
+
+_Verstegan_ would have this term _Drihten_ appropriate unto God. Yet, in
+the Constitutions of _Withred[267] King of Kent_, we find the same word
+used for a Lord or Master, _Si in vespera praecedente solem servus ex
+mandato Domini aliquod opus servile egerit, Dominus (Drihten) 80 solidis
+luito_. However therefore, though _Driht_, _Domine_, might be most
+eminently applied unto the Lord of Heaven, yet might it be also
+transferred unto Potentates and Gods on Earth, unto whom fealty is given
+or due, according unto the Feudist term _Ligeus a Ligando_ unto whom
+they were bound in fealty. And therefore from _Driht_, _Domine_, _Dread
+Sovereign_, may, probably, owe its Original.
+
+  [267] V. Cl. Spelmanni _Concil._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have not time to enlarge upon this Subject: 'Pray let this pass,
+as it is, for a Letter and not for a Treatise. I am
+
+                                                  _Yours_, etc.
+
+
+
+
+            OF ARTIFICIAL HILLS, MOUNTS OR BURROWS
+
+                 In many parts of England.
+
+       What they are, to what end raised, and by what Nations.
+
+                           TRACT IX
+
+
+My honoured Friend Mr. _E. D._[268] his _Quaere_.
+
+'In my last Summer's Journey through _Marshland_, _Holland_ and a great
+part of the _Fenns_, I observed divers artificial heaps of Earth of a
+very large magnitude, and I hear of many others which are in other parts
+of those Countries, some of them are at least twenty foot in direct
+height from the level whereon they stand. I would gladly know your
+opinion of them, and whether you think not that they were raised by the
+Romans or Saxons to cover the Bones or Ashes of some eminent persons?'
+
+  [268] [Sir William Dugdale.--ED.]
+
+My Answer.
+
+_Worthy Sir_,
+
+Concerning artificial Mounts and Hills, raised without Fortifications
+attending them, in most parts of _England_, the most considerable
+thereof I conceive to be of two kinds; that is, either Signal Boundaries
+and Land-Marks, or else sepulchral Monuments or Hills of Interrment for
+remarkable and eminent persons, especially such as died in the Wars.
+
+As for such which are sepulchral Monuments, upon bare and naked view
+they are not appropriable unto any of the three Nations of the Romans,
+Saxons or Danes, who, after the Britaines, have possessed this Land;
+because upon strict account, they may be appliable unto them all.
+
+For that the Romans used such hilly Sepultures, beside many other
+testimonies, seems confirmable from the practice of _Germanicus_, who
+thus interred the unburied Bones of the slain Souldiers of _Varus_; and
+that expression of _Virgil_, of high antiquity among the Latins,
+
+          --_facit ingens monte sub alto_
+          _Regis Dercenni terreno ex aggere Bustum._
+
+That the Saxons made use of this way is collectible from several
+Records, and that pertinent expression of _Lelandus_,[269] _Saxones gens
+Christi ignara, in hortis amoenis, si domi forte aegroti moriebantur;
+sin foris et bello occisi, in egestis per campos terrae tumulis (quos
+Burgos appellabant) sepulti sunt_.
+
+  [269] Leland. _in Assertione Regis_ Arthuri.
+
+That the Danes observed this practice, their own Antiquities do
+frequently confirm, and it stands precisely delivered by _Adolphus
+Cyprius_, as the learned _Wormius_[270] hath observed. _Dani olim in
+memoriam Regum et Heroum, ex terra coacervata ingentes moles, Montium
+instar eminentes, erexisse, credibile omnino ac probabile est, atque
+illis in locis ut plurimum, quo saepe homines commearent, atque iter
+haberent, ut in viis publicis posteritati memoriam consecrarent, et
+quodammodo immortalitati mandarent._ And the like Monuments are yet to
+be observed in _Norway_ and _Denmark_ in no small numbers.
+
+  [270] Wormius _in Monumentis Danicis_.
+
+So that upon a single view and outward observation they may be the
+Monuments of any of these three Nations: Although the greatest number,
+not improbably, of the Saxons; who fought many Battels with the
+Britaines and Danes, and also between their own Nations, and left the
+proper name of Burrows for these Hills still retained in many of them,
+as the seven Burrows upon _Salisbury_ Plain, and in many other parts of
+_England_.
+
+But of these and the like Hills there can be no clear and assured
+decision without an ocular exploration, and subterraneous enquiry by
+cutting through one of them either directly or crosswise. For so with
+lesser charge discovery may be made what is under them, and consequently
+the intention of their erection.
+
+For if they were raised for remarkable and eminent Boundaries, then
+about their bottom will be found the lasting substances of burnt Bones
+of Beasts, of Ashes, Bricks, Lime or Coals.
+
+If Urns be found, they might be erected by the Romans before the term of
+Urn-burying or custom of burning the dead expired: but if raised by the
+Romans after that period; Inscriptions, Swords, Shields, and Arms after
+the Roman mode, may afford a good distinction.
+
+But if these Hills were made by Saxons or Danes, discovery may be made
+from the fashion of their Arms, Bones of their Horses, and other
+distinguishing substances buried with them.
+
+And for such an attempt there wanteth not encouragement. For a like
+Mount or Burrow was opened in the days of King _Henry_ the Eighth upon
+_Barham_ Down in _Kent_, by the care of Mr. _Thomas Digges_ and charge
+of Sir _Christopher Hales_; and a large Urn with Ashes was found under
+it, as is delivered by _Thomas Twinus De Rebus Albionicis_, a learned
+Man of that Country, _Sub incredibili Terrae acervo, Urna cinere ossium
+magnorum fragmentis plena, cum galeis, clypeis aeneis et ferreis rubigine
+fere consumptis, inusitatae magnitudinis, eruta est: sed nulla inscriptio
+nomen, nullum testimonium tempus, aut fortunam exponebant_: and not very
+long ago, as _Cambden_[271] delivereth, in one of the Mounts of
+_Barklow_ Hills in _Essex_, being levelled there were found three
+Troughs, containing broken Bones, conceived to have been of Danes: and
+in later time we find, that a Burrow was opened in the Isle of _Man_,
+wherein fourteen Urns were found with burnt Bones in them; and one more
+neat than the rest, placed in a Bed of fine white Sand, containing
+nothing but a few brittle Bones, as having passed the Fire; according to
+the particular account thereof in the description[272] of the Isle of
+_Man_. Surely many noble Bones and Ashes have been contented with such
+hilly Tombs; which neither admitting Ornament, Epitaph or Inscription,
+may, if Earthquakes spare them, out last all other Monuments. _Suae sunt
+Metis metae._ Obelisks have their term, and Pyramids will tumble, but
+these mountainous Monuments may stand, and are like to have the same
+period with the Earth.
+
+  [271] Cambd. Brit. _p. 326_.
+
+  [272] _Published_ 1656, by Dan. King.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+More might be said, but my business, of another nature, makes me take
+off my hand. I am
+
+                                                  _Yours_, etc.
+
+
+
+
+                         OF TROAS
+
+            What place is meant by that Name.
+
+      Also, of the situations of _Sodom_, _Gomorrha_,
+             _Admah_, _Zeboim_, in the dead Sea.
+
+                         TRACT X
+
+
+SIR,
+
+_To your Geographical Queries, I answer as follows._
+
+In sundry passages of the new Testament, in the _Acts of the Apostles_,
+and Epistles of S. _Paul_, we meet with the word _Troas_; how he went
+from _Troas_ to _Philippi_ in _Macedonia_, from thence unto _Troas_
+again: how he remained seven days in that place; from thence on foot to
+_Assos_, whither the Disciples had sailed from _Troas_, and there,
+taking him in, made their Voyage unto _Caesarea_.
+
+Now, whether this _Troas_ be the name of a City or a certain Region
+seems no groundless doubt of yours: for that 'twas sometimes taken in
+the signification of some Country, is acknowledged by _Ortelius_,
+_Stephanus_ and _Grotius_; and it is plainly set down by _Strabo_, that
+a Region of _Phrygia_ in _Asia minor_ was so taken in ancient times; and
+that, at the Trojan War, all the Territory which comprehended the nine
+Principalities subject unto the King of _Ilium_, +Troie legomene+, was
+called by the name of _Troja_. And this might seem sufficiently to salve
+the intention of the description, when he came or went from _Troas_,
+that is, some part of that Region; and will otherwise seem strange unto
+many how he should be said to go or come from that City which all
+Writers had laid in the Ashes about a thousand years before.
+
+All which notwithstanding, since we reade in the Text a particular abode
+of seven days, and such particulars as leaving of his Cloak, Books and
+Parchments at _Troas_: And that S. _Luke_ seems to have been taken in to
+the Travels of S. _Paul_ in this place, where he begins in the _Acts_ to
+write in the first person, this may rather seem to have been some City
+or special Habitation, than any Province or Region without such
+limitation.
+
+Now that such a City there was, and that of no mean note, is easily
+verified from historical observation. For though old _Ilium_ was
+anciently destroyed, yet was there another raised by the relicts of that
+people, not in the same place, but about thirty Furlongs westward, as is
+to be learned from _Strabo_.
+
+Of this place _Alexander_ in his expedition against _Darius_ took
+especial notice, endowing it with sundry Immunities, with promise of
+greater matters at his return from _Persia_; inclined hereunto from the
+honour he bore unto _Homer_, whose earnest Reader he was, and upon whose
+Poems, by the help of _Anaxarchus_ and _Callisthenes_, he made some
+observations. As also much moved hereto upon the account of his
+cognation with the _AEacides_ and Kings of _Molossus_, whereof
+_Andromache_ the Wife of _Hector_ was Queen. After the death of
+_Alexander_, _Lysimachus_ surrounded it with a Wall, and brought the
+inhabitants of the neighbour Towns unto it, and so it bore the name of
+_Alexandria_; which, from _Antigonus_, was also called _Antigonia_,
+according to the inscription of that famous Medal in _Goltsius_,
+_Colonia Troas Antigonia Alexandrea, Legio vicesima prima_.
+
+When the Romans first went into _Asia_ against _Antiochus_ 'twas but a
++Komopolis+ and no great City; but, upon the Peace concluded, the
+Romans much advanced the same. _Fimbria_, the rebellious Roman, spoiled
+it in the Mithridatick War, boasting that he had subdued _Troy_ in
+eleven days which the Grecians could not take in almost as many years.
+But it was again rebuilt and countenanced by the Romans, and became a
+Roman Colony, with great immunities conferred on it; and accordingly it
+is so set down by _Ptolomy_. For the Romans, deriving themselves from
+the Trojans, thought no favour too great for it; especially _Julius
+Caesar_, who, both in imitation of _Alexander_, and for his own descent
+from _Julus_, of the posterity of _AEneas_, with much passion affected
+it, and, in a discontented humour,[273] was once in mind to translate
+the Roman wealth unto it; so that it became a very remarkable place, and
+was, in _Strabo's_ time, +ellogimon poleon+, one of the noble
+Cities of _Asia_.
+
+  [273] Sueton.
+
+And, if they understood the prediction of _Homer_ in reference unto the
+Romans, as some expound it in _Strabo_, it might much promote their
+affection unto that place; which being a remarkable prophecy, and scarce
+to be parallel'd in Pagan story, made before _Rome_ was built, and
+concerning the lasting Reign of the progeny of _AEneas_, they could not
+but take especial notice of it. For thus is _Neptune_ made to speak,
+when he saved _AEneas_ from the fury of _Achilles_.
+
+          _Verum agite hunc subito praesenti a morte trahamus
+          Ne Cronides ira flammet si fortis Achilles
+          Hunc mactet, fati quem Lex evadere jussit.
+          Ne genus intereat de laeto semine totum
+          Dardani ab excelso prae cunctis prolibus olim,
+          Dilecti quos e mortali stirpe creavit,
+          Nunc etiam Priami stirpem Saturnius odit,
+          Trojugenum posthaec AEneas sceptra tenebit
+          Et nati natorum et qui nascentur ab illis._
+
+The Roman favours were also continued unto S. _Paul's_ days; for
+_Claudius_,[274] producing an ancient Letter of the Romans unto King
+_Seleucus_ concerning the Trojan Privileges, made a Release of their
+Tributes; and _Nero_ [SN: Tacit. _l. 13_.] elegantly pleaded for their
+Immunities, and remitted all Tributes unto them.
+
+  [274] Sueton.
+
+And, therefore, there being so remarkable a City in this Territory, it
+may seem too hard to loose the same in the general name of the Country;
+and since it was so eminently favoured by Emperours, enjoying so many
+Immunities, and full of Roman Privileges, it was probably very populous,
+and a fit abode for S. _Paul_, who being a Roman Citizen, might live
+more quietly himself, and have no small number of faithfull well-wishers
+in it.
+
+Yet must we not conceive that this was the old _Troy_, or re-built in
+the same place with it: for _Troas_ was placed about thirty Furlongs
+West, and upon the Sea shore; so that, to hold a clearer apprehension
+hereof than is commonly delivered in the Discourses of the Ruines of
+_Troy_, we may consider one Inland _Troy_ or old _Ilium_, which was
+built farther within the Land, and so was removed from the Port where
+the Grecian Fleet lay in _Homer_; and another Maritime _Troy_, which was
+upon the Sea Coast placed in the Maps of _Ptolomy_, between _Lectum_ and
+_Sigaeum_ or Port _Janizam_, Southwest from the old City, which was this
+of S. _Paul_, and whereunto are appliable the particular accounts of
+_Bellonius_, when, not an hundred years ago, he described the Ruines of
+_Troy_ with their Baths, Aqueducts, Walls and Towers, to be seen from
+the Sea as he sailed between it and _Tenedos_; and where, upon nearer
+view, he observed some signs and impressions of his conversion in the
+ruines of Churches, Crosses, and Inscriptions upon Stones.
+
+Nor was this onely a famous City in the days of S. _Paul_, but
+considerable long after. For, upon the Letter of _Adrianus_ [SN:
+Philostrat. _in Vita_ Herodis Attici.], _Herodes Atticus_, at a great
+charge, repaired their Baths, contrived Aqueducts and noble
+Water-courses in it. As is also collectible from the Medals of
+_Caracalla_, of _Severus_, and _Crispina_; with Inscriptions, _Colonia
+Alexandria Troas_, bearing on the Reverse either an Horse, a Temple, or
+a Woman; denoting their destruction by an Horse, their prayers for the
+Emperour's safety, and, as some conjecture, the memory of _Sibylla_,
+_Phrygia_ or _Hellespontica_.
+
+Nor wanted this City the favour of Christian Princes, but was made a
+Bishop's See under the Archbishop of _Cyzicum_; but in succeeding
+discords was destroyed and ruined, and the nobler Stones translated to
+_Constantinople_ by the Turks to beautifie their Mosques and other
+Buildings.
+
+
+_Concerning the Dead Sea, accept of these few Remarks._
+
+In the Map of the Dead Sea we meet with the Figure of the Cities which
+were destroyed: of _Sodom_, _Gomorrha_, _Admah_ and _Zeboim_; but with
+no uniformity; men placing them variously, and, from the uncertainty of
+their situation, taking a fair liberty to set them where they please.
+
+For _Admah_, _Zeboim_ and _Gomorrha_, there is no light from the Text to
+define their situation. But, that _Sodom_ could not be far from _Segor_
+which was seated under the Mountains near the side of the Lake, seems
+inferrible from the sudden arrival of _Lot_, who, coming from _Sodom_ at
+day break, attained to _Segor_ at Sun rising; and therefore _Sodom_ is
+to be placed not many miles from it, not in the middle of the Lake,
+which against that place is about eighteen miles over, and so will leave
+nine miles to be gone in so small a space of time.
+
+The Valley being large, the Lake now in length about seventy English
+miles, the River _Jordan_ and divers others running over the Plain, 'tis
+probable the best Cities were seated upon those Streams: but how the
+_Jordan_ passed or winded, or where it took in the other Streams, is a
+point too old for Geography to determine.
+
+For, that the River gave the fruitfulness unto this Valley by over
+watring that low Region, seems plain from that expression in the
+Text,[275] that it was watered, _sicut Paradisus et AEgyptus_, like
+_Eden_ and the Plains of _Mesopotamia_, where _Euphrates_ yearly
+overfloweth; or like _AEgypt_ where _Nilus_ doth the like: and seems
+probable also from the same course of the River not far above this
+Valley where the Israelites passed _Jordan_, where 'tis said that
+_Jordan overfloweth its Banks in the time of Harvest_.
+
+  [275] Gen. 13. 10.
+
+That it must have had some passage under ground in the compass of this
+Valley before the creation of this Lake, seems necessary from the great
+current of _Jordan_, and from the Rivers _Arnon_, _Cedron_, _Zaeth_,
+which empty into this Valley; but where to place that concurrence of
+Waters or place of its absorbition, there is no authentick decision.
+
+The probablest place may be set somewhat Southward, below the Rivers
+that run into it on the East or Western Shore: and somewhat agreeable
+unto the account which _Brocardus_ received from the Sarazens which
+lived near it, _Jordanem ingredi Mare Mortuum et rursum egredi, sed post
+exiguum intervallum a Terra absorberi_.
+
+_Strabo_ speaks naturally of this Lake, that it was first caused by
+Earthquakes, by sulphureous and bituminous eruptions, arising from the
+Earth. But the Scripture makes it plain to have been from a miraculous
+hand, and by a remarkable expression, _pluit Dominus ignem et Sulphur a
+Domino_. See also _Deut. 29. in ardore Salis_: burning the Cities and
+destroying all things about the Plain, destroying the vegetable nature
+of Plants and all living things, salting and making barren the whole
+Soil, and, by these fiery Showers, kindling and setting loose the body
+of the bituminous Mines, which shewed their lower Veins before but in
+some few Pits and openings, swallowing up the Foundation of their
+Cities; opening the bituminous Treasures below, and making a smoak like
+a Furnace able to be discerned by _Abraham_ at a good distance from it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+If this little may give you satisfaction, I shall be glad, as being,
+Sir,
+
+_Yours_, etc.
+
+
+
+
+                         OF THE ANSWERS
+                of the Oracle of Apollo at Delphos to
+                      Croesus King of Lydia
+
+                             TRACT XI
+
+
+SIR,
+
+Among the Oracles[276] of _Appollo_ there are none more celebrated than
+those which he delivered unto _Croesus_ King of _Lydia_,[277] who
+seems of all Princes to have held the greatest dependence on them. But
+most considerable are his plain and intelligible replies which he made
+unto the same King, when he sent his Chains of Captivity unto _Delphos_,
+after his overthrow by _Cyrus_, with sad expostulations why he
+encouraged him unto that fatal War by his Oracle, saying,[278]
+Croesus, _if he Wars against the Persians, shall dissolve a great
+Empire_. Why, at least, he prevented not that sad infelicity of his
+devoted and bountifull Servant, and whether it were fair or honourable
+for the Gods of _Greece_ to be ingratefull: which being a plain and open
+delivery of _Delphos_, and scarce to be parallel'd in any ancient story,
+it may well deserve your farther consideration.
+
+  [276] _See_ Vulg. Err. _l._ 7. c. 12.
+
+  [277] Herod. _l._ 1. 46, 47, etc. 90, 91.
+
+  [278] +Prolegousai Kroiso, en strateuetai epi Persas, megalen archen
+        min katalysein.+ Herod. _Ibid._ 54.
+
+1. His first reply was, _That_ Croesus _suffered not for himself_;
+but paid the transgression of his fifth predecessour, who kill'd his
+Master and usurp'd the dignity unto which he held no title.
+
+Now whether _Croesus_ suffered upon this account or not, hereby he
+plainly betrayed his insufficiency to protect him; and also obliquely
+discovered he had a knowledge of his misfortune; for knowing that wicked
+act lay yet unpunished, he might well divine some of his successours
+might smart for it: and also understanding he was like to be the last of
+that race, he might justly fear and conclude this infelicity upon him.
+
+Hereby he also acknowledged the inevitable justice of God; that though
+Revenge lay dormant, it would not always sleep; and consequently
+confessed the just hand of God punishing unto the third and fourth
+generation, nor suffering such iniquities to pass for ever unrevenged.
+
+Hereby he flatteringly encouraged him in the opinion of his own merits,
+and that he onely suffered for other mens transgressions: mean while he
+concealed _Croesus_ his pride, elation of mind and secure conceit of
+his own unparallel'd felicity, together with the vanity, pride and
+height of luxury of the Lydian Nation, which the Spirit of _Delphos_
+knew well to be ripe and ready for destruction.
+
+
+2. A Second excuse was, _That it is not in the power of God to hinder
+the Decree of Fate_. A general evasion for any falsified prediction
+founded upon the common opinion of Fate, which impiously subjecteth the
+power of Heaven unto it; widely discovering the folly of such as repair
+unto him concerning future events: which, according unto this rule, must
+go on as the Fates have ordered, beyond his power to prevent or theirs
+to avoid; and consequently teaching that his Oracles had onely this use
+to render men more miserable by foreknowing their misfortunes; whereof
+_Croesus_ himself had a sensible experience in that Daemoniacal Dream
+concerning his eldest Son, _That he should be killed by a Spear_, which,
+after all care and caution, he found inevitably to befall him.
+
+
+3. In his Third Apology he assured him that he endeavoured to transfer
+the evil Fate and to pass it upon his Children; and did however
+procrastinate his infelicity, and deferred the destruction of _Sardis_
+and his own Captivity three years longer than was fatally decreed upon
+it.
+
+Wherein while he wipes off the stain of Ingratitude, he leaves no small
+doubt whether, it being out of his power to contradict or transfer the
+Fates of his Servants, it be not also beyond it to defer such signal
+events, and whereon the Fates of whole Nations do depend.
+
+As also, whether he intended or endeavoured to bring to pass what he
+pretended, some question might be made. For that he should attempt or
+think he could translate his infelicity upon his Sons, it could not
+consist with his judgment, which attempts not impossibles or things
+beyond his power; nor with his knowledge of future things, and the Fates
+of succeeding Generations: for he understood that Monarchy was to expire
+in himself, and could particularly foretell the infelicity of his Sons,
+and hath also made remote predictions unto others concerning the
+fortunes of many succeeding descents; as appears in that answer unto
+_Attalus_,
+
+          _Be of good courage,_ Attalus, _thou shalt reign
+          And thy Sons Sons, but not their Sons again._
+
+As also unto _Cypselus_ King of Corinth.
+
+          _Happy is the Man who at my Altar stands,
+          Great_ Cypselus _who_ Corinth _now commands.
+          Happy is he, his Sons shall happy be,
+          But for their Sons, unhappy days they'll see._
+
+Now, being able to have so large a prospect of future things, and of the
+fate of many Generations, it might well be granted he was not ignorant
+of the Fate of _Croesus_ his Sons, and well understood it was in vain
+to think to translate his misery upon them.
+
+
+4. In the Fourth part of his reply, he clears himself of Ingratitude
+which Hell it self cannot hear of; alledging that he had saved his life
+when he was ready to be burnt, by sending a mighty Showre, in a fair and
+cloudless day, to quench the Fire already kindled, which all the
+Servants of _Cyrus_ could not doe. Though this Shower might well be
+granted, as much concerning his honour, and not beyond his power; yet
+whether this mercifull Showre fell not out contingently or were not
+contrived by an higher power, which hath often pity upon Pagans, and
+rewardeth their vertues sometimes with extraordinary temporal favours;
+also, in no unlike case, who was the authour of those few fair minutes,
+which, in a showry day, gave onely time enough for the burning of
+_Sylla's_ Body, some question might be made.
+
+
+5. The last excuse devolveth the errour and miscarriage of the business
+upon _Croesus_, and that he deceived himself by an inconsiderate
+misconstruction of his Oracle, that if he had doubted, he should not
+have passed it over in silence, but consulted again for an exposition of
+it. Besides, he had neither discussed, nor well perpended his Oracle
+concerning _Cyrus_, whereby he might have understood not to engage
+against him.
+
+Wherein, to speak indifferently, the deception and miscarriage seems
+chiefly to lie at _Croesus_ his door, who, if not infatuated with
+confidence and security, might justly have doubted the construction:
+besides, he had received two Oracles before, which clearly hinted an
+unhappy time unto him: the first concerning _Cyrus_.
+
+          _When ever a Mule shall o'er the Medians reign,
+          Stay not, but unto_ Hermus _fly amain._
+
+Herein though he understood not the _Median Mule_ of _Cyrus_, that is,
+of his mixed descent, and from Assyrian and Median Parents, yet he could
+not but apprehend some misfortune from that quarter.
+
+Though this prediction seemed a notable piece of Divination, yet did it
+not so highly magnifie his natural sagacity or knowledge of future
+events as was by many esteemed; he having no small assistance herein
+from the Prophecy of _Daniel_ concerning the Persian Monarchy, and the
+Prophecy of _Jeremiah_ and _Isaiah_, wherein he might reade the name of
+_Cyrus_ who should restore the Captivity of the Jews, and must,
+therefore, be the great Monarch and Lord of all those Nations.
+
+The same misfortune was also foretold when he demanded of _Apollo_ if
+ever he should hear his dumb Son speak.
+
+          _O foolish_ Croesus _who hast made this choice,
+          To know when thou shalt hear thy dumb Son's voice;
+          Better he still were mute, would nothing say,
+          When he first speaks, look for a dismal day._
+
+This, if he contrived not the time and the means of his recovery, was no
+ordinary divination: yet how to make out the verity of the story some
+doubt may yet remain. For though the causes of deafness and dumbness
+were removed, yet since words are attained by hearing, and men speak not
+without instruction, how he should be able immediately to utter such apt
+and significant words, as +Anthrope, me kteine Kroison+,[279]
+_O Man slay not_ Croesus, it cannot escape some doubt, since the Story
+also delivers, that he was deaf and dumb, that he then first began to
+speak, and spake all his life after.
+
+  [279] Herod. _l._ 1. 85.
+
+Now, if _Croesus_ had consulted again for a clearer exposition of what
+was doubtfully delivered, whether the Oracle would have spake out the
+second time or afforded a clearer answer, some question might be made
+from the examples of his practice upon the like demands.
+
+So when the Spartans had often fought with ill success against the
+_Tegeates_, they consulted the Oracle what God they should appease, to
+become victorious over them. The answer was, _that they should remove
+the Bones of_ Orestes. Though the words were plain, yet the thing was
+obscure, and like finding out the Body of _Moses_. And therefore they
+once more demanded in what place they should find the same; unto whom he
+returned this answer,
+
+          _When in the Tegean Plains a place thou find'st
+          Where blasts are made by two impetuous Winds,
+          Where that that strikes is struck, blows follow blows,
+          There doth the Earth_ Orestes _Bones enclose._
+
+Which obscure reply the wisest of _Sparta_ could not make out, and was
+casually unriddled by one talking with a Smith who had found large Bones
+of a Man buried about his House; the Oracle importing no more than a
+Smith's Forge, expressed by a Double Bellows, the Hammer and Anvil
+therein.
+
+Now, why the Oracle should place such consideration upon the Bones of
+_Orestes_ the Son of _Agamemnon_, a mad man and a murtherer, if not to
+promote the idolatry of the Heathens, and maintain a superstitious
+veneration of things of no activity, it may leave no small obscurity.
+
+Or why, in a business so clear in his knowledge, he should affect so
+obscure expressions it may also be wondred; if it were not to maintain
+the wary and evasive method in his answers: for, speaking obscurely in
+things beyond doubt within his knowledge, he might be more tolerably
+dark in matters beyond his prescience.
+
+Though =EI= were inscribed over the Gate of _Delphos_, yet was there no
+uniformity in his deliveries. Sometimes with that _obscurity_ as argued
+a fearfull prophecy; sometimes so _plainly_ as might confirm a spirit
+of divinity; sometimes _morally_, deterring from vice and villany;
+another time _vitiously_, and in the spirit of bloud and cruelty:
+observably modest in his civil enigma and periphrasis of that part which
+old _Numa_ would plainly name,[280] and _Medea_ would not understand,
+when he advised _AEgeus_ not to draw out his foot before, untill he
+arriv'd upon the Athenian ground; whereas another time he seemed too
+literal in that unseemly epithet unto _Cyanus_ King of _Cyprus_,[281]
+and put a beastly trouble upon all _AEgypt_ to find out the Urine of a
+true Virgin. Sometimes, more beholding unto memory than invention, he
+delighted to express himself in the bare Verses of _Homer_. But that he
+principally affected Poetry, and that the Priest not onely or always
+composed his prosal raptures into Verse, seems plain from his
+necromantical Prophecies, whilst the dead Head in _Phlegon_ delivers a
+long Prediction in Verse; and at the raising of the Ghost of _Commodus_
+unto _Caracalla_, when none of his Ancestours would speak, the divining
+Spirit versified his infelicities; corresponding herein to the
+apprehensions of elder times, who conceived not onely a Majesty but
+something of Divinity in Poetry, and as in ancient times the old
+Theologians delivered their inventions.
+
+  [280] Plut. _in_ Thes.
+
+  [281] _V._ Herod.
+
+Some critical Readers might expect in his oraculous Poems a more than
+ordinary strain and true spirit of _Apollo_; not contented to find that
+Spirits make Verses like Men, beating upon the filling Epithet, and
+taking the licence of dialects and lower helps, common to humane Poetry;
+wherein, since _Scaliger_, who hath spared none of the Greeks, hath
+thought it wisedom to be silent, we shall make no excursion.
+
+Others may wonder how the curiosity of elder times, having this
+opportunity of his Answers, omitted Natural Questions; or how the old
+Magicians discovered no more Philosophy; and if they had the assistance
+of Spirits, could rest content with the bare assertions of things,
+without the knowledge of their causes; whereby they had made their Acts
+iterable by sober hands, and a standing part of Philosophy. Many wise
+Divines hold a reality in the wonders of the AEgyptian Magicians, and
+that those _magnalia_ which they performed before _Pharaoh_ were not
+mere delusions of Sense. Rightly to understand how they made Serpents
+out of Rods; Froggs and Bloud of Water, were worth half _Porta's_
+Magick.
+
+_Hermolaus Barbarus_ was scarce in his wits, when, upon conference with
+a Spirit, he would demand no other question than the explication of
+_Aristotle's Entelecheia_. _Appion_ the Grammarian, that would raise the
+Ghost of _Homer_ to decide the Controversie of his Country, made a
+frivolous and pedantick use of Necromancy. _Philostratus_ did as little,
+that call'd up the Ghost of _Achilles_ for a particular of the Story of
+_Troy_. Smarter curiosities would have been at the great Elixir, the
+Flux and Reflux of the Sea, with other noble obscurities in Nature; but
+probably all in vain: in matters cognoscible and framed for our
+disquisition, our Industry must be our Oracle, and Reason our _Apollo_.
+
+Not to know things without the Arch of our intellectuals, or what
+Spirits apprehend, is the imperfection of our nature not our knowledge,
+and rather inscience than ignorance in man. Revelation might render a
+great part of the Creation easie which now seems beyond the stretch of
+humane indagation, and welcome no doubt from good hands might be a true
+_Almagest_, and great celestial construction: a clear Systeme of the
+planetical Bodies of the invisible and seeming useless Stars unto us, of
+the many Suns in the eighth Sphere, what they are, what they contain and
+to what more immediately those Stupendous Bodies are serviceable. But
+being not hinted in the authentick Revelation of God, nor known how far
+their discoveries are stinted; if they should come unto us from the
+mouth of evil Spirits, the belief thereof might be as unsafe as the
+enquiry.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is a copious Subject; but, having exceeded the bounds of a letter,
+I will not, now, pursue it farther. I am
+
+                                                  _Yours_, etc.
+
+
+
+
+                         A PROPHECY
+
+         Concerning the future state of several Nations,
+
+           In a Letter written upon occasion of an old
+            Prophecy sent to the Authour from a Friend,
+             with a Request that he would consider it.
+
+                          TRACT XII
+
+
+SIR,
+
+I take no pleasure in Prophecies so hardly intelligible, and pointing at
+future things from a pretended spirit of Divination; of which sort this
+seems to be which came unto your hand, and you were pleased to send unto
+me. And therefore, for your easier apprehension, divertisement and
+consideration, I present you with a very different kind of prediction:
+not positively or peremptorily telling you what shall come to pass; yet
+pointing at things not without all reason or probability of their
+events; not built upon fatal decrees, or inevitable designations, but
+upon conjectural foundations, whereby things wished may be promoted, and
+such as are feared, may more probably be prevented.
+
+
+                         THE PROPHECY
+
+          _When_ New England _shall trouble_ New Spain.
+          _When_ Jamaica _shall be Lady of the Isles and the Main._
+          _When_ Spain _shall be in_ America _hid,_
+          _And_ Mexico _shall prove a_ Madrid._
+          _When_ Mahomet's _Ships on the_ Baltick _shall ride,_
+          _And Turks shall labour to have Ports on that side._
+          _When_ Africa _shall no more sell out their Blacks_
+          _To make Slaves and Drudges to the American Tracts_.
+          _When_ Batavia _the Old shall be contemn'd by the New_.
+          _When a new Drove of Tartars shall_ China _subdue._
+          _When_ America _shall cease to send out its Treasure,_
+          _But employ it at home in American Pleasure._
+          _When the new World shall the old invade,_
+          _Nor count them their Lords but their fellows in Trade._
+          _When Men shall almost pass to_ Venice _by Land,_
+          _Not in deep Water but from Sand to Sand._
+          _When_ Nova Zembla _shall be no stay_
+          _Unto those who pass to or from_ Cathay._
+          _Then think strange things are come to light,_
+          _Whereof but few have had a foresight._
+
+
+THE EXPOSITION OF THE PROPHECY
+
+          _When_ New England _shall trouble_ New Spain.
+
+That is, When that thriving Colony, which hath so much encreased in our
+days, and in the space of about fifty years, that they can, as they
+report, raise between twenty and thirty thousand men upon an exigency,
+shall in process of time be so advanced, as to be able to send forth
+Ships and Fleets, as to infest the American Spanish Ports and Maritime
+Dominions by depredations or assaults; for which attempts they are not
+like to be unprovided, as abounding in the Materials for Shipping, Oak
+and Firre. And when length of time shall so far encrease that
+industrious people, that the neighbouring Country will not contain them,
+they will range still farther and be able, in time, to set forth great
+Armies, seek for new possessions, or make considerable and conjoined
+migrations, according to the custom of swarming Northern Nations;
+wherein it is not likely that they will move Northward, but toward the
+Southern and richer Countries, which are either in the Dominions or
+Frontiers of the Spaniards: and may not improbably erect new Dominions
+in places not yet thought of, and yet, for some Centuries, beyond their
+power or Ambition.
+
+          _When_ Jamaica _shall be Lady of the Isles and the Main._
+
+That is, When that advantageous Island shall be well peopled, it may
+become so strong and potent as to over-power the neighbouring Isles, and
+also a part of the main Land, especially the Maritime parts. And already
+in their infancy they have given testimony of their power and courage in
+their bold attempts upon _Campeche_ and _Santa Martha_; and in that
+notable attempt upon _Panama_ on the Western side of _America_:
+especially considering this Island is sufficiently large to contain a
+numerous people, of a Northern and warlike descent, addicted to martial
+affairs both by Sea and Land, and advantageously seated to infest their
+neighbours both of the Isles and the Continent, and like to be a
+receptacle for Colonies of the same originals from _Barbadoes_ and the
+neighbour Isles.
+
+_When_ Spain _shall be in_ America _hid;
+And_ Mexico _shall prove a_ Madrid.
+
+That is, When _Spain_, either by unexpected disasters, or continued
+emissions of people into _America_, which have already thinned the
+Country, shall be farther exhausted at home: or when, in process of
+time, their Colonies shall grow by many accessions more than their
+Originals, then _Mexico_ may become a _Madrid_, and as considerable in
+people, wealth and splendour; wherein that place is already so well
+advanced, that accounts scarce credible are given of it. And it is so
+advantageously seated, that, by _Acapulco_ and other Ports on the South
+Sea, they may maintain a communication and commerce with the Indian
+Isles and Territories, and with _China_ and _Japan_, and on this side,
+by _Porto Belo_ and others, hold correspondence with _Europe_ and
+_Africa_.
+
+
+_When_ Mahomet's _Ships in the Baltick shall ride._
+
+Of this we cannot be out of all fear; for, if the Turk should master
+_Poland_, he would be soon at this Sea. And from the odd constitution of
+the Polish Government, the divisions among themselves, jealousies
+between their Kingdom and Republick; vicinity of the Tartars, treachery
+of the Cossacks, and the method of Turkish Policy, to be at Peace with
+the Emperour of _Germany_ when he is at War with the Poles, there may be
+cause to fear that this may come to pass. And then he would soon
+endeavour to have Ports upon that Sea, as not wanting Materials for
+Shipping. And, having a new acquist of stout and warlike men, may be a
+terrour unto the confiners on that Sea, and to Nations which now
+conceive themselves safe from such an Enemy.
+
+_When_ Africa _shall no more sell out their Blacks._
+
+That is, When African Countries shall no longer make it a common Trade
+to sell away the people to serve in the drudgery of American
+Plantations. And that may come to pass when ever they shall be well
+civilized, and acquainted with Arts and Affairs sufficient to employ
+people in their Countries: if also they should be converted to
+Christianity, but especially unto Mahometism; for then they would never
+sell those of their Religion to be Slaves unto Christians.
+
+
+_When_ Batavia _the Old shall be contemn'd by the New._
+
+When the Plantations of the Hollanders at _Batavia_ in the _East
+Indies_, and other places in the _East Indies_, shall, by their
+conquests and advancements, become so powerfull in the Indian
+Territories; Then their Original Countries and States of _Holland_ are
+like to be contemned by them, and obeyed onely as they please. And they
+seem to be in a way unto it at present by their several Plantations, new
+acquists and enlargements: and they have lately discovered a part of the
+Southern Continent, and several places which may be serviceable unto
+them, when ever time shall enlarge them unto such necessities.
+
+
+_And a new Drove of Tartars shall_ China _subdue._
+
+Which is no strange thing if we consult the Histories of _China_, and
+successive Inundations made by Tartarian Nations. For when the Invaders,
+in process of time, have degenerated into the effeminacy and softness of
+the Chineses, then they themselves have suffered a new Tartarian
+Conquest and Inundation. And this hath happened from time beyond our
+Histories: for, according to their account, the famous Wall of _China_,
+built against the irruptions of the Tartars, was begun above a hundred
+years before the Incarnation.
+
+_When_ America _shall cease to send forth its treasure,
+But employ it at home for American Pleasure._
+
+That is, When _America_ shall be better civilized, new policied and
+divided between great Princes, it may come to pass that they will no
+longer suffer their Treasure of Gold and Silver to be sent out to
+maintain the Luxury of _Europe_ and other parts: but rather employ it to
+their own advantages, in great Exploits and Undertakings, magnificent
+Structures, Wars or Expeditions of their own.
+
+_When the new World shall the old invade._
+
+That is, When _America_ shall be so well peopled, civilized and divided
+into Kingdoms, they are like to have so little regard of their
+Originals, as to acknowledge no subjection unto them: they may also have
+a distinct commerce between themselves, or but independently with those
+of _Europe_, and may hostilely and pyratically assault them, even as the
+Greek and Roman Colonies after a long time dealt with their Original
+Countries.
+
+_When Men shall almost pass to_ Venice _by Land,
+Not in deep Waters but from Sand to Sand._
+
+That is, When, in long process of time, the Silt and Sands shall so
+choak and shallow the Sea in and about it. And this hath considerably
+come to pass within these fourscore years; and is like to encrease from
+several causes, especially by the turning of the River _Brenta_, as the
+learned _Castelli_ hath declared.
+
+_When_ Nova Zembla _shall be no stay
+Unto those who pass to or from_ Cathay.
+
+That is, When ever that often sought for Northeast passage unto _China_
+and _Japan_ shall be discovered; the hindrance whereof was imputed to
+_Nova Zembla_; for this was conceived to be an excursion of Land
+shooting out directly, and so far Northward into the Sea that it
+discouraged from all Navigation about it. And therefore Adventurers took
+in at the Southern part at a strait by _Waygatz_ next the Tartarian
+Shore: and, sailing forward they found that Sea frozen and full of Ice,
+and so gave over the attempt. But of late years, by the diligent enquiry
+of some Moscovites, a better discovery is made of these parts, and a Map
+or Chart made of them. Thereby _Nova Zembla_ is found to be no Island
+extending very far Northward; but, winding Eastward, it joineth to the
+Tartarian Continent, and so makes a _Peninsula_: and the Sea between it
+which they entred at _Waygatz_, is found to be but a large Bay, apt to
+be frozen by reason of the great River of _Oby_, and other fresh Waters,
+entring into it: whereas the main Sea doth not freez upon the North of
+_Zembla_ except near unto Shores; so that if the Moscovites were
+skilfull Navigatours they might, with less difficulties, discover this
+passage unto _China_: but however the English, Dutch and Danes are now
+like to attempt it again.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But this is Conjecture, and not Prophecy: and so (I know) you will take
+it. I am,
+
+                                                  _Sir_, etc.
+
+
+
+
+                          MUSAEUM CLAUSUM
+
+                                or
+
+                     Bibliotheca Abscondita:
+
+          Containing some remarkable Books, Antiquities,
+           Pictures and Rarities of several kinds, scarce
+              or never seen by any man now living.
+
+                           TRACT XIII
+
+
+SIR,
+
+With many thanks I return that noble Catalogue of Books, Rarities and
+Singularities of Art and Nature, which you were pleased to communicate
+unto me. There are many Collections of this kind in _Europe_. And,
+besides the printed accounts of the _Musaeum Aldrovandi_,
+_Calceolarianum_, _Moscardi_, _Wormianum_; the _Casa Abbellitta_ at
+_Loretto_, and _Threasor_ of S. _Dennis_, the _Repository_ of the Duke
+of _Tuscany_, that of the Duke of _Saxony_, and that noble one of the
+Emperour at _Vienna_, and many more are of singular note. Of what in
+this kind I have by me I shall make no repetition, and you having
+already had a view thereof, I am bold to present you with the List of a
+Collection, which I may justly say you have not seen before.
+
+
+The Title is, as above,
+
+_Musaeum Clausum_, or _Bibliotheca Abscondita: containing some remarkable
+Books, Antiquities, Pictures and Rarities of several kinds, scarce or
+never seen by any man now living_.
+
+
+1. Rare and generally unknown Books.
+
+A poem of _Ovidius Naso_, written in the Getick Language,[282] during
+his exile at _Tomos_, found wrapt up in Wax at _Sabaria_, on the
+Frontiers of _Hungary_, where there remains a tradition that he died, in
+his return towards _Rome_ from _Tomos_, either after his pardon or the
+death of _Augustus_.
+
+  [282] _Ah pudet et scripsi Getico sermone Libellum._
+
+2. The Letter of _Quintus Cicero_, which he wrote in answer to that of
+his Brother _Marcus Tullius_, desiring of him an account of _Britany_,
+wherein are described the Country, State and Manners of the Britains of
+that Age.
+
+
+3. An Ancient British Herbal, or description of divers Plants of this
+Island, observed by that famous Physician _Scribonius Largus_, when he
+attended the Emperour _Claudius_ in his expedition into _Britany_.
+
+
+4. An exact account of the Life and Death of _Avicenna_ confirming the
+account of his Death by taking nine Clysters together in a fit of the
+Colick; and not as _Marius_ the Italian Poet delivereth, by being broken
+upon the Wheel; left with other Pieces by _Benjamin Tudelensis_, as he
+travelled from _Saragossa_ to _Jerusalem_, in the hands of _Abraham
+Jarchi_, a famous Rabbi of _Lunet_ near _Montpelier_, and found in a
+Vault when the Walls of that City were demolished by _Lewis_ the
+Thirteenth.
+
+
+5. A punctual relation of _Hannibal's_ march out of _Spain_ into
+_Italy_, and far more particular than that of _Livy_, where about he
+passed the River _Rhodanus_ or _Rhosne_; at what place he crossed the
+_Isura_ or _L'isere_; when he marched up toward the confluence of the
+_Sone_ and the _Rhone_, or the place where the City _Lyons_ was
+afterward built; how wisely he decided the difference between King
+_Brancus_ and his Brother, at what place he passed the _Alpes_, what
+Vinegar he used, and where he obtained such quantity to break and
+calcine the Rocks made hot with Fire.
+
+
+6. A learned Comment upon the _Periplus_ of _Hanno_ the Carthaginian, or
+his Navigation upon the Western Coast of _Africa_, with the several
+places he landed at; what Colonies he settled, what Ships were scattered
+from his Fleet near the AEquinoctial Line, which were not afterward heard
+of, and which probably fell into the Trade Winds, and were carried over
+into the Coast of _America_.
+
+
+7. A particular Narration of that famous Expedition of the English into
+_Barbary_ in the ninety fourth year of the _Hegira_, so shortly touched
+by _Leo Africanus_, whither called by the Goths they besieged, took and
+burnt the City of _Arzilla_ possessed by the Mahometans, and lately the
+seat of _Gayland_; with many other exploits delivered at large in
+Arabick, lost in the Ship of Books and Rarities which the King of
+_Spain_ took from _Siddy Hamet_ King of _Fez_, whereof a great part were
+carried into the _Escurial_, and conceived to be gathered out of the
+relations of _Hibnu Nachu_, the best Historian of the African Affairs.
+
+
+8. A Fragment of _Pythaeas_ that ancient Traveller of _Marseille_; which
+we suspect not to be spurious, because, in the description of the
+Northern Countries, we find that passage of _Pythaeas_ mentioned by
+_Strabo_, that all the Air beyond _Thule_ is thick, condensed and
+gellied, looking just like Sea Lungs.
+
+
+9. A _Sub Marine_ Herbal, describing the several Vegetables found on the
+Rocks, Hills, Valleys, Meadows at the bottom of the Sea, with many sorts
+of _Alga_, _Fucus_, _Quercus_, _Polygonum_, _Gramens_ and others not yet
+described.
+
+
+10. Some Manuscripts and Rarities brought from the Libraries of
+_AEthiopia_, by _Zaga Zaba_, and afterward transported to _Rome_, and
+scattered by the Souldiers of the Duke of _Bourbon_, when they
+barbarously sacked that City.
+
+
+11. Some Pieces of _Julius Scaliger_, which he complains to have been
+stoln from him, sold to the Bishop of _Mende_ in _Languedock_, and
+afterward taken away and sold in the Civil Wars under the Duke of
+_Rohan_.
+
+
+12. A Comment of _Dioscorides_ upon _Hyppocrates_, procured from
+_Constantinople_ by _Amatus Lusitanus_, and left in the hands of a Jew
+of _Ragusa_.
+
+
+13. _Marcus Tullius Cicero_ his Geography; as also a part of that
+magnified Piece of his _De Republica_, very little answering the great
+expectation of it, and short of Pieces under the same name by _Bodinus_
+and _Tholosanus_.
+
+
+14. King _Mithridates_ his _Oneirocritica_.
+
+Aristotle de _Precationibus_.
+
+Democritus _de his quae fiunt apud Orcum, et Oceani circumnavigatio_.
+
+Epicurus _de Pietate_.
+
+A Tragedy of _Thyestes_, and another of _Medea_, writ by _Diogenes_ the
+Cynick.
+
+King _Alfred_ upon _Aristotle de Plantis_.
+
+_Seneca's_ Epistles to S. _Paul_.
+
+King _Solomon de Umbris Idaearum_, which _Chicus Asculaenus_, in his
+Comment upon _Johannes de Sacrobosco_, would make us believe he saw in
+the Library of the Duke of _Bavaria_.
+
+
+15. Artemidori _Oneirocritici Geographia_.
+
+Pythagoras _de Mari Rubro_.
+
+The Works of _Confutius_ the famous Philosopher of _China_, translated
+into Spanish.
+
+
+16. _Josephus_ in Hebrew, written by himself.
+
+
+17. The Commentaries of _Sylla_ the Dictatour.
+
+
+18. A Commentary of _Galen_ upon the Plague of _Athens_ described by
+_Thucydides_.
+
+
+19. _Duo Caesaris Anti-Catones_, or the two notable Books writ by _Julius
+Caesar_ against _Cato_; mentioned by _Livy_, _Salustius_ and _Juvenal_;
+which the Cardinal of _Liege_ told _Ludovicus Vives_ were in an old
+Library of that City.
+
+_Mazhapha Einok_, or, the Prophecy of _Enoch_, which _AEgidius
+Lochiensis_, a learned Eastern Traveller, told _Peireschius_ that he had
+found in an old Library at _Alexandria_ containing eight thousand
+Volumes.
+
+
+20. A Collection of Hebrew Epistles, which passed between the two
+learned Women of our age _Maria Molinea_ of _Sedan_, and _Maria
+Schurman_ of _Utrecht_.
+
+A wondrous Collection of some Writings of _Ludovica Saracenica_,
+Daughter of _Philibertus Saracenicus_ a Physician of _Lyons_, who at
+eight years of age had made a good progress in the Hebrew, Greek and
+Latin Tongues.
+
+
+2. Rarities in Pictures.
+
+
+1. A picture of the three remarkable Steeples or Towers in _Europe_
+built purposely awry and so as they seem falling. _Torre Pisana_ at
+_Pisa_, _Torre Garisenda_ in _Bononia_, and that other in the City of
+_Colein_.
+
+
+2. A Draught of all sorts of Sistrums, Crotaloes, Cymbals, Tympans,
+_etc._ in use among the Ancients.
+
+
+3. Large _Submarine_ Pieces, well delineating the bottom of the
+Mediterranean Sea, the Prerie or large Sea-meadow upon the Coast of
+_Provence_, the Coral Fishing, the gathering of Sponges, the Mountains,
+Valleys and Desarts, the Subterraneous Vents and Passages at the bottom
+of that Sea. Together with a lively Draught of _Cola Pesce_, or the
+famous Sicilian Swimmer, diving into the _Voragos_ and broken Rocks by
+_Charybdis_, to fetch up the Golden Cup, which _Frederick_, King of
+_Sicily_, had purposely thrown into that Sea.
+
+
+4. A Moon Piece, describing that notable Battel between _Axalla_,
+General of _Tamerlane_, and _Camares_ the Persian, fought by the light
+of the Moon.
+
+
+5. Another remarkable Fight of _Inghimmi_ the Florentine with the
+Turkish Galleys by Moon-light, who being for three hours grappled with
+the _Basha_ Galley, concluded with a signal Victory.
+
+
+6. A delineation of the great Fair of _Almachara_ in _Arabia_, which, to
+avoid the great heat of the Sun, is kept in the Night, and by the light
+of the Moon.
+
+
+7. A Snow Piece, of Land and Trees covered with Snow and Ice, and
+Mountains of Ice floating in the Sea, with Bears, Seals, Foxes, and
+variety of rare Fowls upon them.
+
+
+8. An Ice Piece describing the notable Battel between the Jaziges and
+the Romans, fought upon the frozen _Danubius_, the Romans settling one
+foot upon their Targets to hinder them from slipping, their fighting
+with the Jaziges when they were fallen, and their advantages therein by
+their art in volutation and rolling contention or wrastling, according
+to the description of _Dion_.
+
+
+9. _Socia_, or a Draught of three persons notably resembling each other.
+Of King _Henry_ the Fourth of _France_, and a Miller of _Languedock_; of
+_Sforza_ Duke of _Milain_ and a Souldier; of _Malatesta_ Duke of
+_Rimini_ and _Marchesinus_ the Jester.
+
+
+10. A Picture of the great Fire which happened at _Constantinople_ in
+the Reign of _Sultan Achmet_. The Janizaries in the mean time plundring
+the best Houses, _Nassa Bassa_ the Vizier riding about with a Cimetre in
+one hand and a Janizary's Head in the other to deter them; and the
+Priests attempting to quench the Fire, by Pieces of _Mahomet's_ Shirt
+dipped in holy Water and thrown into it.
+
+
+11. A Night Piece of the dismal Supper and strange Entertain of the
+Senatours by _Domitian_, according to the description of _Dion_.
+
+
+12. A Vestal Sinner in the Cave with a Table and a Candle.
+
+
+13. An Elephant dancing upon the Ropes with a _Negro_ Dwarf upon his
+Back.
+
+
+14. Another describing the mighty Stone falling from the Clouds into
+_AEgospotamos_ or the Goats River in _Greece_, which Antiquity could
+believe that _Anaxagoras_ was able to foretell half a year before.
+
+
+15. Three noble Pieces; of _Vercingetorix_ the Gaul submitting his
+person unto _Julius Caesar_; of _Tigranes_ King of _Armenia_ humbly
+presenting himself unto _Pompey_; and of _Tamerlane_ ascending his
+Horse from the Neck of _Bajazet_.
+
+
+16. Draughts of three passionate Looks; of _Thyestes_ when he was told
+at the Table that he had eaten a piece of his own Son; of _Bajazet_ when
+he went into the Iron Cage; of _Oedipus_ when he first came to know that
+he had killed his Father, and married his own Mother.
+
+
+17. Of the Cymbrian Mother in _Plutarch_ who, after the overthrow by
+_Marius_, hanged her self and her two Children at her feet.
+
+
+18. Some Pieces delineating singular inhumanities in Tortures. The
+_Scaphismus_ of the Persians. The living truncation of the Turks. The
+hanging Sport at the Feasts of the Thracians. The exact method of
+flaying men alive, beginning between the Shoulders, according to the
+description of _Thomas Minadoi_, in his Persian War. Together with the
+studied tortures of the French Traitours at _Pappa_ in _Hungaria_: as
+also the wild and enormous torment invented by _Tiberius_, designed
+according unto the description of _Suetonius_. _Excogitaverunt inter
+genera cruciatus, ut larga meri potione per fallaciam oneratos repente
+veretris deligatis fidicularum simul urinaeque tormento distenderet._
+
+
+19. A Picture describing how _Hannibal_ forced his passage over the
+River _Rhosne_ with his Elephants, Baggage and mixed Army; with the Army
+of the Gauls opposing him on the contrary Shore, and _Hanno_ passing
+over with his Horse much above to fall upon the Rere of the Gauls.
+
+
+20. A neat Piece describing the Sack of _Fundi_ by the Fleet and
+Souldiers of _Barbarossa_ the Turkish Admiral, the confusion of the
+people and their flying up to the Mountains, and _Julia Gonzaga_ the
+beauty of _Italy_ flying away with her Ladies half naked on Horseback
+over the Hills.
+
+
+21. A noble Head of _Franciscus Gonzaga_, who, being imprisoned for
+Treason, grew grey in one night, with this Inscription,
+
+          _O nox quam longa est quae facit una senem._
+
+22. A large Picture describing the Siege of _Vienna_ by _Solyman_ the
+Magnificent, and at the same time the Siege of _Florence_ by the
+Emperour _Charles_ the Fifth and Pope _Clement_ the Seventh, with this
+Subscription,
+
+          _Tum vacui capitis populum_ Phaeaca _putares?_
+
+
+23. An exquisite Piece properly delineating the first course of
+_Metellus_ his Pontificial Supper, according to the description of
+_Macrobius_; together with a Dish of _Pisces Fossiles_, garnished about
+with the little Eels taken out of the backs of Cods and Perches; as also
+with the Shell Fishes found in Stones about _Ancona_.
+
+
+24. A Picture of the noble Entertain and Feast of the Duke of _Chausue_
+at the Treaty of _Collen_, 1673, when in a very large Room, with all the
+Windows open, and at a very large Table he sate himself, with many great
+persons and Ladies; next about the Table stood a row of Waiters, then a
+row of Musicians, then a row of Musketiers.
+
+
+25. _Miltiades_, who overthrew the Persians at the Battel of _Marathon_
+and delivered _Greece_, looking out of a Prison Grate in _Athens_,
+wherein he died, with this Inscription,
+
+          _Non hoc terribiles Cymbri non Britones unquam,
+          Sauromataeve truces aut immanes Agathyrsi._
+
+
+26. A fair English Lady drawn _Al Negro_, or in the AEthiopian hue
+excelling the original White and Red Beauty, with this Subscription,
+
+          _Sed quondam volo nocte Nigriorem._
+
+27. Pieces and Draughts in _Caricatura_, of Princes, Cardinals and
+famous men; wherein, among others, the Painter hath singularly hit the
+signatures of a Lion and a Fox in the face of Pope _Leo_ the Tenth.
+
+
+28. Some Pieces _A la ventura_, or Rare Chance Pieces, either drawn at
+random, and happening to be like some person, or drawn for some and
+happening to be more like another; while the Face, mistaken by the
+Painter, proves a tolerable Picture of one he never saw.
+
+
+29. A Draught of famous Dwarfs with this Inscription,
+
+          _Nos facimus Bruti puerum nos Lagona vivum._
+
+
+30. An exact and proper delineation of all sorts of Dogs upon occasion
+of the practice of _Sultan Achmet_; who in a great Plague at
+_Constantinople_ transported all the Dogs therein unto _Pera_, and from
+thence into a little Island, where they perished at last by Famine: as
+also the manner of the Priests curing of mad Dogs by burning them in the
+forehead with Saint _Bellin's Key_.
+
+
+31. A noble Picture of _Thorismund_ King of the Goths as he was killed
+in his Palace at _Tholouze_, who being let bloud by a Surgeon, while he
+was bleeding, a stander by took the advantage to stab him.
+
+
+32. A Picture of rare Fruits with this Inscription,
+
+          _Credere quae possis surrepta sororibus Afris._
+
+
+33. An handsome Piece of Deformity expressed in a notable hard Face,
+with this Inscription,
+
+                                ----_Ora
+          Julius in Satyris qualia Rufus habet._
+
+
+34. A noble Picture of the famous Duel between _Paul Manessi_ and
+_Caragusa_ the Turk in the time of _Amurath_ the Second; the Turkish
+Army and that of _Scanderbeg_ looking on; wherein _Manessi_ slew the
+Turk, cut off his Head and carried away the Spoils of his Body.
+
+
+3. Antiquities and Rarities of several sorts.
+
+
+1. Certain ancient Medals with Greek and Roman Inscriptions, found about
+_Crim Tartary_; conceived to be left in those parts by the Souldiers of
+_Mithridates_, when overcome by _Pompey_, he marched round about the
+North of the _Euxine_ to come about into _Thracia_.
+
+
+2. Some ancient Ivory and Copper Crosses found with many others in
+_China_; conceived to have been brought and left there by the Greek
+Souldiers who served under _Tamerlane_ in his Expedition and Conquest of
+that Country.
+
+
+3. Stones of strange and illegible Inscriptions, found about the great
+ruines which _Vincent le Blanc_ describeth about _Cephala_ in _Africa_,
+where he opinion'd that the Hebrews raised some Buildings of old, and
+that _Solomon_ brought from thereabout a good part of his Gold.
+
+
+4. Some handsome Engraveries and Medals, of _Justinus_ and
+_Justinianus_, found in the custody of a Bannyan in the remote parts of
+_India_, conjectured to have been left there by the Friers mentioned in
+_Procopius_, who travelled those parts in the reign of _Justinianus_,
+and brought back into _Europe_ the discovery of Silk and Silk Worms.
+
+
+5. An original Medal of _Petrus Aretinus_, who was called _Flagellum
+Principum_, wherein he made his own Figure on the Obverse part with this
+Inscription,
+
+          _Il Divino Aretino._
+
+On the Reverse sitting on a Throne, and at his Feet Ambassadours of
+Kings and Princes bringing presents unto him, with this Inscription,
+
+          _I Principi tributati da i Popoli tributano il Servitor loro._
+
+
+6. _Mummia Tholosana_; or, The complete Head and Body of Father
+_Crispin_, buried long ago in the Vault of the Cordeliers at _Tholouse_,
+where the Skins of the dead so drie and parch up without corrupting that
+their persons may be known very long after, with this Inscription,
+
+          _Ecce iterum Crispinus._
+
+
+7. A noble _Quandros_ or Stone taken out of a Vulture's Head.
+
+
+8. A large _Ostridges_ Egg, whereon is neatly and fully wrought that
+famous Battel of _Alcazar_, in which three Kings lost their lives.
+
+
+9. An _Etiudros Alberti_ or Stone that is apt to be always moist:
+usefull unto drie tempers, and to be held in the hand in Fevers instead
+of Crystal, Eggs, Limmons, Cucumbers.
+
+
+10. A small Viol of Water taken out of the Stones therefore called
+_Enhydri_, which naturally include a little Water in them, in like
+manner as the _AEtites_ or _Aegle_ Stone doth another Stone.
+
+
+11. A neat painted and gilded Cup made out of the _Confiti di Tivoli_
+and formed up with powder'd Egg-shells; as _Nero_ is conceived to have
+made his _Piscina admirabilis_, singular against Fluxes to drink often
+therein.
+
+
+12. The Skin of a Snake bred out of the Spinal Marrow of a Man.
+
+
+13. Vegetable Horns mentioned by _Linschoten_, which set in the ground
+grow up like Plants about _Goa_.
+
+
+14. An extract of the Inck of Cuttle Fishes reviving the old remedy of
+_Hippocrates_ in Hysterical Passions.
+
+
+15. Spirits and Salt of _Sargasso_ made in the Western Ocean covered
+with that Vegetable; excellent against the Scurvy.
+
+
+16. An extract of _Cachunde_ or _Liberans_ that famous and highly
+magnified Composition in the _East Indies_ against Melancholy.
+
+
+17. _Diarhizon mirificum_; or an unparallel'd Composition of the most
+effectual and wonderfull Roots in Nature.
+
+      Rx _Rad. Butuae Cuamensis.
+          Rad. Moniche Cuamensis.
+          Rad. Mongus Bazainensis.
+          Rad. Casei Baizanensis.
+          Rad. Columbae Mozambiguensis.
+          Gim Sem Sinicae.
+          Fo Lim lac Tigridis dictae.
+          Fo seu.
+          Cort. Rad. Soldae.
+          Rad. Ligni Solorani.
+          Rad. Malacensis madrededios dictae an._ [-3]ij.
+
+_M. fiat pulvis, qui cum gelatina Cornu cervi Moschati Chinensis
+formetur in massas oviformes._
+
+
+18. A transcendent Perfume made of the richest Odorates of both the
+_Indies_, kept in a Box made of the Muschie Stone of _Niarienburg_, with
+this Inscription,
+
+                              ----_Deos rogato
+          Totum ut te faciant, Fabulle, Nasum._
+
+
+19. A _Clepselaea_, or Oil Hour-glass, as the Ancients used those of
+Water.
+
+
+20. A Ring found in a Fishes Belly taken about _Gorro_; conceived to be
+the same wherewith the Duke of _Venice_ had wedded the Sea.
+
+
+21. A neat Crucifix made out of the cross Bone of a Frogs Head.
+
+
+22. A large Agath containing a various and careless Figure, which looked
+upon by a Cylinder representeth a perfect Centaur. By some such
+advantages King _Pyrrhus_ might find out _Apollo_ and the nine Muses in
+those Agaths of his whereof _Pliny_ maketh mention.
+
+
+23. _Batrachomyomachia_, or the Homerican Battel between Frogs and Mice,
+neatly described upon the Chizel Bone of a large Pike's Jaw.
+
+
+24. _Pyxis Pandorae_, or a Box which held the _Unguentum Pestiferum_,
+which by anointing the Garments of several persons begat the great and
+horrible Plague of _Milan_.
+
+
+25. A Glass of Spirits made of AEthereal Salt, Hermetically sealed up,
+kept continually in Quick-silver; of so volatile a nature that it will
+scarce endure the Light, and therefore onely to be shown in Winter, or
+by the light of a Carbuncle, or Bononian Stone.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+He who knows where all this Treasure now is, is a great _Apollo_. I'm
+sure I am not He. However, I am,
+
+                                                  _Sir, Yours_, etc.
+
+
+
+
+                               A
+                            LETTER
+                             to a
+                            FRIEND
+                    upon occasion of the
+                            DEATH
+                            OF HIS
+                       Intimate Friend
+                            1690
+
+
+
+
+                    A LETTER TO A FRIEND,
+                    Upon Occasion of the
+                 Death of his Intimate Friend.
+
+
+Give me leave to wonder that News of this Nature should have such heavy
+Wings that you should hear so little concerning your dearest Friend, and
+that I must make that unwilling Repetition to tell you, _Ad portam
+rigidos calces extendit_, that he is Dead and Buried, and by this time
+no Puny among the mighty Nations of the Dead; for tho' he left this
+World not very many Days past, yet every Hour you know largely addeth
+unto that dark Society; and considering the incessant Mortality of
+Mankind, you cannot conceive there dieth in the whole Earth so few as a
+thousand an Hour.
+
+Altho' at this distance you had no early Account or Particular of his
+Death; yet your Affection may cease to wonder that you had not some
+secret Sense or Intimation thereof by Dreams, thoughtful Whisperings,
+Mercurisms, Airy Nuncio's, or sympathetical Insinuations, which many
+seem to have had at the Death of their dearest Friends: for since we
+find in that famous Story, that Spirits themselves were fain to tell
+their Fellows at a distance, that the great _Antonio_ was dead; we have
+a sufficient Excuse for our Ignorance in such Particulars, and must rest
+content with the common Road, and _Appian_ way of Knowledge by
+Information. Tho' the uncertainty of the End of this World hath
+confounded all Human Predictions; yet they who shall live to see the Sun
+and Moon darkned, and the Stars to fall from Heaven, will hardly be
+deceiv'd in the Advent of the last Day; and therefore strange it is,
+that the common Fallacy of consumptive Persons, who feel not themselves
+dying, and therefore still hope to live, should also reach their Friends
+in perfect Health and Judgment. That you should be so little acquainted
+with _Plautus's_ sick Complexion, or that almost an _Hippocratical_ Face
+should not alarum you to higher fears, or rather despair of his
+Continuation in such an emaciated State, wherein medical Predictions
+fail not, as sometimes in acute Diseases, and wherein 'tis as dangerous
+to be sentenc'd by a Physician as a Judge.
+
+Upon my first Visit I was bold to tell them who had not let fall all
+Hopes of his Recovery, that in my sad Opinion he was not like to behold
+a Grashopper, much less to pluck another Fig; and in no long time after
+seem'd to discover that odd mortal Symptom in him not mention'd by
+_Hippocrates_, that is, to lose his own Face, and look like some of his
+near Relations; for he maintain'd not his proper Countenance, but look'd
+like his Uncle, the Lines of whose Face lay deep and invisible in his
+healthful Visage before: For as from our beginning we run through
+Variety of Looks, before we come to consistent and setled Faces; so
+before our End, by sick and languishing alterations, we put on new
+Visages: and in our Retreat to Earth, may fall upon such Looks which
+from Community of seminal Originals were before latent in us.
+
+He was fruitlesly put in hope of advantage by change of Air, and
+imbibing the pure Aerial Nitre of these Parts; and therefore being so
+far spent, he quickly found _Sardinia_ in _Tivoli_,[283] and the most
+healthful Air of little effect, where Death had set her broad Arrow; for
+he lived not unto the middle of _May_, and confirmed the Observation of
+_Hippocrates_[284] of that mortal time of the Year when the Leaves of
+the Fig-tree resemble a Daw's Claw. He is happily seated who lives in
+Places whose Air, Earth and Water, promote not the Infirmities of his
+weaker Parts, or is early removed into Regions that correct them. He
+that is tabidly inclin'd, were unwise to pass his Days in _Portugal_:
+Cholical Persons will find little Comfort in _Austria_ or _Vienna_: He
+that is weak-legg'd must not be in Love with _Rome_, nor an infirm Head
+with _Venice_ or _Paris_. Death hath not only particular Stars in
+Heaven, but malevolent Places on Earth, which single out our
+Infirmities, and strike at our weaker Parts; in which Concern, passager
+and migrant Birds have the great Advantages; who are naturally
+constituted for distant Habitations, whom no Seas nor Places limit, but
+in their appointed Seasons will visit us from _Greenland_ and Mount
+_Atlas_, and as some think, even from the _Antipodes_.[285]
+
+  [283] _Cum mors venerit, in medio Tibure Sardinia est._
+
+  [284] In the King's Forests they set the Figure of a broad Arrow upon
+        Trees that are to be cut down. _Hippoc. Epidem._
+
+  [285] Bellonius _de Avibus_.
+
+Tho' we could not have his Life, yet we missed not our desires in his
+soft Departure, which was scarce an Expiration; and his End not unlike
+his Beginning, when the salient Point scarce affords a sensible Motion,
+and his Departure so like unto Sleep, that he scarce needed the civil
+Ceremony of closing his Eyes; contrary unto the common way wherein Death
+draws up, Sleep let fall the Eye-lids. With what Strift and Pains we
+came into the World we know not; but 'tis commonly no easie matter to
+get out of it: yet if it could be made out, that such who have easie
+Nativities have commonly hard Deaths, and contrarily; his Departure was
+so easie, that we might justly suspect his Birth was of another nature,
+and that some _Juno_ sat cross-legg'd at his Nativity.
+
+Besides his soft Death, the incurable state of his Disease might
+somewhat extenuate your Sorrow, who know that Monsters[286] but seldom
+happen, Miracles more rarely, in Physick. _Angelus Victorius_[287] gives
+a serious Account of a Consumptive, Hectical, Pthysical Woman, who was
+suddenly cured by the Intercession of _Ignatius_. We read not of any in
+Scripture who in this case applied unto our Saviour, tho' some may be
+contain'd in that large Expression, that he went about _Galilee_ healing
+all manner of Sickness, and all manner of Diseases. Amulets, Spells,
+Sigils and Incantations, practised in other Diseases, are seldom
+pretended in this; and we find no Sigil in the Archidoxis of
+_Paracelsus_ to cure an extreme Consumption or _Marasmus_, which if
+other Diseases fail, will put a period unto long Livers, and at last
+makes Dust of all. And therefore the _Stoicks_ could not but think that
+the fiery Principle would wear out all the rest, and at last make an end
+of the World, which notwithstanding without such a lingring period the
+Creator may effect at his Pleasure: and to make an end of all things on
+Earth, and our Planetical System of the World, he need but put out the
+Sun.
+
+  [286] _Monstra contingunt in Medicina Hippoc._
+
+  [287] Strange and rare Escapes there happen sometimes in Physick.
+        _Angeli Victorii Consultationes._ Matth. iv. 25.
+
+I was not so curious to entitle the Stars unto any Concern of his Death,
+yet could not but take notice that he died when the Moon was in motion
+from the Meridian; at which time, an old _Italian_ long ago would
+perswade me that the greatest Part of Men died: but herein I confess I
+could never satisfie my Curiosity; altho' from the time of Tides in
+Places upon or near the Sea, there may be considerable Deductions; and
+_Pliny_[288] hath an odd and remarkable Passage concerning the Death of
+Men and Animals upon the Recess or Ebb of the Sea. However, certain it
+is he died in the dead and deep part of the Night, when _Nox_ might be
+most apprehensibly said to be the Daughter of _Chaos_, the Mother of
+Sleep and Death, according to old Genealogy; and so went out of this
+World about that hour when our blessed Saviour entred it, and about what
+time many conceive he will return again unto it. _Cardan_[289] hath a
+peculiar and no hard Observation from a Man's Hand to know whether he
+was born in the Day or Night, which I confess holdeth in my own. And
+_Scaliger_ to that purpose hath another from the tip of the Ear: Most
+Men are begotten in the Night, Animals in the Day; but whether more
+Persons have been born in the Night or the Day, were a Curiosity
+undecidable, tho' more have perished by violent Deaths in the Day; yet
+in natural Dissolutions both Times may hold an Indifferency, at least
+but contingent Inequality. The whole Course of Time runs out in the
+Nativity and Death of Things; which whether they happen by Succession or
+Coincidence, are best computed by the natural not artificial Day.
+
+  [288] _Aristoteles nullum animal nisi aestu recedente expirare affirmat:
+        observatum id multum in Gallico Oceano et duntaxat in Homine
+        comertum_, lib. 2. cap. 101.
+
+  [289] _Auris pars pendula Lobus dicitur, non omnibus ea pars est
+        auribus; non enim iis qui noctu nati sunt, sed qui interdiu,
+        maxima ex parte. Com. in Aristot. de Animal._ lib. 1.
+
+That _Charles_ the Vth was crown'd upon the Day of his Nativity, it
+being in his own Power so to order it, makes no singular Animadversion;
+but that he should also take King _Francis_ Prisoner upon that Day, was
+an unexpected Coincidence, which made the same remarkable. _Antipater_
+who had an Anniversary Fever every Year upon his Birth-day, needed no
+Astrological Revolution to know what Day he should dye on. When the
+fixed Stars have made a Revolution unto the Points from whence they
+first set out, some of the Ancients thought the World would have an end;
+which was a kind of dying upon the Day of its Nativity. Now the Disease
+prevailing and swiftly advancing about the time of his Nativity, some
+were of Opinion that he would leave the World on the Day he entred into
+it: but this being a lingring Disease, and creeping softly on, nothing
+critical was found or expected, and he died not before fifteen Days
+after. Nothing is more common with Infants than to die on the Day of
+their Nativity, to behold the worldly Hours, and but the Fractions
+thereof; and even to perish before their Nativity in the hidden World of
+the Womb, and before their good Angel is conceived to undertake them.
+But in Persons who out-live many Years, and when there are no less than
+three hundred sixty five days to determine their Lives in every Year;
+that the first day should make the last, that the Tail of the Snake
+should return into its Mouth precisely at that time, and they should
+wind up upon the day of their Nativity,[290] is indeed a remarkable
+Coincidence, which, tho' Astrology hath taken witty Pains to salve, yet
+hath it been very wary in making Predictions of it.
+
+[290] According to the _Egyptian_ Hieroglyphick.
+
+In this consumptive Condition and remarkable Extenuation he came to be
+almost half himself, and left a great Part behind him which he carried
+not to the Grave. And tho' that Story of Duke _John Ernestus
+Mansfield_[291] be not so easily swallow'd, that at his Death his Heart
+was found not to be so big as a Nut; yet if the Bones of a good Skeleton
+weigh little more than twenty Pounds, his Inwards and Flesh remaining
+could make no Bouffage, but a light Bit for the Grave. I never more
+lively beheld the starved Characters of _Dante_[292] in any living Face;
+an _Aruspex_ might have read a Lecture upon him without Exenteration,
+his Flesh being so consumed, that he might, in a manner, have discerned
+his Bowels without opening of him: so that to be carried _sexta
+cervice_, to the Grave, was but a civil Unnecessity; and the Complements
+of the Coffin might out-weigh the Subject of it.
+
+  [291] _Turkish_ History.
+
+  [292] In the Poet _Dante_ his Discription.
+
+_Omnibonus Ferrarius_[293] in mortal Dysenteries of Children looks for
+a Spot behind the Ear; in consumptive Diseases some eye the Complexion
+of Moles; _Cardan_ eagerly views the Nails, some the Lines of the Hand,
+the Thenar or Muscle of the Thumb; some are so curious as to observe the
+depth of the Throat-pit, how the Proportion varieth of the Small of the
+Legs unto the Calf, or the compass of the Neck unto the Circumference of
+the Head: but all these, with many more, were so drown'd in a mortal
+Visage, and last Face of _Hippocrates_, that a weak Physiognomist might
+say at first Eye, This was a Face of Earth, and that _Morta_[294] had
+set her hard Seal upon his Temples, easily perceiving what
+_Caricatura_[295] Draughts Death makes upon pined Faces, and unto what
+an unknown degree a Man may live backward.
+
+  [293] _De Morbis Puerorum._
+
+  [294] _Morta_, the Deity of Death or Fate.
+
+  [295] When Men's Faces are drawn with Resemblance to some other Animals,
+        the _Italians_ call it, to be drawn in _Caricatura_.
+
+Tho' the Beard be only made a Distinction of Sex, and Sign of masculine
+Heat by _Ulmus_, yet the Precocity and early Growth thereof in him, was
+not to be liked in reference unto long Life. _Lewis_, that virtuous but
+unfortunate King of _Hungary_, who lost his Life at the Battle of
+_Mohacz_, was said to be born without a Skin, to have bearded at
+fifteen,[296] and to have shewn some grey Hairs about twenty; from
+whence the Diviners conjectur'd, that he would be spoiled of his
+Kingdom, and have but a short Life: But Hairs make fallible
+Predictions, and many Temples early grey have out-liv'd the Psalmist's
+Period.[297] Hairs which have most amused me have not been in the Face
+or Head, but on the Back, and not in Men but Children, as I long ago
+observed in that Endemial Distemper of little Children in _Languedock_,
+call'd the _Morgellons_,[298] wherein they critically break out with
+harsh Hairs on their Backs, which takes off the unquiet Symptoms of the
+Disease, and delivers them from Coughs and Convulsions.
+
+  [296] _Ulmus de usu barbae humanae._
+
+  [297] The Life of a Man is threescore and ten.
+
+  [298] See _Picotus de Rheumatismo_.
+
+The _Egyptian_ Mummies that I have seen, have had their Mouths open, and
+somewhat gaping, which affordeth a good Opportunity to view and observe
+their Teeth, wherein 'tis not easie to find any wanting or decay'd; and
+therefore in _Egypt_, where one Man practised but one Operation, or the
+Diseases but of single Parts, it must needs be a barren Profession to
+confine unto that of drawing of Teeth, and little better than to have
+been Tooth-drawer unto King _Pyrrhus_,[299] who had but two in his Head.
+How the _Bannyans_ of _India_ maintain the Integrity of those Parts, I
+find not particularly observed; who notwithstanding have an Advantage of
+their Preservation by abstaining from all Flesh, and employing their
+Teeth in such Food unto which they may seem at first framed, from their
+Figure and Conformation: but sharp and corroding Rheums had so early
+mouldred those Rocks and hardest parts of his Fabrick, that a Man might
+well conceive that his Years were never like to double or twice tell
+over his Teeth.[300] Corruption had dealt more severely with them than
+sepulchral Fires and smart Flames with those of burnt Bodies of old; for
+in the burnt Fragments of Urnes which I have enquired into, altho' I
+seem to find few Incisors or Shearers, yet the Dog Teeth and Grinders do
+notably resist those Fires.
+
+  [299] His upper and lower Jaw being solid, and without distinct Rows of
+        Teeth.
+
+  [300] Twice tell over his Teeth, never live to threescore Years.
+
+In the Years of his Childhood he had languish'd under the Disease of
+his Country, the Rickets; after which notwithstanding many have been
+become strong and active Men; but whether any have attain'd unto very
+great Years, the Disease is scarce so old as to afford good Observation.
+Whether the Children of the _English_ Plantations be subject unto the
+same Infirmity, may be worth the Observing. Whether Lameness and Halting
+do still encrease among the Inhabitants of _Rovigno_ in _Istria_, I know
+not; yet scarce twenty Years ago Monsieur _du Loyr_ observed, that a
+third part of that People halted: but too certain it is, that the
+Rickets encreaseth among us; the Small-Pox grows more pernicious than
+the Great: the King's Purse knows that the King's Evil grows more
+common. _Quartan_ Agues are become no Strangers in _Ireland_; more
+common and mortal in _England_: and tho' the Ancients gave that
+Disease[301] very good Words, yet now that Bell makes no strange sound
+which rings out for the Effects thereof.
+
+  [301] +Asphalestatos kai rheistos+, _securissima et facillima_.
+        Hippoc. Pro Febre quartana raro sonat campana.
+
+Some think there were few Consumptions in the Old World, when Men lived
+much upon Milk; and that the ancient Inhabitants of this Island were
+less troubled with Coughs when they went naked, and slept in Caves and
+Woods, than Men now in Chambers and Feather-beds. _Plato_ will tell us,
+that there was no such Disease as a Catarrh in _Homer's_ time, and that
+it was but new in _Greece_ in his Age. _Polydore Virgil_ delivereth
+that Pleurisies were rare in _England_, who lived but in the Days of
+_Henry_ the Eighth. Some will allow no Diseases to be new, others think
+that many old ones are ceased and that such which are esteem'd new, will
+have but their time: However, the Mercy of God hath scatter'd the Great
+Heap of Diseases, and not loaded any one Country with all: some may be
+new in one Country which have been old in another. New Discoveries of
+the Earth discover new Diseases: for besides the common Swarm, there are
+endemial and local Infirmities proper unto certain Regions, which in the
+whole Earth make no small Number: and if _Asia_, _Africa_, and _America_
+should bring in their List, _Pandora's_ Box would swell, and there must
+be a strange Pathology.
+
+Most Men expected to find a consumed Kell, empty and bladder-like Guts,
+livid and marbled Lungs, and a wither'd _Pericardium_ in this exuccous
+Corps: but some seemed too much to wonder that two Lobes of his Lungs
+adher'd unto his Side; for the like I had often found in Bodies of no
+suspected Consumptions or difficulty of Respiration. And the same more
+often happeneth in Men than other Animals; and some think in Women than
+in Men; but the most remarkable I have met with, was in a Man, after a
+Cough of almost fifty Years, in whom all the Lobes adhered unto the
+Pleura,[302] and each Lobe unto another; who having also been much
+troubled with the Gout, brake the Rule of _Cardan_,[303] and died of the
+Stone in the Bladder. _Aristotle_ makes a Query, Why some Animals
+cough, as Man; some not, as Oxen. If Coughing be taken as it consisteth
+of a natural and voluntary motion, including Expectoration and spitting
+out, it may be as proper unto Man as bleeding at the Nose; otherwise we
+find that _Vegetius_ and rural Writers have not left so many Medicines
+in vain against the Coughs of Cattel; and Men who perish by Coughs die
+the Death of Sheep, Cats and Lions: and tho' Birds have no Midriff, yet
+we meet with divers Remedies in _Arrianus_ against the Coughs of Hawks.
+And tho' it might be thought that all Animals who have Lungs do cough;
+yet in cetaceous Fishes, who have large and strong Lungs, the same is
+not observed; nor yet in oviparous Quadrupeds: and in the greatest
+thereof, the Crocodile, altho' we read much of their Tears, we find
+nothing of that Motion.
+
+  [302] So _A. F._
+
+  [303] _Cardan_ in his _Encomium Podagrae_ reckoneth this among the _Dona
+        Podagrae_, that they are deliver'd thereby from the Phthysis and
+        Stone in the Bladder.
+
+From the Thoughts of Sleep, when the Soul was conceived nearest unto
+Divinity, the Ancients erected an Art of Divination, wherein while they
+too widely expatiated in loose and inconsequent Conjectures,
+_Hippocrates_[304] wisely considered Dreams as they presaged Alterations
+in the Body, and so afforded hints toward the Preservation of Health,
+and prevention of Diseases; and therein was so serious as to advise
+Alteration of Diet, Exercise, Sweating, Bathing and Vomiting; and also
+so religious, as to order Prayers and Supplications unto respective
+Deities, in good Dreams unto _Sol_, _Jupiter coelestis_, _Jupiter
+opulentus_, _Minerva_, _Mercurius_ and _Apollo_; in bad unto _Tellus_
+and the Heroes.
+
+  [304] _Hippoc. de Insomniis._
+
+And therefore I could not but take notice how his Female Friends were
+irrationally curious so strictly to examine his Dreams, and in this low
+State to hope for the Fantasms of Health. He was now past the healthful
+Dreams of the Sun, Moon and Stars, in their Clarity and proper Courses.
+'Twas too late to dream of Flying, of Limpid Fountains, smooth Waters,
+white Vestments, and fruitful green Trees, which are the Visions of
+healthful Sleeps, and at good Distance from the Grave.
+
+And they were also too deeply dejected that he should dream of his dead
+Friends, inconsequently divining, that he would not be long from them;
+for strange it was not that he should sometimes dream of the dead, whose
+Thoughts run always upon Death; beside, to dream of the dead, so they
+appear not in dark Habits, and take nothing away from us, in
+_Hippocrates_ his Sense was of good Signification: for we live by the
+dead, and every thing is or must be so before it becomes our
+Nourishment. And _Cardan_, who dream'd that he discoursed with his dead
+Father in the Moon, made thereof no mortal Interpretation: and even to
+dream that we are dead, was no condemnable Fantasm in old
+_Oneirocriticism_, as having a Signification of Liberty, vacuity from
+Cares, Exemption and Freedom from Troubles unknown unto the dead.
+
+Some Dreams I confess may admit of easie and feminine Exposition; he who
+dream'd that he could not see his right Shoulder, might easily fear to
+lose the Sight of his right Eye; he that before a Journey dream'd that
+his Feet were cut off, had a plain Warning not to undertake his intended
+Journey. But why to dream of Lettuce should presage some ensuing
+Disease, why to eat Figs should signifie foolish Talk, why to eat Eggs
+great Trouble, and to dream of Blindness should be so highly commended,
+according to the _Oneirocritical_ Verses of _Astrampsychus_ and
+_Nicephorus_, I shall leave unto your Divination.
+
+He was willing to quit the World alone and altogether, leaving no
+Earnest behind him for Corruption or After-grave, having small content
+in that common Satisfaction to survive or live in another, but amply
+satisfied that his Disease should die with himself, nor revive in a
+Posterity to puzzle Physick, and make sad _Memento's_ of their Parent
+hereditary. Leprosie awakes not sometimes before forty, the Gout and
+Stone often later; but consumptive and tabid[305] Roots sprout more
+early, and at the fairest make seventeen Years of our Life doubtful
+before that Age. They that enter the World with original Diseases as
+well as Sin, have not only common Mortality but sick Traductions to
+destroy them, make commonly short Courses, and live not at length but in
+Figures; so that a sound _Caesarean_[306] nativity may out-last a Natural
+Birth, and a Knife may sometimes make Way for a more lasting Fruit than
+a Midwife; which makes so few Infants now able to endure the old Test of
+the River,[307] and many to have feeble Children who could scarce have
+been married at _Sparta_, and those provident States who studied strong
+and healthful Generations; which happen but contingently in mere
+_pecuniary_ Matches, or Marriages made by the Candle, wherein
+notwithstanding there is little redress to be hoped from an Astrologer
+or a Lawyer, and a good discerning Physician were like to prove the most
+successful Counsellor.
+
+  [305] _Tabes maxime contingunt ab anno decimo octavo ad trigesimum
+        quintum_, Hippoc.
+
+  [306] A sound Child cut out of the Body of the Mother.
+
+  [307] _Natos ad flumina primum deserimus saevoque gelu duramus et undis._
+
+_Julius Scaliger_, who in a sleepless Fit of the Gout could make two
+hundred Verses in a Night, would have but five[308] plain Words upon his
+Tomb. And this serious Person, tho' no _minor_ Wit, left the Poetry of
+his Epitaph unto others; either unwilling to commend himself, or to be
+judg'd by a Distich, and perhaps considering how unhappy great Poets
+have been in versifying their own Epitaphs: wherein _Petrarcha_,
+_Dante_, and _Ariosto_, have so unhappily failed, that if their Tombs
+should outlast their Works, Posterity would find so little of _Apollo_
+on them, as to mistake them for _Ciceronian_ Poets.
+
+  [308] _Julii Caesaris Scaligeri, quod fuit._ Joseph. Scaliger in vita
+        patris.
+
+In this deliberate and creeping Progress unto the Grave, he was somewhat
+too young, and of too noble a Mind, to fall upon that stupid Symptom
+observable in divers Persons near their Journey's End, and which may be
+reckoned among the mortal Symptoms of their last Disease; that is, to
+become more narrow minded, miserable and tenacious, unready to part with
+any thing, when they are ready to part with all, and afraid to want when
+they have no Time to spend; mean while Physicians, who know that many
+are mad but in a single depraved Imagination, and one prevalent
+Decipiency; and that beside and out of such single Deliriums a Man may
+meet with sober Actions and good Sense in _Bedlam_; cannot but smile to
+see the Heirs and concern'd Relations, gratulating themselves in the
+sober Departure of their Friends; and tho' they behold such mad covetous
+Passages, content to think they die in good Understanding, and in their
+sober Senses.
+
+Avarice, which is not only Infidelity but Idolatry, either from covetous
+Progeny or questuary Education, had no Root in his Breast, who made good
+Works the Expression of his Faith, and was big with Desires unto publick
+and lasting Charities; and surely where good Wishes and charitable
+Intentions exceed Abilities, Theorical Beneficency may be more than a
+Dream. They build not Castles in the Air who would build Churches on
+Earth; and tho' they leave no such Structures here, may lay good
+Foundations in Heaven. In brief, his Life and Death were such, that I
+could not blame them who wished the like, and almost to have been
+himself; almost, I say; for tho' we may wish the prosperous
+Appurtenances of others, or to be an other in his happy Accidents; yet
+so intrinsecal is every Man unto himself, that some doubt may be made,
+whether any would exchange his Being, or substantially become another
+Man.
+
+He had wisely seen the World at home and abroad, and thereby observed
+under what variety Men are deluded in the pursuit of that which is not
+here to be found. And altho' he had no Opinion of reputed Felicities
+below, and apprehended Men widely out in the Estimate of such Happiness;
+yet his sober Contempt of the World wrought no _Democratism_ or
+_Cynicism_, no laughing or snarling at it, as well understanding there
+are not Felicities in this World to satisfy a serious Mind; and
+therefore to soften the Stream of our Lives, we are fain to take in the
+reputed Contentations of this World, to unite with the Crowd in their
+Beatitudes, and to make ourselves happy by Consortion, Opinion, or
+Co-existimation: for strictly to separate from received and customary
+Felicities, and to confine unto the Rigor of Realities, were to contract
+the Consolation of our Beings unto too uncomfortable Circumscriptions.
+
+Not to fear Death,[309] nor Desire it, was short of his Resolution: to
+be dissolved, and be with Christ, was his dying Ditty. He conceived his
+Thred long, in no long course of Years, and when he had scarce out-liv'd
+the second Life of _Lazarus_;[310] esteeming it enough to approach the
+Years of his Saviour, who so order'd his own human State, as not to be
+old upon Earth.
+
+  [309] _Summum nec metuas diem nec optes._
+
+  [310] Who upon some Accounts, and Tradition, is said to have lived 30
+        Years after he was raised by our Saviour. _Baronius._
+
+But to be content with Death may be better than to desire it: a
+miserable Life may make us wish for Death, but a virtuous one to rest in
+it; which is the Advantage of those resolved Christians, who looking on
+Death not only as the Sting, but the Period and End of Sin, the Horizon
+and Isthmus between this Life and a better, and the Death of this World
+but as Nativity of another, do contentedly submit unto the common
+Necessity, and envy not _Enoch_ or _Elias_.
+
+Not to be content with Life is the unsatisfactory State of those which
+destroy themselves;[311] who being afraid to live, run blindly upon
+their own Death, which no Man fears by Experience: And the Stoicks had a
+notable Doctrine to take away the Fear thereof; that is, in such
+Extremities, to desire that which is not to be avoided, and wish what
+might be feared; and so made Evils voluntary, and to suit with their own
+Desires, which took off the Terror of them.
+
+  [311] In the Speech of _Vulteius in Lucan_, animating his Souldiers
+        in a great Struggle to kill one another. _Decernite Lethum et
+        metus omnis abest, cupias quodcunque necesse est._ All Fear is
+        over, do but resolve to die, and make your Desires meet Necessity.
+
+But the ancient Martyrs were not encouraged by such Fallacies; who,
+tho' they feared not Death, were afraid to be their own Executioners;
+and therefore thought it more Wisdom to crucify their Lusts than their
+Bodies, to circumcise than stab their Hearts, and to mortify than kill
+themselves.
+
+His Willingness to leave this World about that Age, when most men think
+they may best enjoy it, tho' paradoxical unto worldly Ears, was not
+strange unto mine, who have so often observed, that many, tho' old, oft
+stick fast unto the World, and seem to be drawn like _Cacus's_ Oxen,
+backward, with great Struggling and Reluctancy unto the Grave. The long
+Habit of Living makes meer men more hardly to part with Life, and All to
+be Nothing, but what is to come. To live at the rate of the old World,
+when some could scarce remember themselves young, may afford no better
+digested Death than a more moderate Period. Many would have thought it
+an Happiness to have had their Lot of Life in some notable Conjunctures
+of Ages past; but the Uncertainty of future Times hath tempted few to
+make a Part in Ages to come. And surely, he that hath taken the true
+Altitude of things, and rightly calculated the degenerate State of this
+Age, is not like to envy those that shall live in the next, much less
+three or four hundred Years hence, when no Man can comfortably imagine
+what Face this World will carry: And therefore since every Age makes a
+Step unto the End of all things, and the Scripture affords so hard a
+Character of the last Times; quiet Minds will be content with their
+Generations, and rather bless Ages past, than be ambitious of those to
+come.
+
+Tho' Age had set no Seal upon his Face, yet a dim Eye might clearly
+discover Fifty in his Actions; and therefore since Wisdom is the grey
+Hair, and an unspotted Life old Age; altho' his Years came short he
+might have been said to have held up with longer Livers, and to have
+been _Solomon's_[312] Old Man. And surely if we deduct all those Days of
+our Life which we might wish unliv'd, and which abate the Comfort of
+those we now live; if we reckon up only those Days which God hath
+accepted of our Lives, a Life of good Years will hardly be a Span long:
+the Son in this Sense may out-live the Father, and none be
+climacterically old. He that early arriveth unto the Parts and Prudence
+of Age, is happily old without the uncomfortable Attendants of it; and
+'tis superfluous to live unto grey Hairs, when in a precocious Temper we
+anticipate the Virtues of them. In brief, he cannot be accounted young
+who out-liveth the old Man. He that hath early arrived unto the measure
+of a perfect Stature in Christ, hath already fulfilled the prime and
+longest Intention of his Being: and one Day lived after the perfect Rule
+of Piety, is to be preferr'd before sinning Immortality.
+
+  [312] _Wisdom_, cap. iv.
+
+Altho' he attain'd not unto the Years of his Predecessors, yet he wanted
+not those preserving Virtues which confirm the Thread of weaker
+Constitutions. Cautelous Chastity and crafty Sobriety were far from him;
+those Jewels were Paragon, without Flaw, Hair, Ice, or Cloud in him:
+which affords me an Hint to proceed in these good Wishes, and few
+_Memento's_ unto you.
+
+Tread softly and circumspectly in this funambulous Track, and narrow
+Path of Goodness: pursue Virtue virtuously; be sober and temperate, not
+to preserve your Body in a sufficiency to wanton Ends; not to spare
+your Purse; not to be free from the Infamy of common Transgressors that
+way, and thereby to ballance or palliate obscure and closer Vices; nor
+simply to enjoy Health: By all which you may leaven good Actions, and
+render Virtues disputable: but in one Word, that you may truly serve
+God; which every Sickness will tell you, you cannot well do without
+health. The sick Man's Sacrifice is but a lame Oblation. Pious Treasures
+laid up in healthful Days, excuse the Defect of sick Non-performances;
+without which we must needs look back with Anxiety upon the lost
+Opportunities of Health; and may have cause rather to envy than pity the
+Ends of penitent Malefactors, who go with clear Parts unto the last Act
+of their Lives; and in the Integrity of their Faculties return their
+Spirit unto God that gave it.
+
+Consider whereabout thou art in _Cebes_ his Table, or that old
+philosophical Pinax of the Life of Man; whether thou art still in the
+Road of Uncertainties; whether thou hast yet entred the narrow Gate, got
+up the Hill and asperous Way which leadeth unto the House of Sanity, or
+taken that purifying Potion from the Hand of sincere Erudition, which
+may send the clear and pure away unto a virtuous and happy Life.
+
+In this virtuous voyage let not Disappointment cause Despondency, nor
+Difficulty Despair: Think not that you are sailing from _Lima_[313] to
+_Manillia_, wherein thou may'st tye up the Rudder, and sleep before the
+Wind; but expect rough Seas, Flaws, and contrary Blasts; and 'tis well
+if by many cross Tacks and Veerings thou arrivest at thy Port. Sit not
+down in the popular Seats, and common Level of Virtues, but endeavour to
+make them Heroical. Offer not only Peace-Offerings but Holocausts unto
+God. To serve him singly to serve our selves, were too partial a Piece
+of Piety, nor likely to place us in the highest Mansions of Glory.
+
+  [313] Through the Pacifick Sea, with a constant Gale from the East.
+
+He that is chaste and continent, not to impair his Strength, or
+terrified by Contagion, will hardly be heroically virtuous. Adjourn not
+that Virtue unto those Years when _Cato_ could lend out his Wife, and
+impotent _Satyrs_ write Satyrs against Lust: but be chaste in thy
+flaming Days, when _Alexander_ dared not trust his Eyes upon the fair
+Daughters of _Darius_, and when so many Men think there is no other Way
+but _Origen's_.[314]
+
+  [314] Who is said to have castrated himself.
+
+Be charitable before Wealth makes thee covetous, and lose not the Glory
+of the Mitre. If Riches increase, let thy Mind hold Pace with them; and
+think it not enough to be liberal, but munificent. Tho' a Cup of cold
+Water from some hand may not be without its Reward; yet stick not thou
+for Wine and Oyl for the Wounds of the distressed: and treat the poor as
+our Saviour did the Multitude, to the Relicks of some Baskets.
+
+Trust not to the Omnipotency of Gold, or say unto it, Thou art my
+Confidence: kiss not thy Hand when thou beholdest that terrestrial Sun,
+nor bore thy Ear unto its Servitude. A Slave unto Mammon makes no
+Servant unto God: Covetousness cracks the Sinews of Faith, numbs the
+Apprehension of any thing above Sense, and only affected with the
+Certainty of Things present, makes a Peradventure of things to come;
+lives but unto one World, nor hopes but fears another; makes our own
+Death sweet unto others, bitter unto our selves; gives a dry Funeral,
+Scenical Mourning, and no wet Eyes at the Grave.
+
+If Avarice be thy Vice, yet make it not thy Punishment: Miserable Men
+commiserate not themselves, bowelless unto themselves, and merciless
+unto their own Bowels. Let the Fruition of things bless the Possession
+of them, and take no Satisfaction in dying but living rich: for since
+thy good Works, not thy Goods, will follow thee; since Riches are an
+Appurtenance of Life, and no dead Man is rich, to famish in Plenty, and
+live poorly to die rich, were a multiplying Improvement in Madness, and
+Use upon Use in Folly.
+
+Persons lightly dip'd, not grain'd in generous Honesty, are but pale in
+Goodness, and faint hued in Sincerity: but be thou what thou virtuously
+art, and let not the Ocean wash away thy Tincture: stand magnetically
+upon that Axis where prudent Simplicity hath fix'd thee, and let no
+Temptation invert the Poles of thy Honesty: and that Vice may be
+uneasie, and even monstrous unto thee, let iterated good Acts, and long
+confirm'd Habits make Vertue natural, or a second Nature in thee. And
+since few or none prove eminently vertuous but from some advantageous
+Foundations in their Temper, and natural Inclinations; study thy self
+betimes, and early find what Nature bids thee to be, or tells thee what
+thou may'st be. They who thus timely descend into themselves,
+cultivating the good Seeds which Nature hath set in them, and improving
+their prevalent Inclinations to Perfection, become not Shrubs, but
+Cedars in their Generation; and to be in the form of the best of the
+Bad, or the worst of the Good, will be no Satisfaction unto them.
+
+Let not the Law of thy Country be the _non ultra_ of thy Honesty, nor
+think that always good enough which the Law will make good. Narrow not
+the Law of Charity, Equity, Mercy; joyn Gospel Righteousness with Legal
+Right; be not a meer _Gamaliel_ in the Faith; but let the Sermon in the
+Mount be thy _Targum_ unto the Law of _Sinai_.
+
+Make not the Consequences of Vertue the Ends thereof: be not beneficent
+for a Name or Cymbal of Applause, nor exact and punctual in Commerce,
+for the Advantages of Trust and Credit which attend the Reputation of
+just and true Dealing; for such Rewards, tho' unsought for, plain Vertue
+will bring with her, whom all Men honour, tho' they pursue not. To have
+other bye Ends in good Actions, sowers laudable Performances, which must
+have deeper Roots, Motions, and Instigations, to give them the Stamp of
+Vertues.
+
+Tho' human Infirmity may betray thy heedless Days into the popular Ways
+of Extravagancy, yet let not thine own Depravity, or the Torrent of
+vicious Times, carry thee into desperate Enormities in Opinions,
+Manners, or Actions: if thou hast dip'd thy Foot in the River, yet
+venture not over _Rubicon_; run not into Extremities from whence there
+is no Regression, nor be ever so closely shut up within the Holds of
+Vice and Iniquity, as not to find some Escape by a Postern of
+Resipiscency.
+
+Owe not thy Humility unto Humiliation by Adversity, but look humbly down
+in that State when others look upward upon thee: be patient in the Age
+of Pride and Days of Will and Impatiency, when Men live but by Intervals
+of Reason, under the Sovereignty of Humor and Passion, when 'tis in the
+Power of every one to transform thee out of thy self, and put thee into
+the short Madness. If you cannot imitate _Job_, yet come not short of
+_Socrates_,[315] and those patient Pagans, who tir'd the Tongues of
+their Enemies while they perceiv'd they spet their Malice at brazen
+Walls and Statues.
+
+  [315] _Ira furor brevis est._
+
+Let Age, not Envy, draw Wrinkles on thy Cheeks: be content to be envied,
+but envy not. Emulation may be plausible, and Indignation allowable; but
+admit no Treaty with that Passion which no Circumstance can make good. A
+Displacency at the Good of others, because they enjoy it, altho' we do
+not want it, is an absurd Depravity, sticking fast unto human Nature
+from its primitive Corruption; which he that can well subdue, were a
+Christian of the first Magnitude, and for ought I know, may have one
+Foot already in Heaven.
+
+While thou so hotly disclaim'st the Devil, be not guilty of Diabolism;
+fall not into one Name with that unclean Spirit, nor act his Nature whom
+thou so much abhorrest; that is, to accuse, calumniate, backbite,
+whisper, detract, or sinistrously interpret others; degenerous
+Depravities and narrow-minded Vices, not only below S. _Paul's_ noble
+Christian, but _Aristotle's_[316] true Gentleman. Trust not with some,
+that the Epistle of S. _James_ is Apocryphal, and so read with less Fear
+that Stabbing Truth, that in company with this Vice thy Religion is in
+vain. _Moses_ broke the Tables without breaking of the Law; but where
+Charity is broke the Law it self is shatter'd, which cannot be whole
+without Love, that is the fulfilling of it. Look humbly upon thy
+Vertues, and tho' thou art rich in some, yet think thy self poor and
+naked, without that crowning Grace, which thinketh no Evil, which
+envieth not, which beareth, believeth, hopeth, endureth all things. With
+these sure Graces, while busie Tongues are crying out for a Drop of cold
+Water, Mutes may be in Happiness, and sing the _Trisagium_[317] in
+Heaven.
+
+  [316] See _Arist. Ethicks_ Chapt. of Magnanimity.
+
+  [317] Holy, Holy, Holy.
+
+Let not the Sun in _Capricorn_ go down upon thy Wrath, but Write thy
+Wrongs in Water: draw the Curtain of Night upon Injuries; shut them up
+in the Tower of Oblivion,[318] and let them be as tho' they had not
+been. Forgive thine Enemies totally, and without any Reserve of Hope,
+that however, God will revenge thee.
+
+  [318] Even when the Days are shortest; alluding to the Tower of
+        _Oblivion_ mentioned by _Procopius_, which was the Name of a
+        Tower of Imprisonment among the _Persians_: whosoever was put
+        therein he was as it were buried alive, and it was Death for any
+        but to name it.
+
+Be substantially great in thy self, and more than thou appearest unto
+others; and let the World be deceived in thee, as they are in the Lights
+of Heaven. Hang early Plummets upon the Heels of Pride, and let Ambition
+have but an Epicyche or narrow Circuit in thee. Measure not thy self by
+thy Morning Shadow, but by the Extent of thy Grave; and reckon thy self
+above the Earth by the Line thou must be contented with under it. Spread
+not into boundless Expansions either to Designs or Desires. Think not
+that Mankind liveth but for a few, and that the rest are born but to
+serve the Ambition of those, who make but Flies of Men, and Wildernesses
+of whole Nations. Swell not into Actions which embroil and confound the
+Earth; but be one of those violent ones which _force the Kingdom of
+Heaven_.[319] If thou must needs reign, be _Zeno_, King, and enjoy that
+Empire which every Man gives himself. Certainly, the iterated
+Injunctions of Christ unto Humility, Meekness, Patience, and that
+despised Train of Vertues, cannot but make pathetical Impressions upon
+those who have well consider'd the Affairs of all Ages, wherein Pride,
+Ambition, and Vain glory, have led up the worst of Actions, and
+whereunto Confusion, Tragedies, and Acts denying all Religion, do owe
+their Originals.
+
+  [319] _Matthew_ xi.
+
+Rest not in an Ovation,[320] but a Triumph over thy Passions; chain up
+the unruly Legion of thy Breast; behold thy Trophies within thee, not
+without thee: Lead thine own Captivity captive, and be _Caesar_ unto thy
+self.
+
+  [320] _Ovation_, a petty and minor kind of Triumph.
+
+Give no quarter unto those Vices which are of thine inward Family; and
+having a Root in thy Temper, plead a Right and Property in thee. Examine
+well thy complexional Inclinations. Raise early Batteries against those
+strong Holds built upon the Rock of Nature, and make this a great Part
+of the Militia of thy Life. The politick Nature of Vice must be oppos'd
+by Policy, and therefore wiser Honesties project and plot against Sin;
+wherein notwithstanding we are not to rest in Generals, or the trite
+Stratagems of Art: that may succeed with one Temper which may prove
+successless with another. There is no Community or Common-wealth of
+Virtue; every Man must study his own Oeconomy, and erect these Rules
+unto the Figure of himself.
+
+Lastly, If Length of Days be thy Portion, make it not thy Expectation:
+Reckon not upon long Life, but live always beyond thy Account. He that
+so often surviveth his Expectation, lives many Lives, and will hardly
+complain of the Shortness of his Days. Time past is gone like a Shadow;
+make Times to come present; conceive that near which may be far off;
+approximate thy last Times by present Apprehensions of them: Live like a
+Neighbour unto Death, and think there is but little to come. And since
+there is something in us that must still live on, join both Lives
+together; unite them in thy Thoughts and Actions, and live in one but
+for the other. He who thus ordereth the Purposes of this Life, will
+never be far from the next, and is in some manner already in it, by an
+happy Conformity, and close Apprehension of it.
+
+
+                        _FINIS_
+
+
+
+
+                    POSTHUMOUS WORKS
+
+                          1712
+
+
+
+
+REPERTORIUM:
+
+Or, some Account of the Tombs and Monuments in the Cathedral Church of
+Norwich, in 1680.
+
+
+In the Time of the late Civil Wars, there were about an hundred Brass
+Inscriptions stol'n and taken away from Grave-Stones, and Tombs, in the
+Cathedral Church of _Norwich_; as I was inform'd by _John Wright_, one
+of the Clerks, above Eighty Years old, and Mr. _John Sandlin_, one of
+the Choir, who lived Eighty nine Years; and, as I remember, told me that
+he was a Chorister in the Reign of Queen _Elizabeth_.
+
+Hereby the distinct Places of the Burials of many noble and considerable
+Persons become unknown; and, lest they should be quite buried in
+Oblivion, I shall, of so many, set down only these following that are
+most noted to Passengers, with some that have been erected since those
+unhappy Times.
+
+First, in the Body of the Church, between the Pillars of the South Isle,
+stands a Tomb, cover'd with a kind of Touch-stone; which is the Monument
+of MILES SPENCER, LL.D. and Chancellor of _Norwich_, who lived unto
+Ninety Years. The Top Stone was entire, but now quite broken, split, and
+depress'd by Blows: There was more special Notice taken of this Stone,
+because Men used to try their Money upon it; and that the Chapter
+demanded certain Rents to be paid on it. He was Lord of the Mannor of
+_Bowthorp_ and _Colney_, which came unto the _Yaxley's_ from him; also
+Owner of _Chappel_, in the Field.
+
+The next Monument is that of Bishop RICHARD NICKS, _alias_ Nix, or the
+Blind Bishop, being quite dark many Years before he died. He sat in this
+_See_ Thirty Six Years, in the Reigns of King _Henry_ VII. and _Henry_
+VIII. The Arches are beautified above and beside it, where are to be
+seen the Arms of the _See_ of _Norwich_, _impaling_ his own, _viz._ a
+_Chevron_ between three _Leopards_ Heads. The same Coat of Arms is on
+the Roof of the _North_ and _South Cross Isle_; which Roofs he either
+rebuilt, or repair'd. The Tomb is low, and broad, and 'tis said there
+was an Altar at the bottom of the Eastern Pillar: The Iron-work, whereon
+the Bell hung, is yet visible on the Side of the Western Pillar.
+
+Then the Tomb of Bishop JOHN PARKHURST, with a legible Inscription on
+the Pillar, set up by Dean _Gardiner_, running thus.
+
+      Johannes Parkhurst, _Theol. Professor_, Guilfordiae _natus_,
+      Oxoniae _educatus, temporibus_ Mariae _Reginae pro
+      Nitida conscientia tuenda_ Tigurinae _vixit exul
+      Voluntarius: Postea presul factus, sanctissime
+      Hanc rexit Ecclesiam per 16 an. Obiit secundo die_
+      Febr. 1574.
+
+A Person he was of great Esteem and Veneration in the Reign of Queen
+_Elizabeth_. His Coat of Arms is on the Pillars, visible, at the going
+out of the Bishop's Hall.
+
+Between the two uppermost Pillars, on the same Side, stood a handsom
+Monument of Bishop EDMUND SCAMLER, thus.
+
+      _Natus apud_ Gressingham, _in Com._ Lanc. SS. _Theol. Prof.
+      apud_ Cantabrigienses. _Obiit AEtat._ 85. _an._ 1594 _nonis_ Maii.
+
+He was Houshold Chaplain to the Archbishop of _Canterbury_, and died
+1594. The Monument was above a yard and half high, with his Effigies in
+Alabaster, and all enclosed with a high Iron Grate. In the late Times
+the Grate was taken away, the Statue broken, and the Free-stone pulled
+down as far as the inward Brick-work; which being unsightly, was
+afterwards taken away, and the Space between the Pillars left void, as
+it now remaineth.
+
+In the South-side of this Isle, according as the Inscription denoteth,
+was buried GEORGE GARDINER, sometime Dean.
+
+      Georgius Gardiner Barvici _natus_, Cantabrigiae _educatus,
+      Primo minor Canonicus, secundo Praebendarius, tertio Archidiaconus_.
+      Nordovici, _et demum_ 28 Nov. _An._ 1573. _factus est Sacellanus
+      Dominae Reginae, et Decanus hujus Ecclesiae, in quo loco per 16
+                            Annos rexit_.
+
+Somewhat higher is a Monument for Dr. EDMUND PORTER, a learned
+Prebendary, sometime of this Church.
+
+Between two Pillars of the North Isle in the Body of the Church, stands
+the Monument of Sir JAMES HOBART, Attorney-General to King _Henry_ VII.
+and VIII. He built _Loddon_ Church, St. _Olave's_ Bridge, and made the
+Causeway adjoining upon the South-side. On the upper Part is the
+Atchievement of the _Hobarts_, and below are their Arms; as also of the
+_Nantons_, _viz._ (_three Martlets_) his second Lady being of that
+Family. It is a close Monument, made up of handsom Stone-work: And this
+Enclosure might have been employ'd as an Oratory. Some of the Family of
+the _Hobarts_ have been buried near this Monument; as Mr. _James Hobart_
+of _Holt_. On the South-side, two young Sons, and a Daughter of Dean
+_Herbert Astley_, who married _Barbara_, Daughter of _John_, only Son of
+Sir _John Hobart_ of _Hales_.
+
+In the Middle Isle, under a very large Stone, almost over which a Branch
+for Lights hangeth, was buried Sir FRANCIS SOUTHWELL, descended from
+those of great Name and Estate in _Norfolk_, who formerly possessed
+_Woodrising_.
+
+Under a fair Stone, by Bishop _Parkhurst's_ Tomb, was buried Dr.
+MASTERS, Chancellor.
+
+      Gul. Maister, _LL. Doctor Curiae Cons. Ep==atus_ Norwicen.
+      _Officialis principalis. Obiit 2 Feb. 1589._
+
+At the upper End of the Middle Isle, under a large Stone, was buried
+Bishop WALTER _de_ HART, _alias le_ HART, or LYGHARD. He was Bishop 26
+Years, in the Times of _Henry_ VI. and _Edward_ IV. He built the
+Transverse Stone Partition, or Rood Loft, on which the great Crucifix
+was placed, beautified the Roof of the Body of the Church, and paved it.
+Towards the North-side of the Partition-Wall are his Arms the _Bull_ and
+towards the South-side, _a Hart in Water_, as a _Rebus_ of his Name,
+_Walter Hart_. Upon the Door, under the Rood Loft, was a Plate of Brass,
+containing these Verses.
+
+          _Hic jacet absconsus sub marmore presul honestus
+          Anno milleno C quater cum septuageno
+          Annexis binis instabat ei prope finis
+          Septima cum decima lux Maij sit numerata
+          Ipsius est anima de corpore tunc separata._
+
+Between this Partition and the Choir on the North-side, is the Monument
+of Dame ELIZABETH CALTHORPE, Wife of Sir _Francis Calthorpe_, and
+afterwards Wife of _John Colepepper_, Esq.
+
+In the same Partition, behind the Dean's Stall, was buried JOHN CROFTS,
+lately Dean, Son of Sir _Henry Crofts_ of _Suffolk_, and Brother to the
+Lord _William Crofts_. He was sometime Fellow of _All-Souls_ College in
+_Oxford_, and the first Dean after the Restauration of his Majesty King
+_Charles_ II. whose Predecessor, Dr. _John Hassal_, who was Dean many
+Years, was not buried in this Church, but in that of _Creek_. He was of
+_New_ College in _Oxford_, and Chaplain to the Lady _Elizabeth_, Queen
+of _Bohemia_, who obtain'd this Deanry for him.
+
+On the South-side of the Choir, between two Pillars, stands the Monument
+of Bishop JAMES GOLDWELL, Dean of Salisbury, and Secretary to King
+_Edward_ IV. who sat in this _See_ Twenty five Years. His Effigies is
+in Stone, with a _Lion_ at his Feet, which was his Arms, as appears on
+his Coat above the Tomb. On the Choir Side, his Arms are also to be seen
+in the sixth Escocheon, in the West-side over the Choir; as also in S.
+_Andrew's_ Church, at the Deanry in a Window; at _Trowes_,
+_Newton-Hall_, and at _Charta-magna_ in _Kent_, the Place of his
+Nativity; where he also built, or repair'd the Chappel. He is said to
+have much repair'd the East End of this Church; did many good Works,
+lived in great Esteem, and died _Ann._ 1498 or 1499.
+
+Next above Bishop _Goldwell_, where the Iron Grates yet stand, Bishop
+JOHN WAKERING is said to have been buried. He was Bishop in the Reign of
+King _Henry_ V. and was sent to the Council of _Constance_: He is said
+also to have built the Cloister in the Bishop's Palace, which led into
+it from the Church Door, which was cover'd with a handsom Roof, before
+the late Civil War. Also reported to have built the Chapter-house, which
+being ruinous, is now demolish'd, and the decay'd Parts above and about
+it handsomly repair'd, or new built. The Arms of the _See_ impaling his
+own Coat, the Three _Fleur des Lys_, are yet visible upon the Wall by
+the Door. He lived in great Reputation, and died 1426, and is said to
+have been buried before S. _George's_ Altar.
+
+On the North-side of the Choir, between the two Arches, next to Queen
+_Elizabeth's_ Seat, were buried Sir THOMAS ERPINGHAM, and his Wives the
+Lady JOAN, _etc._ whose Pictures were in the Painted-Glass Windows, next
+unto this Place, with the Arms of the _Erpingham's_. The Insides of both
+the Pillars were painted in red Colours, with divers Figures and
+Inscriptions, from the top almost to the bottom, which are now washed
+out by the late whiting of the Pillars. He was a Knight of the Garter in
+the Time of _Hen._ IV. and some Part of _Hen._ V. and I find his Name in
+the List of the Lord Wardens of the Cinque-Ports. He is said to have
+built the _Black Friars_ Church, or Steeple, or both, now called
+_New-Hall Steeple_. His Arms are often on the Steeple, which are an
+Escocheon within an _Orle of Martlets_, and also upon the out-side of
+the Gate, next the School-House. There was a long Brass Inscription
+about the Tomb-stone, which was torn away in the late Times, and the
+Name of _Erpingham_ only remaining. _Johannes Dominus de Erpingham
+Miles_, was buried in the Parish Church of _Erpingham_, as the
+Inscription still declareth.
+
+In the North Isle, near to the Door, leading towards _Jesus Chappel_,
+was buried Sir WILLIAM DENNY, Recorder of _Norwich_, and one of the
+Counsellors at Law to King _Charles_ I.
+
+In _Jesus Chappel_ stands a large Tomb (which is said to have been
+translated from our Ladies Chappel, when that grew ruinous, and was
+taken down) whereof the Brass Inscription about it is taken away; but
+old Mr. _Spendlow_, who was a Prebendary 50 Years, and Mr. _Sandlin_,
+used to say, that it was the Tombstone of the _Windham's_; and in all
+Probability, might have belonged to Sir _Thomas Windham_, one of King
+_Henry_ VIII.'s Counsellors, of his Guard, and Vice-Admiral; for I find
+that there hath been such an Inscription upon the Tomb of a _Windham_ in
+this Church.
+
+     _Orate pro a==a_ Thome Windham, _militis_, Elianore, _et Domine_
+     Elizabethe, _uxorum ejus, etc. qui quidem_ Thomas _fuit unus
+     consiliariorum_
+
+     _Regis_ Henrici VIII. _et unus militum pro corpore, ejusdem Domini,
+     nec non Vice-Admirallus_.
+
+And according to the Number of the Three Persons in the Inscription,
+there are Three Figures upon the Tomb.
+
+On the North Wall of _Jesus Chappel_ there is a legible Brass
+Inscription in Latin Verses; and at the last Line _Pater Noster_. This
+was the Monument of _Randulfus Pulvertoft custos caronelle_. Above the
+Inscription was his Coat of Arms, _viz. Six Ears of Wheat with a
+Border of Cinque-foils_; but now washed out, since the Wall was
+whiten'd.
+
+At the Entrance of St. _Luke's Chappel_, on the Left Hand, is an arched
+Monument, said to belong to one of the Family of the _Bosvile's_ or
+_Boswill_, sometime Prior of the Convent. At the East End of the
+Monument are the Arms of the Church (_the Cross_) and on the West End
+another (_three Bolt Arrows_,) which is supposed to be his Paternal
+Coat. The same Coat is to be seen in the sixth Escocheon of the
+South-side, under the Belfry. Some Inscriptions upon this Monument were
+washed out when the Church was lately whiten'd; as among the rest, _O
+morieris! O morieris! O morieris!_ The _three Bolts_ are the known Arms
+of the _Bosomes_, an ancient Family in _Norfolk_; but whether of the
+_Bosviles_, or no, I am uncertain.
+
+Next unto it is the Monument of RICHARD BROME, Esq. whose Arms thereon
+are _Ermyns_; and for the Crest, _a Bunch or Branch of Broom with Golden
+Flowers_. This might be _Richard Brome_, Esq. whose Daughter married the
+Heir of the _Yaxley's of Yaxley_, in the Time of _Henry_ VII. And one of
+the same Name founded a Chappel in the Field in _Norwich_.
+
+There are also in St. _Luke's Chappel_, amongst the Seats on the
+South-side, two substantial Marble and cross'd Tombs, very ancient, said
+to be two Priors of this Convent.
+
+At the Entrance into the Cloister, by the upper Door on the Right Hand,
+next the Stairs, was a handsom Monument on the Wall, which was pulled
+down in the late Times, and a Void Place still remaineth. Upon this
+Stone were the Figures of two Persons in a praying Posture, on their
+Knees. I was told by Mr. _Sandlin_, that it was said to be the Monument
+for one of the _Bigots_, who built or beautified that Arch by it, which
+leadeth into the Church.
+
+In the Choir towards the high Altar, and below the Ascents, there is an
+old Tomb, which hath been generally said to have been the Monument of
+Bishop WILLIAM HERBERT, Founder of the Church, and commonly known by the
+Name of the Founder's Tomb. This was above an Ell high; but when the
+Pulpit, in the late Confusion, was placed at the Pillar, where Bishop
+_Overall's_ Monument now is, and the Aldermen's Seats were at the East
+End, and the Mayor's Seat in the middle at the high Altar, the height of
+the Tomb being a Hindrance unto the People, it was taken down to such a
+Lowness as it now remains in. He was born at _Oxford_, in good Favour
+with King _William Rufus_, and King _Henry_ I. removed the Episcopal
+_See_ from _Thetford_ to _Norwich_, built the Priory for 60 Monks, the
+Cathedral Church, the Bishop's Palace, the Church of S. _Leonard_, whose
+Ruins still remain upon the Brow of _Mushold-Hill_; the Church of S.
+_Nicolas_ at _Yarmouth_, of S. _Margaret_ at _Lynn_, of S. _Mary_ at
+_Elmham_, and instituted the _Cluniack_ Monks at _Thetford_. _Malmsbury_
+saith he was, _Vir pecuniosus_, which his great Works declare, and had
+always this good Saying of S. _Hierom_ in his Mouth, _Erravimus juvenes,
+emendemus senes_.
+
+Many Bishops of old might be buried about, or not far from the Founder,
+as _William Turbus_, a _Norman_, the third Bishop of _Norwich_, and
+_John_ of _Oxford_ the fourth, accounted among the learned Men of his
+Time, who built _Trinity_ Church in _Ipswich_, and died in the Reign of
+King _John_; and it is deliver'd, that these two Bishops were buried
+near to Bishop _Herbert_, the Founder.
+
+In the same Row, or not far off, was buried Bishop HENRY _le_ SPENCER,
+as lost Brass Inscriptions have declar'd. And Mr. _Sandlin_ told me,
+that he had seen an Inscription on a Gravestone thereabouts, with the
+Name of _Henricus de_, or _le Spencer_: He came young unto the _See_,
+and sat longer in it than any before or after him: But his Time might
+have been shorter, if he had not escaped in the Fray at _Lennam_, (a
+Town of which he was Lord) where forcing the Magistrate's Tipstaff to be
+carried before him, the People with Staves, Stones, and Arrows, wounded,
+and put his Servants to Flight. He was also wounded, and left alone, as
+_John Fox_ hath set it down out of the Chronicle of S. _Albans_.
+
+In the same Row, of late Times, was buried Bishop RICHARD MONTAGUE, as
+the Inscription, _Depositum Montacutii Episcopi_, doth declare.
+
+For his eminent Knowledge in the _Greek_ Language, he was much
+countenanc'd by Sir _Henry Savile_, Provost of _Eaton_ College, and
+settled in a Fellowship thereof: Afterwards made Bishop of
+_Chichester_; thence translated unto _Norwich_, where he lived about
+three Years. He came unto _Norwich_ with the evil Effects of a quartan
+Ague, which he had about a Year before, and which accompany'd him to his
+Grave; yet he studied, and writ very much, had an excellent Library of
+Books, and Heaps of Papers, fairly written with his own Hand, concerning
+the Ecclesiastical History. His Books were sent to _London_; and, as it
+was said, his Papers against _Baronius_, and others transmitted to
+_Rome_; from whence they were never return'd.
+
+On the other Side was buried Bishop JOHN OVERALL, Fellow of _Trinity_
+College in _Cambridge_, Master of _Katherine_ Hall, _Regius_ Professor,
+and Dean of St. _Pauls_; and had the Honour to be nominated one of the
+first Governours of _Sutton_ Hospital, by the Founder himself, a Person
+highly reverenc'd and belov'd; who being buried without any Inscription,
+had a Monument lately erected for him by Dr. _Cosin_, Lord Bishop of
+_Durham_, upon the next Pillar.
+
+Under the large Sandy-colour'd Stone was buried Bishop RICHARD CORBET, a
+Person of singular Wit, and an eloquent Preacher, who lived Bishop of
+this _See_ but three Years, being before Dean of _Christ_ Church, then
+Bishop of _Oxford_. The Inscription is as follows:
+
+          Richardus Corbet _Theologiae Doctor,
+          Ecclesiae Cathedralis Christi Oxoniensis
+          Primum alumnus inde Decanus, exinde
+          Episcopus, illinc huc translatus, et
+          Hinc in coelum_, Jul. 28. _Ann._ 1635.
+
+The Arms on it, are the _See_ of _Norwich_, impaling, _Or a Raven sab._
+Corbet.
+
+Towards the upper End of the Choir, and on the South-side, under a fair
+large Stone, was interred Sir WILLIAM BOLEYN, or BULLEN, Great
+Grandfather to Queen _Elizabeth_. The Inscription hath been long lost,
+which was this:
+
+          _Hic jacet corpus_ Willelmi Boleyn, _militis,
+          Qui obiit_ x _Octobris, Ann. Dom._ MCCCCCV.
+
+And I find in a good Manuscript of the Ancient Gentry of _Norfolk_ and
+_Suffolk_ these Words. _Sir_ William Boleyn, _Heir unto Sir_ Tho.
+Boleyn, _who married_ Margaret, _Daughter and Heir of_ Tho. Butler,
+_Earl of_ Ormond, _died in the Year_ 1505, _and was buried on the
+South-side of the Chancel of Christ Church in_ Norwich. And surely the
+Arms of few Families have been more often found in any Church, than
+those of the _Boleyn's_, on the Walls, and in the Windows of the East
+Part of this Church. Many others of this noble Family were buried in
+_Bleckling_ Church.
+
+Many other Bishops might be buried in this Church, as we find it so
+asserted by some Historical Accounts; but no History or Tradition
+remaining of the Place of their Interment, in vain we endeavour to
+design and point out the same.
+
+As of Bishop JOHANNES _de_ GRAY, who, as it is delivered, was interr'd
+in this Church, was a Favourite of King _John_, and sent by him to the
+Pope: He was also Lord Deputy of _Ireland_, and a Person of great
+Reputation, and built _Gaywood Hall_ by _Lynn_.
+
+As also of Bishop ROGER SKEREWYNG, in whose Time happened that bloody
+Contention between the Monks and Citizens, begun at a Fair kept before
+the Gate, when the Church was fir'd: To compose which King _Henry_ III.
+came to _Norwich_, and _William de Brunham_, Prior, was much to blame.
+See _Holingshead, etc._
+
+Or, of Bishop WILLIAM MIDDLETON, who succeeded him, and was buried in
+this Church; in whose Time the Church that was burnt while _Skerewyng_
+sat was repair'd and consecrated, in the Presence of King _Edward_ I.
+
+Or, of Bishop JOHN SALMON, sometime Lord Chancellor of _England_, who
+died 1325, and was here interr'd, his Works were noble. He built the
+great Hall in the Bishop's Palace; the Bishop's long Chappel on the
+East-side of the Palace, which was no ordinary Fabrick; and a strong
+handsom Chappel at the West End of the Church, and appointed four
+Priests for the daily Service therein: Unto which great Works he was the
+better enabled, by obtaining a Grant of the first Fruits from Pope
+_Clement_.
+
+Or, of Bishop THOMAS PERCY, Brother to the Earl of _Northumberland_, in
+the reign of _Richard_ II. who gave unto a Chantry the Lands about
+_Carlton_, _Kimberly_, and _Wicklewood_; in whose Time the Steeple and
+Belfry were blown down, and rebuilt by him, and a Contribution from the
+Clergy.
+
+Or, of Bishop ANTHONY _de_ BECK, a Person of an unquiet Spirit, very
+much hated, and poison'd by his Servants.
+
+Or likewise, of Bishop THOMAS BROWNE, who being Bishop of _Rochester_,
+was chosen Bishop of _Norwich_, while he was at the Council of _Basil_,
+in the reign of King _Henry_ VI. was a strenuous Assertor of the Rights
+of the Church against the Citizens.
+
+Or, of Bishop WILLIAM RUGGE, in whose last Year happen'd _Kett's_
+Rebellion, in the Reign of _Edward_ VI. I find his Name, _Guil.
+Norwicensis_, among the Bishops, who subscribed unto a Declaration
+against the Pope's Supremacy, in the Time of _Henry_ VIII.
+
+Or, of Bishop JOHN HOPTON, who was Bishop in the Time of Queen _Mary_,
+and died the same Year with her. He is often mentioned, together with
+his Chancellor _Dunning_, by _John Fox_ in his Martyrology.
+
+Or lastly, of Bishop WILLIAM REDMAN, of _Trinity College_ in
+_Cambridge_, who was Archdeacon of _Canterbury_. His Arms are upon a
+Board on the North-side of the Choir, near to the Pulpit.
+
+Of the four Bishops in Queen _Elizabeth's_ Reign, _Parkhurst_, _Freake_,
+_Scamler_ and _Redman_, Sir _John Harrington_, in his _History of the
+Bishops_ in her Time, writeth thus; _For the four Bishops in the Queen's
+Days, they liv'd as Bishops should do, and were not Warriours like
+Bishop_ Spencer, _their Predecessor_.
+
+Some Bishops were buried neither in the Body of the Church, nor in the
+Choir; but in our Ladies Chappel, at the East End of the Church, built
+by Bishop WALTER _de_ SUTHFEILD, (in the Reign of _Henry_ III.) wherein
+he was buried, and Miracles said to be wrought at his Tomb, he being a
+Person of great Charity and Piety.
+
+Wherein also was buried Bishop SIMON _de_ WANTON, _vel_ WALTON, and
+Bishop _Alexander_, who had been Prior of the Convent; and also, as some
+think, Bishop _Roger Skerewyng_, and probably other Bishops, and Persons
+of Quality, whose Tombs and Monuments we now in vain enquire after in
+the Church.
+
+This was a handsom Chappel; and there was a fair Entrance into it out of
+the Church, of a considerable Height also, as may be seen by the
+out-side, where it adjoined unto the Wall of the Church. But being
+ruinous, it was, as I have heard, demolished in the Time of Dean
+_Gardiner_: But what became of the Tombs, Monuments, and Grave-stones,
+we have no Account: In this Chappel, the Bishop's Consistory, or Court,
+might be kept in old Time, for we find in _Fox's Martyrology_, that
+divers Persons accused of Heresy were examined by the Bishop, or his
+Chancellor, in St. _Mary's_ Chappel. This famous Bishop, _Walter de
+Suthfeild_, who built this Chappel, is also said to have built the
+Hospital not far off.
+
+Again, divers Bishops sat in this _See_, who left not their Bones in
+this Church; for some died not here, but at distant Places; some were
+translated to other Bishopricks; and some, tho' they lived and died
+here, were not buried in this Church.
+
+Some died at distant Places; as Bishop Richard Courtney, Chancellor of
+_Oxford_, and in great Favour with King _Henry_ V. by whom he was sent
+unto the King of _France_, to challenge his Right unto that Crown; but
+he dying in _France_, his Body was brought into _England_, and interr'd
+in _Westminster-Abbey_ among the Kings.
+
+Bishop WILLIAM BATEMAN, LL.D. born in _Norwich_, who founded
+_Trinity-Hall_, in _Cambridge_, and persuaded _Gonvil_ to build
+_Gonvil-College_, died at _Avignon_ in _France_, being sent by the King
+to _Rome_, and was buried in that City.
+
+Bishop WILLIAM AYERMIN died near _London_.
+
+Bishop THOMAS THIRLBY, Doctor of Law, died in Archbishop _Matthew
+Parker's_ House, and was buried at _Lambeth_, with this inscription:
+
+          [_Hic jacet_ Thomas Thirlby, _olim Episcopus Eliensis,
+              qui obiit 26 die Augusti, Anno Domini, 1570_.]
+
+Bishop THOMAS JANN, who was Prior of _Ely_, died at _Folkston-Abbey_,
+near _Dover_ in _Kent_.
+
+Some were translated unto other Bishopricks; as Bishop WILLIAM RALEGH
+was remov'd unto _Winchester_, by King _Henry_ III.
+
+Bishop RALPH _de_ WALPOLE was translated to _Ely_, in the time of
+_Edward_ I. He is said to have begun the building of the Cloister, which
+is esteemed the fairest in _England_.
+
+Bishop WILLIAM ALNWICK built the Church Gates at the West End of the
+Church, and the great Window, and was translated to _Lincoln_, in the
+Reign of _Henry_ VI.
+
+And of later time, Bishop EDMUND FREAKE, who succeeded Bishop
+_Parkhurst_, was removed unto _Worcester_, and there lieth entomb'd.
+
+Bishop SAMUEL HARSNET, Master of _Pembroke-Hall_, in _Cambridge_, and
+Bishop of _Chichester_, was thence translated to _York_.
+
+Bishop FRANCIS WHITE, Almoner unto the King, formerly Bishop of
+_Carlisle_, translated unto _Ely_.
+
+Bishop MATTHEW WREN, Dean of the Chappel, translated also to _Ely_, and
+was not buried here.
+
+Bishop JOHN JEGON, who died 1617, was buried at _Aylesham_, near
+_Norwich_. He was Master of _Bennet College_, and Dean of _Norwich_,
+whose Arms, _Two Chevrons with an Eagle on a Canton_, are yet to be seen
+on the West Side of the Bishop's Throne.
+
+My honour'd Friend Bishop JOSEPH HALL, Dean of _Worcester_, and Bishop
+of _Exon_, translated to _Norwich_, was buried at _Heigham_, near
+_Norwich_, where he hath a Monument. When the Revenues of the Church
+were alienated, he retired unto that Suburbian Parish, and there ended
+his Days, being above 80 Years of Age. A Person of singular Humility,
+Patience, and Piety; his own Works are the best Monument and Character
+of himself, which was also very lively drawn in his excellent Funeral
+Sermon, preach'd by my learned and faithful old Friend, _John
+Whitefoot_, Rector of _Heigham_, a very deserving Clerk of the
+Convocation of _Norwich_. His Arms in the Register Office of _Norwich_
+are, _Sable three Talbots Heads erased Argent_.
+
+My honour'd Friend also, Bishop EDWARD REYNOLDS, was not buried in the
+Church but in the Bishop's Chappel; which was built by himself. He was
+born at _Southampton_, brought up at _Merton Colledge_ in _Oxford_, and
+the first Bishop of _Norwich_ after the King's Restauration: A Person
+much of the Temper of his Predecessor, Dr. _Joseph Hall_, of singular
+Affability, Meekness and Humility; of great Learning; a frequent
+Preacher, and constant Resident: He sat in this _See_ about 17 Years;
+and though buried in his private Chappel, yet his Funeral Sermon was
+preached in the Cathedral, by Mr. _Benedict Rively_, now Minister of S.
+_Andrews_: He was succeeded by Dr. _Anthony Sparrow_, our worthy and
+honoured Diocesan.
+
+It is thought that some Bishops were buried in the old Bishops Chappel,
+said to be built by Bishop _John Salmon_ [demolish'd in the Time of the
+late War] for therein were many Gravestones, and some plain Monuments.
+This old Chappel was higher, broader, and much larger than the said new
+Chappel built by Bishop _Reynolds_; but being covered with Lead, the
+Lead was sold, and taken away in the late rebellious Times; and the
+Fabrick growing ruinous and useless, it was taken down, and some of the
+Stones partly made use of in the building of the new Chappel.
+
+Now, whereas there have been so many noble and ancient Families in these
+Parts, yet we find not more of them to have been buried in this the
+Mother Church. It may be consider'd, that no small numbers of them were
+interred in the Churches and Chappels of the Monasteries and religious
+Houses of this City, especially in three thereof; the _Austin-Fryars_,
+the _Black-Fryars_, the _Carmelite,_ or _White Fryars_; for therein were
+buried many Persons of both Sexes, of great and good Families, whereof
+there are few or no Memorials in the Cathedral. And in the best
+preserved Registers of such Interments of old, from Monuments and
+Inscriptions, we find the Names of Men and Women of many ancient
+Families; as of _Ufford_, _Hastings_, _Radcliffe_, _Morley_, _Windham_,
+_Geney_, _Clifton_, _Pigot_, _Hengrave_, _Garney_, _Howell_, _Ferris_,
+_Bacon_, _Boys_, _Wichingham_, _Soterley_; of _Falstolph_, _Ingham_,
+_Felbrigge_, _Talbot_, _Harsick_, _Pagrave_, _Berney_, _Woodhowse_,
+_Howldich_; of _Argenton_, _Somerton_, _Gros_, _Benhall_, _Banyard_,
+_Paston_, _Crunthorpe_, _Withe_, _Colet_, _Gerbrigge_, _Berry_,
+_Calthorpe_, _Everard_, _Hetherset_, _Wachesham_: All Lords, Knights,
+and Esquires, with divers others. Beside the great and noble Families of
+the _Bigots_, _Mowbrays_, _Howards_, were the most part interr'd at
+_Thetford_, in the Religious Houses of which they were Founders, or
+Benefactors. The _Mortimers_ were buried at _Attleburgh_; the _Aubeneys_
+at _Windham_, in the Priory or Abbey founded by them. And _Camden_ says,
+_That a great part of the Nobility and Gentry of those Parts were buried
+at Pentney_ Abbey: Many others were buried dispersedly in Churches, or
+Religious Houses, founded or endowed by themselves; and therefore it is
+the less to be wonder'd at, that so many great and considerable Persons
+of this Country were not interr'd in this Church.
+
+There are Twenty-four Escocheons, _viz._ six on a Side on the inside of
+the Steeple over the Choir, with several Coats of Arms, most whereof are
+Memorials of Things, Persons, and Families, Well-wishers, Patrons,
+Benefactors, or such as were in special Veneration, Honour, and Respect,
+from the Church. As particularly the Arms of _England_, of _Edward_ the
+Confessor; an Hieroglyphical Escocheon of the Trinity, unto which this
+Church was dedicated. _Three Cups within a Wreath of Thorns_, the Arms
+of _Ely_, the Arms of the _See_ of _Canterbury_, quartered with the Coat
+of the famous and magnified _John Morton_, Archbishop of _Canterbury_,
+who was Bishop of _Ely_ before; of Bishop _James Goldwell_, that
+honoured Bishop of _Norwich_. _The three Lions of_ England, S.
+_George's_ Cross, the Arms of the Church impaled with Prior _Bosviles_
+Coat, the Arms of the Church impaled with the private Coats of three
+Priors, the Arms of the City of _Norwich_.
+
+There are here likewise the Coats of some great and worthy Families; as
+of _Vere_, _Stanley_, _De la Pole_, _Wingfield_, _Heyden_, _Townshend_,
+_Bedingfield_, _Bruce_, _Clere_; which being little taken notice of, and
+Time being still like to obscure, and make them past Knowledge, I would
+not omit to have a Draught thereof set down, which I keep by me.
+
+There are also many Coats of Arms on the Walls, and in the Windows of
+the East End of the Church; but none so often as those of the _Boleyns_,
+_viz._ in a Field _Arg. a Chev. Gul. between three Bulls Heads couped
+sab. armed or_; whereof some are quartered with the Arms of noble
+Families. As also about the Church, the Arms of _Hastings_, _De la
+Pole_, _Heyden_, _Stapleton_, _Windham_, _Wichingham_, _Clifton_,
+_Heveningham_, _Bokenham_, _Inglos_.
+
+In the North Window of _Jesus_ Chappel are the Arms of _Radcliff_ and
+_Cecil_; and in the East Window of the same Chappel the Coats of
+_Branch_, and of _Beale_.
+
+There are several Escocheon Boards fastened to the upper Seats of the
+Choir: Upon the three lowest on the South-side are the Arms of Bishop
+_Jegon_, of the _Pastons_, and of the _Hobarts_; and in one above the
+Arms of the _Howards_. On the Board on the North-side are the Arms of
+Bishop _Redmayn_; and of the _Howards_.
+
+Upon the outside of the Gate, next to the School, are the Escocheons and
+Arms of _Erpingham_, being an Escocheon within an _Orle of Martlets_;
+impaled with the Coats of _Clopton_ and _Bavent_, or such Families who
+married with the _Erpinghams_ who built the Gates. The Word, _Poena_,
+often upon the Gates, shews it to have been built upon Pennance.
+
+At the West End of the Church are chiefly observable the Figure of King
+_William Rufus_, or King _Henry_ I. and a Bishop on his Knees receiving
+the Charter from him: Or else of King _Henry_ VI. in whose Reign this
+Gate and fair Window was built. Also the maimed Statues of Bishops,
+whose Copes are garnished and charged with a Cross _Moline_: And at
+their Feet, Escocheons, with the Arms of the Church; and also Escocheons
+with Crosses _Molines_. That these, or some of them, were the Statues of
+Bishop _William Alnwyck_, seems more than probable; for he built the
+three Gates, and the great Window at the West End of the Church; and
+where the Arms of the _See_ are in a Roundele, are these Words,--_Orate
+pro anima Domini Willelmi Alnwyk_.--Also in another Escocheon, charged
+with Cross _Molines_, there is the same Motto round about it.
+
+Upon the wooden Door on the outside, there are also the _Three Miters_,
+which are the Arms of the _See_ upon one Leaf, and a Cross _Moline_ on
+the other.
+
+Upon the outside of the End of the North Cross Isle, there is a Statue
+of an old Person; which, being formerly covered and obscured by Plaister
+and Mortar over it, was discovered upon the late Reparation, or
+whitening of that End of the Isle. This may probably be the Statue of
+Bishop _Richard Nicks_, or the blind Bishop; for he built the Isle, or
+that Part thereof; and also the Roof, where his Arms are to be seen, _A
+Chevron_ between _three Leopards Heads Gules_.
+
+The Roof of the Church is noble, and adorn'd with Figures. In the Roof
+of the Body of the Church there are no Coats of Arms, but
+Representations from Scripture Story, as the Story of _Pharaoh_; of
+_Sampson_ towards the East End. Figures of the last Supper, and of our
+Saviour on the Cross, towards the West End; besides others of Foliage,
+and the like ornamental Figures.
+
+The North Wall of the Cloister was handsomly beautified, with the Arms
+of some of the Nobility in their proper Colours, with their Crests,
+_Mantlings_, _Supporters_, and the whole Atchivement quartered with the
+several Coats of their Matches, drawn very large from the upper Part of
+the Wall, and took up about half of the Wall. They are Eleven in Number;
+particularly these. 1. An empty Escocheon. 2. The Atchievement of
+_Howard_, Duke of _Norfolk_. 3. Of _Clinton_. 4. _Russel._ 5. _Cheyney._
+6. The Queen's Atchievement. 7. _Hastings._ 8. _Dudley._ 9. _Cecill._
+10. _Carey._ 11. _Hatton._
+
+They were made soon after Queen _Elizabeth_ came to _Norwich_, _Ann.
+1578_, where she remained a Week, and lodged at the Bishop's Palace in
+the Time of Bishop _Freake_, attended by many of the Nobility; and
+particularly by those, whose Arms are here set down.
+
+They made a very handsome Show, especially at that Time, when the
+Cloister Windows were painted unto the Cross-Bars. The Figures of those
+Coats, in their distinguishable and discernable Colours, are not beyond
+my Remembrance. But in the late Times, when the Lead was faulty, and the
+Stone-work decayed, the Rain falling upon the Wall, washed them away.
+
+The Pavement also of the Cloister on the same Side was broken, and the
+Stones taken away, a Floor of Dust remaining: But that Side is now
+handsomly paved by the Beneficence of my worthy Friend _William
+Burleigh_, Esq.
+
+At the Stone Cistern in the Cloister, there yet perceivable _a Lyon
+Rampant, Argent, in a field Sable_, which Coat is now quartered in the
+Arms of the _Howards_.
+
+In the Painted Glass in the Cloister, which hath been above the
+Cross-Bars, there are several Coats. And I find by an Account taken
+thereof, and set down in their proper Colours, that here were these
+following, _viz._ the Arms of _Morley_, _Shelton_, _Scales_,
+_Erpingham_, _Gournay_, _Mowbray_, _Savage_, now _Rivers_, three Coats
+of _Thorpe's_, and one of _a Lyon Rampant, Gules in a Field Or_, not
+well known to what Family it belongeth.
+
+Between the lately demolish'd Chapter-House and S. _Luke's_ Chappel,
+there is an handsom Chappel, wherein the Consistory, or Bishop's Court
+is kept, with a noble Gilded Roof. This goeth under no Name, but may
+well be call'd _Beauchampe's_ Chappel, or the Chappel of our _Lady_ and
+_All-Saints_, as being built by _William Beauchampe_, according to this
+Inscription. _In honore Beate Marie Virginis, et omnium sanctorum_
+Willelmus Beauchampe _capellam hanc ordinavit, et ex propriis sumptibus
+construxit_. This Inscription is in old Letters on the outside of the
+Wall, at the South-side of the Chappel, and almost obliterated; He was
+buried under an Arch in the Wall, which was richly gilded; and some part
+of the Gilding is yet to be perceived, tho' obscured and blinded by the
+Bench on the inside. I have heard there is a Vault below gilded like the
+Roof of the Chappel. The Founder of this Chappel, _William Beauchampe_,
+or _de Bello Campo_, might be one of the _Beauchampe's_, who were Lords
+of _Abergevenny_; for _William_ Lord _Abergevenny_ had Lands and Mannors
+in this Country. And in the Register of Institutions it is to be seen,
+that _William Beauchampe_, Lord of _Abergevenny_ was Lord Patron of
+_Berg cum Apton_, five Miles distant from _Norwich_, and presented
+Clerks to that Living, 1406, and afterward: So that, if he lived a few
+Years after, he might be buried in the latter End of _Henry_ IV. or in
+the Reign of _Henry_ V. or in the Beginning of _Henry_ VI. Where to find
+_Heydon's_ Chappel is more obscure, if not altogether unknown; for such
+a Place there was, and known by the Name of _Heydon's_ Chappel, as I
+find in a Manuscript concerning some ancient Families of _Norfolk_, in
+these Words, _John Heydon of Baconsthorpe, Esq.; died in the Reign of_
+Edward IV. _Ann. 1479. He built a Chappel on the South side of the
+Cathedral Church of_ Norwich, _where he was buried. He was in great
+Favour with King_ Henry VI. _and took part with the House of_ Lancaster
+_against that of_ York.
+
+HEN. HEYDON, Kt. his Heir, built the Church of _Salthouse_, and made the
+Causey between _Thursford_ and _Walsingham_ at his own Charge: He died
+in the Time of _Henry_ VII. and was buried in _Heydon's_ Chappel,
+joining to the Cathedral aforesaid. The Arms of the _Heydon's_ are
+Quarterly _Argent_, and _Gules a Cross engrailed counter-changed_, make
+the third Escocheon in the North-Row over the Choir, and are in several
+Places in the Glass-Windows, especially on the South-side, and once in
+the Deanry.
+
+There was a Chappel to the South-side of the Goal, or Prison, into which
+there is one Door out of the Entry of the Cloister; and there was
+another out of the Cloister itself, which is now made up of Brickwork:
+The Stone-work which remaineth on the inside is strong and handsom. This
+seems to have been a much frequented Chappel of the Priory by the
+wearing of the Steppings unto it, which are on the Cloister Side.
+
+Many other Chappels there were within the Walls and Circuit of the
+Priory; as of S. _Mary_ of the _Marsh_; of S. _Ethelbert_, and others.
+But a strong and handsom Fabrick of one is still remaining, which is the
+Chappel of St. _John_ the Evangelist, said to have been founded by
+Bishop _John Salmon_, who died _Ann._ 1325, and four Priests were
+entertained for the daily Service therein: That which was properly the
+Chappel, is now the Free-School: The adjoining Buildings made up the
+Refectory, Chambers, and Offices of the Society.
+
+Under the Chappel, there was a Charnell-House, which was a remarkable
+one in former Times, and the Name is still retained. In an old
+Manuscript of a Sacrist of the Church, communicated to me by my worthy
+Friend Mr. _John Burton_, the Learned, and very deserving Master of the
+Free-School, I find that the Priests had a Provisional Allowance from
+the Rectory of _Westhall_ in _Suffolk_. And of the Charnell-House it is
+delivered, that with the Leave of the Sacrist, the Bones of such as were
+buried in _Norwich_ might be brought into it. _In carnario subtus dictam
+capellam sancti Johannis constituto, ossa humana in civitate_ Norwici
+_humata, de licentia sacristae, qui dicti carnarii clavem et custodiam
+habebit specialem utusque ad resurrectionem generalem honeste
+conserventur a carnibus integre demulata reponi volumus et obsignari._
+Probably the Bones were piled in good Order, the Sculls, Arms, and
+Leg-Bones, in their distinct Rows and Courses, as in many
+Charnell-Houses. How these Bones were afterwards disposed of, we have no
+Account; or whether they had not the like Removal with those in the
+Charnell-House of S. _Paul_ kept under a Chappel on the North-side of S.
+_Paul's_ Church-yard: For when the Chappel was demolish'd, the Bones
+which lay in the Vault, amounting to more than a Thousand Cart-Loads,
+were conveyed into _Finnesbury_ Fields, and there laid in a moorish
+Place, with so much Soil to cover them, as raised the Ground for three
+Wind-mills to stand on, which have since been built there, according as
+_John Stow_ hath delivered, in his Survey of _London_.
+
+There was formerly a fair and large, but plain Organ in the Church, and
+in the same Place with this at present. (It was agreed in a Chapter by
+the Dean and Prebends, that a new Organ be made, and Timber fitted to
+make a Loft for it, _June 6. Ann. 1607_. repaired 1626. and 10_l._ which
+_Abel Colls_ gave to the Church, was bestowed upon it.) That in the late
+tumultuous Time was pulled down, broken, sold, and made away. But since
+his Majesty's Restauration, another fair, well-tuned, plain Organ, was
+set up by Dean _Crofts_ and the Chapter, and afterwards painted, and
+beautifully adorned, by the Care and Cost of my honoured Friend Dr.
+_Herbert Astley_, the present worthy Dean. There were also five or six
+Copes belonging to the Church; which, tho' they look'd somewhat old,
+were richly embroider'd. These were formerly carried into the
+Market-Place; some blowing the Organ-pipes before them, and were cast
+into a Fire provided for that purpose, with shouting and rejoicing: So
+that, at present, there is but one Cope belonging to the Church, which
+was presented thereunto by _Philip Harbord_, Esq. the present High
+Sheriff of _Norfolk_, my honoured Friend.
+
+Before the late Times, the Combination Sermons were preached in the
+Summer Time at the Cross in the Green-Yard, where there was a good
+Accommodation for the Auditors. The Mayor, Aldermen, with their Wives
+and Officers, had a well-contriv'd Place built against the Wall of the
+Bishop's Palace, cover'd with Lead; so that they were not offended by
+Rain. Upon the North-side of the Church, Places were built Gallery-wise,
+one above another; where the Dean, Prebends, and their Wives, Gentlemen,
+and the better Sort, very well heard the Sermon: The rest either stood,
+or sat in the Green, upon long Forms provided for them, paying a Penny,
+or Halfpenny apiece, as they did at S. _Paul's_ Cross in _London_. The
+Bishop and Chancellor heard the Sermons at the Windows of the Bishop's
+Palace: The Pulpit had a large Covering of Lead over it, and a Cross
+upon it; and there were eight or ten Stairs of Stone about it, upon
+which the Hospital-Boys and others stood. The Preacher had his Face to
+the South, and there was a painted Board, of a Foot and a half broad,
+and about a Yard and a half long, hanging over his Head before, upon
+which were painted the Arms of the Benefactors towards the Combination
+Sermon, which he particularly commemorated in his Prayer, and they were
+these; Sir _John Suckling_, Sir _John Pettus_, _Edward Nuttel_, _Henry
+Fasset_, _John Myngay_. But when the Church was sequester'd, and the
+Service put down, this Pulpit was taken down, and placed in _New-Hall_
+Green, which had been the Artillery-Yard, and the Public Sermon was
+there preached. But the Heirs of the Benefactors denying to pay the
+wonted Beneficence for any Sermon out of _Christ_-Church, (the Cathedral
+being now commonly so call'd) some other Ways were found to provide a
+Minister, at a yearly Sallary, to preach every Sunday, either in that
+Pulpit in the Summer, or elsewhere in the Winter.
+
+I must not omit to say something of the Shaft, or Spire of this Church,
+commonly called the Pinacle, as being a handsom and well proportioned
+Fabrick, and one of the highest in _England_, higher than the noted
+Spires of _Litchfield_, _Chichester_, or _Grantham_, but lower than that
+at _Salisbury_, [at a general Chapter, holden _June 4. 1633_, it was
+agreed that the Steeple should be mended] for that Spire being raised
+upon a very high Tower, becomes higher from the Ground; but this Spire,
+considered by itself, seems, at least, to equal that. It is an Hundred
+and five Yards and two Foot from the Top of the Pinacle unto the
+Pavement of the Choir under it. The Spire is very strongly built, tho'
+the Inside be of Brick. The upper Aperture, or Window, is the highest
+Ascent inwardly; out of which, sometimes a long Streamer hath been
+hanged, upon the Guild, or Mayor's Day. But at His Majesty's
+Restauration, when the Top was to be mended, and a new gilded
+Weather-Cock was to be placed upon it, there were Stayings made at the
+upper Window, and divers Persons went up to the Top of the Pinacle. They
+first went up into the Belfry, and then by eight Ladders, on the Inside
+of the Spire, till they came to the upper Hole, or Window; then went out
+unto the Outside, where a Staying was set, and so ascended up unto the
+Top-Stone, on which the Weather-Cock standeth.
+
+The Cock is three quarters of a Yard high, and one Yard and two Inches
+long; as is also the Cross-Bar, and Top-Stone of the Spire, which is not
+flat, but consists of a half Globe, and Channel about it; and from
+thence are eight Leaves of Stone spreading outward, under which begin
+the eight Rows of Crockets, which go down the Spire at five Foot
+distance.
+
+From the Top there is a Prospect all about the Country. _Mourshold-Hill_
+seems low, and flat Ground. The _Castle-Hill_, and high Buildings, do
+very much diminish. The River looks like a Ditch. The City, with the
+Streets, make a pleasant Show, like a Garden with several Walks in it.
+
+Tho' this Church, for its Spire, may compare, in a manner, with any in
+_England_, yet in its Tombs and Monuments it is exceeded by many.
+
+No Kings have honour'd the same with their Ashes, and but few with their
+Presence. And it is not without some Wonder, that _Norwich_ having been
+for a long Time so considerable a Place, so few Kings have visited it:
+Of which Number, among so many Monarchs since the Conquest, we find but
+Four, _viz._ King _Henry_ III. _Edward_ I. Queen _Elizabeth_, and our
+Gracious Sovereign now reigning; King _Charles_ II. of which I had
+particular Reason to take Notice.[321]
+
+  [321] Sir _Thomas_ being then Knighted.
+
+The Castle was taken by the Forces of King _William_ the Conqueror; but
+we find not, that he was here. King _Henry_ VII. by the Way of
+_Cambridge_, made a Pilgrimage unto _Walsingham_; but Records tell us
+not, that he was at _Norwich_. King _James_ I. came sometimes to
+_Thetford_ for his Hunting Recreation, but never vouchsafed to advance
+twenty Miles farther.
+
+Not long after the writing of these Papers, Dean _Herbert Astley_ died,
+a civil, generous, and public-minded Person, who had travell'd in
+_France_, _Italy_, and _Turkey_, and was interr'd near the Monument of
+Sir _James Hobart_: Unto whom succeeded my honoured Friend Dr. _John
+Sharpe_, a Prebend of this Church, and Rector of St. _Giles's_ in the
+Fields, _London_; a Person of singular Worth, and deserv'd Estimation,
+the Honour and Love of all Men; in the first Year of whose Deanery,
+1681, the Prebends were these:
+
+          Mr. _Joseph Loveland_, } { Dr. _William Smith_,
+          Dr. _Hezekiah Burton_, } { Mr. _Nathaniel Hodges_,
+          Dr. _William Hawkins_, } { Mr. _Humphrey Prideaux_.
+
+(But Dr. _Burton_ dying in that Year, Mr. _Richard Kidder_ succeeded,)
+worthy Persons, learned Men, and very good Preachers.
+
+
+_ADDENDA_
+
+I have by me the Picture of Chancellor SPENCER, drawn when he was Ninety
+Years old, as the Inscription doth declare, which was sent unto me from
+_Colney_.
+
+Tho' Bishop NIX sat long in the _See_ of _Norwich_, yet is not there
+much deliver'd of him: _Fox_ in his _Martyrology_ hath said something of
+him in the Story of THOMAS BILNEY, who was burnt in _Lollard's_ Pit
+without _Bishopgate_, in his Time.
+
+Bishop SPENCER lived in the Reign of RICHARD II. and HENRY IV. sat in
+the _See_ of _Norwich_ 37 Years: Of a Soldier made a Bishop, and
+sometimes exercising the Life of a Soldier in his Episcopacy; for he led
+an Army into _Flanders_ on the Behalf of Pope _Urban_ VI. in Opposition
+to _Clement_ the Anti-Pope; and also over-came the Rebellious Forces of
+_Litster_ the _Dyer_, in _Norfolk_, by _North-Walsham_, in the Reign of
+King RICHARD II.
+
+Those that would know the Names of the Citizens who were chief Actors in
+the Tumult in Bishop SKEREWYNG'S Time, may find 'em set down in the Bull
+of Pope _Gregory_ XI.
+
+Some Bishops, tho' they liv'd and died here, might not be buried in this
+Church, as some Bishops probably of old, more certainly of later Time.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERE CONCLUDES SIR Thomas Browne's _MS._
+
+
+
+
+                          MISCELLANIES
+
+               An Account of Island, alias Ice-land,
+                       In the Year 1662.
+
+
+Great Store of Drift-wood, or Float-wood, is every Year cast up on their
+Shores, brought down by the Northern Winds, which serveth them for
+Fewel, and other Uses, the greatest Part whereof is _Firr_.
+
+Of _Bears_ there are none in the Country, but sometimes they are brought
+down from the North upon Ice, while they follow _Seales_, and so are
+carried away. Two in this Manner came over, and landed in the North of
+_Island_ this last Year, 1662.
+
+No _Conies_, or _Hares_, but of _Foxes_ great Plenty, whose White Skins
+are much desired, and brought over into this Country.
+
+The last Winter, 1662, so cold, and lasting with us in _England_, was
+the mildest they have had for many Years in _Island_.
+
+Two new Eruptions with Slime and Smoak, were observed the last Year in
+some Mountains about Mount _Hecla_.[322]
+
+  [322] _A Burning Mountain in_ Island.
+
+Some hot Mineral Springs they have, and very effectual, but they make
+but rude Use thereof.
+
+The Rivers are large, swift, and rapid, but have many Falls, which
+render them less Commodious; they chiefly abound with _Salmons_.
+
+They sow no Corn, but receive it from Abroad.
+
+They have a kind of large _Lichen_, which dried, becometh hard and
+sticky, growing very plentifully in many Places; whereof they make use
+for Food, either in Decoction, or Powder, some whereof I have by me,
+different from any with us.
+
+In one Part of the Country, and not near the Sea, there is a large black
+Rock, which Polished, resembleth Touchstone, as I have seen in Pieces
+thereof, of various Figures.
+
+There is also a Rock, whereof I received one Fragment, which seems to
+make it one kind of _Pisolithes_, or rather _Orobites_, as made up of
+small Pebbles, in the Bigness and Shape of the Seeds of _Eruum_, or
+_Orobus_.
+
+They have some large Well-grained White Pebbles, and some kind of White
+_Cornelian_, or _Agath_ Pebbles, on the Shore, which Polish well. Old
+Sir _Edmund Bacon_, of these Parts, made Use thereof in his peculiar Art
+of Tinging and Colouring of Stones.
+
+For Shells found on the Sea-shore, such as have been brought unto me are
+but coarse, nor of many Kinds, as ordinary _Turbines_, _Chamas_,
+_Aspers_, _Laves_, _etc._
+
+I have received divers Kinds of Teeth, and Bones of Cetaceous Fishes,
+unto which they could assign no Name.
+
+An exceeding fine Russet Downe is sometimes brought unto us, which their
+great Number of Fowls afford, and sometimes store of Feathers,
+consisting of the Feathers of small Birds.
+
+Beside _Shocks_, and little Hairy _Dogs_, they bring another sort over,
+Headed like a _Fox_, which they say are bred betwixt _Dogs_ and _Foxes_;
+these are desired by the Shepherds of this Country.
+
+Green _Plovers_, which are Plentiful here in the Winter, are found to
+breed there in the beginning of Summer.
+
+Some _Sheep_ have been brought over, but of coarse Wooll, and some
+_Horses_ of mean Stature, but strong and Hardy: one whereof kept in the
+Pastures by _Yarmouth_, in the Summer, would often take the Sea,
+swimming a great Way, a Mile or Two, and return the same, when its
+Provision fail'd in the Ship wherein it was brought, for many Days fed
+upon Hoops and Cask; nor at the Land would, for many Months, be brought
+to feed upon Oats.
+
+These Accounts I received from a Native of _Island_, who comes Yearly
+into _England_; and by Reason of my long Acquaintance, and Directions I
+send unto some of his Friends against the _Elephantiasis_, (_Leprosie_,)
+constantly visits me before his Return; and is ready to perform for me
+what I shall desire in his Country; wherein, as in other Ways, I shall
+be very Ambitious to serve the Noble Society, whose most Honouring
+Servant I am,
+
+                                                        THOMAS BROWNE.
+_Norwich, Jan.
+  15, 1663._
+
+
+
+
+                    Concerning some Urnes found in
+                      Brampton-Field, in Norfolk,
+                              Ann. 1667.
+
+
+I thought I had taken Leave of URNES, when I had some Years past given a
+short Account of those found at _Walsingham_,[323] but a New Discovery
+being made, I readily obey your Commands in a brief Description thereof.
+
+  [323] _See_ Hydriotaphia, _Urne-Burial: or, A Discourse of the
+        Sepulchral Urnes lately found in_ Norfolk, _8vo._ Lond. _printed_
+        1658.
+
+In a large Arable Field, lying between _Buxton_ and _Brampton_, but
+belonging to _Brampton_, and not much more than a Furlong from _Oxnead
+Park_, divers _Urnes_ were found. A Part of the Field being designed to
+be inclosed, while the Workmen made several Ditches, they fell upon
+divers _Urnes_, but earnestly, and carelesly digging, they broke all
+they met with, and finding nothing but Ashes, or burnt Cinders, they
+scattered what they found. Upon Notice given unto me, I went unto the
+Place, and though I used all Care with the Workmen, yet they were broken
+in the taking out, but many, without doubt, are still remaining in that
+Ground.
+
+Of these Pots none were found above Three Quarters of a Yard in the
+Ground, whereby it appeareth, that in all this Time the Earth hath
+little varied its Surface, though this Ground hath been Plowed to the
+utmost Memory of Man. Whereby it may be also conjectured, that this hath
+not been a _Wood-Land_, as some conceive all this Part to have been; for
+in such Lands they usually made no common Burying-places, except for
+some special Persons in Graves, and likewise that there hath been an
+Ancient Habitation about these Parts; for at _Buxton_ also, not a Mile
+off, _Urnes_ have been found in my Memory, but in their Magnitude,
+Figure, Colour, Posture, _etc._ there was no small Variety, some were
+large and capacious, able to contain above Two Gallons, some of a
+middle, others of a smaller Size; the great ones probably belonging to
+greater Persons, or might be Family _Urnes_, fit to receive the Ashes
+successively of their Kindred and Relations, and therefore of these,
+some had Coverings of the same Matter, either fitted to them, or a thin
+flat Stone, like a Grave Slate, laid over them; and therefore also great
+Ones were but thinly found, but others in good Number; some were of
+large wide Mouths, and Bellies proportionable, with short Necks, and
+bottoms of Three Inches _Diameter_, and near an Inch thick; some small,
+with Necks like Juggs, and about that Bigness; the Mouths of some few
+were not round, but after the Figure of a Circle compressed; though
+some had small, yet none had pointed Bottoms, according to the Figures
+of those which are to be seen in _Roma Soteranea_, _Viginerus_, or
+_Mascardus_.
+
+In the Colours also there was great Variety, some were Whitish, some
+Blackish, and inclining to a Blue, others Yellowish, or dark Red,
+arguing the Variety of their Materials. Some Fragments, and especially
+Bottoms of Vessels, which seem'd to be handsome neat Pans, were also
+found of a fine _Coral_-like Red, somewhat like _Portugal_ Vessels, as
+tho' they had been made out of some fine _Bolary_ Earth, and very
+smooth; but the like had been found in divers Places, as Dr. _Casaubon_
+hath observed about the Pots found at _Newington_ in _Kent_, and as
+other Pieces do yet testifie, which are to be found at _Burrow_ Castle,
+an Old _Roman_ Station, not far from _Yarmouth_.
+
+Of the _Urnes_, those of the larger Sort, such as had Coverings, were
+found with their Mouths placed upwards, but great Numbers of the others
+were, as they informed me, (and One I saw my self,) placed with their
+Mouths downward, which were probably such as were not to be opened
+again, or receive the Ashes of any other Person; though some wonder'd at
+this Position, yet I saw no Inconveniency in it; for the Earth being
+closely pressed, and especially in _Minor_ Mouth'd Pots, they stand in a
+Posture as like to continue as the other, as being less subject to have
+the Earth fall in, or the Rain to soak into them; and the same Posture
+has been observed in some found in other Places, as _Holingshead_
+delivers, of divers found in _Anglesea_.
+
+Some had Inscriptions, the greatest Part none; those with Inscriptions
+were of the largest Sort, which were upon the reverted Verges thereof;
+the greatest part of those which I could obtain were somewhat
+obliterated; yet some of the Letters to be made out: The Letters were
+between Lines, either Single or Double, and the Letters of some few
+after a fair _Roman_ Stroke, others more rudely and illegibly drawn,
+wherein there seemed no great Variety. _NUON_ being upon very many of
+them; only upon the inside of the bottom of a small Red Pan-like Vessel,
+were legibly set down in embossed Letters, _CRACUNA. F._ which might
+imply _Cracuna figuli_, or the Name of the Manufactor, for Inscriptions
+commonly signified the Name of the Person interr'd, the Names of
+Servants Official to such Provisions, or the Name of the Artificer, or
+Manufactor of such Vessels; all which are particularly exemplified by
+the Learned _Licetus_,[324] where the same inscription is often found,
+it is probably, of the Artificer, or where the Name also is in the
+_Genitive_ Case, as he also observeth.
+
+  [324] Vid. _Licet._ de Lucernis.
+
+Out of one was brought unto me a Silver _Denarius_, with the Head of
+_Diva Faustina_ on the Obverse side, on the Reverse the Figures of the
+Emperor and Empress joining their Right Hands, with this Inscription,
+_Concordia_; the same is to be seen in _Augustino_; I also received from
+some Men and Women then present Coins of _Posthumus_, and _Tetricus_,
+Two of the Thirty Tyrants in the Reign of _Gallienus_, which being of
+much later Date, begat an Inference, that _Urne-Burial_ lasted longer,
+at least in this Country, than is commonly supposed. Good Authors
+conceive, that this Custom ended with the Reigns of the _Antonini_,
+whereof the last was _Antoninus Heliogabalus_, yet these Coins extend
+about Fourscore Years lower; and since the Head of _Tetricus_ is made
+with a radiated Crown, it must be conceived to have been made after his
+Death, and not before his Consecration, which as the Learned _Tristan_
+Conjectures, was most probably in the Reign of the Emperor _Tacitus_,
+and the Coin not made, or at least not issued Abroad, before the Time of
+the Emperor _Probus_, for _Tacitus_ Reigned but Six Months and an Half,
+his Brother _Florianus_ but Two Months, unto whom _Probus_ succeeding,
+Reigned Five Years.
+
+There were also found some pieces of Glass, and finer Vessels, which
+might contain such Liquors as they often Buried in, or by, the _Urnes_;
+divers Pieces of Brass, of several Figures; and in one _Urne_ was found
+a Nail Two Inches long; whither to declare the Trade or Occupation of
+the Person, is uncertain. But upon the Monuments of _Smiths_ in
+_Gruter_, we meet with the Figures of _Hammers_, _Pincers_, and the
+like; and we find the Figure of a _Cobler's_ Awl on the Tomb of one of
+that Trade, which was in the Custody of _Berini_, as _Argulus_ hath set
+it down in his Notes upon ONUPHRIUS, _Of the Antiquities of_ VERONA.
+
+Now, though _Urnes_ have been often discovered in former Ages, many
+think it strange there should be many still found, yet assuredly there
+may be great Numbers still concealed. For tho' we should not reckon upon
+any who were thus buried before the Time of the _Romans_, [altho' that
+the _Druids_ were thus buried, it may be probable, and we read of the
+_Urne of Chindonactes_, a _Druid_, found near _Dijon_ in _Burgundy_,
+largely discoursed of by _Licetus_,] and tho, I say, we take not in any
+Infant which was _Minor igne rogi_, before Seven Months, or Appearance
+of Teeth, nor should account this Practice of burning among the
+_Britains_ higher than _Vespasian_, when it is said by Tacitus, that
+they conformed unto the Manners and Customs of the _Romans_, and so
+both Nations might have one Way of Burial: yet from his Days, to the
+Dates of these _Urnes_, were about Two Hundred Years. And therefore if
+we fall so low, as to conceive there were buried in this Nation but
+Twenty Thousand Persons, the Account of the buried Persons would amount
+unto Four Millions, and consequently so great a Number of _Urnes_
+dispersed through the Land, as may still satisfy the Curiosity of
+succeeding Times, and arise unto all Ages.
+
+The Bodies, whose Reliques these _Urnes_ contained, seemed thoroughly
+burned; for beside pieces of Teeth, there were found few Fragments of
+Bones, but rather Ashes in hard Lumps, and pieces of Coals, which were
+often so fresh, that one sufficed to make a good Draught of its _Urne_,
+which still remaineth with me.
+
+Some Persons digging at a little Distance from the _Urne_ Places, in
+hopes to find something of Value, after they had digged about Three
+Quarters of a Yard deep, fell upon an observable Piece of Work, whose
+Description this Figure affordeth. The Work was Square, about Two Yards
+and a Quarter on each Side. The Wall, or outward Part, a Foot thick, in
+Colour Red, and looked like Brick; but it was solid, without any Mortar
+or Cement, or figur'd Brick in it, but of an whole Piece, so that it
+seemed to be Framed and Burnt in the same Place where it was found. In
+this kind of Brick-work were Thirty-two Holes, of about Two Inches and
+an Half _Diameter_, and Two above a Quarter of a Circle in the East and
+West Sides. Upon Two of these Holes, on the East Side, were placed Two
+Pots, with their Mouths downward; putting in their Arms they found the
+Work hollow below, and the Earth being clear'd off, much Water was found
+below them, to the Quantity of a Barrel, which was conceived to have
+been the Rain-water which soaked in through the Earth above them.
+
+The upper Part of the Work being broke, and opened, they found a Floor
+about Two Foot below, and then digging onward, Three Floors successively
+under one another, at the Distance of a Foot and Half, the Stones being
+of a Slatty, not Bricky, substance; in these Partitions some Pots were
+found, but broke by the Workmen, being necessitated to use hard Blows
+for the breaking of the Stones; and in the last Partition but one, a
+large Pot was found of a very narrow Mouth, short Ears, of the Capacity
+of Fourteen Pints, which lay in an enclining Posture, close by, and
+somewhat under a kind of Arch in the solid Wall, and by the great Care
+of my worthy Friend, Mr. _William Masham_, who employed the Workmen, was
+taken up whole, almost full of Water, clean, and without Smell, and
+insipid, which being poured out, there still remains in the Pot a great
+Lump of an heavy crusty Substance. What Work this was we must as yet
+reserve unto better Conjecture. Mean while we find in _Gruter_ that some
+Monuments of the Dead had divers Holes successively to let in the Ashes
+of their Relations, but Holes in such a great Number to that Intent, we
+have not anywhere met with.
+
+About Three Months after, my Noble and Honoured Friend, Sir _Robert
+Paston_, had the Curiosity to open a Piece of Ground in his Park at
+_Oxnead_, which adjoined unto the former Field, where Fragments of Pots
+were found, and upon one the Figure of a well-made Face; but probably
+this Ground had been opened and digged before, though out of the Memory
+of Man, for we found divers small Pieces of Pots, _Sheeps_ Bones,
+sometimes an _Oyster_-shell a Yard deep in the Earth, an unusual _Coin_
+of the Emperor _Volusianus_, having on the Obverse the Head of the
+Emperor, with a Radiated Crown, and this Inscription, _Imp. Caes. C.
+Volusiano Aug._ that is, _Imperatori Caesari Caio Vibio Volusiano
+Augusto_. On the Reverse an Human Figure, with the Arms somewhat
+extended, and at the Right Foot an Altar, with the Inscription,
+_Pietas_. This Emperor was Son unto _Caius Vibius Tribonianus Gallus_,
+with whom he jointly reigned after the _Decii_, about the Year 254; both
+he, himself, and his Father, were slain by the Emperor _AEmilianus_. By
+the Radiated Crown this Piece should be Coined after his Death and
+Consecration, but in whose Time it is not clear in History.
+
+
+
+
+          Concerning the too nice Curiosity of
+            censuring the Present, or judging
+                into Future Dispensations.
+
+
+We have enough to do rightly to apprehend and consider things as they
+are, or have been, without amusing our selves how they might have been
+otherwise, or what Variations, Consequences and Differences might have
+otherwise arose upon a different Face of things, if they had otherwise
+fallen out in the State or Actions of the World.
+
+If SCANDERBERG had joined his Forces with HUNNIADES, as might have been
+expected before the Battel in the Plains of _Cossoan_, in good
+probability they might have ruin'd MAHOMET, if not the _Turkish_
+Empire.
+
+If ALEXANDER had march'd Westward, and warr'd with the _Romans_, whether
+he had been able to subdue that little but valiant People, is an
+uncertainty: We are sure he overcame _Persia_; Histories attest, and
+Prophecies foretel the same. It was decreed that the _Persians_ should
+be conquered by ALEXANDER, and his Successors by the _Romans_, in whom
+Providence had determin'd to settle the fourth Monarchy, which neither
+PYRRHUS nor HANNIBAL must prevent; tho' HANNIBAL came so near it, that
+he seem'd to miss it by fatal Infatuation: which if he had effected,
+there had been such a traverse and confusion of Affairs, as no Oracle
+could have predicted. But the _Romans_ must reign, and the Course of
+Things was then moving towards the Advent of CHRIST, and blessed
+Discovery of the Gospel: Our Saviour must suffer at _Jerusalem_, and be
+sentenc'd by a _Roman_ Judge; St. PAUL, a _Roman_ Citizen, must preach
+in the _Roman_ Provinces, and St. PETER be Bishop of _Rome_, and not of
+_Carthage_.
+
+
+
+
+Upon Reading Hudibras.
+
+
+The way of _Burlesque_ POEMS is very Ancient, for there was a ludicrous
+mock way of transferring Verses of Famous Poets into a Jocose Sense and
+Argument, and they were call'd +Odeai+ or _Parodiae_; divers
+Examples of which are to be found in ATHENAEUS.
+
+The first Inventer hereof was HIPPONACTES, but HEGEMON SOPATER and many
+more pursu'd the same Vein; so that the _Parodies_ of OVID'S _Buffoon
+Metamorphoses Burlesques, Le Eneiade Travastito_, are no new Inventions,
+but old Fancies reviv'd.
+
+An Excellent _Parodie_ there is of both the SCALIGERS upon an Epigram of
+CATULLUS, which STEPHENS hath set down in his _Discourse of Parodies_: a
+remarkable one among the _Greeks_ is that of MATRON, in the Words and
+Epithites of HOMER describing the Feast of XENOCLES the _Athenian_
+Rhetorician, to be found in the fourth Book of _Athenaeus_, pag. 134.
+Edit. _Casaub._
+
+
+
+
+                            CHRISTIAN
+
+                             MORALS,
+
+                               BY
+
+                        S^R THOMAS BROWN,
+
+                        OF NORWICH, _M.D._
+
+                          And AUTHOR of
+                         RELIGIO MEDICI
+
+
+               Published from the Original and Correct
+                      Manuscript of the Author;
+                      by _JOHN JEFFERY_, D.D.
+                      ARCH-DEACON of NORWICH.
+
+
+                           _CAMBRIDGE_
+
+                    Printed at the UNIVERSITY-PRESS,
+          For _Cornelius Crownfield_, Printer to the UNIVERSITY;
+             And are to be sold by Mr. _Knapton_ at the Crown
+           in St. _Paul's_ Churchyard; and Mr. _Morphew_ near
+                    Stationers-Hall, _LONDON_, 1716.
+
+
+
+
+                 _TO THE RIGHT_ HONOURABLE
+
+                      DAVID EARL OF BUCHAN.
+
+               VISCOUNT AUCHTERHOUSE, LORD CARDROSS
+                        AND GLENDOVACHIE,
+          ONE OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF POLICE, AND LORD
+               LIEUTENANT OF THE COUNTIES OF STIRLING
+                 AND CLACKMANNAN IN NORTH-BRITTAIN.
+
+
+MY LORD,
+
+The Honour you have done our Family Obligeth us to make all just
+Acknowledgments of it: and there is no Form of Acknowledgment in our
+power, more worthy of Your Lordship's Acceptance, than this Dedication
+of the last Work of our Honoured and Learned Father. Encouraged
+hereunto by the Knowledge we have of Your Lordship's Judicious Relish of
+universal Learning, and sublime Virtue, we beg the Favour of Your
+Acceptance of it, which will very much Oblige our Family in general, and
+Her in particular, who is,
+
+          MY LORD,
+
+              _Your Lordship's_
+
+                  _most humble Servant_,
+
+                               ELIZABETH LITTELTON.
+
+
+
+
+THE PREFACE
+
+
+_If any One, after he has read_ Religio Medici, _and the ensuing
+Discourse, can make Doubt, whether the same Person was the Author of
+them both, he may be Assured by the Testimony of Mrs._ LITTELTON, _Sr._
+THOMAS BROWN'S _Daughter, who Lived with her Father when it was composed
+by Him; and who, at the time, read it written by his own Hand: and also
+by the Testimony of Others (of whom I am One), who read the MS. of the
+Author, immediately after his Death, and who have since Read the Same;
+from which it hath been faithfully and exactly Transcribed for the
+Press. The Reason why it was not Printed sooner is, because it was
+unhappily Lost, by being Mislay'd among Other MSS. for which Search was
+lately made in the Presence of the Lord Arch-bishop of Canterbury, of
+which his Grace, by Letter, Informed M^{rs.}_ LITTELTON, _when he sent
+the MS to Her. There is nothing printed in the Discourse, or in the
+short notes, but what is found in the original MS of the Author, except
+only where an Oversight had made the Addition or transposition of some
+words necessary._
+
+                                        JOHN JEFFERY
+                                            Arch-Deacon
+                                                of Norwich.
+
+
+
+
+                         CHRISTIAN MORALS
+
+
+
+
+                              PART I
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 1]
+
+Tread softly and circumspectly in this funambulatory Track and narrow
+Path of Goodness: Pursue Virtue virtuously: Leven not good Actions, nor
+render Virtues disputable. Stain not fair Acts with foul Intentions:
+Maim not Uprightness by halting Concomitances, nor circumstantially
+deprave substantial Goodness.
+
+Consider whereabout thou art in _Cebes's_ Table, or that old
+Philosophical Pinax of the Life of Man: whether thou art yet in the Road
+of uncertainties; whether thou hast yet entred the narrow Gate, got up
+the Hill and asperous way, which leadeth unto the House of Sanity; or
+taken that purifying Potion from the hand of sincere Erudition, which
+may send Thee clear and pure away unto a virtuous and happy Life.
+
+In this virtuous Voyage of thy Life hall not about like the Ark, without
+the use of Rudder, Mast, or Sail, and bound for no Port. Let not
+Disappointment cause Despondency, nor difficulty despair. Think not that
+you are Sailing from _Lima_ to _Manillia_, when you may fasten up the
+Rudder, and sleep before the Wind; but expect rough Seas, Flaws, and
+contrary Blasts: and 'tis well, if by many cross Tacks and Veerings you
+arrive at the Port; for we sleep in Lyons Skins in our Progress unto
+Virtue, and we slide not, but climb unto it.
+
+Sit not down in the popular Forms and common Level of Virtues. Offer not
+only Peace Offerings but Holocausts unto God: where all is due make no
+reserve, and cut not a Cummin Seed with the Almighty: To serve Him
+singly to serve ourselves were too partial a piece of Piety; not like to
+place us in the illustrious Mansions of Glory.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 2]
+
+Rest not in an Ovation[325] but a Triumph over thy Passions. Let Anger
+walk hanging down the head; Let Malice go Manicled, and Envy fetter'd
+after thee. Behold within thee the long train of thy Trophies not
+without thee. Make the quarrelling Lapithytes sleep, and Centaurs within
+lye quiet. Chain up the unruly Legion of thy breast. Lead thine own
+captivity captive, and be _Caesar_ within thy self.
+
+  [325] Ovation, a petty and minor kind of Triumph.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 3]
+
+He that is Chast and Continent not to impair his strength, or honest for
+fear of Contagion, will hardly be Heroically virtuous. Adjourn not this
+virtue untill that temper, when _Cato_ could lend out his Wife, and
+impotent Satyrs write Satyrs upon Lust: But be chast in thy flaming
+Days, when _Alexander_ dar'd not trust his eyes upon the fair sisters of
+_Darius_, and when so many think there is no other way but
+_Origen's_.[326]
+
+  [326] Who is said to have Castrated himself.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 4]
+
+Show thy Art in Honesty, and loose not thy Virtue by the bad Managery of
+it. Be Temperate and Sober, not to preserve your body in an ability for
+wanton ends; not to avoid the infamy of common transgressors that way,
+and thereby to hope to expiate or palliate obscure and closer vices; not
+to spare your purse, nor simply to enjoy health: but in one word, that
+thereby you may truly serve God, which every sickness will tell you you
+cannot well do without health. The sick Man's Sacrifice is but a lame
+Oblation. Pious Treasures lay'd up in healthful days plead for sick
+non-performances: without which we must needs look back with anxiety
+upon the lost opportunities of health; and may have cause rather to envy
+than pity the ends of penitent publick Sufferers, who go with healthful
+prayers unto the last Scene of their lives, and in the Integrity of
+their faculties return their Spirit unto God that gave it.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 5]
+
+Be charitable before wealth make thee covetous, and loose not the glory
+of the Mite. If Riches encrease let thy mind hold pace with them; and
+think it not enough to be Liberal, but Munificent. Though a Cup of cold
+water from some hand may not be without it's reward, yet stick not thou
+for Wine and Oyl for the Wounds of the Distressed, and treat the poor,
+as our Saviour did the Multitude, to the reliques of some baskets.
+Diffuse thy beneficence early, and while thy Treasures call thee Master:
+there may be an Atropos of thy Fortunes before that of thy Life, and thy
+wealth cut off before that hour, when all Men shall be poor; for the
+Justice of Death looks equally upon the dead, and _Charon_ expects no
+more from _Alexander_ than from _Irus_.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 6]
+
+Give not only unto seven, but also unto eight,[327] that is, unto more
+than many. Though to give unto every one that asketh may seem severe
+advice,[328] yet give thou also before asking; that is, where want is
+silently clamorous, and mens Necessities not their Tongues do loudly
+call for thy Mercies. For though sometimes necessitousness be dumb, or
+misery speak not out, yet true Charity is sagacious, and will find out
+hints for beneficence. Acquaint thyself with the Physiognomy of Want,
+and let the Dead colours and first lines of necessity suffice to tell
+thee there is an object for thy bounty. Spare not where thou canst not
+easily be prodigal, and fear not to be undone by mercy. For since he who
+hath pity on the poor lendeth unto the Almighty Rewarder, who observes
+no Ides but every day for his payments; Charity becomes pious Usury,
+Christian Liberality the most thriving industry; and what we adventure
+in a Cockboat may return in a Carrack unto us. He who thus casts his
+bread upon the Water shall surely find it again; for though it falleth
+to the bottom, it sinks but like the Ax of the Prophet, to rise again
+unto him.
+
+  [327] Ecclesiasticus.
+
+  [328] Luke.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 7]
+
+If Avarice be thy Vice, yet make it not thy Punishment. Miserable men
+commiserate not themselves, bowelless unto others, and merciless unto
+their own bowels. Let the fruition of things bless the possession of
+them, and think it more satisfaction to live richly than dye rich. For
+since thy good works, not thy goods, will follow thee; since wealth is
+an appertinance of life, and no dead Man is Rich; to famish in Plenty,
+and live poorly, to dye Rich, were a multiplying improvement in Madness,
+and use upon use in Folly.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 8]
+
+Trust not to the Omnipotency of Gold, and say not unto it Thou art my
+Confidence. Kiss not thy hand to that Terrestrial Sun, nor bore thy ear
+unto its servitude. A Slave unto Mammon makes no servant unto God.
+Covetousness cracks the sinews of Faith; nummes the apprehension of any
+thing above sense; and only affected with the certainty of things
+present, makes a peradventure of things to come; lives but unto one
+World, nor hopes but fears another; makes their own death sweet unto
+others, bitter unto themselves; brings formal sadness, scenical
+mourning, and no wet eyes at the grave.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 9]
+
+Persons lightly dipt, not grain'd in generous Honesty, are but pale in
+Goodness, and faint hued in Integrity. But be thou what thou vertuously
+art, and let not the Ocean wash away thy Tincture. Stand magnetically
+upon that Axis, when prudent simplicity hath fixt there; and let no
+attraction invert the Poles of thy Honesty. That Vice may be uneasy and
+even monstrous unto thee, let iterated good Acts and long confirmed
+habits make Virtue almost natural, or a second nature in thee. Since
+virtuous superstructions have commonly generous foundations, dive into
+thy inclinations, and early discover what nature bids thee to be, or
+tells thee thou may'st be. They who thus timely descend into themselves,
+and cultivate the good seeds which nature hath set in them, prove not
+shrubs but Cedars in their generation. And to be in the form of the best
+of the Bad, or the worst of the Good,[329] will be no satisfaction unto
+them.
+
+  [329] Optimi malorum pessimi bonorum.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 10]
+
+Make not the consequence of Virtue the ends thereof. Be not beneficent
+for a name or Cymbal of applause, nor exact and just in Commerce for the
+advantages of Trust and Credit, which attend the reputation of true and
+punctual dealing. For these Rewards, though unsought for, plain Virtue
+will bring with her. To have other by-ends in good actions sowers
+Laudable performances, which must have deeper roots, motives, and
+instigations, to give them the stamp of Virtues.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 11]
+
+Let not the Law of thy Country be the non ultra of thy Honesty; nor
+think that always good enough which the law will make good. Narrow not
+the Law of Charity, Equity, Mercy. Joyn Gospel Righteousness with Legal
+Right. Be not a mere _Gamaliel_ in the Faith, but let the Sermon in the
+Mount be thy _Targum_ unto the law of _Sinah_.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 12]
+
+Live by old Ethicks and the classical Rules of Honesty. Put no new names
+or notions upon Authentick Virtues and Vices. Think not that Morality is
+Ambulatory; that Vices in one age are not Vices in another; or that
+Virtues, which are under the everlasting Seal of right Reason, may be
+Stamped by Opinion. And therefore though vicious times invert the
+opinions of things, and set up a new Ethicks against Virtue, yet hold
+thou unto old Morality; and rather than follow a multitude to do evil,
+stand like _Pompey's_ pillar conspicuous by thyself, and single in
+Integrity. And since the worst of times afford imitable Examples of
+Virtue; since no Deluge of Vice is like to be so general but more than
+eight will escape; Eye well those Heroes who have held their Heads above
+Water, who have touched Pitch, and not been defiled, and in the common
+Contagion have remained uncorrupted.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 13]
+
+Let Age not Envy draw wrinkles on thy cheeks, be content to be envy'd,
+but envy not. Emulation may be plausible and Indignation allowable, but
+admit no treaty with that passion which no circumstance can make good. A
+displacency at the good of others because they enjoy it, though not
+unworthy of it, is an absurd depravity, sticking fast unto corrupted
+nature, and often too hard for Humility and Charity, the great
+Suppressors of Envy. This surely is a Lyon not to be strangled but by
+_Hercules_ himself, or the highest stress of our minds, and an Atom of
+that power which subdueth all things unto it self.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 14]
+
+Owe not thy Humility unto humiliation from adversity, but look humbly
+down in that State when others look upwards upon thee. Think not thy own
+shadow longer than that of others, nor delight to take the Altitude of
+thyself. Be patient in the age of Pride, when Men live by short
+intervals of Reason under the dominion of Humor and Passion, when it's
+in the Power of every one to transform thee out of thy self, and run
+thee into the short madness. If you cannot imitate _Job_, yet come not
+short of _Socrates_, and those patient Pagans who tired the Tongues of
+their Enemies, while they perceived they spit their malice at brazen
+Walls and Statues.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 15]
+
+Let not the Sun in Capricorn[330] go down upon thy wrath, but write thy
+wrongs in Ashes. Draw the Curtain of night upon injuries, shut them up
+in the Tower of Oblivion[331] and let them be as though they had not
+been. To forgive our Enemies, yet hope that God will punish them, is not
+to forgive enough. To forgive them our selves, and not to pray God to
+forgive them, is a partial piece of Charity. Forgive thine enemies
+totally, and without any reserve that however God will revenge thee.
+
+  [330] Even when the Days are shortest.
+
+  [331] Alluding unto the Tower of Oblivion mentioned by _Procopius_,
+        which was the name of a Tower of Imprisonment among the
+        _Persians_: whoever was put therein was as it were buried alive,
+        and it was death for any but to name him.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 16]
+
+While thou so hotly disclaimest the Devil, be not guilty of Diabolism.
+Fall not into one name with that unclean Spirit, nor act his nature whom
+thou so much abhorrest; that is to Accuse, Calumniate, Backbite,
+Whisper, Detract, or sinistrously interpret others. Degenerous
+depravities, and narrow minded vices! not only below St. _Paul's_ noble
+Christian but _Aristotle's_ true Gentleman.[332] Trust not with some
+that the Epistle of St. _James_ is Apocryphal, and so read with less
+fear that Stabbing Truth, that in company with this vice thy religion is
+in vain. _Moses_ broke the Tables without breaking of the Law; but where
+Charity is broke, the Law it self is shattered, which cannot be whole
+without Love, which is the fulfilling of it. Look humbly upon thy
+Virtues, and though thou art Rich in some, yet think thyself Poor and
+Naked without that Crowning Grace, which thinketh no evil, which envieth
+not, which beareth, hopeth, believeth, endureth all things. With these
+sure Graces, while busy Tongues are crying out for a drop of cold Water,
+mutes may be in happiness, and sing the _Trisagion_[333] in heaven.
+
+  [332] See _Aristotle's_ Ethicks, chapter of Magnanimity.
+
+  [333] Holy, holy, holy.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 17]
+
+However thy understanding may waver in the Theories of True and False,
+yet fasten the Rudder of thy Will, steer strait unto good and fall not
+foul on evil. Imagination is apt to rove, and conjecture to keep no
+bounds. Some have run out so far, as to fancy the Stars might be but the
+light of the Crystalline Heaven shot through perforations on the bodies
+of the Orbs. Others more Ingeniously doubt whether there hath not been a
+vast tract of land in the _Atlantick_ ocean, which Earthquakes and
+violent causes have long ago devoured. Speculative Misapprehensions may
+be innocuous, but immorality pernicious; Theorical mistakes and Physical
+Deviations may condemn our Judgments, not lead us into Judgment. But
+perversity of Will, immoral and sinfull enormities walk with _Adraste_
+and _Nemesis_ at their Backs, pursue us unto Judgment, and leave us
+viciously miserable.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 18]
+
+Bid early defiance unto those Vices which are of thine inward Family,
+and having a root in thy Temper plead a right and propriety in thee.
+Raise timely batteries against those strong holds built upon the Rock of
+Nature, and make this a great part of the Militia of thy life. Delude
+not thyself into iniquities from participation or community, which abate
+the sense but not the obliquity of them. To conceive sins less, or less
+of sins, because others also Transgress, were Morally to commit that
+natural fallacy of Man, to take comfort from Society, and think
+adversities less, because others also suffer them. The politick nature
+of Vice must be opposed by Policy; and therefore wiser Honesties project
+and plot against it. Wherein notwithstanding we are not to rest in
+generals, or the trite Stratagems of Art. That may succeed with one
+which may prove successless with another: There is no community or
+commonweal of Virtue: Every man must study his own oeconomy, and adapt
+such rules unto the figure of himself.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 19]
+
+Be substantially great in thy self, and more than thou appearest unto
+others; and let the World be deceived in thee, as they are in the Lights
+of Heaven. Hang early plummets upon the heels of Pride, and let Ambition
+have but an Epicycle and narrow circuit in thee. Measure not thy self by
+thy morning shadow, but by the extent of thy grave, and Reckon thy self
+above the Earth by the line thou must be contented with under it. Spread
+not into boundless Expansions either of designs or desires. Think not
+that mankind liveth but for a few, and that the rest are born but to
+serve those Ambitions, which make but flies of Men and wildernesses of
+whole Nations. Swell not into vehement actions which imbroil and
+confound the Earth; but be one of those violent ones which force the
+Kingdom of Heaven.[334] If thou must needs Rule, be _Zeno's_ king, and
+enjoy that empire which every Man gives himself. He who is thus his own
+Monarch contentedly sways the Scepter of himself, not envying the Glory
+of Crowned Heads and Elohims of the Earth. Could the World unite in the
+practise of that despised train of Virtues, which the Divine Ethicks of
+our Saviour hath so inculcated upon us, the furious face of things must
+disappear, Eden would be yet to be found, and the Angels might look down
+not with pity, but Joy upon us.
+
+  [334] Matthew xi.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 20]
+
+Though the Quickness of thine Ear were able to reach the noise of the
+Moon, which some think it maketh in it's rapid revolution; though the
+number of thy Ears should equal _Argus_ his Eyes; yet stop them all with
+the wise man's wax, and be deaf unto the suggestions of Tale-bearers,
+Calumniators, Pickthank or Malevolent Delators, who while quiet Men
+sleep, sowing the Tares of discord and division, distract the
+tranquillity of Charity and all friendly Society. These are the Tongues
+that set the world on fire, cankers of reputation, and, like that of
+_Jonas_ his gourd, wither a good name in a night. Evil Spirits may sit
+still, while these Spirits walk about, and perform the business of Hell.
+To speak more strictly, our corrupted hearts are the Factories of the
+Devil, which may be at work without his presence. For when that
+circumventing Spirit hath drawn Malice, Envy, and all unrighteousness
+unto well rooted habits in his disciples, iniquity then goes on upon its
+own legs, and if the gate of Hell were shut up for a time, Vice would
+still be fertile and produce the fruits of Hell. Thus when God forsakes
+us, Satan also leaves us. For such offenders he looks upon as sure and
+sealed up, and his temptations then needless unto them.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 21]
+
+Annihilate not the Mercies of God by the Oblivion of Ingratitude. For
+Oblivion is a kind of Annihilation, and for things to be as though they
+had not been, is like unto never being. Make not thy Head a Grave, but a
+Repository of God's Mercies. Though thou hadst the Memory of _Seneca_,
+or _Simonides_, and Conscience, the punctual Memorist within us, yet
+trust not to thy Remembrance in things which need Phylacteries. Register
+not only strange but merciful occurrences: Let _Ephemerides_ not
+_Olympiads_ give thee account of his mercies. Let thy Diaries stand
+thick with dutiful Mementos and Asterisks of acknowledgment. And to be
+compleat and forget nothing, date not his mercy from thy nativity, Look
+beyond the World, and before the _AEara_ of _Adam_.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 22]
+
+Paint not the Sepulcher of thy self, and strive not to beautify thy
+corruption. Be not an Advocate for thy Vices, nor call for many
+Hour-Glasses to justify thy imperfections. Think not that always good
+which thou thinkest thou canst always make good, nor that concealed
+which the Sun doth not behold. That which the Sun doth not now see, will
+be visible when the Sun is out, and the Stars are fallen from Heaven.
+Mean while there is no darkness unto Conscience; which can see without
+Light, and in the deepest obscurity give a clear Draught of things,
+which the Cloud of dissimulation hath conceal'd from all eyes. There is
+a natural standing Court within us, examining, acquitting, and
+condemning at the Tribunal of ourselves, wherein iniquities have their
+natural Theta's and no nocent is absolved by the verdict of himself. And
+therefore although our transgressions shall be tryed at the last bar,
+the process need not be long: for the Judge of all knoweth all, and
+every Man will nakedly know himself. And when so few are like to plead
+not Guilty, the Assize must soon have an end.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 23]
+
+Comply with some humours, bear with others, but serve none. Civil
+complacency consists with decent honesty: Flattery is a Juggler, and no
+Kin unto Sincerity. But while thou maintainest the plain path, and
+scornest to flatter others, fall not into self Adulation, and become not
+thine own Parasite. Be deaf unto thy self, and be not betrayed at home.
+Self-credulity, pride, and levity lead unto self-Idolatry. There is no
+_Damocles_ like unto self opinion, nor any _Siren_ to our own fawning
+Conceptions. To magnify our minor things, or hug ourselves in our
+apparitions; to afford a credulous Ear unto the clawing suggestions of
+fancy; to pass our days in painted mistakes of our selves; and though we
+behold our own blood, to think ourselves the sons of _Jupiter_;[335] are
+blandishments of self love, worse than outward delusion. By this
+Imposture Wise Men sometimes are Mistaken in their Elevation, and look
+above themselves. And Fools, which are Antipodes unto the Wise, conceive
+themselves to be but their _Perioeci_, and in the same parallel with
+them.
+
+  [335] As _Alexander_ the Great did.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 24]
+
+Be not a _Hercules furens_ abroad, and a Poltron within thy self. To
+chase our Enemies out of the Field, and be led captive by our Vices; to
+beat down our Foes, and fall down to our Concupiscences; are Solecisms
+in Moral Schools, and no Laurel attends them. To well manage our
+Affections, and wild Horses of _Plato_, are the highest Circenses; and
+the noblest Digladiation is in the Theater of our selves; for therein
+our inward Antagonists, not only like common Gladiators, with ordinary
+Weapons and down right Blows make at us, but also like Retiary and
+Laqueary Combatants, with Nets, Frauds, and Entanglements, fall upon us.
+Weapons for such combats are not to be forged at _Lipara_: _Vulcan's_
+Art doth nothing in this internal Militia; wherein not the Armour of
+_Achilles_, but the Armature of _St. Paul_, gives the Glorious day, and
+Triumphs not Leading up into Capitols, but up into the highest Heavens.
+And therefore while so many think it the only valour to command and
+master others, study thou the Dominion of thy self, and quiet thine own
+Commotions. Let Right Reason be thy _Lycurgus_, and lift up thy hand
+unto the Law of it; move by the Intelligences of the superiour
+Faculties, not by the Rapt of Passion, nor merely by that of Temper and
+Constitution. They who are merely carried on by the Wheel of such
+Inclinations, without the Hand and Guidance of Sovereign Reason, are but
+the Automatous part of mankind, rather lived than living, or at least
+under-living themselves.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 25]
+
+Let not Fortune, which hath no name in Scripture, have any in thy
+Divinity. Let Providence, not Chance, have the honour of thy
+acknowledgments, and be thy _OEdipus_ in Contingences. Mark well the
+Paths and winding Ways thereof; but be not too wise in the Construction,
+or sudden in the Application. The Hand of Providence writes often by
+Abbreviatures, Hieroglyphicks or short Characters, which, like the
+Laconism on the Wall, are not to be made out but by a Hint or Key from
+that Spirit which indited them. Leave future occurrences to their
+uncertainties, think that which is present thy own; And since 'tis
+easier to foretell an Eclipse, than a foul Day at some distance, Look
+for little Regular below. Attend with patience the uncertainty of
+Things, and what lieth yet unexerted in the Chaos of Futurity. The
+uncertainty and ignorance of Things to come makes the World new unto us
+by unexpected Emergences; whereby we pass not our days in the trite road
+of affairs affording no Novity; for the novellizing Spirit of Man lives
+by variety, and the new Faces of Things.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 26]
+
+Though a contented Mind enlargeth the dimension of little things; and
+unto some 'tis Wealth enough not to be Poor; and others are well
+content, if they be but Rich enough to be Honest, and to give every Man
+his due: yet fall not into that obsolete Affectation of Bravery to throw
+away thy Money, and to reject all Honours or Honourable stations in this
+courtly and splendid World. Old Generosity is superannuated, and such
+contempt of the World out of date. No Man is now like to refuse the
+favour of great ones, or be content to say unto Princes, stand out of my
+Sun. And if any there be of such antiquated Resolutions, they are not
+like to be tempted out of them by great ones; and 'tis fair if they
+escape the name of Hypocondriacks from the Genius of latter times, unto
+whom contempt of the World is the most contemptible opinion, and to be
+able, like _Bias_, to carry all they have about them were to be the
+eighth Wise-man. However, the old tetrick Philosophers look'd always
+with Indignation upon such a Face of Things; and observing the unnatural
+current of Riches, Power, and Honour in the World, and withal the
+imperfection and demerit of persons often advanced unto them, were
+tempted into angry Opinions, that Affairs were ordered more by Stars
+than Reason, and that things went on rather by Lottery, than Election.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 27]
+
+If thy Vessel be but small in the Ocean of this World, if Meanness of
+Possessions be thy allotment upon Earth, forget not those Virtues which
+the great disposer of all bids thee to entertain from thy Quality and
+Condition, that is, Submission, Humility, Content of mind, and Industry.
+Content may dwell in all Stations. To be low, but above contempt, may be
+high enough to be Happy. But many of low Degree may be higher than
+computed, and some Cubits above the common Commensuration; for in all
+States Virtue gives Qualifications, and Allowances, which make out
+defects. Rough Diamonds are sometimes mistaken for Pebbles, and Meanness
+may be Rich in Accomplishments, which Riches in vain desire. If our
+merits be above our Stations, if our intrinsecal Value be greater than
+what we go for, or our Value than our Valuation, and if we stand higher
+in God's, than in the Censor's Book; it may make some equitable balance
+in the inequalities of this World, and there may be no such vast Chasm
+or Gulf between disparities as common Measures determine. The Divine Eye
+looks upon high and low differently from that of Man. They who seem to
+stand upon _Olympus_, and high mounted unto our eyes, may be but in the
+Valleys, and low Ground unto his; for he looks upon those as highest who
+nearest approach his Divinity, and upon those as lowest who are farthest
+from it.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 28]
+
+When thou lookest upon the Imperfections of others, allow one Eye for
+what is Laudable in them, and the balance they have from some
+excellency, which may render them considerable. While we look with fear
+or hatred upon the Teeth of the Viper, we may behold his Eye with love.
+In venemous Natures something may be amiable: Poysons afford
+Antipoysons: nothing is totally, or altogether uselessly bad. Notable
+Virtues are sometimes dashed with notorious Vices, and in some vicious
+tempers have been found illustrious Acts of Virtue; which makes such
+observable worth in some actions of king _Demetrius_, _Antonius_, and
+_Ahab_, as are not to be found in the same kind in _Aristides_, _Numa_,
+or _David_. Constancy, Generosity, Clemency, and Liberality, have been
+highly conspicuous in some Persons not markt out in other concerns for
+Example or Imitation. But since Goodness is exemplary in all, if others
+have not our Virtues, let us not be wanting in theirs, nor scorning them
+for their Vices whereof we are free, be condemned by their Virtues,
+wherein we are deficient. There is Dross, Alloy, and Embasement in all
+human Temper; and he flieth without Wings, who thinks to find Ophyr or
+pure Metal in any. For perfection is not like Light center'd in any one
+body, but like the dispersed Seminalities of Vegetables at the Creation
+scattered through the whole Mass of the Earth, no place producing all
+and almost all some. So that 'tis well, if a perfect Man can be made out
+of many Men, and to the Perfect Eye of God even out of Mankind. Time,
+which perfects some Things, imperfects also others. Could we intimately
+apprehend the Ideated Man, and as he stood in the intellect of God upon
+the first exertion by Creation, we might more narrowly comprehend our
+present Degeneration, and how widely we are fallen from the pure
+Exemplar and Idea of our Nature: for after this corruptive Elongation
+from a primitive and pure Creation, we are almost lost in Degeneration;
+and _Adam_ hath not only fallen from his Creator, but we ourselves from
+_Adam_, our Tycho and primary Generator.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 29]
+
+Quarrel not rashly with Adversities not yet understood; and overlook not
+the Mercies often bound up in them. For we consider not sufficiently the
+good of Evils, nor fairly compute the Mercies of Providence in things
+afflictive at first hand. The famous _Andreas Doria_ being invited to a
+feast by _Aloysio Fieschi_ with design to Kill him, just the night
+before, fell mercifully into a fit of the Gout and so escaped that
+mischief. When _Cato_ intended to Kill himself, from a blow which he
+gave his servant, who would not reach his Sword unto him, his Hand so
+swell'd that he had much ado to Effect his design. Hereby any one but a
+resolved Stoick might have taken a fair hint of consideration, and that
+some merciful Genius would have contrived his preservation. To be
+sagacious in such intercurrences is not Superstition, but wary and pious
+Discretion: and to contemn such hints were to be deaf unto the speaking
+hand of God, wherein _Socrates_ and _Cardan_ would hardly have been
+mistaken.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 30]
+
+Break not open the gate of Destruction, and make no haste or bustle unto
+Ruin. Post not heedlessly on unto the _non ultra_ of Folly, or precipice
+of Perdition. Let vicious ways have their Tropicks and Deflexions, and
+swim in the Waters of Sin but as in the _Asphaltick_ Lake, though
+smeared and defiled, not to sink to the bottom. If thou hast dipt thy
+foot in the Brink, yet venture not over _Rubicon_. Run not into
+Extremities from whence there is no regression. In the vicious ways of
+the World it mercifully falleth out that we become not extempore wicked,
+but it taketh some time and pains to undo ourselves. We fall not from
+Virtue, like _Vulcan_ from Heaven, in a day. Bad Dispositions require
+some time to grow into bad Habits, bad Habits must undermine good, and
+often repeated acts make us habitually evil: so that by gradual
+depravations, and while we are but staggeringly evil, we are not left
+without Parentheses of considerations, thoughtful rebukes, and merciful
+interventions, to recal us unto ourselves. For the Wisdom of God hath
+methodiz'd the course of things unto the best advantage of goodness, and
+thinking Considerators overlook not the tract thereof.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Sect. 31]
+
+Since Men and Women have their proper Virtues and Vices, and even Twins
+of different sexes have not only distinct coverings in the Womb, but
+differing qualities and Virtuous Habits after; transplace not their
+Proprieties, and confound not their Distinctions. Let Masculine and
+feminine accomplishments shine in their proper Orbs, and adorn their
+Respective subjects. However unite not the Vices of both Sexes in one;
+be not Monstrous in Iniquity, nor Hermaphroditically Vitious.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Sect. 32]
+
+If generous Honesty, Valour, and plain Dealing, be the Cognisance of
+thy Family or Characteristick of thy Country, hold fast such
+inclinations suckt in with thy first Breath, and which lay in the Cradle
+with thee. Fall not into transforming degenerations, which under the old
+name create a new Nation. Be not an Alien in thine own Nation; bring not
+_Orontes_ into _Tiber_; learn the Virtues not the Vices of thy foreign
+Neighbours, and make thy imitation by discretion not contagion. Feel
+something of thyself in the noble Acts of thy Ancestors, and find in
+thine own Genius that of thy Predecessors. Rest not under the Expired
+merits of others, shine by those of thy own. Flame not like the central
+fire which enlightneth no Eyes, which no Man seeth, and most men think
+there's no such thing to be seen. Add one Ray unto the common Lustre;
+add not only to the Number but the Note of thy Generation; and prove not
+a Cloud but an Asterisk in thy Region.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 33]
+
+Since thou hast an Alarum in thy Breast, which tells thee thou hast a
+Living Spirit in thee above two thousand times in an hour; dull not away
+thy Days in sloathful supinity and the tediousness of doing nothing. To
+strenuous Minds there is an inquietude in overquietness, and no
+laboriousness in labour; and to tread a mile after the slow pace of a
+Snail, or the heavy measures of the Lazy of Brazilia, were a most tiring
+Pennance, and worse than a race of some furlongs at the Olympicks. The
+rapid courses of the heavenly bodies are rather imitable by our
+Thoughts, than our corporeal Motions; yet the solemn motions of our
+lives amount unto a greater measure than is commonly apprehended. Some
+few men have surrounded the Globe of the Earth; yet many in the set
+Locomotions and movements of their days have measured the circuit of it,
+and twenty thousand miles have been exceeded by them. Move circumspectly
+not meticulously, and rather carefully sollicitous than anxiously
+sollicitudinous. Think not there is a Lyon in the way, nor walk with
+Leaden Sandals in the paths of Goodness; but in all Virtuous motions let
+Prudence determine thy measures. Strive not to run like _Hercules_ a
+furlong in a breath: Festination may prove Precipitation; Deliberating
+delay may be wise cunctation, and slowness no sloathfulness.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 34]
+
+Since virtuous actions have their own Trumpets, and without any noise
+from thy self will have their resound abroad; busy not thy best Member
+in the Encomium of thy self. Praise is a debt we owe unto the Virtues of
+others, and due unto our own from all, whom Malice hath not made Mutes,
+or Envy struck Dumb. Fall not however into the common prevaricating way
+of self commendation and boasting, by denoting the imperfections of
+others. He who discommendeth others obliquely commendeth himself. He who
+whispers their infirmities proclaims his own Exemption from them; and
+consequently says, I am not as this Publican, or _Hic Niger_,[336] whom
+I talk of. Open ostentation and loud vain-glory is more tolerable than
+this obliquity, as but containing some Froath, no Ink, as but consisting
+of a personal piece of folly, nor complicated with uncharitableness.
+Superfluously we seek a precarious applause abroad: every good Man hath
+his plaudite within himself; and though his Tongue be silent, is not
+without loud Cymbals in his Breast. Conscience will become his
+Panegyrist, and never forget to crown and extol him unto himself.
+
+  [336] Hic niger est, hunc tu Romane caveto. _Horace._
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 35]
+
+Bless not thy self only that thou wert born in _Athens_;[337] but among
+thy multiplyed acknowledgments lift up one hand unto Heaven, that thou
+wert born of Honest Parents, that Modesty, Humility, Patience, and
+Veracity lay in the same Egg, and came into the World with thee. From
+such foundations thou may'st be Happy in a Virtuous precocity, and make
+an early and long walk in Goodness; so may'st thou more naturally feel
+the contrariety of Vice unto Nature, and resist some by the Antidote of
+thy Temper. As Charity covers, so Modesty preventeth a multitude of
+sins; withholding from noon day Vices and brazen-brow'd Iniquities, from
+sinning on the house-top, and painting our follies with the rays of the
+Sun. Where this Virtue reigneth, though Vice may show its Head, it
+cannot be in its Glory: where shame of sin sets, look not for Virtue to
+arise; for when Modesty taketh Wing, _Astraea_[338] goes soon after.
+
+  [337] As _Socrates_ did. _Athens_ a place of Learning and Civility.
+
+  [338] _Astraea_ Goddess of justice and consequently of all virtue.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 36]
+
+The Heroical vein of Mankind runs much in the Souldiery, and couragious
+part of the World; and in that form we oftenest find Men above Men.
+History is full of the gallantry of that Tribe; and when we read their
+notable Acts, we easily find what a difference there is between a Life
+in _Plutarch_ and in _Laertius_. Where true Fortitude dwells, Loyalty,
+Bounty, Friendship, and Fidelity, may be found. A man may confide in
+persons constituted for noble ends, who dare do and suffer, and who have
+a Hand to burn for their Country and their Friend. Small and creeping
+things are the product of petty Souls. He is like to be mistaken, who
+makes choice of a covetous Man for a Friend, or relieth upon the Reed of
+narrow and poltron Friendship. Pityful things are only to be found in
+the cottages of such Breasts; but bright Thoughts, clear Deeds,
+Constancy, Fidelity, Bounty, and generous Honesty are the Gems of noble
+Minds; wherein, to derogate from none, the true Heroick English
+Gentleman hath no Peer.
+
+
+
+
+PART II
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 1]
+
+Punish not thy self with Pleasure; Glut not thy sense with palative
+Delights; nor revenge the contempt of Temperance by the penalty of
+Satiety. Were there an Age of delight or any pleasure durable, who would
+not honour _Volupia_? but the Race of Delight is short, and Pleasures have
+mutable faces. The pleasures of one age are not pleasures in another, and
+their Lives fall short of our own. Even in our sensual days, the strength
+of delight is in its seldomness or rarity, and sting in its satiety:
+Mediocrity is its Life, and immoderacy its Confusion. The Luxurious
+Emperors of old inconsiderately satiated themselves with the dainties of
+Sea and Land, till, wearied through all varieties, their refections became
+a study unto them, and they were fain to feed by Invention. Novices in
+true Epicurism! which by mediocrity, paucity, quick and healthful
+Appetite, makes delights smartly acceptable; whereby _Epicurus_ himself
+found _Jupiter's_ brain[339] in a piece of Cytheridian Cheese, and the
+Tongues of Nightingals in a dish of Onyons. Hereby healthful and temperate
+poverty hath the start of nauseating Luxury; unto whose clear and naked
+appetite every meal is a feast, and in one single dish the first course of
+_Metellus_;[340] who are cheaply hungry, and never loose their hunger, or
+advantage of a craving appetite, because obvious food contents it; while
+_Nero_,[341] half famish'd, could not feed upon a piece of Bread, and
+lingring after his snowed water, hardly got down an ordinary cup of
+Calda.[342] By such circumscriptions of pleasure the contemned
+Philosophers reserved unto themselves the secret of Delight, which the
+_Helluo's_ of those days lost in their exorbitances. In vain we study
+Delight: It is at the command of every sober Mind, and in every sense born
+with us: but Nature, who teacheth us the rule of pleasure, instructeth
+also in the bounds thereof, and where its line expireth. And therefore
+Temperate Minds, not pressing their pleasures until the sting appeareth,
+enjoy their contentations contentedly, and without regret, and so escape
+the folly of excess, to be pleased unto displacency.
+
+  [339] _Cerebrum Jovis_, for a delicious bit.
+
+  [340] _Metellus_ his riotous Pontifical Supper, the great variety
+        whereat is to be seen in _Macrobius_.
+
+  [341] _Nero_ in his flight. _Sueton._
+
+  [342] _Caldae gelidaeque minister._
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 2]
+
+Bring candid Eyes unto the perusal of mens works, and let not _Zoilism_
+or Detraction blast well intended labours. He that endureth no faults in
+mens writings must only read his own, wherein for the most part all
+appeareth White. Quotation mistakes, inadvertency, expedition, and human
+Lapses may make not only Moles but Warts in Learned Authors, who
+notwithstanding being judged by the capital matter admit not of
+disparagement. I should unwillingly affirm that Cicero was but slightly
+versed in _Homer_, because in his work _de Gloria_ he ascribed those
+verses unto _Ajax_, which were delivered by _Hector_. What if _Plautus_
+in the account of _Hercules_ mistaketh nativity for conception? Who
+would have mean thoughts of _Apollinaris Sidonius_, who seems to mistake
+the river _Tigris_ for _Euphrates_; and though a good Historian and
+learned Bishop of _Auvergne_ had the misfortune to be out in the Story
+of _David_, making mention of him when the Ark was sent back by the
+_Philistins_ upon a Cart; which was before his time. Though I have no
+great opinion of _Machiavel's_ learning, yet I shall not presently say,
+that he was but a Novice in Roman History, because he was mistaken in
+placing _Commodus_ after the Emperour _Severus_. Capital Truths are to
+be narrowly eyed, collateral Lapses and circumstantial deliveries not to
+be too strictly sifted. And if the substantial subject be well forged
+out, we need not examine the sparks, which irregularly fly from it.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 3]
+
+Let well weighed Considerations, not stiff and peremptory Assumptions,
+guide thy discourses, Pen, and Actions. To begin or continue our works
+like _Trismegistus_ of old, _verum certe verum atque verissimum
+est_,[343] would sound arrogantly unto present Ears in this strict
+enquiring Age, wherein, for the most part, Probably, and Perhaps, will
+hardly serve to mollify the Spirit of captious Contradictors. If
+_Cardan_ saith that a Parrot is a beautiful Bird, _Scaliger_ will set
+his Wits o' work to prove it a deformed Animal. The Compage of all
+Physical Truths is not so closely jointed, but opposition may find
+intrusion, nor always so closely maintained, as not to suffer attrition.
+Many Positions seem quodlibetically constituted, and like a _Delphian_
+blade will cut on both sides. Some Truths seem almost Falshoods, and
+some Falshoods almost Truths; wherein Falshood and Truth seem almost
+aequilibriously stated, and but a few grains of distinction to bear down
+the ballance. Some have digged deep, yet glanced by the Royal Vein; and
+a man may come unto the _Pericardium_, but not the Heart of Truth.
+Besides, many things are known, as some are seen, that is by Parallaxis,
+or at some distance from their true and proper beings, the superficial
+regard of things having a different aspect from their true and central
+Natures. And this moves sober Pens unto suspensory and timorous
+assertions, nor presently to obtrude them as _Sibyls_ leaves, which
+after considerations may find to be but folious apparances, and not the
+central and vital interiors of truth.
+
+  [343] _In Tabula Smaragdina._
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 4]
+
+Value the Judicious, and let not mere acquests in minor parts of
+Learning gain thy preexistimation. 'Tis an unjust way of compute to
+magnify a weak Head for some Latin abilities, and to undervalue a solid
+Judgment, because he knows not the genealogy of _Hector_. When that
+notable King of _France_[344] would have his son to know but one
+sentence in Latin, had it been a good one, perhaps it had been enough.
+Natural parts and good Judgments rule the World. States are not governed
+by Ergotisms. Many have Ruled well who could not perhaps define a
+Commonwealth, and they who understand not the Globe of the Earth command
+a great part of it. Where natural Logick prevails not, Artificial too
+often faileth. Where Nature fills the Sails, the Vessel goes smoothly
+on, and when Judgment is the Pilot, the Ensurance need not be high. When
+Industry builds upon Nature, we may expect Pyramids: where that
+foundation is wanting, the structure must be low. They do most by Books,
+who could do much without them; and he that chiefly ows himself unto
+himself is the substantial Man.
+
+  [344] Lewis the Eleventh. _Qui nescit dissimulare nescit Regnare._
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 5]
+
+Let thy Studies be as free as thy Thoughts and Contemplations: but fly
+not only upon the wings of Imagination; Joyn Sense unto Reason, and
+Experiment unto Speculation, and so give life unto Embryon Truths, and
+Verities yet in their Chaos. There is nothing more acceptable unto the
+Ingenious World, than this noble Eluctation of Truth; wherein, against
+the tenacity of Prejudice and Prescription, this Century now prevaileth.
+What Libraries of new Volumes aftertimes will behold, and in what a new
+World of Knowledge the eyes of our posterity may be happy, a few Ages
+may joyfully declare; and is but a cold thought unto those, who cannot
+hope to behold this Exantlation of Truth, or that obscured Virgin half
+out of the Pit. Which might make some content with a commutation of the
+time of their lives, and to commend the Fancy of the _Pythagorean_
+metempsychosis; whereby they might hope to enjoy this happiness in their
+third or fourth selves, and behold that in _Pythagoras_, which they now
+but foresee in _Euphorbus_.[345] The World, which took but six days to
+make, is like to take six thousand to make out: mean while old Truths
+voted down begin to resume their places, and new ones arise upon us;
+wherein there is no comfort in the happiness of _Tully's_ Elizium[346],
+any satisfaction from the Ghosts of the Ancients, who knew so little of
+what is now well known. Men disparage not Antiquity, who prudently exalt
+new Enquiries, and make not them the Judges of Truth, who were but
+fellow Enquirers of it. Who can but magnify the Endeavors of
+_Aristotle_, and the noble start which Learning had under him; or less
+than pitty the slender progression made upon such advantages? While many
+Centuries were lost in repetitions and transcriptions sealing up the
+Book of Knowledge. And therefore rather than to swell the leaves of
+Learning by fruitless Repetitions, to sing the same Song in all Ages,
+nor adventure at Essays beyond the attempt of others, many would be
+content that some would write like _Helmont_ and _Paracelsus_; and be
+willing to endure the monstrosity of some opinions, for divers singular
+notions requiting such aberrations.
+
+  [345] _Ipse ego, nam memini, Trojani in tempore belli
+        Panthoides Euphorbus eram._
+
+  [346] Who comforted himself that he should there converse with the old
+        Philosophers.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 6]
+
+Despise not the obliquities of younger ways, nor despair of better
+things whereof there is yet no prospect. Who would imagine that
+_Diogenes_, who in his younger days was a falsifier of Money, should in
+the after course of his life be so great a contemner of Metal? Some
+Negros who believe the Resurrection, think that they shall Rise
+white.[347] Even in this life Regeneration may imitate Resurrection, our
+black and vitious tinctures may wear off, and goodness cloath us with
+candour. Good admonitions Knock not always in vain. There will be signal
+Examples of God's mercy, and the Angels must not want their charitable
+Rejoyces for the conversion of lost Sinners. Figures of most Angles do
+nearest approach unto Circles, which have no Angles at all. Some may be
+near unto goodness, who are conceived far from it, and many things
+happen, not likely to ensue from any promises of Antecedencies. Culpable
+beginnings have found commendable conclusions, and infamous courses
+pious retractations. Detestable Sinners have proved exemplary Converts
+on Earth, and may be Glorious in the Apartment of _Mary Magdalen_ in
+Heaven. Men are not the same through all divisions of their Ages. Time,
+Experience, self Reflexions, and God's mercies make in some
+well-temper'd minds a kind of translation before Death, and Men to
+differ from themselves as well as from other Persons. Hereof the old
+World afforded many Examples to the infamy of latter Ages, wherein Men
+too often live by the rule of their inclinations; so that, without any
+astral prediction, the first day gives the last,[348] Men are commonly
+as they were, or rather, as bad dispositions run into worser habits, the
+Evening doth not crown, but sowerly conclude the Day.
+
+  [347] Mandelslo.
+
+  [348] _Primusque dies dedit extremum._
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 7]
+
+If the Almighty will not spare us according to his merciful capitulation
+at _Sodom_, if his Goodness please not to pass over a great deal of Bad
+for a small pittance of Good, or to look upon us in the Lump; there is
+slender hope for Mercy, or sound presumption of fulfilling half his
+Will, either in Persons or Nations: they who excel in some Virtues being
+so often defective in others; few Men driving at the extent and
+amplitude of Goodness, but computing themselves by their best parts, and
+others by their worst, are content to rest in those Virtues, which
+others commonly want. Which makes this speckled Face of Honesty in the
+World; and which was the imperfection of the old Philosophers and great
+pretenders unto Virtue, who well declining the gaping Vices of
+Intemperance, Incontinency, Violence and Oppression, were yet blindly
+peccant in iniquities of closer faces, were envious, malicious,
+contemners, scoffers, censurers, and stufft with Vizard Vices, no less
+depraving the Ethereal particle and diviner portion of Man. For Envy,
+Malice, Hatred, are the qualities of _Satan_, close and dark like
+himself; and where such brands smoak the Soul cannot be White. Vice may
+be had at all prices; expensive and costly iniquities, which make the
+noise, cannot be every Man's sins: but the soul may be foully inquinated
+at a very low rate, and a Man may be cheaply vitious, to the perdition
+of himself.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 8]
+
+Opinion rides upon the neck of Reason, and Men are Happy, Wise, or
+Learned, according as that Empress shall set them down in the Register
+of Reputation. However weigh not thyself in the scales of thy own
+opinion, but let the Judgment of the Judicious be the Standard of thy
+Merit. Self-estimation is a flatterer too readily intitling us unto
+Knowledge and Abilities, which others sollicitously labour after, and
+doubtfully think they attain. Surely such confident tempers do pass
+their days in best tranquility, who, resting in the opinion of their own
+abilities, are happily gull'd by such contentation; wherein Pride,
+Self-conceit, Confidence, and Opiniatrity will hardly suffer any to
+complain of imperfection. To think themselves in the right, or all that
+right, or only that, which they do or think, is a fallacy of high
+content; though others laugh in their sleeves, and look upon them as in
+a deluded state of Judgment. Wherein notwithstanding 'twere but a civil
+piece of complacency to suffer them to sleep who would not wake, to let
+them rest in their securities, nor by dissent or opposition to stagger
+their contentments.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 9]
+
+Since the Brow speaks often true, since Eyes and Noses have Tongues, and
+the countenance proclaims the Heart and inclinations; let observation so
+far instruct thee in Physiognomical lines, as to be some Rule for thy
+distinction, and Guide for thy affection unto such as look most like
+Men. Mankind, methinks, is comprehended in a few Faces, if we exclude
+all Visages, which any way participate of Symmetries and Schemes of Look
+common unto other Animals. For as though Man were the extract of the
+World, in whom all were _in coagulato_, which in their forms were _in
+soluto_, and at Extension; we often observe that Men do most act those
+Creatures, whose constitution, parts, and complexion do most predominate
+in their mixtures. This is a corner-stone in Physiognomy, and holds some
+Truth not only in particular Persons but also in whole Nations. There
+are therefore Provincial Faces, National Lips and Noses, which testify
+not only the Natures of those Countries, but of those which have them
+elsewhere. Thus we may make _England_ the whole Earth, dividing it not
+only into _Europe_, _Asia_, _Africa_, but the particular Regions
+thereof, and may in some latitude affirm, that there are _AEgyptians_,
+_Scythians_, _Indians_ among us; who though born in _England_, yet carry
+the Faces and Air of those Countries, and are also agreeable and
+correspondent unto their Natures. Faces look uniformly unto our Eyes:
+How they appear unto some Animals of a more piercing or differing sight,
+who are able to discover the inequalities, rubbs, and hairiness of the
+Skin, is not without good doubt. And therefore in reference unto Man,
+_Cupid_ is said to be blind. Affection should not be too sharp-Eyed, and
+Love is not to be made by magnifying Glasses. If things were seen as
+they truly are, the beauty of bodies would be much abridged. And
+therefore the wise Contriver hath drawn the pictures and outsides of
+things softly and amiably unto the natural Edge of our Eyes, not leaving
+them able to discover those uncomely asperities, which make
+Oyster-shells in good Faces, and Hedghoggs even in _Venus's_ moles.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 10]
+
+Court not Felicity too far, and weary not the favorable hand of Fortune.
+Glorious actions have their times, extent, and _non ultra's_. To put no
+end unto Attempts were to make prescription of Successes, and to bespeak
+unhappiness at the last. For the Line of our Lives is drawn with white
+and black vicissitudes, wherein the extremes hold seldom one complexion.
+That _Pompey_ should obtain the sirname of Great at twenty five years,
+that Men in their young and active days should be fortunate and perform
+notable things, is no observation of deep wonder, they having the
+strength of their fates before them, nor yet acted their parts in the
+World, for which they were brought into it: whereas Men of years,
+matured for counsels and designs, seem to be beyond the vigour of their
+active fortunes, and high exploits of life, providentially ordained unto
+Ages best agreeable unto them. And therefore many brave men finding
+their fortune grow faint, and feeling its declination, have timely
+withdrawn themselves from great attempts, and so escaped the ends of
+mighty Men, disproportionable to their beginnings. But magnanimous
+thoughts have so dimmed the Eyes of many, that forgetting the very
+essence of Fortune, and the vicissitude of good and evil, they apprehend
+no bottom in felicity; and so have been still tempted on unto mighty
+Actions, reserved for their destructions. For Fortune lays the Plot of
+our Adversities in the foundation of our Felicities, blessing us in the
+first quadrate, to blast us more sharply in the last. And since in the
+highest felicities there lieth a capacity of the lowest miseries, she
+hath this advantage from our happiness to make us truly miserable. For
+to become acutely miserable we are to be first happy. Affliction smarts
+most in the most happy state, as having somewhat in it of _Bellisarius_
+at Beggers bush, or _Bajazet_ in the grate. And this the fallen Angels
+severely understand, who having acted their first part in Heaven, are
+made sharply miserable by transition, and more afflictively feel the
+contrary state of Hell.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 11]
+
+Carry no careless Eye upon the unexpected scenes of things; but ponder
+the acts of Providence in the publick ends of great and notable Men, set
+out unto the view of all for no common _memorandums_. The Tragical Exits
+and unexpected periods of some eminent Persons cannot but amuse
+considerate Observators; wherein notwithstanding most men seem to see by
+extramission, without reception or self-reflexion, and conceive
+themselves unconcerned by the fallacy of their own Exemption: Whereas
+the Mercy of God hath singled out but few to be the signals of his
+Justice, leaving the generality of Mankind to the paedagogy of Example.
+But the inadvertency of our Natures not well apprehending this favorable
+method and merciful decimation, and that he sheweth in some what others
+also deserve; they entertain no sense of his Hand beyond the stroak of
+themselves. Whereupon the whole becomes necessarily punished, and the
+contracted Hand of God extended unto universal Judgments: from whence
+nevertheless the stupidity of our tempers receives but faint
+impressions, and in the most Tragical state of times holds but starts of
+good motions. So that to continue us in goodness there must be iterated
+returns of misery, and a circulation in afflictions is necessary. And
+since we cannot be wise by warnings, since Plagues are insignificant,
+except we be personally plagued, since also we cannot be punish'd unto
+Amendment by proxy or commutation, nor by vicinity, but contaction;
+there is an unhappy necessity that we must smart in our own Skins, and
+the provoked arm of the Almighty must fall upon ourselves. The capital
+sufferings of others are rather our monitions than acquitments. There is
+but one who died salvifically for us, and able to say unto Death,
+hitherto shalt thou go and no farther; only one enlivening Death, which
+makes Gardens of Graves, and that which was sowed in Corruption to arise
+and flourish in Glory: when Death it self shall dye, and living shall
+have no Period, when the damned shall mourn at the funeral of Death,
+when Life not Death shall be the wages of sin, when the second Death
+shall prove a miserable Life, and destruction shall be courted.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 12]
+
+Although their Thoughts may seem too severe, who think that few ill
+natur'd Men go to heaven; yet it may be acknowledged that good natur'd
+Persons are best founded for that place; who enter the World with good
+Dispositions, and natural Graces, more ready to be advanced by
+impressions from above, and christianized unto pieties; who carry about
+them plain and down right dealing Minds, Humility, Mercy, Charity, and
+Virtues acceptable unto God and Man. But whatever success they may have
+as to Heaven, they are the acceptable Men on Earth, and happy is he who
+hath his quiver full of them for his Friends. These are not the Dens
+wherein Falshood lurks, and Hypocrisy hides its Head, wherein
+Frowardness makes its Nest, or where Malice, Hard-heartedness, and
+Oppression love to dwell; not those by whom the Poor get little, and the
+Rich some time loose all; Men not of retracted Looks, but who carry
+their Hearts in their Faces, and need not to be look'd upon with
+perspectives; not sordidly or mischievously ingrateful; who cannot learn
+to ride upon the neck of the afflicted, nor load the heavy laden, but
+who keep the temple of _Janus_ shut by peaceable and quiet tempers; who
+make not only the best Friends, but the best Enemies, as easier to
+forgive than offend, and ready to pass by the second offence, before
+they avenge the first; who make natural Royalists, obedient Subjects,
+kind and merciful Princes, verified in our own, one of the best natur'd
+Kings of this Throne. Of the old Roman Emperours the best were the best
+natur'd; though they made but a small number, and might be writ in a
+Ring. Many of the rest were as bad Men as Princes; Humorists rather than
+of good humors, and of good natural parts, rather than of good natures:
+which did but arm their bad inclinations, and make them wittily wicked.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 13]
+
+With what shift and pains we come into the World we remember not; but
+'tis commonly found no easy matter to get out of it. Many have studied
+to exasperate the ways of Death, but fewer hours have been spent to
+soften that necessity. That the smoothest way unto the grave is made by
+bleeding, as common opinion presumeth, beside the sick and fainting
+Languors which accompany that effusion, the experiment in _Lucan_ and
+_Seneca_ will make us doubt; under which the noble Stoick so deeply
+laboured, that, to conceal his affliction, he was fain to retire from
+the sight of his Wife, and not ashamed to implore the merciful hand of
+his Physician to shorten his misery therein. _Ovid_,[349] the old
+Heroes, and the Stoicks, who were so afraid of drowning, as dreading
+thereby the extinction of their Soul, which they conceived to be a Fire,
+stood probably in fear of an easier way of Death; wherein the Water,
+entring the possessions of Air, makes a temperate suffocation, and kills
+as it were without a fever. Surely many, who have had the Spirit to
+destroy themselves, have not been ingenious in the contrivance thereof.
+'Twas a dull way practised by _Themistocles_[350], overwhelm himself
+with Bulls-blood, who, being an _Athenian_, might have held an easier
+Theory of Death from the state potion of his Country; from which
+_Socrates_ in _Plato_ seemed not to suffer much more than from the fit
+of an Ague. _Cato_ is much to be pitied, who mangled himself with
+poyniards; and _Hannibal_ seems more subtle, who carried his delivery,
+not in the point but the pummel[351] of his Sword.
+
+  [349] _Demito naufragium, mors mihi munus erit._
+
+  [350] _Plutarch._
+
+  [351] Pummel, wherein he is said to have carried something, whereby
+        upon a struggle or despair he might deliver himself from all
+        misfortunes.
+
+The _Egyptians_ were merciful contrivers, who destroyed their
+malefactors by Asps, charming their senses into an invincible sleep, and
+killing as it were with _Hermes_ his Rod. The Turkish Emperour,[352]
+odious for other Cruelty, was herein a remarkable Master of Mercy,
+killing his Favorite in his sleep, and sending him from the shade into
+the house of darkness. He who had been thus destroyed would hardly have
+bled at the presence of his destroyer; when Men are already dead by
+metaphor, and pass but from one sleep unto another, wanting herein the
+eminent part of severity, to feel themselves to dye, and escaping the
+sharpest attendant of Death, the lively apprehension thereof. But to
+learn to dye is better than to study the ways of dying. Death will find
+some ways to unty or cut the most Gordian Knots of Life, and make men's
+miseries as mortal as themselves: whereas evil Spirits, as undying
+Substances, are unseparable from their calamities; and therefore they
+everlastingly struggle under their _Angustia's_, and bound up with
+immortality can never get out of themselves.
+
+  [352] _Solyman._ Turkish history.
+
+
+
+
+PART III
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 1]
+
+'Tis hard to find a whole Age to imitate, or what Century to propose for
+Example. Some have been far more approveable than others: but Virtue and
+Vice, Panegyricks and Satyrs, scatteringly to be found in all. History
+sets down not only things laudable, but abominable; things which should
+never have been, or never have been known: So that noble patterns must
+be fetched here and there from single Persons, rather than whole
+Nations, and from all Nations, rather than any one. The World was early
+bad, and the first sin the most deplorable of any. The younger World
+afforded the oldest Men, and perhaps the Best and the Worst, when length
+of days made virtuous habits Heroical and immoveable, vitious,
+inveterate, and irreclaimable. And since 'tis said the imaginations of
+their hearts were evil, only evil, and continually evil; it may be
+feared that their sins held pace with their lives; and their Longevity
+swelling their Impieties, the Longanimity of God would no longer endure
+such vivacious abominations. Their Impieties were surely of a deep dye,
+which required the whole Element of Water to wash them away, and
+overwhelmed their memories with themselves; and so shut up the first
+Windows of Time, leaving no Histories of those longevous generations,
+when Men might have been properly Historians, when _Adam_ might have
+read long Lectures unto _Methuselah_, and _Methuselah_ unto _Noah_. For
+had we been happy in just Historical accounts of that unparallel'd
+World, we might have been acquainted with Wonders; and have understood
+not a little of the Acts and undertakings of _Moses_ his mighty Men, and
+Men of renown of old; which might have enlarged our Thoughts, and made
+the World older unto us. For the unknown part of time shortens the
+estimation, if not the compute of it. What hath escaped our Knowledge
+falls not under our Consideration, and what is and will be latent is
+little better than non existent.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 2]
+
+Some things are dictated for our Instruction, some acted for our
+Imitation, wherein 'tis best to ascend unto the highest conformity, and
+to the honour of the Exemplar. He honours God who imitates him. For what
+we virtuously imitate we approve and Admire; and since we delight not to
+imitate Inferiors, we aggrandize and magnify those we imitate; since
+also we are most apt to imitate those we love, we testify our affection
+in our imitation of the Inimitable. To affect to be like may be no
+imitation. To act, and not to be what we pretend to imitate, is but a
+mimical conformation, and carrieth no Virtue in it. _Lucifer_ imitated
+not God, when he said he would be like the Highest, and he imitated not
+_Jupiter_, who counterfeited Thunder. Where Imitation can go no farther,
+let Admiration step on, whereof there is no end in the wisest form of
+Men. Even Angels and Spirits have enough to admire in their sublimer
+Natures, Admiration being the act of the Creature and not of God, who
+doth not Admire himself. Created Natures allow of swelling Hyperboles;
+nothing can be said Hyperbolically of God, nor will his Attributes admit
+of expressions above their own Exuperances. _Trismegistus_ his Circle,
+whose center is every where, and circumference no where, was no
+Hyperbole. Words cannot exceed, where they cannot express enough. Even
+the most winged Thoughts fall at the setting out, and reach not the
+portal of Divinity.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 3]
+
+In Bivious Theorems, and _Janus_-faced Doctrines, let Virtuous
+considerations state the determination. Look upon Opinions as thou dost
+upon the Moon, and chuse not the dark hemisphere for thy contemplation.
+Embrace not the opacous and blind side of Opinions, but that which looks
+most Luciferously or influentially unto Goodness. 'Tis better to think
+that there are Guardian Spirits, than that there are no Spirits to Guard
+us; that vicious Persons are Slaves, than that there is any servitude in
+Virtue; that times past have been better than times present, than that
+times were always bad, and that to be Men it sufficeth to be no better
+than Men in all Ages, and so promiscuously to swim down the turbid
+stream, and make up the grand confusion. Sow not thy understanding with
+Opinions, which make nothing of Iniquities, and fallaciously extenuate
+Transgressions. Look upon Vices and vicious Objects with Hyperbolical
+Eyes, and rather enlarge their dimensions, that their unseen Deformities
+may not escape thy sense, and their Poysonous parts and stings may
+appear massy and monstrous unto thee; for the undiscerned Particles and
+Atoms of Evil deceive us, and we are undone by the Invisibles of seeming
+Goodness. We are only deceived in what is not discerned, and to Err is
+but to be Blind or Dim-sighted as to some Perceptions.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 4]
+
+To be Honest in a right Line,[353] and Virtuous by Epitome, be firm unto
+such Principles of Goodness, as carry in them Volumes of instruction and
+may abridge thy Labour. And since instructions are many, hold close unto
+those, whereon the rest depend. So may we have all in a few, and the Law
+and the Prophets in a Rule, the Sacred Writ in Stenography, and the
+Scripture in a Nut-Shell. To pursue the osseous and solid part of
+Goodness, which gives Stability and Rectitude to all the rest; To settle
+on fundamental Virtues, and bid early defiance unto Mother-vices, which
+carry in their Bowels the seminals of other Iniquities, makes a short
+cut in Goodness, and strikes not off an Head but the whole Neck of
+_Hydra_. For we are carried into the dark Lake, like the _AEgyptian_
+River into the Sea, by seven principal Ostiaries. The Mother-Sins of
+that number are the Deadly engins of Evil Spirits that undo us, and even
+evil Spirits themselves, and he who is under the Chains thereof is not
+without a possession. _Mary Magdalene_ had more than seven Devils, if
+these with their Imps were in her, and he who is thus possessed, may
+literally be named _Legion_. Where such Plants grow and prosper, look
+for no Champain or Region void of Thorns, but productions like the Tree
+of _Goa_,[354] and Forrests of abomination.
+
+  [353] _Linea recta brevissima._
+
+  [354] _Arbor Goa de Ruyz_, or _ficus Indica_, whose branches send down
+        shoots which root in the ground, from whence there successively
+        rise others, till one Tree becomes a wood.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 5]
+
+Guide not the Hand of God, nor order the Finger of the Almighty, unto
+thy will and pleasure; but sit quiet in the soft showers of Providence,
+and Favourable distributions in this World, either to thyself or others.
+And since not only Judgments have their Errands, but Mercies their
+Commissions; snatch not at every Favour, nor think thy self passed by if
+they fall upon thy Neighbour. Rake not up envious displacences at things
+successful unto others, which the wise Disposer of all thinks not fit
+for thy self. Reconcile the events of things unto both beings, that is,
+of this World and the next: So will there not seem so many Riddles in
+Providence, nor various inequalities in the dispensation of things
+below. If thou dost not anoint thy Face, yet put not on sackcloth at the
+felicities of others. Repining at the Good draws on rejoicing at the
+evils of others, and so falls into that inhumane Vice,[355] for which so
+few Languages have a name. The blessed Spirits above rejoice at our
+happiness below: but to be glad at the evils of one another, is beyond
+the malignity of Hell, and falls not on evil Spirits, who, though they
+rejoice at our unhappiness, take no pleasure at the afflictions of their
+own Society or of their fellow Natures. Degenerous Heads! who must be
+fain to learn from such Examples, and to be Taught from the School of
+Hell.
+
+  [355] +Epichairekakia+.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 6]
+
+Grain not thy vicious stains, nor deepen those swart Tinctures, which
+Temper, Infirmity, or ill habits have set upon thee; and fix not by
+iterated depravations what time might Efface, or Virtuous washes
+expunge. He, who thus still advanceth in Iniquity deepneth his deformed
+hue; turns a Shadow into Night, and makes himself a _Negro_ in the black
+Jaundice; and so becomes one of those Lost ones, the disproportionate
+pores of whose Brains afford no entrance unto good Motions, but reflect
+and frustrate all Counsels, Deaf unto the Thunder of the Laws, and Rocks
+unto the Cries of charitable Commiserators. He who hath had the Patience
+of _Diogenes_, to make Orations unto Statues, may more sensibly
+apprehend how all Words fall to the Ground, spent upon such a surd and
+Earless Generation of Men, stupid unto all Instruction, and rather
+requiring an Exorcist, than an Orator for their Conversion.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 7]
+
+Burden not the back of _Aries_, _Leo_, or _Taurus,_ with thy faults; nor
+make _Saturn_, _Mars_, or _Venus_, guilty of thy Follies. Think not to
+fasten thy imperfections on the Stars, and so despairingly conceive thy
+self under a fatality of being evil. Calculate thy self within, seek not
+thy self in the Moon, but in thine own Orb or Microcosmical
+Circumference. Let celestial aspects admonish and advertise, not
+conclude and determine thy ways. For since good and bad stars moralize
+not our Actions, and neither excuse or commend, acquit or condemn our
+Good or Bad Deeds at the present or last Bar, since some are
+Astrologically well disposed who are morally highly vicious; not
+Celestial Figures, but Virtuous Schemes must denominate and state our
+Actions. If we rightly understood the Names whereby God calleth the
+Stars, if we knew his Name for the Dog-Star, or by what appellation
+_Jupiter_, _Mars_, and _Saturn_ obey his Will; it might be a welcome
+accession unto Astrology, which speaks great things, and is fain to make
+use of appellations from Greek and Barbarick Systems. Whatever
+Influences, Impulsions, or Inclinations there be from the Lights above,
+it were a piece of wisdom to make one of those Wise men who overrule
+their Stars,[356] and with their own Militia contend with the Host of
+Heaven. Unto which attempt there want not Auxiliaries from the whole
+strength of Morality, supplies from Christian Ethicks, influences also
+and illuminations from above, more powerfull than the Lights of Heaven.
+
+  [356] _Sapiens dominabitur Astris._
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 8]
+
+Confound not the distinctions of thy Life which Nature hath divided:
+that is, Youth, Adolescence, Manhood, and old Age, nor in these divided
+Periods, wherein thou art in a manner Four, conceive thyself but One.
+Let every division be happy in its proper Virtues, nor one Vice run
+through all. Let each distinction have its salutary transition, and
+critically deliver thee from the imperfections of the former, so
+ordering the whole, that Prudence and Virtue may have the largest
+section. Do as a Child but when thou art a Child, and ride not on a Reed
+at twenty. He who hath not taken leave of the follies of his Youth, and
+in his maturer state scarce got out of that division, disproportionately
+divideth his Days, crowds up the latter part of his Life, and leaves too
+narrow a corner for the Age of Wisdom, and so hath room to be a Man
+scarce longer than he hath been a Youth. Rather than to make this
+confusion, anticipate the Virtues of Age, and live long without the
+infirmities of it. So may'st thou count up thy Days as some do
+_Adams_,[357] that is, by anticipation; so may'st thou be coetaneous
+unto thy Elders, and a Father unto thy contemporaries.
+
+  [357] _Adam_ thought to be created in the State of Man, about thirty
+        years Old.
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 9]
+
+While others are curious in the choice of good Air, and chiefly
+sollicitous for healthful habitations, Study thou Conversation, and be
+critical in thy Consortion. The aspects, conjunctions, and
+configurations of the Stars, which mutually diversify, intend, or
+qualify their influences, are but the varieties of their nearer or
+farther conversation with one another, and like the Consortion of Men,
+whereby they become better or worse, and even Exchange their Natures.
+Since men live by Examples, and will be imitating something; order thy
+imitation to thy Improvement, not thy Ruin. Look not for Roses in
+_Attalus_[358] His Garden, or wholesome Flowers in a venemous
+Plantation. And since there is scarce any one bad, but some others are
+the worse for him; tempt not Contagion by proximity, and hazard not thy
+self in the shadow of Corruption. He who hath not early suffered this
+Shipwrack, and in his Younger Days escaped this _Charybdis_, may make a
+happy Voyage, and not come in with black Sails into the port. Self
+conversation, or to be alone, is better than such Consortion. Some
+School-men tell us, that he is properly alone, with whom in the same
+place there is no other of the same Species. _Nabuchodonozor_ was alone,
+though among the Beasts of the field; and a Wise Man may be tolerably
+said to be alone though with a Rabble of People, little better than
+Beasts about him. Unthinking Heads, who have not learn'd to be alone,
+are in a Prison to themselves, if they be not also with others: Whereas
+on the contrary, they whose thoughts are in a fair, and hurry within,
+are sometimes fain to retire into Company, to be out of the crowd of
+themselves. He who must needs have Company, must needs have sometimes
+bad Company. Be able to be alone. Loose not the advantage of Solitude,
+and the Society of thy self, nor be only content, but delight to be
+alone and single with Omnipresency. He who is thus prepared, the Day is
+not uneasy nor the Night black unto him. Darkness may bound his Eyes,
+not his Imagination. In his Bed he may ly, like _Pompey_[359] and his
+Sons, in all quarters of the Earth, may speculate the Universe, and
+enjoy the whole World in the Hermitage of himself. Thus the old
+_Ascetick_ Christians found a Paradise in a Desert, and with little
+converse on Earth held a conversation in Heaven; thus they Astronomiz'd
+in Caves, and though they beheld not the Stars, had the Glory of Heaven
+before them.
+
+  [358] _Attalus_ made a Garden which contained only venemous plants.
+
+  [359] _Pompeios Juvenes Asia atque Europa, sed ipsum Terra tegit
+        Libyes._
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 10]
+
+Let the Characters of good things stand indelibly in thy Mind, and thy
+Thoughts be active on them. Trust not too much unto suggestions from
+Reminiscential Amulets, or artificial _Memorandums_. Let the mortifying
+_Janus_ of _Covarrubias_[360] be in thy daily Thoughts, not only on thy
+Hand and Signets. Rely not alone upon silent and dumb remembrances.
+Behold not Death's Heads till thou doest not see them, nor look upon
+mortifying Objects till thou overlook'st them. Forget not how
+assuefaction unto any thing minorates the passion from it, how constant
+Objects loose their hints, and steal an inadvertisement upon us. There
+is no excuse to forget what every thing prompts unto us. To thoughtful
+Observators the whole World is a Phylactery, and every thing we see an
+Item of the Wisdom, Power, or Goodness of God. Happy are they who verify
+their Amulets, and make their Phylacteries speak in their Lives and
+Actions. To run on in despight of the Revulsions and Pul-backs of such
+Remora's aggravates our transgressions. When Death's Heads on our Hands
+have no influence upon our Heads, and fleshless Cadavers abate not the
+exorbitances of the Flesh; when Crucifixes upon Mens Hearts suppress not
+their bad commotions, and his Image who was murdered for us with-holds
+not from Blood and Murder; Phylacteries prove but formalities, and their
+despised hints sharpen our condemnations.
+
+  [360] _Don Sebastian de Covarrubias_, writ 3 Centuries of moral Emblems
+        in _Spanish_. In the 88th of the second Century he sets down two
+        Faces averse, and conjoined _Janus_-like; the one a Gallant
+        Beautiful Face, the other a Death's-Head Face, with this Motto out
+        of _Ovid's Metamorphosis_, _Quid fuerim quid simque vide_.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 11]
+
+Look not for _Whales_ in the _Euxine_ Sea, or expect great matters where
+they are not to be found. Seek not for Profundity in Shallowness, or
+Fertility in a Wilderness. Place not the expectation of great Happiness
+here below, or think to find Heaven on Earth; wherein we must be content
+with Embryon-felicities, and fruitions of doubtful Faces. For the Circle
+of our felicities makes but short Arches. In every clime we are in a
+periscian state, and with our Light our Shadow and Darkness walk about
+us. Our Contentments stand upon the tops of Pyramids ready to fall off,
+and the insecurity of their enjoyments abrupteth our Tranquillities.
+What we magnify is Magnificent, but like to the _Colossus_, noble
+without, stuft with rubbidge and coarse Metal within. Even the Sun,
+whose Glorious outside we behold, may have dark and smoaky Entrails. In
+vain we admire the Lustre of any thing seen: that which is truly
+glorious is invisible. _Paradise_ was but a part of the Earth, lost not
+only to our Fruition but our Knowledge. And if, according to old
+Dictates, no Man can be said to be happy before Death, the happiness of
+this Life goes for nothing before it be over, and while we think
+ourselves happy we do but usurp that Name. Certainly true Beatitude
+groweth not on Earth, nor hath this World in it the Expectations we have
+of it. He Swims in Oyl, and can hardly avoid sinking, who hath such
+light Foundations to support him. 'Tis therefore happy that we have two
+Worlds to hold on. To enjoy true happiness we must travel into a very
+far Countrey, and even out of our selves; for the Pearl we seek for is
+not to be found in the _Indian_, but in the _Empyrean_ Ocean.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 12]
+
+Answer not the Spur of Fury, and be not prodigal or prodigious in
+Revenge. Make not one in the _Historia Horribilis_;[361] Flay not thy
+Servant for a broken Glass, nor pound him in a Mortar who offendeth
+thee; supererogate not in the worst sense, and overdo not the
+necessities of evil; humour not the injustice of Revenge. Be not
+Stoically mistaken in the equality of sins, nor commutatively iniquous
+in the valuation of transgressions; but weigh them in the Scales of
+Heaven, and by the weights of righteous Reason. Think that Revenge too
+high, which is but level with the offence. Let thy Arrows of Revenge fly
+short, or be aimed like those of _Jonathan_, to fall beside the mark.
+Too many there be to whom a Dead Enemy smells well, and who find Musk
+and Amber in Revenge. The ferity of such minds holds no rule in
+Retaliations, requiring too often a Head for a Tooth, and the Supreme
+revenge for trespasses which a night's rest should obliterate. But
+patient Meekness takes injuries like Pills, not chewing but swallowing
+them down, Laconically suffering, and silently passing them over, while
+angered Pride makes a noise, like _Homerican Mars_[362], at every
+scratch of offences. Since Women do most delight in Revenge, it may seem
+but feminine manhood to be vindicative. If thou must needs have thy
+Revenge of thine Enemy, with a soft Tongue break his Bones,[363] heap
+Coals of Fire on his Head, forgive him, and enjoy it. To forgive our
+Enemies is a charming way of Revenge, and a short _Caesarian_ Conquest
+overcoming without a blow; laying our Enemies at our Feet, under sorrow,
+shame, and repentance; leaving our Foes our Friends, and solicitously
+inclined to grateful Retaliations. Thus to Return upon our Adversaries
+is a healing way of Revenge, and to do good for evil a soft and melting
+ultion, a method Taught from Heaven to keep all smooth on Earth. Common
+forceable ways make not an end of Evil, but leave Hatred and Malice
+behind them. An Enemy thus reconciled is little to be trusted, as
+wanting the foundation of Love and Charity, and but for a time
+restrained by disadvantage or inability. If thou hast not Mercy for
+others, yet be not Cruel unto thy self. To ruminate upon evils, to make
+critical notes upon injuries, and be too acute in their apprehensions,
+is to add unto our own Tortures, to feather the Arrows of our Enemies,
+to lash our selves with the Scorpions of our Foes, and to resolve to
+sleep no more. For injuries long dreamt on take away at last all rest;
+and he sleeps but like _Regulus_, who busieth his Head about them.
+
+  [361] A Book so intitled wherein are sundry horrid accounts.
+
+  [362]    _Tu miser exclamas, ut Stentora vincere possis,
+           Vel potius quantum Gradivus Homericus._ Juvenal.
+
+  [363] A soft tongue breaketh the bones. _Proverbs_ 25. 15.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 13]
+
+Amuse not thyself about the Riddles of future things. Study Prophecies
+when they are become Histories, and past hovering in their causes. Eye
+well things past and present, and let conjectural sagacity suffice for
+things to come. There is a sober Latitude for prescience in contingences
+of discoverable Tempers, whereby discerning Heads see sometimes beyond
+their Eyes, and Wise Men become Prophetical. Leave Cloudy predictions to
+their Periods, and let appointed Seasons have the lot of their
+accomplishments. 'Tis too early to study such Prophecies before they
+have been long made, before some train of their causes have already
+taken Fire, laying open in part what lay obscure and before buryed unto
+us. For the voice of Prophecies is like that of Whispering-places: They
+who are near or at a little distance hear nothing, those at the farthest
+extremity will understand all. But a Retrograde cognition of times past,
+and things which have already been, is more satisfactory than a
+suspended Knowledge of what is yet unexistent. And the Greatest part of
+time being already wrapt up in things behind us; it's now somewhat late
+to bait after things before us; for futurity still shortens, and time
+present sucks in time to come. What is Prophetical in one Age proves
+Historical in another, and so must hold on unto the last of time; when
+there will be no room for Prediction, when _Janus_ shall loose one Face,
+and the long beard of time shall look like those of _David's_ Servants,
+shorn away upon one side, and when, if the expected _Elias_ should
+appear, he might say much of what is past, not much of what's to come.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 14]
+
+Live unto the Dignity of thy Nature, and leave it not disputable at
+last, whether thou hast been a Man, or since thou art a composition of
+Man and Beast, how thou hast predominantly passed thy days, to state the
+denomination. Un-man not therefore thy self by a Beastial
+transformation, nor realize old Fables. Expose not thy self by
+four-footed manners unto monstrous draughts, and _Caricatura_
+representations. Think not after the old _Pythagorean_ conceit, what
+Beast thou may'st be after death. Be not under any Brutal
+_metempsychosis_ while thou livest, and walkest about erectly under the
+scheme of Man. In thine own circumference, as in that of the Earth, let
+the Rational Horizon be larger than the sensible, and the Circle of
+Reason than of Sense. Let the Divine part be upward, and the Region of
+Beast below. Otherwise, 'tis but to live invertedly, and with thy Head
+unto the Heels of thy _Antipodes_. Desert not thy title to a Divine
+particle and union with invisibles. Let true Knowledge and Virtue tell
+the lower World thou art a part of the higher. Let thy Thoughts be of
+things which have not entred into the Hearts of Beasts: Think of things
+long past, and long to come: Acquaint thy self with the _Choragium_ of
+the Stars, and consider the vast expansion beyond them. Let Intellectual
+Tubes give thee a glance of things, which visive Organs reach not. Have
+a glimpse of incomprehensibles, and Thoughts of things, which Thoughts
+but tenderly touch. Lodge immaterials in thy Head: ascend unto
+invisibles: fill thy Spirit with Spirituals, with the mysteries of
+Faith, the magnalities of Religion, and thy Life with the Honour of God;
+without which, though Giants in Wealth and Dignity, we are but Dwarfs
+and Pygmies in Humanity, and may hold a pitiful rank in that triple
+division of mankind into Heroes, Men, and Beasts. For though human Souls
+are said to be equal, yet is there no small inequality in their
+operations; some maintain the allowable Station of Men; many are far
+below it; and some have been so divine, as to approach the _Apogeum_ of
+their Natures, and to be in the _Confinium_ of Spirits.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 15]
+
+Behold thy self by inward Opticks and the Crystalline of thy Soul.
+Strange it is that in the most perfect sense there should be so many
+fallacies, that we are fain to make a doctrine, and often to see by Art.
+But the greatest imperfection is in our inward sight, that is, to be
+Ghosts unto our own Eyes, and while we are so sharp sighted as to look
+thorough others, to be invisible unto our selves; for the inward Eyes
+are more fallacious than the outward. The Vices we scoff at in others
+laugh at us within our selves. Avarice, Pride, Falshood lye undiscerned
+and blindly in us, even to the Age of blindness: and therefore to see
+our selves interiourly, we are fain to borrow other Mens Eyes; wherein
+true Friends are good Informers, and Censurers no bad Friends.
+Conscience only, that can see without Light, sits in the _Areopagy_ and
+dark Tribunal of our Hearts, surveying our Thoughts and condemning their
+obliquities. Happy is that State of Vision that can see without Light,
+though all should look as before the Creation, when there was not an Eye
+to see, or Light to actuate a Vision: wherein notwithstanding obscurity
+is only imaginable respectively unto Eyes; for unto God there was none,
+Eternal Light was ever, created Light was for the creation, not himself,
+and as he saw before the Sun, may still also see without it. In the City
+of the new _Jerusalem_ there is neither Sun nor Moon; where glorifyed
+Eyes must see by the _Archetypal_ Sun, or the Light of God, able to
+illuminate Intellectual Eyes, and make unknown Visions. Intuitive
+perceptions in Spiritual beings may perhaps hold some Analogy unto
+Vision: but yet how they see us, or one another, what Eye, what Light,
+or what perception is required unto their intuition, is yet dark unto
+our apprehension; and even how they see God, or how unto our glorified
+Eyes the Beatifical Vision will be celebrated, another World must tell
+us, when perceptions will be new, and we may hope to behold invisibles.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 16]
+
+When all looks fair about, and thou seest not a cloud so big as a Hand
+to threaten thee, forget not the Wheel of things: Think of sullen
+vicissitudes, but beat not thy brains to fore-know them. Be armed
+against such obscurities, rather by submission than fore-knowledge. The
+Knowledge of future evils mortifies present felicities, and there is
+more content in the uncertainty or ignorance of them. This favour our
+Saviour vouchsafed unto _Peter_, when he fore-told not his Death in
+plain terms, and so by an ambiguous and cloudy delivery dampt not the
+Spirit of his Disciples. But in the assured fore-knowledge of the
+deluge, _Noah_ lived many Years under the affliction of a Flood; and
+_Jerusalem_ was taken unto _Jeremy_, before it was besieged. And
+therefore the Wisdom of Astrologers, who speak of future things, hath
+wisely softned the severity of their Doctrines; and even in their sad
+predictions, while they tell us of inclination not coaction from the
+Stars, they Kill us not with _Stygian_ oaths and merciless necessity,
+but leave us hopes of evasion.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 17]
+
+If thou hast the brow to endure the Name of Traytor, Perjur'd, or
+Oppressor, yet cover thy Face when Ingratitude is thrown at thee. If
+that degenerous Vice possess thee, hide thy self in the shadow of thy
+shame, and pollute not noble society. Grateful Ingenuities are content
+to be obliged within some compass of Retribution, and being depressed by
+the weight of iterated favours may so labour under their inabilities of
+Requital, as to abate the content from Kindnesses. But narrow self-ended
+Souls make prescription of good Offices, and obliged by often favours
+think others still due unto them: whereas, if they but once fail, they
+prove so perversely ungrateful, as to make nothing of common courtesies,
+and to bury all that's past. Such tempers pervert the generous course of
+things; for they discourage the inclinations of noble minds, and make
+Beneficency cool unto acts of obligation, whereby the grateful World
+should subsist, and have their consolation. Common gratitude must be
+kept alive by the additionary fewel of new courtesies: but generous
+Gratitudes, though but once well obliged, without quickening repetitions
+or expectation of new Favours, have thankful minds for ever; for they
+write not their obligations in sandy but marble memories, which wear not
+out but with themselves.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 18]
+
+Think not Silence the wisdom of Fools, but, if rightly timed, the honour
+of Wise Men, who have not the Infirmity, but the Virtue of Taciturnity,
+and speak not out of the abundance, but the well weighted thoughts of
+their Hearts. Such silence may be Eloquence, and speak thy worth above
+the power of Words. Make such a one thy friend, in whom Princes may be
+happy, and great Councels successful. Let him have the Key of thy Heart,
+who hath the Lock of his own, which no Temptation can open; where thy
+Secrets may lastingly ly, like the lamp in _Olybius_ his Urn,[364]
+alive, and light, but close and invisible.
+
+  [364] Which after many hundred years was found burning under ground, and
+        went out as soon as the air came to it.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 19]
+
+Let thy Oaths be sacred, and Promises be made upon the Altar of thy
+Heart. Call not _Jove_[365] to witness with a Stone in one Hand, and a
+Straw in another, and so make Chaff and Stubble of thy Vows. Worldly
+Spirits, whose interest is their belief, make Cobwebs of Obligations,
+and, if they can find ways to elude the Urn of the _Praetor_, will trust
+the Thunderbolt of _Jupiter_: And therefore if they should as deeply
+swear as _Osman_ to _Bethlem Gabor_:[366] yet whether they would be
+bound by those chains, and not find ways to cut such _Gordian_ Knots, we
+could have no just assurance. But Honest Mens Words are _Stygian_ Oaths,
+and Promises inviolable. These are not the Men for whom the fetters of
+Law were first forged: they needed not the solemness of Oaths; by
+keeping their Faith they swear,[367] and evacuate such confirmations.
+
+  [365] _Jovem lapidem jurare._
+
+  [366] See the oath of _Sultan Osman_ in his life, in the addition to
+        _Knolls_ his Turkish history.
+
+  [367] _Colendo fidem jurant._--Curtius.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 20]
+
+Though the World be Histrionical, and most Men live Ironically, yet be
+thou what thou singly art, and personate only thy self. Swim smoothly in
+the stream of thy Nature, and live but one Man. To single Hearts
+doubling is discruciating: such tempers must sweat to dissemble, and
+prove but hypocritical Hypocrites. Simulation must be short: Men do not
+easily continue a counterfeiting Life, or dissemble unto Death. He who
+counterfeiteth, acts a part; and is as it were out of himself: which, if
+long, proves so irksome, that Men are glad to pull of their Vizards, and
+resume themselves again; no practice being able to naturalize such
+unnaturals, or make a Man rest content not to be himself. And therefore
+since Sincerity is thy Temper, let veracity be thy Virtue in Words,
+Manners, and Actions. To offer at iniquities, which have so little
+foundations in thee, were to be vitious up hill, and strain for thy
+condemnation. Persons vitiously inclined, want no Wheels to make them
+actively vitious, as having the Elater and Spring of their own Natures
+to facilitate their Iniquities. And therefore so many, who are
+sinistrous unto Good Actions, are Ambi-dexterous unto bad; and _Vulcans_
+in virtuous paths, _Achilleses_ in vitious motions.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 21]
+
+Rest not in the high strain'd Paradoxes of old Philosophy supported by
+naked Reason, and the reward of mortal Felicity, but labour in the
+Ethicks of Faith, built upon Heavenly assistance, and the happiness of
+both beings. Understand the Rules, but swear not unto the doctrines of
+_Zeno_ or _Epicurus_. Look beyond _Antoninus_, and terminate not thy
+morals in _Seneca_ or _Epictetus_. Let not the twelve, but the two
+Tables be thy Law: Let _Pythagoras_ be thy Remembrancer, not thy
+textuary and final Instructer; and learn the Vanity of the World rather
+from _Solomon_ than _Phocylides_. Sleep not in the Dogma's of the
+_Peripatus_, Academy, or _Porticus_. Be a moralist of the Mount, an
+_Epictetus_ in the _Faith_, and christianize thy Notions.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 22]
+
+In seventy or eighty years a Man may have a deep Gust of the World, Know
+what it is, what it can afford, and what 'tis to have been a Man. Such a
+latitude of years may hold a considerable corner in the general Map of
+Time; and a Man may have a curt Epitome of the whole course thereof in
+the days of his own life, may clearly see he hath but acted over his
+Fore-fathers; what it was to live in Ages past, and what living will be
+in all ages to come.
+
+He is like to be the best judge of Time who hath lived to see about the
+sixtieth part thereof. Persons of short times may Know what 'tis to
+live, but not the life of Man, who, having little behind them, are but
+_Januses_ of one face, and Know not singularities enough to raise Axioms
+of this World: but such a compass of Years will shew new Examples of old
+Things, Parallelisms of occurrences through the whole course of Time,
+and nothing be monstrous unto him; who may in that time understand not
+only the varieties of Men, but the variation of himself, and how many
+Men he hath been in that extent of time.
+
+He may have a close apprehension what it is to be forgotten, while he
+hath lived to find none who could remember his Father, or scarce the
+friends of his youth, and may sensibly see with what a face in no long
+time oblivion will look upon himself. His Progeny may never be his
+Posterity; he may go out of the World less related than he came into it;
+and considering the frequent mortality in Friends and Relations, in such
+a Term of Time, he may pass away divers years in sorrow and black
+habits, and leave none to mourn for himself; Orbity may be his
+inheritance, and Riches his Repentance.
+
+In such a thred of Time, and long observation of Men, he may acquire a
+_Physiognomical_ intuitive Knowledge, Judge the interiors by the
+outside, and raise conjectures at first sight; and knowing what Men have
+been, what they are, what Children probably will be, may in the present
+Age behold a good part, and the temper of the next; and since so many
+live by the Rules of Constitution, and so few overcome their
+temperamental Inclinations, make no improbable predictions.
+
+Such a portion of Time will afford a large prospect backward, and
+Authentick Reflections how far he hath performed the great intention of
+his Being, in the Honour of his Maker; whether he hath made good the
+Principles of his Nature, and what he was made to be; what
+Characteristick and special Mark he hath left, to be observable in his
+Generation; whether he hath Lived to purpose or in vain, and what he
+hath added, acted, or performed, that might considerably speak him a
+Man.
+
+In such an Age Delights will be undelightful and Pleasures grow stale
+unto him; Antiquated Theorems will revive, and _Solomon's_ Maxims be
+Demonstrations unto him; Hopes or presumptions be over, and despair grow
+up of any satisfaction below. And having been long tossed in the Ocean
+of this World, he will by that time feel the In-draught of another, unto
+which this seems but preparatory, and without it of no high value. He
+will experimentally find the Emptiness of all things, and the nothing of
+what is past; and wisely grounding upon true Christian Expectations,
+finding so much past, will wholly fix upon what is to come. He will long
+for Perpetuity, and live as though he made haste to be happy. The last
+may prove the prime part of his Life, and those his best days which he
+lived nearest Heaven.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 23]
+
+Live happy in the _Elizium_ of a virtuously composed Mind, and let
+Intellectual Contents exceed the Delights wherein mere Pleasurists place
+their Paradise. Bear not too slack reins upon Pleasure, nor let
+complexion or contagion betray thee unto the exorbitancy of Delight.
+Make Pleasure thy Recreation or intermissive Relaxation, not thy
+_Diana_, Life and Profession. Voluptuousness is as insatiable as
+Covetousness. Tranquillity is better than Jollity, and to appease pain
+than to invent pleasure. Our hard entrance into the world, our miserable
+going out of it, our sicknesses, disturbances, and sad Rencounters in
+it, do clamorously tell us we come not into the World to run a Race of
+Delight, but to perform the sober Acts and serious purposes of Man;
+which to omit were foully to miscarry in the advantage of humanity, to
+play away an uniterable Life, and to have lived in vain. Forget not the
+capital end, and frustrate not the opportunity of once Living. Dream not
+of any kind of _Metempsychosis_ or transanimation, but into thine own
+body, and that after a long time, and then also unto wail or bliss,
+according to thy first and fundamental Life. Upon a curricle in this
+World depends a long course of the next, and upon a narrow Scene here an
+endless expansion hereafter. In vain some think to have an end of their
+Beings with their Lives. Things cannot get out of their natures, or be
+or not be in despite of their constitutions. Rational existences in
+Heaven perish not at all, and but partially on Earth: That which is thus
+once will in some way be always: The first Living human Soul is still
+alive, and all _Adam_ hath found no Period.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 24]
+
+Since the Stars of Heaven do differ in Glory; since it hath pleased the
+Almighty hand to honour the North Pole with Lights above the South;
+since there are some Stars so bright that they can hardly be looked on,
+some so dim that they can scarce be seen, and vast numbers not to be
+seen at all even by Artificial Eyes; Read thou the Earth in Heaven, and
+things below from above. Look contentedly upon the scattered difference
+of things, and expect not equality in lustre, dignity, or perfection,
+in Regions or Persons below; where numerous numbers must be content to
+stand like _Lacteous_ or _Nebulous_ Stars, little taken notice of, or
+dim in their generations. All which may be contentedly allowable in the
+affairs and ends of this World, and in suspension unto what will be in
+the order of things hereafter, and the new Systeme of Mankind which will
+be in the World to come; when the last may be the first and the first
+the last; when _Lazarus_ may sit above _Caesar_, and the just obscure on
+Earth shall shine like the Sun in Heaven; when personations shall cease,
+and Histrionism of happiness be over; when Reality shall rule, and all
+shall be as they shall be for ever.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 25]
+
+When the _Stoick_ said that life would not be accepted if it were
+offered unto such as knew it,[368] he spoke too meanly of that state of
+being which placeth us in the form of Men. It more depreciates the value
+of this life, that Men would not live it over again; for although they
+would still live on, yet few or none can endure to think of being twice
+the same Men upon Earth, and some had rather never have lived than to
+tread over their days once more. _Cicero_ in a prosperous state had not
+the patience to think of beginning in a cradle again. _Job_ would not
+only curse the day of his Nativity, but also of his Renascency, if he
+were to act over his Disasters, and the miseries of the Dunghil. But the
+greatest under-weening of this Life is to undervalue that, unto which
+this is but Exordial or a Passage leading unto it. The great advantage
+of this mean life is thereby to stand in a capacity of a better; for
+the Colonies of Heaven must be drawn from Earth, and the Sons of the
+first _Adam_ are only heirs unto the second. Thus _Adam_ came into this
+World with the power also of another, nor only to replenish the Earth,
+but the everlasting Mansions of Heaven. Where we were when the
+foundations of the earth were lay'd, when the morning Stars sang
+together,[369] and all the Sons of God shouted for Joy, He must answer
+who asked it; who understands Entities of preordination, and beings yet
+unbeing; who hath in his Intellect the Ideal Existences of things, and
+Entities before their Extances. Though it looks but like an imaginary
+kind of existency to be before we are; yet since we are under the decree
+or prescience of a sure and Omnipotent Power, it may be somewhat more
+than a non-entity to be in that mind, unto which all things are present.
+
+  [368] _Vitam nemo acciperet si daretur scientibus._--Seneca.
+
+  [369] Job 38.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 26]
+
+If the end of the World shall have the same foregoing Signs, as the
+period of Empires, States, and Dominions in it, that is, Corruption of
+Manners, inhuman degenerations, and deluge of iniquities; it may be
+doubted whether that final time be so far of, of whose day and hour
+there can be no prescience. But while all men doubt, and none can
+determine how long the World shall last, some may wonder that it hath
+spun out so long and unto our days. For if the Almighty had not
+determin'd a fixed duration unto it, according to his mighty and
+merciful designments in it, if he had not said unto it, as he did unto a
+part of it, hitherto shalt thou go and no farther; if we consider the
+incessant and cutting provocations from the Earth, it is not without
+amazement how his patience hath permitted so long a continuance unto
+it, how he, who cursed the Earth in the first days of the first Man, and
+drowned it in the tenth Generation after, should thus lastingly contend
+with Flesh and yet defer the last flames. For since he is sharply
+provoked every moment, yet punisheth to pardon, and forgives to forgive
+again; what patience could be content to act over such vicissitudes, or
+accept of repentances which must have after penitences, his goodness can
+only tell us. And surely if the patience of Heaven were not
+proportionable unto the provocations from Earth; there needed an
+Intercessor not only for the sins, but the duration of this World, and
+to lead it up unto the present computation. Without such a merciful
+Longanimity, the Heavens would never be so aged as to grow old like a
+Garment; it were in vain to infer from the Doctrine of the Sphere, that
+the time might come when _Capella_, a noble Northern Star, would have
+its motion in the _AEquator_, that the Northern _Zodiacal_ Signs would at
+length be the Southern, the Southern the Northern, and _Capricorn_
+become our _Cancer_. However therefore the Wisdom of the Creator hath
+ordered the duration of the World, yet since the end thereof brings the
+accomplishment of our happiness, since some would be content that it
+should have no end, since Evil Men and Spirits do fear it may be too
+short, since Good Men hope it may not be too long; the prayer of the
+Saints under the Altar will be the supplication of the Righteous World.
+That his mercy would abridge their languishing Expectation and hasten
+the accomplishment of their happy state to come.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 27]
+
+Though Good Men are often taken away from the Evil to come, though some
+in evil days have been glad that they were old, nor long to behold the
+iniquities of a wicked World, or Judgments threatened by them; yet is it
+no small satisfaction unto honest minds to leave the World in virtuous
+well temper'd times, under a prospect of good to come, and continuation
+of worthy ways acceptable unto God and Man. Men who dye in deplorable
+days, which they regretfully behold, have not their Eyes closed with the
+like content; while they cannot avoid the thoughts of proceeding or
+growing enormities, displeasing unto that Spirit unto whom they are then
+going, whose honour they desire in all times and throughout all
+generations. If _Lucifer_ could be freed from his dismal place, he would
+little care though the rest were left behind. Too many there may be of
+_Nero's_ mind, who, if their own turn were served, would not regard what
+became of others, and, when they dye themselves, care not if all perish.
+But good Mens wishes extend beyond their lives, for the happiness of
+times to come, and never to be known unto them. And therefore while so
+many question prayers for the dead, they charitably pray for those who
+are not yet alive; they are not so enviously ambitious to go to Heaven
+by themselves: they cannot but humbly wish, that the little Flock might
+be greater, the narrow Gate wider, and that, as many are called, so not
+a few might be chosen.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 28]
+
+That a greater number of Angels remained in Heaven, than fell from it,
+the School-men will tell us; that the number of blessed Souls will not
+come short of that vast number of fallen Spirits, we have the favorable
+calculation of others. What Age or Century hath sent most Souls unto
+Heaven, he can tell who vouchsafeth that honour unto them. Though the
+Number of the blessed must be compleat before the World can pass away,
+yet since the World it self seems in the wane, and we have no such
+comfortable prognosticks of Latter times, since a greater part of time
+is spun than is to come, and the blessed Roll already much replenished;
+happy are those pieties, which solicitously look about, and hasten to
+make one of that already much filled and abbreviated List to come.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 29]
+
+Think not thy time short in this World since the World it self is not
+long. The created World is but a small _Parenthesis_ in Eternity; and a
+short interposition for a time between such a state of duration, as was
+before it and may be after it. And if we should allow of the old
+Tradition that the world should last Six Thousand years, it could scarce
+have the name of old, since the first Man lived near a sixth part
+thereof, and seven _Methusela's_ would exceed its whole duration.
+However, to palliate the shortness of our Lives, and somewhat to
+compensate our brief term in this World, it's good to know as much as we
+can of it; and also, so far as possibly in us lieth, to hold such a
+_Theory_ of times past, as though we had seen the same. He who hath thus
+considered the World, as also how therein things long past have been
+answered by things present, how matters in one Age have been acted over
+in another, and how there is nothing new under the Sun, may conceive
+himself in some manner to have lived from the beginning, and to be as
+old as the World; and if he should still live on 'twould be but the same
+thing.
+
+
+[Sidenote: SECT. 30]
+
+Lastly, if length of Days be thy Portion, make it not thy Expectation.
+Reckon not upon long Life: think every day the last, and live always
+beyond thy account. He that so often surviveth his Expectation lives
+many Lives, and will scarce complain of the shortness of his days. Time
+past is gone like a Shadow; make time to come present. Approximate thy
+latter times by present apprehensions of them: be like a neighbour unto
+the Grave, and think there is but little to come. And since there is
+something of us that will still live on, join both lives together, and
+live in one but for the other. He who thus ordereth the purposes of this
+Life will never be far from the next, and is in some manner already in
+it, by a happy conformity, and close apprehension of it. And if, as we
+have elsewhere declared, any have been so happy as personally to
+understand Christian Annihilation, Extasy, Exolution, Transformation,
+the Kiss of the Spouse, and Ingression into the Divine Shadow, according
+to Mystical Theology, they have already had an handsome Anticipation of
+Heaven; the World is in a manner over, and the Earth in Ashes unto them.
+
+
+
+
+                    NOTES ON CERTAIN BIRDS
+                     AND FISHES FOUND IN
+                          NORFOLK
+
+
+
+
+NOTES ON CERTAIN BIRDS FOUND IN NORFOLK.
+
+
+I willingly obey your commands in setting down such birds fishes and
+other animals which for many years I have observed in Norfolk.
+
+Beside the ordinarie birds which keep constantly in the country many are
+discouerable both in winter and summer which are of a migrant nature and
+exchange their seats according to the season. Those which come in the
+spring coming for the most part from the southward those which come in
+the Autumn or winter from the northward. So that they are obserued to
+come in great flocks with a north east wind and to depart with a south
+west. Nor to come only in flocks of one kind butt teals woodcocks
+felfars thrushes and small birds to come and light together, for the
+most part some hawkes and birds of pray attending them.
+
+The great and noble kind of Agle calld Aquila Gesneri I have not seen in
+this country but one I met with in this country brought from Ireland
+which I kept 2 yeares, feeding it with whelpes cattes ratts and the
+like, in all that while not giving it any water which I afterwards
+presented unto my worthy friend Dr Scarburgh.
+
+Of other sorts of Agles there are severall kinds especially of the
+Halyaetus or fenne Agles some of 3 yards and a quarter from the
+extremitie of the wings, whereof one being taken aliue grewe so tame
+that it went about the yard feeding on fish redherrings flesh and any
+offells without the least trouble.
+
+There is also a lesser sort of Agle called an ospray which houers about
+the fennes and broads and will dippe his claws and take up a fish
+oftimes for which his foote is made of an extraordinarie roughnesse for
+the better fastening and holding of it and the like they will do unto
+cootes.
+
+Aldrovandus takes particular notice of the great number of Kites about
+London and about the Thames. Wee are not without them heare though not
+in such numbers. There are also the gray and bald Buzzard of all which
+the great number of broad waters and warrens makes no small number and
+more than in woodland counties.
+
+Cranes are often seen here in hard winters especially about the champian
+and feildie part it seems they have been more plentifull for in a bill
+of fare when the maior entertaind the duke of norfolk I meet with
+Cranes in a dish.
+
+In hard winters elkes a kind of wild swan are seen in no small numbers,
+in whom and not in common swans is remarkable that strange recurvation
+of the windpipe through the sternon, and the same is also obseruable in
+cranes. Tis probable they come very farre for all the northern
+discouerers have obserued them in the remotest parts and like diuers
+other northern birds if the winter bee mild they commonly come no
+further southward then Scotland; if very hard they go lower and seeke
+more southern places. Which is the cause that sometimes wee see them not
+before christmas or the hardest time of winter.
+
+A white large and strong billd fowle called a Ganet which seemes to bee
+the greater sort of Larus, whereof I met with one kild by a greyhound
+neere Swaffam another in marshland while it fought and would not bee
+forced to take wing, another intangled in an herring net which taken
+aliue was fed with herrings for a while. It may be named Larus maior
+Leucophaeopterus as being white and the top of the wings browne.
+
+In hard winters I have also met with that large and strong billd fowle
+which Clusius describeth by the name of Skua Hoyeri sent him from the
+Faro Island by Hoierus a physitian, one whereof was shot at Hickling
+while 2 thereof were feeding upon a dead horse.
+
+As also that large and strong billd fowle spotted like a starling which
+Clusius nameth Mergus maior farroensis as frequently the Faro islands
+seated above Shetland, one whereof I sent unto my worthy friend Dr
+Scarburgh.
+
+Here is also the pica marina or seapye, many sorts of Lari, seamewes and
+cobs; the Larus maior in great abundance in herring time about Yarmouth.
+
+Larus alba or puets in such plentie about Horsey that they sometimes
+bring them in carts to Norwich and sell them at small rates, and the
+country people make use of their egges in puddings and otherwise. Great
+plentie thereof haue bred about Scoulton meere, and from thence sent to
+London.
+
+Larus cinereus greater and smaller, butt a coars meat; commonly called
+sternes.
+
+Hirundo marina or sea swallowe a neat white and forked tayle bird butt
+longer then a swallowe.
+
+The ciconia or stork I have seen in the fennes and some haue been shot
+in the marshes between this and Yarmouth.
+
+The platea or shouelard, which build upon the topps of high trees. They
+haue formerly built in the Hernerie at Claxton and Reedham now at
+Trimley in Suffolk. They come in March and are shot by fowlers not for
+their meat butt the handsomenesse of the same, remarkable in their white
+colour copped crowne and spoone or spatule like bill.
+
+Corvus marinus, cormorants, building at Reedham upon trees from whence
+King Charles the first was wont to bee supplyed. Beside the Rock
+cormorant which breedeth in the rocks in northerne countries and cometh
+to us in the winter, somewhat differing from the other in largenesse and
+whitenesse under the wings.
+
+A sea fowl called a shearwater, somewhat billed like a cormorant butt
+much lesser a strong and feirce fowle houering about shipps when they
+cleanse their fish. 2 were kept 6 weekes cramming them with fish which
+they would not feed on of themselues. The seamen told mee they had kept
+them 3 weekes without meat, and I giuing ouer to feed them found they
+liued 16 dayes without taking any thing.
+
+Barnacles Brants Branta are common sheldrakes sheledracus jonstoni.
+
+Barganders a noble coloured fowle vulpanser which breed in cunny
+burrowes about Norrold and other places.
+
+Wild geese Anser ferus.
+
+Scoch goose Anser scoticus.
+
+Goshander. merganser.
+
+Mergus acutirostris speciosus or Loone an handsome and specious fowle
+cristated and with diuided finne feet placed very backward and after the
+manner of all such which the Duch call Arsvoote. They haue a peculiar
+formation in the leggebone which hath a long and sharpe processe
+extending aboue the thigh bone. They come about April and breed in the
+broad waters so making their nest on the water that their egges are
+seldom drye while they are sett on.
+
+Mergus acutarostris cinereus which seemeth to bee a difference of the
+former.
+
+Mergus minor the smaller diuers or dabchicks in riuers and broade
+waters.
+
+Mergus serratus the saw billd diuer bigger and longer than a duck
+distinguished from other diuers by a notable sawe bill to retaine its
+slipperie pray as liuing much upon eeles whereof we haue seldome fayled
+to find some in their bellies.
+
+Diuers other sorts of diuefowle more remarkable the mustela fusca and
+mustela variegata the graye dunne and the variegated or partie coloured
+wesell so called from the resemblance it beareth vnto a wesell in the
+head.
+
+Many sorts of wild ducks which passe under names well knowne unto the
+fowlers though of no great signification as smee widgeon Arts ankers
+noblets.
+
+The most remarkable are Anas platyrinchos a remarkably broad bild duck.
+
+And the sea phaysant holding some resemblance unto that bird in some
+fethers in the tayle.
+
+Teale Querquedula, wherein scarce any place more abounding, the
+condition of the country and the very many decoys especially between
+Norwich and the sea making this place very much to abound in wild fowle.
+
+Fulicae cottae cootes in very great flocks upon the broad waters. Upon the
+appearance of a Kite or buzzard I have seen them vnite from all parts of
+the shoare in strange numbers when if the Kite stoopes neare them they
+will fling up spred such a flash of water up with there wings that they
+will endanger the Kite, and so keepe him of agayne and agayne in open
+opposition, and an handsome prouision they make about their nest agaynst
+the same bird of praye by bending and twining the rushes and reedes so
+about them that they cannot stoope at their yong ones or the damme while
+she setteth.
+
+Gallinula aquatica more hens.
+
+And a kind of Ralla aquatica or water Rayle.
+
+An onocrotalus or pelican shott upon Horsey fenne 1663 May 22 which
+stuffed and cleansed I yet retaine. It was 3 yards and half between the
+extremities of the wings the chowle and beake answering the vsuall
+description the extremities of the wings for a spanne deepe browne the
+rest of the body white, a fowle which none could remember upon this
+coast. About the same time I heard one of the kings pellicans was lost
+at St James', perhaps this might bee the same.
+
+Anas Arctica clusii which though hee placeth about the Faro Islands is
+the same wee call a puffin common about Anglisea in Wales and sometimes
+taken upon our seas not sufficiently described by the name of puffinus
+the bill being so remarkably differing from other ducks and not
+horizontally butt meridionally formed to feed in the clefts of the rocks
+of insecks, shell-fish and others.
+
+The great number of riuers riuulets and plashes of water makes hernes
+and herneries to abound in these parts, yong hensies being esteemed a
+festiuall dish and much desired by some palates.
+
+The Ardea stellaris botaurus, or bitour is also common and esteemed the
+better dish. In the belly of one I found a frog in an hard frost at
+christmas. another I kept in a garden 2 yeares feeding it with fish mice
+and frogges, in defect whereof making a scrape for sparrowes and small
+birds, the bitour made shifft to maintaine herself upon them.
+
+Bistardae or Bustards are not vnfrequent in the champain and feildie part
+of this country a large Bird accounted a dayntie dish, obseruable in the
+strength of the brest bone and short heele layes an egge much larger
+then a Turkey.
+
+Morinellus or Dotterell about Thetford and the champain which comes vnto
+us in September and March staying not long, and is an excellent dish.
+
+There is also a sea dotterell somewhat lesse butt better coloured then
+the former.
+
+Godwyts taken chiefly in marshland, though other parts not without them
+accounted the dayntiest dish in England and I think for the bignesse, of
+the biggest price.
+
+Gnats or Knots a small bird which taken with netts grow excessively
+fatt. If being mewed and fed with corne a candle lighted in the roome
+they feed day and night, and when they are at their hight of fattnesse
+they beginne to grow lame and are then killed or as at their prime and
+apt to decline.
+
+Erythropus or Redshanck a bird common in the marshes and of common food
+butt no dayntie dish.
+
+A may chitt a small dark gray bird litle bigger then a stint of fatnesse
+beyond any. It comes in May into marshland and other parts and abides
+not aboue a moneth or 6 weekes.
+
+Another small bird somewhat larger than a stint called a churre and is
+commonly taken amongst them.
+
+Stints in great numbers about the seashore and marshes about Stifkey
+Burnham and other parts.
+
+Pluuialis or plouer green and graye in great plentie about Thetford and
+many other heaths. They breed not with us butt in some parts of
+Scotland, and plentifully in Island [Iceland].
+
+The lapwing or vannellus common ouer all the heaths.
+
+Cuccowes of 2 sorts the one farre exceeding the other in bignesse. Some
+have attempted to keepe them in warme roomes all the winter butt it hath
+not succeeded. In their migration they range very farre northward for in
+the summer they are to bee found as high as Island.
+
+Avis pugnax. Ruffes a marsh bird of the greatest varietie of colours
+euery one therein somewhat varying from other. The female is called a
+Reeve without any ruffe about the neck, lesser then the other and hardly
+to bee got. They are almost all cocks and putt together fight and
+destroy each other, and prepare themselues to fight like cocks though
+they seeme to haue no other offensive part butt the bill. They loose
+theire Ruffes about the Autumne or beginning of winter as wee haue
+obserued keeping them in a garden from may till the next spring. They
+most abound in Marshland butt are also in good number in the marshes
+between Norwich and Yarmouth.
+
+Of picus martius or woodspeck many kinds. The green the Red the
+Leucomelanus or neatly marked black and white and the cinereus or dunne
+calld little [bird calld] a nuthack, remarkable in the larger are the
+hardnesse of the bill and skull and the long nerues which tend vnto the
+tongue whereby it strecheth out the tongue aboue an inch out of the
+mouth and so licks up insecks. They make the holes in trees without any
+consideration of the winds or quarters of heauen butt as the rottenesse
+thereof best affordeth conuenience.
+
+Black heron black on both sides the bottom of the neck white gray on the
+outside spotted all along with black on the inside a black coppe of
+small feathers some a spanne long, bill poynted and yallowe 3 inches
+long.
+
+Back heron coloured intermixed with long white fethers.
+
+The flying fethers black.
+
+The brest black and white most black.
+
+The legges and feet not green but an ordinarie dark cork colour.
+
+The number of riuulets becks and streames whose banks are beset with
+willowes and Alders which giue occasion of easier fishing and slooping
+to the water makes that handsome coulered bird abound which is calld
+Alcedo Ispida or the King fisher. They bild in holes about grauell pitts
+wherein is to bee found great quantitie of small fish bones. and lay
+very handsome round and as it were polished egges.
+
+An Hobby bird so calld becaus it comes in ether with or a litle before
+the Hobbies in the spring, of the bignesse of a Thrush coloured and
+paned like an hawke maruellously subiet to the vertigo and are
+sometimes taken in those fitts.
+
+Upupa or Hoopebird so named from its note a gallant marked bird which I
+have often seen and tis not hard to shoote them.
+
+Ringlestones a small white and black bird like a wagtayle and seemes to
+bee some kind of motacilla marina common about Yarmouth sands. They lay
+their egges in the sand and shingle about June and as the eryngo diggers
+tell mee not sett them flat butt upright like egges in salt.
+
+The Arcuata or curlewe frequent about the sea coast.
+
+There is also an handsome tall bird Remarkably eyed and with a bill not
+aboue 2 inches long commonly calld a stone curlewe butt the note thereof
+more resembleth that of a green plouer and breeds about Thetford about
+the stones and shingle of the Riuers.
+
+Auoseta calld shoohinghorne a tall black and white bird with a bill
+semicircularly reclining or bowed upward so that it is not easie to
+conceiue how it can feed answerable vnto the Auoseta Italorum in
+Aldrovandus a summer marsh bird and not unfrequent in Marshland.
+
+A yarwhelp so thought to bee named from its note a gray bird
+intermingled with some whitish fethers somewhat long legged and the bill
+about an inch and half. Esteemed a dayntie dish.
+
+Loxias or curuirostra a bird a litle bigger than a Thrush of fine
+colours and prittie note differently from other birds, the upper and
+lower bill crossing each other, of a very tame nature, comes about the
+beginning of summer. I have known them kept in cages butt not to outliue
+the winter.
+
+A kind of coccothraustes calld a coble bird bigger than a Thrush,
+finely coloured and shaped like a Bunting it is chiefly seen in su[=m]er
+about cherrie time.
+
+A small bird of prey calld a birdcatcher about the bignesse of a Thrush
+and linnet coloured with a longish white bill and sharpe of a very
+feirce and wild nature though kept in a cage and fed with flesh. A kind
+of Lanius.
+
+A Dorhawke or kind of Accipiter muscarius conceiued to haue its name
+from feeding upon flies and beetles, of a woodcock colour but paned like
+an Hawke a very litle poynted bill, large throat, breedeth with us and
+layes a maruellous handsome spotted egge. Though I haue opened many I
+could neuer find anything considerable in their mawes. Caprimulgus.
+
+Auis Trogloditica or Chock a small bird mixed of black and white and
+breeding in cony borrouges whereof the warrens are full from April to
+September, at which time they leaue the country. They are taken with an
+Hobby and a net and are a very good dish.
+
+Spermologus. Rookes which by reason of the great quantitie of corn
+feilds and Rooke groues are in great plentie the yong ones are commonly
+eaten sometimes sold in Norwich market and many are killd for their
+Liuers in order to cure of the Rickets.
+
+Crowes as euerywhere and also the coruus variegatus or pyed crowe with
+dunne and black interchangeably, they come in the winter and depart in
+the summer and seeme to bee the same which Clusius discribeth in the
+Faro Islands from whence perhaps these come, and I have seen them very
+common in Ireland, butt not known in many parts of England.
+
+Coruus maior Rauens in good plentie about the citty which makes so few
+Kites to bee seen hereabout, they build in woods very early and lay
+egges in Februarie.
+
+Among the many monedulas or Jackdawes I could neuer in these parts
+obserue the pyrrhocorax or cornish chough with red leggs and bill to bee
+commonly seen in Cornwall, and though there bee heere very great store
+of partridges yet the french Red legged partridge is not to bee met
+with. The Ralla or Rayle wee haue counted a dayntie dish, as also no
+small number of Quayles. The Heathpoult common in the north is vnknown
+heere as also the Grous, though I haue heard some haue been seen about
+Lynne. The calandrier or great great crested lark Galerita I haue not
+met with heere though with 3 other sorts of Larkes the ground lark
+woodlark and titlark.
+
+Stares or starlings in great numbers, most remarkable in their numerous
+flocks which I haue obserued about the Autumne when they roost at night
+in the marshes in safe places upon reeds and alders, which to obserue I
+went to the marshes about sunne set, where standing by their vsuall
+place of resort I obserued very many flocks flying from all quarters,
+which in lesse than an howers space came all in and settled in
+innumerable numbers in a small compasse.
+
+Great varietie of finches and other small birds whereof one very small
+calld a whinne bird marked with fine yellow spotts and lesser than a
+wren. There is also a small bird called a chipper somewhat resembling
+the former which comes in the spring and feeds upon the first buddings
+of birches and other early trees.
+
+A kind of Anthus Goldfinch or fooles coat commonly calld a drawe water,
+finely marked with red and yellowe and a white bill, which they take
+with trap cages in Norwich gardens and fastning a chaine about them
+tyed to a box of water it makes a shift with bill and legge to draw up
+the water unto it from the litle pot hanging by the chaine about a foote
+belowe.
+
+On the xiiii of May 1664 a very rare bird was sent mee kild about
+Crostwick which seemed to bee some kind of Jay. The bill was black
+strong and bigger then a Jayes somewhat yellowe clawes tippd black, 3
+before and one clawe behind the whole bird not so bigge as a Jaye.
+
+The head neck and throat of a violet colour the back upper parts of the
+wing of a russet yellowe the fore and part of the wing azure succeeded
+downward by a greenish blewe then on the flying feathers bright blewe
+the lower parts of the wing outwardly of a browne inwardly of a merry
+blewe the belly a light faynt blewe the back toward the tayle of a
+purple blewe the tayle eleuen fethers of a greenish coulour the
+extremities of the outward fethers thereof white wth an eye of greene.
+Garrulus Argentoratensis.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES ON CERTAIN FISHES AND MARINE ANIMALS FOUND IN NORFOLK.
+
+
+It may well seeme no easie matter to giue any considerable account of
+fishes and animals of the sea wherein tis sayd that there are things
+creeping innumerable both small and great beasts because they liue in an
+element wherein they are not so easely discouerable. Notwithstanding
+probable it is that after this long nauigation search of the ocean bayes
+creeks Estuaries and riuers there is scarce any fish butt hath been seen
+by some man, for the large and breathing sort thereof do sometimes
+discouer themselues aboue water and the other are in such numbers that
+some at one time or other they are discouered and taken, euen the most
+barbarous nations being much addicted to fishing: and in America and the
+new discouered world the people were well acquantd with fishes of sea
+and rivers, and the fishes thereof haue been since described by
+industrious writers.
+
+Pliny seemes to short in the estimate of their number in the ocean, who
+recons up butt one hundred and seventie six species; butt the seas being
+now farther known and searched Bellonius much enlargeth, and in his
+booke of Birds thus deliuereth himself allthough I think it impossible
+to reduce the same vnto a certain number yet I may freelie say that tis
+beyond the power of man to find out more than fiue hundred sorts of
+fishes, three hundred sorts of birds, more than three hundred sorts of
+fourfoted animalls and fortie diversities of serpents.
+
+Of fishes sometimes the larger sort are taken or come ashoar. A
+spermaceti whale of 62 foote long neere Welles, another of the same kind
+20 yeares before at Hunstanton, and not farre of 8 or nine came ashoare
+and 2 had yong ones after they were forsaken by ye water.
+
+A grampus aboue 16 foot long taken at Yarmouth 4 yeares agoe.
+
+The Tursio or porpose is common, the Dolphin more rare though sometimes
+taken which many confound with the porpose, butt it hath a more waued
+line along the skinne sharper toward ye tayle the head longer and nose
+more extended which maketh good the figure of Rondeletius; the flesh
+more red and well cooked of very good taste to most palates and
+exceedeth that of porpose.
+
+The vitulus marinus seacalf or seale which is often taken sleeping on
+the shoare. 5 yeares agoe one was shot in the riuer of Norwich about
+Surlingham ferry having continued in the riuer for diuers moneths before
+being an Amphibious animal it may bee caryed about aliue and kept long
+if it can bee brought to feed. Some haue been kept many moneths in
+ponds. The pizzell the bladder the cartilago ensiformis the figure of
+the Throttle the clusterd and racemous forme of the kidneys the flat and
+compressed heart are remarkable in it. In stomaks of all that I have
+opened I have found many wormes.
+
+I haue also obserued a scolopendra cetacea of about ten foot long
+answering to the figure in Rondeletius which the mariners told me was
+taken in these seas.
+
+A pristes or serra saw fish taken about Lynne commonly mistaken for a
+sword fish and answers the figure in Rondeletius.
+
+A sword fish or Xiphias or Gladius intangled in the Herring netts at
+Yarmouth agreable unto the Icon in Johnstonus with a smooth sword not
+vnlike the Gladius of Rondeletius about a yard and half long, no teeth,
+eyes very remarkable enclosed in an hard cartilaginous couercle about ye
+bignesse of a good apple. ye vitreous humor plentifull the crystalline
+larger then a nutmegge remaining cleare sweet and vntainted when the
+rest of the eye was vnder a deepe corruption wch wee kept clear and
+limpid many moneths vntill an hard frost split it and manifested the
+foliations thereof.
+
+It is not vnusuall to take seuerall sorts of canis or doggefishes great
+and small which pursue the shoale of herrings and other fish, butt this
+yeare 1662 one was taken intangled in the Herring netts about 9 foot in
+length, answering the last figure of Johnstonus lib 7 vnder the name of
+_canis carcherias alter_ and was by the teeth and 5 gills one kind of
+shark particularly remarkable in the vastnesse of the optick nerves and
+3 conicall hard pillars which supported the extraordinarie elevated nose
+which wee haue reserued with the scull; the seamen called this kind a
+scrape.
+
+Sturio or Sturgeon so common on the other side of the sea about the
+mouth of the Elbe come seldome into our creekes though some haue been
+taken at Yarmouth and more in the great Owse by Lynne butt their heads
+not so sharpe as represented in the Icons of Rondeletius and Johnstonus.
+
+Sometimes wee meet with a mola or moonefish so called from some
+resemblance it hath of a crescent in the extreme part of the body from
+one finne unto another one being taken neere the shoare at Yarmouth
+before breake of day seemed to shiuer and grunt like an hogge as Authors
+deliuer of it, the flesh being hard and neruous it is not like to afford
+a good dish butt from the Liuer which is large white and tender somewhat
+may bee expected; the gills of these fishes wee found thick beset with a
+kind of sea-lowse. In the yeare 1667 a mola was taken at Monsley which
+weighed 2 hundred pound.
+
+The Rana piscatrix or frogge fish is sometimes found in a very large
+magnitude and wee haue taken the care to haue them clend and stuffed,
+wherein wee obserued all the appendices whereby they cach fishes butt
+much larger then are discribed in the Icons of Johnstonus tab xi fig 8.
+
+The sea wolf or Lupus nostras of Schoneueldus remarkable for its spotted
+skinne and notable teeth incisors Dogteeth and grinders the dogteeth
+both in the jawes and palate scarce answerable by any fish of that bulk
+for the like disposure strength and soliditie.
+
+Mustela marina called by some a wesell ling which salted and dryed
+becomes a good Lenten dish.
+
+A Lump or Lumpus Anglorum so named by Aldrouandus by some esteemed a
+festiuall dish though it affordeth butt a glutinous jellie and the
+skinne is beset with stony knobs after no certaine order. Ours most
+answereth the first figure in the xiii table of Johnstonus butt seemes
+more round and arcuated then that figure makes it.
+
+Before the herrings there commonly cometh a fish about a foot long by
+the fishman called an horse resembling in all poynts the Trachurus of
+Rondeletius of a mixed shape between a mackerell and an herring,
+obseruable from its greene eyes rarely skye colored back after it is
+kept a day, and an oblique bony line running on ye outside from the
+gills vnto ye tayle. A drye and hard dish butt makes an handsome
+picture.
+
+The Rubelliones or Rochets butt thinly met with on this coast, the
+gornart cuculus or Lyrae species more often which they seldome eat butt
+bending the back and spredding the finnes into a liuely posture do hang
+up in their howses.
+
+Beside the common mullus or mullet there is another not vnfrequent which
+some call a cunny fish butt rather a red muellett of a flosculous redde
+and somewhat rough on the scales answering the discription of Icon of
+Rondeletius vnder the name of mullus ruber asper butt not the tast of
+the vsually knowne mullet as affording butt a drye and leane bitt.
+
+Seuerall sorts of fishes there are which do or may beare the names of
+seawoodcocks as the Acus maior scolopax and saurus. The saurus wee
+sometimes meet with yonge. Rondeletius confesseth it a very rare fish
+somewhat resembling the Acus or needlefish before and a makerell
+behind. Wee have kept one dryed many yeares agoe.
+
+The Acus maior calld by some a garfish and greenback answering the
+figure of Rondeletius under the name of Acus prima species remarkable
+for its quadrangular figure and verdigreece green back bone.
+
+A lesser sort of Acus maior or primae specaeei wee meet with much shorter
+then the common garfish and in taking out the spine wee found it not
+green as in the greater and much answering the saurus of Rondeletius.
+
+A scolopax or sea woodcock of Rondeletius was giuen mee by a seaman of
+these seas, about 3 inches long and seemes to bee one kind of Acus or
+needlefish answering the discription of Rondeletius.
+
+The Acus of Aristotle lesser thinner corticated and sexangular by diuers
+calld an addercock and somewhat resembling a snake ours more plainly
+finned then Rondeletius discribeth it.
+
+A little corticated fish about 3 or 4 inches long, ours answering that
+which is named piscis octangularis by Wormius, cataphractus by
+Schoneueldeus; octagonius versus caput, versus caudam hexagonius.
+
+The faber marinus sometimes found very large answering the figure of
+Rondeletius, which though hee mentioneth as a rare fish and to be found
+in the Atlantick and Gaditane ocean yet wee often meet with it in these
+seas commonly calld a peterfish hauing one black spot on ether side the
+body conceued the perpetuall signature from the impression of St Peters
+fingers or to resemble the 2 peeces of money which St Peter tooke out of
+this fish remarkable also from its disproportionable mouth and many hard
+prickles about other parts.
+
+A kind of scorpius marinus a rough prickly and monstrous headed fish 6 8
+or 12 inches long answerable vnto the figure of Schoneueldeus.
+
+A sting fish wiuer or kind of ophidion or Araneus slender, narrowe
+headed about 4 inches long with a sharpe small prickly finne along the
+back which often venemouslv pricketh the hands of fishermen.
+
+Aphia cobites marina or sea Loche.
+
+Blennus a sea millars thumb.
+
+Funduli marini sea gogions.
+
+Alosae or chads to bee met with about Lynne.
+
+Spinachus or smelt in greatest plentie about Lynne butt where they haue
+also a small fish calld a primme answering in tast and shape a smelt and
+perhaps are butt the yonger sort thereof.
+
+Aselli or cods of seuerall sorts. Asellus albus or whitings in great
+plentie. Asellus niger carbonarius or coale fish. Asellus minor
+Schoneueldei, callarias Pliny, or Haydocks with many more also a weed
+fish somewhat like an haydock butt larger and dryer meat. A Basse also
+much resembling a flatter kind of Cod.
+
+Scombri are makerells in greate plentie a dish much desired butt if as
+Rondeletius affirmeth they feed upon sea starres and squalders there may
+bee some doubt whether their flesh bee without some ill qualitie.
+Sometimes they are of a very large size and one was taken this yeare
+1668 which was by measure an ell long and of the length of a good
+salmon, at Lestoffe.
+
+Herrings departed sprats or sardae not long after succeed in great
+plentie which are taken with smaller nets and smoakd and dryed like
+herrings become a sapid bitt and vendible abroad.
+
+Among these are found Bleakes or bliccae a thinne herring like fishe
+which some will also think to bee young herrings. And though the sea
+aboundeth not with pilchards, yet they are commonly taken among
+herrings, butt few esteeme thereof or eat them.
+
+Congers are not so common on these coasts as on many seas about England,
+butt are often found upon the north coast of Norfolk, and in frostie
+wether left in pulks and plashes upon the ebbe of the sea.
+
+The sand eels Anglorum of Aldrouandus, or Tobianus of Schoneueldeus
+commonly called smoulds taken out of the sea sands with forks and rakes
+about Blakeney and Burnham a small round slender fish about 3 or 4
+inches long as bigge as a small Tobacco pipe a very dayntie dish.
+
+Pungitius marinus or sea bausticle hauing a prickle one each side the
+smallest fish of the sea about an inch long sometimes drawne ashoare
+with netts together with weeds and pargaments of the sea.
+
+Many sorts of flat fishes. The pastinaca oxyrinchus with a long and
+strong aculeus in the tayle conceued of speciall venome and virtues.
+
+Severall sorts of Raia's skates and Thornebacks the Raia clauata
+oxyrinchus, raia oculata, aspera, spinosa fullonica.
+
+The great Rhombus or Turbot aculeatus and leuis.
+
+The passer or place.
+
+Butts of various kinds.
+
+The passer squamosus Bret Bretcock and skulls comparable in taste and
+delicacy vnto the soale.
+
+The Buglossus solea or soale plana and oculata as also the Lingula or
+small soale all in very great plentie.
+
+Sometimes a fish aboue half a yard long like a butt or soale called
+asprage which I haue known taken about Cromer.
+
+Sepia or cuttle fish and great plentie of the bone or shellie substance
+which sustaineth the whole bulk of that soft fishe found commonly on the
+shoare.
+
+The Loligo sleue or calamar found often upon the shoare from head to
+tayle sometimes aboue an ell long, remarkable for its parretlike bill,
+the gladiolus or calamus along the back and the notable crystallyne of
+the eye which equalleth if not exceedeth the lustre of orientall pearle.
+
+A polypus another kind of the mollia sometimes wee haue met with.
+
+Lobsters in great number about Sheringham and Cromer from whence all the
+country is supplyed.
+
+Astacus marinus pediculi marini facie found also in that place, with the
+aduantage of ye long foreclawes about 4 inches long.
+
+Crabs large and well tasted found also in the same coast.
+
+Another kind of crab taken for cancer fluuiatilis litle slender and of a
+very quick motion found in the Riuer running through Yarmouth, and in
+Bliburgh riuer.
+
+Oysters exceeding large about Burnham and Hunstanton like those of Poole
+St Mallowes or Ciuita Vechia whereof many are eaten rawe the shells
+being broakin with cleuers the greater part pickled and sent weekly to
+London and other parts.
+
+Mituli or muscles in great quantitie as also chams or cochles about
+Stiskay and the northwest coast.
+
+Pectines pectunculi varij or scallops of the lesser sort.
+
+Turbines or smaller wilks, leues, striati, as also Trochi, Trochili, or
+scaloppes finely variegated and pearly. Lewise purpurae minores,
+nerites, cochleae, Tellinae.
+
+Lepades, patellae Limpets, of an vniualue shell wherein an animal like a
+snayle cleauing fast unto the rocks.
+
+Solenes cappe lunge venetorum commonly a razor fish the shell thereof
+dentalia.
+
+Dentalia by some called pinpaches because pinmeat thereof is taken out
+with a pinne or needle.
+
+Cancellus Turbinum et neritis Barnard the Hermite of Rondeletius a kind
+of crab or astacus liuing in a forsaken wilk or nerites.
+
+Echinus echinometrites sea hedghogge whose neat shells are common on the
+shoare the fish aliue often taken by the dragges among the oysters.
+
+Balani a smaller sort of vniualue growing commonly in clusters, the
+smaller kinds thereof to bee found oftimes upon oysters wilks and
+lobsters.
+
+Concha anatifera or Ansifera or Barnicleshell whereof about 4 yeares
+past were found upon the shoare no small number by Yarmouth hanging by
+slender strings of a kind of Alga vnto seuerall splinters or cleauings
+of firre boards vnto which they were seuerally fastned and hanged like
+ropes of onyons: their shell flat and of a peculiar forme differing from
+other shelles, this being of four diuisions, containing a small
+imperfect animal at the lower part diuided into many shootes or streames
+which prepossed spectators fancy to bee the rudiment of the tayle of
+some goose or duck to bee produced from it; some whereof in ye shell and
+some taken out and spred upon paper we shall keepe by us.
+
+Stellae marinae or sea starres in great plentie especially about
+Yarmouth. Whether they bee bred out of the vrticae squalders or sea
+gellies as many report wee cannot confirme butt the squalderes in the
+middle seeme to haue some lines or first draughts not unlike. Our
+starres exceed not 5 poynts though I haue heard that some with more haue
+been found about Hunstanton and Burnham, where are also found stellae
+marinae testacae or handsome crusted and brittle sea starres much lesse.
+
+The pediculus and culex marinus the sea lowse and flie are also no
+strangeres.
+
+Physsalus Rondeletij or eruca marina physsaloides according to the icon
+of Rondeletius of very orient green and purple bristles.
+
+Urtica marina of diuers kinds some whereof called squalderes, of a
+burning and stinging qualitie if rubbed in the hand; the water thereof
+may afford a good cosmetick.
+
+Another elegant sort that is often found cast up by shoare in great
+numbers about the bignesse of a button cleere and welted and may bee
+called fibula marina crystallina.
+
+Hirudines marini or sea Leaches.
+
+Vermes marini very large wormes digged a yarde deepe out of the sands at
+the ebbe for bayt. Tis known where they are to be found by a litle flat
+ouer them on the surface of the sand; as also vermes in tubulis
+testacei. Also Tethya or sea dugges some whereof resemble fritters the
+vesicaria marina also and fanago sometimes very large conceaued to
+proceed from some testaceous animals, and particularly from the purpura
+butt ours more probably from other testaceous wee hauing not met with
+any large purpura upon this coast.
+
+Many riuer fishes also and animals. Salmon no common fish in our riuers
+though many are taken in the Owse, in the Bure or north riuer, in ye
+Waueney or south riuer, in ye Norwich river butt seldome and in the
+winter butt 4 yeares ago 15 were taken at Trowes mill in Xtmas, whose
+mouths were stuck with small wormes or horsleaches no bigger than fine
+threads. Some of these I kept in water 3 moneths: if a few drops of
+blood were putt to the water they would in a litle time looke red. They
+sensibly grewe bigger then I first found them and were killed by an hard
+froast freezing the water. Most of our Salmons haue a recurued peece of
+flesh in the end of the lower iawe which when they shutt there mouths
+deepely enters the upper, as Scaliger hath noted in some.
+
+The Riuers lakes and broads abound in the Lucius or pikes of very large
+size where also is found the Brama or Breme large and well tasted the
+Tinca or Tench the Rubecula Roach as also Rowds and Dare or Dace perca
+or pearch great and small: whereof such as are in Braden on this side
+Yarmouth in the mixed water make a dish very dayntie and I think scarce
+to bee bettered in England. Butt the Blea[k] the chubbe the barbell to
+bee found in diuers other Riuers in England I haue not obserued in
+these. As also fewer mennowes then in many other riuers.
+
+The Trutta or trout the Gammarus or crawfish butt scarce in our riuers
+butt frequently taken in the Bure or north riuer and in the seuerall
+branches thereof, and very remarkable large crawfishes to bee found in
+the riuer which runnes by Castleaker and Nerford.
+
+The Aspredo perca minor and probably the cernua of Cardan commonly
+called a Ruffe in great plentie in Norwich Riuers and euen in the
+streame of the citty, which though Camden appropriates vnto this citty
+yet they are also found in the riuers of Oxforde and Cambridge.
+
+Lampetra Lampries great and small found plentifully in Norwich riuer and
+euen in the Citty about May whereof some are very large and well cooked
+are counted a dayntie bitt collard up butt especially in pyes.
+
+Mustela fluuiatilis or eele poult to bee had in Norwich riuer and
+between it and Yarmouth as also in the riuers of marshland resembling an
+eele and a cod, a very good dish and the Liuer thereof well answers the
+commendations of the Ancients.
+
+Godgions or funduli fluuiatiles, many whereof may bee taken within the
+Riuer in the citty.
+
+Capitones fluuiatilis or millers thumbs, pungitius fluuiatilis or
+stanticles. Aphia cobites fluuiatilis or Loches. In Norwich riuers in
+the runnes about Heueningham heath in the north riuer and streames
+thereof.
+
+Of eeles the common eele and the glot which hath somewhat a different
+shape in the bignesse of the head and is affirmed to have yong ones
+often found within it, and wee haue found a vterus in the same somewhat
+answering the icon thereof in Senesinus.
+
+Carpiones carpes plentifull in ponds and sometimes large ones in broads:
+2 the largest I euer beheld were taken in Norwich Riuer.
+
+Though the woods and dryelands abound with adders and vipers yet there
+are few snakes about our riuers or meadowes, more to bee found in Marsh
+land; butt ponds and plashes abound in Lizards or swifts.
+
+The Gryllotalpa or fencricket common in fenny places butt wee haue met
+with them also in dry places dung-hills and church yards of this citty.
+
+Beside horseleaches and periwinkles in plashes and standing waters we
+haue met with vermes setacei or hardwormes butt could neuer conuert
+horsehayres into them by laying them in water: as also the great
+Hydrocantharus or black shining water Beetle the forficula, sqilla,
+corculum and notonecton that swimmeth on its back.
+
+Camden reports that in former time there haue been Beuers in the Riuer
+of Cardigan in Wales. This wee are to sure of that the Riuers great
+Broads and carres afford great store of otters with us, a great
+destroyer of fish as feeding butt from ye vent downewards, not free from
+being a prey it self for their yong ones haue been found in Buzzards
+nests. They are accounted no bad dish by many, are to bee made very tame
+and in some howses haue serued for turnespitts.
+
+
+
+
+ON THE OSTRICH.
+
+
+The ostrich hath a compounded name in Greek and
+Latin--_Struthio-Camelus_, borrowed from a bird and a beast, as being a
+feathered and biped animal, yet in some ways like a camel; somewhat in
+the long neck; somewhat in the foot; and, as some imagine, from a
+camel-like position in the part of generation.
+
+It is accounted the largest and tallest of any winged and feathered
+fowl; taller than the gruen or cassowary. This ostrich, though a female,
+was about seven feet high, and some of the males were higher, either
+exceeding or answerable unto the stature of the great porter unto king
+Charles the First. The weight was a[370] [ ] in grocer's scales.
+
+  [370] Undecipherable in the original.
+
+Whosoever shall compare or consider together the ostrich and the
+tomineio, or humbird, not weighing twelve grains, may easily discover
+under what compass or latitude the creation of birds hath been ordained.
+
+The head is not large, but little in proportion to the whole body. And,
+therefore, Julius Scaliger, when he mentioned birds of large heads
+(comparatively unto their bodies), named the sparrow, the owl, and the
+woodpecker; and, reckoning up birds of small heads, instanceth in the
+hen, the peacock, and the ostrich.
+
+The head is looked upon by discerning spectators to resemble that of a
+goose rather than any kind of +strouthos+, or _passer_: and so
+may be more properly called _cheno-camelus_, or _ansero-camelus_.
+
+There is a handsome figure of an ostrich in Mr. Willoughby's and Ray's
+_Ornithologia_: another in Aldrovandus and Jonstonus, and Bellonius; but
+the heads not exactly agreeing. 'Rostrum habet exiguum, sed acutum,'
+saith Jonstoun; 'un long bec et poinctu,' saith Bellonius; men
+describing such as they have an opportunity to see, and perhaps some the
+ostriches of very different countries, wherein, as in some other birds,
+there may be some variety.
+
+In Africa, where some eat elephants, it is no wonder that some also feed
+upon ostriches. They flay them with their feathers on, which they sell,
+and eat the flesh. But Galen and physicians have condemned that flesh,
+as hard and indigestible. The emperor Heliogabalus had a fancy for the
+brains, when he brought six hundred ostriches' heads to one supper, only
+for the brains' sake; yet Leo Africanus saith that he ate of young
+ostriches among the Numidians with a good gust; and, perhaps, boiled,
+and well cooked, after the art of Apicius, with peppermint, dates, and
+other good things, they might go down with some stomachs.
+
+I do not find that the strongest eagles, or best-spirited hawks, will
+offer at these birds; yet, if there were such gyrfalcons as Julius
+Scaliger saith the duke of Savoy and Henry, king of Navarre, had, it is
+like they would strike at them, and, making at the head, would spoil
+them, or so disable them, that they might be taken.
+
+If these had been brought over in June, it is, perhaps, likely we might
+have met with eggs in some of their bellies, whereof they lay very many:
+but they are the worst of eggs for food, yet serviceable unto many other
+uses in their country; for, being cut transversely, they serve for
+drinking cups and skull-caps; and, as I have seen, there are large
+circles of them, and some painted and gilded, which hang up in Turkish
+mosques, and also in Greek churches. They are preserved with us for
+rarities; and, as they come to be common, some use will be found of them
+in physic, even as of other eggshells and other such substances.
+
+When it first came into my garden, it soon ate up all the gilliflowers,
+tulip-leaves, and fed greedily upon what was green, as lettuce, endive,
+sorrell; it would feed on oats, barley, peas, beans; swallow onions; eat
+sheep's lights and livers.--Then you mention what you know more.
+
+When it took down a large onion, it stuck awhile in the gullet, and did
+not descend directly, but wound backward behind the neck; whereby I
+might perceive that the gullet turned much; but this is not peculiar
+unto the ostrich; but the same hath been observed in the stork, when it
+swallows down frogs and pretty big bits.
+
+It made sometimes a strange noise; had a very odd note, especially in
+the morning, and, perhaps, when hungry.
+
+According to Aldrovandus, some hold that there is an antipathy between
+it and a horse, which an ostrich will not endure to see or be near; but,
+while I kept it, I could not confirm this opinion; which might, perhaps,
+be raised because a common way of hunting and taking them is by swift
+horses.
+
+It is much that Cardanus should be mistaken with a great part of men,
+that the coloured and dyed feathers of ostriches were natural; as red,
+blue, yellow, and green; whereas, the natural colours in this bird were
+white and greyish. Of the fashion of wearing feathers in battles or wars
+by men, and women, see Scaliger, _Contra Cardan. Exercitat. 220_.
+
+If wearing of feather-fans should come up again, it might much increase
+the trade of plumage from Barbary. Bellonius saith he saw two hundred
+skins with the feathers on in one shop of Alexandria.
+
+
+
+
+BOULIMIA CENTENARIA.
+
+
+There is a woman now living in Yarmouth, named Elizabeth Michell, an
+hundred and two years old; a person of four feet and half high, very
+lean, very poor, and living in a mean room with pitiful accommodation.
+She had a son after she was past fifty. Though she answers well enough
+unto ordinary questions, yet she apprehends her eldest daughter to be
+her mother; but what is most remarkable concerning her is a kind of
+_boulimia_ or dog-appetite; she greedily eating day and night what her
+allowance, friends, and charitable persons afford her, drinking beer or
+water, and making little distinction or refusal of any food, either of
+broths, flesh, fish, apples, pears, and any coarse food, which she
+eateth in no small quantity, insomuch that the overseers of the poor
+have of late been fain to augment her weekly allowance. She sleeps
+indifferently well, till hunger awakes her; then she must have no
+ordinary supply whether in the day or night. She vomits not, nor is very
+laxative. This is the oldest example of the _sal esurinum chymicorum_,
+which I have taken notice of; though I am ready to afford my charity
+unto her, yet I should be loth to spend a piece of ambergris I have upon
+her, and to allow six grains to every dose till I found some effect in
+moderating her appetite: though that be esteemed a great specific in her
+condition.
+
+
+
+
+UPON THE DARK THICK MIST HAPPENING ON THE 27TH OF NOVEMBER, 1674.
+
+
+Though it be not strange to see frequent mists, clouds, and rains, in
+England, as many ancient describers of this country have noted, yet I
+could not but take notice of a very great mist which happened upon the
+27th of the last November, and from thence have taken this occasion to
+propose something of mists, clouds, and rains, unto your candid
+considerations.
+
+Herein mists may well deserve the first place, as being, if not the
+first in nature, yet the first meteor mentioned in Scripture, and soon
+after the creation, for it is said, Gen. ii. that 'God had not yet
+caused it to rain upon the earth, but a mist went up from the earth, and
+watered the whole face of the ground,' for it might take a longer time
+for the elevation of vapours sufficient to make a congregation of clouds
+able to afford any store of showers and rain in so early days of the
+world.
+
+Thick vapours, not ascending high but hanging about the earth and
+covering the surface of it, are commonly called mists; if they ascend
+high they are called clouds. They remain upon the earth till they either
+fall down or are attenuated, rarified, and scattered.
+
+The great mist was not only observable about London, but in remote parts
+of England, and as we hear, in Holland, so that it was of larger extent
+than mists are commonly apprehended to be; most men conceiving that they
+reach not much beyond the places where they behold them. Mists make an
+obscure air, but they beget not darkness, for the atoms and particles
+thereof admit the light, but if the matter thereof be very thick, close,
+and condensed, the mist grows considerably obscure and like a cloud, so
+the miraculous and palpable darkness of Egypt is conceived to have been
+effected by an extraordinary dense and dark mist or a kind of cloud
+spread over the land of Egypt, and also miraculously restrained from the
+neighbour land of Goshen.
+
+Mists and fogs, containing commonly vegetable spirits, when they
+dissolve and return upon the earth, may fecundate and add some fertility
+unto it, but they may be more unwholesome in great cities than in
+country habitations: for they consist of vapours not only elevated from
+simple watery and humid places, but also the exhalations of draughts,
+common sewers, and foetid places, and decoctions used by unwholesome
+and sordid manufactures: and also hindering the sea-coal smoke from
+ascending and passing away, it is conjoined with the mist and drawn in
+by the breath, all which may produce bad effects, inquinate the blood,
+and produce catarrhs and coughs. Sereins, well known in hot countries,
+cause headache, toothache, and swelled faces; but they seem to have
+their original from subtle, invisible, nitrous, and piercing
+exhalations, caused by a strong heat of the sun, which falling after
+sunset produce the effects mentioned.
+
+There may be also subterraneous mists, when heat in the bowels of the
+earth, working upon humid parts, makes an attenuation thereof and
+consequently nebulous bodies in the cavities of it.
+
+There is a kind of a continued mist in the bodies of animals,
+especially in the cavous parts, as may be observed in bodies opened
+presently after death, and some think that in sleep there is a kind of
+mist in the brain; and upon exceeding motion some animals cast out a
+mist about them.
+
+When the cuttle fish, polypus, or loligo, make themselves invisible by
+obscuring the water about them; they do it not by any vaporous emission,
+but by a black humour ejected, which makes the water black and dark near
+them: but upon excessive motion some animals are able to afford a mist
+about them, when the air is cool and fit to condense it, as horses after
+a race, so that they become scarce visible.
+
+
+
+
+ACCOUNT OF A THUNDER STORM AT NORWICH, 1665.
+
+
+_June 28, 1665._
+
+After seven o'clock in the evening there was almost a continued thunder
+until eight, wherein the _tonitru_ and _fulgur_, the noise and
+lightning, were so terrible, that they put the whole city into an
+amazement, and most unto their prayers. The clouds went low, and the
+cracks seemed near over our heads during the most part of the thunder.
+About eight o'clock, an _ignis fulmineus_, _pila ignea fulminans_,
+_telum igneum fulmineum_, or fire-ball, hit against the little wooden
+pinnacle of the high leucome window of my house, toward the
+market-place, broke the flue boards, and carried pieces thereof a
+stone's cast off; whereupon many of the tiles fell into the street, and
+the windows in adjoining houses were broken. At the same time either a
+part of that close-bound fire, or another of the same nature, fell into
+the court-yard, and whereof no notice was taken till we began to examine
+the house, and then we found a freestone on the outside of the wall of
+the entry leading to the kitchen, half a foot from the ground, fallen
+from the wall; a hole as big as a foot-ball bored through the wall,
+which is about a foot thick, and a chest which stood against it, on the
+inside, split and carried about a foot from the wall. The wall also,
+behind the leaden cistern, at five yards distance from it, broken on the
+inside and outside; the middle seeming entire. The lead on the edges of
+the cistern turned a little up; and a great washing-bowl, that stood by
+it, to recover the rain, turned upside down, and split quite through.
+Some chimneys and tiles were struck down in other parts of the city. A
+fire-ball also struck down the wall in the market-place. And all this,
+God be thanked! without mischief unto any person. The greatest terror
+was from the noise, answerable unto two or three cannon. The smell it
+left was strong, like that after the discharge of a cannon. The balls
+that flew were not like fire in the flame, but the coal; and the people
+said it was like the sun. It was _discutiens, terebrans_, but not
+_urens_. It burnt nothing, nor any thing it touched smelt of fire; nor
+melted any lead of window or cistern, as I found it do in the great
+storm, about nine years ago, at Melton-hall, four miles off, at that
+time when the hail broke three thousand pounds worth of glass in
+Norwich, in half-a-quarter of an hour. About four days after, the like
+fulminous fire killed a man in Erpingham church, by Aylsham, upon whom
+it broke, and beat down divers which were within the wind of it. One
+also went off in Sir John Hobart's gallery, at Blickling. He was so near
+that his arm and thigh were numbed about an hour after. Two or three
+days after, a woman and horse were killed near Bungay; her hat so
+shivered that no piece remained bigger than a groat, whereof I had some
+pieces sent unto me. Granades, crackers, and squibs, do much resemble
+the discharge, and _aurum fulminans_ the fury thereof. Of other
+thunderbolts or _lapides fulminei_, I have little opinion. Some I have
+by me under that name, but they are _e genere fossilium_.
+
+                                                      THOMAS BROWNE.
+_Norwich_, 1665.
+
+
+
+
+ON DREAMS.
+
+
+Half our days we pass in the shadow of the earth; and the brother of
+death exacteth a third part of our lives. A good part of our sleep is
+peered out with visions and fantastical objects, wherein we are
+confessedly deceived. The day supplieth us with truths; the night with
+fictions and falsehoods, which uncomfortably divide the natural account
+of our beings. And, therefore, having passed the day in sober labours
+and rational enquiries of truth, we are fain to betake ourselves unto
+such a state of being, wherein the soberest heads have acted all the
+monstrosities of melancholy, and which unto open eyes are no better than
+folly and madness.
+
+Happy are they that go to bed with grand music, like Pythagoras, or have
+ways to compose the fantastical spirit, whose unruly wanderings take off
+inward sleep, filling our heads with St. Anthony's visions, and the
+dreams of Lipara in the sober chambers of rest.
+
+Virtuous thoughts of the day lay up good treasures for the night;
+whereby the impressions of imaginary forms arise into sober similitudes,
+acceptable unto our slumbering selves and preparatory unto divine
+impressions. Hereby Solomon's sleep was happy. Thus prepared, Jacob
+might well dream of angels upon a pillow of stone. And the best sleep of
+Adam might be the best of any after.
+
+That there should be divine dreams seems unreasonably doubted by
+Aristotle. That there are demoniacal dreams we have little reason to
+doubt. Why may there not be angelical? If there be guardian spirits,
+they may not be inactively about us in sleep; but may sometimes order
+our dreams: and many strange hints, instigations, or discourses, which
+are so amazing unto us, may arise from such foundations.
+
+But the phantasms of sleep do commonly walk in the great road of natural
+and animal dreams, wherein the thoughts or actions of the day are acted
+over and echoed in the night. Who can therefore wonder that Chrysostom
+should dream of St. Paul, who daily read his epistles; or that Cardan,
+whose head was so taken up about the stars, should dream that his soul
+was in the moon! Pious persons, whose thoughts are daily busied about
+heaven, and the blessed state thereof, can hardly escape the nightly
+phantasms of it, which though sometimes taken for illuminations, or
+divine dreams, yet rightly perpended may prove but animal visions, and
+natural night-scenes of their awaking contemplations.
+
+Many dreams are made out by sagacious exposition, and from the signature
+of their subjects; carrying their interpretation in their fundamental
+sense and mystery of similitude, whereby, he that understands upon what
+natural fundamental every notion dependeth, may, by symbolical
+adaptation, hold a ready way to read the characters of Morpheus. In
+dreams of such a nature, Artemidorus, Achmet, and Astrampsichus, from
+Greek, Egyptian, and Arabian oneirocriticism, may hint some
+interpretation: who, while we read of a ladder in Jacob's dream, will
+tell us that ladders and scalary ascents signify preferment; and while
+we consider the dream of Pharaoh, do teach us that rivers overflowing
+speak plenty, lean oxen, famine and scarcity; and therefore it was but
+reasonable in Pharaoh to demand the interpretation from his magicians,
+who, being Egyptians, should have been well versed in symbols and the
+hieroglyphical notions of things. The greatest tyrant in such
+divinations was Nabuchodonosor, while, besides the interpretation, he
+demanded the dream itself; which being probably determined by divine
+immission, might escape the common road of phantasms, that might have
+been traced by Satan.
+
+When Alexander, going to besiege Tyre, dreamt of a Satyr, it was no hard
+exposition for a Grecian to say, 'Tyre will be thine.' He that dreamed
+that he saw his father washed by Jupiter and anointed by the sun, had
+cause to fear that he might be crucified, whereby his body would be
+washed by the rain, and drop by the heat of the sun. The dream of
+Vespasian was of harder exposition; as also that of the emperor
+Mauritius, concerning his successor Phocas. And a man might have been
+hard put to it, to interpret the language of AEsculapius, when to a
+consumptive person he held forth his fingers; implying thereby that his
+cure lay in dates, from the homonomy of the Greek, which signifies
+dates and fingers.
+
+We owe unto dreams that Galen was a physician, Dion an historian, and
+that the world hath seen some notable pieces of Cardan; yet, he that
+should order his affairs by dreams, or make the night a rule unto the
+day, might be ridiculously deluded; wherein Cicero is much to be pitied,
+who having excellently discoursed of the vanity of dreams, was yet
+undone by the flattery of his own, which urged him to apply himself unto
+Augustus.
+
+However dreams may be fallacious concerning outward events, yet may they
+be truly significant at home; and whereby we may more sensibly
+understand ourselves. Men act in sleep with some conformity unto their
+awaked senses; and consolations or discouragements may be drawn from
+dreams which intimately tell us ourselves. Luther was not like to fear a
+spirit in the night, when such an apparition would not terrify him in
+the day. Alexander would hardly have run away in the sharpest combats of
+sleep, nor Demosthenes have stood stoutly to it, who was scarce able to
+do it in his prepared senses. Persons of radical integrity will not
+easily be perverted in their dreams, nor noble minds do pitiful things
+in sleep. Crassus would have hardly been bountiful in a dream, whose
+fist was so close awake. But a man might have lived all his life upon
+the sleeping hand of Antonius.
+
+There is an art to make dreams, as well as their interpretation; and
+physicians will tell us that some food makes turbulent, some gives
+quiet, dreams. Cato, who doated upon cabbage, might find the crude
+effects thereof in his sleep; wherein the Egyptians might find some
+advantage by their superstitious abstinence from onions. Pythagoras
+might have calmer sleeps, if he totally abstained from beans. Even
+Daniel, the great interpreter of dreams, in his leguminous diet, seems
+to have chosen no advantageous food for quiet sleeps, according to
+Grecian physic.
+
+To add unto the delusion of dreams, the fantastical objects seem greater
+than they are; and being beheld in the vaporous state of sleep, enlarge
+their diameters unto us; whereby it may prove more easy to dream of
+giants than pigmies. Democritus might seldom dream of atoms, who so
+often thought of them. He almost might dream himself a bubble extending
+unto the eighth sphere. A little water makes a sea; a small puff of wind
+a tempest. A grain of sulphur kindled in the blood may make a flame like
+AEtna; and a small spark in the bowels of Olympias a lightning over all
+the chamber.
+
+But, beside these innocent delusions, there is a sinful state of dreams.
+Death alone, not sleep, is able to put an end unto sin; and there may be
+a night-book of our iniquities; for beside the transgressions of the
+day, casuists will tell us of mortal sins in dreams, arising from evil
+precogitations; meanwhile human law regards not noctambulos; and if a
+night-walker should break his neck, or kill a man, takes no notice of
+it.
+
+Dionysius was absurdly tyrannical to kill a man for dreaming that he had
+killed him; and really to take away his life, who had but fantastically
+taken away his. Lamia was ridiculously unjust to sue a young man for a
+reward, who had confessed that pleasure from her in a dream which she
+had denied unto his awaking senses: conceiving that she had merited
+somewhat from his fantastical fruition and shadow of herself. If there
+be such debts, we owe deeply unto sympathies; but the common spirit of
+the world must be ready in such arrearages.
+
+If some have swooned, they may also have died in dreams, since death is
+but a confirmed swooning. Whether Plato died in a dream, as some
+deliver, he must rise again to inform us. That some have never dreamed,
+is as improbable as that some have never laughed. That children dream
+not the first half-year; that men dream not in some countries, with many
+more, are unto me sick men's dreams; dreams out of the ivory gate, and
+visions before midnight.
+
+
+
+
+OBSERVATIONS ON GRAFTING.
+
+
+In the doctrine of all insitions, those are esteemed most successful
+which are practised under these rules:--
+
+That there be some consent or similitude of parts and nature between the
+plants conjoined.
+
+That insition be made between trees not of very different barks; nor
+very differing fruits or forms of fructification; nor of widely
+different ages.
+
+That the scions or buds be taken from the south or east part of the
+tree.
+
+That a rectitude and due position be observed; not to insert the south
+part of the scions unto the northern side of the stock, but according to
+the position of the scions upon his first matrix.
+
+Now, though these rules be considerable in the usual and practised
+course of insitions, yet were it but reasonable for searching spirits to
+urge the operations of nature by conjoining plants of very different
+natures in parts, barks, lateness, and precocities, nor to rest in the
+experiments of hortensial plants in whom we chiefly intend the
+exaltation or variety of their fruit and flowers, but in all sorts of
+shrubs and trees applicable unto physic and mechanical uses, whereby we
+might alter their tempers, moderate or promote their virtues, exchange
+their softness, hardness, and colour, and so render them considerable
+beyond their known and trite employments.
+
+To which intent curiosity may take some rule or hint from these or the
+like following, according to the various ways of propagation:--
+
+Colutea upon anagris--arbor judae upon anagris--cassia poetica upon
+cytisus--cytisus upon periclymenum rectum--woodbine upon jasmine--cystus
+upon rosemary--rosemary upon ivy--sage or rosemary upon cystus--myrtle
+upon gall or rhus myrtifolia--whortleberry upon gall, heath, or
+myrtle--coccygeia upon alaternus--mezereon upon an almond--gooseberry
+and currants upon mezereon, barberry, or blackthorn--barberry upon a
+currant tree--bramble upon gooseberry or raspberry--yellow rose upon
+sweetbrier--phyllerea upon broom--broom upon furze--anonis lutea upon
+furze--holly upon box--bay upon holly--holly upon pyracantha--a fig
+upon chestnut--a fig upon mulberry--peach upon mulberry--mulberry upon
+buckthorn--walnut upon chesnut--savin upon juniper--vine upon oleaster,
+rosemary, ivy--an arbutus upon a fig--a peach upon a fig--white poplar
+upon black poplar--asp upon white poplar--wych elm upon common
+elm--hazel upon elm--sycamore upon wych elm--cinnamon rose upon
+hipberry--a whitethorn upon a blackthorn--hipberry upon a sloe, or
+skeye, or bullace--apricot upon a mulberry--arbutus upon a
+mulberry--cherry upon a peach--oak upon a chesnut--katherine peach upon
+a quince--a warden upon a quince--a chesnut upon a beech--a beech upon a
+chesnut--an hornbeam upon a beech--a maple upon an hornbeam--a sycamore
+upon a maple--a medlar upon a service tree--a sumack upon a quince or
+medlar--an hawthorn upon a service tree--a quicken tree upon an ash--an
+ash upon an asp--an oak upon an ilex--a poplar upon an elm--a black
+cherry tree upon a tilea or lime tree--tilea upon beech--alder upon
+birch or poplar--a filbert upon an almond--an almond upon a willow--a
+nux vesicaria upon an almond or pistachio--a cerasus avium upon a nux
+vesicaria--a cornelian upon a cherry tree--a cherry tree upon a
+cornelian--an hazel upon a willow or sallow--a lilac upon a sage tree--a
+syringa upon lilac or tree-mallow--a rose elder upon syringa--a water
+elder upon rose elder--buckthorn upon elder--frangula upon
+buckthorn--hirga sanguinea upon privet--phyllerea upon vitex--vitex upon
+evonymus--evonymus upon viburnum--ruscus upon pyracantha--paleurus upon
+hawthorn--tamarisk upon birch--erica upon tamarisk--polemonium upon
+genista hispanica--genista hispanica upon colutea.
+
+Nor are we to rest in the frustrated success of some single experiments,
+but to proceed in attempts in the most unlikely unto iterated and
+certain conclusions, and to pursue the way of ablactation or inarching.
+Whereby we might determine whether, according to the ancients, no fir,
+pine, or picea, would admit of any incision upon them; whether yew will
+hold society with none; whether walnut, mulberry, and cornel cannot be
+propagated by insition, or the fig and quince admit almost of any, with
+many others of doubtful truths in the propagations.
+
+And while we seek for varieties in stocks and scions, we are not to
+admit the ready practice of the scion upon its own tree. Whereby, having
+a sufficient number of good plants, we may improve their fruits without
+translative conjunction, that is, by insition of the scion upon his own
+mother, whereby an handsome variety or melioration seldom faileth--we
+might be still advanced by iterated insitions in proper boughs and
+positions. Insition is also made not only with scions and buds, but
+seeds, by inserting them in cabbage stalks, turnips, onions, etc., and
+also in ligneous plants.
+
+Within a mile of this city of Norwich, an oak groweth upon the head of a
+pollard willow, taller than the stock, and about half a foot in
+diameter, probably by some acorn falling or fastening upon it. I could
+show you a branch of the same willow which shoots forth near the stock
+which beareth both willow and oak twigs and leaves upon it. In a meadow
+I use in Norwich, beset with willows and sallows, I have observed these
+plants to grow upon their heads; bylders, currants, gooseberries,
+_cynocrambe_, or dog's mercury, barberries, bittersweet, elder,
+hawthorn.
+
+
+
+
+CORRIGENDA
+
+
+Vol. I. Page 4, line 24. _For_ than _read_ that.
+            97,   "  10. _For_ fell in love _read_ carnal'd.
+           227,   "   4. _For_ Capio _read_ Capo.
+           300,   "   8. _For_ Apicus _read_ a Picus.
+           301,   "  30. _For_ Caterpillaries _read_ capillaries.
+    II.    111,   "  14. _Prega, Dio_ omit comma.
+           206,   "   1. _For_ Tarus and Fulius _read_ Varus and Julius.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Aaron, i. 282, 284;
+        ii. 123.
+
+  Aaron's breastplate, i. 138.
+
+  ---- mitre, iii. 264.
+
+  ---- (rod), ii. 279;
+             iii. 238.
+
+  Abdachim, iii, 253.
+
+  Abdella, iii. 253.
+
+  Abderites, iii. 74.
+
+  Abecedary, i. 250.
+
+  Abel, i. 61, 92, 124, 131;
+       ii. 13, 77, 323;
+      iii. 9.
+
+  Aben-Ezra, ii. 168, 232;
+            iii. 232.
+
+  Abergevenny (Lord), iii. 419.
+
+  Abortion, i. 171, 235, 282;
+           ii. 260.
+
+  Abraham, i. 19, 27, 70, 187;
+          ii. 277, 332, 382-3; iii. 205.
+
+  Absalom, iii. 2, 37.
+
+  Absyrtus, i. 315, 323.
+
+  Abydenus, iii. 153.
+
+  Academics, i. 99.
+
+  Acapulco, iii. 345.
+
+  Achilles, i. 93, 230;
+           ii. 270;
+          iii. 132, 137, 239.
+
+  Achilles's horse, i. 313.
+
+  Achilles Tatius, i. 246.
+
+  Achitophel, iii. 38.
+
+  Achmet, iii. 551.
+
+  Aconite, i. 281, 290;
+         iii. 69.
+
+  Acorns, i. 116;
+        iii. 170-1, 260-1.
+
+  Acosta, ii. 354.
+
+  Acteon, i. 158.
+
+  Actium, ii. 362.
+
+  Actius, i. xlix, 89.
+
+  _Acus_, ii. 30.
+
+  Adam, i. 34, 35, 55-7, 61, 68, 76, 81, 86, 92, 102, 107, 122-5,
+           127-8, 135, 182, 290;
+       ii. 10, 13, 37, 75, 130, 137, 210-12, 285;
+      iii. 5.
+
+  Adamant, i. 236.
+
+  Adder, i. 337;
+        ii. 256.
+
+  Addercock, iii. 531.
+
+  Admah, iii. 326.
+
+  Ado of Vienna, ii. 321.
+
+  Adrian, Emperor, i. 165;
+                 iii. 106, 144.
+
+  Adricomius, iii. 3, 268, 275.
+
+  Adultery, i. 325.
+
+  AEacides, iii. 327.
+
+  AEgineta. _See_ Paulus.
+
+  AElfric, iii. 310.
+
+  AElian, i. 34, 155, 172, 174-5, 189, 291, 313, 321, 328, 332, 344;
+        ii. 1, 19, 22, 26, 51, 63, 66-8, 71, 89, 159, 202, 234, 254,
+            259, 277;
+       iii. 76.
+
+  AEmilianus, iii. 436.
+
+  AEneas, i. 344;
+        ii. 333;
+       iii. 132.
+
+  AEneas Sylvius, ii. 396.
+
+  AEolian magnets, i. 254.
+
+  AEolus, i. 252;
+        ii. 272.
+
+  AEquicola (M.), iii. 320.
+
+  AEschines, iii. 45.
+
+  AEschylus, iii. 76.
+
+  AEsculapius, i. 188, 347;
+             ii. 106;
+            iii. 552.
+
+  AEson, i. xliii, 61.
+
+  AEsop, i. 134, 138, 321-2.
+
+  AEthiopia, ii. 7.
+
+  AEthiopis, i. 297.
+
+  AEtites, i. 235, 282.
+
+  AEtius, i. 156, 171, 245-6, 325, 332;
+        ii. 99, 197-8, 208.
+
+  Affection, i. 94.
+
+  Africa, i. 25, 78, 227, 230, 235, 344;
+         ii. 145, 280, 334, 352-3.
+
+  Africans, i. 305.
+
+  Agades, ii. 372.
+
+  Agamemnon, ii. 243;
+            iii. 132, 139.
+
+  Agaric, iii. 296.
+
+  Agars, iii. 48.
+
+  Agary, iii. 296.
+
+  Agate, i. 208, 256, 284.
+
+  Agathius, iii. 65.
+
+  Age (old), i. 116, 342.
+
+  Agesilaus, ii. 320.
+
+  _Agnus Castus_, i. 171.
+
+  Agostino (A.), iii. 163.
+
+  Agricola, Emperor, iii. 108.
+
+  ---- (Georg), i. 203, 211-12;
+               ii. 278.
+
+  Agriculture, ii. 307-8.
+
+  Agrippina, i. xlvii.
+
+  Ague, i. 166-7;
+       ii. 282;
+      iii. 378.
+
+  Agullas, ii. 349.
+
+  Ahasuerus, iii. 149.
+
+  Ahaz, iii. 3.
+
+  Ainsworth, ii. 262;
+            iii. 265.
+
+  Ajax, i. 318;
+      iii. 132.
+
+  Alabaster, i. 256.
+
+  Alanes, ii. 280.
+
+  Alaric, iii. 143.
+
+  Albertus Magnus, i. xxvii, 167, 175, 202, 231, 235, 249, 262-3,
+                      284, 288, 326, 351;
+                  ii. 1, 42, 63, 67-8, 82, 99, 156;
+                 iii. 7, 294-5.
+
+  Albricus, ii, 257.
+
+  Albuquerque, ii. 365.
+
+  Alcala de Henares, ii. 28.
+
+  Alcanna, iii. 80.
+
+  Alcharma, iii. 224.
+
+  Alciati, i. xii, 166;
+         iii. 65.
+
+  Alcinous, iii. 3, 153, 269.
+
+  Alcmena, ii. 39, 268.
+
+  Alcmena's nights, iii. 136.
+
+  Alcoran, i. xxxii, 37, 146, 148.
+
+  Alder, i. 271, 274.
+
+  Aldrovandus, i. 210, 223, 289, 322, 326, 329, 333, 345;
+              ii. 1, 6, 15-16, 24-5, 42, 63, 74-5, 85, 89-92, 156, 205,
+                  207, 254;
+             iii. 251-2, 529, 541.
+
+  Aleazar, i. 284.
+
+  Alemannus (Nic), iii. 66.
+
+  Alexander, i. xxxvi, xlvi, 40, 77, 78, 188, 231, 243, 305, 343;
+            ii. 148, 237, 264, 357, 366;
+           iii. 68, 77-8, 125.
+
+  ---- his boy, ii. 58.
+
+  ---- (Pope), ii. 21.
+
+  ---- (Bp.), iii. 410.
+
+  Alexandria, i. 243;
+             ii. 360;
+            iii. 327, 543.
+
+  ---- Library, i. 38.
+
+  Alexandro (Alexander ab), i. xviii, xli;
+                           ii. 117, 120.
+
+  Alexia, i. xxxvii.
+
+  Alexis Pedimontanus, i. 176.
+
+  Alfonso, Duke of Ferrara, i. 274-5.
+
+  Algiers, ii. 280.
+
+  Alhazen, i. 335;
+         iii. 62.
+
+  Alkermes, iii. 260.
+
+  Allatius (Leo), iii. 71.
+
+  Allegories, i. 143.
+
+  Almanzor, i. 148.
+
+  Almond, ii. 335.
+
+  ---- trees, i. 293;
+            iii. 239.
+
+  ---- bitter, i. 298.
+
+  Alnwick (Will.), Bp., iii. 411.
+
+  Aloe, i. 256;
+       ii. 197;
+      iii. 295-6.
+
+  Alphonso, ii. 349.
+
+  Alpinus (Prosper), ii. 360.
+
+  Alps, ii. 355;
+      iii. 74.
+
+  Alum, i. 204, 255, 256;
+       ii. 391, 394.
+
+  _Alumen plumosum_, ii. 21.
+
+  Alured, iii. 310.
+
+  Alva (Duke of), iii. 311.
+
+  Alvarez (Fr.), i. 230;
+                ii. 356.
+
+  Amandus Zierexensis, iii. 111.
+
+  Amaranth, iii. 128.
+
+  Amasis, ii. 5.
+
+  Amatus Lusitanus, i. 324;
+                   ii. 19, 28;
+                  iii. 24.
+
+  Amazons, ii. 123;
+      iii. 79.
+
+  Amber, i. 255, 257, 259, 260;
+        ii. 268;
+       iii. 54.
+
+  Ambergris, i. 165;
+            ii. 88.
+
+  Ambidexters, ii. 125, 130.
+
+  Ambition, iii. 138, 452.
+
+  Ambracia, iii. 248.
+
+  Ambrose, i. 175, 254, 308;
+          ii. 259.
+
+  ---- Hexameron, ii. 4.
+
+  Ambuscado, i. 190.
+
+  America, i. 36, 227-8, 231, 235, 240, 294, 322;
+          ii. 25, 61, 81, 83, 137, 274, 339, 341, 354, 357, 367, 371, 378;
+         iii. 307, 312, 347.
+
+  Americus, i. 229.
+
+  Amethyst, i. 210, 255, 284-5.
+
+  Ammianus Marcellinus, i. xxxiii;
+                       ii. 153.
+
+  Ammon, i. 188.
+
+  Ammonia, ii. 394.
+
+  Ammoniac, i. 204-5.
+
+  Ammonites, ii. 280.
+
+  Amomum, i. 296.
+
+  Amorites, ii. 381.
+
+  Amos, iii. 4.
+
+  Amphibium, i. 51.
+
+  Amphibologie, i. 141.
+
+  Amphilochus, iii. 39.
+
+  Amphion, iii. 77.
+
+  Amphisbaena, ii. 22.
+
+  Amphitryon, ii. 39.
+
+  Amulets, i. 195, 198, 269.
+
+  Anabaptists, i. xvii.
+
+  Anacreon, ii. 143.
+
+  Anania, i. 328.
+
+  Ananias, iii. 71.
+
+  Anastasius Sinaita, i. xxx;
+                    iii. 157.
+
+  Anatiferous trees, ii. 11.
+
+  Anatomy, i. xlii, 54.
+
+  Anaxagoras, i. xlvi, 73, 163, 199, 217.
+
+  Anaxarchus, i. xlvi.
+
+  Anaximander, i. 163.
+
+  Anaximenes, ii. 252.
+
+  Anchiale, iii. 77.
+
+  Anchor, ii. 206.
+
+  Anchovy, i. 320.
+
+  Ancona, iii. 47.
+
+  Anconians, iii. 106.
+
+  Andes, ii. 355.
+
+  Andirons, i. 221.
+
+  Andreas, i. 118.
+
+  Andromeda, ii. 193, 250, 375.
+
+  Angelo, ii. 212.
+
+  Angels, i. xli, xlii, 37, 123, 189, 190, 192;
+         ii. 378;
+        iii. 508.
+
+  ---- Good, i. 47, 48.
+
+  _Angelus doce mihi jus_, i. 240.
+
+  Anglerius (P. M.), i. 322.
+
+  Angles (people), iii. 112.
+
+  Anglesea, iii. 113, 432, 518.
+
+  Anglia Cymbrica, iii. 112.
+
+  Anguillara, iii. 231.
+
+  Animadversions, i. 1.
+
+  Animals, i. 308;
+          ii. 11.
+
+  Anime. _See_ Gum Anime.
+
+  Annihilation, i. 72.
+
+  Anomaei, i. xxiii.
+
+  Annius of Viterbo, ii. 333, 380.
+
+  Answers of the Oracle, iii. 332.
+
+  Antaeus, iii. 79.
+
+  Antemon, i. xlix.
+
+  Anthem Book, iii. 302.
+
+  Anthology (Greek), ii. 145.
+
+  Anthony, i. 194, 245, 350;
+          ii. 275, 358;
+         iii. 119.
+
+  Anthropophagi, i. 55.
+
+  Anthropophagy, i. 158;
+      ii. 378.
+
+  Anticera, i. 149.
+
+  Antichrist, i. 12, 46, 66.
+
+  Anticks, i. 60.
+
+  Antidotes, iii. 69.
+
+  Antigonus, i. 170;
+           iii. 328.
+
+  Antimony, i. 209, 255-6, 261, 269, 277;
+           ii. 141.
+
+  Antiochus, i. xxxi, xlix;
+            ii. 255;
+           iii. 43.
+
+  Antipater, iii. 374.
+
+  Antipathies, i. 62, 83.
+
+  Antipodes, i. xxxviii, 41, 161, 164, 199;
+            ii. 301, 339.
+
+  Antiquity, i. 152.
+
+  Antlers, i. 343.
+
+  Antoeci, i. 252;
+          ii. 301.
+
+  Antonini, iii. 433.
+
+  Antoninus, i. 174, 196;
+            ii. 273;
+           iii. 106.
+
+  Antonius, i. xxvii, 171;
+           ii. 216.
+
+  Ants, i. 24.
+
+  Anvils, i. 263.
+
+  Antwerp, i. 226;
+          ii. 38, 68.
+
+  Anubis, ii. 185.
+
+  Ape, i. 312;
+      ii. 41, 156.
+
+  Apelles, i. xxix.
+
+  Aper, i. 196.
+
+  Apicius, iii. 233, 541.
+
+  _Apicus_. _See_ Picus.
+
+  Apis, ii. 376.
+
+  Apollinaris, i. 192.
+
+  Apollo, ii. 4, 89, 118, 272, 362;
+         iii. 40-1.
+
+  Apollodorus, i. 241;
+             iii. 43.
+
+  Apollonius Thyaneus, i. xlviii, 160, 170;
+                      ii. 28.
+
+  Aponensis, ii. 93.
+
+  Apostles, i. 78.
+
+  ---- names, i. 303.
+
+  Appion, iii. 341.
+
+  Apple, i. 293;
+        ii. 392.
+
+  ---- of Paradise, iii. 2.
+
+  April, ii. 180.
+
+  Apuleius, i. xv, xxvii, xxxiii, xli, 155;
+           ii. 144, 268.
+
+  Apulia, iii. 226.
+
+  _Aqua fortis_, i. 204, 206, 215, 221, 237, 257, 261, 279, 277;
+                ii. 64.
+
+  Aquapendente, ii. 103.
+
+  _Aqua Regis_, i. 277-8.
+
+  _Aqua vitae_, i. 207, 261.
+
+  Aqueducts, ii. 268-9.
+
+  Aquila, ii. 157, 293.
+
+  Aquitaine, iii. 314.
+
+  Arabia, i. 32, 243;
+         ii. 6, 7, 81, 332, 346, 378, 380-2.
+
+  Arabians, i. 14, 148.
+
+  Arabic writers, i. 176.
+
+  Ararat, i. 36;
+         ii. 348.
+
+  Aratus, i. 156, 344;
+         ii. 164, 305.
+
+  Arcadians, ii. 180, 288.
+
+  Archangelus, ii. 115.
+
+  Archelaus, ii. 33.
+
+  Archemorus, iii. 99.
+
+  Archidoxes, i. 32.
+
+  Archigenes, ii. 167.
+
+  Archilochus, ii. 320.
+
+  Archimedes, i. 179, 307;
+             ii. 253;
+            iii. 75, 77, 79, 136.
+
+  Archimime, iii. 130.
+
+  Arcotas, ii. 253.
+
+  Arcturus, ii. 303, 400.
+
+  Arden, i. 138.
+
+  Ardoynus, i. 174, 332.
+
+  Aremboldus, i. xvi.
+
+  Arethusa, i. xix, 13.
+
+  Aretius, ii. 333.
+
+  Arginusa, ii, 377.
+
+  Argol, ii. 394.
+
+  Argonauts, ii. 332.
+
+  Argos, ii. 332.
+
+  Argulus, iii. 434.
+
+  Argus, i. 307;
+        ii. 46, 49, 279.
+
+  Arians, i. 15.
+
+  Aries, ii. 191, 303.
+
+  Arimanius, i. 198.
+
+  Arimaspi, ii. 3.
+
+  Ariminum, i. 223.
+
+  Ariolation, i. 137.
+
+  Arion, ii. 205.
+
+  Ariosto, ii. 59;
+          iii. 382.
+
+  Aristeas, ii. 293.
+
+  Aristeus, ii. 3.
+
+  Aristobulus, ii. 369, 375.
+
+  Ariston, i. 156.
+
+  Aristophanes, iii. 301.
+
+  Aristotle, _passim_.
+
+  ---- his death, iii. 42.
+
+  Aristoxenus, i. 142;
+      ii. 81.
+
+  Arithmetic, i. 162.
+
+  Ark, i. 34-5;
+      ii. 9, 79, 131, 330, 348, 378;
+     iii. 79.
+
+  Arkites, ii. 383.
+
+  Armado, i. 28.
+
+  Armenia, ii. 332;
+          iii. 148, 260.
+
+  Armenian bishop, iii. 71.
+
+  Arnoldus, iii. 72.
+
+  Arphaxad, ii. 294.
+
+  Arrianus, ii. 237, 353;
+           iii. 379.
+
+  Arrius, i. 191.
+
+  Arrow, i. 276.
+
+  ---- divining, ii. 280.
+
+  _Ars longa_, i. 167.
+
+  Arsenic, i. 255-6, 261, 277, 281, 290.
+
+  Arsinoe, i. 243.
+
+  Artaxerxes, i. 169;
+             ii. 6, 261;
+            iii. 68.
+
+  ---- Longimanus, ii. 195;
+                  iii. 149.
+
+  ---- Mnemon, iii. 149.
+
+  Artemidorus, ii. 133;
+              iii. 221, 551.
+
+  Artemisia, iii. 123.
+
+  Artephius, i. 340.
+
+  Artergates, ii. 254.
+
+  Arthur (King), iii. 91.
+
+  Artichoke, ii. 392;
+            iii. 166.
+
+  Artificial Hills, Of, iii. 322.
+
+  Artillery, i. xxxiii.
+
+  Arvadites, ii. 383.
+
+  Arvirage, iii. 311.
+
+  Asa, ii. 382.
+
+  Asafoetida, iii. 225.
+
+  Asclepiades, i. xx;
+              ii. 78.
+
+  Asbeston, ii. 21.
+
+  Ascendent, ii. 343.
+
+  Ash, i. 293.
+
+  Ash-tree, i. 306.
+
+  Ashbury, iii. 113.
+
+  Ashes, i. 270.
+
+  Asia, i. 78, 227-8.
+
+  Asmodeus, i. 189.
+
+  Asp, i. 337-8;
+      ii. 236.
+
+  Asparagus, iii. 259.
+
+  Asphaltites (Lake), iii. 52.
+
+  Asphaltus, i. 257.
+
+  Asphodels, iii. 132.
+
+  Asprage, iii. 533.
+
+  Ass, Asses, i. 154, 166, 346;
+             ii. 81, 386-7.
+
+  ---- (Indian), ii. 67, 68, 71.
+
+  Assur, ii. 149, 331.
+
+  Assyria, ii. 332, 335.
+
+  Asteria, i. 210;
+          ii. 15.
+
+  Asteropaeus, ii. 130.
+
+  Astipalaea, ii. 324.
+
+  Astley (Herbert), iii. 421.
+
+  _Astomi_, ii. 59.
+
+  Astraea, iii. 465.
+
+  Astrampsychus, iii. 381, 551.
+
+  Astrology, i. 59, 138;
+            ii. 182, 199, 200, 281, 343;
+           iii. 486.
+
+  Astronomers, i. 162;
+             iii. 219.
+
+  Astronomy, i. 98, 212.
+
+  Athanasius, i. xli, 353;
+             ii. 358.
+
+  Atheism, i. 32, 184.
+
+  Atheists, i. 67, 108.
+
+  Athenaeus, i. 118, 155, 173;
+           ii. 89, 118, 156, 158-9, 215, 221, 267, 277, 324;
+          iii. 43, 51, 76-7, 119.
+
+  Athenians, i. 143, 147, 339;
+            ii. 285.
+
+  Athens, i. 142, 162;
+         ii. 332.
+
+  Athos, iii. 75.
+
+  Atlantic, iii. 531.
+
+  Atomist, i. 79.
+
+  Atoms, i. 258.
+
+  Atropos, i. 92.
+
+  Attalus, iii. 150, 335, 488.
+
+  Attila, ii. 228.
+
+  Augspurg, i. 247.
+
+  Auguries, i. 194.
+
+  Augurs, ii. 132.
+
+  Augustine, St., _passim_.
+
+  Augustus, i. xxvii, xl, 159, 194, 298, 336;
+           ii. 171, 252;
+          iii. 40, 185.
+
+  Aurelius Victor, i. xxxiii.
+
+  Aurichalcum, i. 255.
+
+  _Aurum fulminans_, i. 277.
+
+  Ausgurius, iii. 112.
+
+  Ausonius, i. 344;
+           ii. 261;
+          iii. 217, 304.
+
+  Authority, i. 161.
+
+  Authors, i. 168.
+
+  Autochthons, ii. 285.
+
+  Autumn, i. xxix, 35;
+         ii. 300-303.
+
+  Auvergne (Bp. of), iii. 468.
+
+  Avarice, i, 77, 108;
+         iii. 389, 446.
+
+  Ave-Mary Bell, i. 9.
+
+  Aventinus, i. xxxix;
+            ii. 395-6.
+
+  Averroes, ii. 273;
+           iii. 56.
+
+  Avicenna, i. 148, 165, 332;
+           ii. 140, 146, 177, 273-4, 310.
+
+  Avignon, iii. 411.
+
+  Ayermin (Will.), Bp., iii. 411.
+
+  Aylsham, iii. 412, 549.
+
+  Azores, i. 226-7;
+         ii. 349, 398.
+
+  Azotus, i. 49.
+
+
+  Baal Seder, ii. 289.
+
+  Baaras, i. 189, 291.
+
+  Babel, i. 37, 98;
+        ii. 178, 378;
+       iii. 17.
+
+  Babylon, i. 321;
+          ii. 104, 287, 331, 383;
+         iii. 18, 79, 148-9, 153, 162.
+
+  Bacchinus, ii. 38.
+
+  Bacchus, ii. 229.
+
+  Back-worm, iii. 296.
+
+  Bacon (Sir Edmund), iii. 96, 428.
+
+  ---- (Francis), i. xv, 294;
+                 ii. 56, 141.
+
+  ---- (Nicholas), iii. 93.
+
+  ---- (Roger), iii. 47, 72.
+
+  Baconsthorpe, iii. 419.
+
+  Bactriana, iii. 62.
+
+  Bactrians, ii. 325, 332, 336, 378.
+
+  Badger, i. 326.
+
+  Bainbrigge (  ), ii. 188-9.
+
+  Bairros (Johannes de), ii. 365.
+
+  Bajazet, iii. 476.
+
+  Balaam's Ass, iii. 78.
+
+  _Balaustium_, ii. 391.
+
+  Baldness, iii. 76.
+
+  Baldwin, King of Jerusalem, i. 44.
+
+  Balearians, iii. 101.
+
+  Balm, iii. 252.
+
+  Balsam, iii. 252-4.
+
+  Balsam Oil, iii. 227.
+
+  Balsomes, i. 103.
+
+  Baltic, ii. 396;
+         iii. 345-6.
+
+  Banda, i. 293.
+
+  Banyans, ii. 78;
+          iii. 377.
+
+  Baptism, ii. 364;
+          iii. 12, 14.
+
+  _Barbara_, i. 134, 166.
+
+  ---- name, i. 304.
+
+  Barbarie, i. 279.
+
+  Barbel, iii. 537.
+
+  Barbosa (Odoard), i. 280.
+
+  Barcephas, ii. 210.
+
+  Barham Down, iii. 325.
+
+  Barklow, iii. 325.
+
+  Barley, i. 265, 288;
+         ii. 35, 102;
+        iii. 245, 254.
+
+  Barnabas, i. 136.
+
+  Barnacles, ii. 11, 107;
+    iii. 516, 535.
+
+  Baronius, i. xv, xxxii;
+           ii. 247, 250;
+          iii. 25, 28, 39, 66, 406.
+
+  Barthius, iii. 305.
+
+  Bartholanus, ii. 335.
+
+  Bartholinus (T.), ii. 70.
+
+  Bartholomeus Anglicus, i. 176.
+
+  Bartlow Hills, Essex, iii. 325.
+
+  Basaltes, i. 210.
+
+  Basel (Council of), iii. 409.
+
+  Basil, i. 166, 175, 202, 259, 260, 305;
+        ii. 26, 259, 379.
+
+  Basilicus, ii. 189.
+
+  Basilides, i. 192.
+
+  Basilisco, i. 90.
+
+  Basilisk, i. 178, 331.
+
+  Basque, iii. 311-12.
+
+  Bass (fish), iii. 532.
+
+  Bat, ii. 2, 52.
+
+  Batavia, i. 280;
+         iii. 346.
+
+  Bateman (William), Bp., iii. 411.
+
+  +Batrachomuomachia+, i. 89.
+
+  Bauhinus, ii. 115;
+           iii. 93.
+
+  Bavaria, ii. 96.
+
+  Bayfius, iii. 301.
+
+  Bay-trees, i. 298;
+           iii. 116, 128, 264.
+
+  Bdellium, i. 206.
+
+  Beach, ii. 373.
+
+  Beans, i. 141.
+
+  Bear, i. 26, 38, 179, 328;
+       ii. 376.
+
+  ---- (fish), ii. 75.
+
+  Beauty, ii. 381, 384-5.
+
+  Beaver, i. 179, 321;
+         ii. 40;
+        iii. 179, 538.
+
+  Becanus (Goropius), iii. 1.
+
+  Beck (Anthony de), Bp., iii. 409.
+
+  Beckher (Daniel), i. 247, 249.
+
+  Beda, i. xxxi, xxxix, 241, 243, 317;
+       ii. 5, 210, 290, 386;
+      iii. 310.
+
+  Beds, i. 239;
+      iii. 157, 164.
+
+  Bee, i. 24, 289;
+      ii. 97-8, 107.
+
+  Beef, ii. 282, 324.
+
+  Beer, i. 298.
+
+  Beetle, i. 137, 327;
+          ii. 22, 45, 67.
+
+  Befler, iii, 93.
+
+  Beggars, i. 110.
+
+  Beguinus (Joh.), i. 278.
+
+  Behemoth, iii. 74.
+
+  Belemnites, i. 210, 283.
+
+  Belisarius, iii. 65, 300, 476.
+
+  Bell (Passing), i. 95.
+
+  Bells, i. 9.
+
+  Bellabonus, i. 262.
+
+  Bellarmine, i. xx, xlviii.
+
+  Bellermontanus, i. xxxv.
+
+  Bellerophon's horse, i. 243.
+
+  Bellinus, iii. 111.
+
+  Bellonius, i. 295-6, 307, 322, 324;
+            ii. 51, 89, 92, 206, 351, 365, 390, 396;
+           iii. 179, 222, 252, 261, 526.
+
+  Belomancy, ii. 280.
+
+  Belus, i. 145;
+        ii. 331;
+       iii. 18.
+
+  Bembine tables, i. 338.
+
+  Bembus, iii. 152.
+
+  Benedict, Pope, i. xx.
+
+  Benedict III., Pope, iii. 71.
+
+  Benjamin, i. 255-6.
+
+  Benjamites, ii. 124.
+
+  Benzira, iii. 58.
+
+  Bergamo, i. 211.
+
+  Berg cum Apton, iii. 419.
+
+  Bergomas (Philippus), ii. 396.
+
+  Beringuccio, i. 274-5;
+             iii. 117.
+
+  Bernard (St.), i. xxxi;
+                ii. 175.
+
+  Beroaldus, ii. 165;
+            iii. 258.
+
+  Berosus, ii. 320, 331, 334, 380;
+          iii. 16, 18, 79.
+
+  Beryls, i. 206, 212, 255, 284-5.
+
+  Bethany, iii. 79.
+
+  Betony, i. 304;
+        iii. 296.
+
+  Bevis, i. 34.
+
+  Beza (Th.), i. xvi.;
+            iii. 277.
+
+  _Bezo las Manos_, i. 27.
+
+  Bezoar, i. 165, 256, 284;
+         ii. 71, 73.
+
+  Biarmia, i. 241.
+
+  BIBLE, _passim_.
+
+  Bible (Translations), iii. 265.
+
+  Bibliotheca Abscondita, iii. 350.
+
+  Biddulph, iii. 53, 262, 269.
+
+  Bigot family, iii. 405.
+
+  Bilboa, iii. 312.
+
+  Bilney (Thomas), iii. 425.
+
+  Bindweed, iii. 279.
+
+  Bird of Paradise, ii. 6, 61.
+
+  Birdcatcher, iii. 522.
+
+  Birdlime, i. 261, 295.
+
+  Birds, i. 146, 230, 303;
+        ii. 111-12;
+       iii. 3, 290-2.
+
+  Birds and Fishes in Norfolk, iii. 511.
+
+  Bisciola (Laelius), i. 240.
+
+  Bishop, Universal, iii. 62.
+
+  Bisnaguer, iii. 285.
+
+  Bistorte, ii. 391.
+
+  Bittern, iii. 292.
+
+  Bittor, ii. 92, 113;
+      iii. 518.
+
+  Bitumen, i. 32, 189, 257.
+
+  Blackberry, ii. 393.
+
+  Blackbird (white), ii. 384.
+
+  Blackness, ii. 367-9, 395.
+
+  Bladder, i. 263-4;
+          ii. 141.
+
+  Blakeney, iii. 532.
+
+  Blancanus, iii. 157.
+
+  Blatta Byzantina, iii. 225.
+
+  Bleaks, iii. 532.
+
+  Blickling, iii. 408, 549.
+
+  Blindness, ii. 42-5.
+
+  Blochwitius, i. 306.
+
+  Blood-stones, i. 284.
+
+  Blount (Sir H.), i. xx, xli.
+
+  Blue, ii. 395.
+
+  Blunt (Sir H.), ii. 152.
+
+  Blyburgh river, iii. 534.
+
+  Boadicea, iii. 106.
+
+  Boar, i. 344, 346.
+
+  Bocatius, ii. 175.
+
+  _Bocca di porco_, iii. 60, 61.
+
+  Boccatius, ii. 254.
+
+  Boccace, i. 111.
+
+  Bochartus, ii. 335, 364;
+      iii. 17.
+
+  Bodine, ii. 174-5, 179, 275, 288.
+
+  Bodinus Subicus, ii. 239.
+
+  Boeotia, ii. 375.
+
+  Boethius (A. M. T. S.), i. xxii, xxiv, xlv;
+                        iii. 288.
+
+  Boetius. _See_ Boot.
+
+  Bohemia, ii. 396.
+
+  Boio, i. xxxix.
+
+  Boissardus, ii. 234.
+
+  Bolary earth, iii. 431.
+
+  Boleyn (Sir W.), iii. 407.
+
+  Bologna, i. 315, 329.
+
+  Bolsech, iii. 72.
+
+  Bonatus (G.), ii. 177.
+
+  Bonaventura, iii. 5.
+
+  Boniface, Pope, iii. 62.
+
+  Bononian stone, i. 282;
+                 ii. 100.
+
+  Bontius (Jacobus), ii. 107.
+
+  Bonus (Petrus), iii. 72.
+
+  Books (rarities), iii. 352.
+
+  Boot (Boetius, de), i. 203, 208, 212, 241, 261, 278, 282;
+                     ii. 15, 16, 69, 75, 341.
+
+  Bootes, ii. 303.
+
+  Boramez, ii. 106.
+
+  Borax, i. 274.
+
+  Borchardus, iii. 79.
+
+  Bordeaux, iii. 217.
+
+  Boreas, ii. 272.
+
+  Borith, iii. 167.
+
+  Borneo, iii. 224.
+
+  Bosio, iii. 114, 119.
+
+  _Bos in lingua_, i. 339.
+
+  _Bos marinus_, ii. 75.
+
+  Bosphorus, ii. 186.
+
+  Bosvile family, iii. 404.
+
+  Botanists, iii. 221.
+
+  Botero, ii. 328, 356;
+         iii. 45.
+
+  Boulian, iii. 303.
+
+  _Boulimia Centenaria_, iii. 544.
+
+  Bovillus (C.), iii. 201.
+
+  Box, i. 257;
+     iii. 116.
+
+  Bracelets, ii. 385.
+
+  Brachmans, iii. 100.
+
+  Braden, iii. 537.
+
+  Brahe (Tycho), ii. 298.
+
+  Brain, ii. 115;
+      iii. 60.
+
+  Brake Fern, i. 171, 221, 238, 302.
+
+  Brampton, iii. 108, 430.
+
+  Brancaster, iii. 105, 107.
+
+  Brannodunum, iii. 105.
+
+  Brass (Corinthian), i. 255.
+
+  Brassavolus, i. 202, 212, 262, 267, 274-5, 293, 295;
+              ii. 15, 20.
+
+  Brazil, i. 227-8;
+         ii. 371-3;
+        iii. 463.
+
+  Bream, iii. 537.
+
+  Brennus, iii. 111.
+
+  Briar, wild, i. 301.
+
+  Briareus, i. 158.
+
+  Bricks, i. 221, 279;
+      iii. 114.
+
+  Briggs (W.), i. 226.
+
+  Brimstone, i. 189, 271-2.
+
+  Briony, i. 286, 288, 289, 296.
+
+  Bristol-stone, i. 255.
+
+  Britain, i. 240;
+          ii. 335, 397.
+
+  Brixia, ii. 6.
+
+  Brocardus, iii. 332.
+
+  Brock, i. 326.
+
+  Brome (Richard), iii. 404.
+
+  Broom Rape, iii. 259.
+
+  Broth (black), ii. 80.
+
+  Browne (Thomas), Bp., iii. 409.
+
+  Brunham (W. de), iii. 408.
+
+  Brutus, i. 143, 191, 194.
+
+  Bucephalus, i. 305;
+            iii. 227.
+
+  Buchan (David, Earl of), iii. 451.
+
+  Buchanan (G.), i. xviii;
+                ii. 24.
+
+  Buckingham Castle, iii. 108.
+
+  Budeus, iii. 74.
+
+  Bulgaria, ii. 396.
+
+  Bullets, i. 276.
+
+  Bull-rush, i. 304.
+
+  Bure, iii. 536-7.
+
+  Burgh Castle, iii. 107, 432.
+
+  Burgundy, order of, ii. 251.
+
+  Burnham, iii. 195, 533-5.
+
+  Burstcow, ii. 99.
+
+  Burton (John), iii. 420.
+
+  Busbequius, i. xxxv, xlviii.
+
+  Bustamantinus (Franciscus), ii. 28.
+
+  Bustard, iii. 519.
+
+  Butt (fish), iii. 533.
+
+  Butter, i. 264, 274.
+
+  Butterflies, ii. 11, 22, 45.
+
+  Buxhornius, iii. 313.
+
+  Buxton, iii. 106, 115, 430-1.
+
+  Buxtorf, ii. 145;
+          iii. 277.
+
+  Buzzard, ii. 22, 105;
+          iii. 517, 539.
+
+  Byzacian field, iii. 246-7.
+
+
+  Cabala, i. 138, 211, 230, 231, 233, 235, 255, 257;
+         ii. 398.
+
+  Cabbage, ii. 10;
+          iii. 95.
+
+  Cabeus, i. 257;
+         ii. 430;
+        iii. 47, 93.
+
+  Cabot (Sebast.), i. 228.
+
+  Cacus, iii. 385.
+
+  Cadamustus, i. 313;
+            iii. 29.
+
+  Cades, i. 296.
+
+  Cadesh, ii. 382.
+
+  Cadmus, i. xxxiv, 289;
+        iii. 152.
+
+  Caeciliae, ii. 45.
+
+  Caesalpinus, iii. 264.
+
+  Caesar, i. 111.
+
+  Caesaria, ii. 335.
+
+  Caesarian conquest, iii. 493.
+
+  ---- cut, iii. 382.
+
+  Caesius (Bernardus), i. 203, 240.
+
+  ---- (Fred.), i. 302.
+
+  Cain, i. 81, 92, 124, 129, 133-1;
+      ii. 13, 77.
+
+  Cainan, ii. 204.
+
+  Cairo, ii. 355, 360, 362, 396;
+      iii. 253.
+
+  Caistor, iii. 106, 115.
+
+  Caius the blind, i. 196.
+
+  Cajetan, i. xvi;
+         iii. 6, 9.
+
+  Calabria, i. 32;
+           ii. 136.
+
+  Calbanum, i. 256.
+
+  Calceolarianum, iii. 350.
+
+  Caldron, i. 142.
+
+  Calendar, ii. 311.
+
+  Calf (Golden), i. 71, 137.
+
+  California, iii. 308.
+
+  Caligula, i. 1;
+           ii. 217.
+
+  Calisthenes, ii. 287, 359.
+
+  _Callipygae_, ii. 137.
+
+  Callyonimus, i. 320.
+
+  Calthorpe (Eliz.), iii. 401.
+
+  Calvary, ii. 333.
+
+  Calvin, i. 11.
+
+  Calvisius, ii. 302.
+
+  Cambogia, ii. 371.
+
+  Cambridge, i. liv;
+           iii. 409, 411-12, 537.
+
+  Cambyses, iii. 141.
+
+  Camden (W.), iii. 45, 113, 325, 538.
+
+  Camel, i. 24, 312, 341, 346;
+        ii. 65, 74, 324, 370, 378.
+
+  Cameleon, ii. 361.
+
+  Camerarius, i. 169;
+      ii. 26.
+
+  Camoys nose, ii. 377.
+
+  Campanel, i. lii.
+
+  Campegius, ii. 154.
+
+  Camphire, i. 205, 257, 272, 276, 303;
+           ii. 87, 389;
+          iii. 224.
+
+  Cana, i. 42.
+
+  Canaan, ii. 332, 381, 383.
+
+  Canaries, ii. 334, 357, 398.
+
+  Canary Isles, ii. 349, 355, 398-9.
+
+  Cancer, ii. 372-3.
+
+  Candace, ii. 382.
+
+  Candia, iii. 274.
+
+  Candie, ii. 29.
+
+  Candish, i. 231.
+
+  Candy, ii. 373.
+
+  Candle, candles, ii. 278;
+                  iii. 81.
+
+  Candlemas, ii. 311.
+
+  Candlestick, Golden, ii. 282.
+
+  _Canis levis_, ii. 61.
+
+  Cannibals, i. 55;
+            ii. 378.
+
+  Canutus, iii. 107.
+
+  Cap Verde Isles, ii. 399.
+
+  Cape of Good Hope, ii. 67, 373.
+
+  Capel, i. xix.
+
+  Capella (Martianus), ii. 234;
+      iii. 507.
+
+  Capillaries, i. 294, 301.
+
+  Capo de las Agullas, i. 227, 229;
+                      ii. 349.
+
+  ---- Frio, i. 227, 235.
+
+  ---- Negro, ii. 372.
+
+  Cappadocia, ii. 248, 260.
+
+  Cappadox (Johannes), iii. 66.
+
+  Capriceps, i. 319.
+
+  Capricorn, ii. 372-3.
+
+  Caracalla, i. 188;
+            ii. 239;
+           iii. 108.
+
+  Caramania, i. 211;
+            ii. 366;
+           iii. 225.
+
+  Caranna, i. 255.
+
+  Carbuncles, i. 255, 281.
+
+  Cardanus (Hier.), i. 176, 203, 250, 262, 273-4;
+                   ii. 36, 38, 82, 91, 99, 148, 156, 253, 276, 342, 354;
+                  iii. 132, 373, 379, 381, 468, 537, 551.
+
+  Cardigan, iii. 538.
+
+  Carians, ii. 180.
+
+  Caricatura, iii. 376, 494.
+
+  Cariola, iii. 125.
+
+  Carion, ii. 321.
+
+  Carlton, iii. 409.
+
+  Carobe, iii. 226.
+
+  Carolostadius, i. xix.
+
+  Carp, ii. 14;
+       iii. 538.
+
+  Carpenter (Nat.), i. xxiv, xxv.
+
+  Carpocras, i. 192.
+
+  Carrots, i. 286.
+
+  Cartaphilus, iii. 71.
+
+  Carthage, i. 297;
+           ii. 334.
+
+  Casalius, ii. 222, 224;
+           iii. 114.
+
+  Casaubon, i. 173;
+           ii. 159, 222, 267;
+          iii. 119, 310, 432.
+
+  Casements, i. 222.
+
+  Cassia, ii. 197.
+
+  Cassiodorus, i. 308;
+             iii. 120.
+
+  Cassius (L.), i. xxxvii, 191, 194.
+
+  ---- Severus, i. xlix.
+
+  Castellanus, ii. 82.
+
+  Castellionaeus (A.), ii. 248.
+
+  Castellus, i. 325.
+
+  Castile, iii. 311.
+
+  ---- arms of, ii. 255.
+
+  Castilia del Oro, ii. 372.
+
+  Castle-soap, iii. 124.
+
+  Castor, i. 159, 336;
+         ii. 40;
+        iii. 107.
+
+  Castoreum, i. 323, 325;
+      iii. 225.
+
+  Castro (Leo de), i. xxxii.
+
+  ---- (Rodericus a), iii. 24.
+
+  Cat, i. 137, 314, 341;
+      ii. 107, 135.
+
+  Cataneo, i. 276.
+
+  Catapucia, i. 305.
+
+  Catarrh, i. 306.
+
+  Caterpillars, i. 301.
+
+  Cathay, iii. 348.
+
+  Cathedrals, i. 109.
+
+  Catkins, iii. 165.
+
+  Cato, i. 62;
+       ii. 80, 274, 305, 320, 380;
+      iii. 95, 133-4, 388.
+
+  Catoblepas, i. 332.
+
+  Catullus, iii. 438.
+
+  Caucasus, i. 310.
+
+  Causanus (Nicolaus), ii. 175.
+
+  Cebes, iii. 388, 433.
+
+  Cecrops, ii. 332.
+
+  Cedar, i. xxvi, 257;
+       iii. 224, 262.
+
+  Cedrenus, ii. 279;
+           iii. 65.
+
+  Cefala, ii. 372.
+
+  Cellers, i. 271.
+
+  Ceneus, i. 298.
+
+  Cenotaphs, iii. 120.
+
+  Censorius (M. Messala), i. xlix, 1;
+                         ii. 171, 174, 179, 288;
+                        iii. 43.
+
+  Centaurs, i. 141, 174.
+
+  Centipedes, ii. 22.
+
+  _Cerastes_, ii. 31.
+
+  Cerautus, i. 211.
+
+  Cerberus, i. 158;
+      ii. 386.
+
+  Ceres, ii. 254.
+
+  CERTAIN MISCELLANY TRACTS, iii. 213.
+
+  Cestius, iii. 156.
+
+  Cevalerius, ii. 249.
+
+  Chad, iii. 531.
+
+  Chairs, iii. 158.
+
+  Chalcis, iii. 43, 46.
+
+  Chaldea, Chaldeans, ii. 287, 320-1, 350, 396;
+                     iii. 100.
+
+  Chali, i. 206, 238.
+
+  Chalk pits, i. 283.
+
+  Chalybeates, i. 245.
+
+  _Chalybs praeparatus_, i. 231.
+
+  Cham, ii. 333, 368, 380-1, 383;
+       iii. 148, 534.
+
+  Chamberpot, i. 143.
+
+  Chameleon, ii. 20, 50.
+
+  Changelings, i. 45.
+
+  Chaos, i. 27.
+
+  Characters, i. 195.
+
+  Charcoal, ii. 388.
+
+  Chariot, ii. 238.
+
+  Charity, i. 83, 90, 93, 110.
+
+  Charlatans, i. 138.
+
+  Charles the Great, iii. 157.
+
+  Charles V., ii. 253, 367;
+             iii. 138, 374.
+
+  Charles the Bald, King of France, iii. 305.
+
+  Charles I., King, iii. 516.
+
+  ---- his porter, iii. 540.
+
+  Charms, i. 195, 198.
+
+  Charon, i. 158;
+        iii. 132.
+
+  Charta Magna, co. Kent, iii. 401.
+
+  Cheapside, i. 99.
+
+  Cheek burn, ii. 266.
+
+  Cheese, ii. 348;
+         iii. 73.
+
+  Chelbena, iii. 225.
+
+  Chemistry, i. 208.
+
+  Chemists, i. 167.
+
+  Cheops, i. 239;
+        iii. 164
+
+  Cheremon, i. 180.
+
+  Cherinthus, i. 192.
+
+  Cherry, ii. 393-4.
+
+  Cherry-stone, ii. 65.
+
+  Cherubim, ii. 256, 333.
+
+  Cheshire, iii. 113.
+
+  Chess, i. 32;
+       iii. 160.
+
+  Chestnut, i. 293.
+
+  Chiamsi, i. 280.
+
+  Chiapa, iii. 308.
+
+  Chicken, i. 195;
+          ii. 103, 138.
+
+  Chifflet, iii. 110, 157.
+
+  Child, children, i. 111;
+                  ii. 276-7;
+                 iii. 487.
+
+  ---- dead, ii. 282.
+
+  Childeric I., iii. 110, 117.
+
+  Chili, i. 228;
+        ii. 372.
+
+  Chimaera, ii. 1.
+
+  China, Chinese, i. xxxiii, 280;
+                 ii. 339, 355, 362, 377;
+                iii. 102, 224, 347.
+
+  ---- Emperor of, i. 281.
+
+  ---- dishes, i. 255, 279-81;
+             iii. 69.
+
+  Chindonactes, iii. 434.
+
+  Chioccus (Andr.), i. 282.
+
+  Chipper, iii. 524.
+
+  Chiromancy, i. 87;
+             ii. 276.
+
+  Chiron, i. 78.
+
+  Chit, iii. 519.
+
+  Chock, iii. 523.
+
+  Choler, i. 316.
+
+  Chomer, ii. 398.
+
+  Chough, ii. 377;
+         iii. 523.
+
+  Choughs, i. 340, 344.
+
+  CHRISTIAN MORALS, iii. 439.
+
+  Christmas Eve, i. 295.
+
+  Christopher (St.), ii. 247.
+
+  Chrysippus, ii. 175;
+             iii. 73.
+
+  Chrysolites, i. 69.
+
+  Chrysoprase, i. 284.
+
+  Chrysostom, i. xxxi, xli;
+             ii. 221, 289.
+
+  Chub, iii. 537.
+
+  Church-Music, i. 101.
+
+  Church of God, i. 78.
+
+  Chus, ii. 381;
+       iii. 148.
+
+  Ciaconius, ii. 216.
+
+  Cicada, ii. 207;
+         iii. 289, 293.
+
+  Cicero, i. xviii, xix, xxvii, xl, xliii, xliv, 38, 61, 101, 159, 160,
+             168;
+         ii. 57, 175, 181;
+        iii. 150, 552.
+
+  _Cicilia_, ii. 31.
+
+  Cinders, i. 239.
+
+  Cinaber, ii. 394.
+
+  Cinnamomus, ii. 6.
+
+  Cinnamon, i. 292;
+           ii. 6;
+          iii. 21, 226.
+
+  Cinnamulgus, ii. 6.
+
+  Circaea, i. 291.
+
+  Circe, i. 290;
+        ii. 165, 279.
+
+  Ciris, iii. 289, 292.
+
+  Citron, i. 148.
+
+  ---- Tree, iii. 274.
+
+  Civet Cat, i. 325;
+            ii. 148.
+
+  ---- (Western), i. 239.
+
+  Civita Vecchia, iii. 534.
+
+  Claudian, i. 202, 247;
+           ii. 7.
+
+  Claudius, Emperor, i. xxxiii, xlvi, xlix, 299;
+                    ii. 6;
+                   iii. 105-6.
+
+  Claudius Pulcher, i. 195.
+
+  Clave (De), ii. 141.
+
+  Claxton, iii. 516.
+
+  Clemens Alexandrinus, i. 156;
+                       ii. 290, 298;
+                      iii. 301.
+
+  Clement VIII., ii. 245.
+
+  Cleobulus, i. 159.
+
+  Cleopas, ii. 2.
+
+  Cleopatra, i. 245;
+            ii. 216, 235, 359, 362;
+           iii. 253, 268.
+
+  Clepsammia, ii. 251.
+
+  Clepsydra, ii. 251.
+
+  Cleve (William, Duke of), iii. 298.
+
+  Climacter, i. 44.
+
+  Climacterical year, ii. 160.
+
+  Climate, i. 84.
+
+  Climax, Mt., iii. 77.
+
+  Clocks, i. xxxv;
+         ii. 251-2.
+
+  Clouds, i. 273.
+
+  Clove, i. 292.
+
+  Cloven hoof, ii. 275.
+
+  Cluniac monks, Thetford, iii. 405.
+
+  Clusius, ii. 71, 85-6.
+
+  Cneoron, i. 246.
+
+  Coal-fish, iii. 532.
+
+  Coble bird, iii. 522.
+
+  _Coccus Baphicus_, iii. 296.
+
+  Cochlaeus, iii. 72.
+
+  Cock, i. 303, 320, 341;
+       ii. 96.
+
+  ---- (white), i. 196.
+
+  Cocks-comb, ii. 81.
+
+  Cock's egg, i. 335.
+
+  Cockatrice, i. 331-3, 337.
+
+  Cockle (weed), iii. 279.
+
+  ---- (shell), iii. 534.
+
+  Cocles, iii. 79.
+
+  Cod, ii. 14, 84;
+      iii. 532.
+
+  Cods (vegetable), iii. 226.
+
+  Codignus, ii. 145, 356, 382.
+
+  Codronchus (B.), ii. 171.
+
+  Codrus, i. 62.
+
+  Coffins, iii. 115.
+
+  Coins, ii. 205;
+        iii. 106-7.
+
+  Coition, i. 100, 148;
+          ii. 260.
+
+  Colcagninus (Coelius), i. 230.
+
+  Colcothar, ii. 392.
+
+  Colein, Queen of, i. 263.
+
+  Colepepper (John), iii. 401.
+
+  Colls (Abel), iii. 421.
+
+  Collyrium, i. 167, 196.
+
+  Colocynthis, i. 197;
+              ii. 197;
+             iii. 231.
+
+  Cologne, Three Kings of, iii. 25.
+
+  Colossus, i. 24.
+
+  Colour, ii. 367, 384.
+
+  Columbaries, i. 318.
+
+  Columbus, i. 228-9;
+           ii. 372;
+          iii. 6.
+
+  ---- of Sicily, ii. 239.
+
+  Columella, i. 155, 288;
+            ii. 305, 344;
+           iii. 258.
+
+  Columna (F.), iii. 184.
+
+  Comestor, i. xxii;
+          iii. 5.
+
+  Comets, ii. 400.
+
+  Commodus, ii. 290;
+           iii. 106, 468.
+
+  Company, iii. 489.
+
+  Compass, i. 226, 231.
+
+  Comphosis, iii. 185-6.
+
+  Conception, i. 171;
+             ii. 127, 273.
+
+  Conchis (Gul. de), i. 176.
+
+  Confucius, iii. 309.
+
+  Conger, iii. 532.
+
+  Congor, i. 213.
+
+  Coniah, ii. 117.
+
+  Conies, i. 341;
+         ii. 324.
+
+  ---- (place), ii. 335.
+
+  Conimbricenses, i. xxiii.
+
+  Conscience, i. 96.
+
+  Consortion, iii. 488.
+
+  Constance, Council, i. xxxvii, 41;
+                    iii. 402.
+
+  Constans, iii. 106.
+
+  Constantine, Emperor, i. xxxix, 43, 315;
+                       ii. 256;
+                      iii. 40, 123, 151.
+
+  ---- writer, ii. 305.
+
+  Constantinople, i. 80;
+                 ii. 149, 328.
+
+  Constantius, iii. 294.
+
+  Consumption, iii. 296, 378.
+
+  Continency, i. 142.
+
+  Controversies, i. 89.
+
+  Conversation, i. 103;
+              iii. 488.
+
+  Cony, ii. 80.
+
+  Coote, iii. 517.
+
+  Copernicus, i. 111;
+             ii. 318;
+            iii. 47, 76.
+
+  Copher, iii. 223.
+
+  Copper, i. 232.
+
+  Coperose, i. 232;
+           ii. 390-1.
+
+  ---- of Mars, i. 232.
+
+  Copulation, i. 148, 284.
+
+  Coquaeus, i. xx, xxviii.
+
+  _Cor scorpii_, ii. 400.
+
+  Coral, i. 208, 278-9, 284;
+        ii. 278, 365.
+
+  Corbet (Richard), Bp., iii. 407.
+
+  Corcyra, iii. 47.
+
+  Cordova (Fernandius de), ii. 365-6, 396;
+                          iii. 66.
+
+  Cordus, iii. 231, 257.
+
+  Corinth, ii. 362;
+          iii. 282.
+
+  Corinthian brass, i. 255.
+
+  Cork, i. 224.
+
+  Cormorant, iii. 252, 516.
+
+  Corn, ii. 102,
+
+  Corn-cockle, ii. 35.
+
+  Cornelians, i. 206, 256, 284.
+
+  Cornelius, ii. 157.
+
+  Cornerius, ii. 59.
+
+  Cornu Ammonis, i. 210.
+
+  Cornwall, iii. 523.
+
+  Coronary Plants, iii. 281.
+
+  Corsalius (Andreas), ii. 363, 365.
+
+  Corvinus, ii. 233.
+
+  Cosin (John), Bp., iii. 407.
+
+  Cosmography, ii. 283.
+
+  Costa (Christoph. a), i. 313.
+
+  Cough, i. 154;
+       iii. 378-9.
+
+  Courtney (Richard), Pp., iii. 418.
+
+  Covarrubias (S. de), iii. 490.
+
+  Cow, i. 154, 295;
+      ii. 40.
+
+  Crab, ii. 16, 25, 75, 129;
+       iii. 534.
+
+  Crab's eye, i. 264.
+
+  Crab-apples, i. 293.
+
+  'Cracuna' inscr., iii. 432.
+
+  Cranes, ii. 155;
+         iii. 514.
+
+  Crantsius, ii. 396.
+
+  Crassus, i. xxvii;
+          ii. 264;
+         iii. 58, 553.
+
+  Crateras, i. 171.
+
+  Crawfish, iii. 537.
+
+  Credulity, i. 140, 147.
+
+  Creek, iii. 401.
+
+  Creta, Cretans, i. 2, 90;
+                 ii. 81, 357;
+                iii. 163, 274.
+
+  Creusa, ii. 58.
+
+  Crevise, ii. 41.
+
+  Crinitus (Petrus), iii. 65.
+
+  Crocodile, i. 312, 350;
+            ii. 20, 80, 357;
+           iii. 56.
+
+  _Crocus Martis_, i. 231-2.
+
+  ---- _Metallorum_, i. 256, 277.
+
+  Croesus, i. 188;
+            ii. 118;
+           iii. 41-2, 333.
+
+  Crofts (John), Dean, iii. 401, 421.
+
+  Crollins, i. 277, 286.
+
+  Cromer, iii. 533-4.
+
+  Cross, the, ii. 256.
+
+  ---- True, i. 43.
+
+  ---- Sign, i. 190.
+
+  ---- Andrean, iii. 151.
+
+  ---- Burgundian, iii. 151.
+
+  Cross-legged, ii. 267.
+
+  Crostwick, iii. 89, 524.
+
+  Crow, i. xliii, 59, 317, 323, 340, 344-5;
+       ii. 14, 377;
+      iii. 523.
+
+  ---- White, ii. 370, 384.
+
+  Crown, iii. 157.
+
+  ---- of Thorns, iii. 3.
+
+  Crucius, ii. 198.
+
+  ---- Alsarius, ii. 154.
+
+  Crusius, Martinus, ii. 291.
+
+  Cryptography, i. 253.
+
+  Crysolite, i. 285.
+
+  Crystal, i. 202, 255.
+
+  Ctesias, i. 169, 170, 173, 174;
+          ii. 159;
+         iii. 68.
+
+  Cuba, i. 228.
+
+  Cubs, i. 174.
+
+  Cuckoo, iii. 520.
+
+  ---- spittle, ii. 208.
+
+  Cucumber, i. 305;
+          iii. 227.
+
+  Cummin, iii. 232-3.
+
+  Cunaeus, i. xxxv.
+
+  Cuneus, iii. 161.
+
+  Cunnyfish, iii. 530.
+
+  Cupid, i. 100.
+
+  Curiosity, concerning too nice, iii. 437.
+
+  Curlew, iii. 521.
+
+  Curry cart, iii. 225.
+
+  Curtius (L.), iii. 150, 153.
+
+  ---- (Q.), i. 62, 311;
+            ii. 237, 363, 366;
+           iii. 79.
+
+  Cusanus, i. 234.
+
+  Cuthred, iii. 107, 123.
+
+  Cuttlefish, ii. 41, 393;
+             iii. 296, 533, 547.
+
+  _Cyceon_ ii. 82.
+
+  Cyclades, ii. 324.
+
+  Cymbals, iii. 301.
+
+  Cynospastus, i. 189, 291.
+
+  Cypress, iii. 195, 223.
+
+  ---- wood, iii. 116.
+
+  Cyprian, i. xix, 262, 317.
+
+  Cyprius (A.), iii. 113, 323.
+
+  Cyprus, i. 211;
+         ii. 21.
+
+  Cypselus, iii. 336.
+
+  Cyril, ii. 4, 212;
+        iii. 17.
+
+  CYRUS, GARDEN OF, iii. 145.
+
+  Cyrus, i. 321;
+       iii. 42, 125, 149.
+
+  Cyrus the Younger, ii. 144.
+
+
+  Dace, iii. 537.
+
+  Daedalus, i. 158.
+
+  Dagon, ii. 254.
+
+  Dalechamp, ii. 6, 51, 173, 266;
+            iii. 261.
+
+  Damascus, i. 197.
+
+  Damiata, ii. 360.
+
+  Damon, i. 93.
+
+  Dan, i. 46, 282.
+
+  Danaeus, i. xxiii.
+
+  Danes, iii. 107, 112.
+
+  Daniel, i. 44, 265;
+        iii. 228.
+
+  ---- (S.), i. xxxiii.
+
+  Dante, iii. 30, 125, 133-4, 375, 382.
+
+  Dantzig, i. 262.
+
+  Dares Phrygius, ii. 321.
+
+  Darius, ii. 361.
+
+  ---- Histaspes, ii. 297.
+
+  Darnel, ii. 35;
+         iii. 277-8.
+
+  Dart-stone, i. 283.
+
+  Date (fruit), ii. 8;
+               iii. 552.
+
+  David, iii. 36.
+
+  Daws, i. xliii, 59.
+
+  Day, ii. 167-8, 309.
+
+  Dead Sea, iii. 330.
+
+  Dead-watch, i. 299.
+
+  Death, i. 41, 62-3, 107, 299;
+       iii. 479.
+
+  Dedan, ii. 381.
+
+  Dee (John), ii. 253.
+
+  Deer, i. 312, 340;
+       ii. 40, 72, 377.
+
+  _Defenda me Dios de me_, i. 103.
+
+  Deformity, ii. 260.
+
+  Deiphobus, iii. 132.
+
+  Delos, ii. 313.
+
+  Delphi, i. xl. 21, 65, 143, 199;
+         ii. 324;
+        iii. 40-1, 333.
+
+  Delrio, i. xxii, 3, 5.
+
+  Delusion, i. 46.
+
+  Demetrius, silversmith, i. 136.
+
+  ---- Phalereus, i. xxxii;
+                iii. 39, 294-5, 298.
+
+  Democritus, i. xliii, 89, 91, 136, 188, 190, 217;
+            iii. 79, 553.
+
+  Demons, ii. 96.
+
+  Demosthenes, i. 188;
+             iii. 64.
+
+  Denarius, ii. 223;
+           iii. 433.
+
+  Denmark, iii. 113.
+
+  Denny (Sir W.), iii. 403.
+
+  Derceto, ii. 242, 254.
+
+  Des Accords, iii. 305.
+
+  Des Cartes (R.), i. 218, 233, 259.
+
+  Detraction, iii. 467.
+
+  Deucalion, i. xxix, 35;
+            ii. 7, 319.
+
+  _Deuteroproton_, ii. 307.
+
+  Deuteroscopy, i. 134.
+
+  Devil, i. xli, 32, 73, 182;
+        ii. 275.
+
+  ---- (White), ii. 384.
+
+  Diabolism, iii. 392, 450.
+
+  Dials, i. 260;
+        ii. 251.
+
+  Diamond, i. 203, 208, 212-13, 236, 240, 255, 262-3, 266, 268, 282, 284-5.
+
+  Diana, i. 136;
+        ii. 272.
+
+  ---- Temple of, iii. 130.
+
+  ---- Saguntina, iii. 258.
+
+  Diapalma, ii. 122.
+
+  Diaphoenicon, ii. 8, 198.
+
+  Diatesseron, ii. 280.
+
+  Dickinson (Ed.), ii. 364.
+
+  Dictys Cretensis, ii. 321.
+
+  Dido, ii. 78.
+
+  Didymus, iii. 153.
+
+  Diet, ii. 76.
+
+  Digby (Sir K.), i. xi, xiv, xxxix, xlvi, 218, 258-9.
+
+  Digges (T), iii. 325.
+
+  Dijon (Burgundy), iii. 434.
+
+  Dill, iii. 22.
+
+  Dinocrates, i. 243.
+
+  Dio. i. 266.
+
+  Dion Cassius, ii. 280, 363.
+
+  Diocles, ii. 177.
+
+  Diocletian, i. 191.
+
+  Diodati, iii. 21, 265, 277.
+
+  Diodorus Siculus, i. 155, 158, 169, 203, 308, 336;
+                   ii. 123, 180, 233, 238, 286, 320-1, 325, 331-3, 336,
+                       356-7;
+                  iii. 148.
+
+  Diogenes, i. 13, 59, 77;
+           ii. 174;
+          iii. 129, 486.
+
+  ---- Babylonius, i. xlv.
+
+  ---- Cynicus, ii. 174, 256.
+
+  ---- Laertius, i. xxviii, li, 159, 231;
+                ii. 174, 193;
+               iii. 43.
+
+  Diomedes, i. 158;
+          iii. 153.
+
+  Dionysius Afer, ii. 366, 397.
+
+  ---- Halicarnasseus, i. 168;
+      ii. 333, 380.
+
+  ---- Heracleoticus, ii. 174.
+
+  ---- Perregetes, ii. 185.
+
+  Dioscorides, i. 155, 157, 165, 171, 174, 203, 211, 245, 249, 278, 291,
+                  296, 320, 322, 325, 328, 332;
+              ii. 19, 21, 28, 99, 107, 391;
+             iii. 22-3.
+
+  Dives, i. 70.
+
+  Dock, i. 304;
+      ii. 368.
+
+  Dodder, iii. 159, 189.
+
+  Dodona, ii. 211.
+
+  Dog, i. 155, 158, 264, 303, 306, 312, 314, 339;
+      ii. 65, 83, 185, 378.
+
+  Dog-briar, iii. 223.
+
+  Dog-days, ii. 183.
+
+  Dog-fish, ii. 74-5;
+           iii. 528.
+
+  Dog's-grass, iii. 115.
+
+  Dog-star, ii. 183, 357-8, 373;
+           iii. 141.
+
+  Dog-stones, i. 326.
+
+  Dolphin, i. 346;
+          ii. 205;
+         iii. 527.
+
+  Dominicans, i. xvi.
+
+  Domitian, i. xxxiii, 158;
+          iii. 118.
+
+  Domitius, ii. 74.
+
+  Doomsday, ii. 301.
+
+  Doradoes, i. 84.
+
+  Dorhawk, iii. 522.
+
+  Doria (Andreas), iii. 460.
+
+  Dorpius, i. xv.
+
+  Dorrs, ii. 22.
+
+  Dorset, Marquis of, iii. 125.
+
+  Dort Synod, i. 11.
+
+  Dotterell, iii. 519.
+
+  Dove, i. 317, 320.
+
+  ---- houses, i. 271, 318.
+
+  ---- (Syrian), iii. 273.
+
+  Dragon, i. 215, 265.
+
+  Drake, i. 231.
+
+  Drawater, iii. 524.
+
+  Dreams, i. 105-6, 187;
+        iii. 221, 380-1;
+    (Tract), iii. 550.
+
+  Drink, ii. 142.
+
+  Droggotoshen, i. xxxi.
+
+  Dromedaries, i. 24.
+
+  Dropsies, i. 245.
+
+  Drowning, ii. 135.
+
+  Druids, i. 295;
+      iii. 111, 434.
+
+  Drums, i. 174.
+
+  Drunkenness, ii. 273.
+
+  Drusius, i. 288;
+         iii. 20, 22.
+
+  Dryinus, i. 332.
+
+  Du Bartas, i. xxv, xxvi.
+
+  Ducks, i. 336-7;
+       iii. 517.
+
+  Dugdale (Sir W.), iii. 91, 322.
+
+  Duina, ii. 356.
+
+  Du Loyr, iii. 46, 303, 378.
+
+  Dunning (Chancellor), iii. 409.
+
+  Durante, iii. 3.
+
+  Duretus, i. 267.
+
+  Durazzo, iii. 47.
+
+  Dust, i. 186.
+
+  Dutch, i. 83.
+
+  ---- Ambassadors, i. 280.
+
+  Dyers, ii. 394.
+
+  Dysentery, i. 281.
+
+
+  Eagle, i. 283, 298;
+        ii. 3, 45, 313;
+       iii. 513.
+
+  Eaglestone, i. 235, 282.
+
+  Ear tingling, ii. 266.
+
+  Earth, i. 133, 162-4, 186, 259.
+
+  Earthquakes, i. 148, 273.
+
+  Earwig, ii. 96.
+
+  East, ii. 338.
+
+  East Indies, i. 293;
+              ii. 107, 362.
+
+  Easter Day, ii. 272.
+
+  Ebion, i. 191-2.
+
+  Ebony, i. 257.
+
+  Ebusus, ii. 357.
+
+  Echbatana, iii. 103.
+
+  Echinites, i. 210, 283.
+
+  Echinometrites, i. 210, 283.
+
+  Echo, i. 314;
+      iii. 201.
+
+  Eckius, i. xvi.
+
+  Eclipses, i. 193.
+
+  Ecliptic, ii. 314.
+
+  Edom, ii. 364;
+      iii. 122.
+
+  Eel, ii. 10, 135;
+      iii. 532, 538.
+
+  ---- poult, iii. 537.
+
+  Egg, i. 159, 204;
+      ii. 104, 214.
+
+  ---- white of, i. 261;
+                ii. 19.
+
+  ---- shells, i. 279;
+              ii. 265;
+             iii. 117.
+
+  Egypt, i. 137, 159, 350;
+        ii. 6, 7, 81, 89, 92, 158, 286, 332, 350-62, 376, 395-6;
+       iii. 80 _et passim_.
+
+  E'i (Delphi), iii. 339.
+
+  Ejaculation, i. 324.
+
+  Elaterium, ii. 197.
+
+  Elba, i. 242.
+
+  Elder, i. 171.
+
+  Elderberry, i. 306.
+
+  Eleazer, i. xxxii.
+
+  Elect, i. 79.
+
+  Electrical bodies, i. 254.
+
+  Electrum, i. 255.
+
+  Electuary, ii. 8.
+
+  Elephant, i. 24, 26, 170, 308, 326, 341;
+           ii. 65, 255, 325, 370;
+          iii. 237.
+
+  ---- teeth, i. 256.
+
+  Elephantina, ii. 81.
+
+  Elf-locks, ii. 268.
+
+  Elias, i. xxviii, xlv, 32, 65;
+        ii. 62, 378;
+       iii. 2, 138.
+
+  Elias, Rabbi, ii, 291.
+
+  ---- Venetus, iii. 304.
+
+  Elisha, i. 197;
+         ii. 280;
+        iii. 54.
+
+  Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, iii. 401.
+
+  Elk, ii. 72, 90.
+
+  ---- hoofs, i. 256.
+
+  Elm, i. 293.
+
+  Elmham, iii. 117.
+
+  ---- St. Mary, iii. 405.
+
+  Elves' spurs, i. 283.
+
+  Ely Priory, iii. 411.
+
+  Emanuel, King of Portugal, i. 311-12.
+
+  Emblematists, i. 180.
+
+  Emeralds, i. 69, 256, 284-5.
+
+  Emery, i. 214, 239, 262.
+
+  Emission, i. 341.
+
+  Emmanuel, iii. 61.
+
+  Empedocles, i. xxvi, 142, 163, 198, 287, 335;
+             ii. 34.
+
+  Emperors, i. 59.
+
+  Emplastra, i. 247.
+
+  Empyreal, i. 70.
+
+  Enerin, iii. 310.
+
+  Engaddi, i. 296;
+         iii. 240.
+
+  England, i. 81, 84, 228-9;
+          ii. 149.
+
+  ---- Church of, i. 11.
+
+  ---- (Midlands), ii. 285.
+
+  English language, i. 117.
+
+  Englishmen, i. 90.
+
+  Ennius, i. 230.
+
+  Enoch, i. xxxiii, 3, 8, 119.
+
+  Enoch's Pillars, i. 38.
+
+  Enos, ii. 320.
+
+  Ent (Sir George), ii. 16.
+
+  Entelechia, i. xx, xxi.
+
+  Enthymemes, i. 178.
+
+  Envy, iii. 449.
+
+  Ephod, i. 284.
+
+  Ephesus, Ephesians, i. 136;
+                    iii. 77, 139.
+
+  Ephraim, i. 320;
+          ii. 122.
+
+  Epicureans, i. xxvi, 186.
+
+  Epicurus, i. xxiii, xxv, xxviii, xlii, xliii, xlvi, 33, 190, 234;
+           ii. 284;
+          iii. 73, 133;
+          _et passim_.
+
+  Epidaurus, ii. 106.
+
+  Epilepsy, ii. 72.
+
+  Epimenides, i. 2.
+
+  Epiphanius, i. xx, 144, 175;
+             ii. 4, 8;
+            iii. 17.
+
+  Epithymum, iii. 189.
+
+  Epius, i. 180.
+
+  Equator, i. 217-18;
+      ii. 314-15.
+
+  Equivocation, i. 141.
+
+  Erasmus, i. xv, xxx, xlix, 159;
+          ii. 175, 362;
+         iii. 128, 241.
+
+  Erastus, i. 267.
+
+  Erathius, ii. 320.
+
+  Eratosthenes, i. 155;
+               ii. 142, 350.
+
+  Eremites, Friars, i. xvi.
+
+  Erica, iii. 223.
+
+  Eringium, i. 290.
+
+  Erithra, ii. 364.
+
+  Erpingham, iii. 403, 549.
+
+  ---- (Sir T.), iii. 402.
+
+  Error, i. 121.
+
+  Erythrus, ii. 363, 366.
+
+  Esau, iii, 9.
+
+  _Esculus_, iii. 261.
+
+  Escutcheons, ii. 229.
+
+  Esdras, i. xxxix, 43.
+
+  Esther, i. 44.
+
+  Estius, ii. 228, 280;
+      iii. 35.
+
+  Eternity, i. 19, 338.
+
+  Ethiopia, i. 350;
+           ii. 332, 356, 358, 369, 370-1, 379, 382.
+
+  Etna, ii. 357.
+
+  Etymology, i. 286-7.
+
+  Eucharist, i. 145;
+      iii. 12, 14.
+
+  Eucherius, ii. 203.
+
+  Euclid, i. 160, 185, 335;
+         ii. 253.
+
+  Eudorus, i. 156.
+
+  Eudoxus, ii. 164.
+
+  Eugubinus. _See_ Steuchus.
+
+  Eumolus, iii. 43.
+
+  Eunuchs, i. 342.
+
+  Euphorbium, ii. 197.
+
+  Euphorbus, iii. 470.
+
+  Euphrantides, ii. 147.
+
+  Euphrates, ii. 270, 350, 365.
+
+  Eupolis, ii. 142.
+
+  Euripides, i. 67;
+            ii. 142, 221;
+           iii. 120.
+
+  ---- _Hecuba_, iii. 114.
+
+  Euripus, i. li, 99;
+         iii. 42, 44-6.
+
+  Europa, i. 339;
+        iii. 282.
+
+  Europe, i. 78, 194, 227-8.
+
+  Eusebius, i. xx, xxxvii;
+           ii. 290, 321;
+          iii. 40, 80.
+
+  Eustachius, iii. 153, 160.
+
+  Eustathius, ii. 142, 147, 156.
+
+  Euthymius, i. xxxi.
+
+  Euxine, ii. 366;
+         iii. 490.
+
+  Evander, ii. 333.
+
+  Evangelists, ii. 232.
+
+  Evax, i. 171, 284.
+
+  Eve, i. 15, 34, 81, 122-5, 129, 140, 143-4, 314;
+      ii. 13, 137, 209, 212, 285;
+     iii. 5-6, 10.
+
+  Evisa, ii. 357.
+
+  Exantlation, i. 150.
+
+  Eye, i. 167;
+      ii. 42-7;
+     iii. 200.
+
+  Eye-lid, ii. 111-12.
+
+  Ezechias. _See_ Hezekiah.
+
+  Ezekiel, i. 69.
+
+  Ezion-Geber, i. 231;
+             iii. 220.
+
+
+  Faber (Joh.), i. 302;
+               ii. 24-5.
+
+  Fabermarinus, iii. 288.
+
+  Fabii, iii. 75.
+
+  Fabius Pictor, ii. 320.
+
+  Fables, i. 157.
+
+  Fabritius Paduantus, ii. 281.
+
+  Fagius (Paulus), ii. 227, 231.
+
+  Fairy stones, i. 283.
+
+  Faith, i. 81, 96.
+
+  Falconry, iii. 294.
+
+  Fallacy, i. 140, 141, 144.
+
+  Falling sickness, i. 188.
+
+  Fallopius, ii. 125.
+
+  Familist, i. 79.
+
+  Famine, i. 300.
+
+  Farnese (Cardinal), iii. 110.
+
+  Faroe Island, iii. 515, 518, 523.
+
+  Farriers, i. 314.
+
+  Farselloni, iii. 79.
+
+  Fascination, i. 334.
+
+  Fat, i. 265.
+
+  Faustina, iii. 433.
+
+  Favago, iii. 178.
+
+  Faventia, i. 281.
+
+  Fawn, i. 188.
+
+  Fayus, iii. 72.
+
+  Fazelli (Thomas), ii. 333.
+
+  Fecundity, ii. 259.
+
+  Feet, ii. 269, 270.
+
+  Felicity, iii. 475.
+
+  Fen-cricket, iii. 538.
+
+  Ferdinandus (Ant.), ii. 356.
+
+  Fern, i. 171, 206, 221, 264, 301.
+
+  Fernelius, ii. 54, 63.
+
+  Ferrara, i. 293;
+         iii. 193.
+
+  ---- (Alphonso, Duke of), i. 274-5.
+
+  Ferrarius (Omnibonus), iii. 375.
+
+  _Ferrum equinum_, i. 297.
+
+  Ferryman (Elysian), iii. 130.
+
+  Fertility, iii. 271.
+
+  Festus, ii. 235.
+
+  Fiaroumti, i. 279.
+
+  Fienus (Thomas), ii. 375.
+
+  Fieschi (Aloysio), iii. 461.
+
+  Figs, i. 197.
+
+  Fig tree, i. 298.
+
+  ---- ---- (Parable), iii. 266.
+
+  Filander, iii. 296.
+
+  Finch, iii. 524.
+
+  Fingal, iii. 311.
+
+  Finger, Fingers, iii. 552.
+
+  ---- pectinated, ii. 267.
+
+  ---- (ring), ii. 117.
+
+  Finsbury, iii. 421.
+
+  Fioravanti (L.), i. 166.
+
+  Fir tree, iii. 251.
+
+  Fire, i. 47, 71;
+       ii. 56-7.
+
+  ---- shovel, i. 221.
+
+  Firmicus (Julius), iii. 294.
+
+  Fish, ii. 74, 112, 151;
+       iii. 527.
+
+  Fishes eaten by Our Saviour, iii. 286.
+
+  Fishes and Birds in Norfolk, iii. 511.
+
+  Fitches, iii. 232, 278.
+
+  Five, iii. 203-4.
+
+  Flags (plant), i. 290.
+
+  Flamen, i. 316.
+
+  Flanders, iii. 117.
+
+  Flax, i. 274;
+      iii. 254-5.
+
+  Fleece, Golden, Order, ii. 251.
+
+  Flesh, cutting of, ii. 77-8.
+
+  Fleur-de-lis, ii. 256.
+
+  Flints, i. 206, 208, 256, 272;
+         ii. 56.
+
+  Floating, ii. 134.
+
+  Flood, i. 132;
+        ii. 78, 319.
+
+  Flood (Robert), iii. 305.
+
+  Florianus, iii. 433.
+
+  Florilegus, iii. 66.
+
+  Florus, i. xxvii.
+
+  Flos Africanus, i. 306.
+
+  Flowers, iii. 117.
+
+  Fluellen, i. 304,
+
+  Flux, ii. 282.
+
+  ---- of the sea, i. 24.
+
+  Fly, i. 24, 262, 300-1.
+
+  Folkestone Abbey, iii. 411.
+
+  Forbidden fruit, iii. 1, 227.
+
+  Forceps, iii. 161.
+
+  Forerius, ii. 157.
+
+  Forestus, ii. 119.
+
+  Fortunate Islands, ii. 398.
+
+  Fortune, i. 30.
+
+  Fortune-tellers, i. 139.
+
+  Fougade, i. 28.
+
+  Fox, i. 155;
+      ii. 82, 264, 370, 377.
+
+  Fox (fish), ii. 74.
+
+  Fox-stones, i. 326.
+
+  Fox (John), iii. 406, 409, 410.
+
+  Fracastorius, i. 241.
+
+  France, i. 33, 226, 228;
+         ii. 92, 149.
+
+  Francherius, iii. 300.
+
+  Francis I., iii. 374.
+
+  Franciscan opponent, i. 37.
+
+  Frankincense, i. 205;
+              iii. 21.
+
+  Franks, iii. 161.
+
+  Freake (Edmund), B., iii. 409, 411.
+
+  Freculphus, iii. 30.
+
+  Frederick II., i. xxviii;
+               iii. 300.
+
+  French, i. 83, 90.
+
+  Friends, i. 94-5, 105.
+
+  Friendship, i. 93;
+             ii. 265.
+
+  Frobisher, ii. 70.
+
+  Frogs, i. xlix, 83, 312, 327;
+        ii. 11, 13, 19, 20, 113, 134, 379.
+
+  Frog-fish, ii. 74;
+            iii. 529.
+
+  Frotho, iii. 112.
+
+  Fuchsius, iii. 168.
+
+  Fuenca, i. 281.
+
+  _Fuga Daemonis_, i. 189.
+
+  Fulgentius, ii. 257.
+
+  Fuller (Tho.), ii. 157.
+
+  Fundi, iii. 226.
+
+  _Fungus sambucinus_, i. 304.
+
+  Fury, iii. 492.
+
+  Furze, i. 297;
+       iii. 129.
+
+
+  Gabriel Sionita, i. 243.
+
+  Gaditane ocean, iii. 531.
+
+  Gaffarel, iii. 165.
+
+  Gaguinus, iii. 112, 247.
+
+  Galaxia, iii. 12.
+
+  Galba, i. 310.
+
+  Galbanum, iii. 225.
+
+  GALEN, _passim_.
+
+  Galileo, ii. 164;
+          iii. 47.
+
+  Gall, i. 194, 197, 210, 314-15, 317, 345-6.
+
+  Gallicia, iii. 165.
+
+  Gallienus, iii. 107, 433.
+
+  Gallows, i. 289.
+
+  Galuanus Martianus, iii. 121.
+
+  Gama (Stephanus de), ii. 365.
+
+  Gammadims, iii. 106.
+
+  Ganet, iii. 515.
+
+  Ganges, ii. 158, 353, 357.
+
+  Ganivetus, ii. 177.
+
+  Gans, i. 279.
+
+  Garagantua, i. 34.
+
+  Garamantes, ii. 372.
+
+  Garcias. _See_ Horto.
+
+  GARDEN OF CYRUS, iii. 145.
+
+  Gardeners, ii. 93;
+            iii. 148.
+
+  Gardens, i. 307;
+         iii. 148.
+
+  Gardiner (George), iii. 398-9, 410.
+
+  Garfish, iii. 530.
+
+  Garlands, iii. 281.
+
+  Garlick, i. 235-6;
+          ii. 331, 368.
+
+  Garrulus Argentoratensis, iii. 525.
+
+  Garum, iii. 290.
+
+  Gascons, i. 90.
+
+  Gaspar, iii. 26.
+
+  Gassendus, i. xxiii;
+           iii. 73.
+
+  Gasserus, i. 231.
+
+  Gaudentinus, ii. 99.
+
+  Gaudentius Brixiensis, i. xxx.
+
+  Gauricus (L.), ii. 168, 198.
+
+  Gaywood Hall, iii. 408.
+
+  Gaza, ii. 31, 43.
+
+  Gazela, ii. 148.
+
+  Geber, i. 148;
+       iii. 63.
+
+  Gellius (A.), i. xi, li, 142;
+               ii. 81, 117, 234.
+
+  Gemini, ii. 191.
+
+  Geminus, ii. 164, 184, 187, 189.
+
+  Gems, i. 208, 241.
+
+  ---- (artificial), i. 206.
+
+  Genebrard, i. xx, xxviii;
+            ii. 396.
+
+  Generation, ii. 10, 127;
+      iii. 57.
+
+  Geneva, i. 11.
+
+  Genoese, i. 44.
+
+  Gentianella, ii. 395.
+
+  Gentleman (English), iii. 465.
+
+  Geodes, i. 283.
+
+  Geoffrey of Monmouth, ii. 335.
+
+  Geomancers, i. 139.
+
+  Geometry, i. 162.
+
+  George (David), i. 138.
+
+  George (St.), ii. 249.
+
+  Georgius Alexandrinus, iii. 258.
+
+  ---- Venetus, iii. 230.
+
+  Gerar, ii. 382.
+
+  Gergazites, ii. 381.
+
+  Gerion, i. 158;
+         ii. 334.
+
+  Germanicus, i. xlvi, 311;
+             ii. 21, 240;
+            iii. 323.
+
+  Germany, i. 38, 90, 228;
+          ii. 16, 69, 208, 280, 396;
+         iii. 101.
+
+  ---- Maid of, i. 46.
+
+  Gersom, ii. 288.
+
+  Geryon, ii. 23.
+
+  Gesner (C.), i. 279, 322, 324;
+              ii. 15, 74, 85, 205-6.
+
+  Geta, iii. 108.
+
+  Ghosts, i. 187.
+
+  Gianat, Oriental, i. 285.
+
+  Gibbartas, ii. 86.
+
+  Gibeonites, ii. 262.
+
+  Giges, ii. 50.
+
+  Gihon, ii. 350.
+
+  Gilbert, ii. 349.
+
+  ---- (W.), ii. 220, 223-4, 227, 229, 233, 240, 247, 255, 259, 292.
+
+  Gillingham, iii. 93.
+
+  Gillius, iii. 46.
+
+  Ginger, i. 292.
+
+  Gipsies, ii. 395-7.
+
+  Giraldus, ii. 335, 386.
+
+  Girdle, ii. 269.
+
+  Gith, iii. 232.
+
+  Glanvile (B.). _See_ Bartholomeus.
+
+  Glass, i. 206, 214, 238, 255-6, 259, 266.
+
+  ---- poison, i. 264.
+
+  ---- (Venice), i. 209;
+               iii. 69.
+
+  Glasswort, i. 238, 264.
+
+  Glastonbury, i. 297.
+
+  Glister, i. 299, 316.
+
+  Glory, ii. 228.
+
+  Glow-worms, i. 349;
+             ii. 99.
+
+  Gnat, i. 301.
+
+  Gnat-net, 158.
+
+  Gnat-worms, iii. 187.
+
+  Goa, ii. 325;
+      iii. 194.
+
+  ---- (tree of), iii. 484.
+
+  Goaga, ii. 372.
+
+  Goat, i. 263, 289, 341, 346;
+      ii. 259, 275.
+
+  ---- blood of, i. 262-3.
+
+  ---- beetle, iii. 174.
+
+  ---- stones, i. 326.
+
+  Goat's head, i. 188.
+
+  God, i. 19, 72, 74, 110, 126-7, 183;
+      ii. 270;
+     iii. 206, 483.
+
+  Godfrey, iii. 61.
+
+  Godwin (F.), i. 253.
+
+  Godwits, iii. 519.
+
+  Goes (Damianus a), ii. 382.
+
+  Gold, i. 50, 71, 230, 239, 240, 250, 255, 266-7, 284;
+       ii. 118;
+      iii. 54, 389, 447.
+
+  ---- (potable), ii. 12, 64.
+
+  ---- powder of, i. 277.
+
+  ---- sulphur of, i. 278.
+
+  Goldfinch, iii. 524.
+
+  Goldwell (James), Bp., iii. 401.
+
+  Goliah, ii. 158.
+
+  Goltzius, ii. 205;
+           iii. 328.
+
+  Gomorrah, i. 32;
+      iii. 326.
+
+  Goodier, iii. 93.
+
+  Goose, ii. 82;
+        iii. 516.
+
+  Goose-tree, ii. 107.
+
+  Gordianus, Emperor, ii. 279;
+                     iii. 142.
+
+  Gordon-Huntly, i. xxvii.
+
+  Gornart, iii. 530.
+
+  Goropius Becanus, ii. 68-9;
+                   iii. 1, 3, 117.
+
+  Gorraeus, i. 174.
+
+  Gothlanders, iii. 112.
+
+  Gourd, i. 197;
+       iii. 21, 222.
+
+  Gout, i. 188, 246;
+       ii. 117, 121, 133;
+      iii. 379, 381, 461.
+
+  Gracchus, i. 195.
+
+  Gracculus, iii. 291.
+
+  Gradual Verses, iii. 304.
+
+  GRAFTING, iii. 555.
+
+  Grammarians, i. 89, 98, 311.
+
+  Grampus, iii. 527.
+
+  Granada, iii. 311.
+
+  Granate, i. 214.
+
+  Grand signiours, i. 59;
+                  ii. 371, 397.
+
+  Grandgousier, iii. 76.
+
+  Grapes, iii. 224.
+
+  Grass, ii. 368.
+
+  Grasshoppers, i. 83, 327;
+               ii. 207;
+              iii. 28, 293.
+
+  Gravel, to, i. 33.
+
+  Gray (John de), Bp., iii. 408.
+
+  Greaves (John), i. 238;
+                 ii. 360;
+                iii. 245.
+
+  Greece, i. 155, 159.
+
+  Greek language, iii. 406.
+
+  Greeks, ii. 9, 332, 339, 398.
+
+  Green, ii. 368.
+
+  Greenback, iii. 530.
+
+  Greenland, i. 217;
+            ii. 70, 86-7, 158, 190;
+           iii. 89.
+
+  Greffarel, ii. 398.
+
+  Gregory the Great, i. 203;
+                   iii. 62.
+
+  Gregorius I., ii. 144.
+
+  ---- VII., iii. 72.
+
+  ---- Turonensis, ii. 250, 279.
+
+  Grevinus, i. 174, 266, 332.
+
+  Grey hair, i. 155.
+
+  Griffins, i. 181;
+      ii. 1, 258.
+
+  Grotius, i. xlii, xlvi, 164;
+          ii. 77;
+         iii. 277.
+
+  Grouse, iii. 523.
+
+  Grummel, i. 304.
+
+  Grumwell, ii. 71.
+
+  Gruter, iii. 139, 434, 436.
+
+  Gryps, ii. 2.
+
+  Gualata, ii. 372.
+
+  Guascus (Laurent), i. 250.
+
+  Guatemala, iii. 308.
+
+  Gudgeon, iii. 538.
+
+  Guellius, iii. 162.
+
+  Guevara (A.), i. 160.
+
+  Guienne, iii. 314.
+
+  Guinea, i. 226;
+         ii. 377, 383.
+
+  Gulielmus de Conchis, i. 176.
+
+  Gulielmus Parisiensis, i. 254,
+
+  ---- Tyrius, ii. 351.
+
+  Gum, i. 205.
+
+  ---- Anime, i. 255-7.
+
+  ---- Arabick, i. 205.
+
+  ---- Elemi, i. 255.
+
+  ---- Guiaci, i. 255.
+
+  Gunpowder, i. xxxiii, 271.
+
+  Guns, i. 230-1.
+
+  Gyges, iii. 78.
+
+  Gypsum, i. 255, 279;
+        iii. 165.
+
+  Gyrinus, ii. 17.
+
+
+  Habbakuk, i. 49.
+
+  Haddock, iii. 532.
+
+  Hadrian, Emperor, ii. 149, 263.
+
+  Haematites, i. 235, 245.
+
+  Hail, i. 205, 210.
+
+  Hair, i. 157, 265.
+
+  ---- (grey), i. 155.
+
+  Haircutting, ii. 268.
+
+  Halcyon, i. 350;
+         iii. 289, 291.
+
+  Halec, iii. 289.
+
+  Hales, iii. 400.
+
+  ---- (Sir C.), iii. 325.
+
+  Halicarnasseus. _See_ Dionysus.
+
+  Halo, ii. 228.
+
+  Hall (Joseph), Bp., iii. 412.
+
+  Haly, ii. 177.
+
+  Ham, iii. 15.
+
+  Haman, ii. 260.
+
+  Hamathites, ii. 383.
+
+  Hammers, i. 263.
+
+  Hammond, iii. 266.
+
+  Hamon, iii. 17.
+
+  Hands, i. 86;
+        ii. 122.
+
+  Hanging, ii. 260-1;
+          iii. 119.
+
+  Hannibal, ii. 133;
+           iii. 74, 80.
+
+  Hanno, i. 230.
+
+  Happiness, i. 63, 111.
+
+  Harbord (Philip), iii. 421.
+
+  Hardworm, iii. 538.
+
+  Hare, i. 341;
+       ii. 29, 33, 49, 80, 264, 370.
+
+  ---- (Indian), ii. 378.
+
+  ---- (Sir Ralph), iii. 108.
+
+  Harmony, i. 100, 101.
+
+  Harold, iii. 112.
+
+  Harp (Jew's), iii. 113.
+
+  Harpies, i. 181;
+          ii. 1.
+
+  Harpocrates, ii. 267.
+
+  Harpocration, i. 176.
+
+  Harrington (Sir John), iii. 409.
+
+  Harsnet (Samuel), Bp., iii. 412.
+
+  Hart (Walter), Bp., iii. 400.
+
+  Harts-horn, i. 256;
+             ii. 69, 70.
+
+  Harts-tongue, i. 301-2.
+
+  Harvey (Wm.), Dr., ii. 65, 104;
+                    iii. 93.
+
+  Hassal (John), iii. 401.
+
+  Hastati, iii. 161.
+
+  Havilah, ii. 381.
+
+  Hawk, i. 289, 320, 339, 344;
+      ii. 4, 82, 376;
+      iii. 292.
+
+  ---- talons, i. 256.
+
+  Hawks and Falconry ancient and modern, iii. 294.
+
+  Hazel, i. 272, 274, 293.
+
+  'He' letter, iii. 205.
+
+  Headache, i. 246;
+           ii. 12.
+
+  Heart, ii. 113;
+        iii. 60.
+
+  Heath (plant), iii. 223.
+
+  Heathpoult, iii. 523.
+
+  Heaven, i. 69, 70, 73.
+
+  Hebrew language, i. xlii;
+                  ii. 277.
+
+  Hecatombs, ii. 2.
+
+  Hecatonchiria, i. 158.
+
+  Hector, ii. 238.
+
+  Hecuba, iii. 82.
+
+  Hedgehog, i. 167, 326, 348;
+          ii. 41, 74, 133.
+
+  ---- (sea), i. 283,
+
+  Heel, ii. 270.
+
+  Hefronita. _See_ Hesronita.
+
+  Heigham, iii. 412.
+
+  Heinsius, ii. 44;
+           iii. 266.
+
+  Helen, i. 159, 336.
+
+  Helena (St.), i. 43;
+              iii. 27.
+
+  Helenus, i. 250.
+
+  Heliodorus, ii. 375.
+
+  Heliogabalus, ii. 12, 81;
+               iii. 109, 433.
+
+  Heliopolis, ii. 5.
+
+  Heliotropes, i. 208, 256, 284.
+
+  Helix, i. 29.
+
+  Hell, i. 69, 71, 73, 74;
+       ii. 272.
+
+  Hellanicus, i. 170;
+             ii. 320.
+
+  Helmont, i. 234, 238, 261, 264, 300;
+         iii. 471.
+
+  Helvicus, ii. 290, 302.
+
+  Hemlock, iii. 70, 222.
+
+  Hen, i. 289, 303, 335.
+
+  ---- (gold), i. 268.
+
+  Henares (Alcala de), ii. 28.
+
+  Henbane, iii. 265.
+
+  Henry the Emperor, iii. 83.
+
+  ---- King of Navarre, iii. 541.
+
+  ---- II., of England, iii. 91.
+
+  ---- III., i. 312;
+           iii. 408.
+
+  ---- VIII., i. xviii, 11.
+
+  Hepatica, i. 304.
+
+  Hephaestus, ii. 133.
+
+  Heraclitus, i. 91, 199;
+            iii. 59, 79.
+
+  Heraclius, ii. 279.
+
+  Heraiscus, i. 180.
+
+  Heraldry, i. 85, 333;
+           ii. 3, 203, 206;
+          iii. 414-17.
+
+  ---- (England), ii. 254.
+
+  Heralds, i. 180.
+
+  _Herba Trinitatis_, i. 304.
+
+  Herbalists, i. 287, 303.
+
+  Herbals, i. 326.
+
+  Herbert (William), Bp., iii. 405.
+
+  Hercules, i. 158;
+           ii. 39, 159, 257, 334;
+          iii. 132.
+
+  ---- (statue), iii. 114.
+
+  ---- pillars, i. 251, 309.
+
+  Heresbach, iii. 298.
+
+  Heresies, i. 15, 143.
+
+  Hermaphroditus, i. 35;
+                 ii. 10, 34. 38.
+
+  Hermes, i. 17, 20.
+
+  Hermias, iii. 43.
+
+  Hermippus, ii. 174.
+
+  Hermit (crab), iii. 534.
+
+  Hermolaus, ii. 66;
+            iii. 340.
+
+  Hernandez, ii. 25.
+
+  Hernias, i. 245, 247.
+
+  Hero, ii. 118.
+
+  Herod, i. 138;
+        ii. 243.
+
+  Herodias, iii. 139.
+
+  Herodotus, i. 44, 155, 165, 168, 170, 174;
+            ii. 1, 3, 5, 6, 26, 28, 38, 80, 83, 155, 172, 179, 286-7, 321,
+                331, 336, 350-1, 357, 379;
+           iii. 18, 41, 49, 340.
+
+  Heron, i. 320;
+       iii. 518.
+
+  Herostratus, iii. 139.
+
+  Herring, iii. 289.
+
+  Herthus, iii. 101.
+
+  Hesiod, i. xx, 156, 170, 174, 344-5;
+         ii. 305-6, 320-1.
+
+  Hesperides, ii. 399;
+             iii. 3.
+
+  Hesronita (Joannes), i. 243.
+
+  Hester. _See_ Esther.
+
+  Hesychius, ii. 42, 294;
+            iii. 301.
+
+  Heurnius, ii. 259.
+
+  Hevelius, ii. 398-9.
+
+  Heveningham Heath, iii. 538.
+
+  Hexameter, i. 101.
+
+  Heydon family, iii. 419.
+
+  ---- (Sir H.), iii. 419.
+
+  ---- (John), iii. 419.
+
+  Heylyn (Dr.), ii. 249.
+
+  Hezekiah, i. 197, 337.
+
+  Hiarchas, i. 160.
+
+  Hicket, ii. 146.
+
+  Hickling, iii. 515.
+
+  Hiero, iii. 77.
+
+  Hieroglyphs, i. 51, 180, 317-19, 321-2, 325, 328, 333, 338, 344;
+        ii. 1, 3, 7, 18, 26, 32, 89, 121, 185, 202-3, 258, 270-1.
+
+  Hildebrand, iii. 72.
+
+  Hills, ii. 355.
+
+  Hinges, i. 222.
+
+  Hip-briar, iii. 223.
+
+  Hipparchus, i. 335;
+             ii. 298.
+
+  Hippocrates, i. xxi, li. 153, 156, 165, 167, 234, 246;
+              ii. 39, 55, 61, 70, 74, 82-3, 130, 143, 146, 163-4, 166,
+                  172, 177, 194-5, 198, 303-4, 375-6, 310;
+             iii. 94.
+
+  _Hippolapathum_, i. 304.
+
+  Hippolytus, i. 347;
+      iii. 151.
+
+  Hippomanes, i. 323.
+
+  Hipponactes, iii. 438.
+
+  Hippophae, i. 246.
+
+  _Hippuris corulloides_, i. 279.
+
+  Hirpini, ii. 20.
+
+  Hispaniola, ii. 341, 372.
+
+  _Historia tripartita_, ii. 321.
+
+  History, i. 163.
+
+  Hitterdal, i. 283.
+
+  Hivites, ii. 381.
+
+  Hoang, i. 281.
+
+  Hobart (Sir James), iii. 399.
+
+  ---- (Sir John), iii. 549.
+
+  Hobbes, i. xxi, xxvii.
+
+  Hobby, iii. 292, 523.
+
+  ---- bird, iii. 521
+
+  Hofmann, ii. 85.
+
+  Hogs, i. 289, 346;
+       ii. 379.
+
+  Hoierus, iii. 515.
+
+  Holinshed, iii. 113, 408, 432.
+
+  Holland, i. 28.
+
+  ---- Countess of, iii. 7.
+
+  Hollanders, ii. 312.
+
+  Hollerius, i. 305.
+
+  Holly, i. 293.
+
+  Holt, iii. 400.
+
+  Holy Ghost, i. 102, 317.
+
+  Homer, i. li, 30, 99, 156, 167, 170, 174, 236, 291, 301, 313;
+        ii. 130, 146-7, 155, 164-5, 321, 333, 335, 350, 386;
+       iii. 49.
+
+  ---- _Odyssey_, ii. 82.
+
+  ---- _Batracomyomachia_, ii. 60.
+
+  Hondius, ii. 352.
+
+  ---- (Pet.), iii. 95.
+
+  Honduras, iii. 308.
+
+  Honey, i. 196, 245;
+       iii. 27.
+
+  Honey-comb stone, iii. 165.
+
+  Hoopoe, iii. 290, 521.
+
+  Hopton (John), Bp., iii. 409.
+
+  Horace, i. xiv, l, 98, 154;
+         ii. 30, 165, 253.
+
+  Horizon, ii. 399.
+
+  Horn (substance), ii. 69.
+
+  Hornets, i. 289;
+          ii. 29.
+
+  Horns, i. 214, 342-3.
+
+  Horse, i. 36, 45, 100, 154-5, 158, 289, 312, 314, 340, 346;
+        ii. 40, 65, 138.
+
+  ---- (fish), iii. 529.
+
+  ---- dung, i. 204.
+
+  ---- flesh, ii. 83.
+
+  ---- leech, iii. 538.
+
+  ---- mint, i. 304.
+
+  ---- radish, i. 304.
+
+  ---- shoe, i. 298.
+
+  Horses' eyes, i. 283.
+
+  Horsey, iii. 515, 518.
+
+  Horto (Garcias ab), i. 246, 292-3, 313;
+                     ii. 67, 325;
+                    iii. 25.
+
+  _Hortus Sanitatis_, i. 176.
+
+  Hospitals, i. 109.
+
+  Hoties, i. 176.
+
+  Hours, ii. 281.
+
+  Hucherius, ii. 154.
+
+  Hudibras (upon reading), iii 438.
+
+  Hues (Robert), ii. 399.
+
+  Hugbaldus, iii. 305.
+
+  Hugo, i. 313.
+
+  Hulsius (L.), ii. 205.
+
+  Humber, iii. 48.
+
+  Humbert (St.), iii. 116.
+
+  Humbird, ii. 355;
+          iii. 540.
+
+  Humility, iii. 449.
+
+  Humming, ii. 97.
+
+  Hungary, ii. 396.
+
+  Hunstanton, ii. 85;
+             iii. 527, 534-5.
+
+  Huntsmen, iii. 210.
+
+  Hus (John), i. xxxvii, 41.
+
+  Husks, iii. 226.
+
+  Hyacinth, ii. 72.
+
+  Hyades, iii. 165.
+
+  HYDRIOTAPHIA, iii. 87.
+
+  Hydrophobia, ii. 200.
+
+  Hyena, i. 174, 325, 339;
+        ii. 40, 74.
+
+  Hyeres, iii. 242.
+
+  Hyginus, ii. 254.
+
+  Hylas, iii. 82.
+
+  Hymn (Turkish), iii. 302.
+
+  Hyoscyamus, iii. 265.
+
+  Hypericon, i. 189.
+
+  Hypostasis, i. 49.
+
+  Hyrcania, ii. 332.
+
+  Hyssop, i. 307;
+        iii. 21, 222.
+
+
+  Iago(S.), of Gallicia, iii. 165.
+
+  Iberians, ii. 180.
+
+  Ibis, i. 336.
+
+  Icarus, i. 158.
+
+  Ice, i. 202, 204-6, 211-12.
+
+  Iceland, i. 283;
+          ii. 69, 70, 357;
+         iii. 265, 427, 520.
+
+  Iceni, iii. 106.
+
+  Ichthyophagi, iii. 101.
+
+  Ida (Mt.), iii. 274.
+
+  Idolatry, i. 134, 145, 148.
+
+  Idumean Sea, ii. 364.
+
+  Ignatius, i. xxxi.
+
+  Ignorance, i. 88, 99, 100.
+
+  Ilex, iii. 261-2.
+
+  Illyria, ii. 379.
+
+  Ilva, i. 242.
+
+  Immaturity, i. 61.
+
+  Immortality, i. 63;
+             iii. 142.
+
+  _Imperator_, iii. 62.
+
+  Imperatus (Ferdinandus), ii. 28.
+
+  Impostors, Three, i. xxviii, 33.
+
+  Impurity, ii. 81.
+
+  Incontinency, i. 167, 249, 284.
+
+  Incredulity, i. 148.
+
+  India, i. 169, 242, 292. 294;
+        ii. 7, 61, 81, 149, 332, 338, 341;
+       iii. 256.
+
+  Indian cocks, i. 333.
+
+  ---- stone, i. 282.
+
+  ---- wheat, iii. 246.
+
+  Indies, i. 42, 228, 231, 239, 241.
+
+  Indico, i. 281.
+
+  Inebriation, i. 284, 299.
+
+  Ingrassias, ii. 239.
+
+  Ingratitude, iii. 454, 497.
+
+  Injury, i. 96.
+
+  Ink, ii. 390.
+
+  Insects, i. 299, 301;
+          ii. 11.
+
+  Invocation of Saints, i. 50.
+
+  Ios, iii. 49.
+
+  Iphicles, ii. 39.
+
+  Iphigenia, ii. 243.
+
+  Ipswich, Trinity Church, iii. 405.
+
+  Ireland, i. 226;
+          ii. 29, 154, 335, 357, 386;
+         iii. 36, 311, 378.
+
+  Irenaeus, ii. 298.
+
+  Iris, i. 212, 255.
+
+  Iron, i. 219, 220, 223, 276;
+       ii. 21, 63, 140.
+
+  Isaac, ii. 226.
+
+  Isabel, _Queen of England_, iii. 314.
+
+  Isaiah, iii. 143.
+
+  Ishmael, iii. 9.
+
+  Isidore, i. 175, 202, 262-3, 270, 317;
+          ii. 26, 31, 53, 208, 259;
+         iii. 28.
+
+  Isle of Man, iii. 325.
+
+  Israelites, i. 45;
+             ii. 178, 229.
+
+  Isthmus, ii. 362-3.
+
+  Istria, iii. 378.
+
+  Italy, i. 33, 83, 90, 95, 281, 294, 338;
+        ii. 333, 339, 381, 397.
+
+  Ivory, i. 347;
+        ii. 70.
+
+  Ivy, i. 297, 350;
+     iii. 193, 222.
+
+  ---- berries, i. 303.
+
+  ---- cup, i. 306.
+
+  Ixion, i. 310.
+
+
+  Jackdaw, iii. 523.
+
+  Jacob, i. 39;
+        ii. 45, 145, 375;
+       iii. 2.
+
+  Jacob's Rods, iii. 230.
+
+  Jacobites, i. xxiii.
+
+  Jacynth, i. 285.
+
+  Jaffarel, ii. 281.
+
+  Jamaica, i. 228;
+         iii. 344.
+
+  James (name), i. 303.
+
+  Janellus, ii. 253.
+
+  Janissaries, ii. 6.
+
+  Jann (Tho.) Bp., iii. 411.
+
+  Jansenius, i. 317;
+            ii. 32, 225.
+
+  Janus, i. 99;
+        ii. 333;
+       iii. 155, 489, 490.
+
+  Japan, ii. 158.
+
+  Japhet, ii. 335;
+         iii. 15.
+
+  Jarchi (Solomon), ii. 347.
+
+  Jargon, i. 98.
+
+  Jason, i. xliii.
+
+  Jasper, i. 256, 284, 285.
+
+  Jaundice, i. 316;
+           ii. 376.
+
+  ---- (Black), iii. 486.
+
+  Java, ii. 107, 371.
+
+  Javan, ii. 398.
+
+  Jay, iii. 291.
+
+  Jebusites, ii. 381.
+
+  Jeffery, (John), iii. 439, 442.
+
+  Jegon (John), Bp., iii. 412.
+
+  ---- (Rob.), iii. 106.
+
+  Jehovah, i. 190.
+
+  Jephthah, ii. 241.
+
+  Jericho, i. 197;
+         iii. 25.
+
+  ---- Rose of, i. 295.
+
+  Jerome, i. xx, xxxii, xlvi, 203;
+         ii. 26, 45, 53, 158, 203, 251, 289, 293;
+        iii. 119.
+
+  Jeronimus Egyptius, ii. 320.
+
+  Jerusalem, ii. 265, 280.
+
+  ---- Temple, iii. 77.
+
+  Jesuits, i. 42.
+
+  Jesus Christ, i. 75, 81, 125, 130, 141, 192.
+
+  ---- Blood, i. 262.
+
+  ---- Sepulchre, i. 17.
+
+  Jet, i. 255, 257, 259.
+
+  Jethro, ii. 382.
+
+  Jew, Jews, i. 40, 239;
+            ii. 79, 147, 345.
+
+  ---- (Wandering), iii. 71.
+
+  ---- (odorous), ii. 386.
+
+  Jew's-ear, i. 304.
+
+  Jew's harp, iii. 113.
+
+  Joan (Pope), iii. 71.
+
+  Joash, ii. 280.
+
+  Job, i. 62, 93, 130, 136;
+     iii. 10.
+
+  Johannes, i. 313.
+
+  ---- Abp. of Upsala, i. 241.
+
+  ---- Hesronita, i. 243.
+
+  John the Baptist, i. 443;
+                   ii. 243, 245;
+                  iii. 27.
+
+  John (St.), evangelist, i. 69, 141, 343;
+                         ii. 29.
+
+  ---- XX. (Pope), iii. 23.
+
+  ---- XXII., i. xx.
+
+  ---- of Oxford, Bp., iii. 405.
+
+  ---- of Salisbury, i. 1.
+
+  ---- (name), i. 303.
+
+  Johnson (Thomas), i. 279.
+
+  Johnstonus (I.), ii. 86;
+                  iii. 528, 529, 541.
+
+  Jonah, Jonas, i. 230;
+               ii. 86, 114, 235;
+              iii. 21, 119.
+
+  Jonah's Gourd, iii. 222.
+
+  Jonas (Theod.), i. 283.
+
+  Jonathan, i. 123.
+
+  Jordan, i. 197;
+         ii. 356;
+        iii. 331.
+
+  Jorden (Dr.), ii. 56, 57, 390.
+
+  Jorvalensis, Abbas, iii. 108.
+
+  Joseph, iii. 14.
+
+  ---- (Patriarch), i. 27.
+
+  ---- (St.), i. 192.
+
+  ---- (name), i. 303.
+
+  ---- (Rabbi Ben), iii. 43.
+
+  Josephus, i. xxxiii, 32, 38, 291, 318;
+           ii. 217, 288, 293, 320, 333, 382;
+          iii. 17, 53, 77.
+
+  Joshua, i. xxxix, 44.
+
+  Joubertus (Laurentius), i. 118.
+
+  Jovinianus, i. 192.
+
+  Jovius (Paul), i. 171;
+                ii. 71, 158, 175.
+
+  Jubilee, ii. 169.
+
+  Judaea, i. 257.
+
+  Judas, i. xxx, 36, 131, 191, 304;
+      iii. 2, 37.
+
+  ---- Maccabeus, ii. 237.
+
+  Jugglers, i. 139.
+
+  Juli, ii. 22.
+
+  Julia, i. xlvi;
+        ii. 39;
+       iii. 118.
+
+  ---- Pia, ii. 268.
+
+  Julian, i. 67, 135, 191, 196, 305;
+         ii. 212;
+        iii. 40, 269.
+
+  Juliel (Aben), i. 304.
+
+  Julius Africanus, ii. 290, 321.
+
+  ---- Alexandrinus, i. 318.
+
+  ---- Caesar, i. xviii, xxvii, xxxiii, 41, 63, 240;
+             ii. 81, 237, 285;
+            iii. 132.
+
+  ---- Rusticus, ii. 397.
+
+  ---- Pope, i. lii.
+
+  ---- III., ii. 71.
+
+  Juments, i. 154.
+
+  Junctinus, ii. 178, 398.
+
+  Jungermannus, i. 155.
+
+  Juniper, iii. 2.
+
+  ---- tree, iii. 258.
+
+  ---- oil of, i. 261.
+
+  Junius, i. 215;
+        iii. 277.
+
+  Juno, ii. 268.
+
+  Jupiter, i. 89, 136, 185, 289, 298, 336;
+          ii. 39, 81, 313, 357.
+
+  ---- statue, iii. 240.
+
+  ---- (planet), i. 30.
+
+  ---- Ammon, ii. 229.
+
+  ---- Soter, ii. 145.
+
+  Justinian, i. 165.
+
+  Justinus, ii. 331, 336;
+           iii. 253.
+
+  ---- martyr, i. xxxiii, xxxvii, xli, 44, 155;
+             iii. 42.
+
+  Jutes, iii. 112.
+
+  Jutland, iii. 112.
+
+  Juvenal, i. 154, 321, 345;
+          ii. 121, 156, 201, 217-8, 256, 331;
+         iii. 290.
+
+  Juvencus, i. xxxi.
+
+
+  Kent, ii, 154;
+       iii. 325.
+
+  Kermesberry, iii. 260.
+
+  Kestril, ii. 105;
+          iii. 299.
+
+  Kett's rebellion, iii. 409.
+
+  Kimberley, iii. 409.
+
+  King (Dan), iii. 325.
+
+  Kidney, i. 261, 264.
+
+  Kings of Europe, i. 59.
+
+  King's Evil, iii. 378.
+
+  King-fisher, i. 348;
+             iii. 291, 521.
+
+  Kiranides, i. 167, 176;
+            ii. 133.
+
+  Kircherus (A.), i. 181, 229, 234, 237, 254, 288, 351;
+                 ii. 4, 106, 398;
+                iii. 75.
+
+  Kirchmannus, iii. 123.
+
+  Kites, i. 320;
+        ii. 14, 105, 376;
+       iii. 514, 517.
+
+  Kitten, ii. 138.
+
+  Knee, i. 311.
+
+  Knollys, iii. 62.
+
+  Knot, lover's, ii. 266.
+
+  Knots (bird), iii. 519.
+
+  Knowledge, i. 115.
+
+
+  L. N. M. E. N., i. xi.
+
+  _Labarum_, iii. 151.
+
+  Labyrinth, iii. 163.
+
+  Lacca, i. 256.
+
+  Lacedaemonians, i. 159;
+      ii. 118.
+
+  Lacrymatories, iii. 108, 115.
+
+  Lactantius, i. xix, xxviii, xxxvii, xxxix, xliv-xlvi, 164;
+             ii. 7.
+
+  Lacuna, ii. 28.
+
+  Laertas, iii. 150.
+
+  Lago (Rodoriges de), ii. 349.
+
+  Lais, i. 167;
+       ii. 228.
+
+  Laish, i. 282.
+
+  Lakes, i. 204.
+
+  Lamb (vegetable), ii. 106.
+
+  Lambeth, iii. 411.
+
+  Lambskin, i. 174.
+
+  Lamech, i. 131.
+
+  Lameness, iii. 377-8.
+
+  Lamia, ii. 86;
+        iii. 287.
+
+  Lamprey, ii. 46;
+          iii. 537.
+
+  Lampridius, ii. 12.
+
+  Lamps, iii. 115.
+
+  Lancelotti, iii. 79.
+
+  Landius (Joh.), ii. 51.
+
+  Langius (J.), i. 235;
+               ii. 62, 65, 208.
+
+  Language, Languages, ii. 277;
+                      iii. 307-21.
+
+  Language (English), i. 117.
+
+  ---- (Latin), i. 117.
+
+  Languedoc, iii. 260, 320, 376.
+
+  Languedony, iii. 320.
+
+  Lanner, iii. 299.
+
+  Laodice, i. xlix.
+
+  Lapidaries, i. 263;
+             ii. 15;
+            iii. 159.
+
+  Lapis Anguinus, i. 210.
+
+  ---- Ceratites, ii. 69.
+
+  ---- _Judaicus_, i. 210, 284.
+
+  ---- Lazuli, i. 284.
+
+  ---- _stellaria_, i. 210;
+      ii. 15.
+
+  Lapwing, iii. 520.
+
+  Larissaea, ii. 39.
+
+  Lark, iii. 292, 523.
+
+  Larus, iii. 515.
+
+  Latin language, i. 117;
+                iii. 469.
+
+  Latins, i. 155.
+
+  Lattice-work, iii. 158.
+
+  Laud (W.), i. xvii.
+
+  Laudanum, i. 108.
+
+  Laughter, iii. 58.
+
+  Laurel, iii. 265.
+
+  Laurenberg, iii. 95, 279.
+
+  Laurentius, i. xxii, 173;
+             ii. 239.
+
+  Laureola, ii. 197.
+
+  Laurus (Jacobus), ii. 237, 252.
+
+  Lausdun, iii. 7.
+
+  Lavender, ii. 208.
+
+  Law, i. 163, 164.
+
+  Lawyer, i. 125.
+
+  Lazarus, i. 34, 70, 88;
+         iii. 119, 143, 384.
+
+  Lazius (W.), iii. 116, 310.
+
+  Lazy (the), iii. 463.
+
+  Lead, i. 155, 211.
+
+  Leah, iii. 19.
+
+  Leandro, ii. 380;
+          iii. 45.
+
+  Leather (Russia), iii. 180.
+
+  Lebadia, iii. 39.
+
+  Lecher, i. 97.
+
+  Leda, i. 336.
+
+  Leech, i. 265, 309;
+        ii. 25.
+
+  ---- (horse), ii. 60.
+
+  Left-handed, ii. 130.
+
+  Legion, i. 73.
+
+  Le Gros (T.), iii. 89.
+
+  Legs, crossed, ii. 267.
+
+  Leland, iii. 323.
+
+  Lemnius (Levin.), i. 230, 259;
+                   ii. 117, 121, 171, 267;
+                  iii. 21, 24.
+
+  Lemnos, iii. 261.
+
+  Lemon, ii. 392, 394.
+
+  Lenity, i. 319.
+
+  Lennam, iii. 406.
+
+  Lentulus, ii. 224.
+
+  Leo (constellation), ii. 4, 189.
+
+  Leo Africanus, ii. 63, 80, 99, 374;
+                iii. 78.
+
+  Leo III., iii. 157.
+
+  ---- IV., i. 332;
+          iii. 71.
+
+  ---- X., i. xvi, xxviii, 311-12.
+
+  ---- (Marcus), ii. 37, 291, 384.
+
+  Leonine verses, iii. 305.
+
+  Lepanto, i. 96.
+
+  Lepidus, i. xxvii.
+
+  Leprosy, ii. 81;
+          iii. 381, 429.
+
+  Lerius, ii. 83.
+
+  Letter to a Friend (1690), iii. 367.
+
+  Letters, i. 87;
+          ii. 133.
+
+  Lettuce, ii. 391.
+
+  Lewis, King of Hungary, iii. 376.
+
+  Leyden, i. 138, 247.
+
+  Libanotis, iii. 222.
+
+  Libavius, i. 247.
+
+  Liberality, i. 88.
+
+  Lice, i. 186, 289;
+       ii. 11.
+
+  Licetus (F.), i. 234, 282;
+               ii. 51, 61, 208;
+              iii. 43, 433-4.
+
+  Liege, i. 170.
+
+  Life, i. 61.
+
+  Ligatures, i. 195.
+
+  Light, iii. 199.
+
+  Lightning, i. 298.
+
+  Lignum vitae, i. 257.
+
+  Ligustrum, iii. 224.
+
+  Lily, Lilies, iii. 231, 273.
+
+  ---- of the Valley, iii. 231.
+
+  Lilies of the Field, iii. 230.
+
+  Lima, iii. 388, 443.
+
+  Lime, ii. 72.
+
+  ---- tree, i. 293.
+
+  Limpet, iii. 534.
+
+  Linacre (T.), ii. 175.
+
+  Linen, i. 257, 276.
+
+  Linschoten, i. 280;
+            iii. 194, 272.
+
+  _Linum vivum_, ii. 21.
+
+  Linus, ii. 321.
+
+  Lion, ii. 4, 29. 49, 96, 370, 377.
+
+  ---- fish, ii. 74.
+
+  Lipara, iii. 456.
+
+  Lipellous, ii. 247-8, 250.
+
+  Lipsius, i. xxviii, xxxii, xxxiii, xlvii;
+          ii. 216, 239, 263;
+         iii. 3, 151.
+
+  Liquorish, i. 290.
+
+  Lithomancy, i. 250.
+
+  Lithophyton, i. 278.
+
+  Lithospermum, i, 304;
+               ii. 71.
+
+  Littleton (Elizabeth), iii. 441, 442.
+
+  Liver, i. 318-19.
+
+  ---- wort, i. 304.
+
+  Livia, i. 336.
+
+  Livonia, ii. 356.
+
+  Livius, i. xlix;
+      ii. 234, 333, 397;
+      iii. 45.
+
+  Lixivium, ii. 392.
+
+  Lizard, i. 83, 137, 312;
+         ii. 20, 24, 29, 60-1;
+        iii. 538.
+
+  ---- (water), ii. 19.
+
+  Loadstone, i. 189, 216, 233, 305;
+            ii. 392;
+           iii. 380.
+
+  Lobelius, i. 292;
+          iii. 231.
+
+  Lobster, i. 327;
+          ii. 25, 41, 45, 74, 129, 379;
+         iii. 534.
+
+  ---- shells, i. 279.
+
+  _Lobus Echinatus_, ii. 71.
+
+  Loche, iii. 538.
+
+  Locust, i. 83, 327;
+         ii. 45, 80, 207;
+        iii. 27.
+
+  ---- tree, iii. 226.
+
+  Loddon Church, iii. 399.
+
+  Logic, i. 134.
+
+  Logicians, i. 144.
+
+  _Loligo_, ii. 88;
+           iii. 204.
+
+  _Lolium_, iii. 277-8.
+
+  Lombard, ii. 212.
+
+  London, i. 226, 228-9;
+         ii. 305;
+        iii. 163, 534.
+
+  ---- St. Paul's Churchyard, iii. 420-1.
+
+  ---- Spitalfields, iii. 108.
+
+  Longinus (C.), i. 176.
+
+  Longomontanus, ii. 298.
+
+  Lopez (Ed.), i. 313;
+              ii. 325, 371.
+
+  Loretto, Casa Abellitta, iii. 350.
+
+  Lot, ii. 274.
+
+  Lot's wife, i. 55;
+            iii. 37, 79.
+
+  Louis VIII. or IX., 311.
+
+  Louis XI., iii. 469.
+
+  Love, ii. 384.
+
+  Lover's knot, ii. 266.
+
+  Lowestoft, iii. 532.
+
+  Loxias, iii. 522.
+
+  Lubym, ii. 382.
+
+  Lucanus, i. xxvii, xxxvi, xlv, liv, 59, 62, 64, 107;
+          ii. 51;
+         iii. 144, 385.
+
+  Lucerium, ii. 333.
+
+  Lucian, i. xli, li. 33, 67, 89, 155, 170;
+        iii. 59, 132.
+
+  ---- Martyr, ii. 294.
+
+  Lucifer, i. 15, 73.
+
+  Lucilius, iii. 58.
+
+  Lucius, i. 195.
+
+  Lucius Pratensis, i. 155.
+
+  Lucretius, i. xxv, xxviii, xxix, xliii, 252;
+           iii. 127.
+
+  Ludovicus, ii. 159.
+
+  Ludovicus Pius, iii. 112.
+
+  Lullius, iii. 72.
+
+  Lump (fish), iii. 529.
+
+  Lunar rainbow, iii. 12.
+
+  Lunaria, i. 297, 301;
+         iii. 237.
+
+  Lupa, i. 339.
+
+  _Lupus Marinus_, ii. 16.
+
+  Lusitania, ii. 335.
+
+  Lussy (M.), iii. 262.
+
+  Lustrations, i. 198.
+
+  Lute, iii. 80.
+
+  Luther, i. xv, xvi, 11;
+         ii. 175.
+
+  Lybia, ii. 374.
+
+  Lycosthenes, i. 159;
+              ii. 208.
+
+  Lycurgus, ii. 118;
+           iii. 117.
+
+  Lycus, i. 339.
+
+  Lye, ii. 392.
+
+  Lyghard. _See_ Hart.
+
+  Lynn, iii. 523, 531.
+
+  ---- Gaywood Hall, iii. 408.
+
+  ---- St. Margaret, iii. 405.
+
+  Lyra (N. de), i. xlviii, 216;
+               ii. 157.
+
+  Lystrians, i. 136.
+
+
+  M., iii. 125.
+
+  Mace, i. 292-3.
+
+  Machiavelli, i. lii, 33;
+             iii. 133, 468.
+
+  Mackerel, ii. 84, 532.
+
+  Macrobius, i. 156, 159, 335;
+            ii. 117, 120, 142, 165, 229, 254, 380;
+           iii. 109, 466.
+
+  Macrocephali, ii. 376.
+
+  Madagascar, ii. 371-2.
+
+  Madness, i. 303.
+
+  Madrid, iii. 345.
+
+  Maeotis, ii. 350.
+
+  Maffeus, ii. 354.
+
+  Magdalene, i. 73.
+
+  Magdaleon, i. 248.
+
+  Magellan, i. 227-8, 235.
+
+  ---- Straits, ii. 111.
+
+  Magellanica, i. 217.
+
+  Maggot, i. 188, 300-1;
+         ii. 11.
+
+  Magic, i. 46, 140, 189.
+
+  Maginus, ii. 351-2. 354, 379;
+          iii. 45.
+
+  Magnus Carneus, i. 235.
+
+  Magnet, i. 216.
+
+  Magnus (Olaus), i. 171, 241, 322;
+                 ii. 67-8, 158, 370;
+                iii. 112.
+
+  Magny, iii. 303.
+
+  Mahomet, i. xxviii, 40, 73, 135, 138, 146, 241, 243;
+         iii. 43.
+
+  ---- his camel, iii. 78.
+
+  ---- ships, iii. 345.
+
+  Mahometans, ii. 345-6, 363.
+
+  Maids (fish), i. 333.
+
+  Maimonides, i. 319;
+             ii. 154, 220, 262, 264, 292;
+            iii. 274.
+
+  Maiolus, i. 284;
+          ii. 21.
+
+  Majorca, ii. 357.
+
+  Malaca, i. 231.
+
+  Malaspina, i. 111.
+
+  Malavar, i. 313.
+
+  Malchus, iii. 3.
+
+  Mallard, ii. 394.
+
+  Mallow, ii. 391;
+         iii. 259.
+
+  Malmsbury (William of), iii. 405.
+
+  Malt, ii. 102.
+
+  Man, i. 100;
+      ii. 109.
+
+  Manasses, ii. 122, 268.
+
+  Mandelslo, iii. 471.
+
+  Mandeville (Sir J.), i. 170;
+                     iii. 53.
+
+  Mandinga, ii. 383.
+
+  Mandrakes, i. 285;
+           iii. 19.
+
+  Manes, i. 191-2, 198.
+
+  Manetho, ii. 287, 320.
+
+  Manganes, i. 238.
+
+  Manichees, i. xxiii, xxvi.
+
+  Manilius, ii. 189, 305.
+
+  Manilla, iii. 388, 443.
+
+  Manna, i. 32;
+        ii. 197;
+       iii. 22.
+
+  Mansfield (Duke John Ern.), iii. 375.
+
+  _Mantis_, ii. 111.
+
+  Mantuan, ii. 7.
+
+  Mantuanus, ii. 156.
+
+  ---- (Adam), ii. 235.
+
+  Manucodiata, ii. 6, 61.
+
+  Maple, i. 293.
+
+  Mar Vermeio, ii. 367.
+
+  Marble, i. 208, 256.
+
+  Marbodeus, i. 249, 284.
+
+  Marcellus, i. 171;
+           iii. 75, 120.
+
+  ---- Empiricus, i. 156, 246.
+
+  Marcion, i. 191.
+
+  Mare, Mares, ii. 38, 138.
+
+  ---- (Spanish), i. 321;
+                 ii. 59.
+
+  Margiana, iii. 62, 225.
+
+  Marianus Scotus, ii. 321.
+
+  Marjoram, iii. 237.
+
+  Markham (G.), i. 316.
+
+  Marlpits, i. 283.
+
+  Maronites, i. 243.
+
+  Marriage, i. 100.
+
+  Martegres, ii. 259.
+
+  Martial, i. xlix, l, 262;
+          ii. 80, 153, 216;
+         iii. 283.
+
+  Martialis (S.), i. xxxi;
+                iii. 102.
+
+  Martyr (Peter). _See_ Anglerius.
+
+  Martyrs, i. 41, 78, 303.
+
+  Mary, _B. V._, i. 192, 198, 296;
+                ii. 396.
+
+  ---- name, i. 304.
+
+  Mascardus, iii. 431.
+
+  Maseus of Damascus, ii. 320.
+
+  Masham (W.), iii. 436.
+
+  Masius, ii. 261.
+
+  Massagetes, iii. 62.
+
+  Massingham, iii. 113.
+
+  Massonius, iii. 61.
+
+  Masters (Will.), iii. 400.
+
+  Mastic, i. 205, 255.
+
+  ---- tree, iii. 262.
+
+  Mataerea, Maturaea, ii. 396;
+                   iii. 244, 253.
+
+  Maternus, iii. 26.
+
+  Mathematics, i. 162.
+
+  Matthew of Westminster, iii. 66.
+
+  Matthiolus, i. 203, 212, 235, 288, 297, 322, 324, 328;
+             ii. 13, 19, 74, 87, 207;
+            iii. 1.
+
+  Mauritania, ii. 334, 382;
+             iii. 248.
+
+  Mauritius (Emperor), iii. 552.
+
+  Maurolycus, ii. 349.
+
+  Mausolus, iii. 114, 123.
+
+  Maximilian, ii. 79.
+
+  Maximinus, i. 191.
+
+  Maximus, ii. 291.
+
+  May, ii. 180.
+
+  Measles, ii. 152.
+
+  Meat, ii. 142.
+
+  Mecca, ii. 67, 346;
+        iii. 253.
+
+  Mecenas, ii. 81.
+
+  Mechoachan, iii. 296.
+
+  Medals, ii. 123;
+         iii. 361.
+
+  Medal, Titus, iii. 273.
+
+  Mede, i. xli.
+
+  Medea, i. xliii, 157, 318, 323.
+
+  Medina Talnabi, i. 243;
+      ii. 346.
+
+  Mediterranean, i. 230.
+
+  Medlar, ii. 394.
+
+  Medusa (Constell.), ii. 398.
+
+  Meekness, i. 317, 319.
+
+  Megara, iii. 164.
+
+  Megasthenes, i. 44.
+
+  Mela, ii. 1. 155;
+       iii. 45.
+
+  Melancholy, i. 46, 318.
+
+  Melanchthon, ii. 175.
+
+  Melanthium, iii. 232.
+
+  Melchisedec, i. 192.
+
+  Meleguette, ii. 383.
+
+  Melisegenes, iii. 49.
+
+  Melissus, i. 163.
+
+  Melita, ii. 26.
+
+  Mellichius, i. 262.
+
+  Melpomene, ii. 254.
+
+  Melton Hall, iii. 549.
+
+  Memnon, i. xli.
+
+  Memphis, i. 159.
+
+  Menan, ii. 356.
+
+  Menander, a Samaritan, iii. 35.
+
+  Mendacity, i. 157.
+
+  Mendoza (J. G. de), i. xxxiii, 280.
+
+  Menecles, ii. 158.
+
+  Meneceus, iii. 98.
+
+  Menelaus, ii. 82, 335.
+
+  Menippus, i. 250.
+
+  Menogenes, i. xlix.
+
+  Mercator, ii. 70.
+
+  Mercurialis, _Gymn._, i. 310;
+                       ii. 216;
+                      iii. 76.
+
+  Mercurius, i. 136, 289.
+
+  Mercury (Scipio), i. 118.
+
+  ---- (god), ii. 279.
+
+  ---- (mineral), i. 68, 236, 281;
+                 ii. 367.
+
+  ---- (planet), i. 30.
+
+  ---- (plant), i. 171.
+
+  ---- water, ii. 72.
+
+  Mergus, iii. 516-17.
+
+  ---- major, ii. 111.
+
+  Merlin, iii. 57, 292, 310.
+
+  Mermaids, ii. 253.
+
+  Merryweather (J.), i. xi, xiv, xvii.
+
+  Merula (P.), iii. 312.
+
+  Meseraics, i. 268.
+
+  Mesopotamia, ii. 302;
+              iii. 19.
+
+  Messahallach, ii. 177.
+
+  Messalina, i. xlvii.
+
+  Messias, i. 138, 141, 200.
+
+  Metals, i. 206, 207, 209.
+
+  Metaphors, i. 143.
+
+  Metaphrastes, ii. 250;
+      iii. 30.
+
+  Metellus, iii. 466.
+
+  Metempsychosis, i. xlii, 13.
+
+  Meteors, i. 193, 211, 273.
+
+  Methusaleh, i. xxx, 36, 60, 340;
+             ii. 326, 328;
+            iii. 8, 135.
+
+  Meton, ii. 191.
+
+  Metrophanes Smyrnaeus, iii. 71.
+
+  Meursius, i. 170.
+
+  Mexico, iii. 308.
+
+  Mexico, Bay of, i. 228.
+
+  Mezentius, iii. 82.
+
+  Micah, iii. 270.
+
+  Michelangelo, ii. 235.
+
+  Michell (Elizabeth), iii. 544.
+
+  Michovius(Math.), ii. 1, 3, 370.
+
+  Microcosm, i. 103-105.
+
+  Microscopes, i. 302.
+
+  Midas, i. 268.
+
+  Middleton (William), iii. 408.
+
+  Midianites, i. 81.
+
+  Milan, i. 176;
+       iii. 27.
+
+  Milium, iii. 238.
+
+  ---- Solis, i. 304.
+
+  Milius, i. 281.
+
+  Milk, i. 204;
+       ii. 348;
+      iii. 378.
+
+  Milky Way, iii. 12.
+
+  Millers Thumb, iii. 538.
+
+  Millet, i. 288;
+      iii. 232, 248.
+
+  Milo, iii. 75-6.
+
+  Mineralogists, i. 210;
+               iii. 220.
+
+  Minerals, i. 202, 208, 213, 259, 262;
+           ii. 75.
+
+  Minerva, i. 185;
+          ii. 21, 386.
+
+  Minia, i. 248.
+
+  Minnow, iii. 537.
+
+  Minos, i. 158.
+
+  Minos (C.), i. xii.
+
+  Minotaur, i. 158;
+      iii. 163.
+
+  Mint, iii. 22.
+
+  Minucius, iii. 109.
+
+  Minutius, i. xv, xix, xxxvi, xli, xlv;
+           ii. 272.
+
+  Mirabolans, iii. 226.
+
+  Miracles, i. 42.
+
+  Mirandula (Pico), i. li;
+                   ii. 171;
+                  iii. 49.
+
+  Mirmello, i. xlix.
+
+  MISCELLANIES, iii. 427.
+
+  Missel-thrush, i. 294.
+
+  Misseltoe, i. 293, 295;
+           iii. 193.
+
+  Mist (27 Nov. 1674), iii. 545.
+
+  Mite, i. 109.
+
+  Mizaldus (Ant.), i. 176;
+                  ii. 99.
+
+  Mizraim, ii. 287, 332-3;
+          iii. 141, 148.
+
+  Moderatus (Caesar), i. 223.
+
+  Mogul, ii. 269.
+
+  Mohacz, iii. 376.
+
+  Mola, iii. 226.
+
+  Mole, ii. 42, 276, 282.
+
+  Moles on the face, ii. 268,
+
+  Moloch, iii. 42.
+
+  Molossus, iii. 327.
+
+  Moluccas, i. 292;
+           ii. 6, 158.
+
+  Moly, i. 236, 291;
+       ii. 368.
+
+  Monkey, i. 312;
+         ii. 148.
+
+  Monomotapa, ii. 145.
+
+  Montacutius, iii. 25, 39, 61.
+
+  Montague (Richard), Bp., iii. 406.
+
+  Montaigne, i. xviii, xix, xxii, xxv, xxvii, xxxix, lii, lv.
+
+  Montanus, i. 192;
+           ii. 140.
+
+  Month, ii. 166-7.
+
+  Moon, i. 133, 166, 179, 183, 186, 194, 197;
+       ii. 165, 271, 398, 399.
+
+  ---- Mountains of the, ii. 355.
+
+  ---- fish, ii. 73;
+            iii. 528.
+
+  Moor, Moors, ii. 369, 371, 377;
+              iii. 311.
+
+  Moorhen, iii. 518.
+
+  Mopsus, ii. 3;
+         iii. 39.
+
+  Moptha, ii, 4.
+
+  Moralist, i. 125.
+
+  Morality, i. 163.
+
+  More (Sir T.), i. xv.
+
+  Morgellons, iii. 376.
+
+  Morinus, ii. 292, 294.
+
+  Morison (Henry), i. liv.
+
+  ---- (Fines), i. liv.
+
+  Morn, iii. 47.
+
+  Morpheus, i. 106.
+
+  Morse, ii. 70, 74.
+
+  Morta, iii. 132, 376.
+
+  Moses, i. xxviii-xxx, xlii, 19, 21, 27, 32, 39, 45, 51-2, 70-1, 127,
+            135-6, 179, 186, 213, 294, 319, 343;
+        ii. 2, 79, 106, 122, 227, 229, 378, etc.
+
+  ---- (rod), ii. 278-9.
+
+  Mosques, iii. 541.
+
+  Motes, i. 258.
+
+  Moths, i. 351;
+        ii. 22.
+
+  Mountains, i. 241-2.
+
+  ---- of the Moon, ii. 374.
+
+  Mountebanks, i. 138.
+
+  Mouse, Mice, i. 265;
+              ii. 135, 139.
+
+  Muffetus, ii. 25, 67, 99, 102, 207-8.
+
+  Mugil, iii. 289, 290.
+
+  Mulatto, ii. 379.
+
+  Mulberry tree, iii. 243.
+
+  Mule, i. 167, 343, 346.
+
+  Mullen, AEthiopian, i. 297.
+
+  Mullet, iii. 290, 530.
+
+  Mummia, i. 257.
+
+  Mummies, i. 238;
+         iii. 141.
+
+  Mundesley, iii. 529.
+
+  Munster (S.), ii. 395-6;
+               iii. 26, 53.
+
+  Murder, i. 130.
+
+  Murena, i. 174.
+
+  Muria, iii. 290.
+
+  Murrey, i. 210.
+
+  _Mus Araneus_, ii. 44.
+
+  Musa, iii. 2.
+
+  _Musaeum Clausum_, iii. 350.
+
+  Musaeus, ii. 321.
+
+  Mushroom, i. xlix.
+
+  Music, i. 100, 311;
+        ii. 106;
+       iii. 129.
+
+  ---- Church, i. 101.
+
+  ---- Tavern, i. 101.
+
+  Musk, i. 324-5;
+       ii. 88, 148.
+
+  Mussle, iii. 534.
+
+  Mussulmen, iii. 102.
+
+  Must, iii. 235.
+
+  Mustard-seed, iii. 236.
+
+  Mylius, i. 284.
+
+  Myndius, ii. 89.
+
+  Myrica, iii. 223.
+
+  Myrobolans, ii. 391.
+
+  Myrrh, i. 206;
+       iii. 225.
+
+  Myrtle, iii. 274.
+
+  _Myrtus Brabsutica_, ii. 391.
+
+
+  Naaman, i. 197.
+
+  Nabonasser, ii. 287.
+
+  Nails, paring, ii. 268.
+
+  ---- (spots in), ii. 276.
+
+  Napellus, i. 290.
+
+  Naphtha, i. 32;
+          ii. 57-8.
+
+  Naples, iii. 226.
+
+  Narcissus, i. xlvii.
+
+  Narses, iii. 161.
+
+  Narwhale, ii. 70.
+
+  Nassom, ii. 288.
+
+  Natural Philosophy, i. 163.
+
+  Navarre (Henry, King of), iii. 299.
+
+  Navel, i. liii;
+        ii. 212.
+
+  Navigators, iii. 220.
+
+  Nazarene, ii. 225.
+
+  Nazarite, ii. 224-5.
+
+  Nazianzene, ii. 266;
+             iii. 42.
+
+  Neanthes, ii. 174.
+
+  Nearchus, i. 243;
+           ii. 366.
+
+  Nebros, i. 188.
+
+  Nebuchodonosor, i. 55;
+                 ii. 279;
+                iii. 148, 489, 552.
+
+  Necks, iii. 50.
+
+  Necromancy, i. 187.
+
+  Needle, i. 80, 265.
+
+  ---- (magnetic), i. 24, 68.
+
+  ---- fish, ii. 30;
+            iii. 531.
+
+  Negro-land, i. 213.
+
+  Negroes, ii. 367-87.
+
+  Negroponte, iii. 43, 46.
+
+  Neptune, i. 289.
+
+  Nereides, ii. 254.
+
+  Nero, i. xli, xliv, xlvii, l, li, 90, 97, 310;
+       ii. 21, 38.
+
+  Nerva, ii. 222.
+
+  Nestor, i. 340, 343;
+         ii. 121.
+
+  New England, iii. 344.
+
+  New Spain, iii. 285, 344.
+
+  Newington, co. Kent, iii. 432.
+
+  Newts, ii. 19.
+
+  Nicander, i. 173;
+           ii. 19, 22, 25, 26, 29, 44.
+
+  Nicaragua, ii. 372.
+
+  Nicephorus, i. xx;
+             ii. 290, 359;
+            iii. 381.
+
+  Nicholaus, i. 192.
+
+  Nicias, i. 193.
+
+  Nicolai Emplastrum, i. 247.
+
+  ---- Pulvis, i. 264.
+
+  Nicole (J. B. de), i. 278.
+
+  Nicoleta (R.), iii. 312.
+
+  Nictomachus, iii. 43.
+
+  Nierembergius (E.), i. 171, 239;
+                     ii. 86.
+
+  Nigella, iii. 232.
+
+  Nigellastrum, iii. 280.
+
+  Niger River, ii. 353, 355, 374.
+
+  Nightingale, i. 166.
+
+  Nightmare, ii. 282.
+
+  Night Raven, iii. 292.
+
+  Nile, i. 24, 166;
+       ii. 70, 74, 185-6, 269, 349-362;
+      iii. 79.
+
+  Nimrod, ii. 331, 381, 383;
+         iii. 141.
+
+  Nine, ii. 160-1;
+      iii. 203.
+
+  Nine Worthies, ii. 237.
+
+  Nineveh, ii. 295, 331;
+          iii. 162.
+
+  Ninus, i. xxxiii;
+        ii. 325, 331, 334, 336.
+
+  Niobe, i. 158.
+
+  Niphus, ii. 51.
+
+  Nitre, i. 275.
+
+  Nix (Richard), Bp., iii. 398, 416, 425.
+
+  Noah, i. xxix. 35-6;
+       ii. 9, 78, 131, 274, 381;
+      iii. 154.
+
+  Noah's Ark, ii. 11;
+             iii. 148.
+
+  Nobility, i. 85.
+
+  Noctambuloes, i. 106.
+
+  Nonnus, ii. 44, 82, 221;
+         iii. 266.
+
+  Norfolk, ii. 85.
+
+  ---- Notes on birds and fishes, iii. 511.
+
+  ---- words, iii. 319.
+
+  Normans, iii. 313.
+
+  Norrold, iii. 516.
+
+  North Star, i. 98.
+
+  Northern Passage, i. 228.
+
+  Norway, iii. 113.
+
+  Norwich, iii. 107, 408, 537.
+
+  ---- Free School, iii. 420.
+
+  ---- gardens, iii. 524.
+
+  ---- market, iii. 523.
+
+  ---- Mousehold Hill, iii. 405, 424.
+
+  ---- thunderstorm (1665), iii. 548.
+
+  Norwich Cathedral, Beauchamp Chapel, iii. 418.
+
+  ---- chapter-house, iii. 418.
+
+  ---- charnel-house, iii. 420.
+
+  ---- cloisters, iii. 411, 417.
+
+  ---- combination sermons, iii. 421.
+
+  ---- Heydon's Chapel, iii. 419.
+
+  ---- organ, iii. 421.
+
+  ---- spire, iii. 423,
+
+  ---- tombs and monuments, iii. 397.
+
+  ---- weathercock, iii. 423.
+
+  Nose, i. 347;
+       ii. 385.
+
+  ---- (flat), ii. 377.
+
+  Nosegay-net, iii. 158.
+
+  NOTES on Birds and Fishes in Norfolk, iii. 511.
+
+  Notonecton, iii. 178.
+
+  Nova Hispania. _See_ New Spain.
+
+  Nova Zembla, ii. 190;
+              iii. 348.
+
+  Nubia, ii. 99.
+
+  ---- poison, i. 290.
+
+  Numa, ii. 180;
+      iii. 99.
+
+  Numatianus, ii. 397.
+
+  Numbers, ii. 161-2.
+
+  Numismatic shell, ii. 107.
+
+  Nuncius Inanimatus, i. 253.
+
+  'Nuon' inscr., iii. 432.
+
+  Nuremberg, i. xxv, xxvi, liv.
+
+  Nutcracker, iii. 160.
+
+  Nutgalls, i. 301;
+      ii. 391.
+
+  Nuthack, iii. 520.
+
+  Nutmeg, i. 292.
+
+  Nycticorax, iii. 289, 292.
+
+  Nysa, ii. 3.
+
+  Nysus, iii. 289, 292.
+
+
+  O, iii. 126.
+
+  Oak, i. 116, 293, 295, 301.
+
+  ---- apple, i. 300.
+
+  ---- tree, iii. 261.
+
+  Oaths, iii. 499.
+
+  Oats, ii. 35, 102.
+
+  Oberon, ii. 159.
+
+  Obi, iii. 349.
+
+  Oblivion, iii. 140.
+
+  Observations upon Plants in Scripture, iii. 218.
+
+  Obstinacy, i. 39.
+
+  Oceanus, ii. 78.
+
+  Ocellus, ii. 51.
+
+  Ochinus, i. xxviii.
+
+  Ochirus, i. xli.
+
+  Octavius, Duke of Parma, i. 211.
+
+  Ocymum, i. 259.
+
+  Oecumenius, i. xxxi.
+
+  Oedipus, ii. 4;
+          iii. 66.
+
+  Og, iii. 62, 164.
+
+  Ogyges, ii. 319, 320, 329.
+
+  Oil, i. 204, 259.
+
+  ---- of Mars, i. 237.
+
+  Olaus. _See_ Magnus.
+
+  Oldcastle (Sir J.), ii. 255.
+
+  Oleaster, iii. 5, 20, 250.
+
+  _Oleum Cyprinum_, iii. 224.
+
+  Olive, iii. 117.
+
+  ---- leaf, iii. 235.
+
+  ---- oil of, i. 261.
+
+  ---- tree, iii. 249.
+
+  Olybius, ii. 57;
+          iii. 499.
+
+  Olympiads, iii. 454.
+
+  Olympus (Mt.), ii. 355.
+
+  Omen, i. 299.
+
+  Omneity, i. 52.
+
+  Oneirocriticism, iii. 551.
+
+  Onions, ii. 331, 379.
+
+  Onkelus, ii. 231.
+
+  Onuphrius, iii. 434.
+
+  +Hoon+, i. 159.
+
+  Opals, i. 255;
+       iii. 105.
+
+  Ophir, i. 230-1.
+
+  Opimian Wine, iii. 116.
+
+  Opinion, iii. 473.
+
+  Opium, i. 256, 275, 334, 349;
+       iii. 24, 25, 138.
+
+  Opodeldoch, i. 247.
+
+  Oppianus, i. 174, 313, 345;
+           ii. 42, 62, 156.
+
+  Oracle of Apollo, iii. 333.
+
+  Oracles, i. xxxix, 44, 187.
+
+  ---- cessation of, iii. 39.
+
+  Orange-pills, i. 276.
+
+  Orbis (bird), i. 351.
+
+  Orchis (man), i. 288.
+
+  Ordure, ii. 88.
+
+  ---- (Human), i. 239.
+
+  Oregliana, ii. 354.
+
+  Orestes, i. 136;
+         iii. 338.
+
+  Organs, i. xxxv.
+
+  Orgasm, ii. 30.
+
+  Oribasius, i. 156, 171, 245, 305.
+
+  Origen, i. xx, xxix, 14;
+         ii. 2, 294;
+        iii. 5, 389.
+
+  Orion, i. 289;
+      iii. 141, 165.
+
+  Ormonde (T. Butler, Earl of), iii. 407.
+
+  Ornithologus, iii. 251.
+
+  Orobanche, iii. 259.
+
+  Oroetes, ii. 261.
+
+  Oromasdes, i. 198.
+
+  Orontes, iii. 462.
+
+  Orosius, ii. 290, 321.
+
+  Orpement, i. 277.
+
+  Orpheus, i. 157, 250, 309;
+          ii. 89.
+
+  ---- (poet), ii. 321.
+
+  Ortelius, ii. 352-3, 365, 369;
+           iii. 125.
+
+  Orthragoriscus, ii. 73.
+
+  Ortilius, ii. 396.
+
+  Orus Apollo Niliacus, i. 180;
+                       ii. 32, 259.
+
+  Oryx, ii. 67, 187.
+
+  Osiris, ii. 4, 185, 332-3;
+         iii. 141.
+
+  Osorius, i. 311.
+
+  Ossifrage, ii. 2.
+
+  Ostorius, iii. 106.
+
+  Ostrich, ii. 62, 82, 370;
+      iii. 540.
+
+  Otter, i. 325;
+       iii. 539.
+
+  Ouse (Great), iii. 528.
+
+  Overall (John), Bp., iii. 405-6.
+
+  Ovid, i. xxix, xliii, 156, 160, 328;
+       ii. 7, 50, 132, 205, 254, 288;
+      iii. 67, 147, 291-2, 438.
+
+  Owl, ii. 80, 264;
+      iii. 292.
+
+  Ox, i. 154, 289;
+     ii. 80, 376, 378.
+
+  ---- (Indian), ii. 67.
+
+  ---- (Money), i. 339.
+
+  Oxford, ii. 189;
+         iii. 537.
+
+  Oxfordshire, iii. 113.
+
+  Oxnead, iii. 436.
+
+  ---- Park, iii. 430.
+
+  Oxycroceum, i. 255.
+
+  Oyster, ii. 74;
+         iii. 534.
+
+
+  Padua, ii. 57.
+
+  Paduanius (Fabrotius), ii. 174.
+
+  Paeony, ii. 379.
+
+  Pagans, i. 184.
+
+  Pagolus (J.), i. liii.
+
+  Painters, i. 181.
+
+  Palamedes, iii. 152.
+
+  Palephatus, i. 157.
+
+  Palermo, ii. 334.
+
+  Paliurus, iii, 3, 223.
+
+  Palladius, ii. 305, 344.
+
+  Pallas, i. xlvii;
+         ii. 279.
+
+  Palm-tree, ii. 8;
+            iii. 272.
+
+  Palmistry, ii. 276.
+
+  Palsy, ii. 129.
+
+  Pamphilian Sea, iii. 77-8.
+
+  Pamphilus, i. 171, 177.
+
+  Pamphlets, i. 177.
+
+  Pan, ii. 229;
+      iii. 40.
+
+  Panama, ii. 362.
+
+  Pancirollus (G.), i. 230, 255, 279;
+                   ii. 21, 238, 251;
+                  iii. 84.
+
+  Pandora, i. xxxiv.
+
+  Pantagruel, i. 35.
+
+  Pantalones, i. 60.
+
+  Pantarbes, i. 241.
+
+  Panthers, i. 36;
+           ii. 41, 74.
+
+  Paper, i. 276.
+
+  Paper (oiled), i. 214.
+
+  Parables, i. 134, 143.
+
+  Parable of the Sower, iii. 245.
+
+  Paracelsus, i. 46, 53, 165, 204, 208, 236, 239, 247, 266, 303;
+             ii. 7, 12, 88, 158;
+            iii. 28, 471.
+
+  Paradise, i. 81;
+           ii. 333;
+          iii. 148.
+
+  ---- Bird of, ii. 6.
+
+  Parasite, ii. 267.
+
+  Parchment, i. 276.
+
+  Pard, ii. 148.
+
+  Pareus, i. 247;
+         ii. 86.
+
+  Pargitaus, ii. 286.
+
+  Parham, co. Suffolk, i. 297.
+
+  Paris (myth), i. 318;
+               ii. 385;
+              iii. 3.
+
+  ---- Notre Dame, ii. 247.
+
+  ---- Pont Neuf, i. 138.
+
+  ---- St. Innocents, iii. 144.
+
+  ---- (Matthew), iii. 71.
+
+  Parker (Matt.), Abp., iii. 411.
+
+  Parkhurst (John), Bp., iii. 398, 409.
+
+  Parma (O., Duke of), i. 211.
+
+  Parmenides, i. xxi.
+
+  Parricides, ii. 26.
+
+  Parrot, ii. 123;
+      iii. 468.
+
+  Parsees, iii. 101.
+
+  Parsnips, i. 286, 290.
+
+  Parthenius Chius, i. 156.
+
+  Parthenopaeus, ii. 130.
+
+  Parthia, ii. 332.
+
+  Partridges, i. 336, 341;
+             ii. 158-9, 370;
+            iii. 523.
+
+  Parysatis, ii. 6, 261;
+            iii. 68.
+
+  Pasiphae, i. 158.
+
+  Passion, i. 31, 96.
+
+  ---- flower, iii. 184.
+
+  Passover, ii. 215, 223, 307.
+
+  Paston (Sir Robert), iii. 436.
+
+  ---- (Sir Will.), ii. 360;
+                   iii. 106.
+
+  Patois, i. 98.
+
+  Patriarchs' names, i. 303.
+
+  Patrick (St.), ii. 154, 386.
+
+  Patroclus, i. 93, iii. 115, 122.
+
+  Paul (St.), i. 1, 58, 70, 76, 81, 90, 136, 146;
+             ii. 26;
+            iii. 551.
+
+  Paul V., i. xviii.
+
+  Paulina, i. xlvii.
+
+  Paulus AEgineta, i. 156, 245, 304, 325.
+
+  ---- Diaconus, iii. 65.
+
+  ---- Samosatenus, i. 192.
+
+  ---- Venetus, i. 171, 231;
+               ii. 21, 67;
+              iii. 78.
+
+  Pausanias, ii. 21;
+            iii. 45.
+
+  Peacock, ii. 91, 394.
+
+  ---- (white), ii. 376.
+
+  Pea-hens, i. 337.
+
+  Peach, i. 293.
+
+  Pearl, i. 256;
+        ii. 73.
+
+  Pebbles, i. 206.
+
+  Pegasus (constell.), ii. 193.
+
+  Peiresc, ii. 51;
+          iii. 160.
+
+  Pelagians, i. 129.
+
+  Peleg, ii. 331.
+
+  Pelican, i. 178;
+          ii. 202;
+         iii. 518.
+
+  Pellitory of the wall, i. 166.
+
+  Pelops, i. 347.
+
+  Pembel, i. xix.
+
+  Penates, i. 140.
+
+  Penelope, iii. 132.
+
+  ---- (game), i. 160.
+
+  Pengin, ii. 111.
+
+  Pennius, ii. 96.
+
+  Penny fish, iii. 288.
+
+  Pentagon, iii. 176.
+
+  Pentangle, i. 190.
+
+  Pentalithismus, iii. 160.
+
+  Pentateuch, i. 39.
+
+  Penthesilea, iii. 99.
+
+  People, i. 132.
+
+  Peplum, ii. 197.
+
+  Peppercorns, i. 302.
+
+  Pera, ii. 397.
+
+  Perch, ii. 14, 83.
+
+  Percy (Tho.), Bp., iii. 409.
+
+  Peregrinus (Petrus), i. 231.
+
+  Perer, i. xxix.
+
+  Periander's wife, iii. 131.
+
+  Periocci, ii. 301.
+
+  Peripatetics, i. xxiii, 99.
+
+  Periwinkle, iii. 538.
+
+  Perizol, iii. 43.
+
+  Perpenna, ii. 218-9.
+
+  Perseus, ii. 250.
+
+  Persia, i. 169, 321;
+         ii. 61, 83, 92, 123, 332, 339;
+        iii. 77.
+
+  Persian Gulf, ii. 365.
+
+  ---- Sea, ii. 350.
+
+  Persians, iii. 100.
+
+  Persicaria, iii. 184.
+
+  Persius, i. 154;
+      ii. 114, 252.
+
+  Peru, i. 109, 228;
+       ii. 355, 368, 372-3;
+      iii. 97, 308.
+
+  Perucci (F.), iii. 130.
+
+  Pestilence, i. 300-1.
+
+  Petravius (D.), ii. 185, 187, 196, 290, 292, 298, 302, 328.
+
+  Peter (St.), i. 19, 37, 79, 137, 141;
+             iii. 3.
+
+  ---- name, i. 303.
+
+  ---- Fish, ii. 288, 531.
+
+  Petrarch, ii. 24;
+           iii. 320, 382.
+
+  Petronius, i. ix, xxvii, l, 266;
+            ii. 118, 144.
+
+  Petroselmum, i. 263.
+
+  Petrucius, ii. 326.
+
+  Petrus Diaconus, i. xxxix.
+
+  ---- Hispanus, iii. 23.
+
+  Phaethon, ii. 7, 369.
+
+  ---- his sisters, i. 261.
+
+  Phalanx, iii. 162.
+
+  Phalaris, i. 77;
+          iii. 78.
+
+  Pharamond, iii. 318.
+
+  Pharaoh, i. xli;
+         iii. 141.
+
+  Pharsalia, i. xxxvii, 194.
+
+  Phavorinus, iii. 43, 270.
+
+  Pheasants, i. 320.
+
+  Phidias, i. 330.
+
+  Philadelphus, ii. 362.
+
+  Philarcus, i. 168.
+
+  Philelphus (Fr.), ii. 239.
+
+  Philes, i. 174;
+         ii. 259.
+
+  Philetas, ii. 159.
+
+  Philip (St.), i. 49.
+
+  ---- the Deacon, ii. 382.
+
+  ---- King, iii. 2.
+
+  Philip II. of Spain, i. 28, 280.
+
+  Philippi (Henrico), ii. 302.
+
+  Philippus, i. 181.
+
+  Philistines, i. 282.
+
+  Philo, i. 38;
+        ii. 161, 163-4, 288, 293, 321;
+       iii. 2.
+
+  Philologers, i. 118.
+
+  Philomela, iii. 52.
+
+  Philopoemen, iii. 117.
+
+  Philos (Valerian de), ii. 313.
+
+  Philosopher, i. 163.
+
+  Philosopher's stone, i. 58, 66;
+      ii. 12.
+
+  Philostratus, i. 170, 241;
+               ii. 33, 155, 158, 363, 365;
+              iii. 4, 281.
+
+  Philoxenus, iii. 49.
+
+  Philtres, i. 195, 247.
+
+  Phlebotomy, ii. 119, 195;
+             iii. 295.
+
+  Phlegm, i. 318.
+
+  Phlegon Trallianus, i. 170;
+                    iii. 340.
+
+  Phocas, iii. 552.
+
+  Phocylides, iii. 127.
+
+  Phoenicia, ii. 277, 335, 364.
+
+  Phoenicians, i. 230;
+              ii. 81, 254, 334.
+
+  Phoenicopterus, ii. 12.
+
+  Phoenigmus, i. 318.
+
+  Phoenix, i. 178, 181;
+          ii. 4, 6;
+         iii. 104.
+
+  Phornutus, ii. 257.
+
+  Phosphorus, i. 282.
+
+  Photinus, i. 192.
+
+  Photius, iii. 71.
+
+  Phrygia, ii. 366.
+
+  Phut, ii. 382.
+
+  Physiognomists, iii. 221.
+
+  Physiognomy, i. 86-7;
+             iii. 474.
+
+  Phyllon, i. 171.
+
+  Phytognomy, i. 86, 286.
+
+  Picciolus, ii. 276.
+
+  Picot, iii. 376.
+
+  Pictorius, i. 250,
+
+  Pictures, i. 100;
+           ii. 202, 215, 224, 249;
+          iii. 355.
+
+  Picus Martius, i. 300.
+
+  Pierius, i. 166, 180, 317, 333;
+          ii. 19, 117, 121, 203, 210, 248, 275;
+         iii. 4, 19.
+
+  Pig, ii. 81.
+
+  Pigafetta, ii. 158.
+
+  Pigeon, i. 34, 317-8, 320-1;
+         ii. 65, 80.
+
+  Pigmies, ii. 155.
+
+  Pignorius, ii. 16.
+
+  Pike, ii. 83;
+       iii. 537.
+
+  Pilate, iii. 139.
+
+  Pilchard, iii. 532.
+
+  Pine, i. 261, 293.
+
+  ---- apple, iii. 168.
+
+  ---- nuts, i. 196.
+
+  ---- tree, iii. 168.
+
+  Pineda, i. 88, 230;
+         ii. 321;
+        iii. 25, 111.
+
+  Pinpach, iii. 534.
+
+  Pins, i. 265.
+
+  Pinto, ii. 145.
+
+  Pisander, i. 156.
+
+  Pismire, i. 262;
+          ii. 102;
+         iii. 119.
+
+  Piso, i. xlvii.
+
+  Piss, i. 143.
+
+  Pistol, i. 276.
+
+  Pitch, i. 189, 205, 265.
+
+  Pittacus, i. 159.
+
+  Pix Hispanica, i. 255.
+
+  Pizzle, ii. 40, 52.
+
+  Plagiarism, i. 155-6.
+
+  Plaice, iii. 533.
+
+  Plancius (Q.), ii. 6.
+
+  Plancus (C.), i. xlix.
+
+  Planets, ii. 280.
+
+  Plants, i. 99, 285, 301, 307.
+
+  Plants in Scripture, iii. 218.
+
+  Plaster _Gratia Dei_, i. 255.
+
+  Plate River, ii. 354.
+
+  Platina, iii. 61.
+
+  Plato, i. xxi-xxii, xxiv, xxvi, xli-xlii, 47, 99, 101, 115, 160, 173,
+            185, 335, 347;
+        ii. 37, 82, 89, 112, 129, 142, 161, 171, 174, 179.
+
+  Plautus, i. 230;
+          ii. 39.
+
+  Play, i. 92.
+
+  Pleasure, iii. 466.
+
+  Pleiades, ii. 256, 303, 306.
+
+  Plempius, ii. 112, 393.
+
+  Pleurisy, ii. 116;
+           iii. 378.
+
+  PLINY, _passim_.
+
+  Plotinus, ii. 376.
+
+  Plover, iii. 519.
+
+  PLUTARCH, _passim_.
+
+  Pluto, iii. 131.
+
+  Podocaterus, ii. 21.
+
+  Poets, i. 181.
+
+  Pointers, i. 98.
+
+  Poisons, i. liii, 212, 246, 264-5, 284, 333;
+          ii. 71;
+         iii. 69.
+
+  Poland, iii. 247.
+
+  Pole (North), i. 241.
+
+  ---- (North and South), ii. 340.
+
+  Polenta, iii. 233.
+
+  Polibianus, i. l.
+
+  Politicians, i. 139.
+
+  Polities, i. 85.
+
+  Pollinctors, i. l;
+             iii. 81.
+
+  Pollux (Julius), ii. 118, 240;
+                  iii. 43.
+
+  Polonus (Martin), iii. 71.
+
+  Polyaenus, iii. 302.
+
+  Polybius, i. 168;
+           ii. 239.
+
+  Polycrates, i. xlviii;
+             ii. 261.
+
+  Polygamy, i. 100.
+
+  Polydorus, iii. 111.
+
+  Polyphemus, ii. 46, 49;
+             iii. 42.
+
+  Polypody, i. 294, 302.
+
+  Polypus, iii. 534.
+
+  Polytheism, i. 104-5.
+
+  Pomegranate, ii. 394.
+
+  ---- tree, iii. 241.
+
+  Pomona, iii. 3.
+
+  Pompeius, i. xxvii, xlix, 146, 168, 194;
+          iii. 89, 475, 489.
+
+  Pompeys, iii. 89.
+
+  Pomponius, iii. 111.
+
+  Pontanus, i. lv.
+
+  Pontus, i. 325.
+
+  Poole, iii. 534.
+
+  Popes, i. 59.
+
+  Poplar, i. 261.
+
+  Poppaea, iii. 99.
+
+  Poppius (Hamerus), ii. 141.
+
+  Poppy, iii. 24.
+
+  Porcacchi (T.), iii. 45.
+
+  Porcelain, i. 279-81.
+
+  Porcupine, ii. 41.
+
+  Porphyrius, i. 49;
+             ii. 78, 370.
+
+  Porpoises, i. 346;
+            ii. 88;
+           iii. 527.
+
+  Porret, ii. 368.
+
+  Porta (Bapt.), i. 176, 240, 244, 253, 274-5, 286, 298;
+                ii. 15;
+               iii. 150.
+
+  Porter (Edm.), iii. 399.
+
+  Portugal, ii. 335, 364.
+
+  Porus, i. 311;
+        ii. 237.
+
+  Porwigle, ii. 17, 215, 380.
+
+  Posidonius, i. xlv;
+             ii. 216.
+
+  Posterity, i. 111.
+
+  Posthumous Works, iii. 394.
+
+  Posthumus, iii. 433.
+
+  Postillers, i. 317.
+
+  Pot, i. 270.
+
+  Potosi, iii. 97.
+
+  Powder, i. 230.
+
+  ---- plot, i. 28.
+
+  Pox, ii. 152;
+      iii. 378.
+
+  Prague, i. liv.
+
+  Prastagus, iii. 106.
+
+  Prateolus, i. 144.
+
+  Praxiteles, i. l;
+             ii. 74;
+            iii. 227.
+
+  Prayers for the dead, i. 14.
+
+  Prester John, ii. 379.
+
+  Priapus, iii. 227, 271.
+
+  Pride, i. 98.
+
+  Prierius, i. xvi.
+
+  Priests, i. 137.
+
+  Primrose, Dr., i. 118.
+
+  Principes, iii. 161.
+
+  Printer, ii. 159.
+
+  Printing, i. xxxiii, 156, 231.
+
+  Priscian, i. 89;
+          iii. 304.
+
+  Priscillian, i. 192.
+
+  Probus, iii. 433.
+
+  Proclus, i. 335;
+          ii. 96, 145, 164.
+
+  Proconesus, ii. 3.
+
+  Procopius, ii. 334;
+            iii. 42, 65, 288, 450.
+
+  Procrustes, iii. 164.
+
+  Prodigies, i. 303.
+
+  Professions, i. 152.
+
+  Prometheus, ii. 118.
+
+  Prongs, i. 221.
+
+  Propertius, iii. 110.
+
+  Prophecies, iii. 493.
+
+  Prophecy concerning Nations, iii. 342.
+
+  Prosper Alpinus, iii. 227.
+
+  Protagoras, i. xxiii.
+
+  Proteus, ii. 335.
+
+  Provence, ii. 111;
+      iii. 242, 260, 320.
+
+  Proverbs, i. 29, 134, 295.
+
+  Prussian knife, i. 247.
+
+  Psammitichus, ii. 286.
+
+  Psellus, i. xlvi, 284.
+
+  PSEUDODOXIA EPIDEMICA, i. 113.
+
+  Pseudomelanthium, iii. 280.
+
+  Psylls, i. liii.
+
+  Ptolemaeus Lagi, i. xxxii.
+
+  ---- Philadelphia, i. xxxii-xxxiii;
+                    ii. 293.
+
+  Ptolemy III., ii. 5.
+
+  ---- (Cl.), i. 37, 162, 179, 235;
+             ii. 171, 287, 336, 351, 352, 374, 378, 382, 398-9.
+
+  Pubescence, ii. 359.
+
+  Puffin, iii. 518.
+
+  Pulse (food), iii. 228-9.
+
+  Pulvertoft (Randolph), iii. 403.
+
+  Pulvinaria, iii. 156.
+
+  Pumice, ii. 140.
+
+  Purchas, iii. 70, 86.
+
+  Purgative, i. 245;
+            ii. 195-7.
+
+  Purgatory, i. 71.
+
+  Purge, i. 305.
+
+  Purple, ii. 41.
+
+  Puteus (Cassianus), ii. 24-5.
+
+  Pygmaleon, ii. 78;
+      iii. 81.
+
+  Pyramids, ii. 360;
+      iii. 139, 249.
+
+  Pyres, funeral, iii. 98, _seq._
+
+  Pyrrhus, ii. 21.
+
+  Pythagoras, i. xli-xliii, 20, 55, 142, 186, 198, 252, 288, 335;
+             ii. 54, 78, 80-2, 129, 161, 177, 256;
+            iii. 115.
+
+  ---- (Letter), ii. 114.
+
+  Pythia, i. 188.
+
+  Pythias, i. 93.
+
+  Pythius, iii. 74.
+
+
+  Quacksalvers, i. 138.
+
+  Quadrupeds, iii. 527.
+
+  Quail, ii. 82;
+      iii. 70, 523.
+
+  Quartan Agues, iii. 378.
+
+  Quaternity, i. 192.
+
+  Quich, iii. 115.
+
+  Quicksilver, i. 155, 204, 207, 221, 236, 239, 275;
+             iii. 54.
+
+  Quince, ii. 392, 394.
+
+  Quincunx, iii. 150.
+
+  Quinsay, ii. 355.
+
+  Quinsies, i. 304, 318.
+
+  Quinqueranus, iii. 260.
+
+  Quintilian, iii. 153.
+
+
+  Raamah, ii. 381.
+
+  Rabbins, i. 131;
+          ii. 9, 33, 37.
+
+  Rabelais, i. 35;
+          iii. 76, 320.
+
+  Rabican, ii. 59.
+
+  Rachel, iii. 19.
+
+  Radzivil, iii. 225, 256, 262.
+
+  Rahab, ii. 228;
+        iii. 255.
+
+  Raia. _See_ Ray-fish.
+
+  Rail, iii. 518, 523.
+
+  Rain, ii. 360.
+
+  Rainbow, iii. 11.
+
+  ---- (lunar), i. 193.
+
+  Ralegh (William), Bp., iii. 141.
+
+  Raleigh (Sir W.), ii. 238, 321, 348, 364;
+                   iii. 18.
+
+  Ram, ii. 158-9.
+
+  Ram's horn, iii. 194.
+
+  Ramists, i. xxiv.
+
+  Ramuzius, i. 280;
+          iii. 102.
+
+  Ranny, ii. 45.
+
+  _Ranunculus viridis_, ii. 17.
+
+  Ranzanus, ii. 333.
+
+  Ranzovius (H.), ii. 171.
+
+  Raphael Urbino, ii. 212, 222.
+
+  Rapunculus, iii. 237.
+
+  Rat, i. 265;
+      ii. 65.
+
+  ---- (water), ii. 44.
+
+  Ratisbon, i. 175.
+
+  Rattlesnake, iii. 179.
+
+  Raven, ii. 264;
+        iii. 292, 523.
+
+  Ray (Mr.), iii. 541.
+
+  Ray-fish, ii. 74;
+           iii. 533.
+
+  Razor-fish, iii. 534.
+
+  Reason, i. 31, 89, 96;
+        iii. 473.
+
+  Rebecca, iii. 16.
+
+  Red Sea, i. xx, 17, 231;
+          ii. 361, 363-7;
+         iii. 77, 242-3.
+
+  Redi (Francisco), ii. 32.
+
+  Redman (William), Bp., iii. 409.
+
+  Redshank, iii. 292, 519.
+
+  Reedham, iii. 516.
+
+  Reeds, iii. 275.
+
+  Regio-Montanus, i. xxv, 24.
+
+  Regulus, i. xxxvi.
+
+  Relics, i. 43, 44.
+
+  _Religio Laici_, i. xxviii.
+
+  Remora, i. 250;
+         ii. 107.
+
+  Remus, i. 339;
+       iii. 99.
+
+  Renatus, iii. 27.
+
+  Renealmus, iii. 261.
+
+  REPERTORIUM, iii. 397.
+
+  Resen, ii. 331.
+
+  Restharrow, iii. 279.
+
+  Resurrection, i. 67;
+               ii. 7.
+
+  Reuben, iii. 19.
+
+  Revenge, i. 96;
+         iii. 492.
+
+  Reynolds (Edward), Bp., iii. 412-13.
+
+  Rhabdomancy, ii. 278-9.
+
+  Rhadamanthus, i. 64.
+
+  Rhamnus, iii. 223.
+
+  Rhetoric, i, 134, 163.
+
+  Rhinoceros, i. 174;
+             ii. 67, 69.
+
+  Rhodes, ii. 361;
+         iii. 225.
+
+  Rhodians, ii. 82, 278.
+
+  Rhodiginus (C.), i. 203;
+                  ii. 25, 62, 125, 136-7, 144, 146, 162, 165, 171, 312;
+                 iii. 47.
+
+  Rhodius, iii. 301.
+
+  Rhodomanus, i. 169.
+
+  Rhombus, iii. 161.
+
+  Rhubarb, i. 165, 349;
+      ii. 197, 368.
+
+  Rhyntace, ii. 6, 61.
+
+  Rice, iii. 257.
+
+  Ricius, ii. 233.
+
+  Rickets, iii. 377-8.
+
+  Riding, i. 171.
+
+  Ridley, i. 226, 233.
+
+  Rigaltius, iii. 298.
+
+  Rimini, i. 223.
+
+  Ring, ii. 117, 385-6.
+
+  Ring-doves, i. 293.
+
+  Ring-finger, ii. 117.
+
+  Ringlestone, iii. 521.
+
+  Ringo, iii. 112.
+
+  Riolanus, i. 338;
+           ii. 63.
+
+  Ripa, ii. 265.
+
+  Ritterhusius, i. 174.
+
+  Rituale Graecum, iii. 127.
+
+  Rively (B.), iii. 413.
+
+  River, i. 204.
+
+  River-dog, i. 325.
+
+  Rochet (fish), iii. 530.
+
+  Rock, rocks, i. 241-2.
+
+  Rock-allum, i. 255.
+
+  Rod, divining, ii. 278.
+
+  Rodulphus, i. 282.
+
+  Rodulphus II., i. 241.
+
+  Roisold, iii. 111.
+
+  Rollrich, iii. 113.
+
+  Rollo, iii. 113.
+
+  Roma Soteranea, iii. 151, 431.
+
+  Romans, i. 90, 339.
+
+  Rome, i. 139, 165, 194, 226, 228, 283, 316, 332, 339;
+       ii. 6. 354;
+      iii. 76, 118.
+
+  ---- _Campus Martius_, ii. 252.
+
+  ---- Church of, i. 37, 79.
+
+  ---- English College, ii. 249.
+
+  ---- Lateran Obelisk, iii. 152.
+
+  ---- Mausoleum of Augustus, iii. 156.
+
+  ---- St. Angelo, iii. 144.
+
+  ---- St. Peter's, ii. 4.
+
+  ---- Vatican Library, i. 38.
+
+  Romulus, i. 339.
+
+  Rondelet, i. 267, 324-5;
+           ii. 74, 85-6, 100, 205;
+          iii. 182, 527-8, 530.
+
+  Rooks, iii. 523.
+
+  Ropalic Verses, iii. 304.
+
+  Ros-solis, i. 306.
+
+  Rose, i. 44.
+
+  ---- Under the, ii. 266.
+
+  ---- (Five Brethren of the), iii. 176.
+
+  ---- of Jericho, i. 295;
+                 iii. 240.
+
+  Rosemary, ii. 208;
+           iii. 222.
+
+  Rosin, i. 255.
+
+  Rosse (A.), i. xi.
+
+  Rovigno, iii. 378.
+
+  Rowolfius, iii. 262.
+
+  Rubrius, i. xlix.
+
+  Rubus, iii. 223.
+
+  Ruby, i. 281, 285.
+
+  Ruck, iii. 78.
+
+  Ruellius, iii. 4.
+
+  Rueus (F.), i. 235, 241, 259, 278, 284.
+
+  Ruff, iii. 520, 537.
+
+  Ruffinus, i. 243.
+
+  Rugge (William), Bp., iii. 409.
+
+  Ruini (Carlo), i. 315.
+
+  Rupertus, i. 317,
+
+  Ruptures, i. 245, 247.
+
+  Rushes, i. 274.
+
+  Russia, Emperor of, i. 233.
+
+  Russians, iii. 129.
+
+  _Rustici auctores_, ii. 305.
+
+  Ruth, ii. 274.
+
+  Rye, i. 260, 265;
+      ii. 102;
+     iii. 232, 245, 247.
+
+
+  S, i. xlix, 89.
+
+  +S+, i. xlix;
+      ii. 216.
+
+  Sa (Emanuel de), iii. 277.
+
+  Sabellicus, ii. 363.
+
+  Sabellius, i. 192.
+
+  Sabtacha, ii. 381.
+
+  Sabtah, ii. 381.
+
+  Sacro Bosco (J. de), ii. 178, 398.
+
+  Saddles, i. 171.
+
+  Sadducees, i. 190.
+
+  Sagapenum, i. 256.
+
+  Sagathy, iii. 62.
+
+  Saguntium, iii. 258.
+
+  St. Denis, ii. 68;
+            iii. 350.
+
+  ---- John's Wort, i. 189.
+
+  ---- Malo, iii. 534.
+
+  ---- Michael islands, i. 227;
+                       ii. 349, 398.
+
+  ---- Olave's Bridge, iii. 399.
+
+  Saints, i. 41, 80.
+
+  ---- names, i. 303.
+
+  Sal Ammoniac, i. 275, 277.
+
+  Sal-gemma, i. 255-6.
+
+  Sal prunellae, i. 277.
+
+  Salah, ii. 294.
+
+  Salamander, i. 83, 178;
+             ii. 18.
+
+  Salian, ii. 321;
+         iii. 9.
+
+  Saligniaco (B. de), iii. 79.
+
+  Salisbury Plain, iii. 324.
+
+  Sallow, i. 271, 293.
+
+  Sallust, ii. 218.
+
+  Salmanasser, ii. 149, 287.
+
+  Salmasius, i. 173, 203;
+            ii. 182, 216, 218, 234, 257;
+           iii. 160.
+
+  Salmon, iii. 536.
+
+  ---- (John), Bp., iii. 408, 413, 419, 420.
+
+  Salmuth, ii. 21.
+
+  Salt, i. 155, 205-7;
+       ii. 154, 265, 367.
+
+  Salt of steel, i. 232.
+
+  Salt-petre, i. 204-5, 271-2, 276-7, 318;
+             ii. 394.
+
+  Salthouse, iii. 419.
+
+  Saltimbancoes, i. 138.
+
+  Salvation, i. 75, 78-9, 80, 95.
+
+  Salvino, i. 211.
+
+  Samarcand, iii. 62.
+
+  Samaria, i. 318.
+
+  Samaritans, i. 39;
+             ii. 289.
+
+  Sammonicus, i. 167;
+             ii. 44.
+
+  Samos, iii. 49.
+
+  Samson, i. 34, 282.
+
+  Samuel, i. 187.
+
+  San Salvador, iii. 308.
+
+  Sanctius (F.), i. 166.
+
+  Sanctorius, i. 266;
+             ii. 139.
+
+  Sand, i. 206, 264.
+
+  Sandaraca, i. 255, 277.
+
+  Sandlin (John), iii. 397, 403-4.
+
+  Sandys (George), ii. 153, 351.
+
+  _Sanguis draconis_, i. 215, 256.
+
+  Sanity, ii. 106.
+
+  Sap, i. 302-3.
+
+  Sapphires, i. 213-14, 255, 268, 284-5.
+
+  Saracens, ii. 149.
+
+  Sardanapalus, iii. 77.
+
+  Sardinos, ii. 86.
+
+  Sardis, iii. 150.
+
+  Sardius, i. 285.
+
+  Sardonix, i. 285.
+
+  Sarenus Sammonicus, ii. 19.
+
+  Sargasso, iii. 192.
+
+  Sarmatia, iii. 112.
+
+  Sarsenet, i. 257.
+
+  Satan, i. 121, 123, 130, 143, 182.
+
+  Saturn, i. 59, 106, 191;
+         ii. 78, 182.
+
+  ---- Temple of, ii. 254.
+
+  Saturnus Egyptius, ii. 333.
+
+  Saul, i. 195;
+      iii. 241.
+
+  Saulterelle, iii. 293.
+
+  Saurus, iii. 530.
+
+  Savile (Sir H.), i. xlviii;
+                  iii. 406.
+
+  Savine, i. 171.
+
+  Savourie, i. 307;
+          iii. 189.
+
+  Saxony (Duke of), iii. 541.
+
+  Saw-fish, iii. 528.
+
+  Saxo, i. 241;
+      iii. 112.
+
+  Saxon language, iii. 307.
+
+  Saxons, iii. 112.
+
+  Saxony, Elector of, ii. 68.
+
+  Scaevola, i. xxxvi, 62;
+          ii. 124;
+         iii. 79.
+
+  Scaliger (J. C. and J. J.), _passim_.
+
+  Scallops, iii. 534.
+
+  Scamler (Edm.), Bp., iii. 399, 409.
+
+  Scammony, i. 275, 349;
+      ii. 197.
+
+  Scanderberg, iii. 437.
+
+  Scape-goat, i. 262.
+
+  Scarborough (Dr.), iii. 515.
+
+  Scarlet tincture, iii. 259.
+
+  Scepticism, i. 148.
+
+  Sceptics, i. 77, 99.
+
+  Schlusselberg, iii. 72.
+
+  Scholars, i. 89, 90.
+
+  Schoolman, i. 125.
+
+  Scipio, i. 297.
+
+  Sclavonia, ii. 396.
+
+  Schoneveld, iii. 173, 529, 531-2.
+
+  Sciatica, iii. 2.
+
+  Scolopax, iii. 530.
+
+  Scolopendrae, ii. 22, 25;
+              iii. 528.
+
+  Scombri, ii. 358.
+
+  Scorpion, i. 83, 166, 301, 305.
+
+  Scorpius (constellation), i. 106;
+                           ii. 189.
+
+  ---- marinus, i. 320.
+
+  Scortia (Baptista), ii. 354.
+
+  Scotchmen, i. 90.
+
+  Scrape (fish), iii. 528.
+
+  Scribonius Largus, i. 156;
+                   iii. 111, 264, 301.
+
+  Scythia, ii. 332, 335.
+
+  Scythian language, iii. 313.
+
+  Scythians, ii. 280, 286;
+            iii. 101, 309.
+
+  Sea, i. 24, 163.
+
+  ---- bansticle, iii. 533.
+
+  ---- calf, iii. 527.
+
+  ---- cole, i. 257.
+
+  ---- dug, iii. 536.
+
+  ---- hedgehog, iii. 535.
+
+  ---- horse, i. 256;
+             ii. 70, 74.
+
+  ---- leech, iii. 536.
+
+  ---- loch, iii. 531.
+
+  ---- louse, iii. 535.
+
+  ---- Miller's Thumb, iii. 531.
+
+  ---- serpent, ii. 74.
+
+  ---- stars, iii. 535.
+
+  ---- swallow, i. 351, 515.
+
+  ---- tortoises, ii. 60.
+
+  ---- woodcock, iii. 530.
+
+  ---- wolf, iii. 529.
+
+  Seal (animal), iii. 527.
+
+  ---- skin, i. 298.
+
+  Seasons, ii. 300, 314, 318.
+
+  Sebund (Raymond), i. 164.
+
+  Securidaca, i. 297.
+
+  Seed, i. 301.
+
+  ---- (human), i. 204.
+
+  Seed-time, ii. 306.
+
+  Selenus, i. 253.
+
+  Seleucus, iii. 229, 329.
+
+  Self-love, i. 92.
+
+  Selimus, ii. 354.
+
+  Sem, iii. 15.
+
+  Semenda, ii. 6.
+
+  Semiramis, i. 321;
+            ii. 324-5, 332, 336;
+           iii. 148.
+
+  Sempronius (Gygas), ii. 91.
+
+  Senaga, ii. 369.
+
+  Seneca, i. xi, xiv, xix, xliv-xlv, liv, 33, 67, 107, 174, 202,
+             219, 274, 288, 298, 356-7, 359, 366.
+
+  Senesinus, iii. 538.
+
+  Senna, i. 165, 349;
+        ii. 197.
+
+  Sennertus, i. 203, 247, 278.
+
+  Septalius (Manfred), iii. 75.
+
+  Septuagint, ii. 293.
+
+  Serapion, i. 171, 242, 284, 304;
+          iii. 2.
+
+  Serapis, i. 243;
+         iii. 152.
+
+  Serbonis, iii. 53.
+
+  Sergius II., iii. 60, 61.
+
+  Serpent, i. xxi, 18, 33, 122-3, 129, 166, 299, 309, 314, 332, 337;
+          ii. 13, 22, 24, 81;
+         iii. 527.
+
+  ---- (Bibl.), ii. 209.
+
+  ---- (Brazen), i. 32.
+
+  Serpents' teeth, i. 289.
+
+  Serpoile, ii. 35.
+
+  Sertorius, ii. 218-19;
+            iii. 79.
+
+  Serverius (Pope), iii. 66.
+
+  Servius, i. 141;
+          ii. 234, 254, 306.
+
+  Sesamum, iii. 238.
+
+  Sesostris, ii. 5, 361.
+
+  Seth, Sethians, i. 192;
+                 ii. 77, 82;
+                iii. 9, 23.
+
+  Seven, ii. 160-1.
+
+  Severinus (Aurelius), ii. 28, 35.
+
+  Severus, Emperor, ii. 279;
+                   iii. 105, 106, 120, 468.
+
+  Seville, i. 175
+
+  Sextius, physician, ii. 19.
+
+  Sferra Cavallo, i. 297.
+
+  Sforzino (F.), iii. 300.
+
+  Shark, iii. 528.
+
+  Shearwater, iii. 516.
+
+  Sheba, ii. 381-2.
+
+  ---- Queen of, iii. 26.
+
+  Sheep, i. 289, 312, 341;
+        ii. 80.
+
+  ---- rot, i. 306
+
+  Sheldrake, iii. 516.
+
+  Shell, ii. 107-8.
+
+  Shepherds, i. 306
+
+  Sheringham, iii. 534.
+
+  Shew-bread, iii. 163.
+
+  Shilo, ii. 299.
+
+  Shinar, i. 37;
+        iii. 18.
+
+  Shittah tree, iii. 224.
+
+  Shoeing-horn, iii. 522.
+
+  Shovelards, iii. 51, 516.
+
+  Showers of wheat, i. 303.
+
+  Shrew, ii. 44.
+
+  Shrimp, ii. 41,
+
+  Siberis, ii. 375.
+
+  Sibyl, i. 64;
+        ii. 233.
+
+  _Sicilitium_, iii. 258.
+
+  Sicily, ii. 333, 373.
+
+  Sicyonians, ii. 332.
+
+  Sidonians, ii. 381, 383.
+
+  Sidonius, iii. 109, 468.
+
+  Sigismund, i. xxxvii;
+            ii. 395.
+
+  Sigma, ii. 216.
+
+  Signor, Grand, ii. 362.
+
+  Sigonius (C.), i. 332;
+                ii. 144.
+
+  Silence, ii. 266-7;
+          iii. 498.
+
+  _Siler montanum_, i. 263.
+
+  Silhon (de), i. xxxv.
+
+  Siliqua, iii. 226.
+
+  Silkworms, i. 58, 336;
+            ii. 11.
+
+  Silly-how, ii. 272.
+
+  Silver, i. 239, 240, 255.
+
+  ---- foliate, i. 257.
+
+  Silvester II., Pope, i. xv.
+
+  Simeon, ii. 82.
+
+  Simocrates, i. 155.
+
+  Simples, i. 157, 165.
+
+  Simplicius, i. 335;
+             ii. 287.
+
+  Simulation, iii. 500.
+
+  Sin, i. 60, 61, 77.
+
+  Sinai, ii. 347.
+
+  Sinites, ii. 383.
+
+  Sinon, i. 156.
+
+  Sion, ii. 325.
+
+  Sirius, ii. 183.
+
+  Sisyphus, i. 310.
+
+  Sitomagus, iii. 107.
+
+  Six, ii. 121.
+
+  Sixtus V., ii. 245.
+
+  Sixty-three, ii. 160.
+
+  Skate, i. 333;
+        ii. 75;
+       iii. 533.
+
+  Skerewyng (Roger), Bp., iii. 408, 410.
+
+  Sleep, i. 105-7, 187;
+       iii. 380.
+
+  Sleswick, iii. 112-13.
+
+  Sloe, ii. 394.
+
+  Slow-worm, ii. 31, 45.
+
+  Smallage, iii. 296.
+
+  Small-coal, i. 271-2, 274, 276.
+
+  Small-pox, iii. 378.
+
+  Smelt, iii. 531.
+
+  Smiths' cinders, i. 239.
+
+  Smoke, ii. 267.
+
+  Smyris, i. 239.
+
+  Snails, i. xlix, 83;
+         ii. 14-15, 19, 48, 61.
+
+  Snake, i. 306;
+        ii. 61, 105, 107;
+       iii. 179.
+
+  Sneezing, ii. 144.
+
+  Snellius, ii. 273.
+
+  Snipe, ii. 115.
+
+  Snow, i. 108, 163, 199, 202, 205, 211, 214.
+
+  Soap, i. 261.
+
+  Socrates, i. xxxvii, 41, 99, 185, 217;
+      iii. 127.
+
+  Sodom, i. xxviii, 32;
+       iii. 52, 326, 330, 372.
+
+  ---- lake of, iii. 56.
+
+  Sogdiana, iii. 62.
+
+  Sole, iii. 533.
+
+  Solel, i. 304.
+
+  Solinus (J.), i. xlix, 155, 173, 203, 235, 262-3, 278, 308, 321,
+                   328, 330, 332;
+               ii. 1, 50, 67, 81, 131, 137, 155, 202, 234,
+                   329. 363-4;
+              iii. 45.
+
+  Solitude, i. 104.
+
+  Solomon, i. 21, 24, 38, 79, 80, 99, 111, 179, 190, 230;
+          ii. 47, 345;
+         iii. 21, 77.
+
+  Solon, ii. 172-3;
+        iii. 48.
+
+  Solstice, i. 44;
+           ii. 309, 310.
+
+  Solyman, iii. 480.
+
+  Soot, ii. 388.
+
+  Soothsayers, i. 146.
+
+  Soothsaying, i. 137.
+
+  Sophocles, ii. 221.
+
+  Sorceries, i. 46.
+
+  Sorites, i. 30.
+
+  _Sortes_, ii. 279.
+
+  Soul of Man, i. 70.
+
+  Southampton, iii. 412.
+
+  Southcreek, iii. 106.
+
+  Southwell (Sir F.), iii. 400.
+
+  Sow, ii. 81.
+
+  Sow-thistles, ii. 102.
+
+  Sozomen, ii. 359.
+
+  Spadoes, i. 342.
+
+  Spain, i. 226, 228, 239, 280;
+        ii. 59, 149, 305, 334-5, 339, 341, 373, 397.
+
+  Spaniards, i. 83, 90;
+           iii. 310.
+
+  Spanish mares, i. 321.
+
+  Sparrow, i. 317, 341;
+          ii. 115.
+
+  ---- (Anth.), Bp., iii. 413.
+
+  ---- (fish), ii. 274.
+
+  Sparrow-camel, ii. 62.
+
+  Sparrow-hawk, iii. 292.
+
+  Spartans, i. 188;
+           ii. 80;
+          iii. 78, 338.
+
+  Spartianus, ii. 239, 273.
+
+  Speedwell, i. 304.
+
+  Spelman, iii. 321.
+
+  Spelta, iii. 232.
+
+  Spencer (Henry), Bp., iii. 406, 410, 425.
+
+  ---- (Chancellor), iii. 425.
+
+  ---- (Miles), iii. 397.
+
+  Spendlow (Mr.), iii. 403.
+
+  Sperma Coeti, i. 215;
+               ii. 85.
+
+  Sphere (Eighth), i. 160.
+
+  Sphinx, ii. 1.
+
+  Spider, i. 24, 300-1, 327;
+         ii. 46, 95, 99;
+        iii. 56.
+
+  ---- (Phalangium), ii. 249.
+
+  ---- (Retiary), ii. 255;
+      iii. 159, 177.
+
+  Spigelius, ii. 16, 273;
+      iii. 4.
+
+  _Spina_, iii. 223.
+
+  Spintrian, i. li, 97.
+
+  Spirito Santo, ii. 355.
+
+  ---- ---- river, ii. 374.
+
+  Spirits, i. 45, 200.
+
+  ---- (apparition), ii. 278.
+
+  Sponge, i. 265, 270.
+
+  Sprat, iii. 532.
+
+  Spring, i. xxix, 35;
+         ii. 300-3.
+
+  Spruceland, i. 247.
+
+  Spunk, i. 274.
+
+  Spurge, i. 305.
+
+  Squalder, iii. 532, 535-6.
+
+  Square, i. 162.
+
+  Squirrel, i. 312;
+           ii. 123, 377.
+
+  Stables, i. 271.
+
+  Stacte, iii. 225.
+
+  Stampalia, ii. 324.
+
+  Stanticle, iii. 538.
+
+  Stapleton (Sir R.), iii. 64.
+
+  Star (North), i. 166.
+
+  Star, Stars, i. 133, 193, 197, 230;
+              ii. 163-4.
+
+  Stare, iii. 70.
+
+  Starkatterus, iii. 112.
+
+  Starling, iii. 524.
+
+  Statira, iii. 68.
+
+  Statists, i. 139.
+
+  Statius, ii. 130.
+
+  Staurobates, ii. 336.
+
+  Stavesaker, iii. 296.
+
+  Steel, i. 208, 214, 219, 223, 231, 262.
+
+  Steganography, i. 253.
+
+  Stephanus, i. 169.
+
+  Stephens (    ), iii. 438.
+
+  _Sternophthalmi_, ii. 47.
+
+  Steuchus (A.), i. xxii;
+                ii. 210;
+               iii. 5.
+
+  Stews, ii. 397.
+
+  Stibadion, ii. 216.
+
+  Stibium, i. 209, 255, 269.
+
+  Stiffskay, iii. 534.
+
+  Sting-fish, iii. 531.
+
+  Stint, iii. 519.
+
+  Stirrops, ii. 238.
+
+  Stobaeus, ii. 51;
+      iii. 150.
+
+  Stode, i. liv.
+
+  Stoics, i. xxvi, 77, 99, 186.
+
+  Stone (disease), i. 167, 210, 212, 261, 263-4;
+                 iii. 379, 381.
+
+  ---- (hollow), ii. 282.
+
+  ---- (philosophers'), i. 230.
+
+  Stones, i. 206.
+
+  ---- (precious), i. 69;
+                 iii. 220.
+
+  Storax, i. 206.
+
+  Stork, i. 337;
+        ii. 81, 92, 202;
+       iii. 70, 251, 515.
+
+  Stow (John), iii. 421.
+
+  Strabo, i. xxviii, xlviii, 78, 156, 170, 308;
+         ii. 156, 165, 236, 287, 334-5, 348, 350, 356, 364-6, 369, 375,
+             378, 397;
+        iii. 45, 53, 55, 77.
+
+  Strada (Famianus), i. 252.
+
+  Strangers, ii. 278.
+
+  Strangulation, i. 304.
+
+  Stratiotes, iii. 167.
+
+  Strebaeus, iii. 150.
+
+  Stubble, iii. 234.
+
+  Sturgeon, iii. 528.
+
+  Sturmius (J.), ii. 175.
+
+  Styrax Liquida, i. 255.
+
+  Styx, i. 298.
+
+  Suama, ii. 355, 374.
+
+  Suarez, i. xxiii, 24.
+
+  Sub-reformists, i. 79.
+
+  Succory, iii. 274.
+
+  Sueno, iii. 107.
+
+  Sueons, iii. 111-12.
+
+  Suetonius, i. xxxiii, l, li, 172, 310;
+            ii. 21, 180, 217, 240;
+           iii. 26, 39.
+
+  Suez, ii. 362, 365.
+
+  Suffolk, i. 297;
+         iii. 516.
+
+  Sugar, i. 205, 207, 270.
+
+  Suidas, ii. 174, 234, 254, 365-6;
+         iii. 28, 43, 65.
+
+  Sulphur, i. 231, 240, 255, 261, 272, 276;
+          ii. 367, 388-9.
+
+  ---- Vive, i. 271, 276.
+
+  Summer, i. xxix. 35;
+      ii. 303.
+
+  Sun, i. 48, 133, 162, 179, 194, 197, 258;
+      ii. 4, 7, 271, 283, 313, 372-3, 399.
+
+  Sun-flowers, iii. 168.
+
+  Sunshine, i. 79.
+
+  Sundevogis (Michael), i. 240.
+
+  Superlatives, ii. 354.
+
+  Superstition, i. 9, 142;
+               ii. 265.
+
+  Supinity, i. 140, 147.
+
+  Supporters (heraldic), ii. 254.
+
+  Surgeons, iii. 219.
+
+  Surius, iii. 116.
+
+  Surlingham Ferry, iii. 527.
+
+  Susanna, iii. 262.
+
+  Susians, ii. 332.
+
+  Suthfield (Walter de), Bp., iii. 410.
+
+  Sutton Hospital, iii. 407.
+
+  Swallows, i. 142, 317;
+           ii. 277.
+
+  ---- (sea), i. 351.
+
+  Swan, ii. 89, 370;
+       iii. 514.
+
+  Swickardus, i. 247.
+
+  Swift (lizard), iii. 538.
+
+  Swimming, ii. 134.
+
+  Swine, i. 313;
+        ii. 80, 324.
+
+  Swords, i. 44.
+
+  Swordfish, i. 256;
+            ii. 69;
+           iii. 528.
+
+  Sycomore, iii. 2, 243-5.
+
+  Sylla (Cornelius), iii. 99, 100, 143.
+
+  Syllogism, i. 134.
+
+  Sylvius (F.), ii. 175;
+               iii. 67.
+
+  Symmachus, i. 192;
+            ii. 157, 293;
+           iii. 288, 294.
+
+  Symmetry, ii. 386.
+
+  Symphorianus (C.), iii. 274.
+
+  Synesius, iii. 76.
+
+  Syrach, iii. 15.
+
+  Syracides, iii. 14.
+
+  Syracusia, iii. 77.
+
+  Syrens, ii. 89, 253.
+
+  Syrens' song, iii. 137.
+
+  Syria, ii. 280;
+      iii. 274.
+
+  Syrians, ii. 80-1, 396.
+
+  Syrups, i. 258.
+
+
+  T, i. xlix, 89.
+
+  Tables (Twelve), iii. 500.
+
+  Taciturnity, iii. 498.
+
+  Tacitus, i. xlii, xlvii, 101;
+          ii. 5, 81, 238. 348, 3971;
+         iii. 111-12.
+
+  ---- Emperor, iii. 433.
+
+  Tadpole, ii. 17, 18, 380.
+
+  Tainct, ii. 98.
+
+  Talc, Talcum, i. 255-6.
+
+  Taliacotius, i. 252, 347.
+
+  Tamarind, ii. 197.
+
+  Tamarisk, iii. 223.
+
+  Tammarice, iii. 223.
+
+  Tamerlane, iii. 62.
+
+  Tanais, ii. 332, 350.
+
+  Tantalus, i. 310.
+
+  Taprobana, i. 231.
+
+  Tarantula, ii. 106.
+
+  Tardiffe, iii. 300.
+
+  Targum, i. 285;
+        iii. 155.
+
+  Tarquinius Priscus, i. xlix, 143.
+
+  Tarranta (Valescus de), i. 286.
+
+  Tarsus, iii. 77.
+
+  Tartar, i. 204, 206;
+      ii. 394.
+
+  Tartar, oil of, i. 277.
+
+  ---- salt of, i. 270.
+
+  Tartaretus, i. 35.
+
+  Tartars, ii. 83, 354;
+          iii. 347.
+
+  Tartarus, iii. 131.
+
+  Tartary, ii. 21, 106, 190, 396.
+
+  ---- Emperor of, ii. 21.
+
+  Tau, iii. 151.
+
+  Taurus, i. 158;
+        iii. 165.
+
+  ---- ship, i. 339.
+
+  ---- (constellation), ii. 256, 303.
+
+  Tavern-music, i. 101.
+
+  Teale, iii. 517.
+
+  Tear-bottles, iii. 115.
+
+  Teazel, iii. 167.
+
+  Teeth, iii. 377.
+
+  Tekel, i. xvi.
+
+  Telesin, iii. 310.
+
+  Tempest, i. 284.
+
+  Tenapha, iii. 152.
+
+  Tenby, ii. 390.
+
+  Tench, iii. 537.
+
+  Teneriffe, ii. 355, 357.
+
+  Tenison (T.), iii. 217.
+
+  Tenth wave and egg, iii. 66-7.
+
+  _Terebinthus_, iii. 241.
+
+  Tereus, iii. 52, 291.
+
+  Terra Lemnia, i. 235.
+
+  Terrella, i. 225.
+
+  Tertullian, i. xix, xxxvii, 16;
+             ii. 4, 5, 8, 289, 298;
+            iii. 53.
+
+  Testicles, i. 142, 321-6.
+
+  Tetragrammaton, i. 190;
+                 ii. 233.
+
+  Tetricus, iii. 107, 433.
+
+  Tetter, iii. 159.
+
+  +Theta+, iii. 138.
+
+  Thales, i. xx, 159, 217;
+      ii. 163.
+
+  Thalmudist, i. 125.
+
+  Thames, ii. 90;
+         iii. 514.
+
+  Thargum, i. 123.
+
+  Thebes, ii. 162, 332;
+         iii. 77.
+
+  Themison, ii. 201.
+
+  Themistocles, i. 107;
+               ii. 147;
+              iii. 480.
+
+  Theocritus, i. 156, 338-9;
+             ii. 146.
+
+  Theodoret, i. xxxi, xli;
+            ii. 295;
+           iii. 40.
+
+  Theodoric, iii. 120, 288.
+
+  Theodorus, ii. 358.
+
+  Theodosius, i. 180;
+      ii. 293, 359;
+      iii. 294, 320.
+
+  Theodotian, ii. 157.
+
+  Theodoius, i. 192.
+
+  Theon, i. 344.
+
+  Theophanes, ii. 290.
+
+  Theophilus, Antioch., ii. 290.
+
+  Theophrastus, i. xliii, 259. 291, 345;
+               ii. 26, 30, 59, 148;
+              iii. 153, 243, 248.
+
+  Theophylact, ii. 221-2.
+
+  Thermometer, ii. 193.
+
+  Thersites, ii. 385;
+      iii. 139.
+
+  Theseus, iii. 89.
+
+  Thessalians, i. 141;
+              ii. 81, 92.
+
+  Thetford, iii. 107, 405, 519, 520.
+
+  ---- Cluniacs, iii. 405.
+
+  Thetis, ii. 78.
+
+  Theudas, i. 137.
+
+  Thevet (A.), ii. 67;
+      iii. 53.
+
+  Thievery, i. 249.
+
+  Thieves, i. 167.
+
+  Thirlby (Tho.), Bp., iii. 411.
+
+  Tholouse, i. 164.
+
+  Thomas Aquinas, i. xlv, 234;
+                 ii. 37.
+
+  ---- (St.), i. 191.
+
+  ---- (Will.), i. xlviii.
+
+  Thora, i. 290.
+
+  Thornbacks, i. 333;
+             ii. 75;
+            iii. 533.
+
+  Thorpe, iii. 108.
+
+  Thrace, iii. 248.
+
+  Throats, sore, i. 304.
+
+  Thrushes, i. 293-4.
+
+  Thuanus, i. xvi, 282;
+         iii. 300.
+
+  Thucydides, i. 142, 168-9;
+             ii. 321, 336;
+            iii. 45, 122.
+
+  Thunder, i. 273, 298.
+
+  Thunderstorm (Norwich, 1665), iii. 548.
+
+  Thunni, ii. 358.
+
+  Thursford, iii. 419.
+
+  Thyme, i. 307.
+
+  Thymelaea, i. 246.
+
+  Tiberius, i. li, 266, 298;
+          iii. 118, 137.
+
+  Tibullus, iii. 135.
+
+  Tides, iii. 47.
+
+  Tiffinies, ii. 389.
+
+  Tiger, i. 36;
+        ii. 41, 83, 107, 370.
+
+  Tigris, ii. 365.
+
+  Tiles, i. 221;
+       iii. 114.
+
+  Time, iii. 138.
+
+  Timon, i. 13.
+
+  Timotheus de Insulis, i. 155.
+
+  Tin, i. 155, 261.
+
+  Tinder, i. 272, 274.
+
+  Tiresias, ii. 34;
+           iii. 131.
+
+  Tithymallus, ii. 197.
+
+  Titius, i. 310.
+
+  Titus (Emperor), ii. 149.
+
+  Toad, i. 26, 83, 335-6;
+       ii. 13, 29, 45, 60, 95.
+
+  Toad-stone, ii. 13.
+
+  Toad-stools, i. xlix, 83;
+              ii. 102.
+
+  Tobacco, iii. 237.
+
+  Tobias, i. 189, 320.
+
+  Tobit, i. 197.
+
+  Toledo, ii. 305.
+
+  Toll, i. 95.
+
+  Tomineio, ii. 355;
+           iii. 283, 540.
+
+  Tongs, i. 221.
+
+  Tonumbeus, ii. 354.
+
+  Tooth (Golden), ii. 138.
+
+  Topaz, i. 214, 285.
+
+  Torpedo, i. 334, 349;
+          ii. 74, 100.
+
+  Tortoise, ii. 14, 20;
+           iii. 76.
+
+  ---- (sea), ii. 61.
+
+  Tortoise-shell, i. 256.
+
+  Tostatus, i. 166;
+           ii. 212.
+
+  Touchstone, i. 256.
+
+  Touchwood, i. 274.
+
+  Tournai, iii. 110.
+
+  Townshend (Sir Horatio), iii. 90.
+
+  Tragacanth, i. 205.
+
+  Trajan, i. 172;
+        iii. 106, 120.
+
+  Trallianus, i. 171.
+
+  Transmigration, i. 186.
+
+  Trapezuntius (Georgius), iii. 30.
+
+  Travellers, i. 338.
+
+  Tree of Knowledge, i. 123-5, 128.
+
+  Tree of Life, i. 126.
+
+  Trees, i. 261, 302.
+
+  Tremellius, i. 215, 337;
+             ii. 2, 8, 45, 157, 241, 254, 275, 347;
+            iii. 15, 265.
+
+  Trent, i. 11, 328;
+        ii. 63.
+
+  ---- River, iii. 48.
+
+  Triangle, i. 162.
+
+  Triarii, iii. 161.
+
+  Tribes of Israel, ii. 229-31.
+
+  ---- (lost), ii. 149.
+
+  Tribonianus, iii. 436.
+
+  Tribute money, iii. 287.
+
+  Tricarina, i. 158.
+
+  Tricassus, ii. 276.
+
+  Triclinium, i. 311;
+             ii. 218.
+
+  Trimley, iii. 516.
+
+  Trinity, i. 192.
+
+  _Trinum Magicum_, i. 176.
+
+  Trismegistus, i. 128;
+              iii. 11, 206, 468, 483.
+
+  Trithemius, i. 253.
+
+  Tritons, ii. 254.
+
+  Triumvirates, i. xxvii.
+
+  Troas, iii. 326.
+
+  Trogus Pompeius, i. 155;
+                  ii. 321.
+
+  _Trophaeum_, ii. 2.
+
+  Tropics, ii. 303.
+
+  Trout, iii. 537.
+
+  Trowse, iii. 401, 536.
+
+  Troy, i. 250;
+       ii. 332.
+
+  Tubal, ii. 334.
+
+  Tubal-Cain, iii. 220.
+
+  Tulip, ii. 368.
+
+  Tulip-fly, iii. 174.
+
+  Tulipists, iii. 95.
+
+  Tullia, ii. 57.
+
+  Tumbler, ii. 124.
+
+  Tunis, i. 278.
+
+  Tunny, ii. 187.
+
+  Turbot, iii. 533.
+
+  Turbus (William), Bp., iii. 405.
+
+  _Turdus sibi malum_, i. 294.
+
+  Turkey, ii. 92, 397.
+
+  Turkeys, i. 320;
+          ii. 64.
+
+  Turkish Hymn, iii. 302.
+
+  Turks, i. 37, 40;
+        ii. 6, 280.
+
+  Turnebus, i. 230;
+           ii. 266.
+
+  Turonensis. _See_ Gregorius.
+
+  Turpentine, i. 205, 209, 255.
+
+  Turpentine-tree, iii. 79, 241, 261.
+
+  Turquoise, i. 214.
+
+  Tuscans, i. 194.
+
+  Tuscan Sea, i. 242.
+
+  Twilight, ii. 301.
+
+  Twine (Th.), iii. 113, 325.
+
+  Tyre, iii. 220, 552.
+
+  Tzetzes (J.), i. 174, 250;
+               ii. 148, 259.
+
+  Typographers, i. xxxv, 39.
+
+  Typography, i. 230-1. _See_ Printing.
+
+
+  Ulfketel, iii. 107.
+
+  Ulmus, iii. 376.
+
+  Ulysses, i. 230, 236;
+          ii. 253, 279;
+         iii. 113, 131, 132.
+
+  ---- his dog, i. 343.
+
+  Umbra, ii. 218.
+
+  Uncircumcised fruit, iii. 263.
+
+  Unguentum Armarium, i. 253.
+
+  Unguinus, iii. 112.
+
+  _Unguis Odoratus_, iii. 225.
+
+  Unicorn,  i. 165;
+           ii. 67, 73;
+          iii. 253.
+
+  ---- horn, i. 256;
+            ii. 66.
+
+  ---- (sea), ii. 68.
+
+  Universities, i. 135, 146, 151.
+
+  Upsala, i. 241.
+
+  Upupa, iii. 290.
+
+  _Uranoscopus_, ii. 112.
+
+  Urbin. _See_ Raphael.
+
+  Urias Bellanii, ii. 111.
+
+  Urinals, i. lv, 108.
+
+  Urine, i. 116, 209, 261, 264, 284;
+        ii. 13.
+
+  Urns, iii. 430-7.
+
+  URN-BURIAL, iii. 97.
+
+  Uroscopy, i. 116.
+
+  Ursa Major, ii, 342.
+
+  Urspergensis, ii. 321.
+
+  _Utinam_, i. 39, 184.
+
+  Utopia, ii. 7.
+
+  Utyches, i. 192.
+
+  Uzziah, i. 337.
+
+
+  Valens, iii. 106.
+
+  Valentinianus, ii. 239.
+
+  Valentinus, i. 191-2.
+
+  Valla (L.), iii. 74, 122.
+
+  Varro (M.), ii. 172, 180, 233, 305, 320, 344;
+             iii. 150, 153, 248, 258.
+
+  Vartomannus, ii. 67, 255.
+
+  Varus, iii. 323.
+
+  Vashti, iii. 149.
+
+  Vatablus, ii. 157.
+
+  Vaucluse, iii. 320.
+
+  Vegetables, i. 285.
+
+  Vegetius, ii. 240.
+
+  Veientes, iii. 75.
+
+  Veiento, ii. 222.
+
+  Venereal disease, ii, 378;
+                   iii. 259.
+
+  Venetus (Georgius), iii. 20.
+
+  Venice, i. xviii, 11;
+         ii. 21;
+        iii. 46-7, 348.
+
+  ---- Doge of, i. xlviii, 77.
+
+  ---- glass, i. 209;
+      iii. 69.
+
+  ---- Piazza, i. 138.
+
+  Venice, St. Mark's, ii. 68.
+
+  Venison, i. 344.
+
+  Venta, iii. 107,
+
+  Venus, i. 247, 319;
+        ii. 267-8;
+       iii. 2, 4, 152.
+
+  Verdigris, ii. 392.
+
+  Vergil, i. xv, xviii, xxix, 156, 293, 338;
+         ii. 3, 164, 234, 240, 279, 306;
+        iii. 132, 153, 261, 292, 323.
+
+  ---- (Polydore), i. 311;
+                  ii. 238, 251, 396;
+                 iii. 378.
+
+  Verona, i. 172;
+        iii. 434.
+
+  Verstegan, iii. 310.
+
+  Verus (Lucius), emperor, ii. 217.
+
+  Vervain, iii. 282.
+
+  Vespasian, i. 172, 199;
+            ii. 88, 149, 222;
+           iii. 53, 105-6, 434, 552.
+
+  Veterinarians, i. 314.
+
+  Via Appia, iii. 226.
+
+  Vibius, i. xlix.
+
+  Vice, i. 60, 77, 91, 154.
+
+  Vicissitude, iii. 497.
+
+  Vicomercatus, i. 298;
+              iii. 44.
+
+  Victorinus Posthumius, iii. 106.
+
+  Victorius (Petrus), ii. 236, 238-9, 257, 267.
+
+  Vida, ii. 248.
+
+  Vienna, iii. 350.
+
+  ---- Library, ii. 262.
+
+  Viginerus, iii. 431.
+
+  Vincentius, ii. 24.
+
+  ---- Belluacensis, i. 176.
+
+  ---- Camerinus, ii. 28.
+
+  Vine, iii, 240.
+
+  Vinegar, i. 231, 237, 276;
+         iii. 74.
+
+  Viol, iii. 80.
+
+  Violet (white), i. 296.
+
+  Viper, i. 83, 174, 179, 301, 337;
+        ii. 26, 45, 105, 256.
+
+  Virginity, i. 138.
+
+  Virgo, ii. 191.
+
+  Virtue, i. 67, 77, 91.
+
+  _Virtute nil praestantius_, i. 160.
+
+  Viscus Arboreus, i. 293.
+
+  Vitello, i. 335.
+
+  Vitex, i. 171.
+
+  Vitrification, i. 72, 209.
+
+  Vitriol, i. 204, 206, 221, 232, 257, 392-3.
+
+  Vitruvius, iii. 150.
+
+  Vives, ii. 21.
+
+  Vizzanius (E.), ii. 51.
+
+  Volaterranus, iii. 65.
+
+  Volupia, iii. 466.
+
+  Volusianus, iii. 436.
+
+  Vomit, i. 305.
+
+  Voragine (J. de), ii. 249.
+
+  Vossius (I.), i. 243;
+               ii. 230, 293.
+
+  Vulcan, ii. 133, 138;
+         iii. 147, 158-9.
+
+  Vulteius, iii. 385.
+
+  Vulture, ii. 259.
+
+
+  Wakering (John), Bp., iii. 402.
+
+  Wales, boats, i. 240.
+
+  Wallachia, ii. 396.
+
+  Walnut, ii. 393.
+
+  Walpole (Ralph de), Bp., iii. 411.
+
+  Walsingham, iii. 419, 430.
+
+  ---- (old), iii. 104, 105.
+
+  Wandering Jew, iii. 71.
+
+  Wanton or Walton (Simon de), Bp., iii. 410.
+
+  War, i. 300-1.
+
+  Ware, co. Herts, iii. 163.
+
+  Wart, ii. 282.
+
+  Wasp, ii. 29.
+
+  Water, i. 306;
+        ii. 58;
+       iii. 198.
+
+  ---- (Holy), i. 190.
+
+  Water-beetle, iii. 538.
+
+  Water-rat, ii. 44.
+
+  Wave (tenth), iii. 66.
+
+  Waveney, iii. 536.
+
+  Wax, i. 255-7, 260, 276.
+
+  Wealth, iii. 389.
+
+  Weasel, i. 167.
+
+  Weather-cocks, i. 348.
+
+  Wecker, i. 247.
+
+  Weight, ii. 138.
+
+  Welts, co. Norfolk, ii. 85;
+                     iii. 527.
+
+  Wendlerus, i. 268.
+
+  Wesell ling, iii. 529.
+
+  West, ii. 338.
+
+  Westhall, iii. 420.
+
+  Westminster Abbey, iii. 411.
+
+  Westphalia, iii. 298.
+
+  Wether, African, iii. 78.
+
+  Whales, i. 24, 215;
+         ii. 255.
+
+  ---- (Spermaceti), ii. 85;
+                    iii. 183, 527.
+
+  Wheat, i. 260, 303;
+        ii. 102.
+
+  Whelks, iii. 534.
+
+  Whelp, ii. 94, 138, 359;
+        iii. 265.
+
+  Whin bird, iii. 524.
+
+  White, i, xx, xxii.
+
+  ---- (Francis), Bp., iii. 412.
+
+  Whitefoot (John), iii. 412.
+
+  White-thorn, i. 293.
+
+  Whitherley (Thomas), iii. 105.
+
+  Whiting, ii. 84;
+      iii. 532.
+
+  Whores, i. 171.
+
+  Wicklewood, iii. 409.
+
+  Willoughby (Francis), iii. 541.
+
+  Willow, i. 271, 274;
+        iii. 274.
+
+  Winclerus, iii. 24.
+
+  Wind, i. 348-9;
+       ii. 272.
+
+  ---- (west), ii. 59.
+
+  Wind-guns, i. 275.
+
+  Windham (Sir T.), iii. 403.
+
+  Windows, i. 222.
+
+  Windsor, ii. 70.
+
+  Wine, i. 146, 204, 298, 306;
+      iii. 60.
+
+  ---- (spirits of), i. 205, 207, 209, 257, 260.
+
+  Winter, ii. 303.
+
+  Witchcraft, ii. 265.
+
+  Witches, i. 45, 314.
+
+  Withred, iii. 321.
+
+  Wolf, i. 338.
+
+  Wolf-skin, i. 174.
+
+  Woman, i. 100.
+
+  Wood, i. 256.
+
+  Woodcock, ii. 115.
+
+  Woodpecker, i. 300;
+            iii. 520.
+
+  Woodsear, ii. 208.
+
+  Wool-comber, ii. 87.
+
+  Worcester Cathedral, iii. 411.
+
+  Worm, i. 309;
+       ii. 25, 97.
+
+  Wormius (Olaus), ii. 270;
+                  iii. 113, 323, 531.
+
+  Worthies, ii. 237.
+
+  Wounds, i. 250.
+
+  Wren, ii. 355.
+
+  ---- (Matthew), Bp., iii. 412.
+
+  Wright (John), iii. 397.
+
+  Writing-dust, i. 239.
+
+  Wyvern, ii. 259.
+
+
+  X, ii. 256;
+    iii. 201-2.
+
+  ---- (Chi), iii. 150.
+
+  Xanthus river, ii. 366.
+
+  Xenocrates, ii. 174.
+
+  Xenophanes, i. 199, 217.
+
+  Xenophon, ii. 180, 320-1, 329;
+           iii. 149, 150.
+
+  Xerisanus, ii. 248.
+
+  Xerxes, ii. 147, 326;
+         iii. 74-5.
+
+  Xilander, i. 170.
+
+  Xiphilinus, i. 310.
+
+
+  Y, ii. 256.
+
+  Yarmouth, iii. 107, 432, 515, 527-9, 535, 544.
+
+  ---- St. Nicholas, iii. 405.
+
+  Yarwhelp, iii. 522.
+
+  Yaxley, iii, 404.
+
+  Year, ii. 160-83, 359.
+
+  ---- (commencement), ii. 181-2.
+
+  Yew, i. 306;
+     iii. 129.
+
+  Youth, i. 246;
+       iii. 487.
+
+
+  Zacheus, iii. 2, 79, 244-5.
+
+  Zaire, ii. 355, 374.
+
+  Zamberius (P.), ii. 262.
+
+  Zanzibar, ii. 374.
+
+  Zeboim, iii. 326.
+
+  Zeilan, i. 246, 292.
+
+  Zemerites, ii. 383.
+
+  Zeno (Sidonius?), i. xlv, 62, 149;
+                  iii. 78, 393, 453.
+
+  Zerah, ii. 382.
+
+  Zerubabel, ii. 149.
+
+  Zibavius, ii. 59.
+
+  Zibeta Occidentalis, i. 239.
+
+  Zizania, iii. 276-9.
+
+  Zodiack, ii. 283, 300, 398.
+
+  Zoilism, iii. 467.
+
+  Zonaras, iii. 65.
+
+  Zone (Torrid), i. 160.
+
+  Zoroaster, i. xxxiii, 38, 198;
+           iii. 148.
+
+  Zur, ii. 382.
+
+  Zwingli, i. xix.
+
+
+                  Printed by T. and A. CONSTABLE, Printers to His Majesty
+                            at the Edinburgh University Press
+
+
+
+
+     Transcriber's Notes:
+
+     Marginal notes are used for multiple purposes in this edition, and
+     somewhat differently in each of Browne's works. Generally speaking,
+     those notes which serve as paragraph descriptions, at or near the
+     head of a paragraph, precede that paragraph. Those which serve to
+     annotate specific points are inserted parenthetically as [SN:
+     notes].
+
+     Pseudodoxia Epidemica: Footnotes and section headers were both
+     printed in the margins. For this text version, numbered marginal
+     footnotes have been moved to the end of their paragraphs. The
+     headers have been moved to appear on a separate line at the
+     beginning of each section. Redundant sidenotes merely indicating
+     Part and Section numbers have been removed.
+
+     Hydriotaphia: Both lettered and numbered sidenotes are presented,
+     at the end of each chapter as traditional footnotes.
+
+     Garden of Cyrus: Nearly all marginal notes are numbered, and are
+     move to the end of each chapter. Any remaining notes are inserted
+     as [SN: notes].
+
+     Certain Miscellany Tracts: There are both numbered and unnumbered
+     marginal notes. Since several of the tracts are lengthy, numbered
+     notes have been moved only to the end of the paragraph where they
+     appear. Notes appearing at the head of a numbered section are
+     retained on a separate line as [Sidenote: Topic]. Mid-paragraph
+     notes are inserted parenthetically as [SN: notes].
+
+     Christian Morals: The marginal entries are either section numbers
+     or footnotes. The latter have been moved to the end of each
+     section.
+
+     Spelling varies considerably, and the text as printed is nearly
+     always retained.
+
+     The table below summarizes any changes that were made, as well as
+     any variants which have not been changed, but are particularly
+     problematic.
+
+     The yogh-like character following a final q in many Latin words is
+     a scribal abbreviation for 'ue', "quinq;"; and was frequently
+     printed as a semicolon (;) In the script that appears as a caption
+     to the "quincunce" preceding p. 147, the character appears as a
+     yogh. For this text version, the semicolon is used here as well.
+
+     Trivial inconsistencies in punctuation, particularly in
+     abbreviations appearing in footnotes or sidenotes, as well as the
+     Index, have been silently resolved. Index entries reference
+     all three volumes, using 'i', 'ii', 'iii'. Any volume references
+     which are redundant have been removed.
+
+     In the text of FOUND IN NORWALK, punctuation and capitalization
+     seems haphazard, and has been left as printed.
+
+
+     The following entries indicate where minor printer's errors were
+     made. With few exceptions, Latin passages are allowed to stand as
+     printed, except where noted below.
+
+     p.  99 not in Caes. Comme[n]tar.              |added 'n'
+                                                  |
+     p. 101 The AEgy[p]tians were afraid of fire   |added 'p'
+                                                  |
+     p. 139 we compute o[u]r felicities           |added 'u'.
+                                                  |
+     p. 153 poss[ess]ions of his father           |added 'ess'
+                                                  |
+     p. 164 Greec[e]                              |added 'e'
+                                                  |
+     p. 258 note Psal. 120. 4.                    |marginal note number
+                                                  | added to match
+                                                  | anchor
+                                                  |
+     p. 279 De Horti[-]cultura.                   |hyphen missing, joined
+                                                  |
+     p. 291 Note 1: _[S]ee Vulg. Err....          |added 'S'
+                                                  |
+     p. 333 s[t]rateuetai                         |added 't'
+                                                  |
+     p. 411 [h/H]e is said to have begun          |changed to uppercase 'H'
+                                                  |
+     p. 423 holden _June 4. 1633_[./,] it was     |
+            agreed                                |changed to . to ,
+                                                  |
+     p. 538 and a cod[./,] a very good dish       | '.' corrected to ','
+                                                  |
+     p. 573 Ear-wig, [296./ii. 96.]               |'ii. 96' rather than
+                                                  |'296'
+                                                  |
+     p. 573 Electrical bodies, [i.] 254.          |added missing volume
+                                                  |
+     p. 574 Eve ... iii. [v./5-6, 10.]            |corrected roman number
+                                                  | and added actual Vol.
+                                                  | III references
+                                                  |
+     p. 576 Gnat-net, [iii.] 158.                 |added missing volume
+                                                  | reference
+                                                  |
+     p. 590 Pigeon, i. 34, 317-8, 320-[11/1];     |remove extraneous '1'
+                                                  |
+     p. 590 ---- tree, [iii.] 198                 |added missing volume
+                                                  | reference
+                                                  |
+     p. 592 Purchas, [iii/ii.] 70, 86.            |wrong volume reference
+                                                  |
+     p. 593 Saligniaco (B. de), [379/iii. 79.]    |corrected volume
+                                                  | reference
+                                                  |
+     p. 595 Silhon ([]de), i. xxxv.               |removed leading blanks
+                                                  |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Works of Sir Thomas Browne, by Thomas Browne
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