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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:13:48 -0700 |
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You may copy it, give it away or re-use + it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License <a href= + "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this eBook</a> or + online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p> + </div> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +Title: The Dawn of Day + +Author: Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche + +Release Date: June 9, 2012 [Ebook #39955] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DAWN OF DAY*** +</pre> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"></div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">Friedrich Nietzsche</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">The Dawn of Day</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">Translated by</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">John McFarland Kennedy</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">Author of</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">“</span><span style="font-size: 173%">The + Quintessence of Nietzsche</span><span style= + "font-size: 173%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 173%">,</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">“</span><span style="font-size: 173%">Religions and + Philosophers of the East</span><span style= + "font-size: 173%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are many dawns + which have yet to shed their light.—<span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Rig-Veda</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">New York</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">The MacMillan Company</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1911</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"> + <li><a href="#toc1">Introduction.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc3">Author's Preface.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc5">Book I.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc7">Book II.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc9">Book III.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc11">Book IV.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc13">Book V.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc15">Footnotes</a></li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-body" style= + "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagev">[pg v]</span><a name="Pgv" id="Pgv" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> <a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Introduction.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Nietzsche + called his book <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Dawn of Day</span></span>, he was far from + giving it a merely fanciful title to attract the attention of that + large section of the public which judges books by their titles rather + than by their contents. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Dawn of Day</span></span> represents, + figuratively, the dawn of Nietzsche's own philosophy. Hitherto he had + been considerably influenced in his outlook, if not in his actual + thoughts, by Schopenhauer, Wagner, and perhaps also Comte. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Human, + all-too-Human</span></span>, belongs to a period of transition. After + his rupture with Bayreuth, Nietzsche is, in both parts of that work, + trying to stand on his own legs, and to regain his spiritual freedom; + he is feeling his way to his own philosophy. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Dawn of + Day</span></span>, written in 1881 under the invigorating influence + of a Genoese spring, is the dawn of this new Nietzsche. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“With this book I open my campaign against + morality,”</span> he himself said later in his autobiography, the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ecce + Homo</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Just as in the + case of the books written in his prime—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Joyful + Wisdom</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zarathustra</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beyond Good and + Evil</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Genealogy of Morals</span></span>—we cannot + fail to be impressed in this work by Nietzsche's deep psychological + insight, the insight that showed him to be a powerful judge of men + and things unequalled in the nineteenth or, perhaps, any <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="pagevi">[pg vi]</span><a name="Pgvi" id="Pgvi" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> other century. One example of this is + seen in his searching analysis of the Apostle Paul (Aphorism <a href= + "#Sect_68" class="tei tei-ref">68</a>), in which the soul of the + <span class="tei tei-q">“First Christian”</span> is ruthlessly and + realistically laid bare to us. Nietzsche's summing-up of the Founder + of Christianity—for of course, as is now generally recognised, it was + Paul, and not Christ, who founded the Christian Church—has not yet + called forth those bitter attacks from theologians that might have + been expected, though one reason for this apparent neglect is no + doubt that the portrait is so true, and in these circumstances + silence is certainly golden on the part of defenders of the faith, + who are otherwise, as a rule, loquacious enough. Nor has the taunt in + Aphorism <a href="#Sect_84" class="tei tei-ref">84</a> elicited an + answer from the quarter whither it was directed; and the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“free”</span> (not to say dishonest) interpretation of + the Bible by Christian scholars and theologians, which is still + proceeding merrily, is now being turned to Nietzsche's own writings. + For the philosopher's works are now being <span class= + "tei tei-q">“explained away”</span> by German theologians in a most + naïve and daring fashion, and with an ability which has no doubt been + acquired as the result of centuries of skilful interpretation of the + Holy Writ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nor are + professional theologians the only ones who have failed to answer + Nietzsche; for in other than religious matters the majority of + savants have not succeeded in plumbing his depths. There is, for + example, the question of race. Ten years ago, twenty years after the + publication of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Dawn of Day</span></span>, Nietzsche's + countrymen enthusiastically hailed a book which has recently been + translated into English, Chamberlain's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Foundations of</span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagevii">[pg vii]</span><a name="Pgvii" + id="Pgvii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style= + "font-style: italic">the Nineteenth Century</span></span>. In this + book the Teutons are said to be superior to all the other peoples in + the world, the reason given being that they have kept their race + pure. It is due to this purity of race that they have produced so + many great men; for every <span class="tei tei-q">“good”</span> man + in history is a Teuton, and every bad man something else. + Considerable skill is exhibited by the author in filching from his + opponents the Latins their best trump cards, and likewise <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the</span></em> trump + card, Jesus Christ, from the Jews; for Jesus Christ, according to + Chamberlain's very plausible argument, was not a Jew but an Aryan, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> a member of that great family + of which the Teutons are a branch.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What would + Nietzsche have said to this legerdemain? He has constantly pointed + out that the Teutons are so far from being a pure race that they + have, on the contrary, done everything in their power to ruin even + the idea of a pure race for ever. For the Teutons, through their + Reformation and their Puritan revolt in England, and the philosophies + developed by the democracies that necessarily followed, were the + spiritual forbears of the French Revolution and of the Socialistic + régime under which we are beginning to suffer nowadays. Thus this + noble race has left nothing undone to blot out the last remnant of + race in Europe, and it even stands in the way of the creation of a + new race. And with such a record in history the Germans write books, + eulogising themselves as the salt of the earth, the people of + peoples, the race of races, while in truth they are nothing else than + <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nouveaux-riches</span></span> endeavouring to + draw up a decent pedigree for themselves. <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="pageviii">[pg viii]</span><a name="Pgviii" id="Pgviii" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> We know that honesty is not a prerequisite of + such pedigrees, and that patriotism may be considered as a good + excuse even for a wrong pedigree; but the race-pandemonium that + followed the publication of Mr. Chamberlain's book in Germany was + really a very unwise proceeding in view of the false and misleading + document produced. What, it may be asked again, would Nietzsche have + said if he had heard his countrymen screaming odes to their own glory + as the <span class="tei tei-q">“flower of Europe”</span>? He would + assuredly have dismissed their exalted pretensions with a + good-natured smile; for his study of history had shown him that even + slaves must have their saturnalia now and then. But as to his + philosophical answer there can be no doubt; for in Aphorism <a href= + "#Sect_272" class="tei tei-ref">272</a> of <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Dawn of + Day</span></span> there is a single sentence which completely refutes + the view of modern racemongers like Chamberlain and his followers: + <span class="tei tei-q">“It is probable,”</span> we read, + <span class="tei tei-q">“that there are no pure races, but only races + which have become purified, and even these are extremely + rare.”</span> There are even stronger expressions to be met with in + <span class="tei tei-q">“Peoples and Countries”</span> (Aphorism 20; + see the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Genealogy of Morals</span></span>, p. 226): + <span class="tei tei-q">“What quagmires and mendacity must there be + about if it is possible, in the modern European hotch-potch, to raise + the question of <span class="tei tei-q">‘race’</span>!”</span> and + again, in Aphorism 21: <span class="tei tei-q">“Maxim—to associate + with no man who takes any part in the mendacious + race-swindle.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A man like + Nietzsche, who makes so little impression upon mankind in general, is + certainly not, as some people have thought and openly said, a public + danger, so the guardians of the State need not <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="pageix">[pg ix]</span><a name="Pgix" id="Pgix" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> be uneasy. There is little danger of + Nietzsche's revolutionising either the masses or the classes; for, as + Goethe used to say, <span class="tei tei-q">“Seulement celui qui + ressemble le peuple, l'émeut.”</span> Nietzsche's voice has as yet + hardly been lifted in this country; and, until it is fully heard, + both masses and classes will calmly proceed on their way to the + extremes of democracy and anarchy, as they now appear to be doing. + Anarchy, though, may be too strong a word; for there is some doubt + whether, throughout Europe and America at all events, the people are + not now too weak even for anarchy. A revolt is a sign of strength in + a slave; but our modern slaves have no strength left.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the meantime, + however, it will have become clear that Nietzsche tried to stop this + threatening degradation of the human race, that he endeavoured to + supplant the morality of altruism—the cause of this degradation—by + another, a super-Christian morality, and that he has succeeded in + this aim, if not where the masses and the classes are concerned, at + any rate in the case of that small minority of thinkers to which he + really wished to appeal. And this minority is naturally grateful to + the philosopher for having supplied them with a morality which + enables them to be <span class="tei tei-q">“good”</span> without + being fools—an unpleasant combination which, unfortunately, the + Nazarene morality is seldom able to avoid. This Nazarene morality has + doubtless its own merits, and its <span class= + "tei tei-q">“good”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“evil”</span> + in many cases coincide with ours; but common sense and certain + intellectual qualities are not too highly appreciated in the table of + Christian values (see, for instance, 1 Cor. iii. 19), whence it will + be observed that the enlightenment <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "pagex">[pg x]</span><a name="Pgx" id="Pgx" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of a Christian is not always quite equal to his + otherwise excellent intentions. We Nietzschians, however, must show + that patience to them which they always pretend to show to their + opponents. Nietzsche himself, indeed, recommends this in Aphorism + <a href="#Sect_103" class="tei tei-ref">103</a> of this book, an + aphorism which is almost too well known to need repetition; for it + likewise disproves the grotesque though widely circulated supposition + that all kinds of immorality would be indulged in under the sway of + the <span class="tei tei-q">“Immoralistic”</span> philosopher:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“I should not, of course, deny—unless I were a fool—that + many actions which are called immoral should be avoided and resisted; + and in the same way that many which are called moral should be + performed and encouraged; but I hold that in both cases these actions + should be performed from motives other than those which have + prevailed up to the present time. We must learn anew in order that at + last, perhaps very late in the day, we may be able to do something + more: feel anew.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In regard to the + translation itself—which owes a good deal to many excellent + suggestions made by Mr. Thomas Common—it adheres, as a rule, closely + to the German text; and in only two or three instances has a slightly + freer rendering been adopted in order to make the sense quite clear. + There are one or two cases in which a punning or double meaning could + not be adequately rendered in English: <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> + Aphorism <a href="#Sect_50" class="tei tei-ref">50</a>, where the + German word <span class="tei tei-q">“Rausch”</span> means both + <span class="tei tei-q">“intoxication”</span> and also <span class= + "tei tei-q">“elation”</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the exalted feelings of the + religious fanatic). Again, we have <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Einleid,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Einleidigkeit,”</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "pagexi">[pg xi]</span><a name="Pgxi" id="Pgxi" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> in Aphorism <a href="#Sect_63" class= + "tei tei-ref">63</a>—words which do not quite correspond to pity, + compassion, or fellow-feeling, and which, indeed, are not yet known + to German lexicographers. A literal translation, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“one-feeling,”</span> would be almost meaningless. What + is actually signified is that both sufferer and sympathiser have + nerves and feelings in common: an experience which Schopenhauer, as + Nietzsche rightly points out, mistook for compassion or pity + (<span class="tei tei-q">“Mitleid”</span>), and which lacked a word, + even in German, until the later psychologist coined <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Einleid.”</span> Again, in Aphorism <a href="#Sect_554" + class="tei tei-ref">554</a> we have a play upon the words + <span class="tei tei-q">“Vorschritt”</span> (leading, guidance) and + <span class="tei tei-q">“Fortschritt”</span> (progress).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All these, + however, are trifling matters in comparison with the substance of the + book, and they are of more interest to philologists than to + psychologists. It is for psychologists that this book was written; + and such minds, somewhat rare in our time, may read in it with much + profit.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">J. M. Kennedy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">London</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">September</span></span> + 1911.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page001">[pg 001]</span><a name= + "Pg001" id="Pg001" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> <a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Author's Preface.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this book we + find a <span class="tei tei-q">“subterrestrial”</span> at work, + digging, mining, undermining. You can see him, always provided that + you have eyes for such deep work,—how he makes his way slowly, + cautiously, gently but surely, without showing signs of the weariness + that usually accompanies a long privation of light and air. He might + even be called happy, despite his labours in the dark. Does it not + seem as if some faith were leading him on, some solace recompensing + him for his toil? Or that he himself desires a long period of + darkness, an unintelligible, hidden, enigmatic something, knowing as + he does that he will in time have his own morning, his own + redemption, his own rosy dawn?—Yea, verily he will return: ask him + not what he seeketh in the depths; for he himself will tell you, this + apparent Trophonius and subterrestrial, whensoever he once again + becomes man. One easily unlearns how to hold one's tongue when one + has for so long been a mole, and all alone, like him.—</p> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">2.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Indeed, my + indulgent friends, I will tell you—here, in this late + preface,<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href= + "#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> which + might easily have <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page002">[pg + 002]</span><a name="Pg002" id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + become an obituary or a funeral oration—what I sought in the depths + below: for I have come back, and—I have escaped. Think not that I + will urge you to run the same perilous risk! or that I will urge + you on even to the same solitude! For whoever proceeds on his own + path meets nobody: this is the feature of one's <span class= + "tei tei-q">“own path.”</span> No one comes to help him in his + task: he must face everything quite alone—danger, bad luck, + wickedness, foul weather. He goes his own way; and, as is only + right, meets with bitterness and occasional irritation because he + pursues this <span class="tei tei-q">“own way”</span> of his: for + instance, the knowledge that not even his friends can guess who he + is and whither he is going, and that they ask themselves now and + then: <span class="tei tei-q">“Well? Is he really moving at all? + Has he still ... a path before him?”</span>—At that time I had + undertaken something which could not have been done by everybody: I + went down into the deepest depths; I tunnelled to the very bottom; + I started to investigate and unearth an old <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">faith</span></em> + which for thousands of years we philosophers used to build on as + the safest of all foundations—which we built on again and again + although every previous structure fell in: I began to undermine our + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">faith in + morals</span></em>. But ye do not understand me?—</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">3.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So far it is on + Good and Evil that we have meditated least profoundly: this was + always too dangerous a subject. Conscience, a good reputation, + hell, and at times even the police, have not <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span><a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> allowed and do not allow of + impartiality; in the presence of morality, as before all authority, + we <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">must</span></em> not even think, much less + speak: here we must obey! Ever since the beginning of the world, no + authority has permitted itself to be made the subject of criticism; + and to criticise morals—to look upon morality as a problem, as + problematic—what! was that not—<em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">is</span></em> that + not—immoral?—But morality has at its disposal not only every means + of intimidation wherewith to keep itself free from critical hands + and instruments of torture: its security lies rather in a certain + art of enchantment, in which it is a past master—it knows how to + <span class="tei tei-q">“enrapture.”</span> It can often paralyse + the critical will with a single look, or even seduce it to itself: + yea, there are even cases where morality can turn the critical will + against itself; so that then, like the scorpion, it thrusts the + sting into its own body. Morality has for ages been an expert in + all kinds of devilry in the art of convincing: even at the present + day there is no orator who would not turn to it for assistance + (only hearken to our anarchists, for instance: how morally they + speak when they would fain convince! In the end they even call + themselves <span class="tei tei-q">“the good and the just”</span>). + Morality has shown herself to be the greatest mistress of seduction + ever since men began to discourse and persuade on earth—and, what + concerns us philosophers even more, she is the veritable <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Circe of + philosophers</span></em>. For, to what is it due that, from Plato + onwards, all the philosophic architects in Europe have built in + vain? that everything which they themselves honestly believed to be + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">aere perennius</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg 004]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> threatens to subside or is already laid + in ruins? Oh, how wrong is the answer which, even in our own day, + rolls glibly off the tongue when this question is asked: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Because they have all neglected the + prerequisite, the examination of the foundation, a critique of all + reason”</span>—that fatal answer made by Kant, who has certainly + not thereby attracted us modern philosophers to firmer and less + treacherous ground! (and, one may ask apropos of this, was it not + rather strange to demand that an instrument should criticise its + own value and effectiveness? that the intellect itself should + <span class="tei tei-q">“recognise”</span> its own worth, power, + and limits? was it not even just a little ridiculous?) The right + answer would rather have been, that all philosophers, including + Kant himself were building under the seductive influence of + morality—that they aimed at certainty and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“truth”</span> only in appearance; but that in reality + their attention was directed towards <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">majestic moral edifices</span></em>,”</span> + to use once more Kant's innocent mode of expression, who deems it + his <span class="tei tei-q">“less brilliant, but not + undeserving”</span> task and work <span class="tei tei-q">“to level + the ground and prepare a solid foundation for the erection of those + majestic moral edifices”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Critique of Pure + Reason</span></span>, ii. 257). Alas! He did not succeed in his + aim, quite the contrary—as we must acknowledge to-day. With this + exalted aim, Kant was merely a true son of his century, which more + than any other may justly be called the century of exaltation: and + this he fortunately continued to be in respect to the more valuable + side of this century (with that solid piece of sensuality, for + example, which he introduced into his theory of <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page005">[pg 005]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> knowledge). He, too, had been bitten by + the moral tarantula, Rousseau; he, too, felt weighing on his soul + that moral fanaticism of which another disciple of Rousseau's, + Robespierre, felt and proclaimed himself to be the executor: + <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">de fonder sur la terre l'empire de la sagesse, + de la justice, et de la vertu</span></span>. (Speech of June 4th, + 1794.) On the other hand, with such a French fanaticism in his + heart, no one could have cultivated it in a less French, more deep, + more thorough and more German manner—if the word German is still + permissible in this sense—than Kant did: in order to make room for + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">his</span></em> <span class="tei tei-q">“moral + kingdom,”</span> he found himself compelled to add to it an + indemonstrable world, a logical <span class= + "tei tei-q">“beyond”</span>—that was why he required his critique + of pure reason! In other words, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">he would not have + wanted it</span></em>, if he had not deemed one thing to be more + important than all the others: to render his moral kingdom + unassailable by—or, better still, invisible to, reason,—for he felt + too strongly the vulnerability of a moral order of things in the + face of reason. For, when confronted with nature and history, when + confronted with the ingrained <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">immorality</span></em> of nature and history, + Kant was, like all good Germans from the earliest times, a + pessimist: he believed in morality, not because it is demonstrated + through nature and history, but despite its being steadily + contradicted by them. To understand this <span class= + "tei tei-q">“despite,”</span> we should perhaps recall a somewhat + similar trait in Luther, that other great pessimist, who once urged + it upon his friends with true Lutheran audacity: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“If we could conceive by reason alone how that God who + shows so much <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg + 006]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + wrath and malignity could be merciful and just, what use should we + have for faith?”</span> For, from the earliest times, nothing has + ever made a deeper impression upon the German soul, nothing has + ever <span class="tei tei-q">“tempted”</span> it more, than that + deduction, the most dangerous of all, which for every true Latin is + a sin against the intellect: <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">credo quia absurdum est</span></span>.—With it + German logic enters for the first time into the history of + Christian dogma; but even to-day, a thousand years later, we + Germans of the present, late Germans in every way, catch the scent + of truth, a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">possibility</span></em> of truth, at the back + of the famous fundamental principle of dialectics with which Hegel + secured the victory of the German spirit over Europe—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“contradiction moves the world; all things contradict + themselves.”</span> We are pessimists—even in logic.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">4.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But logical + judgments are not the deepest and most fundamental to which the + daring of our suspicion descends: the confidence in reason which is + inseparable from the validity of these judgments, is, as + confidence, a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">moral</span></em> phenomenon ... perhaps + German pessimism has yet to take its last step? Perhaps it has once + more to draw up its <span class="tei tei-q">“credo”</span> opposite + its <span class="tei tei-q">“absurdum”</span> in a terrible manner? + And if this book is pessimistic even in regard to morals, even + above the confidence in morals—should it not be a German book for + that very reason? For, in fact, it represents a contradiction, and + one which it does not fear: in it confidence in morals is + retracted—but why? Out of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">morality</span></em>! Or how <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page007">[pg 007]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> shall we call that which takes place in + it—in <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">us</span></em>? for our taste inclines to the + employment of more modest phrases. But there is no doubt that to us + likewise there speaketh a <span class="tei tei-q">“thou + shalt”</span>; we likewise obey a strict law which is set above + us—and this is the last cry of morals which is still audible to us, + which we too must <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">live</span></em>: here, if anywhere, are we + still <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">men + of conscience</span></em>, because, to put the matter in plain + words, we will not return to that which we look upon as decayed, + outlived, and superseded, we will not return to something + <span class="tei tei-q">“unworthy of belief,”</span> whether it be + called God, virtue, truth, justice, love of one's neighbour, or + what not; we will not permit ourselves to open up a lying path to + old ideals; we are thoroughly and unalterably opposed to anything + that would intercede and mingle with us; opposed to all forms of + present-day faith and Christianity; opposed to the lukewarmness of + all romanticism and fatherlandism; opposed also to the artistic + sense of enjoyment and lack of principle which would fain make us + worship where we no longer believe—for we are artists—opposed, in + short, to all this European feminism (or idealism, if this term be + thought preferable) which everlastingly <span class= + "tei tei-q">“draws upward,”</span> and which in consequence + everlastingly <span class="tei tei-q">“lowers”</span> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“degrades.”</span> Yet, being men of + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">this</span></em> conscience, we feel that we + are related to that German uprightness and piety which dates back + thousands of years, although we immoralists and atheists may be the + late and uncertain offspring of these virtues—yea, we even consider + ourselves, in a certain respect, as their heirs, the executors of + their inmost will: a pessimistic will, as I have already + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span><a name= + "Pg008" id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> pointed out, which + is not afraid to deny itself, because it denies itself with + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">joy</span></em>! In us is consummated, if you + desire a formula—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">the autosuppression of morals</span></em>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">5.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But, after all, + why must we proclaim so loudly and with such intensity what we are, + what we want, and what we do not want? Let us look at this more + calmly and wisely; from a higher and more distant point of view. + Let us proclaim it, as if among ourselves, in so low a tone that + all the world fails to hear it and <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">us</span></em>! + Above all, however, let us say it <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">slowly</span></em>.... This preface comes + late, but not too late: what, after all, do five or six years + matter? Such a book, and such a problem, are in no hurry; besides, + we are friends of the <span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="it"><span style="font-style: italic">lento</span></span>, + I and my book. I have not been a philologist in vain—perhaps I am + one yet: a teacher of slow reading. I even come to write slowly. At + present it is not only my habit, but even my taste—a perverted + taste, maybe—to write nothing but what will drive to despair every + one who is <span class="tei tei-q">“in a hurry.”</span> For + philology is that venerable art which exacts from its followers one + thing above all—to step to one side, to leave themselves spare + moments, to grow silent, to become slow—the leisurely art of the + goldsmith applied to language: an art which must carry out slow, + fine work, and attains nothing if not <span lang="it" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style= + "font-style: italic">lento</span></span>. For this very reason + philology is now more desirable than ever before; for this very + reason it is the highest attraction and incitement in an age of + <span class="tei tei-q">“work”</span>: that is to say, of haste, of + unseemly and immoderate hurry-skurry, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page009">[pg 009]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> which is intent upon <span class= + "tei tei-q">“getting things done”</span> at once, even every book, + whether old or new. Philology itself, perhaps, will not + <span class="tei tei-q">“get things done”</span> so hurriedly: it + teaches how to read <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">well</span></em>: <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + slowly, profoundly, attentively, prudently, with inner thoughts, + with the mental doors ajar, with delicate fingers and eyes ... my + patient friends, this book appeals only to perfect readers and + philologists: <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">learn</span></em> to read me well!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ruta, near + Genoa</span></span>,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Autumn</span></span>, + 1886.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span><a name= + "Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> <a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Book I.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">1.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Subsequent + Judgment.</span></span>—All things that endure for a long time are + little by little so greatly permeated by reason that their origin + in unreason becomes improbable. Does not almost every exact + statement of an origin strike us as paradoxical and sacrilegious? + Indeed, does not the true historian constantly contradict?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">2.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Prejudice of + the Learned.</span></span>—Savants are quite correct in maintaining + the proposition that men in all ages believed that they <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">knew</span></em> + what was good and evil, praiseworthy and blamable. But it is a + prejudice of the learned to say <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">that we now know it + better</span></em> than any other age.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">3.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Time for + Everything.</span></span>—When man assigned a sex to all things, he + did not believe that he <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg + 012]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + was merely playing; but he thought, on the contrary, that he had + acquired a profound insight:—it was only at a much later period, + and then only partly, that he acknowledged the enormity of his + error. In the same way, man has attributed a moral relationship to + everything that exists, throwing the cloak of <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">ethical + significance</span></em> over the world's shoulders. One day all + that will be of just as much value, and no more, as the amount of + belief existing to-day in the masculinity or femininity of the + sun.<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">4.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against the + Fanciful Disharmony of the Spheres.</span></span>—We must once more + sweep out of the world all this <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">false</span></em> + grandeur, for it is contrary to the justice that all things about + us may claim. And for this reason we must not see or wish the world + to be more disharmonic than it is!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">5.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Be + Thankful!</span></span>—The most important result of the past + efforts of humanity is that we need no longer go about in continual + fear of wild beasts, barbarians, gods, and our own dreams.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">6.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Juggler and + his Counterpart.</span></span>—That which is wonderful in science + is contrary to that <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg + 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + which is wonderful in the art of the juggler. For the latter would + wish to make us believe that we see a very simple causality, where, + in reality, an exceedingly complex causality is in operation. + Science, on the other hand, forces us to give up our belief in the + simple causality exactly where everything looks so easily + comprehensible and we are merely the victims of appearances. The + simplest things are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">very</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“complicated”</span></em>—we can never be sufficiently + astonished at them!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">7.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Reconceiving + Our Feeling of Space.</span></span>—Is it real or imaginary things + which have built up the greater proportion of man's happiness? It + is certain, at all events, that the extent of the distance between + the highest point of happiness and the lowest point of unhappiness + has been established only with the help of imaginary things. As a + consequence, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">this</span></em> kind of a conception of space + is always, under the influence of science, becoming smaller and + smaller: in the same way as science has taught us, and is still + teaching us, to look upon the earth as small—yea, to look upon the + entire solar system as a mere point.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">8.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Transfiguration.</span></span>—Perplexed + sufferers, confused dreamers, the hysterically ecstatic—here we + have the three classes into which Raphael divided mankind. We no + longer consider the world in this <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> light—and Raphael himself dare not do so: his + own eyes would show him a new transfiguration.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">9.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Conception of + the Morality of Custom.</span></span>—In comparison with the mode + of life which prevailed among men for thousands of years, we men of + the present day are living in a very immoral age: the power of + custom has been weakened to a remarkable degree, and the sense of + morality is so refined and elevated that we might almost describe + it as volatilised. That is why we late comers experience such + difficulty in obtaining a fundamental conception of the origin of + morality: and even if we do obtain it, our words of explanation + stick in our throats, so coarse would they sound if we uttered + them! or to so great an extent would they seem to be a slander upon + morality! Thus, for example, the fundamental clause: morality is + nothing else (and, above all, nothing more) than obedience to + customs, of whatsoever nature they may be. But customs are simply + the traditional way of acting and valuing. Where there is no + tradition there is no morality; and the less life is governed by + tradition, the narrower the circle of morality. The free man is + immoral, because it is his <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">will</span></em> to depend upon himself and + not upon tradition: in all the primitive states of humanity + <span class="tei tei-q">“evil”</span> is equivalent to <span class= + "tei tei-q">“individual,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“free,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“arbitrary,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“unaccustomed,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“unforeseen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“incalculable.”</span> In such primitive conditions, + always measured by this standard, any action performed—<em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> + because tradition commands <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page015">[pg 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> it, but for other reasons (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> on + account of its individual utility), even for the same reasons as + had been formerly established by custom—is termed immoral, and is + felt to be so even by the very man who performs it, for it has not + been done out of obedience to the tradition.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What is + tradition? A higher authority, which is obeyed, not because it + commands what is useful to us, but merely because it commands. And + in what way can this feeling for tradition be distinguished from a + general feeling of fear? It is the fear of a higher intelligence + which commands, the fear of an incomprehensible power, of something + that is more than personal—there is <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">superstition</span></em> in this fear. In + primitive times the domain of morality included education and + hygienics, marriage, medicine, agriculture, war, speech and + silence, the relationship between man and man, and between man and + the gods—morality required that a man should observe her + prescriptions without thinking of <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">himself</span></em> + as individual. Everything, therefore, was originally custom, and + whoever wished to raise himself above it, had first of all to make + himself a kind of lawgiver and medicine-man, a sort of demi-god—in + other words, he had to create customs, a dangerous and fearful + thing to do!—Who is the most moral man? On the one hand, he who + most frequently obeys the law: <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> he + who, like the Brahmins, carries a consciousness of the law about + with him wherever he may go, and introduces it into the smallest + divisions of time, continually exercising his mind in finding + opportunities for obeying the law. On the other <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> hand, he who obeys the law in the most + difficult cases. The most moral man is he who makes the greatest + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sacrifices</span></em> to morality; but what + are the greatest sacrifices? In answering this question several + different kinds of morality will be developed: but the distinction + between the morality of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">most frequent obedience</span></em> and the + morality of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">most difficult obedience</span></em> is of the + greatest importance. Let us not be deceived as to the motives of + that moral law which requires, as an indication of morality, + obedience to custom in the most difficult cases! Self-conquest is + required, not by reason of its useful consequences for the + individual; but that custom and tradition may appear to be + dominant, in spite of all individual counter desires and + advantages. The individual shall sacrifice himself—so demands the + morality of custom.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the other + hand, those moralists who, like the followers of Socrates, + recommend self-control and sobriety to the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">individual</span></em> as his greatest + possible advantage and the key to his greatest personal happiness, + are <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">exceptions</span></em>—and if we ourselves do + not think so, this is simply due to our having been brought up + under their influence. They all take a new path, and thereby bring + down upon themselves the utmost disapproval of all the + representatives of the morality of custom. They sever their + connection with the community, as immoralists, and are, in the + fullest sense of the word, evil ones. In the same way, every + Christian who <span class="tei tei-q">“sought, above all things, + his <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">own</span></em> salvation,”</span> must have + seemed evil to a virtuous Roman of the old school. Wherever a + community exists, and consequently also a <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page017">[pg 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> morality of custom, the feeling prevails that + any punishment for the violation of a custom is inflicted, above + all, on the community: this punishment is a supernatural + punishment, the manifestations and limits of which are so difficult + to understand, and are investigated with such superstitious fear. + The community can compel any one member of it to make good, either + to an individual or to the community itself, any ill consequences + which may have followed upon such a member's action. It can also + call down a sort of vengeance upon the head of the individual by + endeavouring to show that, as the result of his action, a storm of + divine anger has burst over the community,—but, above all, it + regards the guilt of the individual more particularly as <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">its own</span></em> + guilt, and bears the punishment of the isolated individual as its + own punishment—<span class="tei tei-q">“Morals,”</span> they bewail + in their innermost heart, <span class="tei tei-q">“morals have + grown lax, if such deeds as these are possible.”</span> And every + individual action, every individual mode of thinking, causes dread. + It is impossible to determine how much the more select, rare, and + original minds must have suffered in the course of time by being + considered as evil and dangerous, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">yea, because they + even looked upon themselves as such</span></em>. Under the + dominating influence of the morality of custom, originality of + every kind came to acquire a bad conscience; and even now the sky + of the best minds seems to be more overcast by this thought than it + need be.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">10.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Counter-motion + between the Sense of Morality and the Sense of + Causality.</span></span>—As <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the sense of causality increases, so does the + extent of the domain of morality decrease: for every time one has + been able to grasp the necessary effects, and to conceive them as + distinct from all incidentals and chance possibilities (<span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">post hoc</span></span>), one has, at the same + time, destroyed an enormous number of <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">imaginary + causalities</span></em>, which had hitherto been believed in as the + basis of morals—the real world is much smaller than the world of + our imagination—and each time also one casts away a certain amount + of one's anxiousness and coercion, and some of our reverence for + the authority of custom is lost: morality in general undergoes a + diminution. He who, on the other hand, wishes to increase it must + know how to prevent results from becoming controllable.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">11.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Morals and + Medicines of the People.</span></span>—Every one is continuously + occupied in bringing more or less influence to bear upon the morals + which prevail in a community: most of the people bring forward + example after example to show the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">alleged + relationship between cause and effect</span></em>, guilt and + punishment, thus upholding it as well founded and adding to the + belief in it. A few make new observations upon the actions and + their consequences, drawing conclusions therefrom and laying down + laws; a smaller number raise objections and allow belief in these + things to become weakened.—But they are all alike in the crude and + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">unscientific</span></em> manner in which they + set about their work: if it is a question of objections to a law, + or examples or <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page019">[pg + 019]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + observations of it, or of its proof, confirmation, expression or + refutation, we always find the material and method entirely + valueless, as valueless as the material and form of all popular + medicine. Popular medicines and popular morals are closely related, + and should not be considered and valued, as is still customary, in + so different a way: both are most dangerous and make-believe + sciences.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">12.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Consequence as + Adjuvant Cause.</span></span>—Formerly the consequences of an + action were considered, not as the result of that action, but a + voluntary adjuvant—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> on the part of God. Can a + greater confusion be imagined? Entirely different practices and + means have to be brought into use for actions and effects!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">13.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Towards the New + Education of Mankind.</span></span>—Help us, all ye who are + well-disposed and willing to assist, lend your aid in the endeavour + to do away with that conception of punishment which has swept over + the whole world! No weed more harmful than this! It is not only to + the consequences of our actions that this conception has been + applied—and how horrible and senseless it is to confuse cause and + effect with cause and punishment!—but worse has followed: the pure + accidentality of events has been robbed of its innocence by this + execrable manner of interpreting conception of punishment. Yea, + they have even pushed their folly to such extremes <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that they would have us look upon + existence itself as a punishment—from which it would appear that + the education of mankind had hitherto been confided to cranky + gaolers and hangmen.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">14.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Signification of Madness in the History of + Morality.</span></span>—If, despite that formidable pressure of the + <span class="tei tei-q">“morality of custom,”</span> under which + all human communities lived—thousands of years before our own era, + and during our own era up to the present day (we ourselves are + dwelling in the small world of exceptions, and, as it were, in an + evil zone):—if, I say, in spite of all this, new and divergent + ideas, valuations, and impulses have made their appearance time + after time, this state of things has been brought about only with + the assistance of a dreadful associate: it was insanity almost + everywhere that paved the way for the new thought and cast off the + spell of an old custom and superstition. Do ye understand why this + had to be done through insanity? by something which is in both + voice and appearance as horrifying and incalculable as the demoniac + whims of wind and sea, and consequently calling for like dread and + respect? by something bearing upon it the signs of entire lack of + consciousness as clearly as the convulsions and foam of the + epileptic, which appeared to typify the insane person as the mask + and speaking-trumpet of some divine being? by something that + inspired even the bearer of the new thought with awe and fear of + himself, and that, suppressing all remorse, drove <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> him on to become its prophet and + martyr?—Well, in our own time, we continually hear the statement + reiterated that genius is tinctured with madness instead of good + sense. Men of earlier ages were far more inclined to believe that, + wherever traces of insanity showed themselves, a certain proportion + of genius and wisdom was likewise present—something <span class= + "tei tei-q">“divine,”</span> as they whispered to one another. More + than this, they expressed their opinions on the point with + sufficient emphasis. <span class="tei tei-q">“All the greatest + benefits of Greece have sprung from madness,”</span> said Plato, + setting on record the opinion of the entire ancient world. Let us + take a step further: all those superior men, who felt themselves + irresistibly urged on to throw off the yoke of some morality or + other, had no other resource—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">if they were not really mad</span></em>—than + to feign madness, or actually to become insane. And this holds good + for innovators in every department of life, and not only in + religion and politics. Even the reformer of the poetic metre was + forced to justify himself by means of madness. (Thus even down to + gentler ages madness remained a kind of convention in poets, of + which Solon, for instance, took advantage when urging the Athenians + to reconquer Salamis.)—<span class="tei tei-q">“How can one make + one's self mad when one is not mad and dare not feign to be + so?”</span> Almost all the eminent men of antiquity have given + themselves up to this dreadful mode of reasoning: a secret doctrine + of artifices and dietetic jugglery grew up around this subject and + was handed down from generation to generation, together with the + feeling of the innocence, even sanctity, of such plans and + meditations. The means of becoming <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> a medicine-man among the Indians, a saint + among Christians of the Middle Ages, an angecok among Greenlanders, + a Pagee among Brazilians, are the same in essence: senseless + fasting, continual abstention from sexual intercourse, isolation in + a wilderness, ascending a mountain or a pillar, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sitting on an aged willow that looks out upon a + lake,”</span> and thinking of absolutely nothing but what may give + rise to ecstasy or mental derangements.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Who would dare + to glance at the desert of the bitterest and most superfluous + agonies of spirit, in which probably the most productive men of all + ages have pined away? Who could listen to the sighs of those lonely + and troubled minds: <span class="tei tei-q">“O ye heavenly powers, + grant me madness! Madness, that I at length may believe in myself! + Vouchsafe delirium and convulsions, sudden flashes of light and + periods of darkness; frighten me with such shivering and + feverishness as no mortal ever experienced before, with clanging + noises and haunting spectres; let me growl and whine and creep + about like a beast, if only I can come to believe in myself! I am + devoured by doubt. I have slain the law, and I now dread the law as + a living person dreads a corpse. If I am not <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">above</span></em> + the law, I am the most abandoned of wretches. Whence cometh this + new spirit that dwelleth within me but from you? Prove to me, then, + that I am one of you—nothing but madness will prove it to + me.”</span> And only too often does such a fervour attain its + object: at the very time when Christianity was giving the greatest + proof of its fertility in the production of saints and martyrs, + believing that it was thus proving itself, Jerusalem <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page023">[pg 023]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> contained large lunatic asylums for + shipwrecked saints, for those whose last spark of good sense had + been quenched by the floods of insanity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">15.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The most + Ancient Means of Solace.</span></span>—First stage: In every + misfortune or discomfort man sees something for which he must make + somebody else suffer, no matter who—in this way he finds out the + amount of power still remaining to him; and this consoles him. + Second stage: In every misfortune or discomfort, man sees a + punishment, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> an expiation of guilt and + the means by which he may get rid of the malicious enchantment of a + real or apparent wrong. When he perceives the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">advantage</span></em> which misfortune bring + with it, he believes he need no longer make another person suffer + for it—he gives up this kind of satisfaction, because he now has + another.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">16.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">First Principle + of Civilisation.</span></span>—Among savage tribes there is a + certain category of customs which appear to aim at nothing but + custom. They therefore lay down strict, and, on the whole, + superfluous regulations (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> the rules of the + Kamchadales, which forbid snow to be scraped off the boots with a + knife, coal to be stuck on the point of a knife, or a piece of iron + to be put into the fire—and death to be the portion of every one + who shall act contrariwise!) Yet these laws serve to keep people + continually reminded of the custom, and <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the imperative necessity on their parts to + conform to it: and all this in support of the great principle which + stands at the beginning of all civilisation: any custom is better + than none.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">17.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Goodness and + Malignity.</span></span>—At first men imposed their own + personalities on Nature: everywhere they saw themselves and their + like, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> their own evil and + capricious temperaments, hidden, as it were, behind clouds, + thunder-storms, wild beasts, trees, and plants: it was then that + they declared Nature was evil. Afterwards there came a time, that + of Rousseau, when they sought to distinguish themselves from + Nature: they were so tired of each other that they wished to have + separate little hiding-places where man and his misery could not + penetrate: then they invented <span class="tei tei-q">“nature is + good.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">18.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Morality of + Voluntary Suffering.</span></span>—What is the highest enjoyment + for men living in a state of war in a small community, the + existence of which is continually threatened, and the morality of + which is the strictest possible? <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + for souls which are vigorous, vindictive, malicious, full of + suspicion, ready to face the direst events, hardened by privation + and morality? The enjoyment of cruelty: just as, in such souls and + in such circumstances, it would be regarded as a virtue to be + ingenious and insatiable in cruelty. Such a community would + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg 025]</span><a name= + "Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> find its delight in + performing cruel deeds, casting aside, for once, the gloom of + constant anxiety and precaution. Cruelty is one of the most ancient + enjoyments at their festivities. As a consequence it is believed + that the gods likewise are pleased by the sight of cruelty and + rejoice at it—and in this way the belief is spread that <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">voluntary + suffering</span></em>, self-chosen martyrdom, has a high + signification and value of its own. In the community custom + gradually brings about a practice in conformity with this belief: + henceforward people become more suspicious of all exuberant + well-being, and more confident as they find themselves in a state + of great pain; they think that the gods may be unfavourable to them + on account of happiness, and favourable on account of pain—not + compassionate! For compassion is looked upon with contempt, and + unworthy of a strong and awe-inspiring soul—but agreeable to them, + because the sight of human suffering put these gods into good + humour and makes them feel powerful, and a cruel mind revels in the + sensation of power. It was thus that the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“most moral man”</span> of the community was considered + as such by virtue of his frequent suffering, privation, laborious + existence, and cruel mortification—not, to repeat it again and + again, as a means of discipline or self-control or a desire for + individual happiness—but a a virtue which renders the evil gods + well-disposed towards the community, a virtue which continually + wafts up to them the odour of an expiatory sacrifice. All those + intellectual leaders of the nations who reached the point of being + able to stir up the sluggish though <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> prolific mire of their customs had to possess + this factor of voluntary martyrdom as well as insanity in order to + obtain belief—especially, and above all, as is always the case, + belief in themselves! The more their minds followed new paths, and + were consequently tormented by pricks of conscience, the more + cruelly they battled against their own flesh, their own desires, + and their own health—as if they were offering the gods a + compensation in pleasure, lest these gods should wax wroth at the + neglect of ancient customs and the setting up of new aims.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Let no one be + too hasty in thinking that we have now entirely freed ourselves + from such a logic of feeling! Let the most heroic souls among us + question themselves on this very point. The least step forward in + the domain of free thought and individual life has been achieved in + all ages to the accompaniment of physical and intellectual + tortures: and not only the mere step forward, no! but every form of + movement and change has rendered necessary innumerable martyrs, + throughout the entire course of thousands of years which sought + their paths and laid down their foundation-stones, years, however, + which we do not think of when we speak about <span class= + "tei tei-q">“world-history,”</span> that ridiculously small + division of mankind's existence. And even in this so-called + world-history, which in the main is merely a great deal of noise + about the latest novelties, there is no more important theme than + the old, old tragedy of the martyrs <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">who tried to move + the mire</span></em>. Nothing has been more dearly bought than the + minute portion of human reason and feeling of liberty upon which we + now pride ourselves. But <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg + 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + it is this very pride which makes it almost impossible for us + to-day to be conscious of that enormous lapse of time, preceding + the period of <span class="tei tei-q">“world-history”</span> when + <span class="tei tei-q">“morality of custom”</span> held the field, + and to consider this lapse of time as <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the real and + decisive epoch that established the character of + mankind</span></em>: an epoch when suffering was considered as a + virtue, cruelty as a virtue, hypocrisy as a virtue, revenge as a + virtue, and the denial of the reason as a virtue, whereas, on the + other hand, well-being was regarded as a danger, longing for + knowledge as a danger, peace as a danger, compassion as a danger: + an epoch when being pitied was looked upon as an insult, work as an + insult, madness as a divine attribute, and every kind of change as + immoral and pregnant with ruin! You imagine that all this has + changed, and that humanity must likewise have changed its + character? Oh, ye poor psychologists, learn to know yourselves + better!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">19.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Morality and + Stupefaction.</span></span>—Custom represents the experiences of + men of earlier times in regard to what they considered as useful + and harmful; but the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">feeling of custom</span></em> (morality) does + not relate to these feelings as such, but to the age, the sanctity, + and the unquestioned authority of the custom. Hence this feeling + hinders our acquiring new experiences and amending morals: + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> morality is opposed to the + formation of new and better morals: it stupefies.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span><a name= + "Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">20.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Free-doers and + Free-thinkers.</span></span>—Compared with free-thinkers, + free-doers are at a disadvantage, because it is evident that men + suffer more from the consequences of actions than of thoughts. If + we remember, however, that both seek their own satisfaction, and + that free-thinkers have already found their satisfaction in + reflection upon and utterance of forbidden things, there is no + difference in the motives; but in respect of the consequences the + issue will be decided against the free-thinker, provided that it be + not judged from the most superficial and vulgar external + appearance, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> not as every one would + judge it. We must make up for a good deal of the calumny with which + men have covered all those who have, by their actions, broken away + from the authority of some custom—they are generally called + criminals. Every one who has hitherto overthrown a law of + established morality has always at first been considered as a + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">wicked + man</span></em>: but when it was afterwards found impossible to + re-establish the law, and people gradually became accustomed to the + change, the epithet was changed by slow degrees. History deals + almost exclusively with these <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">wicked men</span></em>, who later on came to + be recognised as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">good men</span></em>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">21.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Fulfilment of the + Law.</span></span>”</span>—In cases where the observance of a moral + precept has led to different consequence from that expected and + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name= + "Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> promised, and does + not bestow upon the moral man the happiness he had hoped for, but + leads rather to misfortune and misery, the conscientious and timid + man has always his excuse ready: <span class="tei tei-q">“Something + was lacking in the proper <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">carrying out</span></em> of the law.”</span> + If the worst comes to the worst, a deeply-suffering and + down-trodden humanity will even decree: <span class="tei tei-q">“It + is impossible to carry out the precept faithfully: we are too weak + and sinful, and, in the depths of our soul, incapable of morality: + consequently we have no claim to happiness and success. Moral + precepts and promises have been given for better beings than + ourselves.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">22.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Works and + Faith.</span></span>—Protestant teachers are still spreading the + fundamental error that faith only is of consequence, and that works + must follow naturally upon faith. This doctrine is certainly not + true, but it is so seductive in appearance that it has succeeded in + fascinating quite other intellects than that of Luther + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> the minds of Socrates and + Plato): though the plain evidence and experience of our daily life + prove the contrary. The most assured knowledge and faith cannot + give us either the strength or the dexterity required for action, + or the practice in that subtle and complicated mechanism which is a + prerequisite for anything to be changed from an idea into action. + Then, I say, let us first and foremost have works! and this means + practice! practice! practice! The necessary faith will come + later—be certain of that!</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name= + "Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">23.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">In what Respect + we are most Subtle.</span></span>—By the fact that, for thousands + of years, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">things</span></em> (nature, tools, property of + all kinds) were thought to be alive and to possess souls, and able + to hinder and interfere with the designs of man, the feeling of + impotence among men has become greater and more frequent than it + need have been: for one had to secure one's things like men and + beasts, by means of force, compulsion, flattery, treaties, + sacrifices—and it is here that we may find the origin of the + greater number of superstitious customs, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> of + an important, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">perhaps paramount</span></em>, and + nevertheless wasted and useless division of mankind's activity!—But + since the feeling of impotence and fear was so strong, and for such + a length of time in a state of constant stimulation, the feeling of + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">power</span></em> in man has been developed in + so subtle a manner that, in this respect, he can compare favourably + with the most delicately-adjusted balance. This feeling has become + his strongest propensity: and the means he discovered for creating + it form almost the entire history of culture.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">24.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Proof of a + Precept.</span></span>—The worth or worthlessness of a recipe—that + for baking bread, for example—is proved, generally speaking, by the + result expected coming to pass or not, provided, of course, that + the directions given have been carefully <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page031">[pg 031]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> followed. The case is different, however, + when we come to deal with moral precepts, for here the results + cannot be ascertained, interpreted, and divined. These precepts, + indeed, are based upon hypotheses of but little scientific value, + the proof or refutation of which by means of results is + impossible:—but in former ages, when all science was crude and + primitive, and when a matter was <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">taken for + granted</span></em> on the smallest evidence, then the worth or + worthlessness of a moral recipe was determined as we now determine + any other precept: by reference to the results. If the natives of + Alaska believe in a command which says: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not throw a bone into the fire or give it + to a dog,”</span> this will be proved by the warning: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“If thou dost thou wilt have no luck when + hunting.”</span> Yet, in one sense or another, it almost invariably + happens that one has <span class="tei tei-q">“no luck when + hunting.”</span> It is no easy matter to <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">refute</span></em> + the worth of the precept in this way, the more so as it is the + community, and not the individual, which is regarded as the bearer + of the punishment; and, again, some occurrence is almost certain to + happen which seems to prove the rule.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">25.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Customs and + Beauty.</span></span>—In justice to custom it must not be + overlooked that, in the case of all those who conform to it + whole-heartedly from the very start, the organs of attack and + defence, both physical and intellectual, begin to waste away; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> these individuals gradually + become more beautiful! For it is the exercise of these organs and + their corresponding <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg + 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + feelings that brings about ugliness and helps to preserve it. It is + for this reason that the old baboon is uglier than the young one, + and that the young female baboon most closely resembles man, and is + hence the most handsome.—Let us draw from this our own conclusions + as to the origin of female beauty!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">26.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Animals and + Morals.</span></span>—The rules insisted upon in polite society, + such, for example, as the avoidance of everything ridiculous, + fantastic, presumptuous; the suppression of one's virtues just as + much as of one's most violent desires, the instant bringing of + one's self down to the general level, submitting one's self to + etiquette and self-depreciation: all this, generally speaking, is + to be found, as a social morality, even in the lowest scale of the + animal world—and it is only in this low scale that we see the + innermost plan of all these amiable precautionary regulations: one + wishes to escape from one's pursuers and to be aided in the search + for plunder. Hence animals learn to control and to disguise + themselves to such an extent that some of them can even adapt the + colour of their bodies to that of their surroundings (by means of + what is known as the <span class="tei tei-q">“chromatic + function”</span>). Others can simulate death, or adopt the forms + and colours of other animals, or of sand, leaves, moss, or fungi + (known to English naturalists as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mimicry”</span>).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is in this + way that an individual conceals himself behind the universality of + the generic term <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg + 033]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“man”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“society,”</span> or adapts and attaches himself to + princes, castes, political parties, current opinions of the time, + or his surroundings: and we may easily find the animal equivalent + of all those subtle means of making ourselves happy, thankful, + powerful, and fascinating. Even that sense of truth, which is at + bottom merely the sense of security, is possessed by man in common + with the animals: we do not wish to be deceived by others or by + ourselves; we hear with some suspicion the promptings of our own + passions, we control ourselves and remain on the watch against + ourselves. Now, the animal does all this as well as man; and in the + animal likewise self-control originates in the sense of reality + (prudence). In the same way, the animal observes the effects it + exercises on the imagination of other beasts: it thus learns to + view itself from their position, to consider itself <span class= + "tei tei-q">“objectively”</span>; it has its own degree of + self-knowledge. The animal judges the movements of its friends and + foes, it learns their peculiarities by heart and acts accordingly: + it gives up, once and for all, the struggle against individual + animals of certain species, and it likewise recognises, in the + approach of certain varieties, whether their intentions are + agreeable and peaceful. The beginnings of justice, like those of + wisdom—in short, everything which we know as the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Socratic + virtues</span></em>—are of an <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">animal</span></em> nature: a consequence of + those instincts which teach us to search for food and to avoid our + enemies. If we remember that the higher man has merely raised and + refined himself in the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">quality</span></em> of his food and in the + conception of what is contrary to his nature, it <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> may not be going too far to describe + the entire moral phenomenon as of an animal origin.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">27.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Value of + the Belief in Superhuman Passions.</span></span>—The institution of + marriage stubbornly upholds the belief that love, although a + passion, is nevertheless capable of duration as such, yea, that + lasting, lifelong love may be taken as a general rule. By means of + the tenacity of a noble belief, in spite of such frequent and + almost customary refutations—thereby becoming a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">pia + fraus</span></span>—marriage has elevated love to a higher rank. + Every institution which has conceded to a passion the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">belief in the + duration of the latter</span></em>, and responsibility for this + duration, in spite of the nature of the passion itself, has raised + the passion to a higher level: and he who is thenceforth seized + with such a passion does not, as formerly, think himself lowered in + the estimation of others or brought into danger on that account, + but on the contrary believes himself to be raised, both in the + opinion of himself and of his equals. Let us recall institutions + and customs which, out of the fiery devotion of a moment, have + created eternal fidelity; out of the pleasure of anger, eternal + vengeance; out of despair, eternal mourning; out of a single hasty + word, eternal obligation. A great deal of hypocrisy and falsehood + came into the world as the result of such transformations; but each + time, too, at the cost of such disadvantages, a new and <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">superhuman</span></em> conception which + elevates mankind.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page035">[pg 035]</span><a name= + "Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">28.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">State of Mind + as Argument.</span></span>—Whence arises within us a cheerful + readiness for action?—such is the question which has greatly + occupied the attention of men. The most ancient answer, and one + which we still hear, is: God is the cause; in this way He gives us + to understand that He approves of our actions. When, in former + ages, people consulted the oracles, they did so that they might + return home strengthened by this cheerful readiness; and every one + answered the doubts which came to him, if alternative actions + suggested themselves, by saying: <span class="tei tei-q">“I shall + do whatever brings about that feeling.”</span> They did not decide, + in other words, for what was most reasonable, but upon some plan + the conception of which imbued the soul with courage and hope. A + cheerful outlook was placed in the scales as an argument and proved + to be heavier than reasonableness; for the state of mind was + interpreted in a superstitious manner as the action of a god who + promises success; and who, by this argument, lets his reason speak + as the highest reasonableness. Now, let the consequences of such a + prejudice be considered when shrewd men, thirsting for power, + availed themselves of it—and still do so! <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bring about the right state of mind!”</span>—in this + way you can do without all arguments and overcome every + objection!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">29.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Actors of + Virtue and Sin.</span></span>—Among the ancients who became + celebrated for their virtue <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> there were many, it would seem, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">who acted to + themselves</span></em>, especially the Greeks, who, being actors by + nature, must have acted quite unconsciously, seeing no reason why + they should not do so. In addition, every one was striving to outdo + some one else's virtue with his own, so why should they not have + made use of every artifice to show off their virtues, especially + among themselves, if only for the sake of practice! Of what use was + a virtue which one could not display, and which did not know how to + display itself!—Christianity put an end to the career of these + actors of virtue; instead it devised the disgusting ostentation and + parading of sins: it brought into the world a state of <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">mendacious + sinfulness</span></em> (even at the present day this is considered + as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bon ton</span></span> among orthodox + Christians).</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">30.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Refined Cruelty + as Virtue.</span></span>—Here we have a morality which is based + entirely upon our thirst for distinction—do not therefore entertain + too high an opinion of it! Indeed, we may well ask what kind of an + impulse it is, and what is its fundamental signification? It is + sought, by our appearance, to grieve our neighbour, to arouse his + envy, and to awaken his feelings of impotence and degradation; we + endeavour to make him taste the bitterness of his fate by dropping + a little of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">our</span></em> honey on his tongue, and, + while conferring this supposed benefit on him, looking sharply and + triumphantly into his eyes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Behold such a + man, now become humble, and perfect in his humility—and seek those + for whom, through his humility, he has for a long time been + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg 037]</span><a name= + "Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> preparing a torture; + for you are sure to find them! Here is another man who shows mercy + towards animals, and is admired for doing so—but there are certain + people on whom he wishes to vent his cruelty by this very means. + Look at that great artist: the pleasure he enjoyed beforehand in + conceiving the envy of the rivals he had outstripped, refused to + let his powers lie dormant until he became a great man—how many + bitter moments in the souls of other men has he asked for as + payment for his own greatness! The nun's chastity: with what + threatening eyes she looks into the faces of other women who live + differently from her! what a vindictive joy shines in those eyes! + The theme is short, and its variations, though they might well be + innumerable, could not easily become tiresome—for it is still too + paradoxical a novelty, and almost a painful one, to affirm that the + morality of distinction is nothing, at bottom, but joy in refined + cruelty. When I say <span class="tei tei-q">“at bottom,”</span> I + mean here, every time in the first generation. For, when the habit + of some distinguished action becomes <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hereditary</span></em>, its root, so to speak, + is not transmitted, but only its fruits (for only feelings, and not + thoughts, can become hereditary): and, if we presuppose that this + root is not reintroduced by education, in the second generation the + joy in the cruelty is no longer felt: but only pleasure in the + habit as such. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">This</span></em> joy, however, is the first + degree of the <span class="tei tei-q">“good.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">31.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pride in + Spirit.</span></span>—The pride of man, which strives to oppose the + theory of our own descent <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg + 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + from animals and establishes a wide gulf between nature and man + himself—this pride is founded upon a prejudice as to what the mind + is; and this prejudice is relatively recent. In the long + prehistorical period of humanity it was supposed that the mind was + everywhere, and men did not look upon it as a particular + characteristic of their own. Since, on the contrary, everything + spiritual (including all impulses, maliciousness, and inclinations) + was regarded as common property, and consequently accessible to + everybody, primitive mankind was not ashamed of being descended + from animals or trees (the noble races thought themselves honoured + by such legends), and saw in the spiritual that which unites us + with nature, and not that which severs us from her. Thus man was + brought up in modesty—and this likewise was the result of a + prejudice.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">32.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Brake.</span></span>—To suffer morally, and then to learn + afterwards that this kind of suffering was founded upon an error, + shocks us. For there is a unique consolation in acknowledging, by + our suffering, a <span class="tei tei-q">“deeper world of + truth”</span> than any other world, and we would much rather suffer + and feel ourselves above reality by doing so (through the feeling + that, in this way, we approach nearer to that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“deeper world of truth”</span>), than live without + suffering and hence without this feeling of the sublime. Thus it is + pride, and the habitual fashion of satisfying it, which opposes + this new interpretation of morality. What power, then, must we + bring into operation to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page039">[pg + 039]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + get rid of this brake? Greater pride? A new pride?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">33.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Contempt of + Causes, Consequences, and Reality.</span></span>—Those unfortunate + occurrences which take place at times in the community, such as + sudden storms, bad harvests, or plagues, lead members of the + community to suspect that offences against custom have been + committed, or that new customs must be invented to appease a new + demoniac power and caprice. Suspicion and reasoning of this kind, + however, evade an inquiry into the real and natural causes, and + take the demoniac cause for granted. This is one source of the + hereditary perversion of the human intellect; and the other one + follows in its train, for, proceeding on the same principle, people + paid much less attention to the real and natural consequences of an + action than to the supernatural consequences (the so-called + punishments and mercies of the Divinity). It is commanded, for + instance, that certain baths are to be taken at certain times: and + the baths are taken, not for the sake of cleanliness, but because + the command has been made. We are not taught to avoid the real + consequences of dirt, but merely the supposed displeasure of the + gods because a bath has been omitted. Under the pressure of + superstitious fear, people began to suspect that these ablutions + were of much greater importance than they seemed; they ascribed + inner and supplementary meanings to them, gradually lost their + sense of and pleasure in reality, and finally reality is considered + as valuable <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg + 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">only to + the extent that it is a symbol.</span></em> Hence a man who is + under the influence of the morality of custom comes to despise + causes first of all, secondly consequences, and thirdly reality, + and weaves all his higher feelings (reverence, sublimity, pride, + gratitude, love) <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">into an imaginary world</span></em>: the + so-called higher world. And even to-day we can see the consequences + of this: wherever, and in whatever fashion, man's feelings are + raised, that imaginary world is in evidence. It is sad to have to + say it; but for the time being <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">all higher + sentiments</span></em> must be looked upon with suspicion by the + man of science, to so great an extent are they intermingled with + illusion and extravagance. Not that they need necessarily be + suspected <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">per se</span></span> and for + ever; but there is no doubt that, of all the gradual <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">purifications</span></em> which await + humanity, the purification of the higher feelings will be one of + the slowest.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">34.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moral Feelings + and Conceptions.</span></span>—It is clear that moral feelings are + transmitted in such a way that children perceive in adults violent + predilections and aversions for certain actions, and then, like + born apes, imitate such likes and dislikes. Later on in life, when + they are thoroughly permeated by these acquired and well-practised + feelings, they think it a matter of propriety and decorum to + provide a kind of justification for these predilections and + aversions. These <span class="tei tei-q">“justifications,”</span> + however, are in no way connected with the origin or the degree of + the feeling: people simply <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page041">[pg 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> accommodate themselves to the rule that, as + rational beings, they must give reasons for their pros and cons, + reasons which must be assignable and acceptable into the bargain. + Up to this extent the history of the moral feelings is entirely + different from the history of moral conceptions. The + first-mentioned are powerful <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">before</span></em> the action, and the latter + especially after it, in view of the necessity for making one's self + clear in regard to them.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">35.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Feelings and + their Descent from Judgments.</span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Trust in your feelings!”</span> But feelings comprise + nothing final, original; feelings are based upon the judgments and + valuations which are transmitted to us in the shape of feelings + (inclinations, dislikes). The inspiration which springs from a + feeling is the grandchild of a judgment—often an erroneous + judgment!—and certainly not one's own judgment! Trusting in our + feelings simply means obeying our grandfather and grandmother more + than the gods within <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ourselves</span></em>: our reason and + experience.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">36.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Foolish + Piety, with</span> <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Arrière-pensées</span></span><span style="font-variant: small-caps">.</span></span>—What! + the inventors of ancient civilisations, the first makers of tools + and tape lines, the first builders of vehicles, ships, and houses, + the first observers of the laws of the heavens and the + multiplication tables—is it contended that they were entirely + different from the inventors and observers of our own time, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg 042]</span><a name= + "Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and superior to + them? And that the first slow steps forward were of a value which + has not been equalled by the discoveries we have made with all our + travels and circumnavigations of the earth? It is the voice of + prejudice that speaks thus, and argues in this way to depreciate + the importance of the modern mind. And yet it is plain to be seen + that, in former times, hazard was the greatest of all discoverers + and observers and the benevolent prompter of these ingenious + ancients, and that, in the case of the most insignificant invention + now made, a greater intellect, discipline, and scientific + imagination are required than formerly existed throughout long + ages.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">37.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wrong + Conclusions From Usefulness.</span></span>—When we have + demonstrated the highest utility of a thing, we have nevertheless + made no progress towards an explanation of its origin; in other + words, we can never explain, by mere utility, the necessity of + existence. But precisely the contrary opinion has been maintained + up to the present time, even in the domain of the most exact + science. In astronomy, for example, have we not heard it stated + that the (supposed) usefulness of the system of + satellites—(replacing the light which is diminished in intensity by + the greater distance of the sun, in order that the inhabitants of + the various celestial bodies should not want for light)—was the + final object of this system and explained its origin? Which may + remind us of the conclusions of Christopher Columbus The earth has + been <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg 043]</span><a name= + "Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> created for man, + ergo, if there are countries, they must be inhabited. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Is it probable that the sun would throw his rays on + nothing, and that the nocturnal vigils of the stars should be + wasted upon untravelled seas and unpeopled countries?”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">38.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Impulses + Transformed by Moral Judgments.</span></span>—The same impulse, + under the impression of the blame cast upon it by custom, develops + into the painful feeling of cowardice, or else the pleasurable + feeling of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">humility</span></em>, in case a morality, like + that of Christianity, has taken it to its heart and called it + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">good</span></em>. In other words, this + instinct will fall under the influence of either a good conscience + or a bad one! In itself, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">like every instinct</span></em>, it does not + possess either this or indeed any other moral character and name, + or even a definite accompanying feeling of pleasure or displeasure; + it does not acquire all these qualities as its second nature until + it comes into contact with impulses which have already been + baptized as good and evil, or has been recognised as the attribute + of beings already weighed and valued by the people from a moral + point of view. Thus the ancient conception of envy differed + entirely from ours. Hesiod reckons it among the qualities of the + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">good</span></em>, benevolent Eris, and it was + not considered as offensive to attribute some kind of envy even to + the gods. This is easy to understand in a state of things inspired + mainly by emulation, but emulation was looked upon as good, and + valued accordingly.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page044">[pg + 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Greeks were + likewise different from us in the value they set upon hope: they + conceived it as blind and deceitful. Hesiod in one of his poems has + made a strong reference to it—a reference so strong, indeed, that + no modern commentator has quite understood it; for it runs contrary + to the modern mind, which has learnt from Christianity to look upon + hope as a virtue. Among the Greeks, on the other hand, the portal + leading to a knowledge of the future seemed only partly closed, + and, in innumerable instances, it was impressed upon them as a + religious obligation to inquire into the future, in those cases + where we remain satisfied with hope. It thus came about that the + Greeks, thanks to their oracles and seers, held hope in small + esteem, and even lowered it to the level of an evil and a + danger.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Jews, again, + took a different view of anger from that held by us, and sanctified + it: hence they have placed the sombre majesty of the wrathful man + at an elevation so high that a European cannot conceive it. They + moulded their wrathful and holy Jehovah after the images of their + wrathful and holy prophets. Compared with them, all the Europeans + who have exhibited the greatest wrath are, so to speak, only + second-hand creatures.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">39.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Prejudice + concerning</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Pure Spirit.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—Wherever the + doctrine of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">pure spirituality</span></em> has prevailed, + its excesses have resulted in the destruction of the tone of the + nerves: it taught that the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page045">[pg 045]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> body should be despised, neglected, or + tormented, and that, on account of his impulses, man himself should + be tortured and regarded with contempt. It gave rise to gloomy, + strained, and downcast souls—who, besides, thought they knew the + reason of their misery and how it might possibly be relieved! + <span class="tei tei-q">“It <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">must</span></em> be in the body! For it still + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">thrives</span></em> too well!”</span>—such was + their conclusion, whilst the fact was that the body, through its + agonies, protested time after time against this never-ending + mockery. Finally, a universal and chronic hyper-nervousness seized + upon those virtuous representatives of the pure spirit: they + learned to recognise joy only in the shape of ecstasies and other + preliminary symptoms of insanity—and their system reached its + climax when it came to look upon ecstasy as the highest aim of + life, and as the standard by which all earthly things must be + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">condemned</span></em>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">40.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Meditations + upon Observances.</span></span>—Numerous moral precepts, carelessly + drawn from a single event, quickly became incomprehensible; it was + as difficult a matter to deduce their intentions with any degree of + certainty as it was to recognise the punishment which was to follow + the breaking of the rule. Doubts were even held regarding the order + of the ceremonies; but, while people guessed at random about such + matters, the object of their investigations increased in + importance, it was precisely the greatest absurdity <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of an observance that developed into a + holy of holies. Let us not think too little of the energy wasted by + man in this regard throughout thousands of years, and least of all + of the effects of such <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">meditations upon observances</span></em>! Here + we find ourselves on the wide training-ground of the intellect—not + only do religions develop and continue to increase within its + boundaries: but here also is the venerable, though dreadful, + primeval world of science; here grow up the poet, the thinker, the + physician, the lawgiver. The dread of the unintelligible, which, in + an ambiguous fashion, demanded ceremonies from us, gradually + assumed the charm of the intricate, and where man could not unravel + he learnt to create.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">41.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To Determine + the Value of the</span> <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Vita + Contemplativa</span></span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">.</span></span>—Let us not forget, as + men leading a contemplative life, what kind of evil and misfortunes + have overtaken the men of the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vita activa</span></span> as the result of + contemplation—in short, what sort of contra-account the <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vita activa</span></span> has to offer + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">us</span></em>, if we exhibit too much + boastfulness before it with respect to our good deeds. It would + show us, in the first place, those so-called religious natures, who + predominate among the lovers of contemplation and consequently + represent their commonest type. They have at all times acted in + such a manner as to render life difficult to practical men, and + tried to make them disgusted with it, if possible: to darken the + sky, to obliterate the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg + 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + sun, to cast suspicion upon joy, to depreciate hope, to paralyse + the active hand—all this they knew how to do, just as, for + miserable times and feelings, they had their consolations, alms, + blessings, and benedictions. In the second place, it can show us + the artists, a species of men leading the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vita contemplativa</span></span>, rarer than + the religious element, but still often to be met with. As beings, + these people are usually intolerable, capricious, jealous, violent, + quarrelsome: this, however, must be deduced from the joyous and + exalting effects of their works.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thirdly, we have + the philosophers, men who unite religious and artistic qualities, + combined, however, with a third element, namely, dialectics and the + love of controversy. They are the authors of evil in the same sense + as the religious men and artists, in addition to which they have + wearied many of their fellow-men with their passion for dialectics, + though their number has always been very small. Fourthly, the + thinkers and scientific workers. They but rarely strove after + effects, and contented themselves with silently sticking to their + own groove. Thus they brought about little envy and discomfort, and + often, as objects of mockery and derision, they served, without + wishing to do so, to make life easier for the men of the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vita activa</span></span>. Lastly, science + ended by becoming of much advantage to all; and if, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">on account of this + utility</span></em>, many of the men who were destined for the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vita activa</span></span> are now slowly + making their way along the road to science in the sweat of their + brow, and not without brain-racking and maledictions, this is not + the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name= + "Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> fault of the crowd + of thinkers and scientific workers: it is <span class= + "tei tei-q">“self-wrought pain.”</span><a id="noteref_3" name= + "noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">42.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Origin of + the</span> <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style= + "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Vita + Contemplativa</span></span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">.</span></span>—During barbarous ages, + when pessimistic judgments held sway over men and the world, the + individual, in the consciousness of his full power, always + endeavoured to act in conformity with such judgments, that is to + say, he put his ideas into action by means of hunting, robbery, + surprise attacks, brutality, and murder: including the weaker forms + of such acts, as far as they are tolerated within the community. + When his strength declines, however, and he feels tired, ill, + melancholy, or satiated—consequently becoming temporarily void of + wishes or desires—he is a relatively better man, that is to say, + less dangerous; and his pessimistic ideas will now discharge + themselves only in words and reflections—upon his companions, for + example, or his wife, his life, his gods,—his judgments will be + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">evil</span></em> ones. In this frame of mind + he develops into a thinker and prophet, or he adds to his + superstitions and invents new observances, or mocks his enemies. + Whatever he may devise, however, all the productions of his brain + will necessarily reflect his frame of mind, such as the increase of + fear and weariness, and the lower value he attributes to action and + enjoyment. The substance of these productions must correspond to + the substance of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page049">[pg + 049]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + these poetic, thoughtful, and priestly moods; the evil judgment + must be supreme.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In later years, + all those who acted continuously as this man did in those special + circumstances—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> those who gave out + pessimistic judgments, and lived a melancholy life, poor in + action—were called poets, thinkers, priests, or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“medicine-men.”</span> The general body of men would + have liked to disregard such people, because they were not active + enough, and to turn them out of the community; but there was a + certain risk in doing so: these inactive men had found out and were + following the tracks of superstition and divine power, and no one + doubted that they had unknown means of power at their disposal. + This was the value which was set upon <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the ancient race of + contemplative natures</span></em>—despised as they were in just the + same degree as they were not dreaded! In such a masked form, in + such an ambiguous aspect, with an evil heart and often with a + troubled head, did Contemplation make its first appearance on + earth: both weak and terrible at the same time, despised in secret, + and covered in public with every mark of superstitious veneration. + Here, as always, we must say: <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">pudenda + origo</span></span>!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">43.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How many Forces + must now be united in a Thinker.</span></span>—To rise superior to + considerations of the senses, to raise one's self to abstract + contemplations: this is what was formerly regarded as <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">elevation</span></em>; but now it is not + practicable for us to share the same feelings. Luxuriating in the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name= + "Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> most shadowy images + of words and things; playing with those invisible, inaudible, + imperceptible beings, was considered as existence in another and + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">higher</span></em> world, a world that sprang + from the deep contempt felt for the world which was perceptible to + the senses, this seductive and wicked world of ours. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“These <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">abstracta</span></span> no longer mislead us, + but they may lead us”</span>—with such words men soared aloft. It + was not the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">substance</span></em> of these intellectual + sports, but the sports themselves, which was looked upon as + <span class="tei tei-q">“the higher thing”</span> in the primeval + ages of science. Hence we have Plato's admiration for dialectics, + and his enthusiastic belief in the necessary relationship of + dialectics to the good man who has risen superior to the + considerations of his senses. It was not only knowledge that was + discovered little by little, but also the different means of + acquiring it, the conditions and operations which precede knowledge + in man. And it always seemed as if the newly-discovered operation + or the newly-experienced condition were not a means of acquiring + knowledge, but was even the substance, goal, and sum-total of + everything that was worth knowing. What does the thinker + require?—imagination, inspiration, abstraction, spirituality, + invention, presentiment, induction, dialectics, deduction, + criticism, ability to collect materials, an impersonal mode of + thinking, contemplation, comprehensiveness, and lastly, but not + least, justice, and love for everything that exists—but each one of + these means was at one time considered, in the history of the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vita contemplativa</span></span>, as a goal + and final purpose, and they all secured for <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> their inventors that perfect happiness + which fills the human soul when its final purpose dawns upon + it.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">44.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Origin and + Meaning.</span></span>—Why does this thought come into my mind + again and again, always in more and more vivid colours?—that, in + former times, investigators, in the course of their search for the + origin of things, always thought that they found something which + would be of the highest importance for all kinds of action and + judgment: yea, that they even invariably postulated that the + salvation of mankind depended upon <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">insight into the + origin of things</span></em>—whereas now, on the other hand, the + more we examine into origins, the less do they concern our + interests: on the contrary, all the valuations and interestedness + which we have placed upon things begin to lose their meaning, the + more we retrogress where knowledge is concerned and approach the + things themselves. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The origin becomes of less significance in + proportion as we acquire insight into it</span></em>; whilst things + nearest to ourselves, around and within us, gradually begin to + manifest their wealth of colours, beauties, enigmas, and diversity + of meaning, of which earlier humanity never dreamed. In former ages + thinkers used to move furiously about, like wild animals in cages, + steadily glaring at the bars which hemmed them in, and at times + springing up against them in a vain endeavour to break through + them: and happy indeed was he who could look through a gap to the + outer world and could fancy that <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> he saw something of what lay beyond and afar + off.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">45.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Tragic + Termination to Knowledge.</span></span>—Of all the means of + exaltation, human sacrifices have at times done most to elevate + man. And perhaps the one powerful thought—the idea of <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">self-sacrificing + humanity</span></em>—might be made to prevail over every other + aspiration, and thus to prove the victor over even the most + victorious. But to whom should the sacrifice be made? We may + already swear that, if ever the constellation of such an idea + appeared on the horizon, the knowledge of truth would remain the + single but enormous object with which a sacrifice of such a nature + would be commensurate—because no sacrifice is too great for it. In + the meantime the problem has never been expounded as to how far + humanity, considered as a whole, could take steps to encourage the + advancement of knowledge; and even less as to what thirst for + knowledge could impel humanity to the point of sacrificing itself + with the light of an anticipated wisdom in its eyes. When, perhaps, + with a view to the advancement of knowledge, we are able to enter + into communication with the inhabitants of other stars, and when, + during thousands of years, wisdom will have been carried from star + to star, the enthusiasm of knowledge may rise to such a dizzy + height!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">46.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Doubt in + Doubt.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“What a good pillow + doubt is for a well-balanced head!”</span> This saying of + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page053">[pg 053]</span><a name= + "Pg053" id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Montaigne always + made Pascal angry, for nobody ever wanted a good pillow so much as + he did. Whatever was the matter with him?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">47.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Words block up + our Path.</span></span>—Wherever primitive men put down a word, + they thought they had made a discovery. How different the case + really was!—they had come upon a problem, and, while they thought + they had solved it, they had in reality placed an obstacle in the + way of its solution. Now, with every new piece of knowledge, we + stumble over petrified words and mummified conceptions, and would + rather break a leg than a word in doing so.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">48.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Know Thyself</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">is the Whole of + Science.</span></span>—Only when man shall have acquired a + knowledge of all things will he be able to know himself. For things + are but the boundaries of man.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">49.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The New + Fundamental Feeling: our Final Corruptibility.</span></span>—In + former times people sought to show the feeling of man's greatness + by pointing to his divine descent. This, however, has now become a + forbidden path, for the ape stands at its entrance, and likewise + other fearsome animals, showing their teeth in a knowing fashion, + as if to say, No further this way! Hence people now try the + opposite direction: the road along which humanity is proceeding + shall stand as an indication of their <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page054">[pg 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> greatness and their relationship to God. But + alas! this, too, is useless! At the far end of this path stands the + funeral urn of the last man and grave-digger (with the inscription, + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nihil humani a me alienum puto</span></span>). + To whatever height mankind may have developed—and perhaps in the + end it will not be so high as when they began!—there is as little + prospect of their attaining to a higher order as there is for the + ant and the earwig to enter into kinship with God and eternity at + the end of their career on earth. What is to come will drag behind + it that which has passed: why should any little star, or even any + little species on that star, form an exception to that eternal + drama? Away with such sentimentalities!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="Sect_50" id="Sect_50" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">50.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Belief in + Inebriation.</span></span>—Those men who have moments of sublime + ecstasy, and who, on ordinary occasions, on account of the contrast + and the excessive wearing away of their nervous forces, usually + feel miserable and desolate, come to consider such moments as the + true manifestation of their real selves, of their <span class= + "tei tei-q">“ego,”</span> and their misery and dejection, on the + other hand, as the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">effect of the</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“non-ego”</span></em>. This is why they think of their + environment, the age in which they live, and the whole world in + which they have their being, with feelings of vindictiveness. This + intoxication appears to them as their true life, their actual ego; + and everywhere else they see only those who strive to oppose and + prevent this intoxication, whether of an intellectual, moral, + religious, or artistic nature.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page055">[pg 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Humanity owes no + small part of its evils to these fantastic enthusiasts; for they + are the insatiable sowers of the weed of discontent with one's self + and one's neighbour, of contempt for the world and the age, and, + above all, of world-lassitude. An entire hell of criminals could + not, perhaps, bring about such unfortunate and far-reaching + consequences, such heavy and disquieting effects that corrupt earth + and sky, as are brought about by that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“noble”</span> little community of unbridled, + fantastic, half-mad people—of geniuses, too—who cannot control + themselves, or experience any inward joy, until they have lost + themselves completely: while, on the other hand, the criminal often + gives a proof of his admirable self-control, sacrifice, and wisdom, + and thus maintains these qualities in those who fear him. Through + him life's sky may at times seem overcast and threatening, but the + atmosphere ever remains brisk and vigorous.—Furthermore, these + enthusiasts bring their entire strength to bear on the task of + imbuing mankind with belief in inebriation as in life itself: a + dreadful belief! As savages are now quickly corrupted and ruined by + <span class="tei tei-q">“fire-water,”</span> so likewise has + mankind in general been slowly though thoroughly corrupted by these + spiritual <span class="tei tei-q">“fire-waters”</span> of + intoxicating feelings and by those who keep alive the craving for + them. It may yet be ruined thereby.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">51.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Such as we + still are.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Let us be + indulgent to the great one-eyed!”</span> said Stuart Mill, as if it + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span><a name= + "Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> were necessary to + ask for indulgence when we are willing to believe and almost to + worship them. I say: Let us be indulgent towards the two-eyed, both + great and small; for, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">such as we are now</span></em>, we shall never + rise beyond indulgence!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">52.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Where are the + New Physicians of the Soul?</span></span>—It is the means of + consolation which have stamped life with that fundamental + melancholy character in which we now believe: the worst disease of + mankind has arisen from the struggle against diseases, and apparent + remedies have in the long run brought about worse conditions than + those which it was intended to remove by their use. Men, in their + ignorance, used to believe that the stupefying and intoxicating + means, which appeared to act immediately, the so-called + <span class="tei tei-q">“consolations,”</span> were the true + healing powers: they even failed to observe that they had often to + pay for their immediate relief by a general and profound + deterioration in health, that the sick ones had to suffer from the + after-effects of the intoxication, then from the absence of the + intoxication, and, later on, from a feeling of disquietude, + depression, nervous starts, and ill-health. Again, men whose + illness had advanced to a certain extent never recovered from + it—those physicians of the soul, universally believed in and + worshipped as they were, took care of that.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It has been + justly said of Schopenhauer that he was one who again took the + sufferings of humanity seriously: where is the man who will at + length take <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg + 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the antidotes against these sufferings seriously, and who will + pillory the unheard-of quackery with which men, even up to our own + age, and in the most sublime nomenclature, have been wont to treat + the illnesses of their souls?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">53.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Abuse of the + Conscientious Ones.</span></span>—It is the conscientious, and not + the unscrupulous, who have suffered so greatly from exhortations to + penitence and the fear of hell, especially if they happened to be + men of imagination. In other words, a gloom has been cast over the + lives of those who had the greatest need of cheerfulness and + agreeable images—not only for the sake of their own consolation and + recovery from themselves, but that humanity itself might take + delight in them and absorb a ray of their beauty. Alas, how much + superfluous cruelty and torment have been brought about by those + religions which invented sin! and by those men who, by means of + such religions, desired to reach the highest enjoyment of their + power!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">54.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thoughts on + Disease.</span></span>—To soothe the imagination of the patient, in + order that he may at least no longer keep on thinking about his + illness, and thus suffer more from such thoughts than from the + complaint itself, which has been the case hitherto—that, it seems + to me, is something! and it is by no means a trifle! And now do ye + understand our task?</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name= + "Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">55.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Ways.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—So-called + <span class="tei tei-q">“short cuts”</span> have always led + humanity to run great risks: on hearing the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“glad tidings”</span> that a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“short cut”</span> had been found, they always left the + straight path—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">and lost their way</span></em>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">56.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Apostate of + the Free Spirit.</span></span>—Is there any one, then, who + seriously dislikes pious people who hold formally to their belief? + Do we not, on the contrary, regard them with silent esteem and + pleasure, deeply regretting at the same time that these excellent + people do not share our own feelings? But whence arises that + sudden, profound, and unreasonable dislike for the man who, having + at one time possessed freedom of spirit, finally becomes a + <span class="tei tei-q">“believer”</span>? In thinking of him we + involuntarily experience the sensation of having beheld some + loathsome spectacle, which we must quickly efface from our + recollection. Should we not turn our backs upon even the most + venerated man if we entertained the least suspicion of him in this + regard? Not, indeed, from a moral point of view, but because of + sudden disgust and horror! Whence comes this sharpness of feeling? + Perhaps we shall be given to understand that, at bottom, we are not + quite certain of our own selves? Or that, early in life, we build + round ourselves hedges of the most pointed contempt, in order that, + when old age makes us weak and forgetful, we may not feel inclined + to brush our own contempt away from us?</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, speaking + frankly, this suspicion is quite erroneous, and whoever forms it + knows nothing of what agitates and determines the free spirit: how + little, to him, does the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">changing</span></em> of an opinion seem + contemptible <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">per se</span></span>! On the + contrary, how highly he prizes the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">ability</span></em> + to change an opinion as a rare and valuable distinction, especially + if he can retain it far into old age! And his pride (not his + pusillanimity) even reaches so high as to be able to pluck the + fruits of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">spernere se sperni</span></span> and the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">spernere se ipsum</span></span>: without his + being troubled by the sensation of fear of vain and easy-going men. + Furthermore, the doctrine of the innocence of all opinions appears + to him to be as certain as the doctrine of the innocence of all + actions: how could he act as judge and hangman before the apostate + of intellectual liberty! On the contrary, the sight of such a + person would disgust him as much as the sight of a nauseous illness + disgusts the physician: the physical repulsion caused by everything + spongy, soft, and suppurating momentarily overcomes reason and the + desire to help. Hence our goodwill is overcome by the conception of + the monstrous dishonesty which must have gained the upper hand in + the apostate from the free spirit: by the conception of a general + gnawing which is eating its way down even to the framework of the + character.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">57.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Other Fears, + other Safeties.</span></span>—Christianity overspread life with a + new and unlimited <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">insecurity</span></em>, thereby creating new + safeties, enjoyments <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg + 060]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + and recreations, and new valuations of all things. Our own century + denies the existence of this insecurity, and does so with a good + conscience, yet it clings to the old habit of Christian + certainties, enjoyments, recreations, and valuations!—even in its + noblest arts and philosophies. How feeble and worn out must all + this now seem, how imperfect and clumsy, how arbitrarily fanatical, + and, above all, how uncertain: now that its horrible contrast has + been taken away—the ever-present fear of the Christian for his + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">eternal</span></em> salvation!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">58.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Christianity + and the Emotions.</span></span>—In Christianity we may see a great + popular protest against philosophy: the reasoning of the sages of + antiquity had withdrawn men from the influence of the emotions, but + Christianity would fain give men their emotions back again. With + this aim in view, it denies any moral value to virtue such as + philosophers understood it—as a victory of the reason over the + passions—generally condemns every kind of goodness, and calls upon + the passions to manifest themselves in their full power and glory: + as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">love</span></em> of God, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">fear</span></em> of + God, fanatic <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">belief</span></em> in God, blind <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">hope</span></em> in + God.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">59.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Error as a + Cordial.</span></span>—Let people say what they will, it is + nevertheless certain that it was the aim of Christianity to deliver + mankind from the yoke of moral engagements by indicating what it + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name= + "Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> believed to be the + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">shortest + way to perfection</span></em>: exactly in the same manner as a few + philosophers thought they could dispense with tedious and laborious + dialectics, and the collection of strictly-proved facts, and point + out a royal road to truth. It was an error in both cases, but + nevertheless a great cordial for those who were worn out and + despairing in the wilderness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">60.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">All Spirit + finally becomes Visible.</span></span>—Christianity has assimilated + the entire spirituality of an incalculable number of men who were + by nature submissive, all those enthusiasts of humiliation and + reverence, both refined and coarse. It has in this way freed itself + from its own original rustic coarseness—of which we are vividly + reminded when we look at the oldest image of St. Peter the + Apostle—and has become a very intellectual religion, with thousands + of wrinkles, <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">arrière-pensées</span></span>, and masks on + its face. It has made European humanity more clever, and not only + cunning from a theological standpoint. By the spirit which it has + thus given to European humanity—in conjunction with the power of + abnegation, and very often in conjunction with the profound + conviction and loyalty of that abnegation—it has perhaps chiselled + and shaped the most subtle individualities which have ever existed + in human society: the individualities of the higher ranks of the + Catholic clergy, especially when these priests have sprung from a + noble family, and have brought to their work, from the very + beginning, the innate grace of gesture, the dominating glance + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name= + "Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of the eye, and + beautiful hands and feet. Here the human face acquires that + spiritualisation brought about by the continual ebb and flow of two + kinds of happiness (the feeling of power and the feeling of + submission) after a carefully-planned manner of living has + conquered the beast in man. Here an activity, which consists in + blessing, forgiving sins, and representing the Almighty, ever keeps + alive in the soul, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">and even in the body</span></em>, the + consciousness of a supreme mission; here we find that noble + contempt concerning the perishable nature of the body, of + well-being, and of happiness, peculiar to born soldiers: their + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">pride</span></em> lies in obedience, a + distinctly aristocratic trait; their excuse and their idealism + arise from the enormous impossibility of their task. The surpassing + beauty and subtleties of these princes of the Church have always + proved to the people the truth of the Church; a momentary + brutalisation of the clergy (such as came about in Luther's time) + always tended to encourage the contrary belief. And would it be + maintained that this result of beauty and human subtlety, shown in + harmony of figure, intellect, and task, would come to an end with + religions? and that nothing higher could be obtained, or even + conceived?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">61.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Needful + Sacrifice.</span></span>—Those earnest, able, and just men of + profound feelings, who are still Christians at heart, owe it to + themselves to make one attempt to live for a certain space of time + without Christianity! they owe it <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">to their + faith</span></em> that they should thus for once take up their + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page063">[pg 063]</span><a name= + "Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> abode <span class= + "tei tei-q">“in the wilderness”</span>—if for no other reason than + that of being able to pronounce on the question as to whether + Christianity is needful. So far, however, they have confined + themselves to their own narrow domain and insulted every one who + happened to be outside of it: yea, they even become highly + irritated when it is suggested to them that beyond this little + domain of theirs lies the great world, and that Christianity is, + after all, only a corner of it! No; your evidence on the question + will be valueless until you have lived year after year without + Christianity, and with the inmost desire to continue to exist + without it: until, indeed, you have withdrawn far, far away from + it. It is not when your nostalgia urges you back again, but when + your judgment, based on a strict comparison, drives you back, that + your homecoming has any significance!—Men of coming generations + will deal in this manner with all the valuations of the past; they + must be voluntarily <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">lived</span></em> over again, together with + their contraries, in order that such men may finally acquire the + right of shifting them.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">62.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">On the Origin + of Religions.</span></span>—How can any one regard his own opinion + of things as a revelation? This is the problem of the formation of + religions: there has always been some man in whom this phenomenon + was possible. A postulate is that such a man already believed in + revelations. Suddenly, however, a new idea occurs to him one day, + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">his</span></em> idea; and the entire + blessedness of a great <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg + 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + personal hypothesis, which embraces all existence and the whole + world, penetrates with such force into his conscience that he dare + not think himself the creator of such blessedness, and he therefore + attributes to his God the cause of this new idea and likewise the + cause of the cause, believing it to be the revelation of his God. + How could a man be the author of so great a happiness? ask his + pessimistic doubts. But other levers are secretly at work: an + opinion may be strengthened by one's self if it be considered as a + revelation; and in this way all its hypothetic nature is removed; + the matter is set beyond criticism and even beyond doubt: it is + sanctified. It is true that, in this way, a man lowers himself to + playing the rôle of <span class="tei tei-q">“mouthpiece,”</span> + but his thought will end by being victorious as a divine + thought—the feeling of finally gaining the victory conquers the + feeling of degradation. There is also another feeling in the + background: if a man raises his products above himself, and thus + apparently detracts from his own worth, there nevertheless remains + a kind of joyfulness, paternal love, and paternal pride, which + compensates man—more than compensates man—for everything.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="Sect_63" id="Sect_63" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">63.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hatred of One's + Neighbour.</span></span>—Supposing that we felt towards our + neighbour as he does himself—Schopenhauer calls this compassion, + though it would be more correct to call it auto-passion, + fellow-feeling—we should be compelled to hate him, if, like Pascal, + he thought himself hateful. And this was <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> probably the general feeling of Pascal + regarding mankind, and also that of ancient Christianity, which, + under Nero, was <span class="tei tei-q">“convicted”</span> of + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">odium generis humani</span></span>, as Tacitus + has recorded.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">64.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Broken-Hearted Ones.</span></span>—Christianity has the instinct of + a hunter for finding out all those who may by hook or by crook be + driven to despair—only a very small number of men can be brought to + this despair. Christianity lies in wait for such as those, and + pursues them. Pascal made an attempt to find out whether it was not + possible, with the help of the very subtlest knowledge, to drive + everybody into despair. He failed: to his second despair.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">65.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brahminism and + Christianity.</span></span>—There are certain precepts for + obtaining a consciousness of power: on the one hand, for those who + already know how to control themselves, and who are therefore + already quite used to the feeling of power; and, on the other hand, + for those who cannot control themselves. Brahminism has given its + care to the former type of man; Christianity to the latter.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">66.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Faculty of + Vision.</span></span>—During the whole of the Middle Ages it was + believed that the real distinguishing trait of higher men was the + faculty of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg + 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + having visions—that is to say, of having a grave mental trouble. + And, in fact, the rules of life of all the higher natures of the + Middle Ages (the religiosi) were drawn up with the object of making + man capable of vision! Little wonder, then, that the exaggerated + esteem for these half-mad fanatics, so-called men of genius, has + continued even to our own days. <span class="tei tei-q">“They have + seen things that others do not see”</span>—no doubt! and this fact + should inspire us with caution where they are concerned, and not + with belief!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">67.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Price of + Believers.</span></span>—He who sets such a value on being believed + in has to promise heaven in recompense for this belief: and every + one, even a thief on the Cross, must have suffered from a terrible + doubt and experienced crucifixion in every form: otherwise he would + not buy his followers so dearly.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="Sect_68" id="Sect_68" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">68.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The First + Christian.</span></span>—The whole world still believes in the + literary career of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Holy Ghost,”</span> + or is still influenced by the effects of this belief: when we look + into our Bibles we do so for the purpose of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“edifying ourselves,”</span> to find a few words of + comfort for our misery, be it great or small—in short, we read + ourselves into it and out of it. But who—apart from a few learned + men—know that it likewise records the history of one of the most + ambitious and importunate souls that ever <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page067">[pg 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> existed, of a mind full of superstition and + cunning: the history of the Apostle Paul? Nevertheless, without + this singular history, without the tribulations and passions of + such a mind, and of such a soul, there would have been no Christian + kingdom; we should have scarcely have even heard of a little Jewish + sect, the founder of which died on the Cross. It is true that, if + this history had been understood in time, if we had read, + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">really + read</span></em>, the writings of St. Paul, not as the revelations + of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Holy Ghost,”</span> but with honest + and independent minds, oblivious of all our personal troubles—there + were no such readers for fifteen centuries—it would have been all + up with Christianity long ago: so searchingly do these writings of + the Jewish Pascal lay bare the origins of Christianity, just as the + French Pascal let us see its destiny and how it will ultimately + perish. That the ship of Christianity threw overboard no + inconsiderable part of its Jewish ballast, that it was able to sail + into the waters of the heathen and actually did do so: this is due + to the history of one single man, this apostle who was so greatly + troubled in mind and so worthy of pity, but who was also very + disagreeable to himself and to others.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This man + suffered from a fixed idea, or rather a fixed question, an + ever-present and ever-burning question: what was the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">meaning</span></em> + of the Jewish Law? and, more especially, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the fulfilment of + this Law</span></em>? In his youth he had done his best to satisfy + it, thirsting as he did for that highest distinction which the Jews + could imagine—this people, which raised the imagination of moral + loftiness to a greater elevation than any other people, and which + alone succeeded <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg + 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + in uniting the conception of a holy God with the idea of sin + considered as an offence against this holiness. St. Paul became at + once the fanatic defender and guard-of-honour of this God and His + Law. Ceaselessly battling against and lying in wait for all + transgressors of this Law and those who presumed to doubt it, he + was pitiless and cruel towards all evil-doers, whom he would fain + have punished in the most rigorous fashion possible.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, however, he + was aware in his own person of the fact that such a man as + himself—violent, sensual, melancholy, and malicious in his + hatred—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">could</span></em> not fulfil the Law; and + furthermore, what seemed strangest of all to him, he saw that his + boundless craving for power was continually provoked to break it, + and that he could not help yielding to this impulse. Was it really + <span class="tei tei-q">“the flesh”</span> which made him a + trespasser time and again? Was it not rather, as it afterwards + occurred to him, the Law itself, which continually showed itself to + be impossible to fulfil, and seduced men into transgression with an + irresistible charm? But at that time he had not thought of this + means of escape. As he suggests here and there, he had many things + on his conscience—hatred, murder, sorcery, idolatry, debauchery, + drunkenness, and orgiastic revelry,—and to however great an extent + he tried to soothe his conscience, and, even more, his desire for + power, by the extreme fanaticism of his worship for and defence of + the Law, there were times when the thought struck him: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is all in vain! The anguish of the unfulfilled Law + cannot be overcome.”</span> Luther must have experienced similar + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name= + "Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> feelings, when, in + his cloister, he endeavoured to become the ideal man of his + imagination; and, as Luther one day began to hate the + ecclesiastical ideal, and the Pope, and the saints, and the whole + clergy, with a hatred which was all the more deadly as he could not + avow it even to himself, an analogous feeling took possession of + St. Paul. The Law was the Cross on which he felt himself crucified. + How he hated it! What a grudge he owed it! How he began to look + round on all sides to find a means for its total annihilation, that + he might no longer be obliged to fulfil it himself! And at last a + liberating thought, together with a vision—which was only to be + expected in the case of an epileptic like himself—flashed into his + mind: to him, the stern upholder of the Law—who, in his innermost + heart, was tired to death of it—there appeared on the lonely path + that Christ, with the divine effulgence on His countenance, and + Paul heard the words: <span class="tei tei-q">“Why persecutest thou + Me?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What actually + took place, then, was this: his mind was suddenly enlightened, and + he said to himself: <span class="tei tei-q">“It is unreasonable to + persecute this Jesus Christ! Here is my means of escape, here is my + complete vengeance, here and nowhere else have I the destroyer of + the Law in my hands!”</span> The sufferer from anguished pride felt + himself restored to health all at once, his moral despair + disappeared in the air; for morality itself was blown away, + annihilated—that is to say, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fulfilled</span></em>, there on the Cross! Up + to that time that ignominious death had seemed to him to be the + principal argument against the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Messiahship”</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> proclaimed by the followers of the new + doctrine: but what if it were necessary for doing away with the + Law? The enormous consequences of this thought, of this solution of + the enigma, danced before his eyes, and he at once became the + happiest of men. The destiny of the Jews, yea, of all mankind, + seemed to him to be intertwined with this instantaneous flash of + enlightenment: he held the thought of thoughts, the key of keys, + the light of lights; history would henceforth revolve round him! + For from that time forward he would be the apostle of the + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">annihilation of the Law</span></em>! To be + dead to sin—that meant to be dead to the Law also; to be in the + flesh—that meant to be under the Law! To be one with Christ—that + meant to have become, like Him, the destroyer of the Law; to be + dead with Him—that meant likewise to be dead to the Law. Even if it + were still possible to sin, it would not at any rate be possible to + sin against the Law: <span class="tei tei-q">“I am above the + Law,”</span> thinks Paul; adding, <span class="tei tei-q">“If I + were now to acknowledge the Law again and to submit to it, I should + make Christ an accomplice in the sin”</span>; for the Law was there + for the purpose of producing sin and setting it in the foreground, + as an emetic produces sickness. God could not have decided upon the + death of Christ had it been possible to fulfil the Law without it; + henceforth, not only are all sins expiated, but sin itself is + abolished; henceforth the Law is dead; henceforth <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the flesh”</span> in which it dwelt is dead—or at all + events dying, gradually wasting away. To live for a short time + longer amid this decay!—this is the Christian's fate, until the + time when, having become <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg + 071]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + one with Christ, he arises with Him, sharing with Christ the divine + glory, and becoming, like Christ, a <span class="tei tei-q">“Son of + God.”</span> Then Paul's exaltation was at its height, and with it + the importunity of his soul—the thought of union with Christ made + him lose all shame, all submission, all constraint, and his + ungovernable ambition was shown to be revelling in the expectation + of divine glories.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such was the + first Christian, the inventor of Christianity! before him there + were only a few Jewish sectaries.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">69.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Inimitable.</span></span>—There is an + enormous strain and distance between envy and friendship, between + self-contempt and pride: the Greek lived in the former, the + Christian in the latter.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">70.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Use of a + Coarse Intellect.</span></span>—The Christian Church is an + encyclopædia of primitive cults and views of the most varied + origin; and is, in consequence, well adapted to missionary work: in + former times she could—and still does—go wherever she would, and in + doing so always found something resembling herself, to which she + could assimilate herself and gradually substitute her own spirit + for it. It is not to what is Christian in her usages, but to what + is universally pagan in them, that we have to attribute the + development of this universal religion. Her thoughts, which have + their origin at once in the Judaic and in the Hellenic spirit, were + able from the very beginning to raise <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> themselves above the exclusiveness and + subtleties of races and nations, as above prejudices. Although we + may admire the power which makes even the most difficult things + coalesce, we must nevertheless not overlook the contemptible + qualities of this power—the astonishing coarseness and narrowness + of the Church's intellect when it was in process of formation, a + coarseness which permitted it to accommodate itself to any diet, + and to digest contradictions like pebbles.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">71.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Christian + Vengeance against Rome.</span></span>—Perhaps nothing is more + fatiguing than the sight of a continual conqueror: for more than + two hundred years the world had seen Rome overcoming one nation + after another, the circle was closed, all future seemed to be at an + end, everything was done with a view to its lasting for all + time—yea, when the Empire built anything it was erected with a view + to being <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">aere perennius</span></span>. + We, who know only the <span class="tei tei-q">“melancholy of + ruins,”</span> can scarcely understand that totally different + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">melancholy of eternal buildings</span></em>, + from which men endeavoured to save themselves as best they + could—with the light-hearted fancy of a Horace, for example. Others + sought different consolations for the weariness which was closely + akin to despair, against the deadening knowledge that from + henceforth all progress of thought and heart would be hopeless, + that the huge spider sat everywhere and mercilessly continued to + drink all the blood within its reach, no matter where it might + spring forth. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page073">[pg + 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + This mute, century-old hatred of the wearied spectators against + Rome, wherever Rome's domination extended, was at length vented in + Christianity, which united Rome, <span class="tei tei-q">“the + world,”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“sin”</span> into a + single conception. The Christians took their revenge on Rome by + proclaiming the immediate and sudden destruction of the world; by + once more introducing a future—for Rome had been able to transform + everything into the history of its <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">own</span></em> + past and present—a future in which Rome was no longer the most + important factor; and by dreaming of the last judgment—while the + crucified Jew, as the symbol of salvation, was the greatest + derision on the superb Roman prætors in the provinces; for now they + seemed to be only the symbols of ruin and a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“world”</span> ready to perish.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">72.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Life after Death.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—Christianity + found the idea of punishment in hell in the entire Roman Empire: + for the numerous mystic cults have hatched this idea with + particular satisfaction as being the most fecund egg of their + power. Epicurus thought he could do nothing better for his + followers than to tear this belief up by the roots: his triumph + found its finest echo in the mouth of one of his disciples, the + Roman Lucretius, a poet of a gloomy, though afterwards enlightened, + temperament. Alas! his triumph had come too soon: Christianity took + under its special protection this belief in subterranean horrors, + which was already beginning to die away in the minds of men; and + that <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg 074]</span><a name= + "Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> was clever of it. + For, without this audacious leap into the most complete paganism, + how could it have proved itself victorious over the popularity of + Mithras and Isis? In this way it managed to bring timorous folk + over to its side—the most enthusiastic adherents of a new faith! + The Jews, being a people which, like the Greeks, and even in a + greater degree than the Greeks, loved and still love life, had not + cultivated that idea to any great extent: the thought of final + death as the punishment of the sinner, death without resurrection + as an extreme menace: this was sufficient to impress these peculiar + men, who did not wish to get rid of their bodies, but hoped, with + their refined Egypticism, to preserve them for ever. (A Jewish + martyr, about whom we may read in the Second Book of the Maccabees, + would not think of giving up his intestines, which had been torn + out: he wanted to have them at the resurrection: quite a Jewish + characteristic!)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thoughts of + eternal damnation were far from the minds of the early Christians: + they thought they were <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">delivered</span></em> from death, and awaited + a transformation from day to day, but not death. (What a curious + effect the first death must have produced on these expectant + people! How many different feelings must have been mingled + together—astonishment, exultation, doubt, shame, and passion! + Verily, a subject worthy of a great artist!) St. Paul could say + nothing better in praise of his Saviour than that he had opened the + gates of immortality to everybody—he did not believe in the + resurrection of those who had not been saved: more <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page075">[pg 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> than this, by reason of his doctrine of + the impossibility of carrying out the Law, and of death considered + as a consequence of sin, he even suspected that, up to that time, + no one had become immortal (or at all events only a very few, + solely owing to special grace and not to any merits of their own): + it was only in his time that immortality had begun to open its + gates—and only a few of the elect would finally gain admittance, as + the pride of the elect cannot help saying.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In other places, + where the impulse towards life was not so strong as among the Jews + and the Christian Jews, and where the prospect of immortality did + not appear to be more valuable than the prospect of a final death, + that pagan, yet not altogether un-Jewish addition of Hell became a + very useful tool in the hands of the missionaries: then arose the + new doctrine that even the sinners and the unsaved are immortal, + the doctrine of eternal damnation, which was more powerful than the + idea of a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">final death</span></em>, which thereafter + began to fade away. It was science alone which could overcome this + idea, at the same time brushing aside all other ideas about death + and an after-life. We are poorer in one particular: the + <span class="tei tei-q">“life after death”</span> has no further + interest for us! an indescribable blessing, which is as yet too + recent to be considered as such throughout the world. And Epicurus + is once more triumphant.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">73.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">For the</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Truth</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">!</span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“The truth of Christianity was attested by the virtuous + lives of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg + 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Christians, their firmness in suffering, their unshakable belief + and above all by the spread and increase of the faith in spite of + all calamities.”</span>—That's how you talk even now. The more's + the pity. Learn, then, that all this proves nothing either in + favour of truth or against it; that truth must be demonstrated + differently from conscientiousness, and that the latter is in no + respect whatever an argument in favour of the former.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">74.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A + Christian</span> <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Arrière-pensée</span></span><span style="font-variant: small-caps">.</span></span>—Would + not this have been a general reservation among Christians of the + first century: <span class="tei tei-q">“It is better to persuade + ourselves into the belief that we are guilty rather than that we + are innocent; for it is impossible to ascertain the disposition of + so powerful a judge—but it is to be feared that he is looking out + only for those who are conscious of guilt. Bearing in mind his + great power, it is more likely that he will pardon a guilty person + than admit that any one is innocent, in his presence.”</span> This + was the feeling of poor provincial folk in the presence of the + Roman prætor: <span class="tei tei-q">“He is too proud for us to + dare to be innocent.”</span> And may not this very sentiment have + made its influence felt when the Christians endeavoured to picture + to themselves the aspect of the Supreme Judge?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">75.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Neither + European nor Noble.</span></span>—There is something Oriental and + feminine in Christianity, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page077">[pg 077]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> this is shown in the thought, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Whom the Lord loveth, He chasteneth”</span>; for women + in the Orient consider castigations and the strict seclusion of + their persons from the world as a sign of their husband's love, and + complain if these signs of love cease.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">76.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">If you think it + Evil, you make it Evil.</span></span>—The passions become evil and + malignant when regarded with evil and malignant eyes. It is in this + way that Christianity has succeeded in transforming Eros and + Aphrodite—sublime powers, capable of idealisation—into hellish + genii and phantom goblins, by means of the pangs which every sexual + impulse was made to raise in the conscience of the believers. Is it + not a dreadful thing to transform necessary and regular sensations + into a source of inward misery, and thus arbitrarily to render + interior misery necessary and regular <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in the case of + every man</span></em>! Furthermore, this misery remains secret with + the result that it is all the more deeply rooted, for it is not all + men who have the courage, which Shakespeare shows in his sonnets, + of making public their Christian gloom on this point.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Must a feeling, + then, always be called evil against which we are forced to + struggle, which we must restrain even within certain limits, or, in + given cases, banish entirely from our minds? Is it not the habit of + vulgar souls always to call an <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">enemy</span></em> + evil! and must we call Eros an enemy? The sexual feelings, like the + feelings of pity and adoration, possess the particular + characteristic that, in their case, one being <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> gratifies another by the pleasure he + enjoys—it is but rarely that we meet with such a benevolent + arrangement in nature. And yet we calumniate and corrupt it all by + our bad conscience! We connect the procreation of man with a bad + conscience!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the outcome + of this diabolisation of Eros is a mere farce: the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“demon”</span> Eros becomes an object of greater + interest to mankind than all the angels and saints put together, + thanks to the mysterious Mumbo-Jumboism of the Church in all things + erotic: it is due to the Church that love stories, even in our own + time, have become the one common interest which appeals to all + classes of people—with an exaggeration which would be + incomprehensible to antiquity, and which will not fail to provoke + roars of laughter in coming generations. All our poetising and + thinking, from the highest to the lowest, is marked, and more than + marked, by the exaggerated importance bestowed upon the love story + as the principal item of our existence. Posterity may perhaps, on + this account, come to the conclusion that its entire legacy of + Christian culture is tainted with narrowness and insanity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">77.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Tortures of + the Soul.</span></span>—The whole world raises a shout of horror at + the present day if one man presumes to torture the body of another: + the indignation against such a being bursts forth almost + spontaneously. Nay; we tremble even at the very thought of torture + being inflicted on a man or an animal, and we undergo unspeakable + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name= + "Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> misery when we hear + of such an act having been accomplished. But the same feeling is + experienced in a very much lesser degree and extent when it is a + question of the tortures of the soul and the dreadfulness of their + infliction. Christianity has introduced such tortures on an + unprecedented scale, and still continues to preach this kind of + martyrdom—yea, it even complains innocently of backsliding and + indifference when it meets with a state of soul which is free from + such agonies. From all this it now results that humanity, in the + face of spiritual racks, tortures of the mind, and instruments of + punishment, behaves even to-day with the same awesome patience and + indecision which it exhibited in former times in the presence of + the cruelties practised on the bodies of men or animals. Hell has + certainly not remained merely an empty sound; and a new kind of + pity has been devised to correspond to the newly-created fears of + hell—a horrible and ponderous compassion, hitherto unknown; with + people <span class="tei tei-q">“irrevocably condemned to + hell,”</span> as, for example, the Stony Guest gave Don Juan to + understand, and which, during the Christian era, should often have + made the very stones weep.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Plutarch + presents us with a gloomy picture of the state of mind of a + superstitious man in pagan times: but this picture pales when + compared with that of a Christian of the Middle Ages, who + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">supposes</span></em> that nothing can save him + from <span class="tei tei-q">“torments everlasting.”</span> + Dreadful omens appear to him: perhaps he sees a stork holding a + snake in his beak and hesitating to swallow it. Or all nature + suddenly becomes pale; or bright, fiery colours appear across the + surface <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg + 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of the earth. Or the ghosts of his dead relations approach him, + with features showing traces of dreadful sufferings. Or the dark + walls of the room in which the man is sleeping are suddenly lighted + up, and there, amidst a yellow flame, he perceives instruments of + torture and a motley horde of snakes and devils. Christianity has + surely turned this world of ours into a fearful habitation by + raising the crucifix in all parts and thereby proclaiming the earth + to be a place <span class="tei tei-q">“where the just man is + tortured to death!”</span> And when the ardour of some great + preacher for once disclosed to the public the secret sufferings of + the individual, the agonies of the lonely souls, when, for example, + Whitefield preached <span class="tei tei-q">“like a dying man to + the dying,”</span> now bitterly weeping, now violently stamping his + feet, speaking passionately, in abrupt and incisive tones, without + fearing to turn the whole force of his attack upon any one + individual present, excluding him from the assembly with excessive + harshness—then indeed did it seem as if the earth were being + transformed into a <span class="tei tei-q">“field of evil.”</span> + The huge crowds were then seen to act as if seized with a sudden + attack of madness: many were in fits of anguish; others lay + unconscious and motionless; others, again, trembled or rent the air + with their piercing shrieks. Everywhere there was a loud breathing, + as of half-choked people who were gasping for the breath of life. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Indeed,”</span> said an eye-witness once, + <span class="tei tei-q">“almost all the noises appeared to come + from people who were dying in the bitterest agony.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Let us never + forget that it was Christianity which first turned the death-bed + into a bed of agony, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page081">[pg + 081]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + that, by the scenes which took place there, and the terrifying + sounds which were made possible there for the first time, it has + poisoned the senses and the blood of innumerable witnesses and + their children. Imagine the ordinary man who can never efface the + recollection of words like these: <span class="tei tei-q">“Oh, + eternity! Would that I had no soul! Would that I had never been + born! My soul is damned, damned; lost for ever! Six days ago you + might have helped me. But now all is over. I belong to the devil, + and with him I will go down to hell. Break, break, ye poor hearts + of stone! Ye will not break? What more can be done for hearts of + stone? I am damned that ye may be saved! There he is! Yea; there he + is! Come, good devil! Come!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">78.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Avenging + Justice.</span></span>—Misfortune and guilt: these two things have + been put on one scale by Christianity; so that, when the misfortune + which follows a fault is a serious one, this fault is always judged + accordingly to be a very heinous one. But this was not the + valuation of antiquity, and that is why Greek tragedy—in which + misfortune and punishment are discussed at length, and yet in + another sense—forms part of the great liberators of the mind to an + extent which even the ancients themselves could not realise. They + remained ingenuous enough not to set up an <span class= + "tei tei-q">“adequate relation”</span> between guilt and + misfortune. The guilt of their tragic heroes is, indeed, the little + pebble that makes them stumble, and on which account they + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg 082]</span><a name= + "Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> sometimes happen to + break an arm or knock out an eye. Upon this the feeling of + antiquity made the comment, <span class="tei tei-q">“Well, he + should have gone his way with more caution and less pride.”</span> + It was reserved for Christianity, however, to say: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Here we have a great misfortune, and behind this great + misfortune there must lie a great fault, an equally <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">serious + fault</span></em>, though we cannot clearly see it! If, wretched + man, you do not feel it, it is because your heart is hardened—and + worse than this will happen to you!”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Besides this, + antiquity could point to examples of real misfortunes, misfortunes + that were pure and innocent; it was only with the advent of + Christianity that all punishment became well-merited punishment: in + addition to this it renders the imagination of the sufferer still + more suffering, so that the victim, in the midst of his distress, + is seized with the feeling that he has been morally reproved and + cast away. Poor humanity! The Greeks had a special word to stand + for the feeling of indignation which was experienced at the + misfortune of another: among Christian peoples this feeling was + prohibited and was not permitted to develop; hence the reason why + they have no name for this <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">more virile</span></em> brother of pity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">79.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A + Proposal.</span></span>—If, according to the arguments of Pascal + and Christianity, our ego is always hateful, how can we permit and + suppose other people, whether God or men, to love it? It would be + contrary to all good principles to let ourselves be <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page083">[pg 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> loved when we know very well that we + deserve nothing but hatred—not to speak of other repugnant + feelings. <span class="tei tei-q">“But this is the very Kingdom of + Grace.”</span> Then you look upon your love for your neighbour as a + grace? Your pity as a grace? Well, then, if you can do all this, + there is no reason why you should not go a step further: love + yourselves through grace, and then you will no longer find your God + necessary, and the entire drama of the Fall and Redemption of + mankind will reach its last act in yourselves!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">80.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Compassionate Christian.</span></span>—A Christian's compassion in + the presence of his neighbour's suffering has another side to it: + viz. his profound suspicion of all the joy of his neighbour, of his + neighbour's joy in everything that he wills and is able to do.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">81.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Saint's + Humanity.</span></span>—A saint had fallen into the company of + believers, and could no longer stand their continually expressed + hatred for sin. At last he said to them: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“God created all things, except sin: therefore it is no + wonder that He does not like it. But man has created sin, and why, + then, should he disown this only child of his merely because it is + not regarded with a friendly eye by God, its grandfather? Is that + human? Honour to whom honour is due—but one's heart and duty must + speak, above all, in favour of the child—and only in the second + place for the honour of the grandfather!”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name= + "Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">82.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Theological + Attack.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“You must arrange + that with yourself; for your life is at stake!”</span>—Luther it is + who suddenly springs upon us with these words and imagines that we + feel the knife at our throats. But we throw him off with the words + of one higher and more considerate than he: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“We need form no opinion in regard to this or that + matter, and thus save our souls from trouble. For, by their very + nature, the things themselves cannot compel us to express an + opinion.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">83.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Poor + Humanity!</span></span>—A single drop of blood too much or too + little in the brain may render our life unspeakably miserable and + difficult, and we may suffer more from this single drop of blood + than Prometheus from his vulture. But the worst is when we do not + know that this drop is causing our sufferings—and we think it is + <span class="tei tei-q">“the devil!”</span> Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sin!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="Sect_84" id="Sect_84" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">84.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Philology + of Christianity.</span></span>—How little Christianity cultivates + the sense of honesty can be inferred from the character of the + writings of its learned men. They set out their conjectures as + audaciously as if they were dogmas, and are but seldom at a + disadvantage in regard to the interpretation of Scripture. Their + continual cry is: <span class="tei tei-q">“I am right, for it is + written”</span>—and then follows an explanation so shameless and + capricious that a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg + 085]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + philologist, when he hears it, must stand stock-still between anger + and laughter, asking himself again and again: Is it possible? Is it + honest? Is it even decent?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is only those + who never—or always—attend church that underestimate the dishonesty + with which this subject is still dealt in Protestant pulpits; in + what a clumsy fashion the preacher takes advantage of his security + from interruption; how the Bible is pinched and squeezed; and how + the people are made acquainted with every form of <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the art of false + reading</span></em>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When all is said + and done, however, what can be expected from the effects of a + religion which, during the centuries when it was being firmly + established, enacted that huge philological farce concerning the + Old Testament? I refer to that attempt to tear the Old Testament + from the hands of the Jews under the pretext that it contained only + Christian doctrines and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">belonged</span></em> to the Christians as the + true people of Israel, while the Jews had merely arrogated it to + themselves without authority. This was followed by a mania of + would-be interpretation and falsification, which could not under + any circumstances have been allied with a good conscience. However + strongly Jewish savants protested, it was everywhere sedulously + asserted that the Old Testament alluded everywhere to Christ, and + nothing but Christ, more especially His Cross, and thus, wherever + reference was made to wood, a rod, a ladder, a twig, a tree, a + willow, or a staff, such a reference could not but be a prophecy + relating to the wood of the Cross: even the setting-up <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of the Unicorn and the Brazen Serpent, + even Moses stretching forth his hands in prayer—yea, the very spits + on which the Easter lambs were roasted: all these were allusions to + the Cross, and, as it were, preludes to it! Did any one who kept on + asserting these things ever <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">believe</span></em> in them? Let it not be + forgotten that the Church did not shrink from putting + interpolations in the text of the Septuagint (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> + Ps. xcvi. 10), in order that she might later on make use of these + interpolated passages as Christian prophecies. They were engaged in + a struggle, and thought of their foes rather than of honesty.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">85.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Subtlety in + Penury.</span></span>—Take care not to laugh at the mythology of + the Greeks merely because it so little resembles your own profound + metaphysics! You should admire a people who checked their quick + intellect at this point, and for a long time afterwards had tact + enough to avoid the danger of scholasticism and hair-splitting + superstition.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">86.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Christian + Interpreters of the Body.</span></span>—Whatever originates in the + stomach, the intestines, the beating of the heart, the nerves, the + bile, the seed—all those indispositions, debilities, irritations, + and the whole contingency of that machine about which we know so + little—a Christian like Pascal considers it all as a moral and + religious phenomenon, asking himself whether God or the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name= + "Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> devil, good or evil, + salvation or damnation, is the cause. Alas for the unfortunate + interpreter! How he must distort and worry his system! How he must + distort and worry himself in order to gain his point!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">87.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Moral + Miracle.</span></span>—In the domain of morality, Christianity + knows of nothing but the miracle; the sudden change in all + valuations, the sudden renouncement of all habits, the sudden and + irresistible predilection for new things and persons. Christianity + looks upon this phenomenon as the work of God, and calls it the act + of regeneration, thus giving it a unique and incomparable value. + Everything else which is called morality, and which bears no + relation to this miracle, becomes in consequence a matter of + indifference to the Christian, and indeed, so far as it is a + feeling of well-being and pride, an object of fear. The canon of + virtue, of the fulfilled law, is established in the New Testament, + but in such a way as to be the canon of <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">impossible + virtue</span></em>: men who still aspire to moral perfections must + come to understand, in the face of this canon, that they are + further and further <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">removed</span></em> from their aim; they must + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">despair</span></em> of virtue, and end by + throwing themselves at the feet of the Merciful One.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is only in + reaching a conclusion like this that moral efforts on the part of + the Christian can still be regarded as possessing any value: the + condition that these efforts shall always remain sterile, painful, + and melancholy is therefore indispensable; and it <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is in this way that those efforts could + still avail to bring about that moment of ecstasy when man + experiences the <span class="tei tei-q">“overflow of grace”</span> + and the moral miracle. This struggle for morality is, however, not + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">necessary</span></em>; for it is by no means + uncommon for this miracle to happen to the sinner at the very + moment when he is, so to speak, wallowing in the mire of sin: yea, + the leap from the deepest and most abandoned sinfulness into its + contrary seems easier, and, as a clear proof of the miracle, even + more desirable.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What, for the + rest, may be the signification of such a sudden, unreasonable, and + irresistible revolution, such a change from the depths of misery + into the heights of happiness? (might it be a disguised epilepsy?) + This should at all events be considered by alienists, who have + frequent opportunities of observing similar <span class= + "tei tei-q">“miracles”</span>—for example, the mania of murder or + suicide. The relatively <span class="tei tei-q">“more pleasant + consequences”</span> in the case of the Christian make no important + difference.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">88.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Luther, the + Great Benefactor.</span></span>—Luther's most important result is + the suspicion which he awakened against the saints and the entire + Christian <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">vita + contemplativa</span></span>; only since his day has an un-Christian + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vita contemplativa</span></span> again become + possible in Europe, only since then has contempt for laymen and + worldly activity ceased. Luther continued to be an honest miner's + son even after he had been shut up in a monastery, and there, for + lack of other <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg + 089]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + depths and <span class="tei tei-q">“borings,”</span> he descended + into himself, and bored terrifying and dark passages through his + own depths—finally coming to recognise that an introspective and + saintly life was impossible to him, and that his innate + <span class="tei tei-q">“activity”</span> in body and soul would + end by being his ruin. For a long time, too long, indeed, he + endeavoured to find the way to holiness through castigations; but + at length he made up his mind, and said to himself: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“There is no real <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vita contemplativa</span></span>! We have been + deceived. The saints were no better than the rest of us.”</span> + This was truly a rustic way of gaining one's case; but for the + Germans of that period it was the only proper way. How edified they + felt when they could read in their Lutheran catechism: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Apart from the Ten Commandments there is no work which + could find favour in the eyes of God—these much-boasted spiritual + works of the saints are purely imaginary!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">89.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Doubt As + Sin.</span></span>—Christianity has done all it possibly could to + draw a circle round itself, and has even gone so far as to declare + doubt itself to be a sin. We are to be precipitated into faith by a + miracle, without the help of reason, after which we are to float in + it as the clearest and least equivocal of elements—a mere glance at + some solid ground, the thought that we exist for some purpose other + than floating, the least movement of our amphibious nature: all + this is a sin! Let it be noted that, following this decision, the + proofs and demonstration of the faith, and all meditations upon its + origin, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg + 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + are prohibited as sinful. Christianity wants blindness and frenzy + and an eternal swan-song above the waves under which reason has + been drowned!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">90.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Egoism</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">versus</span></span> + <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Egoism.</span></span>—How + many are there who still come to the conclusion: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Life would be intolerable were there no God!”</span> + Or, as is said in idealistic circles: <span class="tei tei-q">“Life + would be intolerable if its ethical signification were + lacking.”</span> Hence there must be a God—or an ethical + signification of existence! In reality the case stands thus: He who + is accustomed to conceptions of this sort does not desire a life + without them, hence these conceptions are necessary for him and his + preservation—but what a presumption it is to assert that everything + necessary for my preservation must exist <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in + reality</span></em>! As if my preservation were really necessary! + What if others held the contrary opinion? if they did not care to + live under the conditions of these two articles of faith, and did + not regard life as worth living if they were realised!—And that is + the present position of affairs.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">91.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Honesty of + God.</span></span>—An omniscient and omnipotent God who does not + even take care that His intentions shall be understood by His + creatures—could He be a God of goodness? A God, who, for thousands + of years, has permitted innumerable doubts and scruples to continue + unchecked as if they were of no importance in the salvation of + mankind, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page091">[pg + 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + and who, nevertheless, announces the most dreadful consequences for + any one who mistakes his truth? Would he not be a cruel god if, + being himself in possession of the truth, he could calmly + contemplate mankind, in a state of miserable torment, worrying its + mind as to what was truth?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Perhaps, + however, he really is a God of goodness, and was unable to express + Himself more clearly? Perhaps he lacked intelligence enough for + this? Or eloquence? All the worse! For in such a case he may have + been deceived himself in regard to what he calls his <span class= + "tei tei-q">“truth,”</span> and may not be far from being another + <span class="tei tei-q">“poor, deceived devil!”</span> Must he not + therefore experience all the torments of hell at seeing His + creatures suffering so much here below—and even more, suffering + through all eternity—when he himself can neither advise nor help + them, except as a deaf and dumb person, who makes all kinds of + equivocal signs when his child or his dog is threatened with the + most fearful danger? A distressed believer who argues thus might be + pardoned if his pity for the suffering God were greater than his + pity for his <span class="tei tei-q">“neighbours”</span>; for they + are his neighbours no longer if that most solitary and primeval + being is also the greatest sufferer and stands most in need of + consolation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Every religion + shows some traits of the fact that it owes its origin to a state of + human intellectuality which was as yet too young and immature: they + all make light of the necessity for speaking the truth: as yet they + know nothing of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">duty of God</span></em>, the duty of being + clear and truthful in His communications with men. No one was more + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg 092]</span><a name= + "Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> eloquent than Pascal + in speaking of the <span class="tei tei-q">“hidden God”</span> and + the reasons why He had to keep Himself hidden, all of which + indicates clearly enough that Pascal himself could never make his + mind easy on this point: but he speaks with such confidence that + one is led to imagine that he must have been let into the secret at + some time or other. He seemed to have some idea that the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">deus absconditus</span></span> bore a few + slight traces of immorality; and he felt too much ashamed and + afraid of acknowledging this to himself: consequently, like a man + who is afraid, he spoke as loudly as he could.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">92.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">At the + Death-bed of Christianity.</span></span>—All truly active men now + do without inward Christianity, and the most moderate and + thoughtful men of the intellectual middle classes possess only a + kind of modified Christianity; that is, a peculiarly simplified + Christianity. A God who, in his love, ordains everything so that it + may be best for us, a God who gives us our virtue and our happiness + and then takes them away from us, so that everything at length goes + on smoothly and there is no reason left why we should take life ill + or grumble about it: in short, resignation and modesty raised to + the rank of divinities—that is the best and most lifelike remnant + of Christianity now left to us. It must be remembered, however, + that in this way Christianity has developed into a soft <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">moralism</span></em>: instead of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“God, freedom, and immortality,”</span> we have now a + kind of benevolence and honest sentiments, and the belief that, in + the entire universe, benevolence <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page093">[pg 093]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and honest sentiments will finally prevail: + this is the euthanasia of Christianity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">93.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">What is + Truth?</span></span>—Who will not be pleased with the conclusions + which the faithful take such delight in coming to?—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Science cannot be true; for it denies God. Hence it + does not come from God; and consequently it cannot be true—for God + is truth.”</span> It is not the deduction but the premise which is + fallacious. What if God were not exactly truth, and if this were + proved? And if he were instead the vanity, the desire for power, + the ambitions, the fear, and the enraptured and terrified folly of + mankind?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">94.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Remedy for the + Displeased.</span></span>—Even Paul already believed that some + sacrifice was necessary to take away the deep displeasure which God + experienced concerning sin: and ever since then Christians have + never ceased to vent the ill-humour which they felt with themselves + upon some victim or another—whether it was <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the world,”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“history,”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“reason,”</span> or joy, or the tranquillity of other + men—something good, no matter what, had to die for <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">their</span></em> + sins (even if only <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in effigie</span></span>)!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">95.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Historical + Refutation as the Decisive One.</span></span>—Formerly it was + sought to prove that there was no God—now it is shown how the + belief that a God existed could have <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">originated</span></em>, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and by what means this belief gained + authority and importance: in this way the counterproof that there + is no God becomes unnecessary and superfluous.—In former times, + when the <span class="tei tei-q">“evidences of the existence of + God”</span> which had been brought forward were refuted, a doubt + still remained, viz. whether better proofs could not be found than + those which had just been refuted: at that time the atheists did + not understand the art of making a <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tabula rasa</span></span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">96.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">In hoc signo + vinces.</span></span>”</span>—To whatever degree of progress Europe + may have attained in other respects, where religious affairs are + concerned it has not yet reached the liberal naïveté of the ancient + Brahmins, which proves that, in India, four thousand years ago, + people meditated more profoundly and transmitted to their + descendants more pleasure in meditating than is the case in our own + days. For those Brahmins believed in the first place that the + priests were more powerful than the gods, and in the second place + that it was observances which constituted the power of the priests: + as a result of which their poets were never tired of glorifying + those observances (prayers, ceremonies, sacrifices, chants, + improvised melodies) as the real dispensers of all benefits. + Although a certain amount of superstition and poetry was mingled + with all this, the principles were <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">true</span></em>! A + step further, and the gods were cast aside—which Europe likewise + will have to do before very long! One more step further, and + priests and intermediaries <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page095">[pg 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> could also be dispensed with—and then Buddha, + the teacher of the religion of self-redemption, appeared. How far + Europe is still removed from this degree of culture! When at length + all the customs and observances, upon which rests the power of + gods, priests, and saviours, shall have been destroyed, when as a + consequence morality, in the old sense, will be dead, then there + will come ... yea, what will come then? But let us refrain from + speculating; let us rather make certain that Europe will retrieve + that which, in India, amidst this people of thinkers, was carried + out thousands of years ago as a commandment of thought!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Scattered among + the different nations of Europe there are now from ten to twenty + millions of men who no longer <span class="tei tei-q">“believe in + God”</span>—is it too much to ask that they should give each other + some indication or password? As soon as they recognise each other + in this way, they will also make themselves known to each other; + and they will immediately become a power in Europe, and, happily, a + power <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">among</span></em> the nations! among the + classes! between rich and poor! between those who command, and + those who obey! between the most restless and the most tranquil, + tranquillising people!</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page097">[pg 097]</span><a name= + "Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> <a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Book II.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">97.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">One becomes + Moral</span></span>—but not because one is moral! Submission to + morals may be due to slavishness or vanity, egoism or resignation, + dismal fanaticism or thoughtlessness. It may, again, be an act of + despair, such as submission to the authority of a ruler; but there + is nothing moral about it <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">per + se</span></span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">98.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Alterations in + Morals.</span></span>—Morals are constantly undergoing changes and + transformations, occasioned by successful crimes. (To these, for + example, belong all innovations in moral judgments.)</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">99.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wherein we are + all Irrational.</span></span>—We still continue to draw conclusions + from judgments which we consider as false, or doctrines in which we + no longer believe,—through our feelings.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">100.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Awaking from a + Dream.</span></span>—Noble and wise men once upon a time believed + in the music of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg + 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + spheres; there are still noble and wise men who believe in + <span class="tei tei-q">“the moral significance of + existence,”</span> but there will come a day when this music of the + spheres also will no longer be audible to them. They will awake and + perceive that their ears have been dreaming.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">101.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Open to + Doubt.</span></span>—To accept a belief simply because it is + customary implies that one is dishonest, cowardly, and lazy.—Must + dishonesty, cowardice, and laziness, therefore, be the primary + conditions of morality?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">102.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The most + Ancient Moral Judgments.</span></span>—What attitude do we assume + towards the acts of our neighbour?—In the first place, we consider + how they may benefit ourselves—we see them only in this light. It + is this effect which we regard as the intention of the acts,—and in + the end we come to look upon these intentions of our neighbour as + permanent qualities in him, and we call him, for example, + <span class="tei tei-q">“a dangerous man.”</span> Triple error! + Triple and most ancient mistake! Perhaps this inheritance comes to + us from the animals and their faculty of judgment! Must not the + origin of all morality be sought in these detestable narrow-minded + conclusions: <span class="tei tei-q">“Whatever injures me is evil + (something injurious in itself), whatever benefits me is good + (beneficial and profitable in itself), whatever injures me once or + several times is hostile <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">per + se</span></span>; whatever benefits me once or several times is + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page099">[pg 099]</span><a name= + "Pg099" id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> friendly <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">per se</span></span>.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">O pudenda + origo!</span></span> Is not this equivalent to interpreting the + contemptible, occasional, and often merely accidental relations of + another person to us as his primary and most essential qualities, + and affirming that towards himself and every one else he is only + capable of such actions as we ourselves have experienced at his + hands once or several times! And is not this thorough folly based + upon the most immodest of all mental reservations: namely, that we + ourselves must be the standard of what is good, since we determine + good and evil?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="Sect_103" id="Sect_103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">103.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">There are Two + Classes of People who deny Morality.</span></span>—To deny morality + may mean, in the first place, to deny the moral inducements which, + men pretend, have urged them on to their actions,—which is + equivalent to saying that morality merely consists of words and + forms, part of that coarse and subtle deceit (especially + self-deceit) which is characteristic of mankind, and perhaps more + especially of those men who are celebrated for their virtues. In + the second place, it may mean our denying that moral judgments are + founded on truths. It is admitted in such a case that these + judgments are, in fact, the motives of the actions, but that in + this way it is really errors as the basis of all moral judgments + which urge men on to their moral actions. This is my point of view; + but I should be far from denying that in very many cases a subtle + suspicion in accordance with the former point of view—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> in + the spirit of La Rochefoucauld—is <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> also justifiable, and in any case of a high + general utility.—Therefore I deny morality in the same way as I + deny alchemy, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> I deny its hypotheses; but + I do not deny that there have been alchemists who believed in these + hypotheses and based their actions upon them. I also deny + immorality—not that innumerable people feel immoral, but that there + is any true reason why they should feel so. I should not, of + course, deny—unless I were a fool—that many actions which are + called immoral should be avoided and resisted; and in the same way + that many which are called moral should be performed and + encouraged; but I hold that in both cases these actions should be + performed from motives other than those which have prevailed up to + the present time. We must learn anew in order that at last, perhaps + very late in the day, we may be able to do something more: feel + anew.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">104.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Our + Valuations.</span></span>—All actions may be referred back to + valuations, and all valuations are either one's own or adopted, the + latter being by far the more numerous. Why do we adopt them? + Through fear, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> we think it more advisable + to pretend that they are our own, and so well do we accustom + ourselves to do so that it at last becomes second nature to us. A + valuation of our own, which is the appreciation of a thing in + accordance with the pleasure or displeasure it causes us and no one + else, is something very rare indeed!—But must not our valuation of + our neighbour—which <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg + 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + is prompted by the motive that we adopt his valuation in most + cases—proceed from ourselves and by our own decision? Of course, + but then we come to these decisions during our childhood, and + seldom change them. We often remain during our whole lifetime the + dupes of our childish and accustomed judgments in our manner of + judging our fellow-men (their minds, rank, morality, character, and + reprehensibility), and we find it necessary to subscribe to their + valuations.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">105.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Pseudo-egoism.</span></span>—The great + majority of people, whatever they may think and say about their + <span class="tei tei-q">“egoism,”</span> do nothing for their ego + all their life long, but only for a phantom of this ego which has + been formed in regard to them by their friends and communicated to + them. As a consequence, they all live in a haze of impersonal and + half-personal opinions and of arbitrary and, as it were, poetic + valuations: the one always in the head of another, and this head, + again, in the head of somebody else—a queer world of phantoms which + manages to give itself a rational appearance! This haze of opinions + and habits grows in extent and lives almost independently of the + people it surrounds; it is it which gives rise to the immense + effect of general judgments on <span class= + "tei tei-q">“man”</span>—all those men, who do not know themselves, + believe in a bloodless abstraction which they call <span class= + "tei tei-q">“man,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> in a fiction; and every + change caused in this abstraction by the judgments of powerful + individualities <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg + 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + (such as princes and philosophers) produces an extraordinary and + irrational effect on the great majority,—for the simple reason that + not a single individual in this haze can oppose a real ego, an ego + which is accessible to and fathomed by himself, to the universal + pale fiction, which he could thereby destroy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">106.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against + Definitions of Moral Aims.</span></span>—On all sides we now hear + the aim of morals defined as the preservation and advancement of + humanity; but this is merely the expression of a wish to have a + formula and nothing more. Preservation wherein? advancement + whither? These are questions which must at once be asked. Is not + the most essential point, the answer to this <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">wherein?</span></em> and <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">whither?</span></em> left out of the formula? + What results therefrom, so far as our own actions and duties are + concerned, which is not already tacitly and instinctively + understood? Can we sufficiently understand from this formula + whether we must prolong as far as possible the existence of the + human race, or bring about the greatest possible disanimalisation + of man? How different the means, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + the practical morals, would have to be in the two cases! Supposing + that the greatest possible rationality were given to mankind, this + certainly would not guarantee the longest possible existence for + them! Or supposing that their <span class="tei tei-q">“greatest + happiness”</span> was thought to be the answer to the questions + put, do we thereby mean the highest degree of happiness which a few + individuals <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg + 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + might attain, or an incalculable, though finally attainable, + average state of happiness for all? And why should morality be the + way to it? Has not morality, considered as a whole, opened up so + many sources of displeasure as to lead us to think that man up to + the present, with every new refinement of morality, has become more + and more discontented with himself, with his neighbour, and with + his own lot? Has not the most moral of men hitherto believed that + the only justifiable state of mankind in the face of morals is that + of the deepest misery?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">107.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Our Right to + our Folly.</span></span>—How must we act? Why must we act? So far + as the coarse and immediate needs of the individual are concerned, + it is easy to answer these questions, but the more we enter upon + the more important and more subtle domains of action, the more does + the problem become uncertain and the more arbitrary its solution. + An arbitrary decision, however, is the very thing that must be + excluded here,—thus commands the authority of morals: an obscure + uneasiness and awe must relentlessly guide man in those very + actions the objects and means of which he cannot at once perceive. + This authority of morals undermines our thinking faculty in regard + to those things concerning which it might be dangerous to think + wrongly,—it is in this way, at all events, that morality usually + justifies itself to its accusers. Wrong in this place means + dangerous; but dangerous to whom? It <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page104">[pg 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> is not, as a rule, the danger of the doer of + the action which the supporters of authoritative morals have in + view, but their own danger; the loss which their power and + influence might undergo if the right to act according to their own + greater or lesser reason, however wilfully and foolishly, were + accorded to all men. They on their part make unhesitating use of + their right to arbitrariness and folly,—they even command in cases + where it is hardly possible, or at all events very difficult, to + answer the questions, <span class="tei tei-q">“How must they act, + why must they act?”</span> And if the reason of mankind grows with + such extraordinary slowness that it was often possible to deny its + growth during the whole course of humanity, what is more to blame + for this than this solemn presence, even omnipresence, of moral + commands, which do not even permit the individual question of how + and why to be asked at all? Have we not been educated precisely in + such a way as to make us feel pathetic, and thus to obscure our + vision at the very time when our reason should be able to see as + clearly and calmly as possible—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> in + all higher and more important circumstances?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">108.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Some + Theses.</span></span>—We should not give the individual, in so far + as he desires his own happiness, any precepts or recommendations as + to the road leading to happiness; for individual happiness arises + from particular laws that are unknown to anybody, and such a man + will only be hindered or obstructed by recommendations which come + to him from outside <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg + 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + sources. Those precepts which are called moral are in reality + directed against individuals, and do not by any means make for the + happiness of such individuals. The relationship of these precepts + to the "happiness and well-being of mankind" is equally slight, for + it is quite impossible to assign a definite conception to these + words, and still less can they be employed as guiding stars on the + dark sea of moral aspirations. It is a prejudice to think that + morality is more favourable to the development of the reason than + immorality. It is erroneous to suppose that the unconscious aim in + the development of every conscious being (namely, animal, man, + humanity, etc.) is its <span class="tei tei-q">“greatest + happiness”</span>: on the contrary, there is a particular and + incomparable happiness to be attained at every stage of our + development, one that is neither high nor low, but quite an + individual happiness. Evolution does not make happiness its goal; + it aims merely at evolution, and nothing else. It is only if + humanity had a universally recognised goal that we could propose to + do this or that: for the time being there is no such goal. It + follows that the pretensions of morality should not be brought into + any relationship with mankind: this would be merely childish and + irrational. It is quite another thing to recommend a goal to + mankind: this goal would then be something that would depend upon + our own will and pleasure. Provided that mankind in general agreed + to adopt such a goal, it could then impose a moral law upon itself, + a law which would, at all events, be imposed by their own free + will. Up to now, however, the moral law has had to be placed + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name= + "Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> above our own free + will: strictly speaking, men did not wish to impose this law upon + themselves; they wished to take it from somewhere, to discover it, + or to let themselves be commanded by it from somewhere.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">109.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Self-control + and Moderation, and their Final Motive.</span></span>—I find not + more than six essentially different methods for combating the + vehemence of an impulse. First of all, we may avoid the occasion + for satisfying the impulse, weakening and mortifying it by + refraining from satisfying it for long and ever-lengthening + periods. Secondly, we may impose a severe and regular order upon + ourselves in regard to the satisfying of our appetites. By thus + regulating the impulse and limiting its ebb and flow to fixed + periods, we may obtain intervals in which it ceases to disturb us; + and by beginning in this way we may perhaps be able to pass on to + the first method. In the third place, we may deliberately give + ourselves over to an unrestrained and unbounded gratification of + the impulse in order that we may become disgusted with it, and to + obtain by means of this very disgust a command over the impulse: + provided, of course, that we do not imitate the rider who rides his + horse to death and breaks his own neck in doing so. For this, + unhappily, is generally the outcome of the application of this + third method.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the fourth + place, there is an intellectual trick, which consists in + associating the idea of the gratification <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> so firmly with some painful thought, that + after a little practice the thought of gratification is itself + immediately felt as a very painful one. (For example, when the + Christian accustoms himself to think of the presence and scorn of + the devil in the course of sensual enjoyment, or everlasting + punishment in hell for revenge by murder; or even merely of the + contempt which he will meet with from those of his fellow-men whom + he most respects, if he steals a sum of money, or if a man has + often checked an intense desire for suicide by thinking of the + grief and self-reproaches of his relations and friends, and has + thus succeeded in balancing himself upon the edge of life: for, + after some practice, these ideas follow one another in his mind + like cause and effect.) Among instances of this kind may be + mentioned the cases of Lord Byron and Napoleon, in whom the pride + of man revolted and took offence at the preponderance of one + particular passion over the collective attitude and order of + reason. From this arises the habit and joy of tyrannising over the + craving and making it, as it were, gnash its teeth. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I will not be a slave of any appetite,”</span> wrote + Byron in his diary. In the fifth place, we may bring about a + dislocation of our powers by imposing upon ourselves a particularly + difficult and fatiguing task, or by deliberately submitting to some + new charm and pleasure in order thus to turn our thoughts and + physical powers into other channels. It comes to the same thing if + we temporarily favour another impulse by affording it numerous + opportunities of gratification, and thus rendering it the + squanderer of the power which would otherwise be commandeered, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name= + "Pg108" id="Pg108" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> so to speak, by the + tyrannical impulse. A few, perhaps, will be able to restrain the + particular passion which aspires to domination by granting their + other known passions a temporary encouragement and license in order + that they may devour the food which the tyrant wishes for himself + alone.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the sixth and + last place, the man who can stand it, and thinks it reasonable to + weaken and subdue his entire physical and psychical organisation, + likewise, of course, attains the goal of weakening a single violent + instinct; as, for example, those who starve their sensuality and at + the same time their vigour, and often destroy their reason into the + bargain, such as the ascetics.—Hence, shunning the opportunities, + regulating the impulse, bringing about satiety and disgust in the + impulse, associating a painful idea (such as that of discredit, + disgust, or offended pride), then the dislocation of one's forces, + and finally general debility and exhaustion: these are the six + methods. But the will to combat the violence of a craving is beyond + our power, equally with the method we adopt and the success we may + have in applying it. In all this process our intellect is rather + merely the blind instrument of another rival craving, whether it be + the impulse to repose, or the fear of disgrace and other evil + consequences, or love. While <span class="tei tei-q">“we”</span> + thus imagine that we are complaining of the violence of an impulse, + it is at bottom merely one impulse which is complaining of another, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the perception of the + violent suffering which is being caused us presupposes that there + is another equally or more violent impulse, and that a struggle + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span><a name= + "Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is impending in + which our intellect must take part.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">110.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">That which + Opposes.</span></span>—We may observe the following process in + ourselves, and I should like it to be often observed and confirmed. + There arises in us the scent of a kind of pleasure hitherto unknown + to us, and consequently a new craving. Now, the question is, What + opposes itself to this craving? If it be things and considerations + of a common kind, or people whom we hold in no very high esteem, + the aim of the new craving assumes the appearance of a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“noble, good, praiseworthy feeling, and one worthy of + sacrifice”</span>: all the moral dispositions which have been + inherited will adopt it and will add it to the number of those aims + which we consider as moral—and now we imagine that we are no longer + striving after a pleasure, but after a morality, which greatly + increases our confidence in our aspirations.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">111.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To the Admirers + of Objectiveness.</span></span>—He who, as a child, has observed in + his parents and acquaintances in the midst of whom he has grown up, + certain varied and strong feelings, with but little subtle + discernment and inclination for intellectual justice, and has + therefore employed his best powers and his most precious time in + imitating these feelings, will observe in himself when he arrives + at years of discretion that every new thing or man he meets with + excites in him either sympathy or <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> aversion, envy or contempt. Under the + domination of this experience, which he is powerless to shake off, + he admires neutrality of feeling or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“objectivity”</span> as an extraordinary thing, as + something connected with genius or a very rare morality, and he + cannot believe that even this neutrality is merely the product of + education and habit.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">112.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">On the Natural + History of Duty and Right.</span></span>—Our duties are the claims + which others have upon us. How did they acquire these claims? By + the fact that they considered us as capable of making and holding + agreements and contracts, by assuming that we were their like and + equals, and by consequently entrusting something to us, bringing us + up, educating us, and supporting us. We do our duty, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> we + justify that conception of our power for the sake of which all + these things were done for us. We return them in proportion as they + were meted out to us. It is thus our pride that orders us to do our + duty—we desire to re-establish our own independence by opposing to + that which others have done for us something that we do for them, + for in that way the others invade our sphere of power, and would + for ever have a hand in it if we did not make reprisals by means of + <span class="tei tei-q">“duty,”</span> and thus encroach upon their + power. The rights of others can only have regard to that which lies + within our power; it would be unreasonable on their part to require + something from us which does not belong to us. To put the matter + more <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span><a name= + "Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> accurately, their + rights can only relate to what they imagine to be in our power, + provided that it is something that we ourselves consider as being + in our power. The same error may easily occur on either side. The + feeling of duty depends upon our having the same belief in regard + to the extent of our power as other people have, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + that we can promise certain things and undertake to do them freely + (<span class="tei tei-q">“free will”</span>).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">My rights + consist of that part of my power which others have not only + conceded to me, but which they wish to maintain for me. Why do they + do it? On the one hand they are actuated by wisdom, fear and + prudence: whether they expect something similar from us (the + protection of their rights), whether they consider a struggle with + us as dangerous or inopportune, or whether they see a disadvantage + to themselves in every diminution of our power, since in that case + we should be ill adapted for an alliance with them against a + hostile third power. On the other hand rights are granted by + donations and cessions. In this latter case, the other people have + not only enough power, but more than enough, so that they can give + up a portion and guarantee it to the person to whom they give it: + whereby they presuppose a certain restricted sense of power in the + person upon whom they have bestowed the gift. In this way rights + arise: recognised and guaranteed degrees of power. When the + relations of powers to one another are materially changed, rights + disappear and new ones are formed, as is demonstrated by the + constant flux and reflux of the rights of nations. When our power + diminishes <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg + 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + to any great extent, the feelings of those who hitherto guaranteed + it undergo some change: they consider whether they shall once again + restore us to our former possession, and if they do not see their + way to do this they deny our <span class= + "tei tei-q">“rights”</span> from that time forward. In the same + way, if our power increases to a considerable extent the feelings + of those who previously recognised it, and whose recognition we no + longer require, likewise change: they will then try to reduce our + power to its former dimensions, and they will endeavour to + interfere in our affairs, justifying their interference by an + appeal to their <span class="tei tei-q">“duty.”</span> But this is + merely useless word-quibbling. Where right prevails, a certain + state and degree of power is maintained, and all attempts at its + augmentation and diminution are resisted. The right of others is + the concession of our feeling of power to the feeling of power in + these others. Whenever our power shows itself to be thoroughly + shattered and broken, our rights cease: on the other hand, when we + have become very much stronger, the rights of others cease in our + minds to be what we have hitherto admitted them to be. The man who + aims at being just, therefore, must keep a constant lookout for the + changes in the indicator of the scales in order that he may + properly estimate the degrees of power and right which, with the + customary transitoriness of human things, retain their equilibrium + for only a short time and in most cases continue to rise and fall. + As a consequence it is thus very difficult to be <span class= + "tei tei-q">“just,”</span> and requires much experience, good + intentions, and an unusually large amount of good sense.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg 113]</span><a name= + "Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">113.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Striving for + Distinction.</span></span>—When we strive after distinction we must + ceaselessly keep our eyes fixed on our neighbour and endeavour to + ascertain what his feelings are; but the sympathy and knowledge + which are necessary to satisfy this desire are far from being + inspired by harmlessness, compassion, or kindness. On the contrary, + we wish to perceive or find out in what way our neighbour suffers + from us, either internally or externally, how he loses control over + himself and yields to the impression which our hand or even our + mere appearance makes on him. Even when he who aspires to + distinction makes or wishes to make a joyful, elevating, or + cheerful impression, he does not enjoy this success in that he + rejoices, exalts, or cheers his neighbour, but in that he leaves + his impress on the latter's soul, changing its form and dominating + it according to his will. The desire for distinction is the desire + to subject one's neighbour, even if it be merely in an indirect + fashion, one only felt or even only dreamt of. There is a long + series of stages in this secretly-desired will to subdue, and a + very complete record of them would perhaps almost be like an + excellent history of culture from the early distortions of + barbarism down to the caricatures of modern over-refinement and + sickly idealism.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This desire for + distinction entails upon our neighbour—to indicate only a few rungs + of the long ladder—torture first of all, followed by blows, then + terror, anxious surprise, wonder, envy, admiration, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> elevation, pleasure, joy, laughter, + derision, mockery, sneers, scourging and self-inflicted torture. + There at the very top of the ladder stands the ascetic and martyr, + who himself experiences the utmost satisfaction, because he + inflicts on himself, as a result of his desire for distinction, + that pain which his opposite, the barbarian on the first rung of + the ladder, inflicts upon those others, upon whom and before whom + he wishes to distinguish himself. The triumph of the ascetic over + himself, his introspective glance, which beholds a man split up + into a sufferer and a spectator, and which henceforth never looks + at the outside world but to gather from it, as it were, wood for + his own funeral pyre: this final tragedy of the desire for + distinction which shows us only one person who, so to speak, is + consumed internally—that is an end worthy of the beginning: in both + cases there is an inexpressible happiness at the sight of torture; + indeed, happiness considered as a feeling of power developed to the + utmost, has perhaps never reached a higher pitch of perfection on + earth than in the souls of superstitious ascetics. This is + expressed by the Brahmins in the story of King Visvamitra, who + obtained so much strength by thousands of years of penance that he + undertook to construct a new heaven. I believe that in the entire + category of inward experiences the people of our time are mere + novices and clumsy guessers who <span class="tei tei-q">“try to + have a shot at it”</span>: four thousand years ago much more was + known about these execrable refinements of self-enjoyment. Perhaps + at that time the creation of the world was imagined by some Hindu + dreamer <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg + 115]</span><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + to have been an ascetic operation which a god took upon himself! + Perhaps this god may have wished to join himself to a mobile nature + as an instrument of torture in order thus to feel his happiness and + power doubled! And even supposing him to have been a god of love: + what a delight it would have been for him to create a suffering + mankind in order that he himself might suffer divinely and + super-humanly from the sight of the continual torture of his + creatures, and thus to tyrannise over himself! And, again, + supposing him to have been not only a god of love, but also a god + of holiness, we can scarcely conceive the ecstasies of this divine + ascetic while creating sins and sinners and eternal punishment, and + an immense place of eternal torture below his throne where there is + a continual weeping and wailing and gnashing of teeth!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is not by any + means impossible that the soul of a St. Paul, a Dante, or a Calvin, + and people like them, may once have penetrated into the terrifying + secrets of such voluptuousness of power, and in view of such souls + we may well ask whether the circle of this desire for distinction + has come to a close with the ascetic. Might it not be possible for + the course of this circle to be traversed a second time, by uniting + the fundamental idea of the ascetic, and at the same time that of a + compassionate Deity? In other words, pain would be given to others + in order that pain might be given to one's self, so that in this + way one could triumph over one's self and one's pity to enjoy the + extreme voluptuousness of power.—Forgive me these digressions, + which come to my mind when I think <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of all the possibilities in the vast domain + of psychical debaucheries to which one may be led by the desire for + power!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">114.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">On the + Knowledge of the Sufferer.</span></span>—The state of sick men who + have suffered long and terribly from the torture inflicted upon + them by their illness, and whose reason has nevertheless not been + in any way affected, is not without a certain amount of value in + our search for knowledge—quite apart from the intellectual benefits + which follow upon every profound solitude and every sudden and + justified liberation from duties and habits. The man who suffers + severely looks forth with terrible calmness from his state of + suffering upon outside things: all those little lying enchantments, + by which things are usually surrounded when seen through the eye of + a healthy person, have vanished from the sufferer; his own life + even lies there before him, stripped of all bloom and colour. If by + chance it has happened that up to then he has lived in some kind of + dangerous fantasy, this extreme disenchantment through pain is the + means, and possibly the only means, of extricating him from it. (It + is possible that this is what happened to the Founder of + Christianity when suspended from the Cross; for the bitterest words + ever pronounced, <span class="tei tei-q">“My God, My God, why hast + Thou forsaken Me?”</span> if understood in their deepest sense, as + they ought to be understood, contain the evidence of a complete + disillusionment and enlightenment <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page117">[pg 117]</span><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> in regard to the deceptions of life: in that + moment of supreme suffering Christ obtained a clear insight into + Himself, just as in the poet's narrative did the poor dying Don + Quixote.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The formidable + tension of the intellect that wishes to hold its own against pain + shows everything that one now looks upon in a new light, and the + inexpressible charm of this new light is often powerful enough to + withstand all the seductiveness of suicide and to make the + continuation of life seem very desirable to the sufferer. His mind + scornfully turns to the warm and comfortable dream-world in which + the healthy man moves about thoughtlessly, and he thinks with + contempt of the noblest and most cherished illusions in which he + formerly indulged. He experiences delight in conjuring up this + contempt as if from the depths of hell, and thus inflicting the + bitterest sufferings upon his soul: it is by this counterpoise that + he bears up against physical suffering—he feels that such a + counterpoise is now essential! In one terrible moment of + clear-sightedness he says to himself, <span class="tei tei-q">“Be + for once thine own accuser and hangman; for once regard thy + suffering as a punishment which thou hast inflicted on thyself! + Enjoy thy superiority as a judge: better still, enjoy thine own + will and pleasure, thy tyrannical arbitrariness! Raise thyself + above thy life as above thy suffering, and look down into the depth + of reason and unreason!”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Our pride + revolts as it never did before, it experiences an incomparable + charm in defending life against such a tyrant as suffering and + against all the insinuations of this tyrant, who would fain urge + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name= + "Pg118" id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> us to give evidence + against life,—we are taking the part of life in the face of this + tyrant. In this state of mind we take up a bitter stand against all + pessimism in order that it may not appear to be a consequence of + our condition, and thus humiliate us as conquered ones. The charm + of being just in our judgments was also never greater than now; for + now this justice is a triumph over ourselves and over so irritated + a state of mind that unfairness of judgment might be excused,—but + we will not be excused, it is now, if ever, that we wish to show + that we need no excuse. We pass through downright orgies of + pride.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now appears + the first ray of relief, of recovery, and one of its first effects + is that we turn against the preponderance of our pride: we call + ourselves foolish and vain, as if we had undergone some unique + experience. We humiliate ungratefully this all-powerful pride, the + aid of which enabled us to endure the pain we suffered, and we call + vehemently for some antidote for this pride: we wish to become + strangers to ourselves and to be freed from our own person after + pain has forcibly made us personal too long. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Away with this pride,”</span> we cry, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“it was only another illness and convulsion!”</span> + Once more we look longingly at men and nature and recollect with a + sorrowful smile that now since the veil has fallen we regard many + things concerning them in a new and different light,—but we are + refreshed by once more seeing the softened lights of life, and + emerge from that fearfully dispassionate daylight in which we as + sufferers saw things and through things. We <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page119">[pg 119]</span><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> do not get angry when we see the charms + of health resume their play, and we contemplate the sight as if + transformed, gently and still fatigued. In this state we cannot + listen to music without weeping.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">115.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + so-called</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Ego.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—Language and the + prejudices upon which language is based very often act as obstacles + in our paths when we proceed to explore internal phenomena and + impulses: as one example, we may instance the fact that there are + only words to express the superlative degrees of these phenomena + and impulses. Now, it is our habit no longer to observe accurately + when words fail us, since it is difficult in such cases to think + with precision: in former times, even, people involuntarily came to + the conclusion that where the domain of words ceased, the domain of + existence ceased also. Wrath, hatred, love, pity, desire, + recognition, joy, pain: all these are names indicating extreme + conditions; the milder and middle stages, and even more + particularly the ever active lower stages, escape our attention, + and yet it is they which weave the warp and woof of our character + and destiny. It often happens that these extreme outbursts—and even + the most moderate pleasure or displeasure of which we are actually + conscious, whether in partaking of food or listening to a sound, is + possibly, if properly estimated, merely an extreme + outburst,—destroy the texture and are then violent exceptions, in + most cases the consequences of some congestions,—and how easily as + such can they <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg + 120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + mislead the observer! as indeed they mislead the person acting! We + are all of us not what we appear to be according to the conditions + for which alone we have consciousness and words, and consequently + praise and blame. We fail to recognise ourselves after these coarse + outbursts which are known to ourselves alone, we draw conclusions + from data where the exceptions prove stronger than the rules; we + misinterpret ourselves in reading our own ego's pronouncements, + which appeared to be so clear. But our opinion of ourselves, this + so-called ego which we have arrived at by this wrong method, + contributes henceforth to form our character and destiny.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">116.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Unknown + World of the</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Subject.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—What men have + found it so difficult to understand from the most ancient times + down to the present day is their ignorance in regard to themselves, + not merely with respect to good and evil, but something even more + essential. The oldest of illusions lives on, namely, that we know, + and know precisely in each case, how human action is originated. + Not only <span class="tei tei-q">“God who looks into the + heart,”</span> not only the man who acts and reflects upon his + action, but everybody does not doubt that he understands the + phenomena of action in every one else. <span class="tei tei-q">“I + know what I want and what I have done, I am free and responsible + for my act, and I make others responsible for their acts; I can + mention by its name every moral possibility and every internal + movement which precedes an act,—ye may act as <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span><a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ye will, I understand myself and I + understand you all!”</span> Such was what every one thought once + upon a time, and almost every one thinks so even now. Socrates and + Plato, who in this matter were great sceptics and admirable + innovators, were nevertheless intensely credulous in regard to that + fatal prejudice, that profound error, which holds that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The right knowledge must necessarily be followed by + the right action.”</span> In holding this principle they were still + the heirs of the universal folly and presumption that knowledge + exists concerning the essence of an action.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It would indeed be dreadful if the comprehension of + the essence of a right action were not followed by that right + action itself”</span>—this was the only manner in which these great + men thought it necessary to demonstrate this idea, the contrary + seemed to them to be inconceivable and mad; and nevertheless this + contrary corresponds to the naked reality which has been + demonstrated daily and hourly from time immemorial. Is it not a + <span class="tei tei-q">“dreadful”</span> truth that all that we + know about an act is never sufficient to accomplish it, that the + bridge connecting the knowledge of the act with the act itself has + never yet been built? Acts are never what they appear to us to be. + We have taken great pains to learn that external things are not as + they appear to us.—Well! It is the same with internal phenomena. + All moral acts are in reality <span class="tei tei-q">“something + different,”</span>—we cannot say anything more about them, and all + acts are essentially unknown to us. The general belief, however, + has been and still is quite the contrary: the most ancient realism + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name= + "Pg122" id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is against us: up to + the present humanity has thought, <span class="tei tei-q">“An + action is what it appears to be.”</span> (In re-reading these words + a very expressive passage from Schopenhauer occurs to me, and I + will quote it as a proof that he, too, without the slightest + scruple, continued to adhere to this moral realism: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Each one of us is in reality a competent and perfect + moral judge, knowing exactly good and evil, made holy by loving + good and despising evil,—such is every one of us in so far as the + acts of others and not his own are under consideration, and when he + has merely to approve or disapprove, whilst the burden of the + performance of the acts is borne by other shoulders. Every one is + therefore justified in occupying as confessor the place of + God.”</span>)</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">117.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">In + Prison.</span></span>—My eye, whether it be keen or weak, can only + see a certain distance, and it is within this space that I live and + move: this horizon is my immediate fate, greater or lesser, from + which I cannot escape. Thus, a concentric circle is drawn round + every being, which has a centre and is peculiar to himself. In the + same way our ear encloses us in a small space, and so likewise does + our touch. We measure the world by these horizons within which our + senses confine each of us within prison walls. We say that this is + near and that is far distant, that this is large and that is small, + that one thing is hard and another soft; and this appreciation of + things we call sensation—but it is all an error <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">per se</span></span>! According to the number + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span><a name= + "Pg123" id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of events and + emotions which it is on an average possible for us to experience in + a given space of time, we measure our lives; we call them short or + long, rich or poor, full or empty; and according to the average of + human life we estimate that of other beings,—and all this is an + error <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">per se</span></span>!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If we had eyes a + hundred times more piercing to examine the things that surround us, + men would seem to us to be enormously tall; we can even imagine + organs by means of which men would appear to us to be of + immeasurable stature. On the other hand, certain organs could be so + formed as to permit us to view entire solar systems as if they were + contracted and brought close together like a single cell: and to + beings of an inverse order a single cell of the human body could be + made to appear in its construction, movement, and harmony as if it + were a solar system in itself. The habits of our senses have + wrapped us up in a tissue of lying sensations which in their turn + lie at the base of all our judgments and our <span class= + "tei tei-q">“knowledge,”</span>—there are no means of exit or + escape to the real world! We are like spiders in our own webs, and, + whatever we may catch in them, it will only be something that our + web is capable of catching.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">118.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">What is our + Neighbour?</span></span>—What do we conceive of our neighbour + except his limits: I mean that whereby he, as it were, engraves and + stamps himself in and upon us? We can understand nothing of him + except the changes which take place <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page124">[pg 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> upon our own person and of which he is the + cause, what we know of him is like a hollow, modelled space. We + impute to him the feelings which his acts arouse in us, and thus + give him a wrong and inverted positivity. We form him after our + knowledge of ourselves into a satellite of our own system, and if + he shines upon us, or grows dark, and we in any case are the + ultimate cause of his doing so, we nevertheless still believe the + contrary! O world of phantoms in which we live! O world so + perverted, topsy-turvy and empty, and yet dreamt of as full and + upright!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">119.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Experience and + Invention.</span></span>—To however high a degree a man can attain + to knowledge of himself, nothing can be more incomplete than the + conception which he forms of the instincts constituting his + individuality. He can scarcely name the more common instincts: + their number and force, their flux and reflux, their action and + counteraction, and, above all, the laws of their nutrition, remain + absolutely unknown to him. This nutrition, therefore, becomes a + work of chance: the daily experiences of our lives throw their prey + now to this instinct and now to that, and the instincts gradually + seize upon it; but the ebb and flow of these experiences does not + stand in any rational relationship to the nutritive needs of the + total number of the instincts. Two things, then, must always + happen: some cravings will be neglected and starved to death, while + others will be overfed. Every moment in the life of man causes some + polypous arms of his being to grow and <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> others to wither away, in accordance with the + nutriment which that moment may or may not bring with it. Our + experiences, as I have already said, are all in this sense means of + nutriment, but scattered about with a careless hand and without + discrimination between the hungry and the overfed. As a consequence + of this accidental nutrition of each particular part, the polypus + in its complete development will be something just as fortuitous as + its growth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To put this more + clearly: let us suppose that an instinct or craving has reached + that point when it demands gratification,—either the exercise of + its power or the discharge of it, or the filling up of a vacuum + (all this is metaphorical language),—then it will examine every + event that occurs in the course of the day to ascertain how it can + be utilised with the object of fulfilling its aim: whether the man + runs or rests, or is angry, or reads or speaks or fights or + rejoices, the unsatiated instinct watches, as it were, every + condition into which the man enters, and, as a rule, if it finds + nothing for itself it must wait, still unsatisfied. After a little + while it becomes feeble, and at the end of a few days or a few + months, if it has not been satisfied, it will wither away like a + plant which has not been watered. This cruelty of chance would + perhaps be more conspicuous if all the cravings were as vehement in + their demands as hunger, which refuses to be satisfied with + imaginary dishes; but the great majority of our instincts, + especially those which are called moral, are thus easily + satisfied,—if it be permitted to suppose that our dreams serve as + compensation to a certain extent for the accidental <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> absence of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“nutriment”</span> during the day. Why was last night's + dream full of tenderness and tears, that of the night before + amusing and gay, and the previous one adventurous and engaged in + some continual obscure search? How does it come about that in this + dream I enjoy indescribable beauties of music, and in that one I + soar and fly upwards with the delight of an eagle to the most + distant heights?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These inventions + in which our instincts of tenderness, merriment, or + adventurousness, or our desire for music and mountains, can have + free play and scope—and every one can recall striking instances—are + interpretations of our nervous irritations during sleep, very free + and arbitrary interpretations of the movements of our blood and + intestines, and the pressure of our arm and the bed coverings, or + the sound of a church bell, the weathercocks, the moths, and so on. + That this text, which on the whole is very much the same for one + night as another, is so differently commented upon, that our + creative reason imagines such different causes for the nervous + irritations of one day as compared with another, may be explained + by the fact that the prompter of this reason was different to-day + from yesterday—another instinct or craving wished to be satisfied, + to show itself, to exercise itself and be refreshed and discharged: + this particular one being at its height to-day and another one + being at its height last night. Real life has not the freedom of + interpretation possessed by dream life; it is less poetic and less + unrestrained—but is it necessary for me to show that our instincts, + when we are awake, likewise merely interpret our nervous + irritations and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg + 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + determine their <span class="tei tei-q">“causes”</span> in + accordance with their requirements? that there is no really + essential difference between waking and dreaming! that even in + comparing different degrees of culture, the freedom of the + conscious interpretation of the one is not in any way inferior to + the freedom in dreams of the other! that our moral judgments and + valuations are only images and fantasies concerning physiological + processes unknown to us, a kind of habitual language to describe + certain nervous irritations? that all our so-called consciousness + is a more or less fantastic commentary of an unknown text, one + which is perhaps unknowable but yet felt?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Consider some + insignificant occurrence. Let us suppose that some day as we pass + along a public street we see some one laughing at us. In accordance + with whatever craving has reached its culminating point within us + at that moment, this incident will have this or that signification + for us; and it will be a very different occurrence in accordance + with the class of men to which we belong. One man will take it like + a drop of rain, another will shake it off like a fly, a third + person will try to pick a quarrel on account of it, a fourth will + examine his garments to see if there is anything about them likely + to cause laughter, and a fifth will in consequence think about what + is ridiculous <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">per se</span></span>, a sixth + will be pleased at having involuntarily contributed to add a ray of + sunshine and mirth to the world,—in all these cases some craving is + gratified, whether anger, combativeness, meditation, or + benevolence. This instinct, whatever it may be, has seized upon + that incident as its prey: why that particular one? <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Because, hungry and thirsty, it was + lying in ambush.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not long ago at + 11 o'clock in the morning a man suddenly collapsed and fell down in + front of me as if struck by lightning. All the women who were near + at once gave utterance to cries of horror, while I set the man on + his feet again and waited until he recovered his speech. During + this time no muscle of my face moved and I experienced no sensation + of fear or pity; I simply did what was most urgent and reasonable + and calmly proceeded on my way. Supposing some one had told me on + the previous evening that at 11 o'clock on the following day a man + would fall down in front of me like this, I should have suffered + all kinds of agonies in the interval, lying awake all night, and at + the decisive moment should also perhaps have fallen down like the + man instead of helping him; for in the meantime all the imaginable + cravings within me would have had leisure to conceive and to + comment upon this incident. What are our experiences, then? Much + more what we attribute to them than what they really are. Or should + we perhaps say that nothing is contained in them? that experiences + in themselves are merely works of fancy?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">120.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To Tranquillise + the Sceptic.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“I don't know at + all what I am doing. I don't know in the least what I ought to + do!”</span>—You are right, but be sure of this: you are being done + at every moment! Mankind has at all times mistaken the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span><a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> active for the passive: it is its + eternal grammatical blunder.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">121.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cause and + Effect.</span></span>—On this mirror—and our intellect is a + mirror—something is going on that indicates regularity: a certain + thing is each time followed by another certain thing. When we + perceive this and wish to give it a name, we call it cause and + effect,—fools that we are! as if in this we had understood or could + understand anything! For, of course, we have seen nothing but the + images of causes and effects, and it is just this figurativeness + which renders it impossible for us to see a more substantial + relation than that of sequence!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">122.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Purposes in + Nature.</span></span>—Any impartial investigator who examines the + history of the eye and its form in the lower creatures, and sees + how the visual organ was slowly developed, cannot help recognising + that sight was not the first purpose of the eye, but probably only + asserted itself when pure hazard had contributed to bring together + the apparatus. One single example of this kind, and the + <span class="tei tei-q">“final purposes”</span> fall from our eyes + like scales.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">123.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Reason.</span></span>—How did reason + come into the world? As is only proper, in an irrational manner; by + accident. We shall have to guess at this accident as a riddle.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name= + "Pg130" id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">124.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">What Is + Volition?</span></span>—We laugh at a man who, stepping out of his + room at the very minute when the sun is rising, says, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is my <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">will</span></em> that the sun shall + rise”</span>; or at him who, unable to stop a wheel, says, + <span class="tei tei-q">“I <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">wish</span></em> it to roll”</span>; or, + again, at him who, thrown in a wrestling match, says, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Here I lie, but here I <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">wish</span></em> to + lie.”</span> But, joking apart, do we not act like one of these + three persons whenever we use the expression <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I wish”</span>?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">125.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">On the Domain + of Freedom.</span></span>—We can <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">think</span></em> + many more things than we can do and experience—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + our faculty of thinking is superficial and is satisfied with what + lies on the surface, it does not even perceive this surface. If our + intellect were strictly developed in proportion to our power, and + our exercise of this power, the primary principle of our thinking + would be that we can understand only that which we are able to + do—if, indeed, there is any understanding at all. The thirsty man + is without water, but the creations of his imagination continually + bring the image of water to his sight, as if nothing could be more + easily procured. The superficial and easily satisfied character of + the intellect cannot understand real need, and thus feels itself + superior. It is proud of being able to do more, to run faster, and + to reach the goal almost within the twinkling of an eye: and in + this way the domain of thought, when contrasted with the domain of + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name= + "Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> action, volition, + and experience, appears to be the domain of liberty, while, as I + have already stated, it is nothing but the domain of superficiality + and self-sufficiency.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">126.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Forgetfulness.</span></span>—It has + never yet been proved that there is such a thing as forgetfulness: + all that we know is that we have no power over recollection. In the + meantime we have filled up this gap in our power with the word + <span class="tei tei-q">“forgetfulness,”</span> exactly as if it + were another faculty added to our list. But, after all, what is + within our power? If that word fills up a gap in our power, might + not the other words be found capable of filling up a gap in the + knowledge which we possess of our power?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">127.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">For a Definite + Purpose.</span></span>—Of all human actions probably the least + understood are those which are carried out for a definite purpose, + because they have always been regarded as the most intelligible and + commonplace to our intellect. The great problems can be picked up + in the highways and byways.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">128.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dreaming and + Responsibility.</span></span>—You would wish to be responsible for + everything except your dreams! What miserable weakness, what lack + of logical courage! Nothing contains more of your <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> own work than your dreams! Nothing + belongs to you so much! Substance, form, duration, actor, + spectator—in these comedies you act as your complete selves! And + yet it is just here that you are afraid and ashamed of yourselves, + and even Oedipus, the wise Oedipus, derived consolation from the + thought that we cannot be blamed for what we dream. From this I + must conclude that the great majority of men must have some + dreadful dreams to reproach themselves with. If it were otherwise, + to how great an extent would these nocturnal fictions have been + exploited in the interests of man's pride! Need I add that the wise + Oedipus was right, that we are really not responsible for our + dreams any more than for our waking hours, and that the doctrine of + free will has as its parents man's pride and sense of power! + Perhaps I say this too often; but that does not prove that it is + not true.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">129.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Alleged + Combat of Motives.</span></span>—People speak of the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“combat of motives,”</span> but they designate by this + expression that which is not a combat of motives at all. What I + mean is that, in our meditative consciousness, the consequences of + different actions which we think we are able to carry out present + themselves successively, one after the other, and we compare these + consequences in our mind. We think we have come to a decision + concerning an action after we have established to our own + satisfaction that the consequences of this <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page133">[pg 133]</span><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> action will be favourable. Before we arrive + at this conclusion, however, we often seriously worry because of + the great difficulties we experience in guessing what the + consequences are likely to be, and in seeing them in their full + importance, without exception—and, after all this, we must reckon + up any fortuitous elements that are likely to arise. Then comes the + chief difficulty: all the consequences which we have with such + difficulty determined one by one must be weighed on some scales + against each other; and it only too often comes about that, owing + to the difference in the quality of all the conceivable + consequences, both scales and weights are lacking for this + casuistry of advantage.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Even supposing, + however, that in this case we are able to overcome the difficulty, + and that mere hazard has placed in our scales results which permit + of a mutual balance, we have now, in the idea of the consequences + of a particular action, a motive for performing this very action, + but only one motive! When we have finally decided to act, however, + we are fairly often influenced by another order of motives than + those of the <span class="tei tei-q">“image of the + consequences.”</span> What brings this about may be the habitual + working of our inner machinery, or some little encouragement on the + part of a person whom we fear or honour or love, or the love of + comfort which prefers to do that which lies nearest; or some + stirring of the imagination provoked at the decisive moment by some + event of trifling importance; or some physical influence which + manifests itself quite unexpectedly; a mere whim brings it about; + or the outburst of a passion which, as it accidentally <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> happens, is ready to burst forth—in a + word, motives operate which we do not understand very well, or + which we do not understand at all, and which we can never balance + against one another in advance.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is probable + that a contest is going on among these motives too, a driving + backwards and forwards, a rising and lowering of the parts, and it + is this which would be the real <span class="tei tei-q">“contest of + motives,”</span> something quite invisible and unknown to us. I + have calculated the consequences and the successes, and in doing so + have set a very necessary motive in the line of combat with the + other motives,—but I am as little able to draw up this battle line + as to see it: the battle itself is hidden from my sight, as + likewise is the victory, as victory; for I certainly come to know + what I shall finally do, but I cannot know what motive has in the + end proved to be the victor. Nevertheless, we are decidedly not in + the habit of taking all these unconscious phenomena into account, + and we generally conceive of the preliminary stages of an action + only so far as they are conscious: thus we mistake the combat of + the motives for a comparison of the possible consequences of + different actions,—a mistake that brings with it most important + consequences, and consequences that are most fatal to the + development of morals.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">130.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aims? + Will?</span></span>—We have accustomed ourselves to believe in two + kingdoms, the domain of purposes and volition, and the domain of + chance. In <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg + 135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + this latter domain everything is done senselessly, there is a + continual going to and fro without any one being able to say why or + wherefore. We stand in awe of this powerful realm of the great + cosmic stupidity, for in most instances we learn to know it when it + falls down upon the other world, that of aims and intentions, like + a slate from a roof, always overwhelming some beautiful purpose of + ours.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This belief in + these two kingdoms arises from ancient romanticism and legend: we + clever dwarfs, with all our will and aims, are interfered with, + knocked down, and very often crushed to death by those ultra-stupid + giants, the accidents,—but in spite of this we should not like to + be deprived of the fearful poetry of their proximity, for these + monsters very often make their appearance when life in the spider's + web of definite aims has become too tiresome or too anxious for us, + and they sometimes bring about a divine diversion when their hands + for once tear the whole web in pieces,—not that these irrational + beings ever intend to do what they do, or even observe it. But + their coarse and bony hands rend our web as if it were thin + air.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Moira was the + name given by the Greeks to this realm of the incalculable and of + sublime and eternal limitedness; and they set it round their gods + like a horizon beyond which they could neither see nor act,—with + that secret defiance of the gods which one meets with in different + nations; the gods are worshipped, but a final trump card is held in + readiness to play against them. As instances of this we may + recollect that the Indians and the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page136">[pg 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Persians, who conceived all their gods as + having to depend upon the sacrifices of mortals, so that if it came + to the worst the mortals could, at least, let the gods die of + starvation; or the gods of the stubborn and melancholy + Scandinavians, who enjoyed a quiet revenge in the thought that a + twilight of the gods was to come as some compensation for the + perpetual fear which their evil gods caused them. The case of + Christianity was very different, for its essential feelings were + not those of the Indians, Persians, Greeks, or Scandinavians. + Christianity commanded its disciples to worship in the dust the + spirit of power, and to kiss the very dust. It gave the world to + understand that this omnipotent <span class="tei tei-q">“realm of + stupidity”</span> was not so stupid as it seemed, and that we, on + the contrary, were stupid when we could not perceive that behind + this realm stood God Himself: He who, although fond of dark, + crooked and wonderful ways, at last brought everything to a + <span class="tei tei-q">“glorious end.”</span> This new myth of + God, who had hitherto been mistaken for a race of giants or Moira, + and who was now Himself the spinner and weaver of webs and purposes + even more subtle than those of our own intellect—so subtle, indeed, + that they appear to be incomprehensible and even unreasonable—this + myth was so bold a transformation and so daring a paradox that the + over-refined ancient world could not resist it, however extravagant + and contradictory the thing seemed: for, let it be said in + confidence, there was a contradiction in it,—if our intellect + cannot divine the intellect and aims of God, how did it divine this + quality of its intellect and this quality of God's + intellect?</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg + 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In more modern + times, indeed, the doubt has increased as to whether the slate that + falls from the roof is really thrown by <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Divine love,”</span> and mankind again harks back to + the old romance of giants and dwarfs. Let us learn then, for it is + time we did so, that even in our supposed separate domain of aims + and reason the giants likewise rule. And our aims and reason are + not dwarfs, but giants. And our own webs are just as often and as + clumsily rent by ourselves as by the slate. And not everything is + purpose that is called purpose, and still less is everything will + that is called will. And if you come to the conclusion, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Then there is only one domain, that of + stupidity and hazard?”</span> it must be added that possibly there + is only one domain, possibly there is neither will nor aim, and we + may only have imagined these things. Those iron hands of necessity + that shake the dice-box of chance continue their game indefinitely: + hence, it must happen that certain throws perfectly resemble every + degree of appropriateness and good sense. It may be that our own + voluntary acts and purposes are merely such throws, and that we are + too circumscribed and vain to conceive our extremely circumscribed + state! that we ourselves shake the dice-box with iron hands, and do + nothing in our most deliberate actions but play the game of + necessity. Possibly! To rise beyond this <span class= + "tei tei-q">“possibly”</span> we should indeed have been guests in + the Underworld, playing at dice and betting with Proserpine at the + table of the goddess herself.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name= + "Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">131.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moral + Fashions.</span></span>—How moral judgments as a whole have + changed! The greatest marvels of the morality of antiquity, such as + Epictetus, knew nothing of the glorification, now so common, of the + spirit of sacrifice, of living for others: after the fashion of + morality now prevailing we should really call them immoral; for + they fought with all their strength for their own ego and against + all sympathy for others, especially for the sufferings and moral + imperfections of others. Perhaps they would reply to us by saying, + <span class="tei tei-q">“If you feel yourselves to be such dull and + ugly people, by all means think of others more than yourselves. You + will be quite right in doing so!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">132.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Last Echoes + of Christianity In Morals.</span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“On n'est bon que par la pitié: il faut donc qu'il y + ait quelque pitié dans tous nos sentiments”</span>—so says morality + nowadays. And how does this come about? The fact that the man who + performs social, sympathetic, disinterested, and benevolent actions + is now considered as the moral man: this is perhaps the most + general effect, the most complete transformation, that Christianity + has produced in Europe; perhaps in spite of itself, and not by any + means because this was part of its essential doctrine. But this was + the residuum of those Christian feelings that prevailed at the time + when the contrary and thoroughly selfish faith in the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“one thing needful,”</span> the absolute <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg 139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> importance of eternal and personal + salvation, together with the dogmas upon which this belief had + rested, were gradually receding, and when the auxiliary beliefs in + <span class="tei tei-q">“love”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“love of one's neighbour,”</span> harmonising with the + extraordinary practice of charity by the Church, were thereby + coming to the front. The more people gradually became separated + from the dogmas, the more did they seek some sort of justification + for this separation in a cult of the love of humanity: not to fall + short in this respect of the Christian ideal, but to excel it if + possible, was the secret stimulus of all the French free-thinkers + from Voltaire to Auguste Comte; and this latter with his famous + moral formula <span class="tei tei-q">“vivre pour autrui”</span> + has indeed out-christianised even Christianity!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was + Schopenhauer in Germany and John Stuart Mill in England who were + the means of bringing into the greatest prominence this doctrine of + sympathetic affections and of pity or utility to others as a + principle of action; but these men themselves were only echoes. + From about the time of the French Revolution these doctrines have + manifested themselves in various places with enormous force. Since + then they have shown themselves in their coarsest as well has their + most subtle form, and all Socialistic principles have almost + involuntarily taken their stand on the common ground of this + doctrine. At the present time there is perhaps no more widely + spread prejudice than that of thinking that we know what really and + truly constitutes morality. Every one now seems to learn with + satisfaction that society is beginning <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> to adapt the individual to the general needs, + and that it is at the same time the happiness and sacrifice of each + one to consider himself as a useful member and instrument of the + whole. They have still, however, doubts as to the form in which + this whole is to be looked for, whether in a state already + existing, or in one which has yet to be established, or in a + nation, or in an international brotherhood, or in new and small + economic communities. On this point there is still much reflection, + doubt, struggling, excitement, and passion; but it is pleasant and + wonderful to observe the unanimity with which the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“ego”</span> is called upon to practice self-denial, + until, in the form of adaptation to the whole, it once again + secures its own fixed sphere of rights and duties,—until, indeed, + it has become something quite new and different. Nothing else is + being attempted, whether admitted or not, than the complete + transformation, even the weakening and suppression of the + individual: the supporters of the majority never tire of + enumerating and anathematising all that is bad, hostile, lavish, + expensive, and luxurious in the form of individual existence that + has hitherto prevailed; they hope that society may be administered + in a cheaper, less dangerous, more uniform, and more harmonious way + when nothing is left but large corporations and their members. All + that is considered as good which in any way corresponds to this + desire for grouping men into one particular society, and to the + minor cravings which necessarily accompany this desire,—this is the + chief moral current of our time; sympathy and social feelings are + working <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg + 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + hand in glove. (Kant is still outside of this movement: he + expressly teaches that we should be insensible to the sufferings of + others if our benevolence is to have any moral value,—a doctrine + which Schopenhauer, very angrily, as may easily be imagined, + described as the Kantian absurdity.)</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">133.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">No longer thinking of One's + Self.</span></span>”</span>—Let us seriously consider why we should + jump into the water to rescue some one who has just fallen in + before our eyes, although we may have no particular sympathy for + him. We do it for pity's sake; no one thinks now but of his + neighbour,—so says thoughtlessness. Why do we experience grief and + uneasiness when we see some one spit blood, although we may be + really ill-disposed towards him and wish him no good? Out of pity; + we have ceased to think of ourselves,—so says thoughtlessness + again. The truth is that in our pity—I mean by this what we + erroneously call <span class="tei tei-q">“pity”</span>—we no longer + think consciously of ourselves, but quite unconsciously, exactly as + when slipping we unconsciously make the best counter-motions + possible in order to recover our balance, and in doing so clearly + use all our intelligence. A mishap to another offends us; it would + bring our impotence, or perhaps our cowardice, into strong relief + if we could do nothing to help him; or in itself it would give rise + to a diminution of our honour in the eyes of others and of + ourselves. Or again, accidents that happen to others act as + finger-posts to point out our own danger, and even as <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> indications of human peril and frailty + they can produce a painful effect upon us. We shake off this kind + of pain and offence, and balance it by an act of pity behind which + may be hidden a subtle form of self-defence or even revenge. That + at bottom we strongly think of ourselves may easily be divined from + the decision that we arrive at in all cases where we can avoid the + sight of those who are suffering or starving or wailing. We make up + our minds not to avoid such people when we can approach them as + powerful and helpful ones, when we can safely reckon upon their + applause, or wish to feel the contrast of our own happiness, or, + again, when we hope to get rid of our own boredom. It is misleading + to call the suffering that we experience at such a sight, and which + may be of a very different kind, commiseration. For in all cases it + is a suffering from which the suffering person before us is free: + it is our own suffering, just as his suffering is his own. It is + thus only this personal feeling of misery that we get rid of by + acts of compassion. Nevertheless, we never act thus from one single + motive: as it is certain that we wish to free ourselves from + suffering thereby, it is also certain that by the same action we + yield to an impulse of pleasure. Pleasure arises at the sight of a + contrast to our own condition, at the knowledge that we should be + able to help if only we wished to do so, at the thought of the + praise and gratitude which we should gain if we did help, at the + very act of helping, in so far as this might prove successful (and + because something which is gradually seen to be successful gives + pleasure to the doer); but even more particularly at the feeling + that our intervention <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg + 143]</span><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + brings to an end some deplorable injustice,—even the outburst of + one's indignation is invigorating.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All this, + including even things still more subtle, comprises <span class= + "tei tei-q">“pity.”</span> How clumsily with this one word does + language fall foul of such a complex and polyphonous organism! That + pity, on the other hand, is identical with the suffering the sight + of which brings it about, or that it has a particularly subtle and + penetrating comprehension of it: this is in contradiction to + experience, and he who has glorified pity under these two heads + lacked sufficient experience in the domain of morals. That is why I + am seized with some doubts when reading of the incredible things + attributed by Schopenhauer to pity. It is obvious that he thereby + wished to make us believe in the great novelty he brought forward, + viz., that pity—the pity which he observed so superficially and + described so badly—was the source of all and every past and future + moral action,—and all this precisely because of those faculties + which he had begun by attributing to it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What is it in + the end that distinguishes men without pity from men who are really + compassionate? In particular, to give merely an approximate + indication, they have not the sensitive feeling for fear, the + subtle faculty for perceiving danger: nor yet is their vanity so + easily wounded if something happens which they might have been able + to prevent,—the caution of their pride commands them not to + interfere uselessly with the affairs of others; they even act on + the belief that every one should help himself and play his own + cards. Again, in <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg + 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + most cases they are more habituated to bearing pain than + compassionate men, and it does not seem at all unjust to them that + others should suffer, since they themselves have suffered. Lastly, + the state of soft-heartedness is as painful to them as is the state + of stoical impassability to compassionate men: they have only + disdainful words for sensitive hearts, as they think that such a + state of feeling is dangerous to their own manliness and calm + bravery,—they conceal their tears from others and wipe them off, + angry with themselves. They belong to a different type of egoists + from the compassionate men,—but to call them, in a distinct sense, + evil and the compassionate ones good, is merely a moral fashion + which has had its innings, just as the reverse fashion had also its + innings, and a long innings, too.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">134.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To what Extent + we must Beware of Pity.</span></span>—Pity, in so far as it + actually gives rise to suffering—and this must be our only point of + view here—is a weakness, like every other indulgence in an + injurious emotion. It increases suffering throughout the world, and + although here and there a certain amount of suffering may be + indirectly diminished or removed altogether as a consequence of + pity, we must not bring forward these occasional consequences, + which are on the whole insignificant, to justify the nature of pity + which, as has already been stated, is prejudicial. Supposing that + it prevailed, even if only for one day, it would bring humanity to + utter ruin. In itself the nature of pity is no better than + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name= + "Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that of any other + craving; it is only where it is called for and praised—and this + happens when people do not understand what is injurious in it, but + find in it a sort of joy—that a good conscience becomes attached to + it; it is only then that we willingly yield to it, and do not + shrink from acknowledging it. In other circumstances where it is + understood to be dangerous, it is looked upon as a weakness; or, as + in the case of the Greeks, as an unhealthy periodical emotion the + danger of which might be removed by temporary and voluntary + discharges. If a man were to undertake the experiment of + deliberately devoting his attention to the opportunities afforded + by practical life for the exercise of pity, and were over and over + again to picture in his own mind the misery he might meet with in + his immediate surroundings, he would inevitably become melancholy + and ill. If, however, he wished in any sense of the word to serve + humanity as a physician, he would have to take many precautions + with respect to this feeling, as otherwise it would paralyse him at + all critical moments, undermine the foundations of his knowledge, + and unnerve his helpful and delicate hand.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">135.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arousing + Pity.</span></span>—Among savages men think with a moral shudder of + the possibility of becoming an object of pity, for such a state + they regard as deprived of all virtue. Pitying is equivalent to + despising: they do not want to see a contemptible being suffer, for + this would afford them no enjoyment. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> On the other hand, to behold one of their + enemies suffering, some one whom they look upon as their equal in + pride, but whom torture cannot induce to give up his pride, and in + general to see some one suffer who refuses to lower himself by + appealing for pity—which would in their eyes be the most profound + and shameful humiliation—this is the very joy of joys. Such a + spectacle excites the deepest admiration in the soul of the savage, + and he ends by killing such a brave man when it is in his power, + afterwards according funeral honours to the unbending one. If he + had groaned, however; if his countenance had lost its expression of + calm disdain; if he had shown himself to be contemptible,—well, in + such a case he might have been allowed to live like a dog: he would + no longer have aroused the pride of the spectator, and pity would + have taken the place of admiration.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">136.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Happiness in + Pity.</span></span>—If, as is the case among the Hindus, we decree + the end and aim of all intellectual activity to be the knowledge of + human misery, and if for generation after generation this dreadful + resolution be steadily adhered to, pity in the eyes of such men of + hereditary pessimism comes to have a new value as a preserver of + life, something that helps to make existence endurable, although it + may seem worthy of being rejected with horror and disgust. Pity + becomes an antidote to suicide, a sentiment which brings pleasure + with it and enables us to taste superiority in small doses. It + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span><a name= + "Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> gives some diversion + to our minds, makes our hearts full, banishes fear and lethargy, + and incites us to speak, to complain, or to act: it is a relative + happiness when compared with the misery of the knowledge that + hampers the individual on every side, bewilders him, and takes away + his breath. Happiness, however, no matter of what nature it may be, + gives us air and light and freedom of movement.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">137.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Why Double + the</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Ego</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">?</span></span>—To view our own + experiences in the same light as we are in the habit of looking at + those of others is very comforting and an advisable medicine. On + the other hand, to look upon the experiences of others and adopt + them as if they were our own—which is called for by the philosophy + of pity—would ruin us in a very short time: let us only make the + experiment without trying to imagine it any longer! The first maxim + is, in addition, undoubtedly more in accordance with reason and + goodwill towards reason; for we estimate more objectively the value + and significance of an event when it happens to others,—the value, + for instance, of a death, loss of money or slander. But pity, + taking as its principle of action the injunction, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Suffer the misfortune of another as much as he + himself,”</span> would lead the point of view of the ego with all + its exaggerations and deviations to become the point of view of the + other person, the sympathiser: so that we should have to suffer at + the same time from our own ego and the other's ego. In this way we + would voluntarily overload <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page148">[pg 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ourselves with a double irrationality, + instead of making the burden of our own as light as possible.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">138.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Becoming more + Tender.</span></span>—Whenever we love some one and venerate and + admire him, and afterwards come to perceive that he is + suffering—which always causes us the utmost astonishment, since we + cannot but feel that the happiness we derive from him must flow + from a superabundant source of personal happiness—our feelings of + love, veneration, and admiration are essentially changed: they + become more tender; that is, the gap that separates us seems to be + bridged over and there appears to be an approach to equality. It + now seems possible to give him something in return, whilst we had + previously imagined him as being altogether above our gratitude. + Our ability to requite him for what we have received from him + arouses in us feelings of much joy and pleasure. We endeavour to + ascertain what can best calm the grief of our friend, and we give + it to him; if he wishes for kind words, looks, attentions, + services, or presents, we give them; but, above all, if he would + like to see us suffering from the sight of his suffering, we + pretend to suffer, for all this secures for us the enjoyment of + active gratitude, which is equivalent in a way to good-natured + revenge. If he wants none of these things, and refuses to accept + them from us, we depart from him chilled and sad, almost mortified; + it appears to us as if our gratitude had been declined, and on this + point of honour even the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg + 149]</span><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + best of men is still somewhat touchy. It results from all this that + even in the best case there is something humiliating in suffering, + and something elevating and superior in sympathy,—a fact which will + keep the two feelings apart for ever and ever.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">139.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Higher in Name + only.</span></span>—You say that the morality of pity is a higher + morality than that of stoicism? Prove it! But take care not to + measure the <span class="tei tei-q">“higher”</span> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“lower”</span> degrees of morality once + more by moral yardsticks; for there are no absolute morals. So take + your yardstick from somewhere else, and be on your guard!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">140.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Praise and + Blame.</span></span>—When a war has come to an unsuccessful + conclusion we try to find the man who is to blame for the war; when + it comes to a successful conclusion we praise the man who is + responsible for it. In all unsuccessful cases attempts are made to + blame somebody, for non-success gives rise to dejection, against + which the single possible remedy is involuntarily applied; a new + incitement of the sense of power; and this incitement is found in + the condemnation of the <span class="tei tei-q">“guilty”</span> + one. This guilty one is not perhaps the scapegoat of the faults of + others; he is merely the victim of the feeble, humiliated, and + depressed people who wish to prove upon some one that they have not + yet lost all their power. Even self-condemnation after a defeat may + be the means of restoring the feeling of power.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the other + hand, glorification of the originator is often but an equally blind + result of another instinct that demands its victim,—and in this + case the sacrifice appears to be sweet and attractive even for the + victim. This happens when the feeling of power is satiated in a + nation or a society by so great and fascinating a success that a + weariness of victory supervenes and pride wishes to be discharged: + a feeling of self-sacrifice is aroused and looks for its object. + Thus, whether we are blamed or praised we merely, as a rule, + provide opportunities for the gratification of others, and are only + too often caught up and whirled away for our neighbours to + discharge upon us their accumulated feelings of praise or blame. In + both cases we confer a benefit upon them for which we deserve no + credit and they no thanks.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">141.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">More Beautiful + but Less Valuable.</span></span>—Picturesque morality: such is the + morality of those passions characterised by sudden outbursts, + abrupt transitions; pathetic, impressive, dreadful, and solemn + attitudes and gestures. It is the semi-savage stage of morality: + never let us be tempted to set it on a higher plane merely on + account of its æsthetic charms.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">142.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Sympathy.</span></span>—In order to + understand our neighbour, that is, in order to reproduce his + sentiments in ourselves, we often, no doubt, plumb the cause of his + feelings, as, for example, by asking ourselves, Why <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg 151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is he sad? in order that we may become + sad ourselves for the same reason. But we much more frequently + neglect to act thus, and we produce these feelings in ourselves in + accordance with the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">effects</span></em> which they exhibit in the + person we are studying,—by imitating in our own body the expression + of his eyes, his voice, his gait, his attitude (or, at any rate, + the likeness of these things in words, pictures, and music), or we + may at least endeavour to mimic the action of his muscles and + nervous system. A like feeling will then spring up in us as the + result of an old association of movements and sentiments which has + been trained to run backwards and forwards. We have developed to a + very high pitch this knack of sounding the feelings of others, and + when we are in the presence of any one else we bring this faculty + of ours into play almost involuntarily,—let the inquirer observe + the animation of a woman's countenance and notice how it vibrates + and quivers with animation as the result of the continual imitation + and reflection of what is going on around her.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is music, + however, more than anything else that shows us what past-masters we + are in the rapid and subtle divination of feelings and sympathy; + for even if music is only the imitation of an imitation of + feelings, nevertheless, despite its distance and vagueness, it + often enables us to participate in those feelings, so that we + become sad without any reason for feeling so, like the fools that + we are, merely because we hear certain sounds and rhythms that + somehow or other remind us of the intonation and the movements, or + perhaps even only of the behaviour, of sorrowful people. It is + related of a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg + 152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + certain Danish king that he was wrought up to such a pitch of + warlike enthusiasm by the song of a minstrel that he sprang to his + feet and killed five persons of his assembled court: there was + neither war nor enemy; there was rather the exact opposite; yet the + power of the retrospective inference from a feeling to the cause of + it was sufficiently strong in this king to overpower both his + observation and his reason. Such, however, is almost invariably the + effect of music (provided that it thrills us), and we have no need + of such paradoxical instances to recognise this,—the state of + feeling into which music transports us is almost always in + contradiction to the appearance of our actual state, and of our + reasoning power which recognises this actual state and its + causes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If we inquire + how it happened that this imitation of the feelings of others has + become so common, there will be no doubt as to the answer: man + being the most timid of all beings because of his subtle and + delicate nature has been made familiar through his timidity with + this sympathy for, and rapid comprehension of, the feelings of + others, even of animals. For century after century he saw danger in + everything that was unfamiliar to him, in anything that happened to + be alive, and whenever the spectacle of such things and creatures + came before his eyes he imitated their features and attitude, + drawing at the same time his own conclusion as to the nature of the + evil intentions they concealed. This interpretation of all + movements and all facial characteristics in the sense of + intentions, man has even brought to bear on things inanimate,—urged + on as he was by the illusion that there was nothing inanimate. I + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span><a name= + "Pg153" id="Pg153" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> believe that this is + the origin of everything that we now call a feeling for nature, + that sensation of joy which men experience at the sight of the sky, + the fields, the rocks, the forests, the storms, the stars, the + landscapes, and spring: without our old habits of fear which forced + us to suspect behind everything a kind of second and more recondite + sense, we should now experience no delight in nature, in the same + way as men and animals do not cause us to rejoice if we have not + first been deterred by that source of all understanding, namely, + fear. For joy and agreeable surprise, and finally the feeling of + ridicule, are the younger children of sympathy, and the much + younger brothers and sisters of fear. The faculty of rapid + perception, which is based on the faculty of rapid dissimulation, + decreases in proud and autocratic men and nations, as they are less + timid; but, on the other hand, every category of understanding and + dissimulation is well known to timid peoples, and among them is to + be found the real home of imitative arts and superior + intelligence.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When, proceeding + from the theory of sympathy such as I have just outlined, I turn my + attention to the theory, now so popular and almost sacrosanct, of a + mystical process by means of which pity blends two beings into one, + and thus permits them immediately to understand one another, when I + recollect that even so clear a brain as Schopenhauer's delighted in + such fantastic nonsense, and that he in his turn transplanted this + delight into other lucid and semi-lucid brains, I feel unlimited + astonishment and compassion. How great must be the pleasure we + experience in this senseless tomfoolery! How <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> near must even a sane man be to + insanity as soon as he listens to his own secret intellectual + desires!—Why did Schopenhauer really feel so grateful, so + profoundly indebted to Kant? He revealed on one occasion the + undoubted answer to this question. Some one had spoken of the way + in which the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">qualitias + occulta</span></span> of Kant's Categorical Imperative might be got + rid of, so that the theory itself might be rendered intelligible. + Whereupon Schopenhauer gave utterance to the following outburst: + <span class="tei tei-q">“An intelligible Categorical Imperative! + Preposterous idea! Stygian darkness! God forbid that it should ever + become intelligible! The fact that there is actually something + unintelligible, that this misery of the understanding and its + conceptions is limited, conditional, final, and deceptive,—this is + beyond question Kant's great gift.”</span> Let any one consider + whether a man can be in possession of a desire to gain an insight + into moral things when he feels himself comforted from the start by + a belief in the inconceivableness of these things! one who still + honestly believes in illuminations from above, in magic, in ghostly + appearances, and in the metaphysical ugliness of the toad!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">143.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Woe to us if + this Impulse should Rage!</span></span>—Supposing that the impulse + towards devotion and care for others (<span class= + "tei tei-q">“sympathetic affection”</span>) were doubly as strong + as it now is, life on earth could not be endured. Let it only be + considered how many foolish things every one of us does day by day + and hour by hour, merely out of solicitude and <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg 155]</span><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> devotion for himself, and how + unbearable he seems in doing so: and what then would it be like if + we were to become for other people the object of the stupidities + and importunities with which up to the present they have only + tormented themselves! Should we not then take precipitately to our + heels as soon as one of our neighbours came towards us? And would + it not be necessary to overwhelm this sympathetic affection with + the abuse that we now reserve for egoism?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">144.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Closing our + Ears to the Complaints of others.</span></span>—When we let our sky + be clouded by the complaints and suffering of other mortals, who + must bear the consequences of such gloom? No doubt those other + mortals, in addition to all their other burdens! If we are merely + to be the echoes of their complaints, we cannot accord them either + help or comfort; nor can we do so if we were continually keeping + our ears open to listen to them,—unless we have learnt the art of + the Olympians, who, instead of trying to make themselves unhappy, + endeavoured to feel edified by the misfortunes of mankind. But this + is something too Olympian for us, although, in our enjoyment of + tragedy, we have already taken a step towards this ideal divine + cannibalism.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">145.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Unegoistic.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—This man is empty + and wishes to be filled, that one is over-full and wishes to be + emptied: both of them feel themselves urged on <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name="Pg156" id="Pg156" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to look for an individual who can help + them. And this phenomenon, interpreted in a higher sense, is in + both cases known by the same name, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“love.”</span> Well? and could this love be something + unegoistic?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">146.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Looking Beyond + our Neighbour.</span></span>—What? Ought the nature of true + morality to consist for us in fixing our eyes upon the most direct + and immediate consequences of our action for other people, and in + our coming to a decision accordingly? This is only a narrow and + bourgeois morality, even though it may be a morality: but it seems + to me that it would be more superior and liberal to look beyond + these immediate consequences for our neighbour in order to + encourage more distant purposes, even at the risk of making others + suffer,—as, for example, by encouraging the spirit of knowledge in + spite of the certainty that our free-thought will have the instant + effect of plunging others into doubt, grief, and even worse + afflictions. Have we not at least the right to treat our neighbour + as we treat ourselves? And if, where we are concerned, we do not + think in such a narrow and bourgeois fashion of immediate + consequences and sufferings, why should we be compelled to act thus + in regard to our neighbour? Supposing that we felt ready to + sacrifice ourselves, what is there to prevent us from sacrificing + our neighbour together with ourselves,—just as States and + Sovereigns have hitherto sacrificed one citizen to the others, + <span class="tei tei-q">“for the sake of the general + interest,”</span> as they say?</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page157">[pg 157]</span><a name="Pg157" id="Pg157" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We too, however, + have general interests, perhaps even more general than theirs: so + why may we not sacrifice a few individuals of this generation for + the benefit of generations to come? so that their affliction, + anxiety, despair, blunders, and misery may be deemed essential + because a new plough is to break up the ground and render it + fertile for all. Finally, we communicate the disposition to our + neighbour by which he is enabled to feel himself a victim: we + persuade him to carry out the task for which we employ him. Are we + then devoid of all pity? If, however, we wish to achieve a victory + over ourselves beyond our pity, is not this a higher and more + liberal attitude and disposition than that in which we only feel + safe after having ascertained whether an action benefits or harms + our neighbour? On the contrary, it is by means of such + sacrifice—including the sacrifice of ourselves, as well as of our + neighbours—that we should strengthen and elevate the general sense + of human power, even supposing that we attain nothing more than + this. But even this itself would be a positive increase of + happiness. Then, if even this ... but not a word more! You have + understood me at a glance.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">147.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Cause + of</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Altruism.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—Men have on the + whole spoken of love with so much emphasis and adoration because + they have hitherto always had so little of it, and have never yet + been satiated with this food: in this way it became their ambrosia. + If a poet wished to show universal benevolence in the image of a + Utopia, he would certainly have to <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page158">[pg 158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> describe an agonising and ridiculous state of + things, the like of which was never seen on earth,—every one would + be surrounded, importuned, and sighed for, not as at present, by + one lover, but by thousands, by everybody indeed, as the result of + an irresistible craving which would then be as vehemently insulted + and cursed as selfishness has been by men of past ages. The poets + of this new condition of things, if they had sufficient leisure to + write, would be dreaming of nothing but the blissful and loveless + past, the divine selfishness of yore, and the wonderful + possibilities in former times of remaining alone, not being run + after by one's friends, and of even being hated and despised—or any + other odious expressions which the beautiful animal world in which + we live chooses to coin.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">148.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Looking Far + Ahead.</span></span>—If, in accordance with the present definition, + only those actions are moral which are done for the sake of others, + and for their sake only, then there are no moral actions at all! + If, in accordance with another definition, only those actions are + moral which spring from our own free will, then there are no moral + actions in this case either! What is it, then, that we designate + thus, which certainly exists and wishes as a consequence to be + explained? It is the result of a few intellectual blunders; and + supposing that we were able to free ourselves from these errors, + what would then become of <span class="tei tei-q">“moral + actions”</span>? It is due to these errors that we have up to the + present attributed to certain actions a value superior to what was + theirs in reality: <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page159">[pg + 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + we separated them from <span class="tei tei-q">“egoistic”</span> + and <span class="tei tei-q">“non-free”</span> actions. When we now + set them once more in the latter categories, as we must do, we + certainly reduce their value (their own estimate of value) even + below its reasonable level, because <span class= + "tei tei-q">“egoistic”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“non-free”</span> actions have up to the present been + under-valued owing to that alleged profound and essential + difference.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In future, then, + will these very actions be less frequently performed, since they + will be less highly esteemed? Inevitably! Or at all events for a + fairly long time, as long as the scale of valuations remains under + the reacting influence of former mistakes! But we make some return + for this by giving back to men their good courage for the carrying + out of actions that are now reputed to be selfish, and thus restore + their value,—we relieve men's bad consciences! and as up to the + present egoistic actions have been by far the most frequent, and + will be so to all eternity, we free the whole conception of these + actions and of life from its evil appearance! This is a very high + and important result. When men no longer believe themselves to be + evil, they cease to be so.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name= + "Pg161" id="Pg161" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> <a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Book III.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">149.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Little + Unconventional Actions are Necessary!</span></span>—To act + occasionally in matters of custom against our own better judgments; + to yield in practice while reserving our own intellectual liberty; + to behave like everybody else and thus to show ourselves amiable + and considerate to all, to compensate them, as it were, even if + only to some extent, for our unconventional opinions—all this among + many tolerably liberal-minded men is looked upon not only as + permissible but even as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“honourable,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“humane,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“tolerant,”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“unpedantic,”</span> or whatever fine words may be used + to lull to sleep the intellectual conscience. So, for example, one + man, although he may be an atheist, has his infant baptized in the + usual Christian fashion; another goes through his period of + military service, though he may severely condemn all hatred between + nations; and a third runs into the Church with a girl because she + comes from a religious family, and makes his vows to a priest + without feeling ashamed of it. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is of no + importance if one of us does what every one else does and has + done”</span>—so says ignorant prejudice! What a profound mistake! + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name= + "Pg162" id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> For nothing is of + greater importance than that a powerful, long-established, and + irrational custom should be once again confirmed by the act of some + one who is recognised as rational. In this way the proceeding is + thought to be sanctioned by reason itself! All honour to your + opinions! but little unconventional actions are of still greater + value.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">150.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Hazard of + Marriages.</span></span>—If I were a god, and a benevolent god, the + marriages of men would cause me more displeasure than anything + else. An individual can make very great progress within the seventy + years of his life—yea, even within thirty years: such progress, + indeed, as to surprise even the gods! But when we then see him + exposing the inheritance and legacy of his struggles and victories, + the laurel crown of his humanity, on the first convenient peg where + any female may pick it to pieces for him; when we observe how well + he can acquire and how little he is capable of preserving his + acquisitions, and how he does not even dream that by procreation he + might prepare a still more victorious life,—we then, indeed, become + impatient and say, <span class="tei tei-q">“Nothing can in the end + result from humanity, individuals are wasted, for all rationality + of a great advance of humanity is rendered impossible by the hazard + of marriages: let us cease from being the assiduous spectators and + fools of this aimless drama!”</span> It was in this mood that the + gods of Epicurus withdrew long ago to their divine seclusion and + felicity: they were tired of men and their love affairs.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg 163]</span><a name= + "Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">151.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Here are New + Ideals to Invent.</span></span>—At a time when a man is in love he + should not be allowed to come to a decision about his life and to + determine once and for all the character of his society on account + of a whim. We ought publicly to declare invalid the vows of lovers, + and to refuse them permission to marry: and this because we should + treat marriage itself much more seriously, so that in cases where + it is now contracted it would not usually be allowed in future! Are + not the majority of marriages such that we should not care to have + them witnessed by a third party? And yet this third party is + scarcely ever lacking—the child—and he is more than a witness; he + is the whipping-boy and scapegoat.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">152.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Formula of + Oath.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“If I am now telling a + lie I am no longer an honourable man, and every one may say so to + my face.”</span> I recommend this formula in place of the present + judicial oath and its customary invocation to the Deity: it is + stronger. There is no reason why even religious men should oppose + it; for as soon as the customary oath no longer serves, all the + religious people will have to turn to their catechism, which says, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord + thy God in vain.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">153.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Malcontent.</span></span>—He is one of the brave old warriors: + angry with civilisation because he believes <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that its object is to make all good + things—honour, rewards, and fair women—accessible even to + cowards.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">154.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Consolation + amid Perils.</span></span>—The Greeks, in the course of a life that + was always surrounded by great dangers and cataclysms, endeavoured + to find in meditation and knowledge a kind of security of feeling, + a last <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">refugium</span></span>. We, who live in a much + more secure state, have introduced danger into meditation and + knowledge, and it is in life itself that we endeavour to find + repose, a refuge from danger.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">155.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Extinct + Scepticism.</span></span>—Hazardous enterprises are rarer in modern + times than in antiquity and in the Middle Ages, probably because + modern times have no more belief in omens, oracles, stars, and + soothsayers. In other words, we have become incapable of believing + in a future which is reserved for us, as the ancients did, who—in + contradistinction to ourselves—were much less sceptical regarding + that which is to be than that which is.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">156.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Evil through + Exuberance.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Oh, that we + should not feel too happy!”</span>—such was the secret fear of the + Greeks in their best age. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">That</span></em> is why they preached + moderation to themselves. And we?</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span><a name= + "Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">157.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Worship of + Natural Sounds.</span></span>—What signification can we find in the + fact that our culture is not only indulgent to the manifestations + of grief, such as tears, complaints, reproaches, and attitudes of + rage and humility, but even approves them and reckons them among + the most noble and essential things?—while, on the other hand, the + spirit of ancient philosophy looked down upon them with contempt, + without admitting their necessity in any way. Let us remember how + Plato—who was by no means one of the most inhuman of the + philosophers—speaks of the Philoctetus of the tragic stage. Is it + possible that our modern culture is wanting in <span class= + "tei tei-q">“philosophy”</span>? or, in accordance with the + valuations of those old philosophers, do we perhaps all form part + of the <span class="tei tei-q">“mob”</span>?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">158.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Climate for + Flattery.</span></span>—In our day flatterers should no longer be + sought at the courts of kings, since these have all acquired a + taste for militarism, which cannot tolerate flattery. But this + flower even now often grows in abundance in the neighbourhood of + bankers and artists.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">159.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Revivers.</span></span>—Vain men value a fragment of the past more + highly from the moment when they are able to revive it in their + imagination (especially if it is difficult to do so), they would + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name= + "Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> even like if + possible to raise it from the dead. Since, however, the number of + vain people is always very large, the danger presented by + historical studies, if an entire epoch devotes its attention to + them, is by no means small: too great an amount of strength is then + wasted on all sorts of imaginable resurrections. The entire + movement of romanticism is perhaps best understood from this point + of view.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">160.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vain, Greedy, + and not very Wise.</span></span>—Your desires are greater than your + understanding, and your vanity is even greater than your + desires,—to people of your type a great deal of Christian practice + and a little Schopenhauerian theory may be strongly + recommended.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">161.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beauty + corresponding to the Age.</span></span>—If our sculptors, painters, + and musicians wish to catch the significance of the age, they + should represent beauty as bloated, gigantic, and nervous: just as + the Greeks, under the influence of their morality of moderation, + saw and represented beauty in the Apollo di Belvedere. We should, + indeed, call him ugly! But the pedantic <span class= + "tei tei-q">“classicists”</span> have deprived us of all our + honesty!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">162.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Irony of + the Present Time.</span></span>—At the present day it is the habit + of Europeans to treat all matters of great importance with irony, + because, as <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg + 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the result of our activity in their service, we have no time to + take them seriously.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">163.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against + Rousseau.</span></span>—If it is true that there is something + contemptible about our civilisation, we have two alternatives: of + concluding with Rousseau that, <span class="tei tei-q">“This + despicable civilisation is to blame for our bad morality,”</span> + or to infer, contrary to Rousseau's view, that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Our good morality is to blame for this contemptible + civilisation. Our social conceptions of good and evil, weak and + effeminate as they are, and their enormous influence over both body + and soul, have had the effect of weakening all bodies and souls and + of crushing all unprejudiced, independent, and self-reliant men, + the real pillars of a strong civilisation: wherever we still find + the evil morality to-day, we see the last crumbling ruins of these + pillars.”</span> Thus let paradox be opposed by paradox! It is + quite impossible for the truth to lie with both sides: and can we + say, indeed, that it lies with either? Decide for yourself.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">164.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Perhaps + Premature.</span></span>—It would seem at the present time that, + under many different and misleading names, and often with a great + want of clearness, those who do not feel themselves attached to + morals and to established laws are taking the first initial steps + to organise themselves, and thus to create a right for themselves; + whilst hitherto, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg + 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + as criminals, free-thinkers, immoral men and miscreants, they have + lived beyond the pale of the law, under the bane of outlawry and + bad conscience, corrupted and corrupting. On the whole, we should + consider this as right and proper, although it may result in + insecurity for the coming century and compel every one to bear + arms.—There is thereby a counterforce which continually reminds us + that there is no exclusively moral-making morality, and that a + morality which asserts itself to the exclusion of all other + morality destroys too much sound strength and is too dearly bought + by mankind. The non-conventional and deviating people, who are so + often productive and inventive, must no longer be sacrificed: it + must never again be considered as a disgrace to depart from + morality either in actions or thought; many new experiments must be + made upon life and society, and the world must be relieved from a + huge weight of bad conscience. These general aims must be + recognised and encouraged by all those upright people who are + seeking truth.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">165.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Morality + which does not bore one.</span></span>—The principal moral + commandments which a nation permits its teachers to emphasise again + and again stand in relation to its chief defects, and that is why + it does not find them tiresome. The Greeks, who so often failed to + employ moderation, coolness, fair-mindedness, and rationality in + general, turned a willing ear to the four Socratic virtues,—they + stood <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span><a name= + "Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in such need of + them, and yet had so little talent for them!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">166.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">At the Parting + of the Ways.</span></span>—Shame! You wish to form part of a system + in which you must be a wheel, fully and completely, or risk being + crushed by wheels! where it is understood that each one will be + that which his superiors make of him! where the seeking for + <span class="tei tei-q">“connections”</span> will form part of + one's natural duties! where no one feels himself offended when he + has his attention drawn to some one with the remark, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“He may be useful to you some time”</span>; where + people do not feel ashamed of paying a visit to ask for somebody's + intercession, and where they do not even suspect that by such a + voluntary submission to these morals, they are once and for all + stamped as the common pottery of nature, which others can employ or + break up of their free will without feeling in any way responsible + for doing so,—just as if one were to say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“People of my type will never be lacking, therefore, do + what you will with me! Do not stand on ceremony!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">167.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Unconditional + Homage.</span></span>—When I think of the most read German + philosopher, the most popular German musician, and the most + distinguished German statesman, I cannot but acknowledge that life + is now rendered unusually arduous for these Germans, this nation of + unconditional <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg + 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + sentiments, and that, too, by their own great men. We see three + magnificent spectacles spread out before us: on each occasion there + is a river rushing along in the bed which it has made for itself, + and even so agitated that one thinks at times it intends to flow + uphill. And yet, however we might admire Schopenhauer, who would + not, all things considered, like to have other opinions than his? + Who in all greater and smaller things would now share the opinions + of Richard Wagner, although there may be truth in the view + expressed by some one: viz. that wherever Wagner gave or took + offence some problem lay hidden,—which, however, he did not unearth + for us. And, finally, how many are there who would be willing and + eager to agree with Bismarck, if only he could always agree with + himself, or were even to show some signs of doing so for the + future! It is true that it is by no means astonishing to find + statesmen without principles, but with dominant instincts; a + versatile mind, actuated by these dominant and violent instincts, + and hence without principles—these qualities are looked upon as + reasonable and natural in a statesman. But, alas, this has up to + the present been so un-German; as un-German as the fuss made about + music and the discord and bad temper excited around the person of + the musician; or as un-German as the new and extraordinary position + taken up by Schopenhauer: he did not feel himself to be either + above things or on his knees before them—one or other of these + alternatives might still have been German—but he assumed an + attitude against things! How incredible and disagreeable! to range + one's self <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg + 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + with things and nevertheless be their adversary, and finally the + adversary of one's self,—what can the unconditional admirer do with + such an example? And what, again, can he do with three such + examples who cannot keep the peace towards one another! Here we see + Schopenhauer as the antagonist of Wagner's music, Wagner attacking + Bismarck's politics, and Bismarck attacking Wagnerism and + Schopenhauerism. What remains for us to do? Where shall we flee + with our thirst for wholesale hero-worship! Would it not be + possible to choose from the music of the musician a few hundred + bars of good music which appealed to the heart, and which we should + like to take to heart because they are inspired by the heart,—could + we not stand aside with this small piece of plunder, and forget the + rest? And could we not make a similar compromise as regards the + philosopher and the statesman,—select, take to heart, and in + particular forget the rest?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yes, if only + forgetfulness were not so difficult! There was once a very proud + man who would never on any account accept anything, good or evil, + from others,—from any one, indeed, but himself. When he wanted to + forget, however, he could not bestow this gift upon himself, and + was three times compelled to conjure up the spirits. They came, + listened to his desire, and said at last, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“This is the only thing it is not in our power to + give!”</span> Could not the Germans take warning by this experience + of Manfred? Why, then, should the spirits be conjured up? It is + useless. We never forget what we endeavour to forget. And how + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name= + "Pg172" id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> great would be the + <span class="tei tei-q">“balance”</span> which we should have to + forget if we wished henceforth to continue wholesale admirers of + these three great men! It would therefore be far more advisable to + profit by the excellent opportunity offered us to try something + new, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> to advance in the spirit of + honesty towards ourselves and become, instead of a nation of + credulous repetition and of bitter and blind animosity, a people of + conditional assent and benevolent opposition. We must come to learn + in the first place, however, that unconditional homage to people is + something rather ridiculous, that a change of view on this point + would not discredit even Germans, and that there is a profound and + memorable saying: <span class="tei tei-q">“Ce qui importe, ce ne + sont point les personnes: mais les choses.”</span> This saying is + like the man who uttered it—great, honest, simple, and silent,—just + like Carnot, the soldier and Republican. But may I at the present + time speak thus to Germans of a Frenchman, and a Republican into + the bargain? Perhaps not: perhaps I must not even recall what + Niebuhr in his time dared to say to the Germans: that no one had + made such an impression of true greatness upon him as Carnot.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">168.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A + Model.</span></span>—What do I like about Thucydides, and how does + it come that I esteem him more highly than Plato? He exhibits the + most wide-spread and artless pleasure in everything typical in men + and events, and finds that each type is <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> possessed of a certain quantity of good + sense: it is this good sense which he seeks to discover. He + likewise exhibits a larger amount of practical justice than Plato; + he never reviles or belittles those men whom he dislikes or who + have in any way injured him in the course of his life. On the + contrary: while seeing only types, he introduces something noble + and additional into all things and persons; for what could + posterity, to which he dedicates his work, do with things not + typical! Thus this culture of the disinterested knowledge of the + world attains in him, the poet-thinker, a final marvellous + bloom,—this culture which has its poet in Sophocles, its statesman + in Pericles, its doctor in Hippocrates, and its natural philosopher + in Democritus: this culture which deserves to be called by the name + of its teachers, the Sophists, and which, unhappily, from the + moment of its baptism at once begins to grow pale and + incomprehensible to us,—for henceforward we suspect that this + culture, which was combated by Plato and all the Socratic schools, + must have been very immoral! The truth of this matter is so + complicated and entangled that we feel unwilling to unravel it: so + let the old error (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">error veritate + simplicior</span></span>) run its old course.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">169.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Greek + Genius Foreign to us.</span></span>—Oriental or modern, Asiatic or + European: compared with the ancient Greeks, everything is + characterised by enormity of size and by the revelling in great + masses as the expression of the sublime, whilst in <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Paestum, Pompeii, and Athens we are + astonished, when contemplating Greek architecture, to see with what + small masses the Greeks were able to express the sublime, and how + they loved to express it thus. In the same way, how simple were the + Greeks in the idea which they formed of themselves! How far we + surpass them in the knowledge of man! Again, how full of labyrinths + would our souls and our conceptions of our souls appear in + comparison with theirs! If we had to venture upon an architecture + after the style of our own souls—(we are too cowardly for that!)—a + labyrinth would have to be our model. That music which is peculiar + to us, and which really expresses us, lets this be clearly seen! + (for in music men let themselves go, because they think there is no + one who can see them hiding behind their music).</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">170.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Another Point + of View.</span></span>—How we babble about the Greeks! What do we + understand of their art, the soul of which was the passion for + naked masculine beauty! It was only by starting therefrom that they + appreciated feminine beauty. For the latter they had thus a + perspective quite different from ours. It was the same in regard to + their love for women: their worship was of a different kind, and so + also was their contempt.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">171.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Food of the + Modern Man.</span></span>—He has learned to digest many things; + nay, almost everything; <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg + 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + it is his ambition to do so. He would, however, be really of a + higher order if he did not understand this so well: <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">homo pamphagus</span></span> is not the finest + type of the human race. We live between a past which had a more + wayward and deranged taste than we, and a future which will + possibly have a more select taste,—we live too much midway.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">172.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tragedy and + Music.</span></span>—Men of essentially warlike disposition, such, + for example, as the ancient Greeks in the time of Æschylus, are + difficult to rouse, and when pity once triumphs over their hardness + they are seized as by a kind of giddiness or a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“demoniacal power,”</span>—they feel themselves + overpowered and thrilled by a religious horror. After this they + become sceptical about their condition; but as long as they are in + it they enjoy the charm of being, as it were, outside themselves, + and the delight of the marvellous mixed with the bitterest gall of + suffering: this is the proper kind of drink for fighting + men,—something rare, dangerous, and bitter-sweet, which does not + often fall to one's lot.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Tragedy appeals + to souls who feel pity in this way, to those fierce and warlike + souls which are difficult to overcome, whether by fear or pity, but + which lose nothing by being softened from time to time. Of what + use, however, is tragedy to those who are as open to the + <span class="tei tei-q">“sympathetic affections”</span> as the + sails of a ship to the wind! When at the time of Plato the + Athenians had become more <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg + 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + softened and sensitive, oh, how far they were still removed from + the gushing emotions of the inhabitants of our modern towns and + villages! And yet even then the philosophers were beginning to + complain of the injurious nature of tragedy. An epoch full of + danger such as that now beginning, in which bravery and manliness + are rising in value, will perhaps again harden souls to such an + extent that they will once more stand in need of tragic poets: but + in the meantime these are somewhat superfluous, to put it mildly. + For music, too, a better age may be approaching (it will certainly + be a more evil age!) when artists will have to make their music + appeal to strongly individual beings, beings which will have become + hard and which will be dominated by the gloomy earnestness of their + own passion; but of what use is music to the little souls of the + present age which is fast passing away, souls that are too + unsteady, ill-developed, half-personal, inquisitive, and covetous + of everything?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">173.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Flatterers + of Work.</span></span>—In the glorification of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“work”</span> and the never-ceasing talk about the + <span class="tei tei-q">“blessing of labour,”</span> I see the same + secret <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "fr"><span style="font-style: italic">arrière-pensée</span></span> + as I do in the praise bestowed on impersonal acts of a general + interest, viz. a fear of everything individual. For at the sight of + work—that is to say, severe toil from morning till night—we have + the feeling that it is the best police, viz. that it holds every + one in check and effectively hinders the development of reason, of + greed, and of desire for <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg + 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + independence. For work uses up an extraordinary proportion of + nervous force, withdrawing it from reflection, meditation, dreams, + cares, love, and hatred; it dangles unimportant aims before the + eyes of the worker and affords easy and regular gratification. Thus + it happens that a society where work is continually being performed + will enjoy greater security, and it is security which is now + venerated as the supreme deity.—And now, horror of horrors! it is + the <span class="tei tei-q">“workman”</span> himself who has become + dangerous; the whole world is swarming with <span class= + "tei tei-q">“dangerous individuals,”</span> and behind them follows + the danger of dangers—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">the</span></em> individuum!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">174.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Moral + Fashion of a Commercial Community.</span></span>—Behind the + principle of the present moral fashion: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Moral actions are actions performed out of sympathy + for others,”</span> I see the social instinct of fear, which thus + assumes an intellectual disguise: this instinct sets forth as its + supreme, most important, and most immediate principle that life + shall be relieved of all the dangerous characteristics which it + possessed in former times, and that every one must help with all + his strength towards the attainment of this end. It is for that + reason that only those actions which keep in view the general + security and the feeling of security of society are called + <span class="tei tei-q">“good.”</span> How little joy must men now + have in themselves when such a tyranny of fear prescribes their + supreme moral law, if they make no objection when commanded to turn + their eyes <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg + 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + from themselves and to look aside from themselves! And yet at the + same time they have lynx eyes for all distress and suffering + elsewhere! Are we not, then, with this gigantic intention of ours + of smoothing down every sharp edge and corner in life, utilising + the best means of turning mankind into sand! Small, soft, round, + infinite sand! Is that your ideal, ye harbingers of the + <span class="tei tei-q">“sympathetic affections”</span>? In the + meantime even the question remains unanswered whether we are of + more use to our neighbour in running immediately and continually to + his help,—which for the most part can only be done in a very + superficial way, as otherwise it would become a tyrannical meddling + and changing,—or by transforming ourselves into something which our + neighbour can look upon with pleasure,—something, for example, + which may be compared to a beautiful, quiet, and secluded garden, + protected by high walls against storms and the dust of the roads, + but likewise with a hospitable gate.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">175.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fundamental + Basis of a Culture of Traders.</span></span>—We have now an + opportunity of watching the manifold growth of the culture of a + society of which commerce is the soul, just as personal rivalry was + the soul of culture among the ancient Greeks, and war, conquest, + and law among the ancient Romans. The tradesman is able to value + everything without producing it, and to value it according to the + requirements of the consumer rather than his own personal needs. + <span class="tei tei-q">“How many <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page179">[pg 179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and what class of people will consume + this?”</span> is his question of questions. Hence, he instinctively + and incessantly employs this mode of valuation and applies it to + everything, including the productions of art and science, and of + thinkers, scholars, artists, statesmen, nations, political parties, + and even entire ages: with respect to everything produced or + created he inquires into the supply and demand in order to estimate + for himself the value of a thing. This, when once it has been made + the principle of an entire culture, worked out to its most minute + and subtle details, and imposed upon every kind of will and + knowledge, this is what you men of the coming century will be proud + of,—if the prophets of the commercial classes are right in putting + that century into your possession! But I have little belief in + these prophets. <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Credat Judæus + Apella</span></span>—to speak with Horace.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">176.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Criticism + of our Ancestors.</span></span>—Why should we now endure the truth, + even about the most recent past? Because there is now always a new + generation which feels itself in contradiction to the past and + enjoys in this criticism the first-fruits of its sense of power. In + former times the new generation, on the contrary, wished to base + itself on the old and began to feel conscious of its power, not + only in accepting the opinions of its ancestors but, if possible, + taking them even more seriously. To criticise ancestral authority + was in former times a vice; but at the present time our idealists + begin by making it their starting-point.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name= + "Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">177.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To learn + Solitude.</span></span>—O ye poor fellows in the great centres of + the world's politics, ye young and talented men, who, urged on by + ambition, think it your duty to propound your opinion of every + event of the day,—for something is always happening,—who, by thus + making a noise and raising a cloud of dust, mistake yourselves for + the rolling chariot of history; who, because ye always listen, + always suit the moment when ye can put in your word or two, thereby + lose all real productiveness. Whatever may be your desire to + accomplish great deeds, the deep silence of pregnancy never comes + to you! The event of the day sweeps you along like straws before + the wind whilst ye lie under the illusion that ye are chasing the + event,—poor fellows! If a man wishes to act the hero on the stage + he must not think of forming part of the chorus; he should not even + know how the chorus is made up.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">178.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Daily Wear and + Tear.</span></span>—These young men are lacking neither in + character, nor talent, nor zeal, but they have never had sufficient + time to choose their own path; they have, on the contrary, been + habituated from the most tender age to have their path pointed out + to them. At the time when they were ripe enough to be sent into the + <span class="tei tei-q">“desert,”</span> something else was done + with them. They were turned to account, estranged from themselves, + and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span><a name= + "Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> brought up in such a + way that they became accustomed to be worn out by their daily toil. + This was imposed on them as a duty, and now they cannot do without + it; they would not wish it to be otherwise. The only thing that + cannot be refused to these poor beasts of burden is their + <span class="tei tei-q">“holidays”</span>—such is the name they + give to this ideal of leisure in an overworked century; + <span class="tei tei-q">“holidays,”</span> in which they may for + once be idle, idiotic, and childish to their heart's content.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">179.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">As little State + as possible!</span></span>—All political and economic matters are + not of such great value that they ought to be dealt with by the + most talented minds: such a waste of intellect is at bottom worse + than any state of distress. These matters are, and ever will be, + the province of smaller minds, and others than the smaller minds + should not be at the service of this workshop: it would be better + to let the machinery work itself to pieces again! But as matters + stand at the present time, when not only do all people believe that + they must know all about it day by day, but wish likewise to be + always busy about it, and in so doing neglect their own work, it is + a great and ridiculous mistake. The price that has to be paid for + the <span class="tei tei-q">“public safety”</span> is far too high, + and, what is maddest of all, we effect the very opposite of + <span class="tei tei-q">“public safety”</span> a fact which our own + dear century has undertaken to prove, as if this had never been + proved before! To make society secure against thieves and fire, and + to render it thoroughly fit for all kinds of trade and <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> traffic, and to transform the State in + a good and evil sense into a kind of Providence—these aims are low, + mediocre, and not by any means indispensable; and we should not + seek to attain them by the aid of the highest means and instruments + which exist—means which we should reserve precisely for our highest + and rarest aims! Our epoch, however much it may babble about + economy, is a spendthrift: it wastes intellect, the most precious + thing of all.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">180.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Wars.</span></span>—The great wars of + our own day are the outcome of historical study.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">181.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Governing.</span></span>—Some people + govern because of their passion for governing; others in order that + they may not be governed,—the latter choose it as the lesser of two + evils.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">182.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rough and Ready + Consistency.</span></span>—People say of a man with great respect, + <span class="tei tei-q">“He is a character”</span>—that is, when he + exhibits a rough and ready consistency, when it is evident even to + the dullest eye. But, whenever a more subtle and profound intellect + sets itself up and shows consistency in a higher manner, the + spectators deny the existence of any character. That is why cunning + statesmen usually act their comedy under the cloak of a kind of + rough and ready consistency.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span><a name= + "Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">183.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Old and the + Young.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“There is something + immoral about Parliaments,”</span>—so many people still + think,—<span class="tei tei-q">“for in them views even against the + Government may be expressed.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“We + should always adopt that view of a subject which our gracious Lord + commands,”</span>—this is the eleventh commandment in many an + honest old head, especially in Northern Germany. We laugh at it as + an out-of-date fashion, but in former times it was the moral law + itself. Perhaps we shall again some day laugh at that which is now + considered as moral by a generation brought up under a + parliamentary régime, namely, the policy of placing one's party + before one's own wisdom, and of answering every question concerning + the public welfare in such a way as to fill the sails of the party + with a favourable gust of wind. <span class="tei tei-q">“We must + take that view of a subject which the position of our party calls + for”</span>—such would be the canon. In the service of such morals + we may now behold every kind of sacrifice, even martyrdom and + conquest over one's self.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">184.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The State as a + Production of Anarchists.</span></span>—In countries inhabited by + tractable men there are always a few backsliders and intractable + people. For the present the latter have joined the Socialists more + than any other party. If it should happen that these people once + come to have the making of the laws, they may be relied upon to + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span><a name= + "Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> impose iron chains + upon themselves, and to practise a dreadful discipline,—they know + themselves! and they will endure these harsh laws with the + knowledge that they themselves have imposed them—the feeling of + power and of this particular power will be too recent among them + and too attractive for them not to suffer anything for its + sake.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">185.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Beggars.</span></span>—Beggars ought to + be suppressed; because we get angry both when we help them and when + we do not.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">186.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Business + Men.</span></span>—Your business is your greatest prejudice, it + binds you to your locality, your society and your tastes. Diligent + in business but lazy in thought, satisfied with your paltriness and + with the cloak of duty concealing this contentment: thus you live, + and thus you like your children to be.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">187.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Possible + Future.</span></span>—Is it impossible for us to imagine a social + state in which the criminal will publicly denounce himself and + dictate his own punishment, in the proud feeling that he is thus + honouring the law which he himself has made, that he is exercising + his power, the power of a lawmaker, in thus punishing himself? He + may offend for once, but by his own voluntary punishment he raises + himself above his offence, and not only expiates it by his + frankness, greatness, and calmness, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> but adds to it a public benefit.—Such would + be the criminal of a possible future, a criminal who would, it is + true, presuppose a future legislation based upon this fundamental + idea: <span class="tei tei-q">“I yield in great things as well as + in small only to the law which I myself have made.”</span> How many + experiments must yet be made! How many futures have yet to dawn + upon mankind!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">188.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stimulants and + Food.</span></span>—Nations are deceived so often because they are + always looking for a deceiver, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> a + stimulating wine for their senses. When they can only have this + wine they are glad to put up even with inferior bread. Intoxication + is to them more than nutriment—this is the bait with which they + always let themselves be caught! What, to them, are men chosen from + among themselves—although they may be the most expert + specialists—as compared with the brilliant conquerors, or ancient + and magnificent princely houses! In order that he may inspire them + with faith, the demagogue must at least exhibit to them a prospect + of conquest and splendour. People will always obey, and even do + more than obey, provided that they can become intoxicated in doing + so. We may not even offer them repose and pleasure without this + laurel crown and its maddening influence.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This vulgar + taste which ascribes greater importance to intoxication than + nutrition did not by any means originate in the lower ranks of the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name= + "Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> population: it was, + on the contrary, transplanted there, and on this backward soil it + grows in great abundance, whilst its real origin must be sought + amongst the highest intellects, where it flourished for thousands + of years. The people is the last virgin soil upon which this + brilliant weed can grow. Well, then, is it really to the people + that we should entrust politics in order that they may thereby have + their daily intoxication?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">189.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">High + Politics.</span></span>—Whatever may be the influence in high + politics of utilitarianism and the vanity of individuals and + nations, the sharpest spur which urges them onwards is their need + for the feeling of power—a need which rises not only in the souls + of princes and rulers, but also gushes forth from time to time from + inexhaustible sources in the people. The time comes again and again + when the masses are ready to stake their lives and their fortunes, + their consciences and their virtue, in order that they may secure + that highest of all enjoyments and rule as a victorious, + tyrannical, and arbitrary nation over other nations (or at all + events think that they do).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On occasions + such as these, feelings of prodigality, sacrifice, hope, + confidence, extraordinary audacity, and enthusiasm will burst forth + so abundantly that a sovereign who is ambitious or far-sighted will + be able to seize the opportunity for making war, counting upon the + good conscience of his people to hide his injustice. Great + conquerors <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg + 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + have always given utterance to the pathetic language of virtue; + they have always been surrounded by crowds of people who felt + themselves, as it were, in a state of exaltation and would listen + to none but the most elevated oratory. The strange madness of moral + judgments! When man experiences the sensation of power he feels and + calls himself good; and at exactly the same time the others who + have to endure his power call him evil!—Hesiod, in his fable of the + epochs of man, has twice in succession depicted the same epoch, + that of the heroes of Homer, and has thus made two epochs out of + one: to those who lived under the terrible iron heel of those + adventurous despots, or had heard their ancestors speak of them, + the epoch appeared to be evil; but the descendants of those + chivalric races worshipped it as the <span class="tei tei-q">“good + old times,”</span> and as an almost ideally blissful age. The poet + could thus not help doing what he did,—his audience probably + included the descendants of both races.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">190.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Former German + Culture.</span></span>—When the Germans began to interest other + European nations, which is not so very long ago, it was owing to a + culture which they no longer possess to-day, and which they have + indeed shaken off with a blind ardour, as if it had been some + disease; and yet they have not been able to replace it by anything + better than political and national lunacy. They have in this way + succeeded in becoming even more interesting to other nations than + they were formerly <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg + 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + through their culture: and may that satisfy them! It is + nevertheless undeniable that this German culture has fooled + Europeans, and that it did not deserve the interest shown in it, + and much less the imitation and emulation displayed by other + nations in trying to rival it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Let us look back + for a moment upon Schiller, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Schleiermacher, + Hegel, and Schelling; let us read their correspondence and mingle + for a time with the large circle of their followers: what have they + in common, what characteristics have they, that fill us, as we are + now, partly with a feeling of nausea and partly with pitiful and + touching emotions? First and foremost, the passion for appearing at + all costs to be morally exalted, and then the desire for giving + utterance to brilliant, feeble, and inconsequential remarks, + together with their fixed purpose of looking upon everything + (characters, passions, times, customs) as beautiful—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“beautiful,”</span> alas, in accordance with a bad and + vague taste, which nevertheless pretended to be of Hellenic origin. + We behold in these people a weak, good-natured, and glistening + idealism, which, above all, wished to exhibit noble attitudes and + noble voices, something at once presumptuous and inoffensive, and + animated by a cordial aversion to <span class= + "tei tei-q">“cold”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“dry”</span> + reality—as also to anatomy, complete passions, and every kind of + philosophical continence and scepticism, but especially towards the + knowledge of nature in so far as it was impossible to use it as + religious symbolism.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Goethe, in his + own characteristic fashion, observed from afar these movements of + German <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg + 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + culture: placing himself beyond their influence, gently + remonstrating, silent, more and more confirmed in his own better + course. A little later, and Schopenhauer also was an observer of + these movements—a great deal of the world and devilry of the world + had again been revealed to him, and he spoke of it both roughly and + enthusiastically, for there is a certain beauty in this devilry! + And what was it, then, that really seduced the foreigners and + prevented them from viewing this movement as did Goethe and + Schopenhauer, or, better, from ignoring it altogether? It was that + faint lustre, that inexplicable starlight which formed a mysterious + halo around this culture. The foreigners said to themselves: + <span class="tei tei-q">“This is all very very remote from us; our + sight, hearing, understanding, enjoyment, and powers of valuations + are lost here, but in spite of that there may be some stars! There + may be something in it! Is it possible that the Germans have + quietly discovered some corner of heaven and settled there? We must + try to come nearer to these Germans.”</span> So they did begin to + come nearer to the Germans, while not so very long afterwards the + Germans put themselves to some trouble to get rid of this starlight + halo: they knew only too well that they had not been in heaven, but + only in a cloud!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">191.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Better + Men.</span></span>—They tell me that our art is meant for the men + of the present day, these greedy, unsatisfied, undisciplined, + disgusted, and harassed spirits, and that it exhibits to them a + picture of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg + 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + happiness, exaltation, and unworldliness beside that of their own + brutality, so that for once they may forget and breathe freely; + nay, perhaps find that they may derive some encouragement towards + flight and conversion from that oblivion. Poor artists, with such a + public as this; half of whose thoughts require the attention of a + priest, and the other half the attention of an alienist! How much + happier was Corneille—<span class="tei tei-q">“Our great + Corneille!”</span> as Madame de Sévigné exclaimed, with the accent + of a woman in the presence of a whole man,—how far superior was his + audience, which he could please with pictures of chivalric virtues, + strict duty, generous devotion, and heroic self-denial! How + differently did he and they love existence, not as coming from + blind and confused <span class="tei tei-q">“will,”</span> which we + curse because we cannot destroy it; but loving existence as a + place, so to speak, where greatness joined with humanity is + possible, and where even the greatest restraint of form, such as + submission to the caprice of priests and princes, could not + suppress either the pride, chivalric feeling, the grace or the + intellect of individuals, but could, on the contrary, be felt as a + charm and incentive, as a welcome contrast to innate + self-glorification and distinction and the inherited power of + volition and passion.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">192.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Desire for + Perfect Opponents.</span></span>—It cannot be denied that the + French have been the most Christian nation in the world, not + because the devotion of masses in France has been greater than + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name= + "Pg191" id="Pg191" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> elsewhere, but + because those Christian ideals which are most difficult to realise + have become incarnated here instead of merely remaining fancies, + intentions, or imperfect beginnings. Take Pascal, for example, the + greatest of all Christians in his combination of ardour, intellect, + and honesty, and consider what elements had to be combined in his + case! Take Fénelon, the most perfect and attractive embodiment of + ecclesiastical culture in all its power: a sublime golden mean of + whom a historian would be tempted to prove the impossibility, + whilst in reality he was merely the perfection of something + exceedingly difficult and improbable. Take Madame de Guyon among + her companions, the French Quietists: and everything that the + eloquence and ardour of the Apostle Paul has endeavoured to divine + with regard to the Christian's state of semi-divinity, this most + sublime, loving, silent, and ecstatic state is seen verified in + her, without, however, that Jewish obtrusiveness that Paul showed + towards God—due in the case of Madame de Guyon to the real old + French artlessness in words and gestures, artlessness at once + womanly, subtle, and distinguished. Consider, again, the founder of + the Trappists—the last person who really took seriously the ascetic + ideal of Christianity, not because he was an exception among + Frenchmen, but because he was a true Frenchman: for up to our own + day his gloomy organisation has not been able to acclimatise itself + and to prosper, except among Frenchmen; and it has followed them + into Alsace and Algeria.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Let us not + forget the Huguenots, either: that <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page192">[pg 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> combination of a martial and industrial + spirit, refined manners and Christian severity, has never been more + beautifully exhibited. And it was at Port Royal that the great + Christian erudition beheld its last era of prosperity; and in + France more than anywhere else great men know how to prosper. + Though not at all superficial, a great Frenchman has always his + apparent superficiality;—he has, so to speak, a natural skin for + his real contents and depth,—while, on the other hand, the depth of + a great German is generally, as it were, closed up in an + ugly-shaped box, like an elixir, which, by means of a hard and + curious covering, endeavours to preserve itself from the light of + day and the touch of thoughtless hands. And now let us endeavour to + find out why a people like the French, so prolific in perfect types + of Christians, likewise necessarily brought forth the perfect + contrary types, those of unchristian free-thought! The French + free-thinker, in his own inward being, had to fight against truly + great men, and not, like the free-thinkers of other nations, merely + against dogmas and sublime abortions.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">193.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Esprit</span></span> + <span style="font-variant: small-caps">and + Morals.</span></span>—The German, who possesses the secret of + knowing how to be tedious in spite of wit, knowledge, and feeling, + and who has habituated himself to consider tediousness as moral, is + in dread in the presence of French <span lang="fr" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">esprit</span></span> lest it should tear out + the eyes of morality—but a dread mingled with <span class= + "tei tei-q">“fascination,”</span> like that experienced by the + little bird in the presence of the rattlesnake. <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Amongst all the celebrated Germans none + possessed more <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "fr"><span style="font-style: italic">esprit</span></span> than + Hegel, but he also had that great German dread of it which brought + about his peculiar and defective style. For the nature of this + style resembles a kernel, which is wrapped up so many times in an + outer covering that it can scarcely peep through, now and then + glancing forth bashfully and inquisitively, like <span class= + "tei tei-q">“young women peeping through their veils,”</span> to + use the words of that old woman-hater, Æschylus. This kernel, + however, is a witty though often impertinent joke on intellectual + subjects, a subtle and daring combination of words, such as is + necessary in a society of thinkers as gilding for a scientific + pill—but, enveloped as it is in an almost impenetrable cover, it + exhibits itself as the most abstruse science, and likewise as the + worst possible moral tediousness. Here the Germans had a + permissible form of <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">esprit</span></span> + and they revelled in it with such boundless delight that even + Schopenhauer's unusually fine understanding could not grasp + it—during the whole of his life he thundered against the spectacle + that the Germans offered to him, but he could never explain it.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">194.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vanity of the + Teachers of Morals.</span></span>—The relatively small success + which teachers of morals have met with may be explained by the fact + that they wanted too much at once, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + they were too ambitious and too fond of laying down precepts for + everybody. In other words, they were beating the air and making + speeches to animals in order to <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> turn them into men; what wonder, then, that + the animals thought this tedious! We should rather choose limited + circles and endeavour to find and promote morals for them: for + instance, we should make speeches to wolves with the object of + turning them into dogs; but, above all, the greatest success will + remain for the man who does not seek to educate either everybody or + certain limited circles, but only one single individual, and who + cannot be turned to the right or left from his straight purpose. + The last century was superior to ours precisely because it + possessed so many individually educated men, as well as educators + in the same proportion, who had made this their life's task, and + who with this task were dignified not only in their own eyes but in + those of all the remaining <span class="tei tei-q">“good + society.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">195.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The so-called + Classical Education.</span></span>—Alas! we discover that our life + is consecrated to knowledge and that we should throw it away, nay, + that we should even have to throw it away if this consecration did + not protect us from ourselves: we repeat this couplet, and not + without deep emotion:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Thee, Fate, I follow, though I + fain would not,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And yet I must, with many a sigh + and groan!</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And then, in + looking backwards over the course of our lives, we discover that + there is one thing that cannot be restored to us: the wasted period + of our youth, when our teachers did not utilise these ardent and + eager years to lead us to the knowledge of things, but merely to + this so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“classical + education”</span>! <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg + 195]</span><a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Only think of this wasted youth, when we were inoculated clumsily + and painfully with an imperfect knowledge of the Greeks and Romans + as well as of their languages, contrary to the highest principle of + all culture, which holds that we should not give food except to + those who hunger for it! Think of that period of our lives when we + had mathematics and physics forced down our throats, instead of + being first of all made acquainted with the despair of ignorance, + instead of having our little daily life, our activities, and + everything occurring in our houses, our workshops, in the sky, and + in nature, split up into thousands of problems, painful, + humiliating and irritating problems—and thus having our curiosity + made acquainted with the fact that we first of all require a + mathematical and mechanical knowledge before we can be allowed to + rejoice in the absolute logic of this knowledge! If we had only + been imbued with reverence for those branches of science, if we had + only been made to tremble with emotion—were it only for once—at the + struggles, the defeats, and the renewed combats of those great men, + of the martyrdom which is the history of pure science! But, on the + contrary, we were allowed to develop a certain contempt for those + sciences in favour of historical training, formal education<a id= + "noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“classicism.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And we allowed + ourselves to be so easily deceived! <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page196">[pg 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Formal education! Might we not have pointed + to the best teachers at our high schools and asked laughingly, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Where then do they keep their formal + education? and, if it is wanting in them, how can they teach + it?”</span> And classicism! Did we get any of that instruction + which the ancients used to impart to their youth? Did we learn to + speak or to write like them? Did we ceaselessly exercise ourselves + in that duel of speech, dialectic? Did we learn to move as + beautifully and proudly as they did, and to excel as they did in + wrestling, throwing, and boxing? Did we learn anything of that + practical asceticism of all the Greek philosophers? Did we receive + any training in a single ancient virtue, and in the way in which + the ancients were trained in it? Was not all meditation upon morals + wanting in our education?—And how much more the only possible + criticism on the subject of morality, those courageous and earnest + attempts to live according to this or that morality! Did our + teachers ever stir up a feeling in us which the ancients valued + more highly than moderns? Did they in the spirit of the ancients + indicate to us the divisions of the day and of life, and those aims + by which the lives of the ancients were guided? Did we learn the + ancient languages as we now learn the modern ones, viz. that we + might speak them fluently and well? Nowhere can we find a real + proficiency or any new faculty as the result of those toilsome + years! only the knowledge of what men had learnt and were able to + do in past ages!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And what + knowledge! Nothing becomes clearer to me year by year than the fact + that the entire <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg + 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Greek and ancient mode of life, however simple and evident it must + seem to our eyes, is in truth very difficult to understand, and + even scarcely accessible, and that the customary ease with which we + babble about the ancients is either giddy levity or the old + hereditary conceit of our thoughtlessness. We are deceived by words + and ideas which appear to resemble our own, but behind them there + is always concealed a feeling which must be strange, + incomprehensible, or painful to our modern conceptions. And these + are realms in which boys are allowed to roam about! Enough: we + roamed about them in our childhood, and there we became seized with + an almost ineradicable antipathy for all antiquity, the antipathy + arising from an intimacy which was apparently too great! For so + great is the conceit of our classical teachers, who would almost + make it appear that they had gained full control over the ancients, + that they pass on this conceit to their pupils, together with the + suspicion that such a possession is of little use for making people + happy, but is good enough for honest, foolish old book-worms. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Let them brood over their treasure: it is + well worthy of them!”</span>—It is with this unexpressed thought + that we completed our classical education. It can't be changed + now—for us, at all events! But let us not think of ourselves + alone!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">196.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Most + Personal Questions of Truth.</span></span>—What am I really doing, + and what do I mean by doing it? That is the question of truth which + is not taught under our present system of education, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and consequently not asked, because + there is no time for it. On the other hand, we have always time and + inclination for talking nonsense with children, rather than telling + them the truth; for flattering women who will later on be mothers, + rather than telling them the truth; and for speaking with young men + about their future and their pleasures, rather than about the + truth!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But what, after + all, are seventy years!—Time passes, and they soon come to an end; + it matters as little to us as it does to the wave to know how and + whither it is rolling! No, it might even be wisdom not to know + it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Agreed; but it shows a want of pride not even to + inquire into the matter; our culture does not tend to make people + proud.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“So much the better!”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Is it really?”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">197.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Enmity of the + Germans towards Enlightenment.</span></span>—Let us consider the + contributions which in the first half of this century the Germans + made to general culture by their intellectual work. In the first + place, let us take the German philosophers: they went back to the + first and oldest stage of speculation, for they were content with + conceptions instead of explanations, like the thinkers of dreamy + epochs—a pre-scientific type of philosophy was thus revived by + them. Secondly, we have the German historians and romanticists: + their efforts on the whole aimed at restoring to the place of + honour certain old and primitive sentiments, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> especially Christianity, the + <span class="tei tei-q">“soul of the people,”</span> folk-lore, + folk-speech, mediævalism, Oriental asceticism, and Hinduism. In the + third place, there are the natural philosophers who fought against + the spirit of Newton and Voltaire, and, like Goethe and + Schopenhauer, endeavoured to re-establish the idea of a deified or + diabolised nature, and of its absolute ethical and symbolical + meaning. The main general tendency of the Germans was directed + against enlightenment and against those social revolutions which + were stupidly mistaken for the consequences of enlightenment: the + piety towards everything that existed tried to become piety towards + everything that had ever existed, only in order that heart and mind + might be permitted to fill themselves and gush forth again, thus + leaving no space for future and novel aims. The cult of feeling + took the place of the cult of reason, and the German musicians, as + the best exponents of all that is invisible, enthusiastic, + legendary, and passionate, showed themselves more successful in + building up the new temple than all the other artists in words and + thoughts.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If, in + considering these details, we have taken into account the fact that + many good things were said and investigated, and that many things + have since then been more fairly judged than on any previous + occasion, there yet remains to be said of the whole that it was a + general danger, and one by no means small, to set knowledge + altogether below feeling under the appearance of an entire and + definitive acquaintance with the past—and, to use that expression + of Kant, who thus defined his own particular task—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“To make way again for belief by fixing the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span><a name= + "Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> limits of + knowledge.”</span> Let us once more breathe freely, the hour of + this danger is past! And yet, strange to say, the very spirits + which these Germans conjured up with such eloquence have at length + become the most dangerous for the intentions of those who did + conjure them up: history, the comprehension of origin and + development, sympathy with the past, the new passion for feeling + and knowledge, after they had been for a long time at the service + of this obscure exalted and retrograde spirit, have once more + assumed another nature, and are now soaring with outstretched wings + above the heads of those who once upon a time conjured them forth, + as new and stronger genii of that very enlightenment to combat + which they had been resuscitated. It is this enlightenment which we + have now to carry forward,—caring nothing for the fact that there + has been and still is <span class="tei tei-q">“a great + revolution,”</span> and again a great <span class= + "tei tei-q">“reaction”</span> against it: these are but playful + crests of foam when compared with the truly great current on which + we float, and want to float.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">198.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Assigning + Prestige to one's Country.</span></span>—It is the men of culture + who determine the rank of their country, and they are characterised + by an innumerable number of great inward experiences, which they + have digested and can now value justly. In France and Italy this + fell to the lot of the nobility; in Germany, where up to now the + nobility has been, as a rule, composed of men who had not much + intellect to boast about (perhaps this <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> will soon cease to be the case), it was the + task of the priests, the school teachers and their descendants.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">199.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">We are + Nobler.</span></span>—Fidelity, generosity, concern for one's good + reputation: these three qualities, combined in one sentiment, we + call noble, distinguished, aristocratic; and in this respect we + excel the Greeks. We do not wish to give this up at any cost under + the pretext that the ancient objects of these virtues have rightly + fallen in esteem, but we wish cautiously to substitute new objects + for these most precious and hereditary impulses. To understand why + the sentiments of the noblest Greeks must be considered as inferior + and scarcely respectable in the present age, where we are still + under the influence of the chivalric and feudal nobility, we must + recall the words of consolation to which Ulysses gave utterance in + the midst of the most humiliating situations, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bear with it, my dear heart, bear with it! Thou hast + borne with many more swinish things<a id="noteref_5" name= + "noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> than + these!”</span> As an instance of this mythical example, consider + also the tale of that Athenian officer, who, when threatened with a + stick by another officer in the presence of the entire general + staff, shook off his disgrace with the words, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Strike, but listen to me.”</span> (This was + Themistocles, that ingenious Ulysses of the classical <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> epoch, who was just the man at the + moment of disgrace to address to his <span class="tei tei-q">“dear + heart”</span> that verse of comfort and affliction.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Greeks were + far from making light of life and death because of an insult, as + we, influenced by a hereditary spirit of chivalric adventurousness + and self-devotion, are in the habit of doing; or from looking for + opportunities of honourably risking life and death, as in duels; or + from valuing the preservation of an unstained name (honour) more + than the acquirement of an evil reputation, when the latter was + compatible with glory and the feeling of power; or from remaining + faithful to the prejudices and the articles of faith of a caste, + when these could prevent them from becoming tyrants. For this is + the ignoble secret of the good Greek aristocrat: out of sheer + jealousy he treats every one of the members of his caste as being + on an equal footing with himself, but he is ready at every moment + to spring like a tiger on his prey—despotism. What matter lies, + murders, treason, or the betrayal of his native city to him! + Justice was an extremely difficult matter for people of this kind + to understand—nay, justice was almost something incredible. + <span class="tei tei-q">“The just man”</span> was to the Greeks + what <span class="tei tei-q">“the saint”</span> was to the + Christians. When Socrates, however, laid down the axiom, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The most virtuous man is the + happiest,”</span> they could not trust their ears; they thought + they had heard a madman speaking. For, as a picture of the happiest + man, every nobleman had in his mind the cheeky audacity and devilry + of the tyrant who sacrifices everything and every one to his own + exuberance and pleasure. Among people whose <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> imagination secretly raved about such + happiness, the worship of the State could not, of course, have been + too deeply implanted—but I think that men whose desire for power + does not rage so blindly as that of the Greek noblemen no longer + stand in need of such idolatry of the State, by means of which, in + past ages, such a passion was kept within due bounds.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">200.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Endurance of + Poverty.</span></span>—There is one great advantage in noble + extraction: it makes us endure poverty better.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">201.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Future of + the Nobility.</span></span>—The bearing of the aristocratic classes + shows that, in all the members of their body the consciousness of + power is continually playing its fascinating game. Thus people of + aristocratic habits, men or women, never sink worn out into a + chair; when every one else makes himself comfortable, as in a + train, for example, they avoid reclining at their ease; they do not + appear to get tired after standing at Court for hours at a stretch; + they do not furnish their houses in a comfortable manner, but in + such a way as to produce the impression of something grand and + imposing, as if they had to serve as a residence for greater and + taller beings; they reply to a provoking speech with dignity and + clearness of mind, and not as if scandalised, crushed, shamed, or + out of breath in the plebeian fashion. As the aristocrat is able to + preserve the appearance of being possessed of a <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> superior physical force which never + leaves him, he likewise wishes by his aspect of constant serenity + and civility of disposition, even in the most trying circumstances, + to convey the impression that his mind and soul are equal to all + dangers and surprises. A noble culture may resemble, so far as + passions are concerned, either a horseman who takes pleasure in + making his proud and fiery animal trot in the Spanish fashion,—we + have only to recollect the age of Louis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiv.</span></span>,—or like the rider + who feels his horse dart away with him like the elemental forces, + to such a degree that both horse and rider come near losing their + heads, but, owing to the enjoyment of the delight, do keep very + clear heads: in both these cases this aristocratic culture breathes + power, and if very often in its customs only the appearance of the + feeling of power is required, nevertheless the real sense of + superiority continues constantly to increase as the result of the + impression which this display makes upon those who are not + aristocrats.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This + indisputable happiness of aristocratic culture, based as it is on + the feeling of superiority, is now beginning to rise to ever higher + levels; for now, thanks to the free spirits, it is henceforth + permissible and not dishonourable for people who have been born and + reared in aristocratic circles to enter the domain of knowledge, + where they may secure more intellectual consecrations and learn + chivalric services even higher than those of former times, and + where they may look up to that ideal of victorious wisdom which as + yet no age has been able to set before itself with so good a + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page205">[pg 205]</span><a name= + "Pg205" id="Pg205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> conscience as the + period which is about to dawn. Lastly, what is to be the occupation + of the nobility in the future if it becomes more evident from day + to day that it is less and less indecorus to take any part in + politics?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">202.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Care of the + Health.</span></span>—We have scarcely begun to devote any + attention to the physiology of criminals, and yet we have already + reached the inevitable conclusion that between criminals and madmen + there is no really essential difference: <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">if we suppose that + the current moral fashion of thinking is a healthy way of + thinking</span></em>. No belief, however, is nowadays more firmly + believed in than this one, so we should not therefore shrink from + drawing the inevitable conclusion and treating the criminal like a + lunatic—above all, not with haughty pitifulness, but with medical + skill and good will. He may perhaps be in need of a change of air, + a change of society, or temporary absence: perhaps of solitude and + new occupations—very well! He may perhaps feel that it would be to + his advantage to live under surveillance for a short time in order + thus to obtain protection from himself and from a troublesome + tyrannical impulse—very well! We should make clear to him the + possibility and the means of curing him (the extermination, + transformation, and sublimation of these impulses), and also, in + the worst cases, the improbability of a cure; and we should offer + to the incurable criminal, who has become a useless burden to + himself, the opportunity of committing suicide. While holding this + in reserve <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page206">[pg + 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + as an extreme measure of relief, we should neglect nothing which + would tend above all to restore to the criminal his good courage + and freedom of spirit; we should free his soul from all remorse, as + if it were something unclean, and show him how he may atone for a + wrong which he may have done some one by benefiting some one else, + perhaps the community at large, in such way that he might even do + more than balance his previous offence.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All this must be + done with the greatest tact! The criminal must, above all, remain + anonymous or adopt an assumed name, changing his place of residence + frequently, so that his reputation and future life may suffer as + little as possible. At the present time it is true that the man who + has been injured, apart altogether from the manner in which this + injury might be redressed, wishes for revenge in addition, and + applies to the courts that he may obtain it—and this is why our + dreadful penal laws are still in force: Justice, as it were, + holding up a pair of shopkeeper's scales and endeavouring to + balance the guilt by punishment; but can we not take a step beyond + this? Would it not be a great relief to the general sentiment of + life if, while getting rid of our belief in guilt, we could also + get rid of our old craving for vengeance, and gradually come to + believe that it is a refined wisdom for happy men to bless their + enemies and to do good to those who have offended them, exactly in + accordance with the spirit of Christian teaching! Let us free the + world from this idea of sin, and take care to cast out with it the + idea of punishment. May these monstrous ideas henceforth live + banished far from the abodes <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page207">[pg 207]</span><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of men—if, indeed, they must live at all, and + do not perish from disgust with themselves.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Let us not + forget also, however, that the injury caused to society and to the + individual by the criminal is of the same species as that caused by + the sick: for the sick spread cares and ill-humour; they are + non-productive, consume the earnings of others, and at the same + time require attendance, doctors, and support, and they really live + on the time and strength of the healthy. In spite of this, however, + we should designate as inhuman any one who, for this reason, would + wish to wreak vengeance on the sick. In past ages, indeed, this was + actually done: in primitive conditions of society, and even now + among certain savage peoples, the sick man is treated as a criminal + and as a danger to the community, and it is believed that he is the + resting-place of certain demoniacal beings who have entered into + his body as the result of some offence he has committed—those ages + and peoples hold that the sick are the guilty!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And what of + ourselves? Are we not yet ripe for the contrary conception? Shall + we not be allowed to say, <span class="tei tei-q">“The guilty are + the sick”</span>? No; the hour for that has not yet come. We still + lack, above all, those physicians who have learnt something from + what we have hitherto called practical morals and have transformed + it into the art and science of healing. We still lack that intense + interest in those things which some day perhaps may seem not unlike + the <span class="tei tei-q">“storm and stress”</span> of those old + religious ecstasies. The Churches have not yet come into the + possession of those who look <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> after our health; the study of the body and + of dietary are not yet amongst the obligatory subjects taught in + our primary and secondary schools; there are as yet no quiet + associations of those people who are pledged to one another to do + without the help of law courts, and who renounce the punishment and + vengeance now meted out to those who have offended against society. + No thinker has as yet been daring enough to determine the health of + society, and of the individuals who compose it, by the number of + parasites which it can support; and no statesman has yet been found + to use the ploughshare in the spirit of that generous and tender + saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“If thou wilt till the land, till + it with the plough; then the bird and the wolf, walking behind thy + plough, will rejoice in thee—all creatures will rejoice in + thee.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">203.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against Bad + Diet.</span></span>—Fie upon the meals which people nowadays eat in + hotels and everywhere else where the well-off classes of society + live! Even when eminent men of science meet together their tables + groan under the weight of the dishes, in accordance with the + principle of the bankers: the principle of too many dishes and too + much to eat. The result of this is that dinners are prepared with a + view to their mere appearance rather than the consequences that may + follow from eating them, and that stimulating drinks are required + to help in driving away the heaviness in the stomach and in the + brain. Fie on the dissoluteness and extreme nervousness + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg 209]</span><a name= + "Pg209" id="Pg209" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> which must follow + upon all this! Fie upon the dreams that such repasts bring! Fie + upon the arts and books which must be the desert of such meals! + Despite all the efforts of such people their acts will taste of + pepper and ill-temper, or general weariness! (The wealthy classes + in England stand in great need of their Christianity in order to be + able to endure their bad digestions and their headaches.) Finally, + to mention not only the disgusting but also the more pleasant side + of the matter, these people are by no means mere gluttons: our + century and its spirit of activity has more power over the limbs + than the belly. What then is the meaning of these banquets? They + represent! What in Heaven's name do they represent? Rank?—no, + money! There is no rank now! We are all <span class= + "tei tei-q">“individuals”</span>! but money now stands for power, + glory, pre-eminence, dignity, and influence; money at the present + time acts as a greater or lesser moral prejudice for a man in + proportion to the amount he may possess. Nobody wishes to hide it + under a bushel or display it in heaps on a table: hence money must + have some representative which can be put on the table—so behold + our banquets!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">204.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Danæ and the + God of Gold.</span></span>—Whence arises this excessive impatience + in our day which turns men into criminals even in circumstances + which would be more likely to bring about the contrary tendency? + What induces one man to use false weights, another to set his house + on fire after <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg + 210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + having insured it for more than its value, a third to take part in + counterfeiting, while three-fourths of our upper classes indulge in + legalised fraud, and suffer from the pangs of conscience that + follow speculation and dealings on the Stock Exchange: what gives + rise to all this? It is not real want,—for their existence is by no + means precarious; perhaps they have even enough to eat and drink + without worrying,—but they are urged on day and night by a terrible + impatience at seeing their wealth pile up so slowly, and by an + equally terrible longing and love for these heaps of gold. In this + impatience and love, however, we see re-appear once more that + fanaticism of the desire for power which was stimulated in former + times by the belief that we were in the possession of truth, a + fanaticism which bore such beautiful names that we could dare to be + inhuman with a good conscience (burning Jews, heretics, and good + books, and exterminating entire cultures superior to ours, such as + those of Peru and Mexico). The means of this desire for power are + changed in our day, but the same volcano is still smouldering, + impatience and intemperate love call for their victims, and what + was once done <span class="tei tei-q">“for the love of God”</span> + is now done for the love of money, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + for the love of that which at present affords us the highest + feeling of power and a good conscience.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">205.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The People of + Israel.</span></span>—One of the spectacles which the next century + will invite us to witness is <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page211">[pg 211]</span><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the decision regarding the fate of the + European Jews. It is quite obvious now that they have cast their + die and crossed their Rubicon: the only thing that remains for them + is either to become masters of Europe or to lose Europe, as they + once centuries ago lost Egypt, where they were confronted with + similar alternatives. In Europe, however, they have gone through a + schooling of eighteen centuries such as no other nation has ever + undergone, and the experiences of this dreadful time of probation + have benefited not only the Jewish community but, even to a greater + extent, the individual. As a consequence of this, the + resourcefulness of the modern Jews, both in mind and soul, is + extraordinary. Amongst all the inhabitants of Europe it is the Jews + least of all who try to escape from any deep distress by recourse + to drink or to suicide, as other less gifted people are so prone to + do. Every Jew can find in the history of his own family and of his + ancestors a long record of instances of the greatest coolness and + perseverance amid difficulties and dreadful situations, an artful + cunning in fighting with misfortune and hazard. And above all it is + their bravery under the cloak of wretched submission, their heroic + <span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style= + "font-style: italic">spernere se sperni</span></span> that + surpasses the virtues of all the saints.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">People wished to + make them contemptible by treating them contemptibly for nearly + twenty centuries, and refusing them access to all honourable + positions and dignities, and by pushing them further down into the + meaner trades—and under this process indeed they have not become + any cleaner. But contemptible? They have never ceased for a + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg 212]</span><a name= + "Pg212" id="Pg212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> moment from + believing themselves qualified for the very highest functions, nor + have the virtues of the suffering ever ceased to adorn them. Their + manner of honouring their parents and children, the rationality of + their marriages and marriage customs, distinguishes them amongst + all Europeans. Besides this, they have been able to create for + themselves a sense of power and eternal vengeance from the very + trades that were left to them (or to which they were abandoned). + Even in palliation of their usury we cannot help saying that, + without this occasional pleasant and useful torture inflicted on + their scorners, they would have experienced difficulty in + preserving their self-respect for so long. For our self-respect + depends upon our ability to make reprisals in both good and evil + things. Nevertheless, their revenge never urges them on too far, + for they all have that liberty of mind, and even of soul, produced + in men by frequent changes of place, climate, and customs of + neighbours and oppressors, they possess by far the greatest + experience in all human intercourse, and even in their passions + they exercise the caution which this experience has developed in + them. They are so certain of their intellectual versatility and + shrewdness that they never, even when reduced to the direst + straits, have to earn their bread by manual labour as common + workmen, porters, or farm hands. In their manners we can still see + that they have never been inspired by chivalric and noble feelings, + or that their bodies have ever been girt with fine weapons: a + certain obtrusiveness alternates with a submissiveness which is + often tender and almost always painful.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page213">[pg 213]</span><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, however, + that they unavoidably inter-marry more and more year after year + with the noblest blood of Europe, they will soon have a + considerable heritage of good intellectual and physical manners, so + that in another hundred years they will have a sufficiently noble + aspect not to render themselves, as masters, ridiculous to those + whom they will have subdued. And this is important! and therefore a + settlement of the question is still premature. They themselves know + very well that the conquest of Europe or any act of violence is not + to be thought of; but they also know that some day or other Europe + may, like a ripe fruit, fall into their hands, if they do not + clutch at it too eagerly. In the meantime, it is necessary for them + to distinguish themselves in all departments of European + distinction and to stand in the front rank: until they shall have + advanced so far as to determine themselves what distinction shall + mean. Then they will be called the pioneers and guides of the + Europeans whose modesty they will no longer offend.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And then where + shall an outlet be found for this abundant wealth of great + impressions accumulated during such an extended period and + representing Jewish history for every Jewish family, this wealth of + passions, virtues, resolutions, resignations, struggles, and + conquests of all kinds—where can it find an outlet but in great + intellectual men and works! On the day when the Jews will be able + to exhibit to us as their own work such jewels and golden vessels + as no European nation, with its shorter and less profound + experience, can or could produce, when Israel shall have changed + its eternal vengeance into <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> an eternal benediction for Europe: then that + seventh day will once more appear when old Jehovah may rejoice in + Himself, in His creation, in His chosen people—and all, all of us, + will rejoice with Him!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">206.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Impossible + Class.</span></span>—Poverty, cheerfulness, and independence—it is + possible to find these three qualities combined in one individual; + poverty, cheerfulness, and slavery—this is likewise a possible + combination: and I can say nothing better to the workmen who serve + as factory slaves; presuming that it does not appear to them + altogether to be a shameful thing to be utilised as they are, as + the screws of a machine and the stopgaps, as it were, of the human + spirit of invention. Fie on the thought that merely by means of + higher wages the essential part of their misery, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + their impersonal enslavement, might be removed! Fie, that we should + allow ourselves to be convinced that, by an increase of this + impersonality within the mechanical working of a new society, the + disgrace of slavery could be changed into a virtue! Fie, that there + should be a regular price at which a man should cease to be a + personality and become a screw instead! Are you accomplices in the + present madness of nations which desire above all to produce as + much as possible, and to be as rich as possible? Would it not be + your duty to present a counter-claim to them, and to show them what + large sums of internal value are wasted in the pursuit of such an + external object?</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg + 215]</span><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But where is + your internal value when you no longer know what it is to breathe + freely; when you have scarcely any command over your own selves, + and often feel disgusted with yourselves as with some stale food; + when you zealously study the newspapers and look enviously at your + wealthy neighbour, made covetous by the rapid rise and fall of + power, money, and opinions; when you no longer believe in a + philosophy in rags, or in the freedom of spirit of a man who has + few needs; when a voluntary and idyllic poverty without profession + or marriage, such as should suit the more intellectual ones among + you, has become for you an object of derision? On the other hand, + the piping of the Socialistic rat-catchers who wish to inspire you + with foolish hopes is continually sounding in your ears: they tell + you to be ready and nothing further, ready from this day to the + next, so that you wait and wait for something to come from outside, + though living in all other respects as you lived before—until this + waiting is at length changed into hunger and thirst and fever and + madness, and the clay of the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">bestia + triumphans</span></span> at last dawns in all its glory. Every one + of you should on the contrary say to himself: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“It would be better to emigrate and endeavour to become + a master in new and savage countries, and especially to become + master over myself, changing my place of abode whenever the least + sign of slavery threatens me, endeavouring to avoid neither + adventure nor war, and, if things come to the worst, holding myself + ready to die: anything rather than continuing in this state of + disgraceful thraldom, this bitterness, malice and + rebelliousness!”</span> This would <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> be the proper spirit: the workmen in Europe + ought to make it clear that their position as a class has become a + human impossibility, and not merely, as they at present maintain, + the result of some hard and aimless arrangement of society. They + should bring about an age of great swarming forth from the European + beehive such as has never yet been seen, protesting by this + voluntary and huge migration against machines and capital and the + alternatives that now threaten them either of becoming slaves of + the State or slaves of some revolutionary party.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">May Europe be + freed from one-fourth of her inhabitants! Both she and they will + experience a sensation of relief. It is only far in the distance, + in the undertaking of vast colonisations, that we shall be able to + observe how much rationality, fairness, and healthy suspicion + mother Europe has incorporated in her sons—these sons who could no + longer endure life in the home of the dull old woman, always + running the danger of becoming as bad-tempered, irritable, and + pleasure-seeking as she herself. The European virtues will travel + along with these workmen far beyond the boundaries of Europe; and + those very qualities which on their native soil had begun to + degenerate into a dangerous discontent and criminal inclinations + will, when abroad, be transformed into a beautiful, savage + naturalness and will be called heroism; so that at last a purer air + would again be wafted over this old, over-populated, and brooding + Europe of ours. What would it matter if there was a scarcity of + <span class="tei tei-q">“hands”</span>? Perhaps people would then + recollect <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg + 217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + that they had accustomed themselves to many wants merely because it + was easy to gratify them—it would be sufficient to unlearn some of + these wants! Perhaps also Chinamen would be called in, and these + would bring with them their modes of living and thinking, which + would be found very suitable for industrious ants. They would also + perhaps help to imbue this fretful and restless Europe with some of + their Asiatic calmness and contemplation, and—what is perhaps most + needful of all—their Asiatic stability.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">207.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Attitude of + the Germans to Morality.</span></span>—A German is capable of great + things, but he is unlikely to accomplish them, for he obeys + whenever he can, as suits a naturally lazy intellect. If he is ever + in the dangerous situation of having to stand alone and cast aside + his sloth, when he finds it no longer possible to disappear like a + cipher in a number (in which respect he is far inferior to a + Frenchman or an Englishman), he shows his true strength: then he + becomes dangerous, evil, deep, and audacious, and exhibits to the + light of day that wealth of latent energy which he had previously + carried hidden in himself, and in which no one, not even himself, + had ever believed. When in such a case a German obeys himself—it is + very exceptional for him to do so—he does so with the same + heaviness, inflexibility, and endurance with which he obeys his + prince and performs his official duties: so that, as I have said, + he is then capable of great <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page218">[pg 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> things which bear no relation to the + <span class="tei tei-q">“weak disposition”</span> he attributes to + himself.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As a rule, + however, he is afraid of depending upon himself alone, he is afraid + of taking the initiative: that is why Germany uses up so many + officials and so much ink. Light-heartedness is a stranger to the + German; he is too timid for it: but in entirely new situations + which rouse him from his torpor he exhibits an almost frivolous + spirit—he then delights in the novelty of his new position as if it + were some intoxicating drink, and he is, as we know, quite a + connoisseur in intoxication. It thus happens that the German of the + present day is almost always frivolous in politics, though even + here he has the advantage and prejudice of thoroughness and + seriousness; and, although he may take full advantage of these + qualities in negotiations with other political powers, he + nevertheless rejoices inwardly at being able for once in his life + to feel enthusiastic and capricious, to show his fondness for + innovations, and to change persons, parties, and hopes as if they + were masks. Those learned German scholars, who hitherto have been + considered as the most German of Germans, were and perhaps still + are as good as the German soldiers on account of their profound and + almost childish inclination to obey in all external things, and on + account of being often compelled to stand alone in science and to + answer for many things: if they can only preserve their proud, + simple, and patient disposition, and their freedom from political + madness at those times when the wind changes, we may yet expect + great things from them—such as they <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page219">[pg 219]</span><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> are or such as they were, they are the + embryonic stage of something higher.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So far the + advantages and disadvantages of the Germans, including even their + learned men, have been that they were more given to superstition + and showed greater eagerness to believe than any of the other + nations; their vices are, and always have been, their drunkenness + and suicidal inclinations (the latter a proof of the clumsiness of + their intellect, which is easily tempted to throw away the reins). + Their danger is to be sought in everything that binds down the + faculties of reason and unchains the passions (as, for example, the + excessive use of music and spirits), for the German passion acts + contrarily to its own advantage, and is as self-destructive as the + passions of the drunkard. Indeed, German enthusiasm is worth less + than that of other nations, for it is barren. When a German ever + did anything great it was done at a time of danger, or when his + courage was high, with his teeth firmly set and his prudence on the + alert, and often enough in a fit of generosity.—Intercourse with + these Germans is indeed advisable, for almost every one of them has + something to give, if we can only understand how to make him find + it, or rather recover it (for he is very untidy in storing away his + knowledge).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Well: when + people of this type occupy themselves with morals, what precisely + will be the morality that will satisfy them? In the first place, + they will wish to see idealised in their morals their sincere + instinct for obedience. <span class="tei tei-q">“Man must have + something which he can implicitly obey”</span>—this is a German + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span><a name= + "Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> sentiment, a German + deduction; it is the basis of all German moral teaching. How + different is the impression, however, when we compare this with the + entire morality of the ancient world! All those Greek thinkers, + however varied they may appear to us, seem to resemble, as + moralists, the gymnastic teacher who encourages his pupils by + saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Come, follow me! Submit to my + discipline! Then perhaps you may carry off the prize from all the + other Greeks.”</span> Personal distinction: such was the virtue of + antiquity. Submission, obedience, whether public or private: such + is German virtue. Long before Kant set forth his doctrine of the + Categorical Imperative, Luther, actuated by the same impulse, said + that there surely must be a being in whom man could trust + implicitly—it was his proof of the existence of God; it was his + wish, coarser and more popular than that of Kant, that people + should implicitly obey a person and not an idea, and Kant also + finally took his roundabout route through morals merely that he + might secure obedience for the person. This is indeed the worship + of the German, the more so as there is now less worship left in his + religion.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Greeks and + Romans had other opinions on these matters, and would have laughed + at such <span class="tei tei-q">“there must be a being”</span>: it + is part of the boldness of their Southern nature to take up a stand + against <span class="tei tei-q">“implicit belief,”</span> and to + retain in their inmost heart a trace of scepticism against all and + every one, whether God, man, or idea. The thinker of antiquity went + even further, and said <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nil admirari</span></span>: in this phrase he + saw reflected all philosophy. A <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page221">[pg 221]</span><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> German, Schopenhauer, goes so far in the + contrary direction as to say: <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">admirari id est + philosophari</span></span>. But what if, as happens now and then, + the German should attain to that state of mind which would enable + him to perform great things? if the hour of exception comes, the + hour of disobedience? I do not think Schopenhauer is right in + saying that the single advantage the Germans have over other + nations is that there are more atheists among them than elsewhere; + but I do know this: whenever the German reaches the state in which + he is capable of great things, he invariably raises himself above + morals! And why should he not? Now he has something new to do, viz. + to command—either himself or others! But this German morality of + his has not taught him how to command! Commanding has been + forgotten in it.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg 223]</span><a name= + "Pg223" id="Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> <a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Book IV.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">208.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Question of + Conscience.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Now, <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in summa</span></span>, tell me what this new + thing is that you want.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“We no + longer wish causes to be sinners and effects to be + executioners.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">209.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Utility of + the strictest Theories.</span></span>—People are indulgent towards + a man's moral weaknesses, and in this connection they use a coarse + sieve, provided that he always professes to hold the most strict + moral theories. On the other hand, the lives of free-thinking + moralists have always been examined closely through a microscope, + in the tacit belief that an error in their lives would be the best + argument against their disagreeable knowledge.<a id="noteref_6" + name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name= + "Pg224" id="Pg224" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">210.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Thing in Itself.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—We used to ask + formerly: What is the ridiculous?—as if there were something above + and beyond ourselves that possessed the quality of provoking + laughter, and we exhausted ourselves in trying to guess what it was + (a theologian even held that it might be <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "fr"><span style="font-style: italic">naïveté</span></span> of + sin”</span>). At the present time we ask: What is laughter? how + does it arise? We have considered the point, and finally reached + the conclusion that there is nothing which is good, beautiful, + sublime, or evil in itself; but rather that there are conditions of + soul which lead us to attribute such qualities to things outside + ourselves and in us. We have taken back their predicates from + things; or we have at all events recollected that we have merely + lent the things these predicates. Let us be careful that this + insight does not cause us to lose the faculty of lending, and that + we do not become at the same time wealthier and more + avaricious.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">211.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To those who + Dream of Immortality.</span></span>—So you desire the everlasting + perpetuity of this beautiful consciousness of yourselves? Is it not + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page225">[pg 225]</span><a name= + "Pg225" id="Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> shameful? Do you + forget all those other things which would in their turn have to + support <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">you</span></em> for all eternity, just as they + have borne with you up to the present with more than Christian + patience? Or do you think that you can inspire them with an + eternally pleasant feeling towards yourself? A single immortal man + on earth would imbue everyone around him with such a disgust for + him that a general epidemic of murder and suicide would be brought + about. And yet, ye petty dwellers on earth, with your narrow + conceptions of a few thousand little minutes of time, ye would wish + to be an everlasting burden on this everlasting universal + existence! Could anything be more impertinent? After all, however, + let us be indulgent towards a being of seventy years: he has not + been able to exercise his imagination in conceiving his own + <span class="tei tei-q">“eternal tediousness”</span>—he had not + time enough for that!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">212.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wherein we know + Ourselves.</span></span>—As soon as one animal sees another it + mentally compares itself with it; and men of uncivilised ages did + the same. The consequence is that almost all men come to know + themselves only as regards their defensive and offensive + faculties.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">213.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Men whose Lives + have been Failures.</span></span>—Some men are built of such stuff + that society is at liberty to do what it likes with them—they will + do well in any case, and will not have to complain of <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> having failed in life. Other men are + formed of such peculiar material—it need not be a particularly + noble one, but simply rarer—that they are sure to fare ill except + in one single instance: when they can live according to their own + designs,—in all other cases the injury has to be borne by society. + For everything that seems to the individual to be a wasted or + blighted life, his entire burden of discouragement, powerlessness, + sickness, irritation, covetousness, is attributed by him to + society—and thus a heavy, vitiated atmosphere is gradually formed + round society, or, in the most favourable cases, a + thundercloud.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">214.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">What + Indulgence!</span></span>—You suffer, and call upon us to be + indulgent towards you, even when in your suffering you are unjust + towards things and men! But what does our indulgence matter! You, + however, should take greater precautions for your own sake! That's + a nice way of compensating yourself for your sufferings, by + imposing still further suffering on your own judgment! Your own + revenge recoils upon yourselves when you start reviling something: + you dim your own eyes in this way, and not the eyes of others; you + accustom yourself to looking at things in the wrong way, and with a + squint.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">215.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Morality of + Victims.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Enthusiastic + sacrifice,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“self-immolation”</span>—these are the catch-words of + your morality, and I willingly believe that <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg 227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> you, as you say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mean it honestly”</span>: but I know you better than + you know yourselves, if your <span class= + "tei tei-q">“honesty”</span> is capable of going arm in arm with + such a morality. You look down from the heights of this morality + upon that other sober morality which calls for self-control, + severity, and obedience; you even go so far as to call it + egoistic—and you are indeed frank towards yourselves in saying that + it displeases you—it must displease you! For, in sacrificing and + immolating yourselves with such enthusiasm, you delight in the + intoxication of the thought that you are now one with the powerful + being, God or man, to whom you are consecrating yourselves: you + revel in the feeling of his power, which is again attested by this + sacrifice.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In reality, + however, you only <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">appear</span></em> to sacrifice yourselves; + for your imagination turns you into gods and you enjoy yourselves + as such. Judged from the point of view of this enjoyment, how poor + and feeble must that other <span class= + "tei tei-q">“egoistic”</span> morality of obedience, duty, and + reason seem to you: it is displeasing to you because in this + instance true self-sacrifice and self-surrender are called for, + without the victim thinking himself to be transformed into a god, + as you do. In a word, you want intoxication and excess, and this + morality which you despise takes up a stand against intoxication + and excess—no wonder it causes you some displeasure!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">216.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Evil People and + Music.</span></span>—Should the full bliss of love, which consists + in unlimited confidence, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg + 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + ever have fallen to the lot of persons other than those who are + profoundly suspicious, evil, and bitter? For such people enjoy in + this bliss the gigantic, unlooked-for, and incredible <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">exception</span></em> of their souls! One day + they are seized with that infinite, dreamy sensation which is + entirely opposed to the remainder of their private and public life, + like a delicious enigma, full of golden splendour, and impossible + to be described by mere words or similes. Implicit confidence makes + them speechless—there is even a species of suffering and heaviness + in this blissful silence; and this is why souls that are overcome + with happiness generally feel more grateful to music than others + and better ones do: for they see and hear through music, as through + a coloured mist, their love becoming, as it were, more distant, + more touching, and less heavy. Music is the only means that such + people have of observing their extraordinary condition and of + becoming aware of its presence with a feeling of estrangement and + relief. When the sound of music reaches the ears of every lover he + thinks: <span class="tei tei-q">“It speaks of me, it speaks in my + stead; it knows everything!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">217.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Artist.</span></span>—The Germans wish to be transported by the + artist into a state of dreamy passion; by his aid the Italians wish + to rest from their real passions; the French wish him to give them + an opportunity of showing their judgment and of making speeches. So + let us be just!</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span><a name= + "Pg229" id="Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">218.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To deal like an + Artist with One's Weaknesses.</span></span>—If we must positively + have weaknesses and come in the end to look upon them as laws + beyond ourselves, I wish that everybody may be possessed of as much + artistic capacity as will enable him to set off his virtues by + means of his weaknesses, and to make us, through his weaknesses, + desirous of acquiring his virtues: a power which great musicians + have possessed in quite an exceptional degree. How frequently do we + notice in Beethoven's music a coarse, dogmatic, and impatient tone; + in Mozart, the joviality of an honest man, whose heart and mind + have not overmuch to give us; in Richard Wagner, an abrupt and + aggressive restlessness, in the midst of which, just as the most + patient listener is on the point of losing his temper, the composer + regains his powers, and likewise the others. Through their very + weaknesses, these musicians have created in us an ardent desire for + their virtues, and have given us a palate which is ten times more + sensitive to every note of this tuneful intellect, tuneful beauty, + and tuneful goodness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">219.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Deceit in + Humiliation.</span></span>—By your foolishness you have done a + great wrong to your neighbour and destroyed his happiness + irretrievably—and then, having overcome your vanity, you humble + yourself before him, surrender your foolishness to his contempt, + and fancy that, after this difficult <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page230">[pg 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> scene, which is an exceedingly painful one + for you, everything has been set right, that your own voluntary + loss of honour compensates your neighbour for the injury you have + done to his happiness. With this feeling you take your leave + comforted, believing that your virtue has been re-established.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Your neighbour, + however, suffers as intensely as before. He finds nothing to + comfort him in the fact that you have been irrational and have told + him so: on the contrary, he remembers the painful appearance you + presented to him when you were disparaging yourself in his + presence—it is as if another wound had been inflicted on him. He + does not think of revenging himself, however; and cannot conceive + how a proper balance can be struck between you and him. In point of + fact, you have been acting that scene for yourself and before + yourself: you invited a witness to be present, not on his account, + but on your own—don't deceive yourself!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">220.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dignity and + Timidity.</span></span>—Ceremonies, official robes and court + dresses, grave countenances, solemn aspects, the slow pace, + involved speech—everything, in short, known as dignity—are all + pretences adopted by those who are timid at heart: they wish to + make themselves feared (themselves or the things they represent). + The fearless (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> originally those who + naturally inspire others with awe) have no need of dignity and + ceremonies: they bring into repute—or, still more, into + ill-repute—honesty and straightforward words and bearing, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg 231]</span><a name= + "Pg231" id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> as characteristics + of their self-confident awefulness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">221.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Morality of + Sacrifice.</span></span>—The morality which is measured by the + spirit of sacrifice is that of a semi-civilised state of society. + Reason in this instance gains a hard-fought and bloody victory + within the soul; for there are powerful contrary instincts to be + overcome. This cannot be brought about without the cruelty which + the sacrifices to cannibal gods demand.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">222.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Where + Fanaticism is to be Desired.</span></span>—Phlegmatic natures can + be rendered enthusiastic only by being fanaticised.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">223.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Dreaded + Eye.</span></span>—Nothing is dreaded more by artists, poets, and + writers than the eye which sees through their little deceptions and + subsequently notices how often they have stopped at the boundary + where the paths branch off either to innocent delight in themselves + or to the straining after effect; the eye which checks them when + they try to sell little things dear, or when they try to exalt and + adorn without being exalted themselves; the eye which, despite all + the artifices of their art, sees the thought as it first presented + itself to them, perhaps as a charming vision of light, perhaps + also, however, as a theft from the whole world, or as an everyday + conception which they had to expand, contract, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> colour, wrap up, and spice, in order to + make something out of it, instead of the thought making something + out of them.—Oh, this eye, which sees in your work all your + restlessness, inquisitiveness, and covetousness, your imitation and + exaggeration (which is only envious imitation) which knows both + your blush of shame and your skill in concealing it from others and + interpreting it to yourselves!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">224.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Edifying</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Element in our Neighbour's + Misfortune.</span></span>—He is in distress, and straightway the + <span class="tei tei-q">“compassionate”</span> ones come to him and + depict his misfortune to him. At last they go away again, satisfied + and elevated, after having gloated over the unhappy man's + misfortune and their own, and spent a pleasant Sunday + afternoon.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">225.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To be quickly + Despised.</span></span>—A man who speaks a great deal, and speaks + quickly, soon sinks exceedingly low in our estimation, even when he + speaks rationally—not only to the extent that he annoys us + personally, but far lower. For we conjecture how great a burden he + has already proved to many other people, and we thus add to the + discomfort which he causes us all the contempt which we presume he + has caused to others.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">226.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Relations with + Celebrities.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">A.</span></span> But why do you shun this + great man?—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">B.</span></span> I should not like + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg 233]</span><a name= + "Pg233" id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to misunderstand + him. Our defects are incompatible with one another: I am + short-sighted and suspicious, and he wears his false diamonds as + willingly as his real ones.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">227.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Chain-Wearers.</span></span>—Beware of all those intellects which + are bound in chains! clever women, for example, who have been + banished by fate to narrow and dull surroundings, amid which they + grow old. True, there they lie in the sun, apparently lazy and + half-blind; but at every unknown step, at everything unexpected, + they start up to bite: they revenge themselves on everything that + has escaped their kennel.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">228.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Revenge in + Praise.</span></span>—Here we have a written page which is covered + with praise, and you call it flat; but when you find out that + revenge is concealed in this praise you will find it almost too + subtle, and you will experience a great deal of pleasure in its + numerous delicate and bold strokes and similes. It is not the man + himself, but his revenge, which is so subtle, rich, and ingenious: + he himself is scarcely aware of it.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">229.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Pride.</span></span>—Ah, not one of you + knows the feeling of the tortured man after he has been put to the + torture, when he is being carried back to his cell, and his secret + with him!—he still holds it in a stubborn and tenacious grip. What + know ye of the exultation of human pride?</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page234">[pg 234]</span><a name= + "Pg234" id="Pg234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">230.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Utilitarian.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—At the present + time men's sentiments on moral things run in such labyrinthic paths + that, while we demonstrate morality to one man by virtue of its + utility, we refute it to another on account of this utility.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">231.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">On German + Virtue.</span></span>—How degenerate in its taste, how servile to + dignities, ranks, uniforms, pomp, and splendour must a nation have + been, when it began to consider the simple as the bad, the simple + man (<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "de"><span style="font-style: italic">schlicht</span></span>) as + the bad man (<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "de"><span style="font-style: italic">schlecht</span></span>)! We + should always oppose the moral bumptiousness of the Germans with + this one little word <span class="tei tei-q">“bad,”</span> and + nothing else.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">232.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">From a + Dispute.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">A.</span></span> Friend, you have talked + yourself hoarse.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">B.</span></span> Then I am refuted, so let's + drop the subject.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">233.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Conscientious</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Ones.</span></span>—Have you noticed the + kind of men who attach the greatest value to the most scrupulous + conscientiousness? Those who are conscious of many mean and petty + sentiments, who are anxiously thinking of and about themselves, are + afraid of others, and are desirous of concealing their inmost + feelings as far as possible. They endeavour to impose upon + themselves by means of this strict conscientiousness <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and rigorousness of duty, and by the + stern and harsh impression which others, especially their + inferiors, cannot fail to receive of them.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">234.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dread of + Fame.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">A.</span></span> The endeavour to avoid one's + renown, the intentional offending of one's panegyrists, the dislike + of hearing opinions about one's self, and all through fear of + renown: instances like these are to be met with; they actually + exist—believe it or not!—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">B.</span></span> They are found, no doubt! + They exist! A little patience, Sir Arrogance!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">235.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Refusing + Thanks.</span></span>—We are perfectly justified in refusing a + request, but it is never right to refuse thanks—or, what comes to + the same thing, to accept them coldly and conventionally. This + gives deep offence—and why?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">236.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Punishment.</span></span>—A strange + thing, this punishment of ours! It does not purify the criminal; it + is not a form of expiation; but, on the contrary, it is even more + defiling than the crime itself.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">237.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Party + Grievances.</span></span>—In almost every party there is a + ridiculous, but nevertheless somewhat dangerous grievance. The + sufferers from it are those who have long been the faithful and + honourable upholders of the doctrine propagated by the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name="Pg236" id="Pg236" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> party, and who suddenly remark that one + day a much stronger figure than themselves has got the ear of the + public. How can they bear being reduced to silence? So they raise + their voices, sometimes changing their notes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">238.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Striving for + Gentleness.</span></span>—When a vigorous nature has not an + inclination towards cruelty, and is not always preoccupied with + itself; it involuntarily strives after gentleness—this is its + distinctive characteristic. Weak natures, on the other hand, have a + tendency towards harsh judgments—they associate themselves with the + heroes of the contempt of mankind, the religious or philosophical + traducers of existence, or they take up their position behind + strict habits and punctilious <span class= + "tei tei-q">“callings”</span>: in this way they seek to give + themselves a character and a kind of strength. This is likewise + done quite involuntarily.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">239.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Hint to + Moralists.</span></span>—Our musicians have made a great discovery. + They have found out that interesting ugliness is possible even in + their art; this is why they throw themselves with such enthusiastic + intoxication into this ocean of ugliness, and never before has it + been so easy to make music. It is only now that we have got the + general, dark-coloured background, upon which every luminous ray of + fine music, however faint, seems tinged with golden emerald lustre; + it is only now that we dare to inspire our audience with feelings + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page237">[pg 237]</span><a name= + "Pg237" id="Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of impetuosity and + indignation, taking away their breath, so to speak, in order that + we may afterwards, in an interval of restful harmony, inspire them + with a feeling of bliss which will be to the general advantage of a + proper appreciation of music.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have + discovered the contrast: it is only now that the strongest effects + are possible—and cheap. No one bothers any more about good music. + But you must hurry up! When any art has once made this discovery, + it has but a short space of time to live.—Oh, if only our thinkers + could probe into the depths of the souls of our musicians when + listening to their music! How long we must wait until we again have + an opportunity of surprising the inward man in the very act of his + evil doing, and his innocence of this act! For our musicians have + not the slightest suspicion that it is their own history, the + history of the disfigurement of the soul, which they are + transposing into music. In former times a good musician was almost + forced by the exigencies of his art to become a good man—and + now!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">240.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Morality of + the Stage.</span></span>—The man who imagines that the effect of + Shakespeare's plays is a moral one, and that the sight of Macbeth + irresistibly induces us to shun the evil of ambition, is mistaken, + and he is mistaken once more if he believes that Shakespeare + himself thought so. He who is truly obsessed by an ardent ambition + takes delight in beholding this picture of himself; and when the + hero is driven to destruction by his passion, this is <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the most pungent spice in the hot drink + of this delight. Did the poet feel this in another way? How royally + and with how little of the knave in him does his ambitious hero run + his course from the moment of his great crime! It is only from this + moment that he becomes <span class= + "tei tei-q">“demoniacally”</span> attractive, and that he + encourages similar natures to imitate him.—There is something + demoniacal here: something which is in revolt against advantage and + life, in favour of a thought and an impulse. Do you think that + Tristan and Isolde are warnings against adultery, merely because + adultery has resulted in the death of both of them? This would be + turning poets upside down, these poets who, especially Shakespeare, + are in love with the passions in themselves, and not less so with + the readiness for death which they give rise to: this mood in which + the heart no more clings to life than a drop of water does to the + glass. It is not the guilt and its pernicious consequences which + interests these poets—Shakespeare as little as Sophocles (in the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ajax</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Philoctetes</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Œdipus</span></span>)—however easy it might + have been in the cases just mentioned to make the guilt the lever + of the play, it was carefully avoided by the poets.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the same way + the tragic poet by his images of life does not wish to set us + against life. On the contrary, he exclaims; <span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is the charm of charms, this exciting, changing, + and dangerous existence of ours, so often gloomy and so often + bathed in sun! Life is an adventure—whichever side you may take in + life it will always retain this character!”</span>—Thus speaks the + poet of a restless and vigorous age, an age which is almost + intoxicated and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page239">[pg + 239]</span><a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + stupefied by its superabundance of blood and energy, in an age more + evil than our own: and this is why it is necessary for us to adapt + and accommodate ourselves first to the purpose of a Shakespearian + play, that is, by misunderstanding it.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">241.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fear and + Intelligence.</span></span>—If that which is now expressly + maintained is true, viz. that the cause of the black pigment of the + skin must not be sought in light, might this phenomenon perhaps be + the ultimate effect of frequent fits of passion accumulated for + century after century (and an afflux of blood under the skin)? + while in other and more intelligent races the equally frequent + spasms of fear and blanching may have resulted in the white colour + of the skin?—For the degree of timidity is the standard by which + the intelligence may be measured; and the fact that men give + themselves up to blind anger is an indication that their animal + nature is still near the surface, and is longing for an opportunity + to make its presence felt once more. Thus a brownish-grey would + probably be the primitive colour of man—something of the ape and + the bear, as is only proper.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">242.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Independence.</span></span>—Independence + (which in its weakest form is called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“freedom of thought”</span>) is the type of resignation + which the tyrannical man ends by accepting—he who for a long time + had <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name= + "Pg240" id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> been looking for + something to govern, but without finding anything except + himself.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">243.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The two + Courses.</span></span>—When we endeavour to examine the mirror in + itself we discover in the end that we can detect nothing there but + the things which it reflects. If we wish to grasp the things + reflected we touch nothing in the end but the mirror.—This is the + general history of knowledge.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">244.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Delight in + Reality.</span></span>—Our present inclination to take delight in + reality—for almost every one of us possesses it—can only be + explained by the fact that we have taken delight in the unreal for + such a long time that we have got tired of it. This inclination in + its present form, without choice and without refinement, is not + without danger—its least danger is its want of taste.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">245.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Subtlety of + the Feeling of Power.</span></span>—Napoleon was greatly mortified + at the fact that he could not speak well, and he did not deceive + himself in this respect: but his thirst for power, which never + despised the slightest opportunity of showing itself, and which was + still more subtle than his subtle intellect, led him to speak even + worse than he might have done. It was in this way that he revenged + himself upon his own mortification (he was jealous <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg 241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of all his emotions because they + possessed power) in order to enjoy his autocratic pleasure.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He enjoyed this + pleasure a second time in respect to the ears and judgment of his + audience, as if it were good enough for them to be addressed in + this way. He even secretly enjoyed the thought of bewildering their + judgment and good taste by the thunder and lightning of his highest + authority—that authority which lies in the union of power and + genius—while both his judgment and his good taste held fast proudly + and indifferently to the truth that he did not speak + well.—Napoleon, as the complete and fully developed type of a + single instinct, belongs to ancient humanity, whose + characteristic—the simple construction and ingenious development + and realisation of a single motive or a small number of motives—may + be easily enough recognised.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">246.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aristotle and + Marriage.</span></span>—Insanity makes its appearance in the + children of great geniuses, and stupidity in those of the most + virtuous—so says Aristotle. Did he mean by this to invite + exceptional men to marry?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">247.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Origin of a + bad Temperament.</span></span>—Injustice and instability in the + minds of certain men, their disordered and immoderate manner, are + the ultimate consequences of the innumerable logical inexactitudes, + superficialities, and hasty conclusions of which their ancestors + have been guilty. Men of a good temperament, on the other hand, are + descended <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg + 242]</span><a name="Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + from solid and meditative races which have set a high value upon + reason—whether for praiseworthy or evil purposes is of no great + importance.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">248.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dissimulation + as a Duty.</span></span>—Kindness has been best developed by the + long dissimulation which endeavoured to appear as kindness: + wherever great power existed the necessity for dissimulation of + this nature was recognised—it inspires security and confidence, and + multiplies the actual sum of our physical power. Falsehood, if not + actually the mother, is at all events the nurse of kindness. In the + same way, honesty has been brought to maturity by the need for a + semblance of honesty and integrity: in hereditary aristocracies. + The persistent exercise of such a dissimulation ends by bringing + about the actual nature of the thing itself: the dissimulation in + the long run suppresses itself, and organs and instincts are the + unexpected fruits in this garden of hypocrisy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">249.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Who, then, is + ever Alone.</span></span>—The faint-hearted wretch does not know + what it means to be lonely. An enemy is always prowling in his + tracks. Oh, for the man who could give us the history of that + subtle feeling called loneliness!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">250.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Night and + Music.</span></span>—It was only at night time, and in the + semi-obscurity of dark forests and caverns, that the ear, the organ + of fear, was able to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page243">[pg + 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + develop itself so well, in accordance with the mode of living of + the timid—that is, the longest human epoch which has ever yet + existed: when it is clear daylight the ear is less necessary. Hence + the character of music, which is an art of night and twilight.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">251.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Stoical.</span></span>—The Stoic + experiences a certain sense of cheerfulness when he feels oppressed + by the ceremonial which he has prescribed for himself: he enjoys + himself then as a ruler.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">252.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Consider.</span></span>—The man who is + being punished is no longer he who has done the deed. He is always + the scapegoat.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">253.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Appearance.</span></span>—Alas! what + must be best and most resolutely proved is appearance itself; for + only too many people lack eyes to observe it. But it is so + tiresome!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">254.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Those who + Anticipate.</span></span>—What distinguishes poetic natures, but is + also a danger for them, is their imagination, which exhausts itself + in advance: which anticipates what will happen or what may happen, + which enjoys and suffers in advance, and which at the final moment + of the event or the action is already fatigued. Lord Byron, who was + only too familiar with this, wrote in his diary: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“If ever <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg + 244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> I + have a son he shall choose a very prosaic profession—that of a + lawyer or a pirate.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">255.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Conversation on + Music.</span></span>—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> What + do you say to that music?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> It + has overpowered me, I can say nothing about it. Listen! there it is + beginning again.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> All + the better! This time let us do our best to overpower it. Will you + allow me to add a few words to this music? and also to show you a + drama which perhaps at your first hearing you did not wish to + observe?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> Very + well, I have two ears and even more if necessary; move up closer to + me.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> We + have not yet heard what he wishes to say to us, up to the present + he has only promised to say something—something as yet unheard, so + he gives us to understand by his gestures, for they are gestures. + How he beckons! How he raises himself up! How he gesticulates! and + now the moment of supreme tension seems to have come to him: two + more fanfares, and he will present us with his superb and + splendidly-adorned theme, rattling, as it were, with precious + stones.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Is it a handsome + woman? or a beautiful horse? Enough, he looks about him as if + enraptured, for he must assemble looks of rapture. It is only now + that his theme quite pleases him: it is only now that he becomes + inventive and risks new and audacious features. How he forces out + his theme! Ah, take care!—he not only understands how to + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg 245]</span><a name= + "Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> adorn, but also how + to gloss it over! Yes, he knows what the colour of health is, and + he knows how to make it up,—he is more subtle in his + self-consciousness than I thought. And now he is convinced that he + has convinced his hearers; he sets off his impromptus as if they + were the most important things under the sun: he points to his + theme with an insolent finger as if it were too good for this + world.—Ah, how distrustful he is! He is afraid we may get + tired!—that is why he buries his melody in sweet notes.—Now he even + appeals to our coarser senses that he may excite us and thus get us + once again into his power. Listen to him as he conjures up the + elementary force of tempestuous and thundering rhythms!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now that he + sees that these things have captivated our attention, strangle us, + and almost overwhelm us, he once again ventures to introduce his + theme amidst this play of the elements in order to convince us, + confused and agitated as we are, that our confusion and agitation + are the effects of his miraculous theme. And from now onwards his + hearers believe in him: as soon as the theme is heard once more + they are reminded of its thrilling elementary effects. The theme + profits by this recollection—now it has become demoniacal! What a + connoisseur of the soul he is! He gains command over us by all the + artifices of the popular orator. But the music has stopped + again.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> And + I am glad of it; for I could no longer bear listening to your + observations! I should prefer ten times over to let myself be + deceived to knowing the truth once after your + version.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg + 246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> That + is just what I wished to hear from you. The best people now are + just like you: you are quite content to let yourselves be deceived. + You come here with coarse, lustful ears, and you do not bring with + you your conscience of the art of listening. On the way here you + have cast away your intellectual honesty, and thus you corrupt both + art and artists. Whenever you applaud and cheer you have in your + hands the conscience of the artists—and woe to art if they get to + know that you cannot distinguish between innocent and guilty music! + I do not indeed refer to <span class="tei tei-q">“good”</span> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“bad”</span> music—we meet with both in the + two kinds of music mentioned! but I call innocent music that which + thinks only of itself and believes only in itself, and which on + account of itself has forgotten the world at large—this spontaneous + expression of the most profound solitude which speaks of itself and + with itself, and has entirely forgotten that there are listeners, + effects, misunderstandings and failures in the world outside. In + short, the music which we have just heard is precisely of this rare + and noble type; and everything I said about it was a fable—pardon + my little trick if you will!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> Oh, + then you like <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">this</span></em> music, too? In that case many + sins shall be forgiven you!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">256.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Happiness + of the Evil Ones.</span></span>—These silent, gloomy, and evil men + possess a peculiar something which you cannot dispute with them—an + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page247">[pg 247]</span><a name= + "Pg247" id="Pg247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> uncommon and strange + enjoyment in the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dolce far niente</span></span>; a sunset and + evening rest, such as none can enjoy but a heart which has been too + often devoured, lacerated, and poisoned by the passions.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">257.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Words Present + in our Minds.</span></span>—We always express our thoughts with + those words which lie nearest to hand. Or rather, if I may reveal + my full suspicion; at every moment we have only the particular + thought for the words that are present in our minds.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">258.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Flattering the + Dog.</span></span>—You have only to stroke this dog's coat once, + and he immediately splutters and gives off sparks like any other + flatterer—and he is witty in his own way. Why should we not endure + him thus?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">259.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Quondam + Panegyrist.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“He has now + become silent now in regard to me, although he knows the truth and + could tell it; but it would sound like vengeance—and he values + truth so highly, this honourable man!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">260.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Amulet of + Dependent Men.</span></span>—He who is unavoidably dependent upon + some master ought to possess something by which he can inspire his + master with fear, and keep him in check: integrity, for example, or + probity, or an evil tongue.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span><a name= + "Pg248" id="Pg248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">261.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Why so + Sublime!</span></span>—Oh, I know them well this breed of animals! + Certainly it pleases them better to walk on two legs <span class= + "tei tei-q">“like a god”</span>—but it pleases me better when they + fall back on their four feet. This is incomparably more natural for + them!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">262.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Demon of + Power.</span></span>—Neither necessity nor desire, but the love of + power, is the demon of mankind. You may give men everything + possible—health, food, shelter, enjoyment—but they are and remain + unhappy and capricious, for the demon waits and waits; and must be + satisfied. Let everything else be taken away from men, and let this + demon be satisfied, and then they will nearly be happy—as happy as + men and demons can be; but why do I repeat this? Luther has already + said it, and better than I have done, in the verses:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And + though they take our life,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Goods, honour, children, + wife,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Yet is their profit + small,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">These things shall vanish + all,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">The Kingdom it remaineth.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Kingdom! + there it is again!<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href= + "#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">263.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Contradiction + Incarnate and Animated.</span></span>—There is a physiological + contradiction in what is <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page249">[pg + 249]</span><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + called genius: genius possesses on the one hand a great deal of + savage disorder and involuntary movement, and on the other hand a + great deal of superior activity in this movement. Joined to this a + genius possesses a mirror which reflects the two movements beside + one another, and within one another, but often opposed to one + another. Genius in consequence of this sight is often unhappy, and + if it feels its greatest happiness in creating, it is because it + forgets that precisely then, with the highest determinate activity, + it does something fantastic and irrational (such is all art) and + cannot help doing it.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">264.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Deceiving One's + Self.</span></span>—Envious men with a discriminating intuition + endeavour not to become too closely acquainted with their rivals in + order that they may feel themselves superior to them.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">265.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">There is a Time + for the Theatre.</span></span>—When the imagination of a people + begins to diminish, there arises the desire to have its legends + represented on the stage: it then tolerates the coarse substitutes + for imagination. In the age of the epic rhapsodist, however, the + theatre itself, and the actor dressed up as a hero, form an + obstacle in the path of the imagination instead of acting as wings + for it—too near, too definite, too heavy, and with too little of + dreamland and the flights of birds about them.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span><a name= + "Pg250" id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">266.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Without + Charm.</span></span>—He lacks charm and knows it. Ah, how skilful + he is in masking this defect! He does it by a strict virtue, gloomy + looks, and acquired distrust of all men, and of existence itself; + by coarse jests, by contempt for a more refined manner of living, + by pathos and pretensions, and by a cynical philosophy—yea, he has + even developed into a character through the continual knowledge of + his deficiency.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">267.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Why so + Proud?</span></span>—A noble character is distinguished from a + vulgar one by the fact that the latter has not at ready command a + certain number of habits and points of view like the former: fate + willed that they should not be his either by inheritance or by + education.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">268.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Orator's + Scylla and Charybdis.</span></span>—How difficult it was in Athens + to speak in such a way as to win over the hearers to one's cause + without repelling them at the same time by the form in which one's + speech was cast, or withdrawing their attention from the cause + itself by this form! How difficult it still is to write thus in + France!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">269.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sick People and + Art.</span></span>—For all kinds of sadness and misery of soul we + should first of all try <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg + 251]</span><a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> a + change of diet and severe manual labour; but in such cases men are + in the habit of having recourse to mental intoxicants, to art for + example—which is both to their own detriment and that of art! Can + you not see that when you call for art as sick people you make the + artists themselves sick?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">270.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Apparent + Toleration.</span></span>—Those are good, benevolent, and rational + words on and in favour of science, but, alas! I see behind these + words your toleration of science. In a corner of your inmost mind + you think, in spite of all you say, that <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">it is not necessary + for you</span></em>, that it shows magnanimity on your part to + admit and even to advocate it, more especially as science on its + part does not exhibit this magnanimity in regard to your opinion! + Do you know that you have no right whatever to exercise this + toleration? that this condescension of yours is an even coarser + disparagement of science than any of that open scorn which a + presumptuous priest or artist might allow himself to indulge in + towards science? What is lacking in you is a strong sense for + everything that is true and actual, you do not feel grieved and + worried to find that science is in contradiction to your own + sentiments, you are unacquainted with that intense desire for + knowledge ruling over you like a law, you do not feel a duty in the + need of being present with your own eyes wherever knowledge exists, + and to let nothing that is <span class="tei tei-q">“known”</span> + escape you. You do not know that which you are treating with such + toleration! and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg + 252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + it is only because you do not know it that you can succeed in + adopting such a gracious attitude towards it. You, forsooth, would + look upon science with hatred and fanaticism if it for once cast + its shining and illuminating glance upon you! What does it matter + to us, then, if you do exhibit toleration—and towards a phantom! + and not even towards us!—and what do we matter!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">271.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Festive + Moods.</span></span>—It is exactly those men who aspire most + ardently towards power who feel it indescribably agreeable to be + overpowered! to sink suddenly and deeply into a feeling as into a + whirlpool! To suffer the reins to be snatched out of their hand, + and to watch a movement which takes them they know not where! + Whatever or whoever may be the person or thing that renders us this + service, it is nevertheless a great service: we are so happy and + breathless, and feel around us an exceptional silence, as if we + were in the most central bowels of the earth. To be for once + entirely powerless! the plaything of the elementary forces of + nature! There is a restfulness in this happiness, a casting away of + the great burden, a descent without fatigue, as if one had been + given up to the blind force of gravity.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This is the + dream of the mountain climber, who, although he sees his goal far + above him, nevertheless falls asleep on the way from utter + exhaustion, and dreams of the happiness of the contrast—this + effortless rolling down hill. I describe happiness <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg 253]</span><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> as I imagine it to be in our + present-day society, the badgered, ambitious society of Europe and + America. Now and then they <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">wish</span></em> to fall back into + impotence—this enjoyment is offered them by wars, arts, religions, + and geniuses. When a man has temporarily abandoned himself to a + momentary impression which devours and crushes everything—and this + is the modern festive mood—he afterwards becomes freer, colder, + more refreshed, and more strict, and again strives tirelessly after + the contrary of all this: power.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="Sect_272" id="Sect_272" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">272.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Purification of Races.</span></span>—It is probable that there are + no pure races, but only races which have become purified, and even + these are extremely rare.<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href= + "#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> We more + often meet with crossed races, among whom, together with the + defects in the harmony of the bodily forms (for example when the + eyes do not accord with the mouth) we necessarily always find + defects of harmony in habits and appreciations. (Livingstone heard + some one say, <span class="tei tei-q">“God created white and black + men, but the devil created the half-castes.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Crossed races + are always at the same time crossed <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page254">[pg 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> cultures and crossed moralities: they are, as + a rule, more evil, cruel, and restless. Purity is the final result + of innumerable adjustments, absorptions, and eliminations; and + progress towards purity in a race is shown by the fact that the + latent strength in the race is more and more restricted to a few + special functions, whilst it formerly had to carry out too many and + often contradictory things. Such a restriction will always have the + appearance of an impoverishment, and must be judged with prudence + and moderation. In the long run, however, when the process of + purification has come to a successful termination, all those forces + which were formerly wasted in the struggle between the + disharmonious qualities are at the disposal of the organism as a + whole, and this is why purified races have always become stronger + and more beautiful.—The Greeks may serve us as a model of a + purified race and culture!—and it is to be hoped that some day a + pure European race and culture may arise.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">273.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Praise.</span></span>—Here is some one + who, you perceive, wishes to praise you: you bite your lips and + brace up your heart: Oh, that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">that</span></em> cup might go hence! But it + does not, it comes! let us therefore drink the sweet impudence of + the panegyrist, let us overcome the disgust and profound contempt + that we feel for the innermost substance of his praise, let us + assume a look of thankful joy—for he wished to make himself + agreeable to us! And now that it is all over we know <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span><a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that he feels greatly exalted; he has + been victorious over us. Yes, and also over himself, the + villain!—for it was no easy matter for him to wring this praise + from himself.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">274.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Rights and + Privileges of Man.</span></span>—We human beings are the only + creatures who, when things do not go well with us, can blot + ourselves out like a clumsy sentence,—whether we do so out of + honour for humanity or pity for it, or on account of the aversion + we feel towards ourselves.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">275.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Transformed + Being.</span></span>—Now he becomes virtuous; but only for the sake + of hurting others by being so. Don't pay so much attention to + him.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">276.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How Often! How + Unexpected!</span></span>—How may married men have some morning + awakened to the fact that their young wife is dull, although she + thinks quite the contrary! not to speak of those wives whose flesh + is willing but whose intellect is weak!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">277.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Warm and Cold + Virtues.</span></span>—Courage is sometimes the consequence of cold + and unshaken resolution, and at other times of a fiery and reckless + élan. For these two kinds of courage there is only the one + name!—but how different, nevertheless, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page256">[pg 256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> are cold virtues and warm virtues! and the + man would be a fool who could suppose that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“goodness”</span> could only be brought about by + warmth, and no less a fool he who would only attribute it to cold. + The truth is that mankind has found both warm and cold courage very + useful, yet not often enough to prevent it from setting them both + in the category of precious stones.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">278.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The gracious + Memory.</span></span>—A man of high rank will do well to develop a + gracious memory, that is, to note all the good qualities of people + and remember them particularly; for in this way he holds them in an + agreeable dependence. A man may also act in this way towards + himself: whether or not he has a gracious memory determines in the + end the superiority, gentleness, or distrust with which he observes + his own inclinations and intentions, and finally even the nature of + these inclinations and intentions.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">279.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wherein we + become Artists.</span></span>—He who makes an idol of some one + endeavours to justify himself in his own eyes by idealising this + person: in other words, he becomes an artist that he may have a + clear conscience. When he suffers he does not suffer from his + ignorance, but from the lie he has told himself to make himself + ignorant. The inmost misery and desire of such a man—and all + passionate lovers are included in this category—cannot be exhausted + by normal means.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg 257]</span><a name= + "Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">280.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Childlike.</span></span>—Those who live + like children—those who have not to struggle for their daily bread, + and do not think that their actions have any ultimate + signification—remain childlike.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">281.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Our Ego desires + Everything.</span></span>—It would seem as if men in general were + only inspired by the desire to possess: languages at least would + permit of this supposition, for they view past actions from the + standpoint that we have been put in possession of + something—<span class="tei tei-q">“I <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">have</span></em> + spoken, struggled, conquered”</span>—as if to say, I am now in + possession of my word, my struggle, my victory. How greedy man + appears in this light! he cannot even let the past escape him: he + even wishes to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">have</span></em> it still!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">282.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Danger in + Beauty.</span></span>—This woman is beautiful and intelligent: + alas, how much more intelligent she would have become if she had + not been beautiful!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">283.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Domestic and + Mental Peace.</span></span>—Our habitual mood depends upon the mood + in which we maintain our habitual entourage.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">284.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">New Things as + Old Ones.</span></span>—Many people seem irritated when something + new is told them: <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg + 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + they feel the ascendancy which the news has given to the person who + has learnt it first.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">285.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">What are the + Limits of the Ego.</span></span>—The majority of people take under + their protection, as it were, something that they know, as if the + fact of knowing it was sufficient in itself to make it their + property. The acquisitiveness of the egoistic feeling has no + limits: Great men speak as if they had behind them the whole of + time, and had placed themselves at the head of this enormous host; + and good women boast of the beauty of their children, their + clothes, their dog, their physician, or their native town, but the + only thing they dare not say is, <span class="tei tei-q">“I am all + that.”</span> <span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "it"><span style="font-style: italic">Chi non ha non + è</span></span>—as they say in Italy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">286.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Domestic + Animals, Pets and the Like.</span></span>—Could there be anything + more repugnant than the sentimentality which is shown to plants and + animals—and this on the part of a creature who from the very + beginning has made such ravages among them as their most ferocious + enemy,—and who ends by even claiming affectionate feelings from his + weakened and mutilated victims! Before this kind of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“nature”</span> man must above all be serious, if he is + any sort of a thinking being.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">287.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Two + Friends.</span></span>—They were friends once, but now they have + ceased to be so, and both of them <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page259">[pg 259]</span><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> broke off the friendship at the same time, + the one because he believed himself to be too greatly + misunderstood, and the other because he thought he was known too + intimately—and both were wrong! For neither of them knew himself + well enough.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">288.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Comedy of + the Noble Souls.</span></span>—Those who cannot succeed in + exhibiting a noble and cordial familiarity endeavour to let the + nobleness of their nature be seen by their exercise of reserve and + strictness, and a certain contempt for familiarity, as if their + strong sense of confidence were ashamed to show itself.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">289.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Where we may + say Nothing against Virtue.</span></span>—Among cowards it is + thought bad form to say anything against bravery, for any + expression of this kind would give rise to some contempt; and + unfeeling people are irritated when anything is said against + pity.<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">290.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A + Waste.</span></span>—We find that with irritable and abrupt people + their first words and actions generally afford no indication of + their actual character—they are prompted by circumstances, and are + to some <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg + 260]</span><a name="Pg260" id="Pg260" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + extent simply reproductions of the spirit of these circumstances. + Because, however, as the words have been uttered and the deeds + done, the subsequent words and deeds, indicating the real nature of + such people, have often to be used to reconcile, amend, or + extinguish the former.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">291.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Arrogance.</span></span>—Arrogance is an + artificial and simulated pride; but it is precisely the essential + nature of pride to be incapable of artifice, simulation, or + hypocrisy—and thus arrogance is the hypocrisy of the incapacity for + hypocrisy, a very difficult thing, and one which is a failure in + most cases. But if we suppose that, as most frequently happens, the + presumptuous person betrays himself, then a treble annoyance falls + to his lot: people are angry with him because he has endeavoured to + deceive them, and because he wished to show himself superior to + them, and finally they laugh at him because he failed in both these + endeavours. How earnestly, therefore, should we dissuade our + fellow-men from arrogance!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">292.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Species of + Misconception.</span></span>—When we hear somebody speak it is + often sufficient for his pronunciation of a single consonant (the + letter r, for example) to fill us with doubts as to the honesty of + his feelings: we are not accustomed to this particular + pronunciation, and should have to make it ourselves as it were + arbitrarily—it sounds <span class="tei tei-q">“forced”</span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page261">[pg 261]</span><a name= + "Pg261" id="Pg261" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to us. This is the + domain of the greatest possible misconception: and it is the same + with the style of a writer who has certain habits which are not the + habits of everybody. His <span class= + "tei tei-q">“artlessness”</span> is felt as such only by himself, + and precisely in regard to that which he himself feels to be + <span class="tei tei-q">“forced”</span> (because he has yielded in + this matter to the prevailing fashion and to so called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“good taste”</span>), he may perhaps give pleasure and + inspire confidence.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">293.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Thankful.</span></span>—One superfluous + grain of gratitude and piety makes one suffer as from a vice—in + spite of all one's independence and honesty one begins to have a + bad conscience.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">294.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Saints.</span></span>—It is the most + sensual men who find it necessary to avoid women and to torture + their bodies.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">295.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Subtlety of + Serving.</span></span>—One of the most subtle tasks in the great + art of serving is that of serving a more than usually ambitious + man, who, indeed, is excessively egoistic in all things, but is + entirely adverse to being thought so (this is part of his + ambition). He requires that everything shall be according to his + own will and humour, yet in such a way as to give him the + appearance of always having sacrificed himself, and of rarely + desiring anything for himself alone.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg 262]</span><a name= + "Pg262" id="Pg262" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">296.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Duelling.</span></span>—I think it a + great advantage, said some one, to be able to fight a duel—if, of + course, it is absolutely necessary; for I have at all times brave + companions about me. The duel is the last means of thoroughly + honourable suicide left to us; but it is unfortunately a circuitous + means, and not even a certain one.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">297.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Pernicious.</span></span>—A young man + can be most surely corrupted when he is taught to value the + like-minded more highly than the differently minded.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">298.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hero-Worship + and its Fanatics.</span></span>—The fanatic of an ideal that + possesses flesh and blood is right as a rule so long as he assumes + a negative attitude, and he is terrible in his negation: he knows + what he denies as well as he knows himself, for the simple reason + that he comes thence, that he feels at home there, and that he has + always the secret fear of being forced to return there some day. He + therefore wishes to make his return impossible by the manner of his + negation. As soon as he begins to affirm, however, he partly shuts + his eyes and begins to idealise (frequently merely for the sake of + annoying those who have stayed at home). We might say that there + was something artistic about this—agreed, but there is also + something dishonest about it.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page263">[pg 263]</span><a name="Pg263" id="Pg263" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The idealist of + a person imagines this person to be so far from him that he can no + longer see him distinctly, and then he travesties that which he can + just perceive into something <span class= + "tei tei-q">“beautiful”</span>—that is to say, symmetrical, vaguely + outlined, uncertain. Since he wishes to worship from afar that + ideal which floats on high in the distance, he finds it essential + to build a temple for the object of his worship as a protection + from the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">profanum + vulgus</span></span>. He brings into this temple for the object of + his worship all the venerable and sanctified objects which he still + possesses, so that his ideal may benefit by their charm, and that, + nourished in this way, it may grow more and more divine. In the end + he really succeeds in forming his God, but, alas for him! there is + some one who knows how all this has been done, viz. his + intellectual conscience; and there is also some one who, quite + unconsciously, begins to protest against these things, viz. the + deified one himself, who, in consequence of all this worship, + praise, and incense, now becomes completely unbearable and shows + himself in the most obvious and dreadful manner to be non-divine, + and only too human.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a case like + this there is only one means of escape left for such a fanatic; he + patiently suffers himself and his fellows to be maltreated, and + interprets all this misery <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in maiorem dei + gloriam</span></span> by a new kind of self-deceit and noble + falsehood. He takes up a stand against himself, and in doing so + experiences, as an interpreter and ill-treated person, something + like martyrdom—and in this way he climbs to the height of his + conceit. Men of this <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page264">[pg + 264]</span><a name="Pg264" id="Pg264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + kind to be found, for example, in the entourage of Napoleon: + indeed, perhaps it may have been he who inspired the soul of his + century with that romantic prostration in the presence of the + <span class="tei tei-q">“genius”</span> and the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“hero,”</span> which was so foreign to the spirit of + rationalism of the nineteenth century—a man about whom even Byron + was not ashamed to say that he was a <span class="tei tei-q">“worm + compared with such a being.”</span> (The formulæ of this + prostration have been discovered by Thomas Carlyle, that arrogant + old muddle-head and grumbler, who spent his long life in trying to + romanticise the common sense of his Englishmen: but in vain!)</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">299.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Appearance + of Heroism.</span></span>—Throwing ourselves in the midst of our + enemies may be a sign of cowardice.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">300.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Condescending + towards the Flatterer.</span></span>—It is the ultimate prudence of + insatiably ambitious men not only to conceal their contempt for man + which the sight of flatterers causes them: but also to appear even + condescending to them, like a God who can be nothing if not + condescending.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">301.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Strength of + Character.</span><span style="font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“What + I have said once I will do”</span>—This manner of thinking is + believed to indicate great strength of character. <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page265">[pg 265]</span><a name="Pg265" id="Pg265" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> How many actions are accomplished, not + because they have been selected as being the most rational, but + because at the moment when we thought of them they influenced our + ambition and vanity by some means or another, so that we do not + stop until we have blindly carried them out. Thus they strengthen + in us our belief in our character and our good conscience, in short + our strength; whilst the choice of the most rational acts possible + brings about a certain amount of scepticism towards ourselves, and + thus encourages a sense of weakness in us.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">302.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Once, Twice, + and Thrice True.</span></span>—Men lie unspeakably and often, but + they do not think about it afterwards, and generally do not believe + in it.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">303.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Pastime of + the Psychologist.</span></span>—He thinks he knows me, and fancies + himself to be subtle and important when he has any kind of + relations with me; and I take care not to undeceive him. For in + such a case I should suffer for it, while now he wishes me well + because I arouse in him a feeling of conscious superiority.—There + is another, who fears that I think I know him, and feels a sense of + inferiority at this. As a result he behaves in a timid and + vacillating manner, in my presence, and endeavours to mislead me in + regard to himself so that he may regain an ascendancy over me.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page266">[pg 266]</span><a name= + "Pg266" id="Pg266" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">304.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Destroyers + of the World.</span></span>—When some men fail to accomplish what + they desire to do they exclaim angrily, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“May the whole world perish!”</span> This odious + feeling is the height of envy which reasons thus: because I cannot + have one thing the whole world in general must have nothing! the + whole world shall not exist!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">305.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Greed.</span></span>—When we set out to + buy something our greed increases with the cheapness of the + object—Why? Is it because the small differences in price make up + the little eye of greed?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">306.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Greek + Ideal.</span></span>—What did the Greeks admire in Ulysses? Above + all his capacity for lying and for taking a shrewd and dreadful + revenge, his being equal to circumstances, his appearing to be + nobler than the noblest when necessary, his ability to be + everything he desired, his heroic pertinacity, having all means + within his command, possessing genius—the genius of Ulysses is an + object of the admiration of the gods, they smile when they think of + it—all this is the Greek ideal! What is most remarkable about it is + that the contradiction between seeming and being was not felt in + any way, and that as a consequence it could not be morally + estimated. Were there ever such accomplished actors?</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page267">[pg 267]</span><a name= + "Pg267" id="Pg267" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">307.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Facta! Yes, + Facta Ficta!</span></span>—The historian need not concern himself + with events which have actually happened, but only those which are + supposed to have happened; for none but the latter have produced an + effect. The same remark applies to the imaginary heroes. His + theme—this so-called world-history—what is it but opinions on + imaginary actions and their imaginary motives, which in their turn + give rise to opinions and actions the reality of which, however, is + at once evaporated, and is only effective as vapour,—a continual + generating and impregnating of phantoms above the dense mists of + unfathomable reality. All historians record things which have never + existed, except in imagination.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">308.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not to + understand Trade is Noble.</span></span>—To sell one's virtue only + at the highest price, or even to carry on usury with it as a + teacher, a civil servant, or an artist, for instance, brings genius + and talent down to the level of the common tradesman. We must be + careful not to be clever with our wisdom!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">309.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fear and + Love.</span></span>—The general knowledge of mankind has been + furthered to a greater extent by fear than by love; for fear + endeavours to find out who the other is, what he can do, and what + he wants: it would be dangerous and prejudicial to <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page268">[pg 268]</span><a name="Pg268" id="Pg268" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> be deceived on this point. On the other + hand, love is induced by its secret craving to discover as many + beautiful qualities as possible in the loved object, or to raise + this loved object as high as possible: it is a joy and an advantage + to love to be deceived in this way—and this is why it does it.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">310.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Good-natured + People.</span></span>—Good-natured people have acquired their + character from the continual fear of foreign attacks in which their + ancestors lived,—these ancestors, who were in the habit of + mitigating and tranquillising, humbling themselves, preventing, + distracting, flattering, and apologising, concealing their grief + and anger, and preserving an unruffled countenance,—and they + ultimately bequeathed all this delicate and well-formed mechanism + to their children and grandchildren. These latter, thanks to their + more favourable lot, did not experience this feeling of dread, but + they nevertheless continue in the same groove.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">311.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The so-called + Soul.</span></span>—The sum-total of those internal movements which + come naturally to men, and which they can consequently set in + motion readily and gracefully, is called the soul—men are looked + upon as void of soul when they let it be seen that their inward + emotions are difficult and painful to them.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page269">[pg 269]</span><a name= + "Pg269" id="Pg269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">312.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Forgetful + Ones.</span></span>—In outbursts of passion and the delusions of + dreams and madness, man rediscovers his own primitive history, and + that of humanity: animality and its savage grimaces. For once his + memory stretches back into the past, while his civilised condition + is developed from the forgetfulness of these primitive experiences, + that is to say, from the failing of this memory. He who, as a + forgetful man of a higher nature, has always remained aloof from + these things, does not understand men—but it is an advantage if + from time to time there are individuals who do not understand men, + individuals who are, so to speak, created from the divine seed and + born of reason.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">313.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Friend whom + we want no Longer.</span></span>—That friend whose hopes we cannot + satisfy we should prefer to have as an enemy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">314.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">In the Society + of Thinkers.</span></span>—In the midst of the ocean of becoming we + adventurers and birds of passage wake up on an island no larger + than a small boat, and here we look round us for a moment with as + much haste and curiosity as possible; for how quickly may some gale + blow us away or some wave sweep over the little island and leave + nothing of us remaining! Here, however, upon this little + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page270">[pg 270]</span><a name= + "Pg270" id="Pg270" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> piece of ground we + meet with other birds of passage and hear of still earlier + ones,—and thus we live together for one precious minute of + recognition and divining, amid the cheerful fluttering of wings and + joyful chirping, and then adventure in spirit far out on the ocean, + feeling no less proud than the ocean itself.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">315.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parting with + Something.</span></span>—To give up some of our property, or to + waive a right, gives pleasure when it denotes great wealth. + Generosity may be placed in this category.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">316.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Weak + Sects.</span></span>—Those sects which feel that they will always + remain weak hunt up a few intelligent individual adherents, wishing + to make up in quality what they lack in quantity. This gives rise + to no little danger for intelligent minds.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">317.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Judgment of + the Evening.</span></span>—The man who meditates upon his day's and + life's work when he has reached the end of his journey and feels + weary, generally arrives at a melancholy conclusion; but this is + not the fault of the day or his life, but of weariness.—In the + midst of creative work we do not take time, as a rule, to meditate + upon life and existence, nor yet in the midst of our pleasures: + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page271">[pg 271]</span><a name= + "Pg271" id="Pg271" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> but if by a chance + this did happen once we should no longer believe him to be right + who waited for the seventh day and for repose to find everything + that exists very beautiful.—He had missed the right moment.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">318.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beware of + Systemisers!</span></span>—There is a certain amount of comedy + about systemisers: in trying to complete a system and to round off + its horizon they have to try to let their weaker qualities appear + in the same style as their stronger ones.—They wish to represent + complete and uniformly strong natures.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">319.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Hospitality.</span></span>—The object of + hospitality is to paralyse all hostile feeling in a stranger. When + we cease to look upon strangers as enemies, hospitality diminishes; + it flourishes so long as its evil presupposition does.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">320.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Weather.</span></span>—An exceptional and uncertain state of the + weather makes men suspicious even of one another: at the same time + they come to like innovations, for they must diverge from their + accustomed habits. This is why despots like those countries where + the weather is moral.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">321.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Danger in + Innocence.</span></span>—Innocent people become easy victims in all + circumstances because <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page272">[pg + 272]</span><a name="Pg272" id="Pg272" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + their lack of knowledge prevents them from distinguishing between + moderation and excess, and from being betimes on their guard + against themselves. It is as a result of this that innocent, that + is, ignorant young women become accustomed to the frequent + enjoyment of sexual intercourse, and feel the want of it very much + in later years when their husbands fall ill or grow prematurely + old. It is on account of this harmless and orthodox conception, as + if frequent sexual intercourse were right and proper, that they + come to experience a need which afterwards exposes them to the + severest tribulations, and even worse.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Considering the + matter, however, from a higher and more general point of view, + whoever loves a man or a thing without knowing him or it, falls a + prey to something which he would not love if he could see it. In + all cases where experience, precautions, and prudent steps are + required, it is the innocent man who will be most thoroughly + corrupted, for he has to drink with closed eyes the dregs and most + secret poison of everything put before him. Let us consider the + procedure of all princes, churches, sects, parties, and + corporations: Is not the innocent man always used as the sweetest + bait for the most dangerous and wicked traps?—just as Ulysses + availed himself of the services of the innocent Neoptolemos to + cheat the old and infirm anchorite and ogre of Lemnos out of his + bow and arrows. Christianity, with its contempt for the world, has + made ignorance a virtue—innocence, perhaps because the most + frequent result of this innocence is precisely, as I have indicated + above, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page273">[pg + 273]</span><a name="Pg273" id="Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + guilt, the sense of guilt, and despair: In other words, a virtue + which leads to Heaven by the circuitous route of Hell; for only + then can the gloomy propylæa of Christian salvation be thrown open, + and only then is the promise of a posthumous second innocence + effective. This is one of the finest inventions of + Christianity!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">322.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Living without + a Doctor when Possible.</span></span>—It seems to me that a sick + man lives more carelessly when he is under medical observation than + when he attends to his own health. In the first case it suffices + for him to obey strictly all his Doctor's prescriptions; but in the + second case he gives more attention to the ultimate object of these + prescriptions, namely, his health; he observes much more, and + submits himself to a more severe discipline than the directions of + his physician would compel him to do.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All rules have + this effect: they distract our attention from the fundamental aim + of the rule, and make us more thoughtless. But to what heights of + immoderation and destruction would men have risen if ever they had + completely and honestly left everything to the Godhead as to their + physician, and acted in accordance with the words <span class= + "tei tei-q">“as God will”</span>!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">323.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Darkening + of the Heavens.</span></span>—Do you know the vengeance of those + timid people who <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page274">[pg + 274]</span><a name="Pg274" id="Pg274" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + behave in society just as if they had stolen their limbs? The + vengeance of the humble, Christian-like souls who just manage to + slink quietly through the world? The vengeance of those who always + judge hastily, and are as hastily said to be in the wrong? The + vengeance of all classes of drunkards, for whom the morning is + always the most miserable part of the day? and also of all kinds of + invalids and sick and depressed people who have no longer the + courage to become healthy?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The number of + these petty vengeful people, and, even more, the number of their + petty acts of revenge, is incalculable. The air around us is + continually whizzing with the discharged arrows of their malignity, + so that the sun and the sky of their lives become darkened + thereby,—and, alas! not only theirs, but more often ours and other + men's: and this is worse than the frequent wounds which they make + on our skins and hearts. Do we not occasionally deny the existence + of the sun and sky merely because we have not seen them for so + long?—Well then, solitude! because of this, solitude!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">324.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Psychology + of the Actor.</span></span>—It is the blissful illusion of all + great actors to imagine that the historical personages whom they + are representing were really in the same state of mind as they + themselves are when interpreting them—but in this they are very + much mistaken. Their powers of imitation and divination, which they + would fain exhibit as a clairvoyant faculty, penetrate only + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page275">[pg 275]</span><a name= + "Pg275" id="Pg275" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> far enough to + explain gestures, accent, and looks, and in general anything + exterior: that is, they can grasp the shadow of the soul of a great + hero, statesman, or warrior, or of an ambitious, jealous, or + desperate person—they penetrate fairly near to the soul, but they + never reach the inmost spirit of the man they are imitating.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would, + indeed, be a fine thing to discover that instead of thinkers, + psychologists, or experts we required nothing but clairvoyant + actors to throw light upon the essence of any condition. Let us + never forget, whenever such pretensions are heard, that the actor + is nothing but an ideal ape—so much of an ape is he, indeed, that + he is not capable of believing in the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“essence”</span> or in the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“essential”</span>: everything becomes for him merely + performance, intonation, attitude, stage, scenery, and public.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">325.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Living and + Believing Apart.</span></span>—The means of becoming the prophet + and wonder-worker of one's age are the same to-day as in former + times: one must live apart, with little knowledge, some ideas, and + a great deal of presumption—we then finish by believing that + mankind cannot do without us, because it is clear that we can do + without it. When we are inspired with this belief we find faith. + Finally, a piece of advice to him who needs it (it was given to + Wesley by Boehler, his spiritual teacher): <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Preach faith until you have it; then you will preach + it because you have it!”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page276">[pg 276]</span><a name= + "Pg276" id="Pg276" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">326.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Knowing our + Circumstances.</span></span>—We may estimate our powers, but not + our power. Not only do circumstances conceal it from us and show it + to us time about, but they even exaggerate or diminish it. We must + consider ourselves as variable quantities whose productive capacity + may in favourable circumstances reach the greatest possible + heights: we must therefore reflect upon these circumstances, and + spare no pains in studying them.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">327.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A + Fable.</span></span>—The Don Juan of knowledge—no philosopher or + poet has yet succeeded in discovering him. He is wanting in love + for the things he recognises, but he possesses wit, a lust for the + hunting after knowledge, and the intrigues in connection with it, + and he finds enjoyment in all these, even up to the highest and + most distant stars of knowledge—until at last there is nothing left + for him to pursue but the absolutely injurious side of knowledge, + just as the drunkard who ends by drinking absinthe and aquafortis. + That is why last of all he feels a longing for hell, for this is + the final knowledge which seduces him. Perhaps even this would + disappoint him, as all things do which one knows! and then he would + have to stand still for all eternity, a victim to eternal + deception, and transformed into his enemy, the Stony Guest, who + longs for an evening meal of knowledge which will never more fall + to his share! for the whole world of things <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page277">[pg 277]</span><a name="Pg277" id="Pg277" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> will not have another mouthful left to + offer to these hungry men.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">328.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">What Idealistic + Theories Disclose.</span></span>—We are most certain to find + idealistic theories among unscrupulously practical men; for such + men stand in need of the lustre of these theories for the sake of + their reputation. They adopt them instinctively without by any + means feeling hypocritical in doing so—no more hypocritical than + Englishmen with their Christianity and their Sabbath-keeping. On + the other hand, contemplative natures who have to keep themselves + on the guard against all kinds of fantasies and who dread to be + reputed as enthusiasts, are only to be satisfied with hard + realistic theories: they take possession of them under the same + instinctive compulsion without thereby losing their honesty.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">329.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Calumniators of Cheerfulness.</span></span>—People who have been + deeply wounded by the disappointments of life look with suspicion + upon all cheerfulness as if it were something childish and puerile, + and revealed a lack of common sense that moves them to pity and + tenderness, such as one would experience when seeing a dying child + caressing his toys on his death-bed. Such men appear to see hidden + graves under every rose; rejoicings, tumult, and cheerful music + appear to them to be the voluntary illusions of a man who is + dangerously ill <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page278">[pg + 278]</span><a name="Pg278" id="Pg278" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + and yet wishes to take a momentary draught from the intoxicating + cup of life. But this judgment about cheerfulness is merely the + reflection of the latter on the dark background of weariness and + ill-health: in itself it is something touching, irrational, and + pitiable, even childlike and puerile, but connected with that + second childhood which follows in the train of old age, and is the + harbinger of death.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">330.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not yet + Enough!</span></span>—It is not sufficient to prove a case, we must + also tempt or raise men to it: hence the wise man must learn to + convey his wisdom; and often in such a manner that it may sound + like foolishness!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">331.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Right and + Limits.</span></span>—Asceticism is the proper mode of thinking for + those who must extirpate their carnal instincts, because these are + ferocious beasts,—but only for such people!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">332.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Bombastic + Style.</span></span>—An artist who does not wish to put his + elevated feelings into a work and thus unburden himself, but who + rather wishes to impart these feelings of elevation to others, + becomes pompous, and his style becomes the bombastic style.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page279">[pg 279]</span><a name= + "Pg279" id="Pg279" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">333.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Humanity.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—We do not + consider animals as moral beings. But do you think that animals + consider us as moral beings? An animal which had the power of + speech once said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Humanity is a prejudice + from which we animals at least do not suffer.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">334.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Charitable + Man.</span></span>—The charitable man gratifies a need of his own + inward feelings when doing good. The stronger this need is the less + does such a man try to put himself in the place of those who serve + the purpose of gratifying his desire: he becomes indelicate and + sometimes even offensive. (This remark applies to the benevolence + and charity of the Jews, which, as is well known, is somewhat more + effusive than that of other peoples.)<a id="noteref_10" name= + "noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">335.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">That Love may + be felt as Love.</span></span>—We must be honest towards ourselves, + and must know ourselves very well indeed, to be able to practise + upon others that humane dissimulation known as love and + kindness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">336.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">What are we + capable of?</span></span>—A man who had been tormented all day by + his wicked and malicious <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page280">[pg + 280]</span><a name="Pg280" id="Pg280" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + son slew him in the evening, and then with a sigh of relief said to + the other members of his family: <span class="tei tei-q">“Well now + we can sleep in peace.”</span> Who knows what circumstances might + drive us to!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">337.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Natural.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—To be natural, at + least in his deficiencies, is perhaps the last praise that can be + bestowed upon an artificial artist, who is in other respects + theatrical and half genuine. Such a man will for this very reason + boldly parade his deficiencies.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">338.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Conscience-Substitute.</span></span>—One + man is another's conscience: and this is especially important when + the other has none else.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">339.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Transformation of Duties.</span></span>—When our duties cease to be + difficult of accomplishment, and after long practice become changed + into agreeable delights and needs, then the rights of others to + whom our duties (though now our inclinations) refer change into + something else: that is, they become the occasion of pleasant + feelings for us. Henceforth the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“other,”</span> by virtue of his rights, becomes an + object of love to us instead of an object of reverence and awe as + formerly. It is our own pleasure we seek when we recognise and + maintain the extent of his power. When the Quietists <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page281">[pg 281]</span><a name="Pg281" id="Pg281" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> no longer felt their Christian faith as + a burden, and experienced their delight only in God, they took the + motto: <span class="tei tei-q">“Do all to the glory of God.”</span> + Whatever they performed henceforth in this sense was no longer a + sacrifice, it was as much as to say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Everything for the sake of our pleasure.”</span> To + demand that duty should be always rather burdensome, as Kant does, + is to demand that it shall never develop into a habit or custom. + There is a small residue of ascetic cruelty in this demand.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">340.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Appearances are + against the Historian.</span></span>—It is a sufficiently + demonstrated fact that human beings come from the womb; + nevertheless when children grow up and stand by the side of their + mother this hypothesis appears very absurd—all appearances are + against it.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">341.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Advantage + of Ignorance.</span></span>—Some one has said that in his childhood + he experienced such a contempt for the caprices and whims of a + melancholy temperament that, until he had grown up and had become a + middle-aged man, he did not know what his own temperament was like: + it was precisely a melancholy temperament. He declared that this + was the best of all possible kinds of ignorance.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">342.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Do not be + deceived!</span></span>—Yes, he examined the matter from every side + and you think him to be a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page282">[pg + 282]</span><a name="Pg282" id="Pg282" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + man of profound knowledge. But he only wishes to lower the price—he + wants to buy it!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">343.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Moral + Pretence.</span></span>—You refuse to be dissatisfied with + yourselves or to suffer from yourselves, and this you call your + moral tendency! Very well; another may perhaps call it your + cowardice! One thing, however, is certain, and that is that you + will never take a trip round the world (and you yourselves are this + world), and you will always remain in yourselves an accident and a + clod on the face of the earth! Do you fancy that we who hold + different views from you are merely exposing ourselves out of pure + folly to the journey through our own deserts, swamps, and glaciers, + and that we are voluntarily choosing grief and disgust with + ourselves, like the Stylites?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">344.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Subtlety in + Mistakes.</span></span>—If Homer, as they say, sometimes nodded, he + was wiser than all the artists of sleepless ambition. We must allow + admirers to stop for a time and take breath by letting them find + fault now and then; for nobody can bear an uninterruptedly + brilliant and untiring excellence—and instead of doing good such a + master would merely become a taskmaster, whom we hate while he + precedes us.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">345.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Our Happiness + is not an Argument either Pro or Con.</span></span>—Many men are + only capable <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page283">[pg + 283]</span><a name="Pg283" id="Pg283" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of a small share of happiness: and it is not an argument against + their wisdom if this wisdom is unable to afford them a greater + degree of happiness, any more than it is an argument against + medical skill that many people are incurable, and others always + ailing. May every one have the good fortune to discover the + conception of existence which will enable him to realise <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">his</span></em> + greatest share of happiness! though this will not necessarily + prevent his life from being miserable and not worth envying.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">346.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Enemies of + Women.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Woman is our + enemy”</span>—The man who speaks to men in this way exhibits an + unbridled lust which not only hates itself but also its means.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">347.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The School of + the Orator.</span></span>—When a man has kept silence for a whole + year he learns to stop chattering, and to discourse instead. The + Pythagoreans were the best statesmen of their age.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">348.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Feeling of + Power.</span></span>—Note the distinction: the man who wishes to + acquire the feeling of power seizes upon any means, and looks upon + nothing as too petty which can foster this feeling. He who already + possesses power, however, has grown fastidious and refined in his + tastes; few things can be found to satisfy him.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page284">[pg 284]</span><a name= + "Pg284" id="Pg284" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">349.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not so very + Important.</span></span>—When we are present at a death-bed there + regularly arises in us a thought that we immediately suppress from + a false sense of propriety: the thought that the act of dying is + less important than the customary veneration of it would wish us to + believe, and that the dying man has probably lost in his life + things which were more important than he is now about to lose by + his death. In this case the end is certainly not the goal.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">350.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The best way to + Promise.</span></span>—When a man makes a promise it is not merely + the word that promises, but what lies unexpressed behind the word. + Words indeed weaken a promise by discharging and using up a power + which forms part of that power which promises. Therefore shake + hands when making a promise, but put your finger on your lips—in + this way you will make the safest promises.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">351.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Generally + Misunderstood.</span></span>—In conversation we sometimes observe + people endeavouring to set a trap in which to catch others—not out + of evil-mindedness, as one might suppose, but from delight in their + own shrewdness. Others again prepare a joke so that some one else + may utter it, they tie the knot so that others may undo it: not + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page285">[pg 285]</span><a name= + "Pg285" id="Pg285" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> out of goodwill, as + might be supposed, but from wickedness, and their contempt for + coarse intellects.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">352.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Centre.</span></span>—The feeling, + <span class="tei tei-q">“I am the centre of the world,”</span> + forcibly comes to us when we are unexpectedly overtaken by + disgrace: we then feel as if we were standing dazed in the midst of + a surge, and dazzled by the glance of one enormous eye which gazes + down upon us from all sides and looks us through and through.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">353.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Freedom of + Speech.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“The truth must be + told, even if the world should be shivered in fragments”</span>—so + cries the eminent and grandiloquent Fichte.—Yes, certainly; but we + must have it first.—What he really means, however, is that each man + should speak his mind, even if everything were to be turned upside + down. This point, however, is open to dispute.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">354.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Courage for + Suffering.</span></span>—Such as we now are, we are capable of + bearing a tolerable amount of displeasure, and our stomach is + suited to such indigestible food. If we were deprived of it, + indeed, we should perhaps think the banquet of life insipid; and if + it were not for our willingness to suffer pain we should have to + let too many pleasures escape us!</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page286">[pg 286]</span><a name= + "Pg286" id="Pg286" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">355.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Admirers.</span></span>—The man who + admires up to the point that he would be ready to crucify any one + who did not admire, must be reckoned among the executioners of his + party—beware of shaking hands with him, even when he belongs to + your own side.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">356.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Effect of + Happiness.</span></span>—The first effect of happiness is the + feeling of power, and this feeling longs to manifest itself, + whether towards ourselves or other men, or towards ideas and + imaginary beings. Its most common modes of manifestation are making + presents, derision, and destruction—all three being due to a common + fundamental instinct.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">357.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moral + Mosquitoes.</span></span>—Those moralists who are lacking in the + love of knowledge, and who are only acquainted with the pleasure of + giving pain, have the spirit and tediousness of provincials. Their + pastime, as cruel as it is lamentable, is to observe their + neighbour with the greatest possible closeness, and, unperceived, + to place a pin in such position that he cannot help pricking + himself with it. Such men have preserved something of the + wickedness of schoolboys, who cannot amuse themselves without + hunting and torturing either the living or the dead.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page287">[pg 287]</span><a name= + "Pg287" id="Pg287" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">358.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Reasons and + their Unreason.</span></span>—You feel a dislike for him, and + adduce innumerable reasons for this dislike, but I only believe in + your dislike and not in your reasons! You flatter yourself by + adducing as a rational conclusion, both to yourself and to me, that + which happens to be merely a matter of instinct.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">359.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Approving of + Something.</span></span>—We approve of marriage in the first place + because we are not yet acquainted with it, in the second place + because we have accustomed ourselves to it, and in the third place + because we have contracted it—that is to say, in most cases. And + yet nothing has been proved thereby in favour of the value of + marriage in general.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">360.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">No + Utilitarians.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Power which + has greatly suffered both in deed and in thought is better than + powerlessness which only meets with kind treatment”</span>—such was + the Greek way of thinking. In other words, the feeling of power was + prized more highly by them than any mere utility or fair + renown.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">361.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ugly in + Appearance.</span></span>—Moderation appears to itself to be quite + beautiful: it is unaware of the fact that in the eyes of the + immoderate it seems coarse and insipid, and consequently ugly.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page288">[pg 288]</span><a name= + "Pg288" id="Pg288" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">362.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Different in + Their Hatred.</span></span>—There are men who do not begin to hate + until they feel weak and tired: in other respects they are + fair-minded and superior. Others only begin to hate when they see + an opportunity for revenge: in other respects they carefully avoid + both secret and open wrath, and overlook it whenever there is any + occasion for it.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">363.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Men of + Chance.</span></span>—It is pure hazard which plays the essential + part in every invention, but most men do not meet with this + hazard.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">364.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Choice of + Environment.</span></span>—We should beware of living in an + environment where we are neither able to maintain a dignified + silence nor to express our loftier thoughts, so that only our + complaints and needs and the whole story of our misery are left to + be told. We thus become dissatisfied with ourselves and with our + surroundings, and to the discomfort which brings about our + complaints we add the vexation which we feel at always being in the + position of grumblers. But we should, on the contrary, live in a + place where we should be ashamed to speak of ourselves and where it + would not be necessary to do so.—Who, however, thinks of such + things, or of the choice in such things? We talk about our + <span class="tei tei-q">“fate,”</span> brace up our shoulders, and + sigh, <span class="tei tei-q">“Unfortunate Atlas that I + am!”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page289">[pg 289]</span><a name= + "Pg289" id="Pg289" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">365.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Vanity.</span></span>—Vanity is the + dread of appearing to be original. Hence it is a lack of pride, but + not necessarily a lack of originality.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">366.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Criminal's + Grief.</span></span>—The criminal who has been found out does not + suffer because of the crime he has committed, but because of the + shame and annoyance caused him either by some blunder which he has + made or by being deprived of his habitual element; and keen + discernment is necessary to distinguish such cases. Every one who + has had much experience of prisons and reformatories is astonished + at the rare instances of really genuine <span class= + "tei tei-q">“remorse,”</span> and still more so at the longing + shown to return to the old wicked and beloved crime.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">367.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Always + appearing Happy.</span></span>—When, in the Greece of the third + century, philosophy had become a matter of public emulation, there + were not a few philosophers who became happy through the thought + that others who lived according to different principles, and + suffered from them, could not but feel envious of their happiness. + They thought they could refute these other people with their + happiness better than anything else, and to achieve this object + they were content to appear to be always happy; but, following this + practice, they <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page290">[pg + 290]</span><a name="Pg290" id="Pg290" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + were obliged to become happy in the long run! This, for example, + was the case of the cynics.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">368.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Cause of + much Misunderstanding.</span></span>—The morality of increasing + nervous force is joyful and restless; the morality of diminishing + nervous force, towards evening, or in invalids and old people, is + passive, calm, patient, and melancholy, and not rarely even gloomy. + In accordance with what we may possess of one or other of these + moralities, we do not understand that which we lack, and we often + interpret it in others as immorality and weakness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">369.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Raising one's + self above one's own Lowness.</span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Proud”</span> fellows they are indeed, those who, in + order to establish a sense of their own dignity and importance, + stand in need of other people whom they may tyrannise and + oppress—those whose powerlessness and cowardice permits some one to + make sublime and furious gestures in their presence with impunity, + so that they require the baseness of their surroundings to raise + themselves for one short moment above their own baseness!—For this + purpose one man requires a dog, another a friend, a third a wife, a + fourth a party, a fifth, again, one very rarely to be met with, a + whole age.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">370.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To what extent + the Thinker loves his Enemy.</span></span>—Make it a rule never to + withhold or conceal <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page291">[pg + 291]</span><a name="Pg291" id="Pg291" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + from yourself anything that may be thought against your own + thoughts. Vow it! This is the essential requirement of honest + thinking. You must undertake such a campaign against yourself every + day. A victory and a conquered position are no longer your concern, + but that of truth—and your defeat also is no longer your + concern!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">371.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Evil of + Strength.</span></span>—Violence as the outcome of passion, for + example, of rage, must be understood from the physiological point + of view as an attempt to avoid an imminent fit of suffocation. + Innumerable acts arising from animal spirits and vented upon others + are simply outlets for getting rid of sudden congestion by a + violent muscular exertion: and perhaps the entire <span class= + "tei tei-q">“evil of strength”</span> must be considered from this + point of view. (This evil of strength wounds others + unintentionally—it must find an outlet somewhere; while the evil of + weakness wishes to wound and to see signs of suffering.)</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">372.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To the Credit + of the Connoisseur.</span></span>—As soon as some one who is no + connoisseur begins to pose as a judge we should remonstrate, + whether it is a male or female whipper-snapper. Enthusiasm or + delight in a thing or a human being is not an argument; neither is + repugnance or hatred.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page292">[pg 292]</span><a name= + "Pg292" id="Pg292" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">373.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Treacherous + Blame.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“He has no knowledge + of men”</span> means in the mouth of some <span class= + "tei tei-q">“He does not know what baseness is”</span>; and in the + mouths of others, <span class="tei tei-q">“He does not know the + exception and knows only too well what baseness means.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">374.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Value of + Sacrifice.</span></span>—The more the rights of states and princes + are questioned as to their right to sacrifice the individual (for + example, in the administration of justice, conscription, etc.), the + more will the value of self-sacrifice rise.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">375.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Speaking too + distinctly.</span></span>—There are several reasons why we + articulate our words too distinctly: in the first place, from + distrust of ourselves when using a new and unpractised language; + secondly, when we distrust others on account of their stupidity or + their slowness of comprehension. The same remark applies to + intellectual matters: our communications are sometimes too + distinct, too painful, because if it were otherwise those to whom + we communicate our ideas would not understand us. Consequently the + perfect and easy style is only permissible when addressing a + perfect audience.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">376.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Plenty of + Sleep.</span></span>—What can we do to arouse ourselves when we are + weary and tired of our ego? <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page293">[pg 293]</span><a name="Pg293" id="Pg293" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Some recommend the gambling table, others + Christianity, and others again electricity. But the best remedy, my + dear hypochondriac, is, and always will be, plenty of sleep in both + the literal and figurative sense of the word. Thus another morning + will at length dawn upon us. The knack of worldly wisdom is to find + the proper time for applying this remedy in both its forms.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">377.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">What we may + conclude from fantastic Ideals.</span></span>—Where our + deficiencies are, there also is our enthusiasm. The enthusiastic + principle <span class="tei tei-q">“love your enemies”</span> had to + be invented by the Jews, the best haters that ever existed; and the + finest glorifications of chastity have been written by those who in + their youth led dissolute and licentious lives.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">378.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clean Hands and + clean Walls.</span></span>—Do not paint the picture either of God + or the devil on your walls: for in so doing you will spoil your + walls as well as your surroundings.<a id="noteref_11" name= + "noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">379.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Probable and + Improbable.</span></span>—A woman secretly loved a man, raised him + far above her, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page294">[pg + 294]</span><a name="Pg294" id="Pg294" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + said to herself hundreds of times in her inmost heart, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“If a man like that were to love me, I should look upon + it as a condescension before which I should have to humble myself + in the dust.”</span>—And the man entertained the same feelings + towards the woman, and in his inmost heart he felt the very same + thought. When at last both their tongues were loosened, and they + had communicated their most secret thoughts to one another, a deep + and meditative silence ensued. Then the woman said in a cold voice: + <span class="tei tei-q">“The thing is quite clear! We are neither + of us that which we loved! If you are what you say you are, and + nothing more, then I have humbled myself in vain and loved you; the + demon misled me as well as you.”</span> This very probable story + never happens—and why doesn't it?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">380.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tested + Advice.</span></span>—Of all the means of consolation there is none + so efficacious for him who has need of it as the declaration that + in his case no consolation can be given. This implies such a + distinction that the afflicted person will at once raise his head + again.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">381.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Knowing + one's</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Individuality</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">.</span></span>—We too often forget that + in the eyes of strangers who see us for the first time we are quite + different beings from what we consider ourselves to be—in most + cases we exhibit nothing more than one particular characteristic + which catches the eye of the stranger, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page295">[pg 295]</span><a name="Pg295" id="Pg295" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and determines the impression we make on him. + Thus the most peaceful and fair-minded man, if only he has a big + moustache, may, as it were, repose in the shade of this moustache; + for ordinary eyes will merely see in him the accessory of a big + moustache, that is to say, a military, irascible, and occasionally + violent character, and will act accordingly.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">382.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gardeners and + Gardens.</span></span>—Wet dreary days, loneliness, and unkind + words give rise within us to conclusions like fungi; some morning + we find that they have grown up in front of us we know not whence, + and there they scowl at us, sullen and morose. Woe to the thinker + who instead of being the gardener of his plants, is merely the soil + from which they spring.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">383.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Comedy of + Pity.</span></span>—However much we may feel for an unhappy friend + of ours, we always act with a certain amount of insincerity in his + presence: we refrain from telling him everything we think, and how + we think it, with all the circumspection of a doctor standing by + the bedside of a patient who is seriously ill.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">384.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Curious + Saints.</span></span>—There are pusillanimous people who have a bad + opinion of everything that <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page296">[pg 296]</span><a name="Pg296" id="Pg296" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> is best in their works, and who at the same + time interpret and comment upon them badly: but also, by a kind of + revenge, they entertain a bad opinion of the sympathy of others, + and do not believe in sympathy at all; they are ashamed to appear + to be carried away from themselves, and feel a defiant comfort in + appearing or becoming ridiculous.—States of soul like these are to + be found in melancholy artists.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">385.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vain + People.</span></span>—We are like shop-windows, where we ourselves + are constantly arranging, concealing, or setting in the foreground + those supposed qualities which others attribute to us—in order to + deceive <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ourselves</span></em>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">386.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pathetic and + Naïve.</span></span>—It may be a very vulgar habit to let no + opportunity slip of assuming a pathetic air for the sake of the + enjoyment to be experienced in imagining the spectator striking his + breast and feeling himself to be small and miserable. Consequently + it may also be the indication of a noble mind to make fun of + pathetic situations, and to behave in an undignified manner in + them. The old, warlike nobility of France possessed that kind of + distinction and delicacy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">387.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Reflection + before Marriage.</span></span>—Supposing she loved me, what a + burden she would be to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page297">[pg + 297]</span><a name="Pg297" id="Pg297" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + me in the long run! and supposing that she did not love me, what a + much greater burden she would be to me in the long run! We have to + choose between two different kinds of burdens; therefore let us + marry.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">388.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rascality with + a good Conscience.</span></span>—It is exceedingly annoying to be + cheated in small bargains in certain countries,—in the Tyrol, for + example,—because, in addition to the bad bargain, we are compelled + to accept the evil countenance and coarse greediness of the man who + has cheated us, together with his bad conscience and his hostile + feeling against us. At Venice, on the other hand, the cheater is + highly delighted at his successful fraud, and is not in the least + angry with the man he has cheated—nay, he is even inclined to show + him some kindness, and above all to have a hearty laugh with him if + he likes.—In short, one must possess wit and a good conscience in + order to be a knave, and this will almost reconcile the cheated one + with the cheat.<a id="noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href= + "#note_12"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">389.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rather too + Awkward.</span></span>—Good people who are too awkward to be polite + and amiable promptly endeavour to return an act of politeness by an + important service, or by a contribution beyond their power. It is + touching to see them timidly producing <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page298">[pg 298]</span><a name="Pg298" id="Pg298" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> their gold coins when others have offered + them their gilded coppers!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">390.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hiding one's + Intelligence.</span></span>—When we surprise some one in the act of + hiding his intelligence from us we call him evil: the more so if we + suspect that it is his civility and benevolence which have induced + him to do so.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">391.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Evil + Moment.</span></span>—Lively dispositions only lie for a moment: + after this they have deceived themselves, and are convinced and + honest.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">392.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Condition + of Politeness.</span></span>—Politeness is a very good thing, and + really one of the four chief virtues (although the last), but in + order that it may not result in our becoming tiresome to one + another the person with whom I have to deal must be either one + degree more or less polite than I—otherwise we should never get on, + and the ointment would not only anoint us, but would cement us + together.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">393.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dangerous + Virtues.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“He forgets nothing, + but forgives everything”</span>—wherefore he shall be doubly + detested, for he causes us double shame by his memory and his + magnanimity.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page299">[pg 299]</span><a name= + "Pg299" id="Pg299" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">394.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Without + Vanity.</span></span>—Passionate people think little of what others + may think; their state of mind raises them above vanity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">395.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Contemplation.</span></span>—In some + thinkers the contemplative state peculiar to a thinker is always + the consequence of a state of fear, in others always of desire. In + the former, contemplation thus seems allied to the feeling of + security, in the latter to the feeling of surfeit—in other words, + the former are spirited in their mood, the latter over-satiated and + neutral.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">396.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Hunting.</span></span>—The one is + hunting for agreeable truths, the other for disagreeable ones. But + even the former takes greater pleasure in the hunt than in the + booty.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">397.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Education.</span></span>—Education is a + continuation of procreation, and very often a kind of supplementary + varnishing of it.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">398.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How to + recognise the Choleric.</span></span>—Of two persons who are + struggling together, or who love and admire one another, the more + choleric will always be at a disadvantage. The same remark applies + to two nations.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page300">[pg 300]</span><a name= + "Pg300" id="Pg300" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">399.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Self-Excuse.</span></span>—Many men have + the best possible right to act in this or that way; but as soon as + they begin to excuse their actions we no longer believe that they + are right—and we are mistaken.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">400.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moral + Pampering.</span></span>—There are tender, moral natures who are + ashamed of all their successes and feel remorse after every + failure.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">401.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dangerous + Unlearning.</span></span>—We begin by unlearning to love others, + and end by finding nothing lovable in ourselves.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">402.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Another form of + Toleration.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“To remain a + minute too long on red-hot coals and to be burnt a little does no + harm either to men or to chestnuts. The slight bitterness and + hardness makes the kernel all the sweeter.”</span>—Yes, this is + your opinion, you who enjoy the taste! You sublime cannibals!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">403.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Different + Pride.</span></span>—Women turn pale at the thought that their + lover may not be worthy of them; Men turn pale at the thought that + they may not <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page301">[pg + 301]</span><a name="Pg301" id="Pg301" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + be worthy of the women they love. I speak of perfect women, perfect + men. Such men, who are self-reliant and conscious of power at + ordinary times, grow diffident and doubtful of themselves when + under the influence of a strong passion. Such women, on the other + hand, though always looking upon themselves as the weak and devoted + sex, become proud and conscious of their power in the great + exception of passion,—they ask: <span class="tei tei-q">“Who then + is worthy of me?”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">404.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">When we seldom + do Justice.</span></span>—Certain men are unable to feel enthusiasm + for a great and good cause without committing a great injustice in + some other quarter: this is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">their</span></em> kind of morality.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">405.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Luxury.</span></span>—The love of luxury + is rooted in the depths of a man's heart: it shows that the + superfluous and immoderate is the sea wherein his soul prefers to + float.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">406.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To + Immortalise.</span></span>—Let him who wishes to kill his opponent + first consider whether by doing so he will not immortalise him in + himself.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">407.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against our + Character.</span></span>—If the truth which we have to utter goes + against our character—as <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page302">[pg + 302]</span><a name="Pg302" id="Pg302" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + very often happens—we behave as if we had uttered a clumsy + falsehood, and thus rouse suspicion.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">408.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Where a great + deal of Gentleness is Needed.</span></span>—Many natures have only + the choice of being either public evil-doers or secret + sorrow-bearers.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">409.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Illness.</span></span>—Among illness are + to be reckoned the premature approach of old age, ugliness, and + pessimistic opinions—three things that always go together.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">410.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Timid + People.</span></span>—It is the awkward and timid people who easily + become murderers: they do not understand slight but sufficient + means of defence or revenge, and their hatred, owing to their lack + of intelligence and presence of mind, can conceive of no other + expedient than destruction.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">411.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Without + Hatred.</span></span>—You wish to bid farewell to your passion? + Very well, but do so without hatred against it! Otherwise you have + a second passion.—The soul of the Christian who has freed himself + from sin is generally ruined afterwards by the hatred for sin. Just + look at the faces of the great Christians! they are the faces of + great haters.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page303">[pg 303]</span><a name= + "Pg303" id="Pg303" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">412.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ingenious and + Narrow-Minded.</span></span>—He can appreciate nothing beyond + himself, and when he wishes to appreciate other people he must + always begin by transforming them into himself. In this, however, + he is ingenious.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">413.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Private and + Public Accusers.</span></span>—Watch closely the accuser and + inquirer,—for he reveals his true character; and it is not rare for + this to be a worse character than that of the victim whose crime he + is investigating. The accuser believes in all innocence that the + opponent of a crime and criminal must be by nature of good + character, or at least must appear as such—and this is why he lets + himself go, that is to say, he drops his mask.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">414.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Voluntary + Blindness.</span></span>—There is a kind of enthusiastic and + extreme devotion to a person or a party which reveals that in our + inmost hearts we feel ourselves superior to this person or party, + and for this reason we feel indignant with ourselves. We blind + ourselves, as it were, of our own free will to punish our eyes for + having seen too much.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">415.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Remedium + Amoris.</span></span></span>—That old radical remedy for love is + now in most cases as effective as it always was: love in + return.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page304">[pg 304]</span><a name= + "Pg304" id="Pg304" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">416.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Where is our + worst Enemy?</span></span>—He who can look after his own affairs + well, and knows that he can do so, is as a rule conciliatory + towards his adversary. But to believe that we have right on our + side, and to know that we are incapable of defending it—this gives + rise to a fierce and implacable hatred against the opponent of our + cause. Let every one judge accordingly where his worst enemies are + to be sought.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">417.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Limits of + all Humility.</span></span>—Many men may certainly have attained + that humility which says <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">credo quia absurdum + est</span></span>, and sacrifices its reason; but, so far as I + know, not one has attained to that humility which after all is only + one step further, and which says <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">creda quia absurdus sum</span></span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">418.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Acting the + Truth.</span></span>—Many a man is truthful, not because he would + be ashamed to exhibit hypocritical feelings, but because he would + not succeed very well in inducing others to believe in his + hypocrisy. In a word, he has no confidence in his talent as an + actor, and therefore prefers honestly to act the truth.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">419.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Courage in a + Party.</span></span>—The poor sheep say to their bell-wether: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Only lead us, and we shall never + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page305">[pg 305]</span><a name= + "Pg305" id="Pg305" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> lack courage to + follow you.”</span> But the poor bell-wether thinks in his heart: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Only follow me, and I shall never lack + courage to lead you.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">420.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cunning of the + Victim.</span></span>—What a sad cunning there is in the wish to + deceive ourselves with respect to the person for whom we have + sacrificed ourselves, when we give him an opportunity in which he + must appear to us as we should wish him to be!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">421.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Through + Others.</span></span>—There are men who do not wish to be seen + except through the eyes of others: a wish which implies a great + deal of wisdom.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">422.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Making Others + Happy.</span></span>—Why is the fact of our making others happy + more gratifying to us than all other pleasures?—Because in so doing + we gratify fifty cravings at one time. Taken separately they would, + perhaps, be very small pleasures; but when put into one hand, that + hand will be fuller than ever before—and the heart also.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page307">[pg 307]</span><a name= + "Pg307" id="Pg307" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> <a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Book V.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">423.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">In the Great + Silence.</span></span>—Here is the sea, here may we forget the + town. It is true that its bells are still ringing the Angelus—that + solemn and foolish yet sweet sound at the junction between day and + night,—but one moment more! now all is silent. Yonder lies the + ocean, pale and brilliant; it cannot speak. The sky is glistening + with its eternal mute evening hues, red, yellow, and green: it + cannot speak. The small cliffs and rocks which stretch out into the + sea as if each one of them were endeavouring to find the loneliest + spot—they too are dumb. Beautiful and awful indeed is this vast + silence, which so suddenly overcomes us and makes our heart + swell.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Alas! what + deceit lies in this dumb beauty! How well could it speak, and how + evilly, too, if it wished! Its tongue, tied up and fastened, and + its face of suffering happiness—all this is but malice, mocking at + your sympathy: be it so! I do not feel ashamed to be the plaything + of such powers! but I pity thee, oh nature, because thou must be + silent, even though it be only malice that binds thy tongue: nay, I + pity thee for the sake of thy malice!</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page308">[pg 308]</span><a name="Pg308" id="Pg308" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Alas! the + silence deepens, and once again my heart swells within me: it is + startled by a fresh truth—it, too, is dumb; it likewise sneers when + the mouth calls out something to this beauty; it also enjoys the + sweet malice of its silence. I come to hate speaking; yea, even + thinking. Behind every word I utter do I not hear the laughter of + error, imagination, and insanity? Must I not laugh at my pity and + mock my own mockery? Oh sea, oh evening, ye are bad teachers! Ye + teach man how to cease to be a man. Is he to give himself up to + you? Shall he become as you now are, pale, brilliant, dumb, + immense, reposing calmly upon himself?—exalted above himself?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">424.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">For whom the + Truth Exists.</span></span>—Up to the present time errors have been + the power most fruitful in consolations: we now expect the same + effects from accepted truths, and we have been waiting rather too + long for them. What if these truths could not give us this + consolation we are looking for? Would that be an argument against + them? What have these truths in common with the sick condition of + suffering and degenerate men that they should be useful to them? It + is, of course, no proof against the truth of a plant when it is + clearly established that it does not contribute in any way to the + recovery of sick people. Formerly, however, people were so + convinced that man was the ultimate end of nature that they + believed that knowledge could reveal nothing that was not + beneficial and useful to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page309">[pg + 309]</span><a name="Pg309" id="Pg309" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + man—nay, there could not, should not be, any other things in + existence.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Perhaps all this + leads to the conclusion that truth as an entity and a coherent + whole exists only for those natures who, like Aristotle, are at + once powerful and harmless, joyous and peaceful: just as none but + these would be in a position to seek such truths; for the others + seek remedies for themselves—however proud they may be of their + intellect and its freedom, they do not seek truth. Hence it comes + about that these others take no real joy in science, but reproach + it for its coldness, dryness, and inhumanity. This is the judgment + of sick people about the games of the healthy.—Even the Greek gods + were unable to administer consolation; and when at length the + entire Greek world fell ill, this was a reason for the destruction + of such gods.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">425.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">We Gods in + Exile.</span></span>—Owing to errors regarding their descent, their + uniqueness, their mission, and by claims based upon these errors, + men have again and again <span class="tei tei-q">“surpassed + themselves”</span>; but through these same errors the world has + been filled with unspeakable suffering, mutual persecution, + suspicion, misunderstanding, and an even greater amount of + individual misery. Men have become suffering creatures in + consequence of their morals, and the sum-total of what they have + obtained by those morals is simply the feeling that they are far + too good and great for this world, and that they are enjoying + merely a transitory existence on it. As <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page310">[pg 310]</span><a name="Pg310" id="Pg310" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> yet the <span class="tei tei-q">“proud + sufferer”</span> is the highest type of mankind.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">426.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Colour-Blindness of Thinkers.</span></span>—How differently from us + the Greeks must have viewed nature, since, as we cannot help + admitting, they were quite colour-blind in regard to blue and + green, believing the former to be a deeper brown, and the latter to + be yellow. Thus, for instance, they used the same word to describe + the colour of dark hair, of the corn-flower, and the southern sea; + and again they employed exactly the same expression for the colour + of the greenest herbs, the human skin, honey, and yellow raisins: + whence it follows that their greatest painters reproduced the world + they lived in only in black, white, red, and yellow. How different + and how much nearer to mankind, therefore, must nature have seemed + to them, since in their eyes the tints of mankind predominated also + in nature, and nature was, as it were, floating in the coloured + ether of humanity! (blue and green more than anything else + dehumanise nature). It is this defect which developed the playful + facility that characterised the Greeks of seeing the phenomena of + nature as gods and demi-gods—that is to say, as human forms.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Let this, + however, merely serve as a simile for another supposition. Every + thinker paints his world and the things that surround him in fewer + colours than really exist, and he is blind to individual colours. + This is something more than a mere deficiency. Thanks to this + nearer approach and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page311">[pg + 311]</span><a name="Pg311" id="Pg311" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + simplification, he imagines he sees in things those harmonies of + colours which possess a great charm, and may greatly enrich nature. + Perhaps, indeed, it was in this way that men first learnt to take + delight in viewing existence, owing to its being first of all + presented to them in one or two shades, and consequently + harmonised. They practised these few shades, so to speak, before + they could pass on to any more. And even now certain individuals + endeavour to get rid of a partial colour-blindness that they may + obtain a richer faculty of sight and discernment, in the course of + which they find that they not only discover new pleasures, but are + also obliged to lose and give up some of their former ones.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">427.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Embellishment of Science.</span></span>—In the same way that the + feeling that <span class="tei tei-q">“nature is ugly, wild, + tedious—we must embellish it (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">embellir la + nature</span></span>)”</span>—brought about rococo horticulture, so + does the view that <span class="tei tei-q">“science is ugly, + difficult, dry, dreary and weary, we must embellish it,”</span> + invariably gives rise to something called philosophy. This + philosophy sets out to do what all art and poetry endeavour to do, + viz., giving amusement above all else; but it wishes to do this, in + conformity with its hereditary pride, in a higher and more sublime + fashion before an audience of superior intellects. It is no small + ambition to create for these intellects a kind of horticulture, the + principal charm of which—like that of the usual gardening—is to + bring about an optical illusion (by means of temples, perspective, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page312">[pg 312]</span><a name= + "Pg312" id="Pg312" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> grottos, winding + walks, and waterfalls, to speak in similes), exhibiting science in + a condensed form and in all kinds of strange and unexpected + illuminations, infusing into it as much indecision, irrationality, + and dreaminess as will enable us to walk about in it <span class= + "tei tei-q">“as in savage nature,”</span> but without trouble and + boredom.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Those who are + possessed of this ambition even dream of making religion + superfluous—religion, which among men of former times served as the + highest kind of entertainment. All this is now running its course, + and will one day attain its highest tide. Even now hostile voices + are being raised against philosophy, exclaiming: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Return to science, to nature, and the naturalness of + science!”</span> and thus an age may begin which may discover the + most powerful beauty precisely in the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“savage and ugly”</span> domains of science, just as it + is only since the time of Rousseau that we have discovered the + sense for the beauty of high mountains and deserts.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">428.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Two Kinds of + Moralists.</span></span>—To see a law of nature for the first time, + and to see it whole (for example, the law of gravity or the + reflection of light and sound), and afterwards to explain such a + law, are two different things and concern different classes of + minds. In the same way, those moralists who observe and exhibit + human laws and habits—moralists with discriminating ears, noses, + and eyes—differ entirely from those who interpret their + observations. These latter must above all be inventive, and + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page313">[pg 313]</span><a name= + "Pg313" id="Pg313" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> must possess an + imagination untrammelled by sagacity and knowledge.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">429.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The new + Passion.</span></span>—Why do we fear and dread a possible return + to barbarism? Is it because it would make people less happy than + they are now? Certainly not! the barbarians of all ages possessed + more happiness than we do: let us not deceive ourselves on this + point!—but our impulse towards knowledge is too widely developed to + allow us to value happiness without knowledge, or the happiness of + a strong and fixed delusion: it is painful to us even to imagine + such a state of things! Our restless pursuit of discoveries and + divinations has become for us as attractive and indispensable as + hapless love to the lover, which on no account would he exchange + for indifference,—nay, perhaps we, too, are hapless lovers! + Knowledge within us has developed into a passion, which does not + shrink from any sacrifice, and at bottom fears nothing but its own + extinction. We sincerely believe that all humanity, weighed down as + it is by the burden of this passion, are bound to feel more exalted + and comforted than formerly, when they had not yet overcome the + longing for the coarser satisfaction which accompanies + barbarism.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It may be that + mankind may perish eventually from this passion for knowledge!—but + even that does not daunt us. Did Christianity ever shrink from a + similar thought? Are not love and death brother and sister? Yes, we + detest barbarism,—we <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page314">[pg + 314]</span><a name="Pg314" id="Pg314" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + all prefer that humanity should perish rather than that knowledge + should enter into a stage of retrogression. And, finally, if + mankind does not perish through some passion it will perish through + some weakness: which would we prefer? This is the main question. Do + we wish its end to be in fire and light, or in the sands?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">430.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Likewise + Heroic.</span></span>—To do things of the worst possible odour, + things of which we scarcely dare to speak, but which are + nevertheless useful and necessary, is also heroic. The Greeks were + not ashamed of numbering even the cleansing of a stable among the + great tasks of Hercules.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">431.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Opinions of + Opponents.</span></span>—In order to measure the natural subtlety + or weakness of even the cleverest heads, we must consider the + manner in which they take up and reproduce the opinions of their + adversaries, for the natural measure of any intellect is thereby + revealed. The perfect sage involuntarily idealises his opponent and + frees his inconsistencies from all defects and accidentalities: he + only takes up arms against him when he has thus turned his opponent + into a god with shining weapons.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">432.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Investigator + and Attempter.</span></span>—There is no exclusive method of + knowing in science. We must <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page315">[pg 315]</span><a name="Pg315" id="Pg315" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> deal with things tentatively, treating them + by turns harshly or justly, passionately or coldly. One + investigator deals with things like a policeman, another like a + confessor, and yet a third like an inquisitive traveller. We force + something from them now by sympathy and now by violence: the one is + urged onward and led to see clearly by the veneration which the + secrets of the things inspire in him, and the other again by the + indiscretion and malice met with in the explanation of these + secrets. We investigators, like all conquerors, explorers, + navigators, and adventurers, are men of a daring morality, and we + must put up with our liability to be in the main looked upon as + evil.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">433.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Seeing with new + Eyes.</span></span>—Presuming that by the term <span class= + "tei tei-q">“beauty in art”</span> is always implied the imitation + of something that is happy—and this I consider to be true—according + as an age or a people or a great autocratic individuality + represents happiness: what then is disclosed by the so-called + realism of our modern artists in regard to the happiness of our + epoch? It is undoubtedly its type of beauty which we now understand + most easily and enjoy best of any. As a consequence, we are induced + to believe that this happiness which is now peculiar to us is based + on realism, on the sharpest possible senses, and on the true + conception of the actual—that is to say, not upon reality, but upon + what we know of reality. The results of science have already gained + so much in depth and extent that the artists of our century have + involuntarily <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page316">[pg + 316]</span><a name="Pg316" id="Pg316" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + become the glorifiers of scientific <span class= + "tei tei-q">“blessings”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">per + se</span></span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">434.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Intercession.</span></span>—Unpretentious + regions are subjects for great landscape painters; remarkable and + rare regions for inferior painters: for the great things of nature + and humanity must intercede in favour of their little, mediocre, + and vain admirers—whereas the great man intercedes in favour of + unassuming things.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">435.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not to perish + unnoticed.</span></span>—It is not only once but continuously that + our excellence and greatness are constantly crumbling away; the + weeds that grow among everything and cling to everything ruin all + that is great in us—the wretchedness of our surroundings, which we + always try to overlook and which is before our eyes at every hour + of the day, the innumerable little roots of mean and petty feelings + which we allow to grow up all about us, in our office, among our + companions, or our daily labours. If we permit these small weeds to + escape our notice we shall perish through them unnoticed!—And, if + you must perish, then do so immediately and suddenly; for in that + case you will perhaps leave proud ruins behind you! and not, as is + now to be feared, merely molehills, covered with grass and + weeds—these petty and miserable conquerors, as humble as ever, and + too wretched even to triumph.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page317">[pg 317]</span><a name= + "Pg317" id="Pg317" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">436.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Casuistic.</span></span>—We are + confronted with a very bitter and painful dilemma, for the solution + of which not every one's bravery and character are equal: when, as + passengers on board a steamer, we discover that the captain and the + helmsman are making dangerous mistakes, and that we are their + superiors in nautical science—and then we ask ourselves: + <span class="tei tei-q">“What would happen if we organised a mutiny + against them, and made them both prisoners? Is it not our duty to + do so in view of our superiority? and would not they in their turn + be justified in putting us in irons for encouraging + disobedience?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This is a simile + for higher and worse situations; and the final question to be + decided is, What guarantees our superiority and our faith in + ourselves in such a case? Success? but in order to do that we must + do the very thing in which all the danger lies—not only dangerous + for ourselves, but also for the ship.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">437.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Privileges.</span></span>—The man who + really owns himself, that is to say, he who has finally conquered + himself, regards it as his own right to punish, to pardon, or to + pity himself: he need not concede this privilege to any one, though + he may freely bestow it upon some one else—a friend, for + example—but he knows that in doing this he is conferring a right, + and that rights can only be conferred by one who is in full + possession of power.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page318">[pg 318]</span><a name= + "Pg318" id="Pg318" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">438.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Man and + Things.</span></span>—Why does the man not see the things? He + himself is in the way: he conceals the things.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">439.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Characteristics + of Happiness.</span></span>—There are two things common to all + sensations of happiness: a profusion of feelings, accompanied by + animal spirits, so that, like the fishes, we feel ourselves to be + in our element and play about in it. Good Christians will + understand what Christian exuberance means.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">440.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Never + Renounce.</span></span>—Renouncing the world without knowing it, + like a nun, results in a fruitless and perhaps melancholy solitude. + This has nothing in common with the solitude of the <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vita contemplativa</span></span> of the + thinker: when he chooses this form of solitude he wishes to + renounce nothing; but he would on the contrary regard it as a + renunciation, a melancholy destruction of his own self, if he were + obliged to continue in the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">vita + practica</span></span>. He forgoes this latter because he knows it, + because he knows himself. So he jumps into <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">his</span></em> + water, and thus gains <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">his</span></em> cheerfulness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">441.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Why the nearest + Things become ever more distant for Us.</span></span>—The more we + give up <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page319">[pg + 319]</span><a name="Pg319" id="Pg319" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + our minds to all that has been and will be, the paler will become + that which actually is. When we live with the dead and participate + in their death, what are our <span class= + "tei tei-q">“neighbours”</span> to us? We grow lonelier simply + because the entire flood of humanity is surging round about us. The + fire that burns within us, and glows for all that is human, is + continually increasing—and hence we look upon everything that + surrounds us as if it had become more indifferent, more + shadowy,—but our cold glance is offensive.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">442.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Rule.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“The rule always + appears to me to be more interesting than the + exception”</span>—whoever thinks thus has made considerable + progress in knowledge, and is one of the initiated.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">443.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">On + Education.</span></span>—I have gradually come to see daylight in + regard to the most general defect in our methods of education and + training: nobody learns, nobody teaches, nobody wishes, to endure + solitude.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">444.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Surprise at + Resistance.</span></span>—Because we have reached the point of + being able to see through a thing we believe that henceforth it can + offer us no further resistance—and then we are surprised to find + that we can see through it and yet cannot penetrate <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page320">[pg 320]</span><a name="Pg320" id="Pg320" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> through it. This is the same kind of + foolishness and surprise as that of the fly on a pane of glass.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">445.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Where the + Noblest are Mistaken.</span></span>—We give some one at length our + dearest and most valued possession, and then love has nothing more + to give: but the recipient of the gift will certainly not consider + it as his dearest possession, and will consequently be wanting in + that full and complete gratitude which we expect from him.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">446.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Hierarchy.</span></span>—First and + foremost, there are the superficial thinkers, and secondly the + profound thinkers—such as dive into the depths of a thing,—thirdly, + the thorough thinkers, who get to the bottom of a thing—which is of + much greater importance than merely diving into its depths,—and, + finally, those who leap head foremost into the marsh: though this + must not be looked upon as indicating either depth or thoroughness! + these are the lovers of obscurity.<a id="noteref_13" name= + "noteref_13" href="#note_13"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">447.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Master and + Pupil.</span></span>—By cautioning his pupils against himself the + teacher shows his humanity.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page321">[pg 321]</span><a name= + "Pg321" id="Pg321" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">448.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Honouring + Reality.</span></span>—How can we look at this exulting multitude + without tears and acquiescence? at one time we thought little of + the object of their exultation, and we should still think so if we + ourselves had not come through a similar experience. And what may + these experiences lead us to! what are our opinions! In order that + we may not lose ourselves and our reason we must fly from + experiences. It was thus that Plato fled from actuality, and wished + to contemplate things only in their pale mental concepts: he was + full of sensitiveness, and knew how easily the waves of this + sensitiveness would drown his reason.—Must the sage therefore say, + <span class="tei tei-q">“I will honour reality, but I will at the + same time turn my back to it because I know and dread it?”</span> + Ought he to behave as certain African tribes do in the presence of + their sovereign, whom they approach backwards, thus showing their + reverence at the same time as their dread?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">449.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Where are the + poor in Spirit?</span></span>—Oh, how greatly it goes against my + grain to impose my own thoughts upon others! How I rejoice over + every mood and secret change within me as the result of which the + thoughts of others are victorious over my own! but from time to + time I enjoy an even greater satisfaction, when I am allowed to + give away my intellectual possessions, like the confessor sitting + in his box and anxiously awaiting <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page322">[pg 322]</span><a name="Pg322" id="Pg322" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the arrival of some distressed person who + stands in need of consolation, and will be only too glad to relate + the full misery of his thoughts so that the listener's hand and + heart will once again be filled, and the troubled soul eased! Not + only has the confessor no desire for renown: he would fain shun + gratitude as well, for it is obtrusive, and does not stand in awe + of solitude or silence.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But to live + without a name, and even to be slightly sneered at; too obscure to + arouse envy or enmity; with a head free from fever, a handful of + knowledge, and a pocketful of experience; a physician, as it were, + of the poor in spirit, helping this one or that one whose head is + troubled with opinions, without the latter perceiving who has + actually helped him! without any desire to appear to be in the + right in the presence of his patient, or to carry off a victory. To + speak to him in such a way that, after a short and almost + imperceptible hint or objection, the listener may find out for + himself what is right and proudly walk away! To be like an obscure + and unknown inn which turns no one away who is in need, but which + is afterwards forgotten and laughed at! To be without any + advantages over others—neither possessing better food nor purer + air, nor a more cheerful mind—but always to be giving away, + returning, communicating, and becoming poorer! To know how to be + humble in order to be accessible to many people and humiliating to + none! To take a great deal of injustice on his shoulders and creep + through the cracks and crannies of all kinds of errors, in order + that we may reach many obscure souls on their secret paths! + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page323">[pg 323]</span><a name= + "Pg323" id="Pg323" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ever in possession + of some kind of love, and some kind of egoism and self-enjoyment! + in possession of power, and yet at the same time hidden and + resigned! constantly basking in the sunshine and sweetness of + grace, and yet knowing that quite near to us stands the ladder + leading to the sublime!—that would be life! that would indeed be a + reason for a long life!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">450.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Temptations + of Knowledge.</span></span>—A glance through the gate of science + acts upon passionate spirits as the charm of charms: they will + probably become dreamers, or in the most favourable cases poets, so + great is their desire for the happiness of the man who can discern. + Does it not enter into all your senses, this note of sweet + temptation by which science has announced its joyful message in a + thousand ways, and in the thousand and first way, the noblest of + all, <span class="tei tei-q">“Begone, illusion! for then + <span class="tei tei-q">‘Woe is me’</span> also vanished, and with + it woe itself is gone”</span> (Marcus Aurelius).</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">451.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">For whom a + Court Jester is needful.</span></span>—Those who are very + beautiful, very good, and very powerful scarcely ever learn the + full and naked truth about anything,—for in their presence we + involuntarily lie a little, because we feel their influence, and in + view of this influence convey a truth in the form of an adaptation + (by falsifying the shades and <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page324">[pg 324]</span><a name="Pg324" id="Pg324" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> degrees of facts, by omitting or adding + details, and withholding that which is insusceptible of + adaptation). If, however, in spite of all this, people of this + description insist upon hearing the truth, they must keep a court + jester—a being with the madman's privilege of being unable to adapt + himself.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">452.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Impatience.</span></span>—There is a + certain degree of impatience in men of thought and action, which in + cases of failure at once drives them to the opposite camp, induces + them to take a great interest in it, and to give themselves up to + new undertakings—until here again the slowness of their success + drives them away. Thus they rove about, like so many reckless + adventurers, through the practices of many kingdoms and natures; + and in the end, as the result of their wide knowledge of men and + things, acquired by their unheard of travel and practice, and with + a certain moderation of their craving, they become powerful + practical men. Hence a defect in character may become the school of + genius.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">453.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Moral + Interregnum.</span></span>—Who is now in a position to describe + that which will one day supplant moral feelings and + judgments!—however certain we may be that these are founded on + error, and that the building erected upon such foundations cannot + be repaired: their obligation must gradually diminish from day to + day, in so far as the obligation of reason <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page325">[pg 325]</span><a name="Pg325" id="Pg325" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> does not diminish! To carry out the task of + re-establishing the laws of life and action is still beyond the + power of our sciences of physiology and medicine, society and + solitude: though it is only from them that we can borrow the + foundation-stones of new ideals (but not the ideals themselves). + Thus we live a preliminary or after existence, according to our + tastes and talents, and the best we can do in this interregnum is + to be as much as possible our own <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">reges</span></span>,”</span> and to establish + small experimental states. We are experiments: if we want to be + so!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">454.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A + Digression.</span></span>—A book like this is not intended to be + read through at once, or to be read aloud. It is intended more + particularly for reference, especially on our walks and travels: we + must take it up and put it down again after a short reading, and, + more especially, we ought not to be amongst our usual + surroundings.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">455.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Primary + Nature.</span></span>—As we are now brought up, we begin by + acquiring a secondary nature, and we possess it when the world + calls us mature, of age, efficient. A few have sufficient of the + serpent about them to cast this skin some day, when their primary + nature has come to maturity under it. But in the majority of people + the germ of it withers away.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page326">[pg 326]</span><a name= + "Pg326" id="Pg326" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">456.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Virtue in + Process of Becoming.</span></span>—Such assertions and promises as + those of the ancient philosophers on the unity of virtue and + felicity, or that of Christianity, <span class="tei tei-q">“Seek ye + first the Kingdom of God and His righteousness, and all these + things shall be added unto you,”</span> have never been made with + absolute sincerity, but always without a bad conscience + nevertheless. People were in the habit of boldly laying down + principles—which they wished to be true—exactly as if they were + truth itself, in spite of all appearances to the contrary, and in + doing this they felt neither religious nor moral compunction; for + it was <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">in honorem + maiorem</span></span> of virtue or of God that one had gone beyond + truth, without, however, any selfish intention!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many good people + still act up to this degree of truthfulness: when they feel + unselfish they think it permissible to treat truth more lightly. + Let it be remembered that the word honesty is neither to be found + among the Socratic nor the Christian virtues: it is one of our most + recent virtues, not yet quite mature, frequently misconstrued and + misunderstood, scarcely conscious of itself—something in embryo, + which we may either promote or check according to our + inclination.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">457.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Final + Taciturnity.</span></span>—There are some men who fare like the + digger after hidden treasures: they quite accidentally discover the + carefully-preserved <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page327">[pg + 327]</span><a name="Pg327" id="Pg327" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + secrets of another's soul, and as a result come into the possession + of knowledge which it is often a heavy burden to bear. In certain + circumstances we may know the living and the dead, and sound their + inmost thoughts to such an extent that it becomes painful to us to + speak to others about them: at every word we utter we are afraid of + being indiscreet.—I can easily imagine a sudden silence on the part + of the wisest historian.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">458.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Great + Prize.</span></span>—There is a very rare thing, but a very + delightful one, viz. the man with a nobly-formed intellect who + possesses at the same time the character and inclinations, and even + meets with the experiences, suited to such an intellect.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">459.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Magnanimity + of the Thinker.</span></span>—Both Rousseau and Schopenhauer were + proud enough to inscribe upon their lives the motto, <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vitam impendere vero</span></span>. And how + they both must have suffered in their pride because they could not + succeed in <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">verum impendere + vitæ!</span></span>—<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">verum</span></span>, + such as each of them understood it,—when their lives ran side by + side with their knowledge like an uncouth bass which is not in tune + with the melody.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Knowledge, + however, would be in a bad way if it were measured out to every + thinker only in proportion as it can be adapted to his own person. + And thinkers would be in a bad way if their vanity <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page328">[pg 328]</span><a name="Pg328" id="Pg328" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> were so great that they could only + endure such an adaptation, for the noblest virtue of a great + thinker is his magnanimity, which urges him on in his search for + knowledge to sacrifice himself and his life unshrinkingly, often + shamefacedly, and often with sublime scorn, and smiling.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">460.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Utilising our + Hours of Danger.</span></span>—Those men and conditions whose every + movement may mean danger to our possessions, honour, and life or + death, and to those most dear to us, we shall naturally learn to + know thoroughly. Tiberius, for instance, must have meditated much + more deeply on the character and methods of government of the + Emperor Augustus, and must have known far more about them than even + the wisest historian.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the present + day we all live, relatively speaking, in a security which is much + too great to make us true psychologists: some survey their + fellow-men as a hobby, others out of ennui, and others again merely + from habit; but never to the extent they would do if they were told + <span class="tei tei-q">“Discern or perish!”</span> As long as + truths do not cut us to the quick we assume an attitude of contempt + towards them: they still appear to us too much like the + <span class="tei tei-q">“winged dreams,”</span> as if we could or + could not have them at our discretion, as if we could likewise be + aroused from these truths as from a dream!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">461.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Hic Rhodus, Hic + Salta.</span></span></span>—Our music, which can and must change + into everything, because <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page329">[pg + 329]</span><a name="Pg329" id="Pg329" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + like the demon of the sea, it has no character of its own: this + music in former times devoted its attention to the Christian + savant, and transposed his ideals into sounds: why cannot it + likewise find those brighter, more cheerful, and universal sounds + which correspond to the ideal thinker?—a music which could rock + itself at ease in the vast floating vaults of the soul? So far our + music has been so great and so good; nothing seemed impossible to + its powers. May it therefore prove possible to create these three + sensations at one time: sublimity, deep and warm light, and rapture + of the greatest possible consistency!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">462.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Slow + Cures.</span></span>—Chronic illnesses of the soul, like those of + the body, are very rarely due to one gross offence against physical + and mental reason, but as a general rule they arise from + innumerable and petty negligences of a minor order.—A man, for + example, whose breathing becomes a trifle weaker every day, and + whose lungs, by inhaling too little air, are deprived of their + proper amount of exercise, will end by being struck down by some + chronic disease of the lungs. The only remedy for cases like these + is a countless number of minor exercises of a contrary + tendency—making it a rule, for example, to take a long and deep + breath every quarter of an hour, lying flat on the ground if + possible. For this purpose a clock which strikes the quarters + should be chosen as a lifelong companion.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All these + remedies are slow and trifling; but <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page330">[pg 330]</span><a name="Pg330" id="Pg330" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> yet the man who wishes to cure his soul will + carefully consider a change, even in his least important habits. + Many a man will utter a cold and angry word to his surroundings ten + times a day without thinking about it, and he will forget that + after a few years it will have become a regular habit with him to + put his surroundings out of temper ten times a day. But he can also + acquire the habit of doing good to them ten times.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">463.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">On the Seventh + Day.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“You praise this as my + creation? but I have only put aside what was a burden to me! my + soul is above the vanity of creators.—You praise this as my + resignation? but I have only stripped myself of what had become + burdensome! My soul is above the vanity of the resigned + ones!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">464.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Donor's + Modesty.</span></span>—There is such a want of generosity in always + posing as the donor and benefactor, and showing one's face when + doing so! But to give and bestow, and at the same time to conceal + one's name and favour! or not to have a name at all, like nature, + in whom this fact is more refreshing to us than anything else—here + at last we no more meet with the giver and bestower, no more with a + <span class="tei tei-q">“gracious countenance.”</span>—It is true + that you have now forfeited even this comfort, for you have placed + a God in this nature—and now everything is once again fettered and + oppressed! Well? are we never to have the right of <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page331">[pg 331]</span><a name="Pg331" id="Pg331" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> remaining alone with ourselves? are we + always to be watched, guarded, surrounded by leading strings and + gifts? If there is always some one round about us, the best part of + courage and kindness will ever remain impossible of attainment in + this world. Are we not tempted to fly to hell before this continual + obtrusiveness of heaven, this inevitable supernatural neighbour? + Never mind, it was only a dream; let us wake up!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">465.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">At a + Meeting.</span></span>—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> What + are you looking at? you have been standing here for a very long + time.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> + Always the new and the old over again! the helplessness of a thing + urges me on to plunge into it so deeply that I end by penetrating + to its deepest depths, and perceive that in reality it is not worth + so very much. At the end of all experiences of this kind we meet + with a kind of sorrow and stupor. I experience this on a small + scale several times a day.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">466.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Loss of + Renown.</span></span>—What an advantage it is to be able to speak + as a stranger to mankind! When they take away our anonymity, and + make us famous, the gods deprive us of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“half our virtue.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">467.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Doubly + Patient.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“By doing this you + will hurt many people.”</span>—I know that, and I also know + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page332">[pg 332]</span><a name= + "Pg332" id="Pg332" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that I shall have to + suffer for it doubly: in the first place out of pity for their + suffering, and secondly from the revenge they will take on me. But + in spite of this I cannot help doing what I do.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">468.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Kingdom of + Beauty is Greater.</span></span>—We move about in nature, cunning + and cheerful, in order that we may surprise everything in the + beauty peculiar to it; we make an effort, whether in sunshine or + under a stormy sky, to see a distant part of the coast with its + rocks, bays, and olive and pine trees under an aspect in which it + achieves its perfection and consummation. Thus also we should walk + about among men as their discoverers and explorers, meting out to + them good and evil in order that we may unveil the peculiar beauty + which is seen with some in the sunshine, in others under + thunder-clouds, or with others again only in twilight and under a + rainy sky.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Are we then + forbidden to enjoy the evil man like some savage landscape which + possesses its own bold and daring lines and luminous effects, while + this same man, so long as he behaves well, and in conformity with + the law, appears to us to be an error of drawing, and a mere + caricature which offends us like a defect in nature?—Yes, this is + forbidden: for as yet we have only been permitted to seek beauty in + anything that is morally good,—and this is sufficient to explain + why we have found so little and have been compelled to look for + beauty without either flesh or bones!—in the same way as + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page333">[pg 333]</span><a name= + "Pg333" id="Pg333" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> evil men are + familiar with innumerable kinds of happiness which the virtuous + never dream of, we may also find among them innumerable types of + beauty, many of them as yet undiscovered.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">469.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Inhumanity + of the Sage.</span></span>—The heavy and grinding progress of the + sage, who in the words of the Buddhist song, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Wanders lonely like the rhinoceros,”</span> now and + again stands in need of proofs of a conciliatory and softened + humanity, and not only proofs of those accelerated steps, those + polite and sociable witticisms; not only of humour and a certain + self-mockery, but likewise of contradictions and occasional returns + to the predominating inconsistencies. In order that he may not + resemble the heavy roller that rolls along like fate, the sage who + wishes to teach must take advantage of his defects, and utilise + them for his own adornment; and when saying <span class= + "tei tei-q">“despise me”</span> he will implore permission to be + the advocate of a presumptuous truth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This sage wishes + to lead you to the mountains, and he will perhaps endanger your + life: therefore as the price of his enjoyment he willingly + authorises you to take your revenge either before or afterwards on + such a guide. Do you remember what thoughts came into your head + when he once led you to a gloomy cavern over a slippery path? Your + distrustful heart beat rapidly, and said inwardly, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“This guide might surely do something better than crawl + about here! he is one of those idle <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page334">[pg 334]</span><a name="Pg334" id="Pg334" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> people who are full of curiosity—is it not + doing him too much honour to appear to attach any value at all to + him by following him?”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">470.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Many at the + Banquet.</span></span>—How happy we are when we are fed like the + birds by the hand of some one who throws them their crumbs without + examining them too closely, or inquiring into their worthiness! To + live like a bird which comes and flies away, and does not carry its + name on its beak! I take great pleasure in satisfying my appetite + at the banquet of the many.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">471.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Another type of + Love for one's Neighbour.</span></span>—Everything that is + agitated, noisy, fitful, and nervous forms a contrast to the great + passion which, glowing in the heart of man like a quiet and gloomy + flame, and gathering about it all that is flaming and ardent, gives + to man the appearance of coldness and indifference, and stamps a + certain impassiveness on his features. Such men are occasionally + capable of showing their love for their neighbour, but this love is + different from that of sociable people who are anxious to please. + It is a mild, contemplative, and calm amiability: these people, as + it were, look out of the windows of the castle which serves them as + a stronghold, and consequently as a prison; for the outlook into + the far distance, the open air, and a different world is so + pleasant for them!</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page335">[pg 335]</span><a name= + "Pg335" id="Pg335" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">472.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not Justifying + Oneself.</span></span>—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> But + why are you not willing to justify yourself?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> I + could do it in this instance, as in dozens of others; but I despise + the pleasure which lies in justification, for all that matters + little to me, and I would rather bear a stained reputation than + give those petty folks the spiteful pleasure of saying, + <span class="tei tei-q">“He takes these things very + seriously.”</span> This is not true. Perhaps I ought to have more + consideration for myself, and look upon it as a duty to rectify + erroneous opinions about myself—I am too indifferent and too + indolent regarding myself, and consequently also regarding + everything that is brought about through my agency.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">473.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Where to Build + one's House.</span></span>—If you feel great and productive in + solitude, society will belittle and isolate you, and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">vice + versa</span></span>. A powerful mildness such as that of a + father:—wherever this feeling takes possession of you, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">there</span></em> + build your house, whether in the midst of the multitude, or on some + silent spot. <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Ubi pater sum, ibi + patria.</span></span><a id="noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href= + "#note_14"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">474.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The only + Means.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Dialectic is the only + means of reaching the divine essence, and penetrating <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page336">[pg 336]</span><a name="Pg336" id="Pg336" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> behind the veil of appearance.”</span> + This declaration of Plato in regard to dialectic is as solemn and + passionate as that of Schopenhauer in regard to the contrary of + dialectic—and both are wrong. For that to which they wish to point + out the way to us does not exist.—And so far have not all the great + passions of mankind been passions for something non-existent?—and + all their ceremonies—ceremonies for something non-existent + also?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">475.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Becoming + Heavy.</span></span>—You know him not; whatever weights he may + attach to himself he will nevertheless be able to raise them all + with him. But you, judging from the weak flapping of your own + wings, come to the conclusion that he wishes to remain below, + merely because he does burden himself with those weights.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">476.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">At the Harvest + Thanksgiving of the Intellect.</span></span>—There is a daily + increase and accumulation of experiences, events, opinions upon + these experiences and events, and dreams upon these opinions—a + boundless and delightful display of wealth! its aspect dazzles the + eyes: I can no longer understand how the poor in spirit can be + called blessed! Occasionally, however, I envy them when I am tired: + for the superintendence of such vast wealth is no easy task, and + its weight frequently crushes all happiness.—Alas, if only the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page337">[pg 337]</span><a name= + "Pg337" id="Pg337" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> mere sight of it + were sufficient! If only we could be misers of our knowledge!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">477.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Freed from + Scepticism.</span></span>—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> Some + men emerge from a general moral scepticism bad-tempered and feeble, + corroded, worm-eaten, and even partly consumed—but I on the other + hand, more courageous and healthier than ever, and with my + instincts conquered once more. Where a strong wind blows, where the + waves are rolling angrily, and where more than usual danger is to + be faced, there I feel happy. I did not become a worm, although I + often had to work and dig like a worm.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> You + have just ceased to be a sceptic; for you deny!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> And + in doing so I have learnt to say yea again.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">478.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Let us pass + by.</span></span>—Spare him! Leave him in his solitude! Do you wish + to crush him down entirely? He became cracked like a glass into + which some hot liquid was poured suddenly—and he was such a + precious glass!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">479.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Love and + Truthfulness.</span></span>—Through our love we have become dire + offenders against truth, and even habitual dissimulators and + thieves, who give <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page338">[pg + 338]</span><a name="Pg338" id="Pg338" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + out more things as true than seem to us to be true. On this account + the thinker must from time to time drive away those whom he loves + (not necessarily those who love him), so that they may show their + sting and wickedness, and cease to tempt him. Consequently the + kindness of the thinker will have its waning and waxing moon.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">480.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Inevitable.</span></span>—No matter what + your experience may be, any one who does not feel well disposed + towards you will find in this experience some pretext for + disparaging you! You may undergo the greatest possible revolutions + of mind and knowledge, and at length, with the melancholy smile of + the convalescent, you may be able to step out into freedom and + bright stillness, and yet some one will say: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“This fellow looks upon his illness as an argument, and + takes his impotence to be a proof of the impotence of all others—he + is vain enough to fall ill that he may feel the superiority of the + sufferer.”</span> And again, if somebody were to break the chains + that bound him down, and wounded himself severely in doing so, some + one else would point at him mockingly and cry: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“How awkward he is! there is a man who had got + accustomed to his chains, and yet he is fool enough to burst them + asunder!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">481.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Two + Germans.</span></span>—If we compare Kant and Schopenhauer with + Plato, Spinoza, Pascal, Rousseau, and Goethe, with reference to + their souls <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page339">[pg + 339]</span><a name="Pg339" id="Pg339" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + and not their intellects, we shall see that the two first-named + thinkers are at a disadvantage: their thoughts do not constitute a + passionate history of their souls—we are not led to expect in them + romance, crises, catastrophies, or death struggles. Their thinking + is not at the same time the involuntary biography of a soul, but in + the case of Kant merely of a head; and in the case of Schopenhauer + again merely the description and reflection of a character + (<span class="tei tei-q">“the invariable”</span>) and the pleasure + which this reflection causes, that is to say, the pleasure of + meeting with an intellect of the first order.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Kant, when he + shimmers through his thoughts, appears to us as an honest and + honourable man in the best sense of the words, but likewise as an + insignificant one: he is wanting in breadth and power; he had not + come through many experiences, and his method of working did not + allow him sufficient time to undergo experiences. Of course, in + speaking of experiences, I do not refer to the ordinary external + events of life, but to those fatalities and convulsions which occur + in the course of the most solitary and quiet life which has some + leisure and glows with the passion for thinking. Schopenhauer has + at all events one advantage over him; for he at least was + distinguished by a certain fierce ugliness of disposition, which + showed itself in hatred, desire, vanity, and suspicion: he was of a + rather more ferocious disposition, and had both time and leisure to + indulge this ferocity. But he lacked <span class= + "tei tei-q">“development,”</span> which was also wanting in his + range of thought: he had no <span class= + "tei tei-q">“history.”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page340">[pg 340]</span><a name= + "Pg340" id="Pg340" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">482.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Seeking one's + Company.</span></span>—Are we then looking for too much when we + seek the company of men who have grown mild, agreeable to the + taste, and nutritive, like chestnuts which have been put into the + fire and taken out just at the right moment? Of men who expect + little from life, and prefer to accept this little as a present + rather than as a merit of their own, as if it were carried to them + by birds and bees? Of men who are too proud ever to feel themselves + rewarded, and too serious in their passion for knowledge and + honesty to have time for or pleasure in fame? Such men we should + call philosophers; but they themselves will always find some more + modest designation.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">483.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Satiated with + Mankind.</span></span>—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> Seek + for knowledge! Yes! but always as a man! What? must I always be a + spectator of the same comedy, and always play a part in the same + comedy, without ever being able to observe things with other eyes + than those? and yet there may be countless types of beings whose + organs are better adapted for knowledge than ours! At the end of + all their searching for knowledge what will men at length come to + know? Their organs! which perhaps is as much as to say: the + impossibility of knowledge! misery and disgust!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> This + is a bad attack you have—reason is attacking you! to-morrow, + however, you will again <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page341">[pg + 341]</span><a name="Pg341" id="Pg341" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + be in the midst of knowledge, and hence of irrationality—that is to + say, delighted about all that is human. Let us go to the sea!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">484.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Going our own + Way.</span></span>—When we take the decisive step, and make up our + minds to follow our own path, a secret is suddenly revealed to us: + it is clear that all those who had hitherto been friendly to us and + on intimate terms with us judged themselves to be superior to us, + and are offended now. The best among them are indulgent, and are + content to wait patiently until we once more find the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“right path”</span>—they know it, apparently. Others + make fun of us, and pretend that we have been seized with a + temporary attack of mild insanity, or spitefully point out some + seducer. The more malicious say we are vain fools, and do their + best to blacken our motives; while the worst of all see in us their + greatest enemy, some one who is thirsting for revenge after many + years of dependence,—and are afraid of us. What, then, are we to + do? My own opinion is that we should begin our sovereignty by + promising to all our acquaintances in advance a whole year's + amnesty for sins of every kind.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">485.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Far-off + Perspectives.</span></span>—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> But + why this solitude?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> I am + not angry with anybody. But when I am alone it seems to me that I + can see my friends in a clearer and rosier light than when I + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page342">[pg 342]</span><a name= + "Pg342" id="Pg342" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> am with them; and + when I loved and felt music best I lived far from it. It would seem + that I must have distant perspectives in order that I may think + well of things.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">486.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gold and + Hunger.</span></span>—Here and there we meet with a man who changes + into gold everything that he touches. But some fine evil day he + will discover that he himself must starve through this gift of his. + Everything around him is brilliant, superb, and unapproachable in + its ideal beauty, and now he eagerly longs for things which it is + impossible for him to turn into gold—and how intense is this + longing! like that of a starving man for a meal! Query: What will + he seize?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">487.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Shame.</span></span>—Look at that noble + steed pawing the ground, snorting, longing for a ride, and loving + its accustomed rider—but, shameful to relate, the rider cannot + mount to-day, he is tired.—Such is the shame felt by the weary + thinker in the presence of his own philosophy!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">488.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against the + Waste of Love.</span></span>—Do we not blush when we surprise + ourselves in a state of violent aversion? Well, then, we should + also blush when we find ourselves possessed of strong affections on + account of the injustice contained in them. More: <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page343">[pg 343]</span><a name="Pg343" id="Pg343" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> there are people who feel their hearts + weighed down and oppressed when some one gives them the benefit of + his love and sympathy to the extent that he deprives others of a + share. The tone of his voice reveals to us the fact that we have + been specially selected and preferred! but, alas! I am not thankful + for being thus selected: I experience within myself a certain + feeling of resentment against him who wishes to distinguish me in + this way—he shall not love me at the expense of others! I shall + always try to look after myself and to endure myself, and my heart + is often filled to overflowing, and with some reason. To such a man + nothing ought to be given of which others stand so greatly in + need.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">489.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Friends in + Need.</span></span>—We may occasionally remark that one of our + friends sympathises with another more than with us. His delicacy is + troubled thereby, and his selfishness is not equal to the task of + breaking down his feelings of affection: in such a case we should + facilitate the separation for him, and estrange him in some way in + order to widen the distance between us.—This is also necessary when + we fall into a habit of thinking which might be detrimental to him: + our affection for him should induce us to ease his conscience in + separating himself from us by means of some injustice which we + voluntarily take upon ourselves.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">490.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Those petty + Truths.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“You know all that, + but you have never lived through it—so I will not <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page344">[pg 344]</span><a name="Pg344" id="Pg344" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> accept your evidence. Those + <span class="tei tei-q">‘petty truths’</span>—you deem them petty + because you have not paid for them with your blood!”</span>—But are + they really great, simply because they have been bought at so high + a price? and blood is always too high a price!—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Do you really think so? How stingy you are with your + blood!”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">491.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Solitude, + therefore!</span></span>—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> So + you wish to go back to your desert?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> I am + not a quick thinker; I must wait for myself a long time—it is + always later and later before the water from the fountain of my own + ego spurts forth, and I have often to go thirsty longer than suits + my patience. That is why I retire into solitude in order that I may + not have to drink from the common cisterns. When I live in the + midst of the multitude my life is like theirs, and I do not think + like myself; but after some time it always seems to me as if the + multitude wished to banish me from myself and to rob me of my soul. + Then I get angry with all these people, and afraid of them; and I + must have the desert to become well disposed again.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">492.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Under the South + Wind.</span></span>—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> I + can no longer understand myself! It was only yesterday that I felt + myself so tempestuous and ardent, and at the same time so warm and + sunny and exceptionally bright! but to-day! Now everything is calm, + wide, oppressive, and dark like the lagoon at Venice. I wish for + nothing, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page345">[pg + 345]</span><a name="Pg345" id="Pg345" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + draw a deep breath, and yet I feel inwardly indignant at this + <span class="tei tei-q">“wish for nothing”</span>—so the waves rise + and fall in the ocean of my melancholy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> You + describe a petty, agreeable illness. The next wind from the + north-east will blow it away.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> Why + so?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">493.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">On One's own + Tree.</span></span>—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> No + thinker's thoughts give me so much pleasure as my own: this, of + course, proves nothing in favour of their value; but I should be + foolish to neglect fruits which are tasteful to me only because + they happen to grow on my own tree!—and I was once such a fool.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B.</span></span> + Others have the contrary feeling: which likewise proves nothing in + favour of their thoughts, nor yet is it any argument against their + value.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">494.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Last + Argument of the Brave Man.</span></span>—There are snakes in this + little clump of trees.—Very well, I will rush into the thicket and + kill them.—But by doing that you will run the risk of falling a + victim to them, and not they to you.—But what do I matter?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">495.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Our + Teachers.</span></span>—During our period of youth we select our + teachers and guides from our own times, and from those circles + which we happen to meet with: we have the thoughtless conviction + that the present age must have teachers who will suit <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page346">[pg 346]</span><a name="Pg346" id="Pg346" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> us better than any others, and that we + are sure to find them without having to look very far. Later on we + find that we have to pay a heavy penalty for this childishness: we + have to expiate our teachers in ourselves, and then perhaps we + begin to look for the proper guides. We look for them throughout + the whole world, including even present and past ages—but perhaps + it may be too late, and at the worst we discover that they lived + when we were young—and that at that time we lost our + opportunity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">496.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Evil + Principle.</span></span>—Plato has marvellously described how the + philosophic thinker must necessarily be regarded as the essence of + depravity in the midst of every existing society: for as the critic + of all its morals he is naturally the antagonist of the moral man, + and, unless he succeeds in becoming the legislator of new morals, + he lives long in the memory of men as an instance of the + <span class="tei tei-q">“evil principle.”</span> From this we may + judge to how great an extent the city of Athens, although fairly + liberal and fond of innovations, abused the reputation of Plato + during his lifetime. What wonder then that he—who, as he has + himself recorded, had the <span class="tei tei-q">“political + instinct”</span> in his body—made three different attempts in + Sicily, where at that time a united Mediterranean Greek State + appeared to be in process of formation?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was in this + State, and with its assistance, that Plato thought he could do for + the Greeks what Mohammed did for the Arabs several centuries later: + viz. establishing both minor and more important <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page347">[pg 347]</span><a name="Pg347" id="Pg347" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> customs, and especially regulating the + daily life of every man. His ideas were quite practicable just as + certainly as those of Mohammed were practicable; for even much more + incredible ideas, those of Christianity, proved themselves to be + practicable! a few hazards less and a few hazards more—and then the + world would have witnessed the Platonisation of Southern Europe; + and, if we suppose that this state of things had continued to our + own days, we should probably be worshipping Plato now as the + <span class="tei tei-q">“good principle.”</span> But he was + unsuccessful, and so his traditional character remains that of a + dreamer and a Utopian—stronger epithets than these passed away with + ancient Athens.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">497.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Purifying + Eye.</span></span>—We have the best reason for speaking of + <span class="tei tei-q">“genius”</span> in men—for example, Plato, + Spinoza, and Goethe—whose minds appear to be but loosely linked to + their character and temperament, like winged beings which easily + separate themselves from them, and then rise far above them. On the + other hand, those who never succeeded in cutting themselves loose + from their temperament, and who knew how to give to it the most + intellectual, lofty, and at times even cosmic expression + (Schopenhauer, for instance) have always been very fond of speaking + about their genius.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These geniuses + could not rise above themselves, but they believed that, fly where + they would, they would always find and recover themselves—this is + their <span class="tei tei-q">“greatness,”</span> and this can be + greatness!—The <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page348">[pg + 348]</span><a name="Pg348" id="Pg348" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + others who are entitled to this name possess the pure and purifying + eye which does not seem to have sprung out of their temperament and + character, but separately from them, and generally in contradiction + to them, and looks out upon the world as on a God whom it loves. + But even people like these do not come into possession of such an + eye all at once: they require practice and a preliminary school of + sight, and he who is really fortunate will at the right moment also + fall in with a teacher of pure sight.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">498.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Never + Demand!</span></span>—You do not know him! it is true that he + easily and readily submits both to men and things, and that he is + kind to both—his only wish is to be left in peace—but only in so + far as men and things do not <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">demand</span></em> his submission. Any demand + makes him proud, bashful, and warlike.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">499.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Evil + One.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Only the solitary are + evil!”</span>—thus spake Diderot, and Rousseau at once felt deeply + offended. Thus he proved that Diderot was right. Indeed, in + society, or amid social life, every evil instinct is compelled to + restrain itself, to assume so many masks, and to press itself so + often into the Procrustean bed of virtue, that we are quite + justified in speaking of the martyrdom of the evil man. In + solitude, however, all this disappears. The evil man is still more + evil in solitude—and consequently for him whose eye sees only a + drama everywhere he is also more beautiful.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page349">[pg 349]</span><a name= + "Pg349" id="Pg349" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">500.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against the + Grain.</span></span>—A thinker may for years at a time force + himself to think against the grain: that is, not to pursue the + thoughts that spring up within him, but, instead, those which he is + compelled to follow by the exigencies of his office, an established + division of time, or any arbitrary duty which he may find it + necessary to fulfil. In the long run, however, he will fall ill; + for this apparently moral self-command will destroy his nervous + system as thoroughly and completely as regular debauchery.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">501.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mortal + Souls.</span></span>—Where knowledge is concerned perhaps the most + useful conquest that has ever been made is the abandonment of the + belief in the immortality of the soul. Humanity is henceforth at + liberty to wait: men need no longer be in a hurry to swallow + badly-tested ideas as they had to do in former times. For in those + times the salvation of this poor <span class="tei tei-q">“immortal + soul”</span> depended upon the extent of the knowledge which could + be acquired in the course of a short existence: decisions had to be + reached from one day to another, and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“knowledge”</span> was a matter of dreadful + importance!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now we have + acquired good courage for errors, experiments, and the provisional + acceptance of ideas—all this is not so very important!—and for this + very reason individuals and whole races may now face tasks so vast + in extent that in former years they would have looked like madness, + and defiance of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page350">[pg + 350]</span><a name="Pg350" id="Pg350" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + heaven and hell. Now we have the right to experiment upon + ourselves! Yes, men have the right to do so! the greatest + sacrifices have not yet been offered up to knowledge—nay, in + earlier periods it would have been sacrilege, and a sacrifice of + our eternal salvation, even to surmise such ideas as now precede + our actions.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">502.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">One Word for + three different Conditions.</span></span>—When in a state of + passion one man will be forced to let loose the savage, dreadful, + unbearable animal. Another when under the influence of passion will + raise himself to a high, noble, and lofty demeanour, in comparison + with which his usual self appears petty. A third, whose whole + person is permeated with nobility of feeling, has also the most + noble storm and stress: and in this state he represents Nature in + her state of savageness and beauty, and stands only one degree + lower than Nature in her periods of greatness and serenity, which + he usually represents. It is while in this state of passion, + however, that men understand him better, and venerate him more + highly at these moments—for then he is one step nearer and more + akin to them. They feel at once delighted and horrified at such a + sight and call it—divine.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">503.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Friendship.</span></span>—The objection + to a philosophic life that it renders us useless to our friends + would never have arisen in a modern mind: it belongs rather to + classical antiquity. Antiquity knew the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page351">[pg 351]</span><a name="Pg351" id="Pg351" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> stronger bonds of friendship, meditated upon + it, and almost took it to the grave with it. This is the advantage + it has over us: we, on the other hand, can point to our + idealisation of sexual love. All the great excellencies of ancient + humanity owed their stability to the fact that man was standing + side by side with man, and that no woman was allowed to put forward + the claim of being the nearest and highest, nay even sole object of + his love, as the feeling of passion would teach. Perhaps our trees + do not grow so high now owing to the ivy and the vines that cling + round them.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">504.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Reconciliation.</span></span>—Should it + then be the task of philosophy to reconcile what the child has + learnt with what the man has come to recognise? Should philosophy + be the task of young men because they stand midway between child + and man and possess intermediate necessities? It would almost + appear to be so if you consider at what ages of their life + philosophers are now in the habit of setting forth their + conceptions: at a time when it is too late for faith and too early + for knowledge.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">505.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Practical + People.</span></span>—We thinkers have the right of deciding good + taste in all things, and if necessary of decreeing it. The + practical people finally receive it from us: their dependence upon + us is incredibly great, and is one of the most <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page352">[pg 352]</span><a name="Pg352" id="Pg352" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ridiculous spectacles in the world, + little though they themselves know it and however proudly they like + to carp at us unpractical people. Nay, they would even go so far as + to belittle their practical life if we should show a tendency to + despise it—whereto at times we might be urged on by a slightly + vindictive feeling.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">506.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Necessary + Desiccation of Everything Good.</span></span>—What! must we + conceive of a work exactly in the spirit of the age that has + produced it? but we experience greater delight and surprise, and + get more information out of it when we do not conceive it in this + spirit! Have you not remarked that every new and good work, so long + as it is exposed to the damp air of its own age is least + valuable—just because it still has about it all the odour of the + market, of opposition, of modern ideas, and of all that is + transient from day to day? Later on, however, it dries up, its + <span class="tei tei-q">“actuality”</span> dies away: and then only + does it obtain its deep lustre and its perfume—and also, if it is + destined for it, the calm eye of eternity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">507.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Against the + Tyranny of Truth.</span></span>—Even if we were mad enough to + consider all our opinions as truth, we should nevertheless not wish + them alone to exist. I cannot see why we should ask for an + autocracy and omnipotence of truth: it is sufficient for me to know + that it is a great power. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page353">[pg + 353]</span><a name="Pg353" id="Pg353" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Truth, however, must meet with opposition and be able to fight, and + we must be able to rest from it at times in falsehood—otherwise + truth will grow tiresome, powerless, and insipid, and will render + us equally so.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">508.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not to take a + Thing Pathetically.</span></span>—What we do to benefit ourselves + should not bring us in any moral praise, either from others or from + ourselves, and the same remark applies to those things which we do + to please ourselves. It is looked upon as <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">bon + ton</span></span> among superior men to refrain from taking things + pathetically in such cases, and to refrain from all pathetic + feelings: the man who has accustomed himself to this has retrieved + his <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "fr"><span style="font-style: italic">naïveté</span></span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">509.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Third + Eye.</span></span>—What! You are still in need of the theatre! are + you still so young? Be wise, and seek tragedy and comedy where they + are better acted, and where the incidents are more interesting, and + the actors more eager. It is indeed by no means easy to be merely a + spectator in these cases—but learn! and then, amid all difficult or + painful situations, you will have a little gate leading to joy and + refuge, even when your passions attack you. Open your stage eye, + that big third eye of yours, which looks out into the world through + the other two.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">510.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Escaping from + One's Virtues.</span></span>—Of what account is a thinker who does + not know how to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page354">[pg + 354]</span><a name="Pg354" id="Pg354" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + escape from his own virtues occasionally! Surely a thinker should + be more than <span class="tei tei-q">“a moral being”</span>!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">511.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Temptress.</span></span>—Honesty is the great temptress of all + fanatics.<a id="noteref_15" name="noteref_15" href= + "#note_15"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a> What + seemed to tempt Luther in the guise of the devil or a beautiful + woman, and from which he defended himself in that uncouth way of + his, was probably nothing but honesty, and perhaps in a few rarer + cases even truth.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">512.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bold towards + Things.</span></span>—The man who, in accordance with his + character, is considerate and timid towards persons, but is + courageous and bold towards things, is afraid of new and closer + acquaintances, and limits his old ones in order that he may thus + make his incognito and his inconsiderateness coincide with + truth.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">513.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Limits and + Beauty.</span></span>—Are you looking for men with a fine culture? + Then you will have to be satisfied with restricted views and + sights, exactly as when you are looking for fine countries.—There + are, of course, such panoramic men: they are like panoramic + regions, instructive and marvellous: but not beautiful.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page355">[pg 355]</span><a name= + "Pg355" id="Pg355" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">514.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To the + Stronger.</span></span>—Ye stronger and arrogant intellects, we ask + you for only one thing: throw no further burdens upon our + shoulders, but take some of our burdens upon your own, since ye are + stronger! but ye delight in doing the exact contrary: for ye wish + to soar, so that we must carry your burden in addition to our + own—we must crawl!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">515.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Increase of + Beauty.</span></span>—Why has beauty increased by the progress of + civilisation? because the three occasions for ugliness appear ever + more rarely among civilised men: first, the wildest outbursts of + ecstasy; secondly, extreme bodily exertion, and, thirdly, the + necessity of inducing fear by one's very sight and presence—a + matter which is so frequent and of so great importance in the lower + and more dangerous stages of culture that it even lays down the + proper gestures and ceremonials and makes ugliness a duty.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">516.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not to Imbue + our Neighbours with Our own Demon.</span></span>—Let us in our age + continue to hold the belief that benevolence and beneficence are + the characteristics of a good man; but let us not fail to add + <span class="tei tei-q">“provided that in the first place he + exhibits his benevolence and beneficence towards himself.”</span> + For if he acts otherwise—that is to say, if he shuns, hates, or + injures himself—he is certainly not a good <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page356">[pg 356]</span><a name="Pg356" id="Pg356" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> man. He then merely saves himself through + others: and let these others take care that they do not come to + grief through him, however well disposed he may appear to be to + them!—but to shun and hate one's own ego, and to live in and for + others, this has up to the present, with as much thoughtlessness as + conviction, been looked upon as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“unselfish,”</span> and consequently as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“good.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">517.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tempting into + Love.</span></span>—We ought to fear a man who hates himself; for + we are liable to become the victims of his anger and revenge. Let + us therefore try to tempt him into self-love.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">518.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Resignation.</span></span>—What is + resignation? It is the most comfortable position of a patient, who, + after having suffered a long time from tormenting pains in order to + find it, at last became tired—and then found it.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">519.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Deception.</span></span>—When you wish + to act you must close the door upon doubt, said a man of + action.—And are you not afraid of being deceived in doing so? + replied the man of a contemplative mind.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">520.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Eternal + Obsequies.</span></span>—Both within and beyond the confines of + history we might imagine that we <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page357">[pg 357]</span><a name="Pg357" id="Pg357" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> were listening to a continual funeral + oration: we have buried, and are still burying, all that we have + loved best, our thoughts, and our hopes, receiving in exchange + pride, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">gloria + mundi</span></span>—that is, the pomp of the graveside speech. It + is thus that everything is made good! Even at the present time the + funeral orator remains the greatest public benefactor.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">521.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Exceptional + Vanity.</span></span>—Yonder man possesses one great quality which + serves as a consolation for him: his look passes with contempt over + the remainder of his being, and almost his entire character is + included in this. But he recovers from himself when, as it were, he + approaches his sanctuary; already the road leading to it appears to + him to be an ascent on broad soft steps—and yet, ye cruel ones, ye + call him vain on this account!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">522.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wisdom without + Ears.</span></span>—To hear every day what is said about us, or + even to endeavour to discover what people think of us, will in the + end kill even the strongest man. Our neighbours permit us to live + only that they may exercise a daily claim upon us! They certainly + would not tolerate us if we wished to claim rights over them, and + still less if we wished to be right! In short, let us offer up a + sacrifice to the general peace, let us not listen when they speak + of us, when they praise us, blame us, wish for us, or hope for + us—nay, let us not even think of it.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page358">[pg 358]</span><a name= + "Pg358" id="Pg358" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">523.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Question of + Penetration.</span></span>—When we are confronted with any + manifestation which some one has permitted us to see, we may ask: + what is it meant to conceal? What is it meant to draw our attention + from? What prejudices does it seek to raise? and again, how far + does the subtlety of the dissimulation go? and in what respect is + the man mistaken?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">524.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Jealousy of + the Lonely Ones.</span></span>—This is the difference between + sociable and solitary natures, provided that both possess an + intellect: the former are satisfied, or nearly satisfied, with + almost anything whatever; from the moment that their minds have + discovered a communicable and happy version of it they will be + reconciled even with the devil himself! But the lonely souls have + their silent rapture, and their speechless agony about a thing: + they hate the ingenious and brilliant display of their inmost + problems as much as they dislike to see the women they love too + loudly dressed—they watch her mournfully in such a case, as if they + were just beginning to suspect that she was desirous of pleasing + others. This is the jealousy which all lonely thinkers and + passionate dreamers exhibit with regard to the <span lang="fr" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">esprit</span></span>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">525.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Effect of + Praise.</span></span>—Some people become modest when highly + praised, others insolent.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page359">[pg 359]</span><a name= + "Pg359" id="Pg359" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">526.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Unwilling to be + a Symbol.</span></span>—I sympathise with princes: they are not at + liberty to discard their high rank even for a short time, and thus + they come to know people only from the very uncomfortable position + of constant dissimulation—their continual compulsion to represent + something actually ends by making solemn ciphers of them.—Such is + the fate of all those who deem it their duty to be symbols.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">527.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Hidden + Men.</span></span>—Have you never come across those people who + check and restrain even their enraptured hearts, and who would + rather become mute than lose the modesty of moderation? and have + you never met those embarrassing, and yet so often good-natured + people who do not wish to be recognised, and who time and again + efface the tracks they have made in the sand? and who even deceive + others as well as themselves in order to remain obscure and + hidden?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">528.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Unusual + Forbearance.</span></span>—It is often no small indication of + kindness to be unwilling to criticise some one, and even to refuse + to think of him.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">529.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How Men and + Nations gain Lustre.</span></span>—How many really individual + actions are left undone <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page360">[pg + 360]</span><a name="Pg360" id="Pg360" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + merely because before performing them we perceive or suspect that + they will be misunderstood!—those actions, for example, which have + some intrinsic value, both in good and evil. The more highly an age + or a nation values its individuals, therefore, and the more right + and ascendancy we accord them, the more will actions of this kind + venture to make themselves known,—and thus in the long run a lustre + of honesty, of genuineness in good and evil, will spread over + entire ages and nations, so that they—the Greeks, for example—like + certain stars, will continue to shed light for thousands of years + after their sinking.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">530.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Digressions of + the Thinker.</span></span>—The course of thought in certain men is + strict and inflexibly bold. At times it is even cruel towards such + men, although considered individually they may be gentle and + pliable. With well-meaning hesitation they will turn the matter ten + times over in their heads, but will at length continue their strict + course. They are like streams that wind their way past solitary + hermitages: there are places in their course where the stream plays + hide and seek with itself, and indulges in short idylls with + islets, trees, grottos, and cascades—and then it rushes ahead once + more, passes by the rocks, and forces its way through the hardest + stones.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">531.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Different + Feelings Towards Art.</span></span>—From the time when we begin to + live as a hermit, consuming <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page361">[pg 361]</span><a name="Pg361" id="Pg361" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and consumed, our only company being deep and + prolific thoughts, we expect from art either nothing more, or else + something quite different from what we formerly expected—in a word, + we change our taste. For in former times we wished to penetrate for + a moment by means of art into the element in which we are now + living permanently: at that time we dreamt ourselves into the + rapture of a possession which we now actually possess. Indeed, + flinging away from us for the time being what we now have, and + imagining ourselves to be poor, or to be a child, a beggar, or a + fool, may now at times fill us with delight.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">532.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Love Equalises.</span><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>—Love wishes to + spare the other to whom it devotes itself any feeling of + strangeness: as a consequence it is permeated with disguise and + simulation; it keeps on deceiving continuously, and feigns an + equality which in reality does not exist. And all this is done so + instinctively that women who love deny this simulation and constant + tender trickery, and have even the audacity to assert that love + equalises (in other words that it performs a miracle)!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This phenomenon + is a simple matter if one of the two permits himself or herself to + be loved, and does not deem it necessary to feign, but leaves this + to the other. No drama, however, could offer a more intricate and + confused instance than when both persons are passionately in love + with one another; for in this case both are anxious to <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page362">[pg 362]</span><a name="Pg362" id="Pg362" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> surrender and to endeavour to conform + to the other, and finally they are both at a loss to know what to + imitate and what to feign. The beautiful madness of this spectacle + is too good for this world, and too subtle for human eyes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">533.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">We + Beginners.</span></span>—How many things does an actor see and + divine when he watches another on the stage! He notices at once + when a muscle fails in some gesture; he can distinguish those + little artificial tricks which are so calmly practised separately + before the mirror, and are not in conformity with the whole; he + feels when the actor is surprised on the stage by his own + invention, and when he spoils it amid this surprise.—How + differently, again, does a painter look at some one who happens to + be moving before him! He will see a great deal that does not + actually exist in order to complete the actual appearance of the + person, and to give it its full effect. In his mind he attempts + several different illuminations of the same object, and divides the + whole by an additional contrast.—Oh, that we now possessed the eyes + of such an actor and such a painter for the province of the human + soul!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">534.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Small + Doses.</span></span>—If we wish a change to be as deep and radical + as possible, we must apply the remedy in minute doses, but + unremittingly for long periods. What great action can be performed + all <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page363">[pg 363]</span><a name= + "Pg363" id="Pg363" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> at once? Let us + therefore be careful not to exchange violently and precipitately + the moral conditions with which we are familiar for a new valuation + of things,—nay, we may even wish to continue living in the old way + for a long time to come, until probably at some very remote period + we become aware of the fact that the new valuation has made itself + the predominating power within us, and that its minute doses to + which we must henceforth become accustomed have set up a new nature + within us.—We now also begin to understand that the last attempt at + a great change of valuations—that which concerned itself with + political affairs (the <span class="tei tei-q">“great + revolution”</span>)—was nothing more than a pathetic and sanguinary + piece of quackery which, by means of sudden crises, was able to + inspire a credulous Europe with the hope of a sudden recovery, and + has therefore made all political invalids impatient and dangerous + up to this very moment.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">535.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Truth Requires + Power.</span></span>—Truth in itself is no power at all, in spite + of all that flattering rationalists are in the habit of saying to + the contrary. Truth must either attract power to its side, or else + side with power, for otherwise it will perish again and again. This + has already been sufficiently demonstrated, and more than + sufficiently!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">536.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Thumbscrew.</span></span>—It is disgusting to observe with what + cruelty every one charges his two or <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page364">[pg 364]</span><a name="Pg364" id="Pg364" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> three private virtues to the account of + others who may perhaps not possess them, and whom he torments and + worries with them. Let us therefore deal humanely with the + <span class="tei tei-q">“sense of honesty,”</span> although we may + possess in it a thumbscrew with which we can worry to death all + these presumptuous egoists who even yet wish to impose their own + beliefs upon the whole world—we have tried this thumbscrew on + ourselves!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">537.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Mastery.</span></span>—We have reached + mastery when we neither mistake nor hesitate in the + achievement.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">538.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Moral + Insanity of Genius.</span></span>—In a certain category of great + intellects we may observe a painful and partly horrible spectacle: + in their most productive moments their flights aloft and into the + far distance appear to be out of harmony with their general + constitution and to exceed their power in one way or another, so + that each time there remains a deficiency, and also in the long run + a defectiveness in the entire machinery, which latter is manifested + among those highly intellectual natures by various kinds of moral + and intellectual symptoms more regularly than by conditions of + bodily distress.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus those + incomprehensible characteristics of their nature—all their + timidity, vanity, hatefulness, envy, their narrow and narrowing + disposition—and that too personal and awkward element in natures + like those of Rousseau and Schopenhauer, may very <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page365">[pg 365]</span><a name="Pg365" id="Pg365" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> well be the consequences of a + periodical attack of heart disease; and this in its turn may be the + result of a nervous complaint, and this latter the consequence of + ——<a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href="#note_16"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So long as + genius dwells within us we are full of audacity, yea, almost mad, + and heedless of health, life, and honour; we fly through the day as + free and swift as an eagle, and in the darkness we feel as + confident as an owl.—But let genius once leave us and we are + instantly overcome by a feeling of the most profound despondency: + we can no longer understand ourselves; we suffer from everything + that we experience and do not experience; we feel as if we were in + the midst of shelterless rocks with the tempest raging round us, + and we are at the same time like pitiful childish souls, afraid of + a rustle or a shadow.—Three-fourths of all the evil committed in + the world is due to timidity; and this is above all a physiological + process.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">539.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Do you know + what you Want?</span></span>—Have you never been troubled by the + fear that you might not be at all fitted for recognising what is + true? by the fear that your senses might be too dull, and even your + delicacy of sight far too blunt? If you could only perceive, even + once, to what extent your volition dominates your sight! How, for + example, you wished yesterday to see more than some one else, while + to-day you wish to see it differently! and how from the start you + were anxious to see <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page366">[pg + 366]</span><a name="Pg366" id="Pg366" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + something which would be in conformity with or in opposition to + anything that people thought they had observed up to the present. + Oh, those shameful cravings! How often you keep your eyes open for + what is efficacious, for what is soothing, just because you happen + to be tired at the moment! Always full of secret predeterminations + of what truth should be like, so that you—you, forsooth!—might + accept it! or do you think that to-day, because you are as frozen + and dry as a bright winter morning, and because nothing is weighing + on your mind, you have better eyesight! Are not ardour and + enthusiasm necessary to do justice to the creations of thought?—and + this indeed is what is called sight! as if you could treat matters + of thought any differently from the manner in which you treat men. + In all relations with thought there is the same morality, the same + honesty of purpose, the same <span lang="fr" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">arrière-pensée</span></span>, the same + slackness, the same faint-heartedness—your whole lovable and + hateful self! Your physical exhaustion will lend the things pale + colours whilst your feverishness will turn them into monsters! Does + not your morning show the things in a different light from the + evening? Are you not afraid of finding in the cave of all knowledge + your own phantom, the veil in which truth is wrapped up and hidden + from your sight? Is it not a dreadful comedy in which you so + thoughtlessly wish to take part?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">540.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Learning.</span></span>—Michelangelo + considered Raphael's genius as having been acquired by study, and + upon <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page367">[pg 367]</span><a name= + "Pg367" id="Pg367" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> his own as a natural + gift: learning as opposed to talent; though this is mere pedantry, + with all due respect to the great pedant himself. For what is + talent but a name for an older piece of learning, experience, + exercise, appropriation, and incorporation, perhaps as far back as + the times of our ancestors, or even earlier! And again: he who + learns forms his own talents, only learning is not such an easy + matter and depends not only upon our willingness, but also upon our + being able to learn at all.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Jealousy often + prevents this in an artist, or that pride which, when it + experiences any strange feeling, at once assumes an attitude of + defence instead of an attitude of scholarly receptiveness. Raphael, + like Goethe, lacked this pride, on which account they were great + learners, and not merely the exploiters of those quarries which had + been formed by the manifold genealogy of their forefathers. Raphael + vanishes before our eyes as a learner in the midst of that + assimilation of what his great rival called <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">his</span></em> + <span class="tei tei-q">“nature”</span>: this noblest of all + thieves daily carried off a portion of it; but before he had + appropriated all the genius of Michelangelo he died—and the final + series of his works, because it is the beginning of a new plan of + study, is less perfect and good, for the simple reason that the + great student was interrupted by death in the midst of his most + difficult task, and took away with him that justifying and final + goal which he had in view.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">541.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How we should + turn to Stone.</span></span>—By slowly, very, very slowly, becoming + hard like a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page368">[pg + 368]</span><a name="Pg368" id="Pg368" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + precious stone, and at last lie still, a joy to all eternity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">542.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Philosopher + and Old Age.</span></span>—It is not wise to permit evening to act + as a judge of the day; for only too often in this case weariness + becomes the judge of success and good will. We should also take the + greatest precautions in regard to everything connected with old age + and its judgment upon life, more especially since old age, like the + evening, is fond of assuming a new and charming morality, and knows + well enough how to humiliate the day by the glow of the evening + skies, twilight and a peaceful and wistful silence. The reverence + which we feel for an old man, especially if he is an old thinker + and sage, easily blinds us to the deterioration of his intellect, + and it is always necessary to bring to light the hidden symptoms of + such a deterioration and lassitude, that is to say, to uncover the + physiological phenomenon which is still concealed behind the old + man's moral judgments and prejudices, in case we should be deceived + by our veneration for him, and do something to the disadvantage of + knowledge. For it is not seldom that the illusion of a great moral + renovation and regeneration takes possession of the old man. Basing + his views upon this, he then proceeds to express his opinions on + the work and development of his life as if he had only then for the + first time become clearsighted—and nevertheless it is not wisdom, + but fatigue, which prompts his present state of well-being and his + positive judgments.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page369">[pg + 369]</span><a name="Pg369" id="Pg369" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The most + dangerous indication of this weariness is above all the belief in + genius, which as a rule only arises in great and semi-great men of + intellect at this period of their lives: the belief in an + exceptional position, and exceptional rights. The thinker who thus + believes himself to be inspired by genius henceforth deems it + permissible for him to take things more easily, and takes advantage + of his position as a genius to decree rather than to prove. It is + probable, however, that the need felt by the weary intellect for + alleviation is the main source of this belief—it precedes it in + time, though appearances may indicate the contrary.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At this time + too, as the result of the love which all weary and old people feel + for enjoyment, such men as those I am speaking of wish to enjoy the + results of their thinking instead of again testing them and + scattering the seeds abroad once more. This leads them to make + their thoughts palatable and enjoyable, and to take away their + dryness, coldness, and want of flavour; and thus it comes about + that the old thinker apparently raises himself above his life's + work, while in reality he spoils it by infusing into it a certain + amount of fantasy, sweetness, flavour, poetic mists, and mystic + lights. This is how Plato ended, as did also that great and honest + Frenchman, Auguste Comte, who, as a conqueror of the exact + sciences, cannot be matched either among the Germans or the + Englishmen of this century.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is a third + symptom of fatigue: that ambition which actuated the great thinker + when he was young, and which could not then find anything + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page370">[pg 370]</span><a name= + "Pg370" id="Pg370" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to satisfy it, has + also grown old, and, like one that has no more time to lose, it + begins to snatch at the coarser and more immediate means of its + gratification, means which are peculiar to active, dominating, + violent, and conquering dispositions. From this time onwards the + thinker wishes to found institutions which shall bear his name, + instead of erecting mere brain-structures. What are now to him the + ethereal victories and honours to be met with in the realm of + proofs and refutations, or the perpetuation of his fame in books, + or the thrill of exultation in the soul of the reader? But the + institution, on the other hand, is a temple, as he well knows—a + temple of stone, a durable edifice, which will keep its god alive + with more certainty than the sacrifices of rare and tender + souls.<a id="noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href= + "#note_17"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Perhaps, too, at + this period of his life the old thinker will for the first time + meet with that love which is fitted for a god rather than for a + human being, and his whole nature becomes softened and sweetened in + the rays of such a sun, like fruit in autumn. Yes, he grows more + divine and beautiful, this great old man,—and nevertheless it is + old age and weariness which permit him to ripen in this way, to + grow more silent, and to repose in the luminous adulation of a + woman. Now it is all up with his former desire—a desire which was + superior even to his own ego—for real disciples, followers who + would carry on his thought, that is, true opponents. This desire + arose from his hitherto undiminished energy, the conscious pride he + felt in <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page371">[pg + 371]</span><a name="Pg371" id="Pg371" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + being able at any time to become an opponent himself,—nay, even the + deadly enemy of his own doctrine,—but now his desire is for + resolute partisans, unwavering comrades, auxiliary forces, heralds, + a pompous train of followers. He is now no longer able to bear that + dreadful isolation in which every intellect that advances beyond + the others is compelled to live. From this time forward he + surrounds himself with objects of veneration, companionship, + tenderness, and love; but he also wishes to enjoy the privileges of + all religious people, and to worship what he venerates most highly + in his little community—he will even go as far as to invent a + religion for the purpose of having a community.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus lives the + wise old man, and in living thus he falls almost imperceptibly into + such a deplorable proximity to priestly and poetic extravagances + that it is difficult to recollect all his wise and severe period of + youth, the former rigid morality of his mind, and his truly virile + dread of fancies and misplaced enthusiasm. When he was formerly in + the habit of comparing himself with the older thinkers, he did so + merely that he might measure his weakness against their strength, + and that he might become colder and more audacious towards himself; + but now he only makes this comparison to intoxicate himself with + his own delusions. Formerly he looked forward with confidence to + future thinkers, and he even took a delight in imagining himself to + be cast into the shade by their brighter light. Now, however, he is + mortified to think that he cannot be the last: he endeavours to + discover some way of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page372">[pg + 372]</span><a name="Pg372" id="Pg372" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + imposing upon mankind, together with the inheritance which he is + leaving to them, a restriction of sovereign thinking. He fears and + reviles the pride and the love of freedom of individual minds: + after him no one must allow his intellect to govern with absolute + unrestriction: he himself wishes to remain for ever the bulwark on + which the waves of ideas may break—these are his secret wishes, and + perhaps, indeed, they are not always secret.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The hard fact + upon which such wishes are based, however, is that he himself has + come to a halt before his teaching, and has set up his boundary + stone, his <span class="tei tei-q">“thus far and no + farther.”</span> In canonising himself he has drawn up his own + death warrant: from now on his mind cannot develop further. His + race is run; the hour-hand stops. Whenever a great thinker tries to + make himself a lasting institution for posterity, we may readily + suppose that he has passed the climax of his powers, and is very + tired, very near the setting of his sun.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">543.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">We must not + make Passion an Argument for Truth.</span></span>—Oh, you + kind-hearted and even noble enthusiasts, I know you! You wish to + seem right in our eyes as well as in your own, but especially in + your own!—and an irritable and subtle evil conscience so often + spurs you on against your very enthusiasm! How ingenious you then + become in deceiving your conscience, and lulling it to sleep! How + you hate honest, simple, and clean souls; how you avoid their + innocent glances! That better knowledge whose representatives they + are, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page373">[pg + 373]</span><a name="Pg373" id="Pg373" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + whose voice you hear only too distinctly within yourselves when it + questions your belief,—how you try to cast suspicion upon it as a + bad habit, as a disease of the age, as the neglect and infection of + your own intellectual health! It drives you on to hate even + criticism, science, reason! You must falsify history to make it + testify in your favour; you must deny virtues in case they should + obscure those of your own idols and ideals.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Coloured images + where arguments are needed! Ardour and power of expression! Silver + mists! Ambrosian nights! well do you know how to enlighten and to + darken—to darken by means of light! and indeed when your passion + can no longer be kept within bounds the moment comes when you say + to yourselves, <span class="tei tei-q">“Now I have won for myself a + good conscience, now I am exalted, courageous, self-denying, + magnanimous; now I am honest!”</span> How you long for these + moments when your passion will confer upon you full and absolute + rights, and also, as it were, innocence. How happy you are when + engaged in battle and inspired with ecstasy or courage, when you + are elated beyond yourself, when gnawing doubt has left you, and + when you can even decree: <span class="tei tei-q">“Any man who is + not in ecstasy as we are cannot by any chance know what or where + truth is.”</span> How you long to meet with those who share your + belief in this state—which is a state of intellectual depravity—and + to set your own fire alight with their flames! Oh, for your + martyrdom, your victory of the sanctified lie! Must you really + inflict so much pain upon yourselves?—<em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Must</span></em> + you?</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page374">[pg 374]</span><a name= + "Pg374" id="Pg374" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">544.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">How Philosophy + is now Practised.</span></span>—I can see quite well that our + philosophising youths, women, and artists require from philosophy + exactly the opposite of what the Greeks derived from it. What does + he who does not hear the continual exultation that resounds through + every speech and counter-argument in a Platonic dialogue, this + exultation over the new invention of rational thinking, know about + Plato or about ancient philosophy? At that time souls were filled + with enthusiasm when they gave themselves up to the severe and + sober sport of ideas, generalisations, refutations,—that enthusiasm + which perhaps those old, great, severe, and prudent contrapuntists + in music have also known. At that time the Greek palate still + possessed that older and formerly omnipotent taste: and by the side + of this taste their new taste appeared to be enveloped in so much + charm that the divine art of dialectic was sung by hesitating + voices as if its followers were intoxicated with the frenzy of + love. That old form of thinking, however, was thought within the + bounds of morality, and for it nothing existed but fixed judgments + and established facts, and it had no reasons but those of + authority. Thinking, therefore, was simply a matter of repetition, + and all the enjoyment of speech and dialogue could only lie in + their form.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Wherever the + substance of a thing is looked upon as eternal and universally + approved, there is only one great charm, the charm of variable + forms, that is, of fashion. Even in the poets ever since the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page375">[pg 375]</span><a name= + "Pg375" id="Pg375" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> time of Homer, and + later on in the case of the sculptors, the Greeks did not enjoy + originality, but its contrary. It was Socrates who discovered + another charm, that of cause and effect, of reason and sequence, + and we moderns have become so used to it, and have been brought up + to the necessity of logic that we look upon it as the normal taste, + and as such it cannot but be repugnant to ardent and presumptuous + people. Such people are pleased by whatever stands out boldly from + the normal: their more subtle ambition leads them to believe only + too readily that they are exceptional souls, not dialectic and + rational beings, but, let us say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“intuitive”</span> beings gifted with an <span class= + "tei tei-q">“inner sense,”</span> or with a certain <span class= + "tei tei-q">“intellectual perception.”</span> Above all, however, + they wish to be <span class="tei tei-q">“artistic natures”</span> + with a genius in their heads, and a demon in their bodies, and + consequently with special rights in this world and in the world to + come—especially the divine privilege of being incomprehensible.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And people like + these are <span class="tei tei-q">“going in for”</span> philosophy + nowadays! I fear they will discover one day that they have made a + mistake—what they are looking for is religion!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">545.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">But we do not + Believe you.</span></span>—You would fain pass for psychologists, + but we shall not allow it! Are we not to notice that you pretend to + be more experienced, profound, passionate, and perfect than you + actually are?—just as we notice in yonder painter that there is a + trifling presumptuousness in <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page376">[pg 376]</span><a name="Pg376" id="Pg376" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> his manner of wielding the brush, and in + yonder musician that he brings forward his theme with the desire to + make it appear superior to what it really is. Have you experienced + history within yourselves, commotions, earthquakes, long and + profound sadness, and sudden flashes of happiness? Have you acted + foolishly with great and little fools? Have you really undergone + the delusions and woe of the good people? and also the woe and the + peculiar happiness of the most evil? Then you may speak to me of + morality, but not otherwise!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">546.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Slave and + Idealist.</span></span>—The followers of Epictetus would doubtless + not be to the taste of those who are now striving after the ideal. + The constant tension of his being, the indefatigable inward glance, + the prudent and reserved incommunicativeness of his eye whenever it + happens to gaze upon the outer world, and above all, his silence or + laconic speech: all these are characteristics of the strictest + fortitude,—and what would our idealists, who above all else are + desirous of expansion, care for this? But in spite of all this the + Stoic is not fanatical. He detests the display and boasting of our + idealists: his pride, however great it may be, is not eager to + disturb others. It permits of a certain gentle approach, and has no + desire to spoil anybody's good humour—nay, it can even smile. A + great deal of ancient humanity is to be seen exemplified in this + ideal. The most excellent feature about it, however, is that the + thinker is completely free from the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page377">[pg 377]</span><a name="Pg377" id="Pg377" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> fear of God, strictly believes in reason, and + is no preacher of penitence.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Epictetus was a + slave: his ideal man is without any particular rank, and may exist + in any grade of society, but above all he is to be sought in the + deepest and lowest social classes, as the silent and + self-sufficient man in the midst of a general state of servitude, a + man who defends himself alone against the outer world, and is + constantly living in a state of the highest fortitude. He is + distinguished from the Christian especially, because the latter + lives in hope in the promise of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“unspeakable glory,”</span> permits presents to be made + to him, and expects and accepts the best things from divine love + and grace, and not from himself. Epictetus, on the other hand, + neither hopes nor allows his best treasure to be given him—he + possesses it already, holds it bravely in his hand, and defies the + world to take it away from him. Christianity was devised for + another class of ancient slaves, for those who had a weak will and + weak reason—that is to say, for the majority of slaves.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">547.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Tyrants of + the Intellect.</span></span>—The progress of science is at the + present time no longer hindered by the purely accidental fact that + man attains to about seventy years, which was the case far too + long. In former times people wished to master the entire extent of + knowledge within this period, and all the methods of knowledge were + valued according to this general desire. Minor <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page378">[pg 378]</span><a name="Pg378" id="Pg378" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> questions and individual experiments + were looked upon as unworthy of notice: people wanted to take the + shortest path under the impression that, since everything in this + world seemed to be arranged with a view to man's needs, even the + acquirement of knowledge was regulated in view of the limits of + human life.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To solve + everything at a single stroke, with one word—this was the secret + desire; and the task was represented in the symbol of the Gordian + knot or the egg of Columbus. No one doubted that it was possible to + reach the goal of knowledge after the manner of Alexander or + Columbus, and to settle all questions with one answer. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“There is a mystery to be solved,”</span> seemed to be + the aim of life in the eyes of the philosopher: it was necessary in + the first place to find out what this enigma was, and to condense + the problem of the world into the simplest enigmatical formula + possible. The boundless ambition and delight of being the + <span class="tei tei-q">“unraveller of the world”</span> charmed + the dreams of many a thinker: nothing seemed to him worth troubling + about in this world but the means of bringing everything to a + satisfactory conclusion. Philosophy thus became a kind of supreme + struggle for the tyrannical sway over the intellect, and no one + doubted that such a tyrannical domination was reserved for some + very happy, subtle, ingenious, bold, and powerful person—a single + individual!—and many (the last was Schopenhauer) fancied themselves + to be this privileged person.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From this it + follows that, on the whole, science has up to the present remained + in a rather backward <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page379">[pg + 379]</span><a name="Pg379" id="Pg379" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + state owing to the moral narrow-mindedness of its disciples, and + that henceforth it will have to be pursued from a higher and more + generous motive. <span class="tei tei-q">“What do I matter?”</span> + is written over the door of the thinker of the future.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">548.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Victory Over + Power.</span></span>—If we consider all that has been venerated up + to the present as <span class="tei tei-q">“superhuman + intellect”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“genius,”</span> we + must come to the sad conclusion that, considered as a whole, the + intellectuality of mankind must have been extremely low and poor: + so little mind has hitherto been necessary in order to feel at once + considerably superior to all this! Alas for the cheap glory of + <span class="tei tei-q">“genius”</span>! How quickly has it been + raised to the throne, and its worship grown into a custom! We still + fall on our knees before power—according to the old custom of + slaves—and nevertheless, when the degree of venerability comes to + be determined, only the degree of reason in the power will be the + deciding factor. We must find out, indeed, to how great an extent + power has been overcome by something higher, which it now obeys as + a tool and instrument.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As yet, however, + there have been too few eyes for such investigations: even in the + majority of cases the mere valuation of genius has almost been + looked upon as blasphemy. And thus perhaps everything that is most + beautiful still takes place in the midst of darkness and vanishes + in endless night almost as soon as it has made its appearance,—I + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page380">[pg 380]</span><a name= + "Pg380" id="Pg380" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> refer to the + spectacle of that power which a genius does not lay out upon works, + but upon himself as a work, that is, his own self-control, the + purifying of his own imagination, the order and selection in his + inspirations and tasks. The great man ever remains invisible in the + greatest thing that claims worship, like some distant star: his + victory over power remains without witnesses, and hence also + without songs and singers. The hierarchy of the great men in all + the past history of the human race has not yet been determined.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">549.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Flight from + One's Self.</span></span>—Those sufferers from intellectual spasms + who are impatient towards themselves and look upon themselves with + a gloomy eye—such as Byron or Alfred de Musset—and who, in + everything that they do, resemble runaway horses, and from their + own works derive only a transient joy and an ardent passion which + almost bursts their veins, followed by sterility and + disenchantment—how are they able to bear up! They would fain attain + to something <span class="tei tei-q">“beyond themselves.”</span> If + we happen to be Christians, and are seized by such a desire as + this, we strive to reach God and to become one with Him; if we are + a Shakespeare we shall be glad to perish in images of a passionate + life; if we are like Byron we long for actions, because these + detach us from ourselves to an even greater extent than thoughts, + feelings, and works.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And should the + desire for performing great deeds really be at bottom nothing but a + flight from our own selves?—as Pascal would ask us. And indeed + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page381">[pg 381]</span><a name= + "Pg381" id="Pg381" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> this assertion might + be proved by considering the most noble representations of this + desire for action: in this respect let us remember, bringing the + knowledge of an alienist to our aid, that four of the greatest men + of all ages who were possessed of this lust for action were + epileptics—Alexander the Great, Cæsar, Mohammed, and Napoleon; and + Byron likewise was subject to the same complaint.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">550.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Knowledge and + Beauty.</span></span>—If men, as they are still in the habit of + doing, reserve their veneration and feelings of happiness for works + of fancy and imagination, we should not be surprised if they feel + chilled and displeased by the contrary of fancy and imagination. + The rapture which arises from even the smallest, sure, and definite + step in advance into insight, and which our present state of + science yields to so many in such abundance—this rapture is in the + meantime not believed in by all those who are in the habit of + feeling enraptured only when they leave reality altogether and + plunge into the depths of vague appearance—romanticism. These + people look upon reality as ugly, but they entirely overlook the + fact that the knowledge of even the ugliest reality is beautiful, + and that the man who can discern much and often is in the end very + far from considering as ugly the main items of that reality, the + discovery of which has always inspired him with the feeling of + happiness.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Is there + anything <span class="tei tei-q">“beautiful in itself”</span>? The + happiness of those who can recognise augments the beauty of the + world, bathing everything that exists <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page382">[pg 382]</span><a name="Pg382" id="Pg382" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> in a sunnier light: discernment not only + envelops all things in its own beauty, but in the long run + permeates the things themselves with its beauty—may ages to come + bear witness to the truth of this statement! In the meantime let us + recall an old experience: two men so thoroughly different in every + respect as Plato and Aristotle were agreed in regard to what + constituted superior happiness—not merely their own and that of men + in general, but happiness in itself, even the happiness of the + gods. They found this happiness to lie in knowledge, in the + activity of a well practised and inventive understanding (not in + <span class="tei tei-q">“intuition”</span> like the German + theologians and semi-theologians; not in visions, like the mystics; + and not in work, like the merely practical men). Similar opinions + were expressed by Descartes and Spinoza. What great delight must + all these men have felt in knowledge! and how great was the danger + that their honesty might give way, and that they themselves might + become panegyrists of things!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">551.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Future + Virtues.</span></span>—How has it come about that, the more + intelligible the world has become, the more all kinds of ceremonies + have diminished? Was fear so frequently the fundamental basis of + that awe which overcame us at the sight of anything hitherto + unknown and mysterious, and which taught us to fall upon our knees + before the unintelligible, and to beg for mercy? And has the world, + perhaps, through the very fact that we have <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page383">[pg 383]</span><a name="Pg383" id="Pg383" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> grown less timid, lost some of the + charms it formerly had for us? Is it not possible that our own + dignity and stateliness, our formidable character, has decreased + together with our spirit of dread? Perhaps we value the world and + ourselves less highly since we have begun to think more boldly + about it and ourselves? Perhaps there will come a moment in the + future when this courageous spirit of thinking will have reached + such a point that it will feel itself soaring in supreme pride, far + above men and things—when the wise man, being also the boldest, + will see himself and even more particularly existence, the lowest + of all beneath himself?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This type of + courage, which is not far removed from excessive generosity, has + been lacking in humanity up to the present.—Oh, that our poets + might once again become what they once were: seers, telling us + something about what might possibly happen! now that what is real + and what is past are being ever more and more taken from them, and + must continue to be taken from them—for the time of innocent + counterfeiting is at an end! Let them try to enable us to + anticipate future virtues, or virtues that will never be found on + earth, although they may exist somewhere in the + world!—purple-glowing constellations and whole Milky Ways of the + beautiful! Where are ye, ye astronomers of the ideal?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">552.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ideal + Selfishness.</span></span>—Is there a more sacred state than that + of pregnancy? To perform every <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page384">[pg 384]</span><a name="Pg384" id="Pg384" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> one of our actions in the silent conviction + that in one way or another it will be to the benefit of that which + is being generated within us—that it must augment its mysterious + value, the very thought of which fills us with rapture? At such a + time we refrain from many things without having to force ourselves + to do so: we suppress the angry word, we grasp the hand + forgivingly; our child must be born from all that is best and + gentlest. We shun our own harshness and brusqueness in case it + should instil a drop of unhappiness into the cup of the beloved + unknown. Everything is veiled, ominous; we know nothing about what + is going on, but simply wait and try to be prepared. During this + time, too, we experience a pure and purifying feeling of profound + irresponsibility, similar to that felt by a spectator before a + drawn curtain; <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">it</span></em> is growing, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">it</span></em> is + coming to light; we have nothing to do with determining its value, + or the hour of its arrival. We are thrown back altogether upon + indirect, beneficent and defensive influences. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Something greater than we are is growing + here”</span>—such is our most secret hope: we prepare everything + with a view to his birth and prosperity—not merely everything that + is useful, but also the noblest gifts of our souls.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We should, and + can, live under the influence of such a blessed inspiration! + Whether what we are looking forward to is a thought or a deed, our + relationship to every essential achievement is none other than that + of pregnancy, and all our vainglorious boasting about <span class= + "tei tei-q">“willing”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“creating”</span> should be cast to the winds! True and + ideal <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page385">[pg 385]</span><a name= + "Pg385" id="Pg385" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> selfishness consists + in always watching over and restraining the soul, so that our + productiveness may come to a beautiful termination. Thus in this + indirect manner we must provide for and watch over the good of all; + and the frame of mind, the mood in which we live, is a kind of + soothing oil which spreads far around us on the restless + souls.—Still, these pregnant ones are funny people! let us + therefore dare to be funny also, and not reproach others if they + must be the same. And even when this phenomenon becomes dangerous + and evil we must not show less respect to that which is generating + within us or others than ordinary worldly justice, which does not + allow the judge or the hangman to interfere with a pregnant + woman.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">553.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Circuitous + Routes.</span></span>—Where does all this philosophy mean to end + with its circuitous routes? Does it do more than transpose into + reason, so to speak, a continuous and strong impulse—a craving for + a mild sun, a bright and bracing atmosphere, southern plants, sea + breezes, short meals of meat, eggs, and fruit, hot water to drink, + quiet walks for days at a time, little talking, rare and cautious + reading, living alone, pure, simple, and almost soldier-like + habits—a craving, in short, for all things which are suited to my + own personal taste? a philosophy which is in the main the instinct + for a personal regimen—an instinct that longs for my air, my + height, my temperature, and my kind of health, and takes the + circuitous route of my head to persuade me to it!</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page386">[pg 386]</span><a name="Pg386" id="Pg386" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are many + other and certainly more lofty philosophies, and not only such as + are more gloomy and pretentious than mine—and are they perhaps, + taking them as a whole, nothing but intellectual circuitous routes + of the same kind of personal impulses?—In the meantime I look with + a new eye upon the mysterious and solitary flight of a butterfly + high on the rocky banks of the lake where so many plants are + growing: there it flies hither and thither, heedless of the fact + that its life will last only one more day, and that the night will + be too cold for its winged fragility. For it, too, a philosophy + might be found, though it might not be my own.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="Sect_554" id="Sect_554" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">554.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Leading.</span></span><a id="noteref_18" + name="noteref_18" href="#note_18"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a>—When + we praise progress we only praise the movement and those who do not + let us remain on the same spot, and in the circumstances this is + certainly something, especially if we live among Egyptians. In + changeable Europe, however, where movement is <span class= + "tei tei-q">“understood,”</span> to use their own expression, + <span class="tei tei-q">“as a matter of course”</span>—alas, if + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">we</span></em> only understood something about + it too!—I praise leaders and forerunners: that is to say, those who + always leave themselves behind, and do not care in the least + whether any one is following them or not. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Wherever I halt I find myself alone: why should I + halt! the desert is still so wide!”</span>—such is the sentiment of + the true leader.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page387">[pg 387]</span><a name= + "Pg387" id="Pg387" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">555.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Least + Important Are Sufficient.</span></span>—We ought to avoid events + when we know that even the least important of them frequently + enough leave a strong impression upon us—and these we cannot + avoid.—The thinker must possess an approximate canon of all the + things he still wishes to experience.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">556.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Four + Virtues.</span></span>—Honest towards ourselves, and to all and + everything friendly to us; brave in the face of our enemy; generous + towards the vanquished; polite at all times: such do the four + cardinal virtues wish us to be.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">557.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Marching + Against an Enemy.</span></span>—How pleasant is the sound of even + bad music and bad motives when we are setting out to march against + an enemy!</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">558.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Not Concealing + One's Virtues.</span></span>—I love those men who are as + transparent as water, and who, to use Pope's expression, hide not + from view the turbid bottom of their stream. Even they, however, + possess a certain vanity, though of a rare and more sublimated + kind: some of them would wish us to see nothing but the mud, and to + take no notice of the clearness of the water which enables us to + look right to the bottom. No less a man than <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page388">[pg 388]</span><a name="Pg388" id="Pg388" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Gautama Buddha has imagined the vanity + of these few in the formula, <span class="tei tei-q">“Let your sins + appear before men, and conceal your virtues.”</span> But this would + exhibit a disagreeable spectacle to the world—it would be a sin + against good taste.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">559.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nothing in + Excess!</span></span>"—How often is the individual recommended to + set up a goal which it is beyond his power to reach, in order that + he may at least attain that which lies within the scope of his + abilities and most strenuous efforts! Is it really so desirable, + however, that he should do so? Do not the best men who try to act + according to this doctrine, together with their best deeds, + necessarily assume a somewhat exaggerated and distorted appearance + on account of their excessive tension? and in the future will not a + grey mist of failure envelop the world, owing to the fact that we + may see everywhere struggling athletes and tremendous gestures, but + nowhere a conqueror crowned with the laurel, and rejoicing in his + victory?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">560.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">What we are + Free to do.</span></span>—We can act as the gardeners of our + impulses, and—which few people know—we may cultivate the seeds of + anger, pity, vanity, or excessive brooding, and make these things + fecund and productive, just as we can train a beautiful plant to + grow along trellis-work. We may do this with the good or bad taste + of a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page389">[pg 389]</span><a name= + "Pg389" id="Pg389" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> gardener, and as it + were, in the French, English, Dutch, or Chinese style. We may let + nature take its own course, only trimming and embellishing a little + here and there; and finally, without any knowledge or + consideration, we may even allow the plants to spring up in + accordance with their own natural growth and limitations, and fight + out their battle among themselves,—nay, we can even take delight in + such chaos, though we may possibly have a hard time with it! All + this is at our option: but how many know that it is? Do not the + majority of people believe in themselves as complete and perfect + facts? and have not the great philosophers set their seal on this + prejudice through their doctrine of the unchangeability of + character?</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">561.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Letting our + Happiness also Shine.</span></span>—In the same way as painters are + unable to reproduce the deep brilliant hue of the natural sky, and + are compelled to use all the colours they require for their + landscapes a few shades deeper than nature has made them—just as + they, by means of this trick, succeed in approaching the brilliancy + and harmony of nature's own hues, so also must poets and + philosophers, for whom the luminous rays of happiness are + inaccessible, endeavour to find an expedient. By picturing all + things a shade or two darker than they really are, their light, in + which they excel, will produce almost exactly the same effect as + the sunlight, and will resemble the light of true happiness.—The + pessimist, on the other hand, who paints <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page390">[pg 390]</span><a name="Pg390" id="Pg390" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> all things in the blackest and most sombre + hues, only makes use of bright flames, lightning, celestial + glories, and everything that possesses a glaring, dazzling power, + and bewilders our eyes: to him light only serves the purpose of + increasing the horror, and of making us look upon things as being + more dreadful than they really are.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">562.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Settled and + the Free.</span></span>—It is only in the Underworld that we catch + a glimpse of that gloomy background of all that bliss of adventure + which forms an everlasting halo around Ulysses and his like, + rivalling the eternal phosphorescence of the sea,—that background + which we can never forget: the mother of Ulysses died of grief and + yearning for her child. The one is driven on from place to place, + and the heart of the other, the tender stay-at-home friend, breaks + through it—so it always is. Affliction breaks the hearts of those + who live to see that those whom they love best are deserting their + former views and faith,—it is a tragedy brought about by the free + spirits,—a tragedy which, indeed, occasionally comes to their own + knowledge. Then, perhaps, they too, like Ulysses, will be forced to + descend among the dead to get rid of their sorrow and to relieve + their affliction.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">563.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Illusion of + the Moral Order of the Universe.</span></span>—There is no + <span class="tei tei-q">“eternal justice”</span> which <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page391">[pg 391]</span><a name="Pg391" id="Pg391" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> requires that every fault shall be + atoned and paid for,—the belief that such a justice existed was a + terrible delusion, and useful only to a limited extent; just as it + is also a delusion that everything is guilt which is felt as such. + It is not the things themselves, but the opinions about things that + do not exist, which have been such a source of trouble to + mankind.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">564.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">By the Side of + Experience.</span></span>—Even great intellects have only a + hand-breadth experience—in the immediate proximity of this + experience their reflection ceases, and its place is taken by + unlimited vacuity and stupidity.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">565.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dignity and + Ignorance.</span></span>—Wherever we understand we become amiable, + happy, and ingenious; and when we have learnt enough, and have + trained our eyes and ears, our souls show greater plasticity and + charm. We understand so little, however, and are so insufficiently + informed, that it rarely happens that we seize upon a thing and + make ourselves lovable at the same time,—on the contrary we pass + through cities, nature, and history with stiffness and + indifference, at the same time taking a pride in our stiff and + indifferent attitude, as if it were simply due to superiority. Thus + our ignorance and our mediocre desire for knowledge understand + quite well how to assume a mask of dignity and character.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page392">[pg 392]</span><a name= + "Pg392" id="Pg392" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">566.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Living + Cheaply.</span></span>—The cheapest and most innocent mode of life + is that of the thinker; for, to mention at once its most important + feature, he has the greatest need of those very things which others + neglect and look upon with contempt. In the second place he is + easily pleased and has no desire for any expensive pleasures. His + task is not difficult, but, so to speak, southern; his days and + nights are not wasted by remorse; he moves, eats, drinks, and + sleeps in a manner suited to his intellect, in order that it may + grow calmer, stronger, and clearer. Again, he takes pleasure in his + body and has no reason to fear it; he does not require society, + except from time to time in order that he may afterwards go back to + his solitude with even greater delight. He seeks and finds in the + dead compensation for the living, and can even replace his friends + in this way—viz., by seeking out among the dead the best who have + ever lived.—Let us consider whether it is not the contrary desires + and habits which have made the life of man expensive, and as a + consequence difficult and often unbearable. In another sense, + however, the thinker's life is certainly the most expensive, for + nothing is too good for him; and it would be an intolerable + privation for him to be deprived of the best.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">567.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">In the + Field.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“We should take things + more cheerfully than they deserve; especially because for + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page393">[pg 393]</span><a name= + "Pg393" id="Pg393" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> a very long time we + have taken them more seriously than they deserved.”</span> So speak + the brave soldiers of knowledge.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">568.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Poet and + Bird.</span></span>—The bird Phœnix showed the poet a glowing + scroll which was being gradually consumed in the flames. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Be not alarmed,”</span> said the bird, + <span class="tei tei-q">“it is your work! It does not contain the + spirit of the age, and to a still less extent the spirit of those + who are against the age: so it must be burnt. But that is a good + sign. There is many a dawn of day.”</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">569.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To the Lonely + Ones.</span></span>—If we do not respect the honour of others in + our soliloquies as well as in what we say publicly, we are not + gentlemen.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">570.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Losses.</span></span>—There are some + losses which communicate to the soul a sublimity in which it ceases + from wailing, and wanders about silently, as if in the shade of + some high and dark cypresses.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">571.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The + Battle-Field Dispensary of the Soul.</span></span>—What is the most + efficacious remedy?—Victory.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">572.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Life shall + Comfort Us.</span></span>—If, like the thinker, we live habitually + amid the great current of ideas <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page394">[pg 394]</span><a name="Pg394" id="Pg394" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and feelings, and even our dreams follow this + current, we expect comfort and peacefulness from life, while others + wish to rest from life when they give themselves up to + meditation.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">573.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Casting One's + Skin.</span></span>—The snake that cannot cast its skin perishes. + So too with those minds which are prevented from changing their + views: they cease to be minds.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">574.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Never + Forget!</span></span>—The higher we soar the smaller we appear to + those who cannot fly.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">575.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">We Aeronauts of + the Intellect.</span></span>—All those daring birds that soar far + and ever farther into space, will somewhere or other be certain to + find themselves unable to continue their flight, and they will + perch on a mast or some narrow ledge—and will be grateful even for + this miserable accommodation! But who could conclude from this that + there was not an endless free space stretching far in front of + them, and that they had flown as far as they possibly could? In the + end, however, all our great teachers and predecessors have come to + a standstill, and it is by no means in the noblest or most graceful + attitude that their weariness has brought them to a pause: the same + thing will happen to you and me! but what does this matter + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page395">[pg 395]</span><a name= + "Pg395" id="Pg395" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to either of us? + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Other + birds will fly farther!</span></em> Our minds and hopes vie with + them far out and on high; they rise far above our heads and our + failures, and from this height they look far into the distant + horizon and see hundreds of birds much more powerful than we are, + striving whither we ourselves have also striven, and where all is + sea, sea, and nothing but sea!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And where, then, + are we aiming at? Do we wish to cross the sea? whither does this + over-powering passion urge us, this passion which we value more + highly than any other delight? Why do we fly precisely in this + direction, where all the suns of humanity have hitherto set? Is it + possible that people may one day say of us that we also steered + westward, hoping to reach India—but that it was our fate to be + wrecked on the infinite? Or, my brethren? or—?</p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-back" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> <a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"> + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href= + "#noteref_1">1.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The book was first published in 1881, + the preface being added to the second edition, 1886.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href= + "#noteref_2">2.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This refers, of course, to the + different genders of the nouns in other languages. In German, for + example, the sun is feminine, and in French masculine.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href= + "#noteref_3">3.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Henri Albert points out that this + refers to a line of Paul Gerhardt's well-known song: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Befiel du deine Wege.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href= + "#noteref_4">4.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Formal + education”</span> is the name given in Germany to those branches of + learning which tend to develop the logical faculties, as opposed to + <span class="tei tei-q">“material”</span> education which deals + with the acquisition of facts and all kinds of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“useful”</span> knowledge.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href= + "#noteref_5">5.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The reference is to the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xx.</span></span> 18: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Τέτλαθι δή, κραδίη; καὶ κύντερον ἄλλο ποτ᾽ + ἔτλης...”</span> etc. Κύντερος, from κύων, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“a dog,”</span> lit. more dog-like, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + shameless, horrible, audacious.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href= + "#noteref_6">6.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">If this aphorism seems obscure, the + reader may take Tolstoi as an example of the first class and + Nietzsche as an example of the second. Tolstoi's inconsistencies + are generally glossed over, because he professed the customary + moral theories of the age, while Nietzsche has had to endure the + most searching criticism because he did not. In Nietzsche's case, + however, the scrutiny has been in vain; for, having no unworkable + Christian theories to uphold, unlike Tolstoi, Nietzsche's life is + not a series of compromises. The career of the great pagan + philosopher was, in essence, much more saintly than that of the + great Christian. How different from Tolstoi, too, was that noble + Christian, Pascal, who, from the inevitable clash of his creed and + his nature, died at thirty-eight, while his weaker epigone lived in + the fulness of his fame until he was over eighty!—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href= + "#noteref_7">7.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A hit at the German Empire, which + Nietzsche always despised, since it led to the utter extinction of + the old German spirit. <span class="tei tei-q">“Kingdom”</span> (in + <span class="tei tei-q">“Kingdom of God”</span>) and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Empire”</span> are both represented by the one German + word <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Reich</span></span>.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href= + "#noteref_8">8.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This sentence is a complete refutation + of a book which caused so much stir in Germany about a decade ago, + and in England quite recently, Chamberlain's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nineteenth + Century</span></span>, in which a purely imaginary Teutonic race is + held up as the Chosen People of the world. Nietzsche says + elsewhere, <span class="tei tei-q">“Peoples and Countries,”</span> + aphorism 21, <span class="tei tei-q">“Associate with no man who + takes part in the mendacious race-swindle.”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href= + "#noteref_9">9.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The fiercest protests against + Nietzsche's teaching even now come from the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“unfeeling people.”</span> Hence the difficulty—now + happily past—of introducing him into Anglo-Saxon + countries.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href= + "#noteref_10">10.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The German Jews are well known for + their charity, by means of which they probably wish to prove that + they are not so bad as the Anti-Semites paint them.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href= + "#noteref_11">11.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">That is, do not speak either of God or + the devil. The German proverb runs: <span class="tei tei-q">“Man + soll den Teufel nicht an die Wand malen, sonst kommt + er.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href= + "#noteref_12">12.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The case of that other witty Venetian, + Casanova.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href= + "#noteref_13">13.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The play upon the words <span lang= + "de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gründlich</span></span> (thorough) thinkers, + and <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Untergründlichen</span></span> (lit. those + underground) cannot be rendered in English.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href= + "#noteref_14">14.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A variation of the well-known proverb, + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ubi bene, ibi + patria</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href= + "#noteref_15">15.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hence the violence of all fanatics, + who do not wish to shout down the outer world so much as to shout + down their own inner enemy, viz. truth.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href= + "#noteref_16">16.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This omission is in the + original.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href= + "#noteref_17">17.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This, of course, refers to Richard + Wagner, as does also the following paragraph.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href= + "#noteref_18">18.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The play upon the words <span lang= + "de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vorschritt</span></span> (leading) and + <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fortschritt</span></span> (progress) cannot be + rendered in English.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span></dd> + </dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DAWN OF DAY*** +</pre> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader17" id="rightpageheader17"></a><a name= + "pgtoc18" id="pgtoc18"></a><a name="pdf19" id="pdf19"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">June 9, + 2012 </th> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"> + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI + edition 1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"><span class= + "tei tei-respStmt"><span class= + "tei tei-name">Produced by Dianna Adair, Joe C, + David King, and the Online Distributed Proofreading + Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. 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