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diff --git a/39882-h/39882-h.htm b/39882-h/39882-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..971aedd --- /dev/null +++ b/39882-h/39882-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,18821 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html lang="en"> + +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> +<title>The Project Gutenberg e-Book of The Beginners of a Nation; Author: Edward Eggleston.</title> + +<style type="text/css"> +<!-- + +body {font-size: 1em; text-align: justify; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 20%;} + +h1 {font-size: 115%; text-align: center; margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 4em;} +h2 {font-size: 110%; text-align: center; margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 4em; line-height: 1.8em;} +h3 {font-size: 105%; text-align: center; margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 2em; line-height: 1.8em;} +h4 {font-size: 102%; text-align: center; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;} + +a:focus, a:active {outline:#0033cc solid 2px; background-color:#0033CC;} +a:focus img, a:active img {outline: #0033CC solid 2px;} + +ul.none {list-style-type: none;} +li {margin-top: 0.5em;} + +sup {line-height: 0em;} + +p {text-indent: 1em;} +.tn p {margin-left: 10%; width: 80%; font-size: 90%; text-indent: 0em;} + +.p2 {margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +.p4 {margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 1em;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 95%;} +.smaller {font-size: 90%;} +.small {font-size: 80%;} +.font105 {font-size: 105%;} + +.noindent {text-indent: 0em;} + +.center {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;} +.right10 {text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;} +.ralign10 {position: absolute; right: 10%; top: auto;} + +.min1em {margin-left: -1em;} +.min2em {margin-left: -2em;} + +.toc {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} +.index {margin-left: 4em;} +.index p {text-indent: 0em;} +.book {margin-top: 2em; margin-left: 5em; text-indent: -3em;} +.review {font-size: 90%; margin-left: 5%;} +.answer {margin-left: 5%; font-size: 95%;} +.poem10 {margin-left: 10%; text-indent: 0em; font-size: 90%;} + +.sidenote {font-size: 75%; + margin-right: -18%; width: 15%; + clear: right; float: right; + text-indent: 0em; text-align: left; + padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 1.5em;} + +.pagenum {visibility: hidden; + position: absolute; right:0; text-align: right; + font-size: 10px; + font-weight: normal; font-variant: normal; + font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; + color: #C0C0C0; background-color: inherit;} +.box {border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; + margin: 4em 5% 1em 5%; padding: 1em;} + +.figcenter {margin-top: 3em; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;} + +--> +</style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Beginners of a Nation, by Edward Eggleston + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: The Beginners of a Nation + +Author: Edward Eggleston + +Release Date: June 2, 2012 [EBook #39882] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BEGINNERS OF A NATION *** + + + + +Produced by David Edwards, Christine P. Travers and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net +(This file was produced from images generously made +available by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + +</pre> + +<p class="p4 center">A HISTORY OF<br> +LIFE IN THE UNITED STATES</p> + +<p class="p4 center"><span class="font105">THE BEGINNERS OF A NATION</span><br> +A HISTORY OF THE SOURCE AND RISE<br> +OF THE EARLIEST ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS<br> +IN AMERICA WITH SPECIAL<br> +REFERENCE TO THE LIFE AND<br> +CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE</p> + +<p class="p2 center"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br> +EDWARD EGGLESTON</p> + +<a id="img001" name="img001"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img001.jpg" width="81" height="100" alt="Editor's logo." title=""> +</div> + +<p class="p4 center smaller">NEW YORK<br> +D. APPLETON AND COMPANY<br> +1896</p> + +<p class="p4 small center"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1896,</span><br> +By EDWARD EGGLESTON.</p> + +<h3><i>TO<br> +THE RIGHT HONORABLE JAMES BRYCE, M. P.</i></h3> + +<p class="smcap"><i>My dear Mr. Bryce</i>:</p> + +<p><i>In giving an account of the origins of the United +States, I have told a story of English achievement. It +is fitting that I should inscribe it to you, who of all the +Englishmen of this generation have rendered the most eminent +service to the American Commonwealth. You have +shown with admirable clearness and candor, and with +marvelous breadth of thought and sympathy, what are the +results in the present time of the English beginnings in +America, and to you, therefore, I offer this volume. I +need not assure you that it gives me great pleasure to +write your name here as godfather to my book, and to +subscribe myself, my dear Mr. Bryce,</i></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Yours very sincerely,</i></p> +<p class="right10 smcap"><i>Edward Eggleston.</i></p> + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagevii" name="pagevii"></a>(p. vii)</span> PREFACE.</h2> + +<p>In this work, brought to completion after many +years of patient research, I have sought to trace from +their source the various and often complex movements +that resulted in the early English settlements in America, +and in the evolution of a great nation with English +speech and traditions. It has been my aim to make +these pages reflect the character of the age in which +the English colonies were begun, and the traits of the +colonists, and to bring into relief the social, political, +intellectual, and religious forces that promoted emigration. +This does not pretend to be the usual account +of all the events attending early colonization; it is +rather a history in which the succession of cause and +effect is the main topic—a history of the dynamics of +colony-planting in the first half of the seventeenth century. +Who were the beginners of English life in America? +What propulsions sent them for refuge to a wilderness? +What visions beckoned them to undertake +the founding of new states? What manner of men were +their leaders? And what is the story of their hopes, +their experiments, and their disappointments? These +are the questions I have tried to answer.</p> + +<p>The founders of the little settlements that had the +unexpected fortune to expand into an empire I have +not been able to treat otherwise than unreverently. +Here are no forefathers or foremothers, but simply English +men and women of the seventeenth century, with +the faults and fanaticisms as well as the virtues of +their age. I have disregarded that convention which +<span class="pagenum"><a id="pageviii" name="pageviii"></a>(p. viii)</span> makes it obligatory for a writer of American history +to explain that intolerance in the first settlers was not +just like other intolerance, and that their cruelty and injustice +were justifiable under the circumstances. This +walking backward to throw a mantle over the nakedness +of ancestors may be admirable as an example of diluvian +piety, but it is none the less reprehensible in the +writing of history.</p> + +<p>While the present work is complete in itself, it is also +part of a larger enterprise, as the half-title indicates. +In January, 1880, I began to make studies for a History +of Life in the United States. For the last sixteen or +seventeen years by far the greater part of my time has +been given to researches on the culture history of the +United States in the period of English domination, that +"good old colony time" about which we have had more +sentiment than information. As year after year was +consumed in this toilsome preparation, the magnitude +of the task became apparent, and I began to feel the +fear for my work so felicitously expressed by Ralegh, +"that the darkness of age and death would have covered +over both it and me before the performance." It +seemed better, therefore, to redeem from the chance of +such mishap a portion of my work, by completing this +most difficult part of the task, in order that when, early +or late, the inevitable night shall fall, the results of my +labor, such as they are, may not be wholly covered over +by the darkness.</p> + +<p>There is always difference of opinion in regard to +the comparative fullness with which the several portions +of a historical narrative should be treated, and I can +not hope to escape criticism on this point. I have related +some events with what will be considered disproportionate +amplitude of detail. But the distinctive purpose +of this work is to give an insight into the life and +character of the people, and there are details that make +the reader feel the very spirit and manner of the time. +It is better to let the age disclose itself in action; it +<span class="pagenum"><a id="pageix" name="pageix"></a>(p. ix)</span> is only by ingenious eavesdropping and peeps through +keyholes that we can win this kind of knowledge from +the past. Literary considerations should have some +weight in deciding how fully an episode shall be treated, +unless the historian is content to perform the homely +service of a purveyor of the crude ore of knowledge. +I have sought to make this "a work of art as well as of +historical science," to borrow a phrase from Augustin +Thierry. Some omissions in this volume will be explained +when its successors appear.</p> + +<p>I find it an embarrassing task to make acknowledgment +to those who have assisted me; the debts that +have accumulated since I began are too many to be +recorded. I must not neglect to express my grateful +remembrance of the hospitality shown to my researches +during my various sojourns in England. At the British +Museum and at the Public Record Office every facility +has been extended to me, and a similar attention was +shown to my wants at other less public repositories of +books, such as the Society for the Propagation of the +Gospel. To Dr. Richard Garnett, the head of the printed +book department of the Museum, I owe thanks for +many personal attentions. I am also indebted to Mr. +E. M. Thompson, keeper of the manuscripts in the museum. +The late Mr. W. Noel Sainsbury, of the Public +Record Office, was very obliging. I owe most of all to +the unfailing kindness of the Right Honorable James +Bryce, M. P., who found time, in the midst of his preoccupations +as a member of Parliament and his duties +in high office, to secure for me access to private stores +of historical material. Lord Edmund Fitzmaurice with +generous kindness put himself to much trouble to facilitate +my examination of the manuscripts at Landsdowne +House. I am indebted to Lord Leconsfield for permission +to visit Petworth House and read there Percy's +Trewe Relacion in the original manuscript. I must ask +others in England who befriended my researches to accept +a general acknowledgment, but I can not forget +<span class="pagenum"><a id="pagex" name="pagex"></a>(p. x)</span> their courtesy to a stranger. In common with other +students I received polite attentions during my researches +in Paris at the Bibliothèque Nationale.</p> + +<p>In this country I owe much to the librarians of public +libraries and their assistants—too much to allow me +to specify my obligations to individuals. At the Astor, +and at the Lenox, under its more recent management, +my debt has been continual for many years. Acknowledgments +are due to the officers of the Boston Public +Library, the Library of Congress, the Peabody Institute +in Baltimore, and the libraries of the New York, the +Massachusetts, the Pennsylvania, the Maryland, and the +Virginia Historical Societies. To Harvard College Library +and to the New York State Library I am specially +indebted; from them I have been able to supplement +my own collection by borrowing. The Brooklyn Mercantile +Library has granted me similar privileges. The +New York Mercantile Library, on the other hand, I have +not found hospitable to research.</p> + +<p>To my generous friend Mr. Justin Winsor I owe +thanks for many favors. Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet +opened his valuable collection to me, and the late Mr. +S. L. M. Barlow showed me similar kindness. My friend, +Mr. Oscar S. Straus, permitted me to use at my own +desk valuable works from his collection. There are +others whose friendly attentions can be more fitly recognized +in later volumes of this series, and yet others +whom I must beg to accept this general but grateful +acknowledgment.</p> + +<p>Mr. W. W. Duffield, the Superintendent of the Coast +and Geodetic Survey, supplied the artist with the coast +charts from which the maps in this volume were drawn.</p> + +<p>To avoid misapprehension, it is needful to say that +this is not a re-issue of anything I have heretofore +produced. The lectures on the culture history of the +United States given at Columbia College and other institutions +were never written or reported. The papers +on colonial life contributed to the Century Magazine in +<span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexi" name="pagexi"></a>(p. xi)</span> 1882, and the years following, were on a different plan +and scale; they have merely served the purpose of preliminary +studies of the general subject. To the editor +and publishers of the Century Magazine I am obliged +for their courtesy in all affairs relating to my contract +with them, and for an arrangement which enables me to +have free use of my material.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Joshua's Rock, Lake George</span>, <i>October, 1896</i>.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexiii" name="pagexiii"></a>(p. xiii)</span> CONTENTS.</h3> + +<div class="toc"> +<p class="center">BOOK I.<br> +<i>RISE OF THE FIRST ENGLISH COLONY.</i></p> + +<p class="center">CHAPTER THE FIRST.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">English Knowledge and Notion of America at +the Period of Settlement</span> +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page1">1</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">CHAPTER THE SECOND.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">James River Experiments</span> +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page25">25</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">CHAPTER THE THIRD.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The Procession of Motives</span> +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page73">73</a></span></p> + +<p class="p2 center">BOOK II.<br> +<i>THE PURITAN MIGRATION.</i></p> + +<p class="center">CHAPTER THE FIRST.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Rise and Development of Puritanism</span> +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page98">98</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">CHAPTER THE SECOND.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Separatism and the Scrooby Church</span> +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page141">141</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">CHAPTER THE THIRD.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The Pilgrim Migrations</span> +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page159">159</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">CHAPTER THE FOURTH.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The Great Puritan Exodus</span> +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page188">188</a></span></p> + +<p class="p2 center"><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexiv" name="pagexiv"></a>(p. xiv)</span> BOOK III.<br> +<i>CENTRIFUGAL FORCES IN COLONY-PLANTING.</i></p> + +<p class="center">CHAPTER THE FIRST.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The Catholic Migration</span> +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page220">220</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">CHAPTER THE SECOND.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The Prophet of Religious Freedom</span> +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page266">266</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">CHAPTER THE THIRD.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">New England Dispersions</span> +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page315">315</a></span></p> + +<h3>LIST OF MAPS.</h3> + +<p class="smaller noindent">(In the coast line the American maps follow the charts of the United +States Coast and Geodetic Survey; the third map conforms to the British +Ordnance Survey.)</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li style="margin-left: 1.3em;">I.—Chesapeake Bay +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img002">1</a></span></li> +<li style="margin-left: 1.1em;">II.—James River +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img003">28</a></span></li> +<li style="margin-left: 0.8em;">III.—The cradle of the Pilgrims +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img004">149</a></span></li> +<li style="margin-left: 0.8em;">IV.—Coast explored by the Pilgrims +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img005">177</a></span></li> +<li style="margin-left: 1em;">V.—The colony at St. Mary's +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img006">245</a></span></li> +<li style="margin-left: 0.6em;">VI.—Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img007">275</a></span></li> +<li style="margin-left: 0.3em;">VII.—The early settlements on Narragansett Bay +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img008">296</a></span></li> +<li>VIII.—New England after the dispersions +<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img009">343</a></span></li> +</ul> +</div> + +<a id="img002" name="img002"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/img002.jpg"> +<img src="images/img002tb.jpg" width="250" height="432" alt="Chesapeake Bay." title=""></a> +</div> + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page1" name="page1"></a>(p. 1)</span> BOOK I.<br> +<span class="smcap">RISE OF THE FIRST ENGLISH COLONY.</span></h2> + +<h3>CHAPTER THE FIRST.<br> +<span class="smcap"><i>ENGLISH KNOWLEDGE AND NOTIONS OF AMERICA +AT THE PERIOD OF SETTLEMENT.</i></span></h3> + +<h4>I.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The Elizabethan age.</span> The age of Elizabeth and James—the age of +Spenser, of Shakespeare, and of Bacon—was a new +point of departure in the history of the English +race. All the conditions excited men to unwonted +intellectual activity. The art of printing was yet +a modern invention; the New World with its novelties +and unexplained mysteries was a modern +discovery; and there were endless discussions and +agitations of spirit growing out of the recent reformation +in religion. Imagination was powerfully +stimulated by the progress of American exploration, +by the romantic adventures of the Spaniards +in the West Indies, and their dazzling conquest of +new-found empires in Mexico and Peru. It was +an age of creation in poetry, in science, and in religion, +and men of action were everywhere set on +deeds of daring. The world had regained something +of the vigor and spontaneity of youth, but +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page2" name="page2"></a>(p. 2)</span> the credulity and curiosity of youth were not wanting. +The mind of the time accepted and reveled in +marvelous stories. The stage plays of that drama-loving +age reflected the interest in the supernatural +and the eager curiosity about far-away countries. +Books of travel fitted the prevailing taste. +He who could afford to buy them regaled himself +with the great folios of Hakluyt's Voyages and +Purchas his Pilgrimes. General readers delighted +in little tracts and pamphlets relating incidents of +far-away travels, or describing remote countries +and the peoples inhabiting them, or the "monstrous +strange beasts" found in lands beyond the +bounds of Christendom.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Credulity about America.</span> America excited the most lively curiosity as a +world by itself and the least known of all the +"four parts" into which the globe was then divided. +There were those, indeed, who made six +parts of the world by adding an arctic continent, +which included Greenland and a vast southern land +supposed to stretch from Magellan's Strait southward +to the pole. <span class="sidenote">George Beste, First Voyage of Sir Martin Frobisher.</span> It was easy to believe in these +two superfluous continents; they were mirages of +the New World. Every great discovery excites expectation +of others like it. And in a time when +vague report or well-worn tradition counted for +more than observation or experimental knowledge, +it was inevitable that current information about +America should be distorted and mixed with fable. +In that age, still pre-Baconian, men had few standards +by which to measure probabilities, and to +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page3" name="page3"></a>(p. 3)</span> those shut in by the narrow limits of mediæval +knowledge the mere uncovering of a new continent +whose existence contravened the fixed beliefs +of the ages was so marvelous that nothing told +about it afterward seemed incredible.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Illusions of discoverers.</span> The history of American exploration is a story +of delusion and mistake. The New World was +discovered because it lay between Europe and the +East Indian Spice Islands by the westward route. +Columbus, seeking the less, found the greater by +stumbling on it in the dark. Zuan Caboto—in +English, John Cabot—who is described by a contemporary +as "a Venetian fellow with a fine mind, +greatly skilled in navigation," discovered North +America in 1497. But he did not exult that he +was the finder of a vast and fertile continent in +which great nations might germinate, for he believed +that his landfall at Cape Breton was within +the dominions of the Grand Cham of China, and +he sailed down the coast again the next year, "ever +with the intent to find said passage to India." +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c1_1" name="note_b1_c1_1"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c1_1">Note 1.</a></span> It +was announced on his return from his first voyage +that Henry VII had "won a part of Asia without +a stroke of the sword."</p> + +<p>The discovery of the Pacific by Balboa in 1513, +and the voyage of Magellan's ship across that ocean +in 1520, were not sufficient to remove the illusion +that America was connected with Asia. The notion +that the New World was an Asiatic peninsula +died lingeringly about the middle of the sixteenth +century; but to reach Asia was still the main purpose +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page4" name="page4"></a>(p. 4)</span> of western exploration, and America was for +a long time regarded mainly as an obstruction. +The belief in a passage to the Pacific by means +of some yet-to-be-discovered strait severing the +continent of America, survived far into the seventeenth +century, and the hope of coming by some +short cut into a rich commerce with the Orient led +to a prying exploration of all the inlets, bays, and +estuaries on the American coast and so promoted +discovery, but it retarded settlement by blinding +men to the value of the New World. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c1_2" name="note_b1_c1_2"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c1_2">Note 2.</a></span></p> + +<h4>II.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Frobisher.</span> Adventure by sea became a favorite road to +renown for ambitious Englishmen in the time of +Elizabeth, and the belief in a passage through or +round North America grew into a superstition. +The discovery of this strait seemed, in the phrase +of George Beste, a writer of the time, "the onely +thing of the world that was left undone whereby +a notable mind might be made famous and fortunate." +Sir Martin Frobisher, who is reckoned by +Camden "among the famousest men of our age for +counsell and glory gotten at sea," made three voyages +in 1576 and the following years to that part +of the American coast almost under the arctic +circle. <span class="sidenote">Frobisher's Voyages, Hakl. Soc., <i>passim</i>.</span> He desisted from the attempt to get to +China by an arctic channel only when he had involved +the "venturers" or stockholders associated +with him in heavy debts, and spent the fortune of +his wife and stepchildren, to whom "glory gotten +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page5" name="page5"></a>(p. 5)</span> at sea" must have been insufficient compensation. +"Sir Martin Frobisher whome God forgive" is the +phrase in which he is spoken of by his wife.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Gilbert.</span> In the year of Frobisher's first voyage, Sir +Humphrey Gilbert issued a treatise to prove that +there was a way to the East Indies round North +America. This he demonstrated by a hydra-headed +argument constructed after the elaborate +fashion of that unscientific age, proving the existence +of a northwest passage, first by authority, +secondly by reason, thirdly by experience of sundry +men's travels, and fourthly by circumstance. +<span class="sidenote">Voy., 184-227.</span> Not content with getting to China by logic, and +nothing daunted by Frobisher's brilliant failure, +Gilbert mortgaged his estate that he might engage +in attempts yet more disastrous than Frobisher's, +and lost his life during his second voyage, in 1584.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Hakluyt.</span> About this time there appeared on the scene +the famous geographer, Richard Hakluyt, one of +those men that exert a marked influence in favor of +a new movement mainly by ardor and industry. +Hakluyt's fervor was akin to enthusiasm, his belief +of every story favorable to projects for colonization, +and his unwavering faith in the projects +themselves bordered on flat credulity. To men of +his own time his tireless advocacy of American exploration +and colony-planting must have seemed +irksome hobby-riding. But he was the indispensable +forerunner of colonization. "Your Mr. Hakluyt +hath served for a very good trumpet," says +Sidney. Believing in everything American as unwaveringly +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page6" name="page6"></a>(p. 6)</span> as if his soul's salvation depended on +his faith, he believed in nothing more sublimely +than in a passage to the "South Sea" or Pacific +Ocean. He seized on every vague intimation of +ignorant map-makers, on every suspicion of an +explorer, on every fond tale of an Indian that +tended to lend support to the theory in hand. All +evidence was of equal weight in his scales, provided +it lay on the affirmative side of the balance. +It mattered little to him where his witnesses placed +this elusive passage. In Hakluyt's mind it was +ubiquitous. The Pacific is now "on the backside" +of Montreal Island, and the great Laurentian lakes +suffer a sea change; now it is reached by a river +flowing three months to the southward—that is, +the Mississippi. Then the much-sought strait is +carried northward on the authority of an old map—"a +great old round carde"—shown him "by the +King of Portingall." But he had also seen "a +mightie large old mappe in parchment" which +showed, as far south as latitude 40°, a little neck +of land "much like the streyte neck or Isthmus of +Darienna." <span class="sidenote">Hakl. Disc. on Western Planting.</span> He had seen the same isthmus on another +old map "with the sea joynninge hard on +both sides as it doth on Panama." In a paper +meant for private use, he expresses solicitude that +the nearness of the Pacific to Florida shall not become +known too commonly. <span class="sidenote">N. Y. Col. Docs. I, 16.</span> Many years later an +injunction was granted in Holland forbidding a +publisher to insert in a map the newly discovered +channel into the South Sea.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page7" name="page7"></a>(p. 7)</span> III.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Ralegh.</span> Both Frobisher and Gilbert made ineffectual +attempts to plant colonies in the new lands, but +colony-planting held a place in their minds quite +secondary to the search for the South Sea in the +north and the finding of gold. It was only when +the large and lucid mind of Sir Walter Ralegh +took up the subject seriously that the settlement of +an agricultural colony became for a while the real +object of American voyages. Ralegh sent no men +to the arctic or to the wintry shores of Newfoundland, +as Frobisher and Gilbert had done. He +turned to milder latitudes, and dispatched his explorers +in 1584, and his colonists in 1585, to the +coast of what is now North Carolina.</p> + +<p>But the ever-mischievous South Sea delusion +did not vanish when the period of colonization was +reached. <span class="sidenote">Ralph Lane's quest.</span> Ralph Lane, the governor of Ralegh's +first colony on Roanoke Island, having inquired +perhaps for that western sea which Hakluyt had +seen "on the mightie old mappe in parchment," +understood the inventive savages to say that the +Roanoke River sprang from a rock so near to a +sea that the waves in storm often dashed into this +fountain, making the river brackish for some distance +below. That the story might be more interesting, +they added that there was gold there, and +that the walls of a town in that land were made of +pearls. This is what the white men fancied the +Indians said; but whatever they said was spoken in +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page8" name="page8"></a>(p. 8)</span> a tongue of which Lane's men had but the most +scanty knowledge, if indeed it were not given +mainly by signs. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c1_3" name="note_b1_c1_3"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c1_3">Note 3.</a></span> Nothing dispirited by the extravagance +of these tales, Lane and some of his +men set out to immortalize and enrich themselves—like +a company of children running after the pot of +gold at the end of the rainbow. <span class="sidenote">Lane's Account in Hakl. III.</span> While the crafty +Indians were plotting the destruction of the colonists +left behind, the governor and his followers +pursued their quest until they were obliged to eat +their dogs, made palatable by seething with a +dressing of sassafras leaves. They returned, half +famished and wholly disappointed, just in time to +rescue the colony from destruction. But faith is +faith, and despite his severe experience Lane went +back to England believing that the Roanoke rose +near to the Bay of Mexico "that openeth out into +the South Sea." The map which the colonists +brought with them when they abandoned the country +in 1586 handed down the delusion, in another +form, by showing a strait leading from the neighborhood +of Port Royal into a body of water to the +westward. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c1_4" name="note_b1_c1_4"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c1_4">Note 4.</a></span></p> + +<h4>IV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Seeking the Pacific on James River.</span> Twenty years after the return of Ralegh's first +colonists the Jamestown company was sent to +plant the germ of an English-speaking nation in +North America. Beginning with the first voyage +of Columbus, the search for a route through America +had lasted a hundred and fourteen years. No +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page9" name="page9"></a>(p. 9)</span> passage north of Magellan's Strait had been found, +yet a belief in the existence of such a water-way +remained a part of the geographical creed of the +time. The Jamestown emigrants were officially +instructed to explore that branch of any river +that lay toward the northwest, perhaps because +the charmed latitude of 40° might thus be reached. +It was in carrying out this instruction that Captain +John Smith came to grief at the hands of +the Indians while looking for the Pacific in the +swamps of the Chickahominy. Smith rarely mixed +his abounding romance with his geography; he is +as sober and trustworthy in topographical description +and in map-making as he is imaginative in +narration. But Smith was at this time under the +influence of the prevailing delusion, and he hoped +that his second voyage up the Chesapeake would +lead him into the Pacific. <span class="sidenote">Hudson.</span> His belief in a passage +to the westward in latitude 40°, just beyond +the northward limit of his own explorations, +he communicated to his friend Henry Hudson, +who was so moved by it that he sailed to +America in 1609 in violation of his orders, and in +seeking the strait to the South Sea penetrated the +solitudes of the picturesque river that bears his +name. <span class="sidenote">Dermer.</span> The explorer Dermer was intent on winning +immortality by finding a passage to the Pacific +when, in 1619, he was storm-driven into Long +Island Sound. At Manhattan Island, or thereabout, +he got information from the obliging Indians that +made plain his way to the Orient. He was very +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page10" name="page10"></a>(p. 10)</span> secretive about this route, which, however, seems +to have lain through Delaware Bay.</p> + +<p>A false notion once generally accepted is able +to live in some ghostly shape after the breath is +out of its body. The hope of a passage to the Pacific +by means of a strait and the belief in a narrow +isthmus in latitude 40° could not long survive the +increase of knowledge that followed the settlement +of Virginia and Captain Smith's explorations. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c1_5" name="note_b1_c1_5"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c1_5">Note 5.</a></span> But +sixteen years after the landing at Jamestown, when +these two geographical jack-o'-lanterns had ceased +to flicker, the poet George Sandys, who was secretary +of the colony, wrote that he was ready to +venture his life in finding a way to the South Sea, +but this way was now to be by an overland route. <span class="sidenote">Sandys's plan.</span> +About the same time Henry Briggs, the famous +Savile lecturer at Oxford, proved to the satisfaction +of many that the rivers running westward +from the Virginia mountains must reach the Pacific +in about one hundred and fifty miles. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c1_6" name="note_b1_c1_6"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c1_6">Note 6.</a></span> One Marmaduke +Parkinson, an explorer sailing in the Potomac, +confirmed the theory of the learned mathematician +by discovering in the house of a chief a "China +Boxe," whatever that may have been. <span class="sidenote">Luke Fox.</span> In 1631 +Luke Fox set sail by the northwest, carrying a letter +from Charles I addressed "to the Emperor of +Japan," which he probably was not able to deliver. <span class="sidenote">Northwest. Fox, p. 172.</span> +In 1634 Captain Thomas Yong got as far as the +falls of the Delaware in the endeavor to go through +the continent in latitude 40°. The strait and isthmus +and northwest passage having failed, Yong +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page11" name="page11"></a>(p. 11)</span> was content to go by fresh water till he should +reach a Mediterranean Sea in the heart of America, +which he believed to open into both the "North +Ocean" and the South Sea. <span class="sidenote">Weston Documents 45 and 47 and ff.</span> As the century advanced +the fresh-water route had in turn to be +finally abandoned, and seekers after the Pacific +were fain to betake themselves to dry-shod travel, +and even to mountain-climbing, as George Sandys +had proposed. <span class="sidenote">Catlet and Lederer.</span> A Colonel Catlet is mentioned who +reached the Alleghanies in the endeavor to find a +river flowing westward, but he was daunted by +what seemed to him almost impassable ranges of +mountains that barred his way. <span class="sidenote">Glover, in Phil. Trans., xi 626. Comp. Perfect Descr. +of Va., 1649 and Lederer's Voyage.</span> Over these "rocky +hills and sandy desarts" scarce a bird was seen to +fly. In 1669, Lederer, a German surveyor, set out +from Virginia on a similar futile exploration. <span class="sidenote">Lawson's Carolina, 47.</span> As +late as 1700 the well-informed Lawson speaks hopefully +of the proximity of the Pacific to North Carolina. +This fallacy had prompted many desperate +adventures, and had been the cause of many important +discoveries, in the two centuries that it held +possession of men's minds. <span class="sidenote">Scot's Magazine, 1765, page 161.</span> It reached its last attenuation +in 1765, when the public prints announced +that large boats were fitting out at Quebec to try +the whale-fishing in Lake Ontario, and that "they +have hopes of finding a communication by water +with the western ocean, founded on the favorable +reports of some Indians, who inform that a river +runs westward many hundreds of miles as large as +the Mississippi."</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page12" name="page12"></a>(p. 12)</span> V.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Gold-hunting.</span> As the mistake made by Columbus had left for +heritage an almost ineradicable passion for the discovery +of a westward sea way to Japan and China, +so the vast treasure of gold and silver drawn by +the Spaniards from Mexico and Peru produced a +belief in the English mind that a colony planted at +any place on the American coast might find gold. +Here, again, the undoubting Hakluyt and other +writers after him were ready with learned conclusions +balancing on the tight rope of very slender +premises. If an Indian had been seen wearing a +piece of copper that "bowed easily," this flexibility +proved it to be tarnished gold. If a savage seemed +to say in his idiom, or by gestures and other signs, +something which the puzzled newcomers took to +signify that in a country farther on the copper was +too soft for use, or that it was yellow, or that it +had a good luster, what further evidence could an +ingenious writer desire of the existence of the precious +metal in that country? <span class="sidenote">Hakluyt. Pref. to Va., magnified.</span> Purchas, the successor +of Hakluyt in geographical research, explains +the divine purpose in thus endowing a +heathen land with gold, which is that the Indian +race "as a rich bride, though withered and deformed, +... might find many suitors for love of +her portion," and thus the pagans be converted. <span class="sidenote">Pilgrimage, 795.</span> +But Purchas filches both the simile and the pious +thought from Herrera, who in turn probably pilfered +it with many better things from the good +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page13" name="page13"></a>(p. 13)</span> Las Casas. Purchas also speaks with more optimism +than elegance of the "silver bowels and +golden entrails of the hills," as though one had but +to dig into the first mountain to be enriched.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Frobisher's gold.</span> Frobisher brought home from sub-arctic islands +what his clumsy assayers avouched to be "gold +eure." Refining works were erected for this stuff +at Deptford to no profit, and to this day the inquisitive +student is not able to ascertain from the +conflicting reports whether there was any gold in +the ore or not. <span class="sidenote">Early Virginia gold-hunting.</span> The main causes of the suffering +at Jamestown during the first winter were the +waste of time and the consumption of supplies +while lading the ships with the glittering "dust +mica" which is so abundant in the Virginia sands. +The worthlessness of this cargo could not weaken +the hopes of those alchemists who were able to +produce gold merely by the use of arguments. The +mines in Virginia moved farther west. It wanted +only that explorers should reach the mountains. In +spite of the sickness that wasted the colony in 1610, +Lord De la Warr sent an expedition to dig gold +on the upper James, but the warlike up-river tribes +soon drove the prospectors back. In 1634, Sir John +Harvey sent another body of men on the same +fool's errand, though there had not been found in +all the years preceding a particle of tangible evidence +that gold existed in Virginia. But on the +James, as on the Hudson, the glistering pigment +with which the Indians besmeared their faces on +occasions of display was believed to contain gold, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page14" name="page14"></a>(p. 14)</span> and the places of its procurement were sought +with ludicrous secrecy. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c1_7" name="note_b1_c1_7"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c1_7">Note 7.</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Fact and fable about America.</span> The unfaltering faith in the existence of abundant +gold on the eastern coast of North America +could not have subsisted on thin air so long if it +had not been stimulated by the almost fabulous +wealth drawn from South America by Spain. It +had received encouragement also from the tales +told by adventurers returned from America, who +seem to have thought it necessary to bring back +stories that would match in some degree the prevalent +beliefs about the New World. The earliest +but one of all the documents relating to America +preserved among the British state papers is the +statement of one David or Davy Ingram. With a +hundred other luckless seamen he was put ashore +in Mexico by Sir John Hawkins, because the ship +lacked provisions. Ingram, traveling from tribe to +tribe, achieved the notable feat of crossing the continent +in a year. In 1569 he embarked on a French +ship that he found near the mouth of the St. John +River in what is now the province of New Brunswick. +It was eleven years later that Davy Ingram, +at home in England, made his statement, and the +sailor's story had by that time gained much, perhaps, +by frequent telling to wonder-loving listeners. <span class="sidenote">Ingram's story.</span> +Sometimes he relates facts with sobriety, speaking +the truth by relapse, it may be; again, he seems to +be repeating tales told him by the savages, who +were habitual marvel-mongers, or weaving into +the account of what he had seen legends common +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page15" name="page15"></a>(p. 15)</span> in the folklore about America that had grown +up in Europe; or perchance he only falls into an +old forecastle habit of incontinent lying without +provocation. The American women are described +as "wearing great plates of gold covering their +whole bodies like armor.... In every cottage +pearls are to be found, and in some houses a peck"—an +assertion that had a grain of truth in it, since +the sailor no doubt mistook wampum beads for +pearls. Fireflies, in this old tar's exalted memory, +are "fire dragons, which make the air very red +as they fly," while the buffalo appears as an animal +"as big as two of our oxen." The streets in one +"city" are broader than London streets, which we +may readily believe. The banqueting houses are +built of crystal, "with pillars of massie silver, some +of gold." This is a fine example of the manner of +a mind afflicted with the vice of exaggeration; +crystal becomes silver in the next breath, and silver +is as instantly transmuted to gold. All that +optimistic projectors sought in America—gold, silver, +pearls by the peck, and great abundance of +silkworms—are obligingly supplied in Ingram's +narrative. Such tales impressed the imagination +in a romantic and uncritical age. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c1_8" name="note_b1_c1_8"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c1_8">Note 8.</a></span></p> + +<h4>VI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Indian devil-worship.</span> The interest in America was heightened by +popular curiosity regarding the Indians. The +American savages were sometimes treated as sun-worshipers, +but they were more commonly thought +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page16" name="page16"></a>(p. 16)</span> to be worshipers of devils. The prevailing belief in +witchcraft, divination, and abounding evil spirits +rendered it easy for Europeans to accept the Indian +deities as supernatural beings, and to credit the pretensions +of the powwows, or Indian priests, to give +knowledge of distant or future events, to heal the +sick, and even to bring rain in time of drought. But +it was observed at Plymouth that when the Pilgrims +prayed for rain it fell gently, and that the rain procured +by the Indian conjurers was violent and destructive—a +rain with something devilish about it. +According to writers of the time, the demons worshiped +by the savages were able to materialize +themselves on great occasions, appearing to their +votaries in some beastly form. This belief in Indian +devil-worship fitted well with the religious +faith of the period, which can hardly be described +as anything but a sort of Manichæism dividing the +government of the universe almost equally between +good and evil powers. Religionists of all +schools desired to convert these subjects of Satan, +not from those philanthropic motives that are main +considerations in modern propagandism, but because +their conversion would glorify God, and yet +more because it would despite the devil. Sometimes +the religious motive was incongruously supported +by hopes of commercial advantage. The +navigator Davis wrote to Secretary Walsingham +that if the Indians "were once brought over to the +Christian faith they might soon be brought to relish +a more civilized kind of life and be thereby induced +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page17" name="page17"></a>(p. 17)</span> to take off great quantities of our coarser +woolen manufactures."</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Indians exhibited.</span> The early explorers made a practice of kidnapping +Indians and transporting them to England, +where the sight of barbarians without doublet or +hose quickened the interest in projects for colonization +and adventure. In our age of commercial +activity and extended geographical knowledge one +can form but a weak conception of the excitement +produced by the sight of "the Indian man and +woman," no doubt Esquimaux, brought by Frobisher. +Portraits of these rarities were made for +the king and queen and others. In 1605 Weymouth +brought from the coast of Maine five kidnapped +Indians, "with all their bows and arrows" +and two beautiful birch-bark canoes. <span class="sidenote">Rosier's True Relation.</span> "This accident," +exclaimed Sir Ferdinando Gorges, "hath +been the means of putting life into all our plantations." +Some of the savages captured at various +times were exhibited for money, and one perhaps +was shown after he was dead; at least we may venture +to conjecture so much from Shakespeare's +jeer in The Tempest at the idle curiosity of the +crowd. In England, says Trinculo, "any strange +beast makes a man. <span class="sidenote">Tempest, ii, 2.</span> When they will not give a +doit to relieve a lame beggar, they will lay out ten +to see a dead Indian." This interest in outlandish +savages no doubt suggested to the poet the creation +of the monster Caliban, who probably seemed +a realistic figure to the imagination of that age.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page18" name="page18"></a>(p. 18)</span> VII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Notions about animals.</span> The animals of the new continent excited the +wonder of the people of Europe and increased the +interest in America. Regarding them, also, the +most extravagant stories were easily credited. It +was recorded in the sober Latin of Peter Martyr +that the advance of Cabot's ships was retarded by +the multitude of codfish on the Newfoundland +coast, and that the bears were accustomed to catch +these fish in their claws. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c1_9" name="note_b1_c1_9"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c1_9">Note 9.</a></span> It is hard to recognize +the familiar opossum in the description by Purchas: +"A monstrous deformed beast, whose fore +part resembleth a fox, the hinder part an ape, excepting +the feet, which are like a man's; beneath +her belly she hath a receptacle like a purse, where +she bestows her young until they can shift for +themselves." The humming bird was believed to +be a cross between a fly and a bird. The Hudson +River Dutch settlers went further, and named it +simply "the West Indian bee." These dainty +creatures were prepared for exportation to Europe +in New Amsterdam by drying them, in Barbadoes +by filling them with sand. <span class="sidenote">Evelyn's Diary, i, 277.</span> They were accounted +"pretty delicacies for ladies, who wore them at +their breasts and girdles." Evelyn saw two preserved +as great rarities at Oxford, in 1564. A New +England versifier extols</p> + +<p class="poem10"> +The humbird for some queen's rich cage more fit<br> +Than in the vacant wilderness to sit.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Wood's New Eng. Prospect, p. 23.</span> Flying squirrels, when brought into English +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page19" name="page19"></a>(p. 19)</span> parks in 1608, were the occasion of much wondering +excitement. King James begged for one of +them, like a spoiled child. The skins of muskrats +were esteemed for their odor and were brought to +England "as rich presents." It was thought that +musk might be extracted from this animal. Hariot, +the learned man of Ralegh's first colony, fancied +that the civet cat would prove profitable to +settlers in America, but his words indicate that he +had been misled by traces of the skunk, whose perfume +has never yet come into request. <span class="sidenote">De Bry's Hariot, p. 10.</span> Speaking +of the "civet catte," he says, "in our travails there +was found one to have been killed by a salvage or +inhabitant; and in many places the smell where +one had lately beene before."</p> + +<p>The raccoon, the "aroughcun" of the Virginia +Indians, being a plantigrade, was esteemed a monkey; +the peccaries were called the wild hogs of +America, and were thought to have "their navels +on the ridge of their backs." +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c1_10" name="note_b1_c1_10"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c1_10">Note 10.</a></span> Somewhere in the +region of the Hudson River a beast is described as +having a horn in the middle of his forehead, from +which it would appear that the unicorn on the +royal coat of arms may have been found running +at large. It is not easy to account for the "camel +mare," reported to have been seen about three +hundred miles west from the coast of New Jersey, +unless it belonged to the genus <i>Incubus</i>. The bewildering +number of new creatures found in America +troubled the European scholars of that day, +who were ever theological. They were puzzled +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page20" name="page20"></a>(p. 20)</span> to get so many four-footed beasts and creeping +things into the compass of Noah's ark. Mercator, +the Flemish geographer, avoided this difficult embarkation +by concluding that America had been +excepted from the Deluge.</p> + +<h4>VIII.</h4> + +<p>Thus grotesque and misleading were many of +the glimpses that Europe got of the New World +as the mists of ignorance slowly lifted from it. +<span class="sidenote">An age of romance and adventure.</span> These erratic notions regarding America give one +an insight into the character of the English people +at the period of discovery and colony-planting. +Credulity and the romantic spirit dwell together. +The imagination in such an age usurped +the place of discrimination, and the wonderful became +the probable. The appetite for the marvelous +fostered exaggeration; every man who had +sailed in foreign seas thought it shame not to tell +of wonders. The seventeenth century indeed betrayed +a consciousness of its own weakness in a +current proverb, "Travelers lie by license." History +and fiction had not yet been separated. Like +every other romantic age, the period of Elizabeth +and James was prodigal of daring adventure; every +notable man aspired to be the hero of a tale. English +beginnings in America were thus made in a +time abounding in bold enterprises—enterprises +brilliant in conception, but in the execution of +which there was often a lack of foresight and practical +wisdom.</p> + +<h3 class="smcap"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page21" name="page21"></a>(p. 21)</span> Elucidations.</h3> + +<div class="answer"> +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c1_1" name="anote_b1_c1_1"></a><a href="#note_b1_c1_1">Note 1, page 3.</a></span> See the careful and learned discussion of the Voyages of +Cabot by the late Charles Deane, in Winsor's Narrative and +Critical History of America, vol. iii. Mr. Deane effectually destroys +the delusion which so long gave the credit of this discovery, +or a part of it, to Sebastian Cabot, the son of the real +discoverer. Mr. Henry Harrisse, in John Cabot, the Discoverer of +America, and in an earlier work, Jean et Sebastien Cabot, etc., +reaches the same conclusion. He even doubts Sebastian's presence +in the expeditions of his father, John Cabot, etc., p. 48.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c1_2" name="anote_b1_c1_2"></a><a href="#note_b1_c1_2">Note 2, page 4.</a></span> Yet George Beste, who sailed with Frobisher, says: "Now +men neede no more contentiously strive for roume to build an +house on, or for a little turffe of ground, ... when great countreys +and whole worldes offer and reache out themselves to them that +will first voutsafe to possesse, inhabite, and till them." These +countries, he says, "are fertile to bring forth all manner of corne +and grayne, infinite sortes of land cattell, as horse, elephantes, +kine, sheepe, great varietie of flying fowles of the ayre, as phesants, +partridge, quayle, popingeys, ostridges, etc., infinite kinds +of fruits, as almonds, dates, quinces, pomegranats, oringes, etc., +holesome, medicinable, and delectable" (Frobisher's Voyages, +Hakluyt Society, p. 38).</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c1_3" name="anote_b1_c1_3"></a><a href="#note_b1_c1_3">Note 3, page 8.</a></span> Ralegh, in his History of the World, book i, chap, viii, sec. +xv, has an interesting digression on the danger of trusting such +communications, and he relates an anecdote of misapprehension +by this very party sent under Grenville and Lane: "The same +happened among the English, which I sent under Sir Richard +Greeneville to inhabit Virginia. For when some of my people +asked the name of that country, one of the savages answered, +'<i>Wingandacon</i>,' which is as much as to say, as, <i>'You wear good +cloaths,' or gay cloaths</i>." From this answer it came that the +coast of North Carolina was called "Wingandacon," or, in its +Latinized form, Wingindacoa, while the chief, or "king," of the +country appears in the narratives of the time as Wingina. Ralegh +says that Yucatan means merely "What say you?" and that Peru +got its name from a similar mistake.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c1_4" name="anote_b1_c1_4"></a><a href="#note_b1_c1_4">Note 4, page 8.</a></span> I found the original of this map among the drawings made by +John White in the Grenville Collection in the British Museum. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page22" name="page22"></a>(p. 22)</span> It was reproduced to accompany a paper of mine on the Virginia +Colony in the Century Magazine of November, 1882. It +excited interest among scholars, as it was supposed to have been +previously unknown. A copy was afterward found, however, in +the collection made by Dr. Kohl for the State Department at +Washington. The drawings in the Sloane MSS., British Museum, +attributed to John White by Dr. E. E. Hale, in the Transactions +of the American Antiquarian Society, iv, 21, are not White's +originals. The latter are in the Grenville Collection. See my +comparison of the two in The Nation of April 23, 1891.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c1_5" name="anote_b1_c1_5"></a><a href="#note_b1_c1_5">Note 5, page 10.</a></span> As late as December 5, 1621, in a letter from the Virginia +Company to Governor Wyatt, these words occur: "The Conjectures +of the Southwest Passage and the piece of copper which +you sent us gladly saw and heard." This long-surviving desire +for a short passage to the East Indies is traceable to the passion +that existed in Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries for +spices, and this no doubt came from the gross forms of cookery +in that time. Anderson's Commerce, sub anno 1504, cites Guicciardini +on the great quantities of spices used, and adds: "For in +those days the people of Europe were much fonder of spices in +their cookery, etc., than they have been in later times." The rise +in the price of commodities in Elizabeth's time may have been +only apparent, but it promoted voyages looking to the extension +of commerce. Compare Holinshed, i, 274.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c1_6" name="anote_b1_c1_6"></a><a href="#note_b1_c1_6">Note 6, page 10.</a></span> Waterhouse's Declaration of Virginia, 1622, a rare tract. Also +Purchas, iii, 892, 893, where these words are quoted from Briggs: +"The Indian Ocean, which we commonly call the South Sea, +which lyeth on the West and Northwest Side of Virginia, on the +other side of the mountains beyond our Falls [of James River] +and openeth a free and faire passage, not only to China, Japan, +and the Moluccas, but also to New Spaine, Peru, and Chili, and +those rich countries of Terra Australis not as yet discovered." It +is one of many marks of practical sagacity in Captain John Smith +that after his experience on the American coast he was able to +form views of the geography of the continent almost a century in +advance of the opinions held in his time. He speaks of "those +large Dominions which doe stretch themselves into the main +God knoweth how many thousand miles" (Generall Historie, +book vi).</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c1_7" name="anote_b1_c1_7"></a><a href="#note_b1_c1_7">Note 7, page 14.</a></span> So late as 1626, Fleet, the only survivor of the massacre of +Spelman's party, after spending five years in captivity among the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page23" name="page23"></a>(p. 23)</span> Virginia Indians, persuaded a London merchant to intrust him +with a vessel for the Indian trade by his stories of the "powder of +gold" with which the savages made a paint for their faces. To +this story he added a statement that he had often been in sight +of the South Sea or Pacific Ocean. Fleet's Journal may be found +in Scharf's History of Maryland, i, 13, etc. Van der Donck relates, +in his description of New Netherland, that Kieft, the director +of New Netherland, and Van der Donck, found an Indian +painting himself and bought the pigment, which being burned in +a crucible yielded two pieces of gold. (See the translation in +New York Historical Society Collection, ii, 161, 162.) A bag of +specimens of the precious ores of the Hudson River region was +sent to Holland by the ill-fated ship that sailed out of New +Haven in 1645. The ship was seen no more except by the +New Haven people, who beheld its specter in the sky. Of the +Hudson River gold mines no specter has ever been seen in earth +or sky.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c1_8" name="anote_b1_c1_8"></a><a href="#note_b1_c1_8">Note 8, page 15.</a></span> I have quoted from Mr. Sainsbury's abstract of the fragment +in the British Public Record Office, but a similar statement by +Ingram was inserted in Hakluyt's Divers Voyages in 1589. It +was omitted in the later edition as too incredible even for Hakluyt. +See also a paper by Dr. De Costa, in the Magazine of +American History, March, 1883, on the copy of Ingram's Statement +preserved in the Bodleian Library. Ingram's story, and +others like it, seem to be satirized in the play of Eastward, Ho! +by Chapman, Jonson, and Marston. The assertion of Seagull, in +the play, that "they have in their houses scowpes, buckets, and +diverse other vessels of massie silver," would seem at first sight +to be an unmistakable allusion to the extravagance of Ingram's +narrative. But in the second edition of Bullein's A Dialogue +against the Fever Pestilence, which was published in 1573, one +Mendax, describing an unknown land, declares that "their pottes, +panns, and all vessells are cleane gold garnished with diamondes." +This shows that Ingram's story had probably absorbed +certain traits from what I have ventured to call European +folklore tales about America—folk tales originally applied to the +Orient, no doubt; echoes of Sir John Mandeville and Marco +Polo, perhaps. Of course it is just possible, but not probable, +that Bullein had heard the tales of Ingram, who had returned +three years or more before he printed his second edition. The +authors of Eastward, Ho! probably enlarged on Bullein.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page24" name="page24"></a>(p. 24)</span> <span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c1_9" name="anote_b1_c1_9"></a><a href="#note_b1_c1_9">Note 9, page 18.</a></span> "Unguibusque inter squamas immissis," Decade III, book vi. +These details are probably given on the authority of Sebastian +Cabot, whose veracity is not above suspicion.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c1_10" name="anote_b1_c1_10"></a><a href="#note_b1_c1_10">Note 10, page 19.</a></span> Some of the early writers speak of "apes." Strachey calls +what appears to be a raccoon a monkey, and Brickell, as late as +1743, uses the same word. The peccaries are recorded as in the +text by the marvel-loving Purchas, p. 805. One finds unicorns in +Speed's Prospect, Description of New York. Speed also lets us +know that the buffalo was accustomed to defend himself by vomiting +"a hot scalding liquor" on the dogs that chased it. Argall +was the first Englishman to see the bison, in 1613. Citing his +letter, Purchas says, p. 943, "In one voyage ... they found a +slow kind of cattell as bigge as kine, which were good meate."</p> +</div> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page25" name="page25"></a>(p. 25)</span> CHAPTER THE SECOND.<br> +<span class="smcap"><i>JAMES RIVER EXPERIMENTS.</i></span></h3> + +<h4>I.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Departure of the emigrants.</span> In December, 1606, there lay at Blackwall, +below London, the Susan Constant, of one hundred +tons, the Godspeed, of forty tons, and the little pinnace +Discovery, of but twenty tons—three puny +ships to bear across the wintry Atlantic the beginners +of a new nation. The setting forth of these +argonauts produced much excitement in London. +Patriotic feeling was deeply stirred, public prayers +were offered for the success of the expedition, sermons +appropriate to the occasion were preached, +and the popular feeling was expressed in a poem +by Michael Drayton. Even those who were too +sober to indulge the vain expectations of gold +mines and spice islands that filled the imaginations +of most Englishmen on this occasion could say, as +Lord Bacon did later: "It is with the kingdoms on +earth as it is with the kingdom of heaven: sometimes +a grain of mustard seed proves a great tree. +Who can tell?" <span class="sidenote">Ld. Chancellor's Speech in reply to the Speaker.</span> On the 19th of that most tempestuous +December the little fleet weighed anchor +and ran down on an ebb tide, no doubt, as one may +nowadays see ships rush past Blackwall toward the +sea. Never were men engaged in a great enterprise +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page26" name="page26"></a>(p. 26)</span> doomed to greater sorrows. <span class="sidenote">A. D. 1606.</span> From the time +they left the Thames the ships were tossed and +delayed by tempests, while the company aboard +was rent by factious dissensions.</p> + +<h4>II.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The laws and orders.</span> Those who shaped the destinies of the colony +had left little undone that inventive stupidity could +suggest to assure the failure of the enterprise. +King James, who was frivolously fond of puttering +in novel projects, had personally framed a code of +unwise laws and orders. The supremacy of the +sovereign and the interests of the Church were +pedantically guarded, but the colony was left without +any ruler with authority enough to maintain +order. The private interest of the individual, the +most available of all motives to industry, was +merged in that of the commercial company to +which Virginia had been granted. All the produce +of the colony was to go into a common stock +for five years, and the emigrants, men without +families, were thrown into a semi-monastic trading +community like the Hanseatic agencies of the time, +with the saving element of a strong authority left +out. Better devices for promoting indolence and +aggravating the natural proneness to dissension of +men in hard circumstances could scarcely have +been hit upon. Anarchy and despotism are the +inevitable alternatives under such a communistic +arrangement, and each of these ensued in turn.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page27" name="page27"></a>(p. 27)</span> III.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Character of the emigrants.</span> The people sent over in the first years were for +the most part utterly unfit. <span class="sidenote">Smith's Gen. Hist., iii, c. i and c. xii.</span> Of the first hundred, +four were carpenters, there was a blacksmith, a +tailor, a barber, a bricklayer, a mason, a drummer. +There were fifty-five who ranked as gentlemen, +and four were boys, while there were but twelve +so-called laborers, including footmen, "that never +did know what a day's work was." <span class="sidenote">Advertisements for Planters of New Eng., p. 5.</span> The company +is described by one of its members as composed of +poor gentlemen, tradesmen, serving men, libertines, +and such like. <span class="sidenote">Comp. Briefe Declaration in Pub. Rec. Off., Sainsbury +i, 66; and New Life of Va.</span> "A hundred good workmen were +better than a thousand such gallants," says Captain +Smith. Of the moral character of the first emigrants +no better account is given. <span class="sidenote">Essay on Plantations.</span> It was perhaps +with these men in view that Bacon declared it "a +shameful and unblessed thing" to settle a colony +with "the scum of the people."</p> + +<h4>IV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The arrival.</span> The ships sailed round by the Canaries, after +the fashion of that time, doubling the distance to +Virginia. They loitered in the West Indies to +"refresh themselves" and quarrel, and they did +not reach their destination until seedtime had +well-nigh passed. They arrived on the 6th of +May, according to our style. Driven into Hampton +Roads by a storm, they sailed up the wide +mouth of a river which they called the James, in +honor of the king. <span class="sidenote">A. D. 1607.</span> At that season of the year the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page28" name="page28"></a>(p. 28)</span> banks must have shown masses of the white flowers +of the dogwood, mingled with the pink-purple +blossoms of the redbud against the dark primeval +forest. <span class="sidenote">Percy, in Purchas, p. 1689.</span> Wherever they went ashore the newcomers +found "all the ground bespread with many +sweet and delicate flowers of divers colors and +kinds." The sea-weary voyagers concluded that +"heaven and earth had never agreed better to +frame a place for man's habitation."</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The first meetings with Indians.</span> They were like people in an enchanted land—all +was so new and strange. On the first landing +of a small party they had a taste of savage warfare. +"At night, when wee were going aboard, +there came the savages creeping from the Hills +like Beares, with their Bowes in their Mouthes, +charged us very desperately, hurt Captain Gabrill +Archer in both hands, and a Sayler in two places +of the body very dangerous. <span class="sidenote">Percy, in Purchas iv, pp. 1685, 1686.</span> After they had spent +their arrowes, and felt the sharpness of our shot, +they retired into the Woods with a great noise and +so left us."</p> + +<a id="img003" name="img003"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/img003.jpg"> +<img src="images/img003tb.jpg" width="500" height="316" alt="James River." title=""></a> +</div> + +<p>But the newly arrived did not find all the Indians +hostile. The chief of the Rappahannocks came +to welcome them, marching at the head of his +train, piping on a reed flute, and clad in the fantastic +dress of an Indian dandy. He wore a plate of +copper on the shorn side of his head. The hair on +the other side was wrapped about with deer's hair +dyed red, "in the fashion of a rose." Two long +feathers "like a pair of horns" were stuck in this +rosy crown. His body was stained crimson, his +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page29" name="page29"></a>(p. 29)</span> face painted blue and besmeared with some glistering +pigment which to the greedy eyes of the +English seemed to be silver ore. <span class="sidenote">A. D. 1607.</span> He wore a chain +of beads, or wampum, about his neck, and his ears +were "all behung with bracelets of pearls." There +also depended from each ear a bird's claw set with +copper—or "gold," adds the narrator, indulging a +delightful dubiety.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Purchas i, 686 and following.</span> During the period of preliminary exploration +every trait of savage life was eagerly observed by +the English. The costume, the wigwams, and most +of all the ingenious weapons of wood and stone, +gave delight to the curiosity of the newcomers.</p> + +<h4>V.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Founding of Jamestown.</span> The colonists chose for the site of their town +what was then a malarial peninsula; it has since +become an island. The place was naturally defended +by the river on all sides, except where a +narrow stretch of sand made a bridge to the main. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_1" name="note_b1_c2_1"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_1">Note 1.</a></span> +Its chief advantage in the eyes of the newcomers +was that the deep water near the shore made it +possible to moor the ships by merely tying them +up to trees on the river bank. <span class="sidenote">Relatyon of the Discovery of our River, Am. Antiq. +Soc., iv, 61.</span> Here the settlers +planted cotton and orange trees at once, and experimental +potatoes, melons, and pumpkins, but +they postponed sowing grain until about the first +of June in our reckoning.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The winter of misery.</span> They took up their abode in hastily built cabins +roofed with sedge or bark, and in ragged tents. +The poorer sort were even fain to shelter themselves +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page30" name="page30"></a>(p. 30)</span> in mere burrows in the ground. <span class="sidenote">A. D. 1607.</span> Ill provided +at the start, the greater part of their food was consumed +by the seamen, who lingered to gather comminuted +mica for gold. In this hard environment, +rent by faction, destitute of a competent leader and +of any leader with competent authority, the wonder +is that of this little company a single man survived +the winter. <span class="sidenote">Purchas, p. 1690.</span> "There never were Englishmen +left in any foreign country in such misery as we +were in this new-discovered Virginia," says George +Percy, brother to the Earl of Northumberland. A +pint of worm-eaten barley or wheat was allowed +for a day's ration. This was made into pottage +and served out at the rate of one small ladleful at +each meal. "Our drink was water, our lodgings +castles in the air," says Smith. The misery was +aggravated by a constant fear of attack from the +Indians, who had been repulsed in an energetic +assault made soon after the landing of the English. +It was necessary for each man to watch every +third night "lying on the cold, bare ground," and +this exposure in a fever swamp, with the slender +allowance of food of bad quality and the brackish +river water, brought on swellings, dysenteries, and +fevers. Sometimes there were not five men able +to bear arms. "If there were any conscience in +men," says Percy, "it would make their hearts +bleed to hear the pitiful murmurings and outcries +of our sick men without relief every day and night +for the space of about six weeks." The living were +hardly able to bury the dead, whose bodies were +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page31" name="page31"></a>(p. 31)</span> "trailed out like dogs." Half of the hundred colonists +died, and the survivors were saved by the +Indians, who, having got a taste of muskets and +cannon in their early attack on Jamestown, now +brought in supplies of game, corn, persimmons, and +other food, to trade for the novel trinkets of the +white men.</p> + +<h4>VI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Emergence of Captain John Smith.</span> Peril and adversity bring the capable man to +the front. The colony proceeded, by means of the +technicalities habitually used in those days, to rid +itself of its president, Wingfield, a man of good intentions +but with no talents suitable to a place of +such difficulty. Slowly, by one change and then +another, the leadership fell into the hands of Captain +John Smith. During the voyage he had +drawn upon himself the jealousy of the others, +probably by his boastful and self-asserting habit of +speech. When the list of councilors, till then kept +secret, was opened at Jamestown and his name was +found in it, he was promptly excluded by his associates. +It was only on the intercession of the clergyman, +Hunt, that he was at length admitted to +the Council.</p> + +<p>His paradoxical character has been much misunderstood. +Those who discredit the historical +accuracy of Captain Smith's narratives consider +his deeds of no value. It is the natural result and +retribution of boasting that the real merit of the +boaster is cast into the rubbish heap of contempt +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page32" name="page32"></a>(p. 32)</span> along with his false pretensions. On the other +hand, those who appreciate Smith's services to the +colony in its dire extremities believe that the historical +authority of such a man must be valid.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">His romantic tendencies.</span> His character, double and paradoxical as it is, +presents no insoluble enigma if we consider the +forces of nature and of habit underlying its manifestations. +According to his own highly colored +narrative, he had fed his fervid imagination on romances +of chivalry. The first natural result in a +youth so energetic as he, was that he should set +out to emulate the imaginary heroes of whom he +had read. It was equally a matter of course that +a man of his vanity should exaggerate his own adventures +to the size of those that had excited his +admiration. The same romantic turn of the imagination +that sent him a-wandering after exploits +in Flanders and in the wars with the Turks, in +Barbary, and in Ireland, made his every adventure +seem an exploit of heroic size. Such a man is valuable +when boldness and aggressive action are in +request; to relate facts where autobiography is involved +he is little fitted.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">His story of his own life.</span> According to Smith's own narrative, he was +robbed and shipwrecked at sea; he slew three infidel +champions in single combat and cut off their +heads, just for the amusement of the ladies; he +was made captive by the Turks and escaped by +slaying his master with a flail; he encountered +pirates; in the plunder of a ship he secured by +the grace of God a box of jewels; and, to round +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page33" name="page33"></a>(p. 33)</span> off his story, he was beloved in romance fashion +by a fair Turkish lady, one Tragabigzanda; befriended +by a Russian lady, the good Calamata; +and, later, was snatched from the open jaws of death +by the devotion of the lovely Princess Pocahontas, +daughter of King Powhatan, of Virginia. What +more could one ask? Here are the elements of +all the romances. But, to crown all, he emulated +the misadventure of the prophet Jonah, and he even +out-Jonahed Jonah. He got ashore by mere swimming +without the aid of a whale, when cast overboard +by Catholic pilgrims to appease a tempest. +Never any other wanderer since the safe return of +Ulysses passed through such a succession of marvelous +escapes as this young John Smith. His accidents +and achievements, even without exaggeration, +were fairly notable, doubtless, but they are +forever obscured by his vices of narration.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Interest in colonization.</span> By the time he was twenty-eight years old this +knight-errant had pretty well exhausted Europe as +a field for adventure. Soon after his return to his +own land he found the navigator Gosnold agitating +for a new colony in Virginia, the scene of Ralegh's +failures. That being the most difficult and dangerous +enterprise then in sight, nothing was more +natural than that Smith should embark in it. From +this time to the end of his life this really able +man gave his best endeavors to the advancement +of American colonization. <span class="sidenote">His character.</span> In counsel he was accounted +wise, and his advice was listened to with +more than common deference in the assemblies of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page34" name="page34"></a>(p. 34)</span> the Virginia Company as long as the company +lasted. In labor he was indefatigable, in emergencies +he proved himself ready-witted and resourceful. +His recorded geographical observations are +remarkably accurate considering his circumstances, +and his understanding of Indian life shows his intelligence. +His writings on practical questions are +terse, epigrammatic, and wise beyond the wisdom +of his time. But where his own adventures or +credit are involved he is hardly more trustworthy +than Falstaff. His boasting is one of the many difficulties +a historian has to encounter in seeking to +discover the truth regarding the events of an age +much given to lying.</p> + +<h4>VII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Smith's exploration and trading.</span> On Smith principally devolved the explorations +for a passage to the Pacific and the conduct of the +Indian trade. He was captured by the Indians in +the swamps of the Chickahominy and carried from +village to village in triumph. Contriving to secure +his release from the head chief, Powhatan, he returned +to Jamestown. Nothing could have suited +better his bold genius and roving disposition than +the life he thereafter led in Virginia. <span class="sidenote">A. D. 1607, 1608.</span> He sailed up +and down the bays and estuaries, discovering and +naming unknown islands, ascending great unknown +rivers, cajoling or bullying the Indians, and returning +to his hungry countrymen at Jamestown +laden with maize from the granaries of the savages. <span class="sidenote">Oxford Tract, <i>passim</i>.</span> +Smith and his companions coasted in all seasons +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page35" name="page35"></a>(p. 35)</span> and all weather in an open boat, exercising themselves +in morning psalm-singing and praying, in +manœuvring strange Indians by blustering or point-blank +lying, and in trying to propagate the Christian +religion among the heathen—all in turn as +occasion offered, like true Englishmen of the Jacobean +time. <span class="sidenote">Gen. Hist <i>passim</i>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">His narrative.</span> Captain Smith's earlier accounts of these achievements +in Virginia seem to be nearer the truth than +his later Generall Historie. As years rolled on his +exploits gained in number and magnitude in his +memory. The apocryphal story of his expounding +the solar system by means of a pocket compass +to savages whose idiom he had had no opportunity +to learn is to be found only in his later writings. +He is a prisoner but a month in the narrative of +the Oxford Tract of 1612, which was written by +his associates and published with his authority, but +his captivity had grown to six or seven weeks in +the Generall Historie of 1624. His prosaic release +by Powhatan had developed into a romantic rescue +by Pocahontas. Two or three hundred savages in +the earlier account become four or five hundred +in the later. Certain Poles assist him in the capture +of an Indian chief in the authorized narrative +of Pots and Phettiplace. In the later story our +hero performs this feat single-handed. A mere +cipher attaches itself sometimes to the figure representing +the number of his enemies, who by this +simple feat of memory become ten times more redoubtable +than before.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page36" name="page36"></a>(p. 36)</span> <span class="sidenote">His service to the colony.</span> But it does not matter greatly whether the +"strangely grimmed and disguised" Indians seen +by Smith at one place on the Potomac, who, according +to the story, were shouting and yelling +horribly, though in ambuscade, numbered three or +four hundred as in one account, or three or four +thousand as in his later story. <span class="sidenote">Oxf. Tract, p. 32. Gen. Hist., bk. iii, ch. v.</span> To Captain Smith +remains the credit of having been the one energetic +and capable man in those first years—the +man who wasted no time in a search for gold, but +won from the Indians what was of infinitely greater +value—the corn needed to preserve the lives of the +colonists. In an open boat, with no instrument +but a compass, he explored and mapped Chesapeake +Bay so well that his map was not wholly +superseded for a hundred and forty years. <span class="sidenote">Historie of Travaile into Virginia, p. 41.</span> Even +Wingfield, who had reason to dislike Smith, recognizes +the value of his services; and Strachey, who +had every means of knowing, says that "there +will not return from" Virginia "in hast any one +who hath bene more industrious or who hath had +(Captain Geo. Percie excepted) greater experience +amongst them, however misconstruction maye traduce +here at home."</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Smith overthrown.</span> During the autumn of 1608 and the winter following +Captain Smith was sole ruler of Jamestown, +all the other councilors having gone; but +the next spring there arrived five hundred new +colonists inadequately provisioned, and under two +of the old faction leaders who were Smith's mortal +enemies. These were the visionary and turbulent +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page37" name="page37"></a>(p. 37)</span> Archer and his follower Ratcliffe. <span class="sidenote">A. D. 1609.</span> Smith got +some of the newcomers to settle at Nansemond, +and others took up their abode near the falls of +the James River. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_2" name="note_b1_c2_2"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_2">Note 2.</a></span> After much turmoil Smith was +disabled by an accident, and his enemies contrived +to have him sent home charged, among other +things, with having "incensed" the Indians to assault +the insubordinate settlers under West near +the falls, and with having designed to wed Pocahontas +in order to secure royal rights in Virginia +as son-in-law to Powhatan.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">His later years.</span> He afterward explored the New England coast +with characteristic thoroughness and intelligence. +What he published in his later years by way of +advice on the subject of colony-planting is full of +admirable good sense. With rare foresight he predicted +the coming importance of the colonial trade +and the part to be played by the American fisheries +in promoting the greatness of England by +"breeding mariners." He only of the men of his +time suspected the imperial size and future greatness +of North America. He urged that the colonies +should not annoy "with large pilotage and +such like dues" those who came to trade in their +ports. Low customs, he says, enrich a people. +This is a strange doctrine in an age when foreign +trade seemed almost an evil, and false conceptions +of economic principles were nearly universal. +Captain Smith's words are often pregnant with a +wit whose pungency is delightful. In mental and +physical hardihood, and in what may be called +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page38" name="page38"></a>(p. 38)</span> shiftiness, as well as in proneness to exaggeration +and in boastfulness, he was in some sense a typical +American pioneer—a forerunner of the daring and +ready-witted men who have subdued a savage +continent. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_3" name="note_b1_c2_3"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_3">Note 3.</a></span></p> + +<h4>VIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The famine of 1609-'10.</span> Disaster of some sort could hardly have been +avoided had Captain Smith been allowed to stay, +but after his departure ruin came swiftly, and there +was no hand strong enough to stay it. The unchecked +hostility of the savages drove the outsettlers +from Nansemond and the falls of the James. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_4" name="note_b1_c2_4"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_4">Note 4.</a></span> The Indians found exercise for their devilish ingenuity +in torturing those who fell into their hands +alive, and outraging the dead. <span class="sidenote">A. D. 1609, 1610.</span> The brave but unwise +Percy added fuel to their consuming fury +by visiting their shrine and desecrating the tombs +of their chiefs. There was now no one who could +carry on the difficult Indian trade. Ratcliffe, who +had conspired to send Smith back to England, fell +into an ambuscade while emulating Captain Smith's +example in trading with Powhatan. He was tortured +to death by the Indian women, and only +fifteen of his fifty men got back to Jamestown. +The brood hogs of the colony were all eaten, the +dogs came next, and then the horses, which were +to have stocked Virginia, were consumed to their +very hides. Rats, mice, and adders were relished +when they were to be had, and fungi of various +sorts were eaten with whatever else "would fill +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page39" name="page39"></a>(p. 39)</span> either mouth or belly." <span class="sidenote">A. D. 1610.</span> An Indian slain in an +assault on the stockade was dug up after he had +been three days buried, and eaten "by the poorer +sort," their consuming hunger not being embarrassed +by the restraints of gentility. From this +horrible expedient it was but one step to the digging +up of their own dead for food. Famine-crazed +men even dogged the steps of those of their +comrades who were not quite wasted, threatening +to kill and devour them. Among these despairing +and shiftless men there was but one man of +resources. Daniel Tucker—let his later sins as +tyrant of Bermuda be forgiven—bethought himself +to build a boat to catch fish in the river, and this +small relief "did keep us from killing one another +to eat," says Percy. He seems to have been the +only man who bethought himself to do anything. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_5" name="note_b1_c2_5"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_5">Note 5.</a></span> +One man, in the ferocity engendered by famine, +slew his own wife and salted what he did not eat +at once of her flesh, but he was put to death at +the stake for this crime. Some, braving the savages, +sought food in the woods and died while +seeking it, and were eaten by those who found +them dead. Others, in sheer desperation, threw +themselves on the tender mercies of the Indians +and were slain. To physical were added spiritual +torments. One despairing wretch threw his Bible +into the fire, crying out in the market place that +there was no God in heaven. Percy adds, with +grim theological satisfaction characteristic of the +time, that he was killed by the Indians in the very +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page40" name="page40"></a>(p. 40)</span> market place where he had blasphemed in his +agony. The depopulated houses, and even the +palisades so necessary for protection, were burned +for firewood by the enfeebled people, and Jamestown +came presently to look like the slumbering +ruins of some ancient fortification. <span class="sidenote">Tragicall Relation, 1623. Briefe Declaration, 1624, +both in British Pub. Record Office. Percy's Trewe Relacyon, MS., +Petworth House.</span> Fortunately, +the Indians did not think it worth while to lose +any more of their men in attacking the desperate +remainder. It seemed inevitable that all who were +shut up in the Jamestown peninsula should perish +of hunger in a very few days. Of the nearly five +hundred colonists in Virginia in the autumn of +1609, there were but sixty famine-smitten wretches +alive in the following June, and hardly one of +these could have survived had help been delayed +a few days longer.</p> + +<h4>IX.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The arrival of Gates and Somers, 1610.</span> Relief came to the little remnant from a quarter +whence it was least expected. The emigrants of +the preceding year had been sent out under the +authority of Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George +Somers. The two leaders were jealous of each +other, and for fear either should gain advantage by +prior arrival they embarked in the same ship. +<span class="sidenote">A True Declaration of the Estate of the Colony of +Virginia, 1619, p.23.</span> This ship became separated from the rest of the +fleet and went ashore on the Bermudas, then uninhabited, +and "accounted as an inchaunted pile of +rockes and a desert inhabitation for Divels," in the +words of a writer of the time; "but all the fairies +of the rocks were but flocks of birds, and all the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page41" name="page41"></a>(p. 41)</span> Divels that haunted the woods were but herds of +swine." <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_6" name="note_b1_c2_6"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_6">Note 6.</a></span> Here old Sir George Somers, a veteran +seaman, constructed two little cedar vessels, and +provisioning them for the voyage with what the +islands afforded—live turtles, and the flesh of wild +hogs and waterfowl salted—the company set sail +for Virginia in the spring of 1610, arriving barely +in time to save the colony from extinction. Finding +that their provisions would not last more than +two or three weeks, they abandoned the wreck of +Jamestown, crowding all the people into four pinnaces, +including the two improvised cedar boats +built on the Bermudas. They sailed down the +river in the desperate hope of surviving until they +could reach Newfoundland and get supplies from +fishing vessels. The four little craft were turned +back on encountering Lord De la Warr, the new +governor, ascending the James to take charge of +the colony. The meeting with De la Warr was +bitterly regretted by the old settlers, who preferred +the desperate chance of a voyage in pinnaces +on a shipless sea with but a fortnight's provision +to facing again the horrors of life at +Jamestown.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">De la Warr's arrival, 1610.</span> With all the formalities thought necessary at +that time, De la Warr took possession of Jamestown, +now become a forlorn ruin full of dead men's +bones. Gates was sent to England for a new stock +of cattle, while the brave old Sir George Somers +once more embarked for the Bermudas in the Patience, +the little cedar pinnace which he had built +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page42" name="page42"></a>(p. 42)</span> wholly of the wood of that island without a particle +of iron except one bolt in the keel. <span class="sidenote">Smith's Oxford Tract, so called.</span> In this boat +he sailed up and down until he found again "the +still vexed Bermoothes," where he hoped to secure +provisions. He died in the islands. Argall was +also sent to the Bermudas, but missed them, and +went north to the fishing banks in search of food.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_7" name="note_b1_c2_7"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_7">Note 7.</a></span> Jamestown was cleansed, and with a piety characteristic +of that age the deserted little church was +enlarged and reoccupied and daily decorated with +Virginia wild flowers. <span class="sidenote">De la Warr's government, 1610.</span> All the bitter experience of +the first three years had not taught the true method +of settling a new country. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_8" name="note_b1_c2_8"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_8">Note 8.</a></span> The colony was still +but a camp of men without families, and the old +common stock system was retained. To escape +from the anarchy which resulted from a system +that sank the interest of the individual in that of +the community, it had been needful to arm De la +Warr with the sharp sword of martial law. <span class="sidenote">British Museum, MS. 21,993, ff. 174, 178. Instr. to +Gates and De la Warr.</span> Some +of the instructions given him were unwise, some +impossible of execution. To convert the Indians +out of hand, as he was told to do, by shutting up +their medicine men or sending them to England to +be Christianized by the methods then in use, did +not seem a task easy of accomplishment, for Indian +priests are not to be caught in time of war. +But De la Warr undertook another part of his instructions. +<span class="sidenote">Gold-hunting.</span> A hundred men under two captains +were sent on a wild-goose chase up the James +River to find gold or silver in the mountains, +whither the phantom of mines had now betaken +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page43" name="page43"></a>(p. 43)</span> itself. This plan originated with the London managers +of Virginia affairs, and men had been sent +with De la Warr who were supposed to be skillful +in "finding out mines." But being especially +unskillful in dealing with the Indians, they were +tempted ashore by savages, who offered them food +and slew them "while the meate was in theire +mouthes." <span class="sidenote">Briefe Declaration, MS., Pub. Rec. Off.</span> The expedition thereupon turned back +at a point about forty miles above the present site +of Richmond.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Flight of De la Warr.</span> A new town was begun at the falls, in the fond +belief that two mines were near, and De la Warr +took up his residence there. Jamestown, drawing +its water from a shallow and probably polluted +well, became the seat of a fresh epidemic. In the +month of March following his arrival the governor +fled from the colony to save his own life, leaving +Virginia more than ever discredited.</p> + +<h4>X.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Sir Thomas Dale, 1611.</span> As the hope of immediate profit from Virginia +died away, the colony would have been abandoned +if there had not arisen in its favor a patriotic enthusiasm +which gave it a second lease of life. +Many of the great noblemen were deeply engaged +in this new agitation in favor of the unlucky colony, +and none more deeply, perhaps, than Prince +Henry, the heir apparent. <span class="sidenote">Docs. Rel. to Col. Hist. N. Y., i, pp. 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, +16-21.</span> At Henry's request, +Sir Thomas Dale, an officer who had been employed +about the prince's person, and who with +other English officers was now in the service of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page44" name="page44"></a>(p. 44)</span> the Netherlands, was granted leave of absence to +go to Virginia. Since the colony was a check to +Spain, the Netherlands were supposed to have an +indirect interest in the enterprise and were persuaded +to continue Captain Dale's pay. De la +Warr, who remained in England, was nominally +governor; Gates, when present in Virginia, was +the ranking officer; but for five years Dale appears +to have been the ruling spirit in the colony.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The heavy hand of Dale, 1611-1616.</span> To induce him to go, Dale had been deceived +regarding the condition of the plantation, as had +been everybody else that had gone to Jamestown +after the first ships sailed. The vice-admiral, Newport, +was the principal reporter of Virginia affairs +in England and the principal agent of the company +in this deception. Dale's rough temper was already +well known. It was for this, no doubt, that +he had been chosen to do a rude piece of work. +<span class="sidenote">A Briefe Declaration of the Plantation of Virginia, +1624, MS., Pub. Rec. Off.</span> On his arrival he saw the desperate state of the +undertaking. He pulled Vice-Admiral Newport's +beard and threatened him with the gallows, demanding +"whether it weare meant that people +heere in Virginia shoulde feed uppon trees."</p> + +<p>Under the inefficient government of George +Percy, who had again been placed in charge, the +seedtime of 1611 was allowed to pass without the +planting of corn. The Jamestown people were +found by Dale "at their daily and usual work +bowling in the streets." <span class="sidenote">Brit. Museum, MS., 21,993, f. 174.</span> But the days of unthrifty +idleness were at an end. "The libertyes, ffranchises, +and immunityes of free denizens and natural-born +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page45" name="page45"></a>(p. 45)</span> subjects of any our other dominions" promised to +the colonists, were also at an end from the moment +of the arrival of this sharp-set soldier and disciplinarian. +Dale's pitiless use of martial law turned +Virginia not exactly into a military camp, but +rather into a penal settlement where men suffered +for the crime of emigration. The men taken to +Virginia in Dale's own company were hardly fit for +anything else, and were so "diseased and crazed +in their bodies" that at one time not more than +sixty out of three hundred were capable of labor. <span class="sidenote">Briefe Declaration.</span> +The food sent with Sir Thomas Dale by the corrupt +contractors was "of such qualitie as hoggs refused +to eat." Sir Thomas Gates afterward made +oath to its badness before the Chief Justice in +London.</p> + +<h4>XI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The years of slavery.</span> Dale regarded himself as an agent of the company. +His aim was by hook or crook to make the +hitherto unprofitable colony pay dividends to the +shareholders, who were his employers. His relation +to the emigrants was that of a taskmaster; one +might, perhaps, more fitly call him a slave-driver. +Instead of seeking to render the colony self-supporting +by clearing corn ground, he gave his first +attention to lading vessels with sassafras root, then +much prized as a medicine, and cedar timber, valued +especially for its odor.</p> + +<p>During a part of Dale's time eight or nine +ounces of meal and half a pint of peas was the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page46" name="page46"></a>(p. 46)</span> daily ration. <span class="sidenote">Briefe Declaration. Percy to Northumberland, Hist. MS., +Commission, Rept., iii, 53, 54.</span> In their declaration, made some years +afterward, the surviving colonists aver that both +the meal and the peas were "moldy, rotten, full of +cobwebs and maggots, loathsome to man and unfit +for beasts." Better men than these might have +been driven to mutiny by the enforced toil and +bad food. And mutiny and desertion were usually +but other names for suicide under the rule of the +pitiless high marshal. Some fled to the woods, +hoping to reach a mythical Spanish settlement believed +to be not very far away. Dale set the Indians +on them, and they were brought back to be +burned at the stake. Others, who in desperation +or deadly homesickness resolved to venture their +lives in a barge and a shallop "for their native +country," suffered in various ways for their temerity. +Death by shooting or hanging was clemency. +One offender was put to death by the awful torture +of breaking on the wheel, a penalty that Dale may +have learned during his stay on the Continent. +Taylor, the water poet, has left us the sickening +details of such an execution in Germany in 1616. +<span class="sidenote">Observations and Travel from London to Hamburgh, p. +13.</span> One need not waste any sympathy on those who +were hanged for stealing to satisfy hunger; death +is more merciful than life to men in such a case. +But one poor rogue, who thought to better his rations +by filching two or three pints of oatmeal, had +a bodkin run through his tongue and was chained +to a tree until he perished of hunger. Though +these things were twice attested by the best men +in the colony, one prefers to make some allowance +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page47" name="page47"></a>(p. 47)</span> for their passionate resentment, and to hope that +some of the horrors related are exaggerated. It is +hard to believe, for example, that men unable to +work were denied food, and left to creep away +into the wretched burrows in the ground used for +shelter, there to die unregarded in the general +misery.</p> + +<p>In 1612 a company of ten men sent out to catch +fish braved the perils of the ocean in a little bark +and got back to England. It was the only escape +from Dale's tyranny, pitiless and infernal. "Abandon +every hope who enter here" was almost as +appropriate to the mouth of the James River as to +the gate of Dante's hell. All letters of complaint +sent to England were intercepted, and all efforts +of friends of the colonists in England to succor or +rescue them were thwarted by the company in +London. <span class="sidenote">Briefe Declaration.</span> The king's pass to one of the colonists +authorizing him to leave Virginia was sent to him +by his friends closely made up in a garter, to avoid +the vigilance of Sir Thomas Dale.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Dale's services.</span> Dale's administration was strongest on its military +side. There was no danger that the Indians +would reduce the colony to any straits while he +was in charge. He gave his first attention to fortification, +and he even begged for two thousand convicts +out of English jails to form a line of posts +from Hampton to a point a hundred miles above +Jamestown. He sent Argall all the way to Mount +Desert to plunder a Jesuit settlement and make +prize of a French ship—an undertaking congenial +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page48" name="page48"></a>(p. 48)</span> to Dale's military temper and the Viking tastes of +Argall. As his experience increased, Dale came to +understand that other than military measures were +needed to found a colony, though he never more +than half comprehended the elements of the problem. +In his later time he cleared more corn +ground, and he could boast at his departure that +Virginia contained six horses, a hundred and forty-nine +neat cattle, two hundred and sixteen goats, +and hogs without number. Dale set off a private +garden of three acres of land to each of the old +planters, on the condition that they should provide +food for themselves while still giving nearly all of +their time to the service of the common stock. +Even this slave's-patch of private interest given +to only a fraction of the colonists put some life +into Virginia; but two thirds of the people were +retained in the old intolerable bondage, and not +even the most favored secured personal ownership +of land. Dale's administration was remembered +as "the five years of slavery." +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_9" name="note_b1_c2_9"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_9">Note 9.</a></span></p> + +<h4>XII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Dale's return.</span> The rough-handed soldier from the Low Countries +had indeed brought the Virginia chaos into +order, but it was an order almost as deadly as the +preceding anarchy. Dale confessed that the government +of Virginia was "the hardest task he had +ever undertaken," and he got himself out of it after +five years by making a theatrical return to England +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page49" name="page49"></a>(p. 49)</span> in 1616 with a train of Indians, including the "Princess" +Pocahontas, converted, baptized with a Christian +name as Rebecca, and wedded to an Englishman. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_10" name="note_b1_c2_10"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_10">Note 10.</a></span> +He added glowing reports of the country, +and proved all by exhibiting "at least sixteen several +sorts of staple commodities to be raised in this +plantation." For greater effect, samples of twelve +of these products of the colony were sold by public +auction in the open court of the company. +Though Dale could show many commodities, some +of which have never flourished in Virginia since +his time, he left behind him not an established community, +but a mere camp of unhappy men retained +in the country by the sheer impossibility of getting +away. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_11" name="note_b1_c2_11"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_11">Note 11.</a></span> After nine years of suffering, Virginia consisted +of some three hundred and twenty-six men, +twenty-five women and children, and graves outnumbering +many times over all the living souls.</p> + +<p>Three things had been discovered in Dale's +time that were of importance to the colony. Dale +had by personal experiment learned the two fishing +seasons in the James River. The colonists had +begun the profitable cultivation of tobacco, and +the economic success of the colony was thereby +assured. Lastly, even Dale's small experiment with +private interest rendered the apportionment of the +land and the establishment of private ownership +certain to come in time. As early as 1614 it was +estimated that three men working for themselves +raised more corn than ten times as many when the +labor was for the public stock. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_12" name="note_b1_c2_12"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_12">Note 12.</a></span></p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page50" name="page50"></a>(p. 50)</span> XIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Argall's government.</span> Captain Argall, who succeeded Sir Thomas +Dale, was a bold and notable mariner. He had +built the first Virginia vessel; he had traded with +the Indians for corn with as much enterprise and +address as Captain Smith had shown; he had in a +small ship called the Dainty made the first experimental +voyage to James River by the westward +route, avoiding the long circuit by the Canaries +and West Indies. It had been his fortune to be +the first Englishman to see the American bison, +which he found near the Potomac. He it was who +by a shrewd trick had captured Pocahontas and +held her as hostage; and he drove the French out +of Maine, despoiling their settlement at Mount +Desert. To a mastery of all the arts that make the +skillful navigator he added the courteous politeness +of a man of the city and the unfaltering +rapacity of a pirate. As governor, he robbed the +company with one hand and the hapless colonists +with the other. While using the ships and men of +the colony to carry on the Indian trade, he turned +all the profits of it into his own wallet. The breeding +animals of the colony accumulated by Dale he +sold, and made no account of the proceeds. There +was hardly anything portable or salable in Virginia +that he did not purloin. He even plundered +the property of Lady De la Warr, the widow of +his predecessor. He boldly fitted out a ship belonging +to Lord Rich, and sent an expedition of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page51" name="page51"></a>(p. 51)</span> sheer piracy to the West Indies under an old letter +of marque from the Duke of Savoy. When advices +from England warned Argall that his downfall was +imminent, he forthwith redoubled his felonious +diligence. <span class="sidenote">Lord Rich's intrigue.</span> His chief partner in England was Lord +Rich, who became the second Earl of Warwick in +1619, about the time of Argall's return, and who is +known to history in his later character as a great +Puritan nobleman, who served God while he contrived +to better his estate with both hands by such +means as troublous times put within his reach. +He was not content with small pickings. Rich appears +to have aimed at nothing less than wrecking +the company and securing the land and government +of Virginia. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_13" name="note_b1_c2_13"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_13">Note 13.</a></span> The first step toward this was +to get a charter for a private or proprietary plantation +within Virginia which should be exempt +from all authority of the company and the colony. +This independent government was to serve as a +refuge from prosecutions for Argall and other piratical +agents, and at last to possess itself of the +wreck and remainder of Virginia. The second +step in this intrigue was one that could have +availed nothing in any time less respectful to shadowy +technicalities and less prone to legal chicanery +than that of James I. As we have seen, jealousy +was excited in Virginia by the possibility of Captain +Smith's wedding Pocahontas and setting up a +claim to authority based on her inheritance from +Powhatan. <span class="sidenote">Stith, 142.</span> A tradition lingered in Virginia a +hundred years later that King James questioned +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page52" name="page52"></a>(p. 52)</span> Rolfe's right to intermarry with a foreign princess +without the consent of his sovereign. If this had +any foundation, it grew out of the value of a pretext +in a time of technicality and intrigue. There +may have been already a scheme to trade upon +the hereditary right of Powhatan's daughter. Pocahontas +died in England, leaving an infant son. +Argall, on his arrival, hastened to notify the company +that Opechankano, the brother and successor +of Powhatan, had resolved not to sell any more +land, but to reserve it for the son of Pocahontas +when he should be grown. The company charged +that this was a ruse to serve the ends which Argall, +Rich, and others had in view. The larger plan +miscarried, but Argall found his prey so tempting +that he lingered longer than was safe, and got away +in the nick of time by the aid of Lord Rich, who +had stood guard like a burglar's pal, and who contrived +to delay the ship carrying out the new +governor until a small swift-sailing vessel could be +sent to fetch away Argall and his varied booty of +public and private plunder. <span class="sidenote">The Companie's root of difference. MS. Rec. Va. Co., +May 7, 1623.</span> In that day justice +often went by favor, and Argall consigned his +spoils to hands so powerful that the Virginia Company, +stripped bare by his treacherous villainy, +could never recover any of its lost property. <span class="sidenote">MS. Rec. Va. Co., <i>passim</i>.</span> The +embittered colonists had the bootless satisfaction of +sending over after the runaway governor twenty-four +bundles of accusatory depositions.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page53" name="page53"></a>(p. 53)</span> XIV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Fall of the lottery.</span> From the first nobody reaped any profit from +investments made in the new colony except the +clique of merchants who had been allowed to sell +wretched supplies for the distant settlers at ruinous +rates. Rich and those interested with him had +abundantly reimbursed themselves for all outlays +on their part. The Virginia Company, swindled by +commercial peculators at home, robbed by a pirate +governor in America, and embarrassed by Spanish +intrigues at the English court, had also been deprived +of the lotteries, large and small, which had +supplied money for sending eight hundred emigrants +to Virginia. The lottery, which had fallen +into great disrepute and had suffered "many foul +aspersions," was abolished in compliance with a +public sentiment. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_14" name="note_b1_c2_14"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_14">Note 14.</a></span> The company was tottering +swiftly to a fall; vultures like Warwick were waiting +longingly for its death.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Revival of interest, 1618.</span> But there set in once more a widespread patriotic +movement in its behalf. Such movements +were characteristic of that vital age when love of +country was fast coming to count for more as a +motive to action than loyalty to the person of a +prince. "Divers lords, knights, gentlemen, and +citizens, grieved to see this great action fall to +nothing," came to its rescue with one final effort +which resulted after some years in putting the enterprise +well beyond the danger of failure. They +formed auxiliary societies within the Virginia Company, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page54" name="page54"></a>(p. 54)</span> after the custom of corporations in that day. +Each of these undertook to plant a settlement or +"hundred." In one year the population rose from +less than four hundred to about a thousand. The +newly active element infused a more liberal spirit +into the company, and set about correcting the +abuses in its management.</p> + +<h4>XV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The Great Charter, 1618.</span> The movement of 1618 was retarded by the disgrace +into which the colony had fallen. An unbroken +series of misfortunes and disappointments, +the bad conduct of the company's affairs, the ill +fame of Dale's remorseless tyranny, and the fresh +Argall scandal, had made Virginia odious. <span class="sidenote">Pub. Rec. Off. Col. Papers, iii, 40. Disc. of the Old +Va. Co.</span> One +convict to whom the alternative was proposed, +chose hanging in preference to transportation to +Virginia. It was needful that something should be +done to restore credit. The men who took the +lead in the patriotic movement of 1618 on behalf of +Virginia were mainly liberal statesmen—that Earl +of Southampton who is known as the friend of +Shakespeare; Sir Edwin Sandys, one of the greatest +men of a great age, whose brave support of +popular liberty had lost him the favor of the king; +Sir John Danvers, and others. The records before +the election of Sandys in 1619 were probably destroyed +to conceal the guilt of the managers. We +can only conjecture that the rising influence of the +men who were able a few months later to overthrow +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page55" name="page55"></a>(p. 55)</span> the ruling party had much to do with the +most notable change that took place in the conduct +of affairs in the Virginia Company at this +time. On the 13th of November, 1618—memorable +but neglected and forgotten date—the Virginia +Company, acting within the powers conferred on +it by its charter, granted to the residents in Virginia +a document styled a "Great Charter or Commissions +of Priviledges, Orders, and Lawes." No +copy of this instrument now exists, but some of its +provisions have been preserved. It established a +legislative body, to consist of councilors of estate +and of representatives or burgesses chosen by the +several "plantations" or hundreds, and it limited +the power of the governor. This charter was the +starting point of constitutional government in the +New World. It contained in embryo the American +system of an executive power lodged mainly +in one person, and a Legislature of two houses. +One might without much exaggeration call this +paper a sort of Magna Charta of America, and it +was a long and probably a deliberate step toward +popular government. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_15" name="note_b1_c2_15"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_15">Note 15.</a></span> If the results that have followed +it be considered, it can hardly be accounted +second in importance to any other state paper of +the seventeenth century.</p> + +<h4>XVI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Division of land.</span> Not only did this admirable charter establish a +representative form of government and do away +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page56" name="page56"></a>(p. 56)</span> with martial law, but it fairly launched the Virginians +on the current of freedom and advancement +by authorizing a liberal division of land to all +those who had arrived before the departure of Sir +Thomas Dale. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_16" name="note_b1_c2_16"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_16">Note 16.</a></span> The oldest land titles in Virginia +are deduced from the authority of the Great Charter +of 1618. <span class="sidenote">Aspinwall Papers, p. 14, note.</span> Communism, pernicious everywhere, +is at its worst in an infant settlement. <span class="sidenote">True Declaration, p. 25.</span> "Every +man sharked for his own bootie," says a writer +on Virginia in 1609, "but was altogether careless +of the succeeding penurie." The distribution of +land abolished the common stock system of labor, +and opened a pathway to the ambition of the +diligent.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The good news in Virginia.</span> Tidings of the great change wrought in their +condition and prospects by the new charter reached +the dwellers on the James River in the spring of +1619, and the colonists were "ravished with so +much joy" that they felt themselves "now fully +satisfied for their long labors and as happy men as +there were in the world." <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_17" name="note_b1_c2_17"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_17">Note 17.</a></span> They valued their liberties +as no man can who has not known the bitterness +of bondage, and in 1623, when they had reason +to fear the re-establishment of the old tyranny, the +Virginia Assembly petitioned the king in these +strong words: "Rather than be reduced to live +under the like government, we desire his Majesty +that commissioners may be sent over to hang us." <span class="sidenote">Tragicall Relation, 1623.</span> +We have here, perhaps, the very first of the many +protests of colonial Legislatures against oppression +from England.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page57" name="page57"></a>(p. 57)</span> XVII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The sending of wives to Virginia.</span> In 1618, before the adoption of the charter, it +was concluded, in the quaint phrase of the time, +"that a plantation can never flourish till families be +planted and the respects of Wives and Children fix +the people on the soyle," or, in simpler words, that +a colony of bachelors can hardly found a state. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_18" name="note_b1_c2_18"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_18">Note 18.</a></span> +The first ship laden with home-makers carried over +ninety maids, and the company thought it necessary +to promise special rewards to the men who +should marry these young women. If the maids +were as certified, "young, handsome, and well recommended," +they needed no such dowry in a land +that had hardly a woman in it. Young or old, +handsome or homely, the maids did not prove a +drug. Shipload after shipload of them were eagerly +bought by the planters, who had to pay a round +sum in the high-priced tobacco of that early time +to defray the cost of transporting these wives. +Besides having to pay for his wife, the planter +could have her only on the condition of winning +her consent; and the eager courtship that ensued +on the arrival of a shipload of maids must have +been one of the most amusing scenes in the settlement +of America. Suitors far outnumbered the +women, and the latter had things pretty much their +own way. The first cargo of this interesting merchandise +was landed in 1619, but as late as 1624 +the women were probably in danger of setting the +colonists by the ears, for the governor felt obliged +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page58" name="page58"></a>(p. 58)</span> to issue a proclamation threatening fine or whipping +for the offense of betrothal to more than one +person at a time. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c2_19" name="note_b1_c2_19"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c2_19">Note 19.</a></span> In 1632, thirteen years after the +first shipment, we find the colony still being replenished +with women sent in the same fashion. +In that year, two, whose behavior during the voyage +had been disgraceful, were sent back as unfit +to be mothers of Virginians. The precaution could +not have been of much practical use, but it indicates +the early growth of a wholesome local pride. +When there were house mothers in the cabins, and +children born in the country, the settlers no longer +dreamed of returning to England; and there was +soon a young generation that knew no other skies +than those that spanned the rivers, fields, and vast +primeval forests of their native Virginia, which +now for the first time became a home.</p> + +<h4>XVIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The struggle ended, 1624.</span> It is not the Virginia colony alone that we have +seen in the crucible. The fate of English colonization +was no doubt settled by the experiments made +during the first years on the James River, and the +story told in this chapter is but the overture to the +whole history of life in the United States. In our +colonizing age a settlement might be made in the +heart of Africa with a far smaller loss of life than +was incurred in the first sixteen years in Virginia. +From 1607 to 1623 there were landed in Virginia +more than six thousand people. The number that +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page59" name="page59"></a>(p. 59)</span> returned to England was inconsiderable, but in the +year 1624, when the colony passed under a royal +government, there remained alive in the colony +only twelve hundred and seventy-five. Of those +who came in these early years four fifths perished. +A part of this loss was due to radically wrong conceptions +of the nature, end, and proper methods of +colonization, a part to corrupt and incompetent +management in the London Company. The bad +character of many of the earliest emigrants was +one cause of difficulty. The writers of the time +probably exaggerated this evil in order to excuse +the severity of the government and the miseries +into which the settlers fell. But the loss of many +of the early comers must be accounted a distinct +gain to Virginia. Unfitted for their environment, +they were doomed to extinction by that pitiless +law which works ever to abolish from the earth +the improvident, the idle, and the vicious.</p> + +<h3 class="smcap">Elucidations.</h3> + +<div class="answer"> +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_1" name="anote_b1_c2_1"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_1">Note 1, page 29.</a></span> In 1889, when I visited Jamestown, there was no apparent +trace of Sandy Beach which had connected the island with the +mainland. This bit of sand, in the antique phrase of one of the +early colonists, was "no broader than a man may well quaite a +tileshard." Strachey, in Purchas, p. 1752. Jamestown is now +a farm; the ruins of the church and many of the tombs in the +eighteenth-century churchyard remain; but the upper end of the +island is wearing away, and I picked out of the crumbling sand, +far from the later burying place, human bones of earlier burials, +possibly of the victims of the famines and epidemics. The walls +of the magazine had been exposed by erosion. I brought away +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page60" name="page60"></a>(p. 60)</span> wrought nails, bits of glass grown iridescent from long burial, +and an exploded bombshell of so small a caliber as to mark +its antiquity. By the aid of a negro youth living on the farm +I found the hearth bricks turned up in various places by the +plow, and the arrangement, or rather lack of arrangement, of +the town could thus be made out. My guide volunteered the information +that Jamestown was "the first place discovered after +the Flood." Some drawings made at the time were reproduced +with an article on Nathaniel Bacon in the Century Magazine for +July, 1890.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_2" name="anote_b1_c2_2"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_2">Note 2, page 37.</a></span> Whether Smith was injured by gunpowder and required treatment, +as he asserts, or was sent home under charges, has been +matter of dispute. Both accounts are correct, as is shown by +the testimony of an important manuscript at Petworth House, in +Surrey, which I was allowed to examine by the courtesy of Lord +Leconsfield. It is from the pen of George Percy, a brother of +the Earl of Northumberland, who was chosen to succeed Smith +on his departure from the colony. It is not the narrative from +which Purchas makes extracts, but a sequel to it. The title is +"A Trewe Relacyon of the pceedinge and Ocvrrentes of momente +wch have hapned in Virginia from the Tyme Sr Thomas +Gates was shipwrackde vpon the Bermudes Ano. 1609 vntill my +depture ovtt of the country wch was in Ano Dni 1612." It is a +quarto of forty-one pages. Percy was a man of courage, but +his own narrative in this little book shows that he had no qualification +for the office of governor except the rank of his family. +His ill health is made an excuse for his inefficiency, but Dale's +letter of May 25, 1611, shows that even the horrible events of +Percy's first government had not taught him to plant corn when +again left in charge. Percy naturally resents Smith's boastfulness, +and bluntly accuses him of laying claim to credit that +was not his. The charge that Smith, unable to control the unruly +settlers at the Falls under West, advised the Indians to attack +them, is supported by Percy; and a very different charge, +that he stirred up the Indians to assassinate West himself, appears +at a later time in Spelman's Relation, a tract that bears +abundant internal evidence of the writer's mental inability to +speak the truth. Percy himself relates that the Indians were +already hostile to West's party, and that they had wounded and +killed some of West's men in resentment of their wanton outrages. +See also the account in the Oxford Tract, with the signatures +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page61" name="page61"></a>(p. 61)</span> of Pots and Phettiplace, for Smith's version of the affair. +"Bloody-mindedness" seems not to have been a trait of Smith. +But the exigency was a terrible one, for death by starvation was +already impending, and only the restoration of discipline at any +cost could have saved the colony from the horrible fate it met. +Such a course would not have done much violence to the notions +of the time, and would have found precedents in the various plots +against the lives of Smith, Wingfield, and others in the colony. +It is quite probable, however, that there is no truth in the story. +The violent hatred of the factions will account for the suspicion.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_3" name="anote_b1_c2_3"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_3">Note 3, page 38.</a></span> Captain Smith's True Relation was sent from Virginia and +was printed in London in 1608. In 1612 he published what is +commonly referred to as the Oxford Tract. Its proper title is +very long. The first part of it is as follows: "Map of Virginia, +with a description of the Covntry, the Commodities, People, Government, +and Religion. Written by Captain Smyth, sometime +Governor of the Covntry. And wherevnto is annexed the proceedings +of those colonies since their first departure from England," +etc. The second part of the book professes to be taken +from the writings of eight of the colonists, whose names are given, +and to have been edited by W. S.—that is, the Reverend Dr. +Symonds. The Generall Historie was first proposed in a well-considered +and rather elegant speech by Captain Smith at a meeting +of the Virginia Company, April 12, 1621, while the new patent +which was to be submitted to Parliament was under discussion. +He suggested the writing of a history to preserve the memory of +the worthies of Virginia, dead and living, and gave it as his +opinion that no Spanish settlement of the same age afforded matter +more interesting. "Which worthy speech," says the record, +"had of the whole court a very great applause as spoken freely +to a speciall purpose, and therefore thought fitt to be considered +and put in practice in his due time. And for which also Mr. +Smyth as preferring allwaies mocions of speciall consequence was +exceedingly commended." MS. Records of the Virginia Company, +i, 197-200. A first edition of the Generall Historie appeared +in 1624, the last two editions in 1632. The book is a +compilation of Smith's earlier works, somewhat expanded, not to +say inflated. The later portions are mostly made up from the +official and <i>quasi</i>-official pamphlets. Just what was Dr. Symonds's +part in the preparation of the Oxford Tract and the +Generall Historie it would be interesting to know. The latter +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page62" name="page62"></a>(p. 62)</span> work was in some sense by authority of the company, and liable +to the peculiar suspicion that hangs about writings designed to +advance the colony and not primarily to record history. Its descriptive +portions are of high value, and we are now able to control +its historical errors to a certain extent. Besides these three +works on Virginia, Smith published a Description of New England, +1616, New England's Trials, 1620, and Advertisements for +the Unexperienced Planters of New England or Elsewhere, in +1631, the year of his death. These all contain valuable matter +relating to Virginia. He also published in 1627 two works on +seamanship, a Sea Grammar, and the Accidence or Pathway to +Experience necessary for a Young Seaman. In 1630 he published +his True Travels, a book which contains an account of his +own adventures previous to his going to Virginia. More than a +quarter of a century had elapsed between the occurrence of these +adventures and their publication. Smith's vivid imagination had +meantime no doubt greatly magnified his own exploits. It is +quite impossible at this day to sift what truth there is in the True +Travels from the exaggerations. Travelers in that time were not +held to a very rigid account, and their first obligation seems to +have been to amuse their readers. No distinct line had yet been +drawn in literature between fact and fiction.</p> + +<p>Many years ago, before I had had an opportunity to examine +and compare all his writings, I rashly printed a brief argument in +favor of the trustworthiness of Captain John Smith and the credibility +of the Pocahontas story. I believe no person of critical +judgment can make a thorough comparison of Smith's successive +books without being convinced of the ineradicable tendency of his +mind to romance in narrating adventure, especially his own adventure. +Even his style where his vanity speaks loses something +of its native directness and force. His practical writings on navigation +and on the proper conduct of colonization, and his descriptions +of the country and the savages, are plain, direct, and +lucid. His speeches in the Virginia Company appear to have +been exceedingly wise, and to have impressed his hearers. Note, +for example, his proposals (Records, i, 197) that colonial governors +should be liable to trial in England; his proposal to reduce +the fee for sending a child to Virginia from five pounds to five +marks, the cost of apprenticing to a trade (i, 174); and his preference +for a governor well paid to one working "for love" (February +4, 1623). His personal morals were probably unexceptionable. +One of his associates certifies to his freedom from tobacco, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page63" name="page63"></a>(p. 63)</span> wines, dice, debts, and oaths. But a comparison between the +statements made in the Oxford Tract and those in the Generall +Historie leaves upon the mind of the critic a distinct impression +of the very processes by which his adventures were exaggerated +in his own memory as time elapsed. The three or four hundred +savages on the Potomac (Oxford Tract, p. 32, a sufficiently marvelous +story) rise to three or four thousand in the Generall Historie. +Pocahontas becomes the central figure in incidents as told +in 1624 in which she had no place in 1612. There is but one allusion +to Pocahontas in the entire Oxford Tract (p. 103), and that +has to do with the charge that Smith intended to marry her. A +just and witty judgment of Captain Smith was made almost in +his own time by Thomas Fuller. He says: "Such his perils, +preservations, dangers, deliverances, they seem to most men beyond +belief, to some beyond truth. Yet we have two witnesses +to attest them, the prose and the pictures, both in his own book; +and it soundeth much to the diminution of his deeds that he +alone is the herald to publish and proclaim them.... However, +moderate men must allow Captain Smith to have been very instrumental +in settling the plantation in Virginia, whereof he was +Governor, as also admiral of New England." Fuller's Worthies, +edition of 1840, i, 276. Those who desire to see an ingenious +and learned defense of Captain Smith, particularly in the matter +of the Pocahontas story, will find it in an address by Mr. William +Wirt Henry, published by the Virginia Historical Society. Prof. +Arber's discussion of the subject in his edition of Smith's Works +is sentimental rather than critical. Compare Deane's Wingfield +for the other side. Unnecessary heat has characterized some of +the debates about John Smith. History pitched in a shrill polemical +key is not instructive and is something less than amusing. +These debates center themselves on the Pocahontas story, which +is of little historical importance except as it involves the trustworthiness +of Smith's narrative.</p> + +<p>The conduct of Captain Smith in the Virginia colony will be +better understood if we appreciate the character of his principal +opponent, Gabriel Archer. Archer's return to Virginia in 1609 +and his agency in overthrowing Captain Smith are alluded to apparently +in a passage in the New Life of Virginea, 1612, "In +which distemper that envious man stept in, sowing plentifull +tares in the hearts of all," etc. One of Archer's schemes seems +to have been to establish a parliament and a complicated government +at the beginning. Purchas and Strachey both take sides +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page64" name="page64"></a>(p. 64)</span> against Archer in his controversy with Smith. Purchas, iv, p. +1749, Oxford Tract, 22. Wingfield warned Newport of the danger +of disturbance from Archer, who was "troubled with an ambitious +spirit." Wingfield's Discourse, 77, 94, 95. Wingfield +also says, "In all their disorders was Mr. Archer a ringleader." +He adds that Ratcliffe "did wear no other eies or eares than grew +on Mr. Archer's head." For a bibliographical account of Smith's +works the reader is referred to the valuable notes in Mr. Winsor's +Narrative and Critical History of America, vol. iii, <i>passim</i>.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_4" name="anote_b1_c2_4"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_4">Note 4, page 38.</a></span> A Trewe Relacyon, etc., at Petworth House, as above. The +Indians in sheer wantonness scraped out the brains of their +dead victims with mussel shells. Percy seems to have retaliated +in a way to exasperate without disabling the savages. He +"burned their hawses, Ransacked their Temples, tooke downe +the corpses off their deade Kings from off their Toambes [that is, +the scaffold on which their well-dried remains were deposited], +and caryed away their pearles, caps, and bracelets wherewith +they doe decore their Kings fvneralls." (For this sacred house +thus desecrated by Percy the Indians had such reverence that +none but priests and chiefs were allowed to enter, and the Indians +never ventured to pass it without casting some offering of +tobacco, wampum, copper, or puccoon root into the water.—Strachey, +90.) When Percy had captured a chief's wife and +children, the soldiers in revengeful wantonness, according to +Percy's account, threw the children out of the boat and shot +them in the water. The inefficient Percy was able to save the +life of the "queen" or chief's wife with difficulty. West and +Ratcliffe, who had overthrown Smith, are accused by Percy of +unnecessary cruelty to the savages. West sailed away in the +ship, leaving Jamestown to its fate. Ratcliffe was put to death +with exquisite tortures. There is no doubt some truth, as there is +certainly jealousy, in Percy's charge that Captain Smith was "an +ambitious, unworthy, and vainglorious fellow, attempting to take +all men's authorities from them," but he was neither weak, like +Percy and Ratcliffe, nor visionary, like the gold-hunting Martin +and the doctrinary and demagogical Archer, nor treacherous and +cruel, like West. With all his faults he only was master of the +situation in these early years. Percy admits that the lawful authority +was that of Smith. The history of the government of +Percy and his supporters seems to justify Smith's refusal to share +his lawful power with incompetent factionaries.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page65" name="page65"></a>(p. 65)</span> <span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_5" name="anote_b1_c2_5"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_5">Note 5, page 39.</a></span> So far the State Papers, but Percy, in his A Trewe Relacyon, +adds that he caused the man to be tortured till he confessed, and +he relates repulsive details of the crime. The effrontery of an +official publication went so far as to deny (True Declaration, +1610), on the authority of Sir Thomas Gates, this fact so circumstantially +and abundantly attested. In Peckard's Life of +Ferrar, p. 158, a petition from the Virginia colony to the king is +preserved in which occur these words: "To tell how great things +many of us have suffered through hunger alone would be as incredible +as horrible for us to repeat to your sacred ears."</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_6" name="anote_b1_c2_6"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_6">Note 6, page 41.</a></span> See, among other authorities, A Plaine Declaration of Barmudas, +in black letter, 1613, written by one of the party. Myriads +of birds nested on the island. How the hogs came to be there is +matter of conjecture. The writer of the Plaine Declaration makes +old Sir George Somers the resourceful hero of their marvelous +escape, and it was from him that the islands took the name of +Somers or Summer Islands. For want of pitch, the seams of the +vessels were paid with "a kind of hard lime" and some "wax +cast up by the sea." Strachey's A True Reportory of the Wracke +and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, Knight, etc., Purchas, +iv, p. 1734, is also by one of the shipwrecked party. The Rev. +Joseph Hunter has written with much learning, patient research, +and fatiguing prolixity to disprove the theory that Shakespeare's +Tempest was suggested by the wreck of Gates and Somers. He +succeeds in showing its relation to another occurrence, but works +of imagination do not usually have their origin in a single fact, +and it is hard to resist the conviction that the Tempest, as we +have it, contains more than one allusion to the wreck upon "the +still vexed Bermoothes."</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_7" name="anote_b1_c2_7"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_7">Note 7, page 42.</a></span> The beauty of the wood of certain American trees had already +been noted. The communion table in Jamestown in De la Warr's +time was made of black walnut. The pews were of cedar, and +there were "fair, broad windows," with shutters of cedar, "to +shut and open as the weather shall occasion," but there appears +to have been no glass. Window glass was little used at that +time, and there probably was not a glazed window in the colony. +The pulpit was of cedar, and the font was "hewen hollow like a +canoa." Strachey, in Purchas, p. 1755.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_8" name="anote_b1_c2_8"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_8">Note 8, page 42.</a></span> Some families appear to have gone to Virginia with De la +Warr. The purpose to send families of wives and children and +servants is expressed in A True Declaration, which was dated +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page66" name="page66"></a>(p. 66)</span> 1610, but, as Mr. Alexander Brown points out, issued in December, +1609.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_9" name="anote_b1_c2_9"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_9">Note 9, page 48.</a></span> The Tragicall Relation of 1623, and the Briefe Declaration of +1624, manuscripts in the British Public Record Office, are the +most important authorities for the facts given in the text. The +Briefe Declaration is rather the fuller, but the earlier paper supplies +some particulars. These two formal documents are not +from the same hand, and the slight difference between them in +details tends rather to confirm than to shake the reader's confidence +in their testimony. The names of Sir Francis Wyatt, +George Sandys, and other prominent colonists appended to the +Tragicall Relation are a guarantee of its good faith. It is curious +to note that Raphe Hamor, whose relation is so favorable to +Dale, and who held the post of secretary under Dale and that of +vice-admiral under Argall, signs this paper, which is a severe +impeachment of Sir Thomas Smythe's administration of the affairs +of the company before 1619. Hamor's True Discourse has +heretofore usually been taken as an authority, but after reading +the documents in the Public Record Office one is compelled to +believe that Hamor, or perhaps one might say Dale, under cover +of his secretary, misrepresents the state of the colony, and makes +promises to those who may emigrate that it was hardly possible +to carry out. The Discourse of the old Virginia Company (Colonial +Papers, iii, 40), and other papers in the Public Record Office +relating to the strife between the company and the Court, throw +light on this period. The half-apologies for Dale's cruelties in +Smith's Generall Historie, book iv, prove their existence. "For +amongst them, so hardened in evil," says this writer, "the fear of +a cruel, painful, and unusual death more restrains them than +death itself." See also Hamor, p. 27. There is a letter from +Whitaker appended to Hamor's Discourse. Though apparently +an incidental letter, it bears marks of having been procured for +purposes of vindication. Its defensive tone goes to show that +the character of Dale's tyranny had transpired in England. +Whitaker praises Sir Thomas Dale mainly for being religious and +valiant, and says that he had "great knowledge in Divinity and +good conscience in all his doings; both which bee rare in a martiall +man." In Whitaker's Good Newes of Virginia, 1613, there +is no praise of Sir Thomas Dale. That Dale was famous for his +severity before he left Europe is manifest from the phrase used +by the Jesuit Biard, "Le Mareschal Thomas Deel que vous auez +ouy estre fort aspre en ses humeurs." Relation, chap. xxxiii. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page67" name="page67"></a>(p. 67)</span> See in this and the preceding chapter the whole account of his +savage temper toward his French prisoners, etc. It has been +the custom of our older writers to speak of Dale's administration +only in praise, but careful weighing of the original authorities +shows that Dale was utterly pitiless in the cruelty of his discipline +and unjust in his detention of the old planters, and that +when he left the colony he was more generally execrated than +any other man that ruled in these early days, not even excepting +his successor, Argall. Dale's severity was serviceable in carrying +the enterprise through straits, but the reports of his harshness +brought the colony into disrepute and checked immigration. The +detestation of Dale was shared by the best men in Virginia, yet it +is to be remembered that the savagery of Dale's government was +due not wholly to the brutal temper of the man, but partly to the +age and the school in which he had been bred. Legal torture was +in use long after this. The Clarendon Papers, quoted by Southey, +state that at Henley-on-Thames, as late as 1646, it was ordered +that a woman's tongue should be nailed to a tree for complaining +of the tax levied by Parliament. The cruel practices of the agents +of the Virginia Company are paralleled by those of the East India +Company at the same time. "Before they were intrusted +with martial law they made it a rule to whip to death or starve +to death those of whom they wished to get rid." Mills, British +India, i, 38. Even that champion of popular liberty, Sir Edwin +Sandys, found it in his heart to approve of Dale's course while +admitting its harshness. He said to the court of the Virginia +Company of the 17th of November, 1619, that "Sir Thomas Dale, +building upon these foundations with great and constant severity, +reclaymed almost miraculously those idle and disordered people, +and reduced them to labor and an honest fashion of life." MS. +Records of the Virginia Company. Compare also Sir Thomas +Smythe's defense, note to Aspinwall Papers in IV Massachusetts +Historical Collections, ix, p. 1. My citations from the Tragicall +Relation and Briefe Declaration are partly from the originals in +the British Public Record Office, which I carefully examined in +1885, but the first of these is printed in Neill's Virginia Company, +and the Briefe Declaration was published by the State of Virginia +in 1874 in a Senate document entitled Colonial Records of +Virginia. Very good abstracts of both papers appear in Sainsbury's +Calendar. I cite the Discourse of the Old Virginia Company +from the MS. in the British Public Record Office. I do not +remember to have seen it in print.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page68" name="page68"></a>(p. 68)</span> <span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_10" name="anote_b1_c2_10"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_10">Note 10, page 49.</a></span> Birch's Court of James I, i, 415. Chamberlain to Carleton, +June 22, 1616: "Sir Thomas Dale is arrived from Virginia, and +brought with him some ten or twelve old and young of that country, +among whom is Pocahuntas, daughter of Powhatan, married +to one Rolfe, an Englishman. I hear not of any other riches or +matter of worth, but only some quantity of sassafras, tobacco, +pitch, tar, and clapboard, things of no great value unless there +were plenty, and nearer hand. All I can hear of it is, that the +country is good to live in, if it were stored with people, and might +in time become commodious. But there is no present profit to +be expected."</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_11" name="anote_b1_c2_11"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_11">Note 11, page 49.</a></span> The Discourse of the Old Virginia Company, an exceedingly +interesting manuscript in the British Record Office, makes it appear +that as late as 1618 the colonists had no thought of staying +in Virginia, and even the directors at home were interested only +in making money out of tobacco and sassafras, with little or no +care to plant a permanent colony. Some allowance must be +made, perhaps, for the <i>ex-parte</i> nature of this paper, but its tone +and the high character of those who offered it give reason to trust +it. Colonial Papers, iii, 40. Answer of the Virginia Company to +Queries of the Privy Council in 1625.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_12" name="anote_b1_c2_12"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_12">Note 12, page 49.</a></span> We may trust Hamor's True Discourse, p. 17, for some of +these details, though the book generally is discredited by the +account given in the Tragicall Relation, which Hamor himself +signed with others in 1623. A comparison of all these authorities +makes it evident that only eighty-one who were ranked as +"farmers" derived any benefit from Dale's three-acre division, +while about two hundred others were probably left in unmitigated +bondage.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_13" name="anote_b1_c2_13"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_13">Note 13, page 51.</a></span> "And to protect Captain Argall from being called to an account +for his government under shew of a new plantation to be +set up in Virginia by Captain Argall and his partners, whereof +the said earl (Warwick) hath since appeared to be one (which yet +to this day hath had no beginning), there was procured a patent +to the said captain and his associates for the said new plantation; +whereby he and his Company, their heirs and assigns (save only +in time of defence by war), were exempted from all power, authority, +and jurisdiction to be from hence derived or there established, +that so he might reign there as great and absolute master, without +law or controulment, and without the fear of ever being called +to any future reckoning.... Whatsoever was remaining at that +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page69" name="page69"></a>(p. 69)</span> time in the colony belonging to the public ... he converted it +in a manner wholly to his own private use and possession, the +very public lands cultivated, the Company's tenants and servants, +their rents, corn and tributes of corn, their kine and other cattle, +their stores and other provisions; whereby the company, being +disabled in all appearance of ever setting up the same again or to +bear the great burden of public charge both at home and abroad, +being thus stripped of all revenue, the said Company must have +failed and decayed and the whole colony have fallen in time into +the hands of the said captain and his association to be there established, +which seemeth to have been his prime and original +desire.... This course of depredation and roving not sufficing +as likely to receive encounter and check from hence, new engines +were used, some to dishearten and some to disgrace the Company, +that so as it seemeth they might in time obtain the plantation and +leave it as a prey to the said captain, his friends and followers, +etc." Burk's History of Virginia, Appendix, vol. i. The extract +is from the document known as The Company's Chief Root of +Differences, etc. I have compared this copy with that in the MS. +Records of the Virginia Company, Library of Congress, and find +only slight verbal differences. At the instance of Warwick the +authors of this paper—Lord Cavendish, Sir Edwin Sandys, and +John and Nicholas Ferrar—were put under arrest in their own +houses for this "impertinent declaration." The Warwick party +had made "threats of blood" to deter Southampton from complaining +to the king.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_14" name="anote_b1_c2_14"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_14">Note 14, page 53.</a></span> Birch's Court and Times of James the First, i, 311. Chamberlain +to Carleton, May 16, 1614: "Sir Thomas Gates is come from +Virginia, and brings word that plantation will fall to the ground +if it be not presently supplied. He speaks of wonderful commodities +that are to be had there if we could but have patience +and would be at the cost to bring them to perfection." Out of +this necessity for some present support came the great lottery. +It was recommended by the Privy Council to the Mayor of Canterbury, +February 22, 1615. There was a "running lottery" of +smaller adventures in Paul's Churchyard before the "great standing +lottery" was instituted, and then there were other "running +lotteries" "in many other places after." Purchas, p. 1773. No +doubt there were corruptions and abuses in these lotteries. The +merchants prospered while Virginia languished. Its unpopularity +is attributed to "malignant tongues," in the MS. Records of the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page70" name="page70"></a>(p. 70)</span> Virginia Company, i, 158, and the overthrow of the lottery may +have been part of the plot of those who sought soon after to +wreck the company itself.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_15" name="anote_b1_c2_15"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_15">Note 15, page 55.</a></span> My attention was first attracted to the date of the Great +Charter of November 13, 1618, by a minute in the handwriting +of Secretary Williamson in the Public Record Office, as follows: +"Those Adventurers & Planters by Vertue of y<sup>e</sup> s<sup>d</sup> Lett<sup>rs</sup> Patent +of Incorporačon &c. made a Great charter of Lawes & Ord<sup>rs</sup> for +y<sup>e</sup> govermn<sup>t</sup> of the Country. It bore date at London, Nov. 13<sup>th</sup> +1618." Col. Pprs, i, 11. The proceedings of the first Assembly +in Virginia are preserved in the Public Record Office in +Pory's Report. This report gives the only information we have +regarding the provisions of this long-lost charter. An abstract +of these proceedings is printed in the Calendar of Colonial Documents, +and the whole document was reprinted in the New York +Historical Society Collections, second series, vol. iii, and yet more +carefully in the Colonial Records of Virginia, 1874. There is an +allusion to this charter in the Briefe Relation, 1624. Various +Virginia land grants deduce their authority from the Great Charter +of Laws and Orders of November 13, 1618, as we learn from +a note in the Aspinwall Papers, p. 14. There are many allusions +to the charter of 1618 in the Manuscript Records of the Virginia +Company in the Library of Congress.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_16" name="anote_b1_c2_16"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_16">Note 16, page 56.</a></span> The Code of Lawes, Divine, Morall and Martiall, by which +Dale reigned was edited and published by Strachey in 1612, and +reprinted in Force's Tracts, vol. iii. This code appears to have +had no other sanction than the approval of Sir Thomas Smythe, +the governor of the company. The beneficial effect of these laws +is maintained in Hamor's Discourse, in Rolfe's Relation, and in +certain letters of Dale in the Record Office. It was not, indeed, +the government by martial law, but Dale's abuse of his power, +that wrought the mischief. After the emancipation the old settlers +lived in perpetual terror lest some turn of the wheel should +put them once more in the power of Sir Thomas Smythe and his +divine and martial laws. See especially the Additional Statement +appended to the Discourse of the Old Virginia Company. On the +long and bitter dissension that resulted in the overthrow of the +company, see Arthur Woodnoth's Short Collection of the most +remarkable Passages from the Original to the Dissolution of the +Virginia Company, a rare work of great value to the historian of +this period.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page71" name="page71"></a>(p. 71)</span> <span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_17" name="anote_b1_c2_17"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_17">Note 17, page 56.</a></span> Rolfe's Relation has it that the ship which brought Yeardley +brought also the news of the election of Sandys and John Ferrar. +But Yeardley arrived in Virginia on the 18th of April (O.S.), and +Sir Thomas Smythe's resignation did not take place until ten days +later. Manuscript Records of the Virginia Company. The news +that Sir George Yeardley did bring was no doubt that the power +of Sir Thomas Smythe and his party was broken, and that the +actual control of affairs was in the hands of such men as Sandys, +Southampton, Cavendish, Danvers, and the two Ferrars. The +whole policy of the company indicates that the new party was +really in power, and the appointment of such a man as Yeardley +was probably the work of the rising party. The records before +the resignation of Sir Thomas Smythe were probably destroyed +for purposes of concealment.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_18" name="anote_b1_c2_18"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_18">Note 18, page 57.</a></span> Manuscript Book of Instructions, etc., Library of Congress. +Letter to the Governor and Council by the ship Marmaduke, +August 12, 1621. A proposal to send women had been made +seven years earlier. Commons Journal, 1, 487, May 17, 1614. +Extract from Martyn's Speech (for which he was reprimanded): +"That they require but a few honest Labourers burthened with +Children.—Moveth, a committee may consider of the means for +this, for Seven Years; at which some of the Company may be +present." On November 17, 1619, Sir Edwin Sandys pointed +out in the court of the company that the people of Virginia +"were not settled in their mindes to make it their place of rest +and continuance." "For the remedying of the Mischiefe and +for establishing a perpetuitie of the Plantation," he proposed the +sending of "one hundred young maides to become wives." Manuscript +Records of the Virginia Company, i, 44, 45. Two women, +the first in the colony, had arrived in September, 1608. Oxford +Tract, 47. There were women in Gates's party in 1610. It was +even reported that some English women had intermingled with +the natives. Calendar Colonial Papers, i, 13. An allowance of food +to women in De la Warr's time is proof that women were there. +In 1629 there was living Mistress Pearce, "an honest, industrious +woman," who had been in Virginia "near twenty years." Rolfe +(a copy of whose Relation is among the Duke of Manchester's +MSS. now in the British Public Record Office) sets down a remainder +of seventy-five of the three hundred and fifty-one persons +in the colony at Dale's departure, as women and children. It is +worth recalling here that D'Ogeron, who governed Santo Domingo +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page72" name="page72"></a>(p. 72)</span> in 1663 and after, supplied the buccaneers with wives +brought from France; and the plan was also put into practice in +Louisiana about a century later than the Virginia experiment, and +the same expedient, as is well known, was resorted to in Canada. +In Virginia more pains were taken to have all the women thus +imported of a good character than in some of the French colonies.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c2_19" name="anote_b1_c2_19"></a><a href="#note_b1_c2_19">Note 19, page 58.</a></span> The belief that these maids were "pressed" or coerced into +going is probably erroneous (see the speech of Sandys, July 7, +1620, Manuscript Records of the Virginia Company). He says, +"These people (including the maids) are to be provided as they +have formerly beene, partlie by printed publication of the supplies +indicated, together with the conditions offered to these publique +tennants, partlie by help of such noble friends and others in remote +parts as have formerlie given great assistance." The notion +that some of the maidens were pressed seems to have had its rise +in the counterfeiting of the great seal and the issuing of forged +commissions to press maidens for "breeders for the King" in the +Bermudas and Virginia in order to extort money. One Owen +Evans was accused of such practices in October, 1618 (Sainsbury, +p. 19), and one Robinson was hanged, drawn, and quartered +for this or similar offences in November of the same year (Birch's +Court of James I, 108). In order to encourage the adventurers +or shareholders to subscribe to the sending of maids, a town was +laid off in Virginia to be called Maydstown. The subscribers +were to be allowed shares in this town. Manuscript Records, +May 20, 1622, on the general subject; also Records under date +of November 3, 1621, and the 17th of the same month, June 11, +and November 21, 1621, and the manuscript book in the Library +of Congress, which I refer to in these notes as Manuscript Book +of Instructions, pp. 76 and 89. I may remark here that this +book has not been in use in recent times for reference. Its origin +is uncertain, nor can the authorities of the library tell where it +came from. It was compiled in the latter part of the seventeenth +century, judging from internal evidence, and was perhaps kept +among the records of the colony for reference on what we should +call constitutional questions. I found a loose memorandum laid +in its pages in the handwriting of Thomas Jefferson, to whom the +book probably once belonged.</p> +</div> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page73" name="page73"></a>(p. 73)</span> CHAPTER THE THIRD.<br> +<span class="smcap"><i>THE PROCESSION OF MOTIVES.</i></span></h3> + +<h4>I.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The chief mistake.</span> The cause of the sorrows of Virginia will be +more plainly seen if we turn again to the motives +that propelled Englishmen to plant a colony. The +chief mistake lay in the main purpose. If the +founding of a state had been other than a secondary +and remote end, the managers might have sent +at first families and not bachelors, farmers and not +gentlemen, laborers and not riff-raff. But more +visionary motives dominated the action. A state +was planted, but something else was mainly intended +by the first projectors. The work seemed +continuous, but the end in view shifted and the +actors gradually changed. The only motive that +held from first to last, and ran through all the rest, +was the rivalry with Spain.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The rivalry with Spain.</span> The colonies attempted by Frobisher and Gilbert +were to serve as relays in the work of exploration +for a sea passage to the Pacific and the search +for mines, but they mark strongly the influence of +the Spanish example on English projects. Ralegh +was a lifelong opponent in peace and war of Spanish +intrigue and aggression, and his efforts to plant +colonies in the virgin land were suggested by a +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page74" name="page74"></a>(p. 74)</span> knowledge of the almost exhaustless treasure that +flowed into Spanish coffers from America. The opportune +capture of a Spanish carack bound homeward +from Mexico with letters describing the wealth +of Mexican mines brought the support of English +merchants to Ralegh's undertaking. Imbued with +the same spirit, Ralegh's governor wrote from +Roanoke Island in 1585 that his colony would be +a means of deliverance from the domination of +Spain, "whose strength doth altogether grow +from the mines of her treasure." <span class="sidenote">Lane to Sydney. Aug. 12, 1585. Sainsbury.</span> In the perilous +isolation of the little company on Roanoke Island, +Lane assures himself that God will feed his men +by means of ravens rather than suffer their "enemies +the papists" "to triumph at the overthrow +of this most Christian action." <span class="sidenote">Lane to Walsingham. Aug. 12, 1585. Sainsbury.</span> The home-staying +English of that age were spurred to colony-planting +by three main motives—cupidity, patriotic feeling, +and religious zeal—and all of these were provoked +by emulation and jealousy of Spain. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c3_1" name="note_b1_c3_1"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c3_1">Note 1.</a></span></p> + +<h4>II.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Delusions in colony-planting.</span> The prolonged movement for a colonial establishment, +which extended over the latter half of +the reign of Elizabeth and almost the whole of the +reign of James I, was kept alive by delusions. The +ultimate ends for which colonies were proposed +and planted in the last quarter of the sixteenth +and the first quarter of the seventeenth century +were none of them attained. The movable passage +through North America to the Pacific was +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page75" name="page75"></a>(p. 75)</span> still leading explorers a merry dance when the +first Jamestown emigrants sailed in 1606, and gold +mines of comminuted mica, of iron pyrites, of Indian +mineral paints, and of pure fable were potent +attractions for some time after. The gradual increase +of geographical knowledge caused the +"South Sea" to take shelter in the unknown region +behind the mountains, and the gold mines +reported by Indians and discovered by sanguine +prospectors were somehow lost in the interminable +forests. In this exigency the first colony must +have perished for want of support if new hopes +as illusive as the old had not moved the English +people to avert such a calamity.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Commodities.</span> The production of commodities which the ungenial +climate of the British Islands refused to +grow was thought of from the beginning, and they +became after 1616 the main hope of wealth from +Virginia. <span class="sidenote">For example, Carlisle's treatise, Anderson's Commerce, +year 1583.</span> It seemed grievous that England should +spend her money in buying wine and silk from +southern Europe and naval stores from the Baltic. +The only maxim of political economy generally +accepted in that day was that a nation is enriched +by getting money from abroad and keeping it at +home. The precious metals constituted the only +recognized riches. Laws were made to restrain +the exportation of gold and silver, and sumptuary +laws to discourage the consumption of those things +that must be bought of the foreigner. Efforts to +raise in Great Britain the products of the Mediterranean +region would have proved successful if the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page76" name="page76"></a>(p. 76)</span> climate had been half as favorable to such enterprises +as the government. <span class="sidenote">Wine.</span> The arguments advanced +in favor of the possibility of producing +wine in England did much, no doubt, to secure the +sunshine of royal favor for experiments made to +that end, but climatic conditions were inexorable. +King James busied himself to no profit in raising +mulberry trees and nursing a private stock of silkworms, +in imitation of Henry IV, the reigning +King of France, who succeeded in producing cocoons +in the Tuileries but not in making silk +culture profitable in the north of France. <span class="sidenote">Silk.</span> <span class="sidenote">Anderson on the year 1589.</span> Mulberries +were first planted in England in 1608, two +years after the sailing of the Virginia argonauts. +James sent circulars to persons of influence among +his subjects asking them to cultivate mulberry +trees, and, in the years immediately following, the +silk fever ran its course alongside the excitement +about the great lottery in behalf of the Virginia +colony. <span class="sidenote">1609.</span> Hakluyt, spreading sails for America in +every breeze, hastened to announce at the first +mention of silk culture that mulberry trees, "apt to +feed silke wormes to make silke," were a "chiefe +commoditie" of Virginia.</p> + +<p>The first principles that govern colony-planting +were not yet understood. It was proposed to force +everything from a forlorn camp of men dwelling +under roofs of bark and sedge, environed by treacherous +foes and in constant peril of starvation. The +raising of silkworms was begun in Virginia in 1613, +and before the colony was nine years old it was +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page77" name="page77"></a>(p. 77)</span> able to send to England silk that doubtless had +cost more than a hundred times its market value. +The experiment came to nothing. It could not +have happened otherwise amid the miseries of +those early years. The rats, which opportunely +destroyed the eggs of the silk moth, were made to +bear the responsibility for the failure.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">A new silk fever.</span> Silk was little known in England at the beginning +of Elizabeth's reign, but it came into great +request a few years later. <span class="sidenote">Cal. Dom. S. P. James I, p. 428.</span> In 1617 Lord Carew +declares that there is "a madness for silk instead +of cloth." This rage for silk led to the establishment +of silk manufacturing in England; throwsters, +dyers, and weavers were brought to England +from abroad and settled in Spitalfields, "the +cheap end of its metropolis," and in Moorfields. +It seemed more than ever important to produce +silk in the king's dominions, in order to supply +these manufacturers with material without importation +from alien lands. Accordingly, a new effort +was made in 1620 to secure raw silk from Virginia. +The Earl of Southampton, ever eager to promote +the Virginia colony, "writt into Italy, France, and +Spayne" for silkworm "seed"; the king gave +some from his own stock, and the expert who had +charge of the king's worms was sent over to look +after the business. A French book on the subject +was translated to instruct the colonists. <span class="sidenote">Pory's Report, Pub. Rec. Off.</span> The +first Virginia Assembly in 1619 had passed a law +to promote the raising of the mulberry. To save +expense, the colonists at this time, or later, planted +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page78" name="page78"></a>(p. 78)</span> the trees in hedgerows and mowed them with a +scythe. <span class="sidenote">Phil. Trans. I, 201.</span> In 1621 orders were sent from England +that none but members of the Council and the +heads of hundreds should wear silk, unless they +had made it themselves. <span class="sidenote">Hening i, 14.</span> The prohibition shows +how general was the craze for silk clothing. <span class="sidenote">Original Records of Colony of Va.</span> The +climate of Virginia proved genial enough, but the +massacre of 1622, the bitter Indian conflicts that +ensued in 1623, and the epidemic of the same year, +following one another swiftly, were enough to annihilate +a hundred feeble projects. The real doom +of silk-raising, however, came from the fact that +the culture of tobacco in virgin soil was incalculably +more profitable and vastly less troublesome +to pioneers than hatching silkworms' eggs in one's +pocket or bosom, or sleeping with them in a small +box under one's bolster and covering them in the +warm bed on rising. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c3_2" name="note_b1_c3_2"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c3_2">Note 2.</a></span> The project was blighted +in the bud by adverse economic conditions—a +killing frost more deadly to such enterprises than +an ungenial climate. But a lesson in economic +principles is one of the hardest for men to learn. +Long after the colony had become prosperous, +English projectors and Virginia experimenters +tried again and again to supplant tobacco with +silk. If we may credit the report, Virginia furnished +a coronation robe of silk for Charles I, +and Charles II certainly wore silk from worms +hatched and fed in his Virginia dominions. One +Esquire Digges brought Armenians to Virginia to +attend his worms. <span class="sidenote">1655.</span> But in the Reformed Virginia +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page79" name="page79"></a>(p. 79)</span> Silkworm, by Hartlib, the friend of Milton, it is +announced that a young lady had discovered that +silkworms would care for themselves on the trees, +"to the instant wonderful enrichment of all the +planters there, requiring neither cost, labour, or +hindrance in any of their other employments." It +is also suggested on the eager title-page of the +pamphlet that "the Indians, seeing and finding +that there is neither Art, Pains, or Skill in the +thing," will "incontinently fall to raising silk." +<span class="sidenote">Comp. Va. Richly Valued, 1650, and Leah and Rachel, +1636.</span> Not only were the gentle savages, and especially +their women and children, to devote themselves to +silk, but the American caterpillar—"the natural +silkworm" as it was called—was expected to spin +for the market if his cocoon could be "refined." +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c3_3" name="note_b1_c3_3"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c3_3">Note 3.</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Hening ii, 242.</span> By 1666 the silk delusion had passed, and the +Virginia Assembly repealed all acts for the encouragement +of mulberry trees. Ten years later, +Glover, the botanist, found many of these trees +still standing as melancholy witnesses to the waste +of energy by the earlier promoters and settlers of +the colony. <span class="sidenote">Phil. Trans. XI, 628.</span> Almost every other American colony +made the same experiment for itself, and Virginia +renewed its endeavors from time to time, each +generation forgetting what its fathers had learned.</p> + +<h4>III.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Silk-grass.</span> Along with the silk fever went the silk-grass +craze. <span class="sidenote">1585.</span> Ralegh's people had seen the Indians +wearing garments woven of the fiber of the <i>Yucca +filamentosa</i>, the "Adam's needle and thread" of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page80" name="page80"></a>(p. 80)</span> our popular speech. <span class="sidenote">A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of +Virginia.</span> Hariot, in his account of it, +declares that "the like grows in Persia," and that +much of the "silk-works" coming thence to +Europe was made of this fiber. He probably +confounded the yucca with the ramie plant of the +East, of which grass cloth is made. Of the yucca +fiber taken to England in 1585, "a piece of silk +grogram" was made, and of course pronounced +"excellent good"; it was even presented to the +queen. The coarse and rather brittle fiber of this +plant was exalted by enthusiasts into something +nearly equal to silk. Ordinances for planting it +were sent from England; at least one legislative +act in its favor was passed by the Virginia Assembly, +and the most foolish hopes were entertained +regarding the profit to be had from it. <span class="sidenote">Proceedings of Va. Assembly, 1619. 2d N. Y. Hist. +Society Coll. iii, 348.</span> By 1619 it +had come to be called "silk flax," and it was then +advocated for homelier uses, such as cordage and +linen, and every householder was compelled by +law to set a hundred plants; the governor himself +set five thousand. In 1624 it is spoken of as "a +commoditie of speciall hope and much use." +<span class="sidenote">Purchas IV, p. 1777.</span> There were by this time those who ventured to +say that the silk-grass enterprise was "full of difficultie"; +but the managers in England easily got +rid of this objection by attributing the difficulty +to "negligence and want of experience." <span class="sidenote">Instr. of 24 July, 1624. MS. Bk. of Instr. Libr. of +Cong.</span> They +were just then intent on finding some commodity +that would take the place of tobacco, which was +frowned upon by both court and Parliament. In +spite of all discouragement, the hope of good results +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page81" name="page81"></a>(p. 81)</span> from the yucca fiber outlasted that generation, +and was in full vigor in 1649, sixty-four years +after Hariot's mistake.</p> + +<h4>IV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Wine.</span> It was also proposed to produce wine in Virginia +for English consumption. No more gold +and silver should go out of the realm to buy port +and canary to the profit of foreigners and the impoverishment +of the good and loyal subjects of his +Majesty. The instructions on this point were clear, +and before the Virginia exiles had secured bread +to stay their hunger they had made wine of the +sour wild grapes of the country. French vine-dressers +were sent over a little later and were forbidden +to plant tobacco, but were compelled to +employ themselves about vines, with the care of +silkworms for variety. <span class="sidenote">MS. Rec. Va. Co. i, 343.</span> In 1621 these Frenchmen +sent to England a cask of wine, the arrival of which +was duly celebrated. Other experimental casks of +wine were afterward sent to England from America +at long intervals, but without decreasing the profits +of wine growers in the Old World.</p> + +<p>All the commodities sought from Virginia were +unsuited to conditions in a new country. <span class="sidenote">Other products sought.</span> To the +folly of making such experiments at all where living +itself was an experiment, the managers added +the folly of crowding a multiplicity of problematic +enterprises on the colony at the same time. With +a virgin continent in which to produce novelties, +all things seemed possible in an age so hopeful. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page82" name="page82"></a>(p. 82)</span> Plants of every clime grew rank in the imagination +of projectors. Virginia was a wonderland, +and it was readily believed without evidence that +the "soyle and clymate" were "very apt and fit +for sugar canes"; "also linseed and rapeseeds to +make oiles," as a black-letter pamphlet of 1609 expresses +it. <span class="sidenote">Nova Brittania.</span> Along with "orenges, limons, and almonds," +this official writer proposes to plant "anniseeds, +rice, cummin, cottonwool, carroway seeds, +ginger, madder, olives, oris, sumacke," and, as if +this breathless list were not enough for one new +land, he adds, "and many such like that I can not +now name." If we may trust the publications of +the company, various West India plants were tried +in the very first days of the colony, while the threefold +peril of death from famine, pestilence, and savage +war was imminent.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Timber and naval stores.</span> But it was not enough to wring from an infant +colony the products of the south; those derived +from the north of Europe were straightway to +be got there also. <span class="sidenote">MS. Rec. Va. Co. 31 May and 23 June, 1620.</span> German millwrights—"Dutch +carpenters," in the phrase of the records—were +brought from Hamburg by John Ferrar to build +Virginia sawmills; timber was still sawed by hand +in England. Pitch, tar, and potash were to be +produced by Poles sent out for the purpose in the +second year of the colony. Patriotism dictated +that England should be relieved of her dependence +on foreign countries for naval stores. Virginia +had forests: why should she not produce these +things? <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c3_4" name="note_b1_c3_4"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c3_4">Note 4.</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page83" name="page83"></a>(p. 83)</span> It had been found that the savages eagerly received +glass beads in exchange for corn and peltries. <span class="sidenote">Glass-making.</span> +Nothing more was required to prove the +profitableness of glass-making. Some Germans +were sent to the colony in 1608, and glass works +were established. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c3_5" name="note_b1_c3_5"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c3_5">Note 5.</a></span> For some reason no proper materials +were available at first, and it became necessary +to request that sand might be sent from +England to make Virginia glass of at the glass +works in the woods near Jamestown. The German +glass blowers were prone to run away to the +Indians, among whom work was lighter and food +more abundant. The tribesmen encouraged these +desertions by providing dusky wives for the men +whose skill with tools and weapons they valued +highly. In 1621 the glass business was revived, +and this time it was intrusted to Italian workmen. +<span class="sidenote">Iron works.</span> About the same time iron works were established +at Falling Creek, with "forty skilled workmen from +Sussex to carry them forward." <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c3_6" name="note_b1_c3_6"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c3_6">Note 6.</a></span> Twenty-five ship +carpenters were sent to ply their trade on the +James River, and it was also arranged that oil was +to be distilled from walnuts by the "apothecaries." +George Sandys was sent over in July, 1621, to have +entire control of all schemes for staple commodities. +There was a certain fitness in intrusting these +creatures of the imagination to a poet. Pineapples, +plantains, and other fruits were to be started +forthwith. There was once again great hope from +the "rich commodity of silk," an endowed school +for Indians was founded, and the little Virginia +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page84" name="page84"></a>(p. 84)</span> pool became iridescent with many frail bubbles. +<span class="sidenote">Result of the massacre.</span> The sudden and frightful massacre by the savages +in March, 1622, obliterated instantly all vain and +premature projects. This calamity did not cause +the failure of these foredoomed schemes; it only +saved them from a painful and lingering death, and +provided their friends with a decent epitaph for +them. The people who survived the massacre +were decimated by an epidemic in the following +year. What strength they could spare from frequent +battles with the savages they spent in growing +corn and tobacco, which last, of all the things +tried, proved to be the only commodity profitable +for export.</p> + +<h4>V.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Tobacco.</span> Against tobacco King James had written a +book. <span class="sidenote">A Covnter-Blaste to Tobacco, 1604.</span> It was denounced in Parliament and regarded +by all public-spirited men as an evil. Nevertheless, +it turned the scale and saved the colony. +In colony-planting the problem is fundamentally an +economic one, and economic problems are solved +by coarse and homely means. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c3_7" name="note_b1_c3_7"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c3_7">Note 7.</a></span> John Rolfe, the +first Englishman that ventured to wed an Indian, +planted the first tobacco at Jamestown in 1612, and +by 1616 the better West India variety had perhaps +been substituted for the harsh kind grown by the +Virginia Indians, and by them called "uppowoc" +or "apooke." Tobacco prospered and was profitable, +to the disgust of the pedantic king and the +sorrow of all who had cherished hopes of beautiful +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page85" name="page85"></a>(p. 85)</span> products from a colony upon which so much poetic +sentiment had been lavished. Neither gold +nor spices came as had been expected; the strings +of pearls seen by Ralegh's men were not again to +be found, or were perhaps transformed on investigation +into wampum beads; the silver mine once +discovered on the upper James had vanished forever; +tropical fruits refused to grow; even madder +and woad failed, and, though the indigo plant +would readily mature, nobody knew how to manufacture +the dye. Silk was troublesome and unprofitable, +shipbuilding, and such coarse but patriotic +products as naval stores had come to naught. +But the detestable "weed," as King James had +dubbed it, throve apace. As early as 1617 the +waste margins of the broad streets of Jamestown +were planted with it by the eager settlers. +The English merchants grasped at the profits +of it, the farmers of the customs rejoiced in the +heavy duties imposed on it, and a powerful mercenary +interest in the prosperity of Virginia was +established. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c3_8" name="note_b1_c3_8"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c3_8">Note 8.</a></span> By 1624, when the Virginia Company +was dissolved, the danger that the colony +would be abandoned as a result of Spanish intrigues, +Indian massacres, or prolonged discouragement +had passed away. Public spirit, patriotism, +and religious enthusiasm no longer guarded +it as a feeble house plant. It had struck root in +the outdoor soil of human self-interest and its life +was assured. From that time the colony that had +been for seventeen years a fairyland to dreamers +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page86" name="page86"></a>(p. 86)</span> in England and a perdition to its inhabitants, became +a sober money-making enterprise, uninteresting +to enthusiasts and philanthropists. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c3_9" name="note_b1_c3_9"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c3_9">Note 9.</a></span></p> + +<h4>VI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Motives of sentiment.</span> In the preceding sections of this chapter we +have traced what may be called the series of commercial +motives that, sometimes in succession, +often in co-operation, propelled the Virginia movement. +The agitation for a colony was primarily +a commercial one. The London or Virginia Company +by which it was carried forward had been +organized in the form of the great trading corporations +of the time, such as the Muscovy Company +and the East India Company, and it was +expected to yield large returns. But though commercial +in form and purpose, the Virginia Company +from the outset was able to appeal successfully +in every emergency to motives that were far +from mercenary. Into the chain-threads of commercial +enterprise was woven a woof of patriotic +feeling and religious sentiment.</p> + + +<h4>VII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Rise of the patriot party in the Virginia Company.</span> Dale's empty-handed return, and Argall's homecoming +with hands full of the spoil of both colony +and colonists, were severe blows to the hope of +profit from Virginia, and thereafter commercial +motives fell to a second place. The company +began to pass more and more out of the control +of traders like Sir Thomas Smyth and Alderman +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page87" name="page87"></a>(p. 87)</span> Johnson, and the corrupt clique of predatory merchants, +as well as out of the reach of voracious +noblemen like Warwick. More and more it passed +into the hands of the great liberal statesmen whose +leader was the incorruptible Sir Edwin Sandys, a +man of rare gifts and knowledge and of great resoluteness. +These men had suffered some disappointment, +no doubt, in their struggle for parliamentary +freedom in England. They might have +succeeded better had their antagonist been a +strong king, but against the pusillanimity, the vanity, +the vacillation, and the pedantic dogmatism of +James little permanent headway could be made. +Without relinquishing the conflict in the House of +Commons, they took it up in the Quarter Courts +of the Virginia Company. In this new field they +found themselves afresh confronted by the obstinacy +of the king, who was stirred up to oppose +them by the discarded governor, Sir Thomas +Smyth, and his friends, by Warwick, and by all +the partisans of high prerogative and all the advocates +of the Spanish match. <span class="sidenote">Woodnoth's Short Collection, p. 6.</span> "Bedchamber men" +and others about the king's person were engaged +to work upon the king to come to the rescue of +Sir Thomas Smyth's "honor." <span class="sidenote">Peckard's Ferrar, 113.</span> The Spanish ambassador +Gondomar, who had spies in the Virginia +Company, took pains to feed James's discontent. +He told the king that it was time for him to look +into the Virginia courts, which were held in the +great hall of the house of the Ferrar family. Too +many of the king's nobility and gentry resorted +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page88" name="page88"></a>(p. 88)</span> thither, in order to be in company with the popular +Lord Southampton and the dangerous Sandys. +They were deep politicians, and they entertained +designs beyond a tobacco plantation. Their leaders, +he said, were "subtle men of high courage +who regarded neither his master nor their own."</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Sir Edwin Sandys.</span> Sandys, as assistant to Sir Thomas Smyth and +virtual governor, had already succeeded in establishing +in Virginia a constitutional state with a +representative government. <span class="sidenote">Royal Hist. MS. Comm. viii, II, 45.</span> He was furthering +plans for the foundation of the little separatist +state of New Plymouth, and his enemies set agoing +tales that he had dark designs of removing +with the Pilgrims to America, in order to found a +democratic state there. In 1619 Sir Thomas +Smyth tendered his resignation, and the company, +to his surprise, it would appear, accepted it, and +chose Sandys to his place. When, in 1620, his +first year of government drew to a close, Sir +Edwin Sandys erected an elegant ballot-box in the +midst of the hall of the Ferrars, that the brilliant +assemblage of noblemen, knights, gentlemen, and +merchants might by a secret vote exercise the +right of choice without any constraint. <span class="sidenote">The king's interference.</span> Just as +the assemblage was about to begin voting, two +clerks of the signet were announced with a message +from the king forbidding the company to +choose Sandys. <span class="sidenote">1620.</span> "Choose the devil, if you will, +but not Sir Edwin Sandys," was one form in which +the king expressed his aversion. Southampton, +braving the king's displeasure, allowed himself to +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page89" name="page89"></a>(p. 89)</span> be elected, with Sandys for deputy. In June, 1621, +both Southampton and Sandys were imprisoned. <span class="sidenote">A land of freedom.</span> +This attracted attention to Virginia as a "refuge +from a more oppressive government in England." +In three months' time twenty-five ships set sail for +the colony, which gained an impetus from the +king's opposition that put it beyond the danger +of destruction by the calamities of the next two +years. Even before the massacre and pestilence +of 1622 and 1623, Southampton was assured by +friends at court that it would come to "push of +pike," and that the company would be overthrown. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c3_10" name="note_b1_c3_10"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c3_10">Note 10.</a></span> +The charter of the company was vacated +in 1624, but free government had so taken +root in the colony that it could never afterward be +quite extirpated. A new English state with a +popular government had been founded of deliberate +purpose by a group of English statesmen, at +the head of which, and easily first, was Sir Edwin +Sandys, whose great service to the people and nation +that were to come has been almost forgotten.</p> + +<h4>VIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Religious propagandism.</span> We shall not have taken a just account of Virginia +colonization if we do not reckon religious +motives among the many forces that carried that +wavering enterprise to success. From the excitement +about American exploration and colonization +the English church caught its first missionary +impulse. The Indian captives brought from +America at various times gave to Englishmen +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page90" name="page90"></a>(p. 90)</span> the novel sight of men and women from beyond +the bounds of Christendom; people who had never +been baptized, and had never learned to wear English +garments, "naked slaves of the devil," as one +of the early Virginia clergymen described them. +To the benevolent desire of Englishmen for the +deliverance of the savages from devil-worship and +semi-nudity, there was added the natural wish for +ecclesiastical extension. The separation of England +from the Roman hierarchy had been a blow +to the aspiration for an unattainable catholicity +cherished in one form or another by Christian +ecclesiastics of almost every school. It was not +possible that the great men who were leaders of +the English church in the reigns of Elizabeth and +James should be content with the narrow limits of +"the little English paddock," while Spanish conquerors +and missionary priests were winning for +the Roman communion a new and vast dominion +in America. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b1_c3_11" name="note_b1_c3_11"></a><a href="#anote_b1_c3_11">Note 11.</a></span> English ecclesiastics felt keenly the +reproach made against them by the Roman Catholics +that they were not "converters of infidels."</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Zeal of the clergy.</span> Perhaps the earliest of all Anglican missionaries +was Robert Hunt, the first minister in Virginia, +a light shining in a dark place indeed. He +bore with unfaltering courage and a sweet-hearted +patience rarely equaled in the history of martyrdom +the accumulating miseries of Jamestown, until +he also perished in the general mortality. His +nobleness of spirit softened the detestable rivalries +of the early leaders. The most active and influential +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page91" name="page91"></a>(p. 91)</span> writers in favor of colonization were clergymen +such as Hakluyt, Symonds, Purchas, and +Crashaw. Other clergymen, following in the footsteps +of Hunt, risked life itself in the Virginia colony, +while devout laymen spent their money in its +behalf. Thus did Anglican zeal further a colonization +that, by a curious perversity of outcome, +resulted in founding a nation of dissenters.</p> + +<h4>IX.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The Ferrars.</span> In the great hall of the house of Nicholas Ferrar, +a London merchant, the courts or meetings of +the Virginia Company were held for years. The +two sons of this Nicholas Ferrar, John and Nicholas, +served in turn as deputy governors of the Virginia +Company. This pious Ferrar family, as it +became influential, lent to the scheme of colonizing +Virginia something of the air of a project for propagating +the gospel. Nicholas, the father, gave +money for the education of infidels in Virginia. A +school was founded there by the gifts of the pious, +and rewards were given to those colonists who +would educate Indian children in their families. +After the younger Nicholas, who was a man of +remarkable zeal and activity, tinged with a romantic +enthusiasm, became deputy in 1622, the production +of silk and wine and iron and the educating +of Indians in Christianity traveled on abreast. +A college was proposed, for which an endowment +of thirteen hundred pounds was collected, and to +which a valuable library was bequeathed by a settler. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page92" name="page92"></a>(p. 92)</span> Practical men grumbled at the prematurity +of all this, and complained of those in charge +that "they spent Michaelmas rent in mid-summer +moone." The governor of the colony, honest Sir +Francis Wyatt, wished that "little Mr. Ferrar +were in Virginia, where he might add to his zeal +a knowledge of the country."</p> + +<p>The horrible massacre of March, 1622, made the +Indian question something other than the Ferrars +saw it. All schemes for educating the savages +were obliterated in a day. The only thought after +this was how to put the savages to death, old and +young, men and women, more often by foul means +than by fair. The settlers even emulated, if they +did not surpass, the treachery of the Indians. +With the dissolution of the company by <i>quo warranto</i> +proceedings in 1624 the government of the +colony passed to the Crown, and the Ferrars had +no more to do with Virginia.</p> + +<h4>X.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Later History of the Ferrars.</span> The later career of Nicholas Ferrar the younger, +though without direct relation to colonization, +throws light on the age of colony beginnings. +Rejecting the offer of a rich bride, he bought for +his mother, now a widow, the manor lordship of +Little Gidding, in Huntingdonshire, and took the +entire Ferrar family, including his brother and his +sister with eighteen children, into religious retirement. +Here this half-domestic, half-monastic community +gave alms to the poor, illuminated manuscripts +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page93" name="page93"></a>(p. 93)</span> of the Bible, and worshiped in its little +chapel with genuflections and other observances +that procured for it the nickname of the "Protestant +Nunnery," and brought down upon it the +pious fury of the Puritans. Nicholas Ferrar, who +had taken deacon's orders, was the real head of +the community. He prepared at Little Gidding +what is perhaps the earliest English monatesseron +of the four gospels. By means of relays of worshipers +the Ferrars kept their devotions always +in progress. The entire Psalter was chanted antiphonally +during each twenty-four hours. Those +whose turn it was to keep vigil were wont to leave +a candle at the door of Nicholas and to wish him +good-morrow at one o'clock in the morning, at +which hour he was accustomed to rise and begin +the exercises of the day. The strength of this +belated mediæval saint gave way under a discipline +so austere, and he died in 1637. <span class="sidenote">Peckard's Life of N. Ferrar.</span> +<span class="sidenote">Arminian Nunnery 1641.</span> Little Gidding, +with its "fair grove and sweet walks letticed +and gardened on both sides," was devastated +a few years later by the counter-zeal of the Puritans, +who showed an especial indignation against +the organ, which they broke into pieces to light +fires for roasting the sheep of the Ferrars. <span class="sidenote">Hearne's Langtoft's Chronicle, App. to Pref., cix.</span> Behold +an epitome of the first half of the seventeenth century—its +idealism in affairs, and its war to the +death of opposing ideals in religion!</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Advent of Puritanism.</span> In the very years during which the Ferrars +were most active on behalf of Virginia the earliest +Puritan movement toward America set in. The +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page94" name="page94"></a>(p. 94)</span> attenuated mediævalism of the Ferrars did not lack +a certain refined beauty, but it was hardly suited +to the rough work of hewing a road along which +civilization might march into a savage wilderness. +The Puritans, with their robust contempt for æsthetic +considerations—making firewood of organs +with delight, and feasting without scruple on the +sheep of those whom they esteemed idolaters—were +much the fitter to be champions against the +American Canaanites.</p> + +<h3 class="smcap">Elucidations.</h3> + +<div class="answer"> +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c3_1" name="anote_b1_c3_1"></a><a href="#note_b1_c3_1">Note 1, page 74.</a></span> Two of the chapter heads to Hakluyt's Westerne Planting, +printed in 2d Maine Historical Collections, ii, sufficiently indicate +the views prevailing at the time:</p> + +<p>"V. That this voyadge will be a greate bridle to the Indies +of the Kinge of Spaine, and a meane that wee may arreste at our +pleasure for the space of tenne weekes or three monethes every +yere, one or two hundred saile of his subjectes Shippes at the +fysshinge in Newfounde lande.</p> + +<p>"VI. That the mischefe that the Indian threasure wroughte +in time of Charles the late Emperor, father to the Spanishe Kinge, +is to be had in consideration of the Queens moste excellent Majestie, +least the contynuall comynge of the like threasure from +thence to his sonne worke the unrecoverable annoye of this realme, +wherof already wee have had very dangerous experience."</p> + +<p>The heading of the first chapter should be added: "I. That +this westerne discoverie will be greately for thinlargemente of the +gospell of Christe whereunto the princes of the refourmed relligion +are chefely bounde, amongst whome her Majestie ys principall."</p> + +<p>It would be foreign to the purpose of the present work to tell +the story of Spanish jealousy of Virginia, and of the diplomatic +intrigues for the overthrow of the colony. See documents in Mr. +Alexander Brown's Genesis of the United States. One can not +but regret that Mr. Brown did not give also the original of his +Spanish papers; no translation is adequate to the use of the +historian.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page95" name="page95"></a>(p. 95)</span> <span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c3_2" name="anote_b1_c3_2"></a><a href="#note_b1_c3_2">Note 2, page 78.</a></span> This method was recommended to the colonists as late as +1753 in Pullein's Culture of Silk for the Use of the American +Colonies, and it had probably long prevailed on the continent of +Europe.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c3_3" name="anote_b1_c3_3"></a><a href="#note_b1_c3_3">Note 3, page 79.</a></span> The authorities on the early efforts to raise silk, in addition to +those cited in the text and the margin, are too numerous to find +place here. The most valuable of all is, of course, the copy of +the Records of the Virginia Company after April, 1619, in the +Library of Congress, <i>passim</i>. See, for example, under date of +December 13, 1620, and June 11, 1621. See also A Declaration +of Virginia, 1620, and Purchas, pp. 1777-1787, Hamor's True +Discourse, Smith's General History, Book II, Anderson's Commerce +under 1620, and various state papers abstracted by Sainsbury, +with Sainsbury's preface to the first volume of his Calendar, +and Hening, <i>passim</i>. The reader is also referred to Mr. Bruce's +Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century, issued +as these pages are passing into the hands of the printer. The +wildness of some of the proposals for the production of Virginia +silk in the Commonwealth period is almost surpassed by other +projects of the time. In Virginia Richly Valued, 1650, perfume +was to be extracted from the muskrat, and the James River +sturgeon were to be domesticated. Fishes may be "unwilded," +says the author. Besides feeding silkworms, the Indians were to +be used in pearl fisheries in Virginia waters. Wyckoff on Silk +Manufacture, Tenth Census, says that experimental silkworms +had been taken to Mexico by the Spaniards in 1531, without any +permanent results.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c3_4" name="anote_b1_c3_4"></a><a href="#note_b1_c3_4">Note 4, page 82.</a></span> Even in Elizabeth's time efforts had been made to procure +naval stores without the intervention of foreign merchants. As +early as 1583, Carlisle, who was son-in-law to Secretary Walsingham, +had subscribed a thousand pounds toward an American +colony, which it was urged would buy English woolens, take off +idle and burdensome people, and, among other things, produce +naval stores. In 1601 Ralegh had protested eloquently against +the act to compel Englishmen to sow hemp. "Rather let every +man use his ground to that which it is most fit for," he said. +Edwards, Life of Ralegh, p. 272.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c3_5" name="anote_b1_c3_5"></a><a href="#note_b1_c3_5">Note 5, page 83.</a></span> Why Germans were sent it is hard to say, as glass was made +in England as early as 1557. Glass was produced in Virginia, +according to Strachey, who says: "Although the country wants +not Salsodiack enough to make glasse of, and of which we have +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page96" name="page96"></a>(p. 96)</span> made some stoore in a goodly howse sett up for the same purpose, +with all offices and furnases thereto belonging, a little +without the island, where Jamestown now stands." History of +Travaile into Virginnia Brittannia, p. 71. The house appears to +have been standing and in operation in 1624. Calendar of Colonial +Documents, January 30, February 16, and number 20, pp. +38, 39.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c3_6" name="anote_b1_c3_6"></a><a href="#note_b1_c3_6">Note 6, page 83.</a></span> Purchas, p. 1777, says that one hundred and fifty persons +were sent over two years earlier to set up three iron works, but +the statement seems hardly credible. In the midst of the misery +following the massacre of 1622, and notwithstanding the imminent +probability of the overthrow of the company, which was +already impoverished, some of the adventurers or shareholders +sent nine men to Virginia to try a different method of making +iron from the one that had previously been used. Letter of +August 6, 1623, in Manuscript Book of Instructions in Library of +Congress, fol. 120. Having "failed to effect" the making of iron +"by those great wayes which we have formerly attempted," the +undiscouraged visionaries "most gladly embraced this more +facile project" of making iron "by bloom," but with a like result, +of course.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c3_7" name="anote_b1_c3_7"></a><a href="#note_b1_c3_7">Note 7, page 84.</a></span> The raising of tobacco in Virginia was one of the earliest +projects entertained. "We can send ... tobacco after a yeare +or two, five thousand pounds a yeare." Description of the +Now-discovered river and Country of Virginia, with the Liklyhood +of ensuing Ritches by England's Ayd and Industry, May +21, 1607. Public Record Office, printed in Transactions of the +American Antiquarian Society, iv, 59, 62. The paper is supposed +to be from the pen of Captain Gabriel Archer.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c3_8" name="anote_b1_c3_8"></a><a href="#note_b1_c3_8">Note 8, page 85.</a></span> In 1604 the king had, by a royal commission addressed to +"our treasurer of England," arbitrarily raised the duty on tobacco +from twopence a pound to six shillings tenpence. He was probably +moved to make this surprising change by his antipathy to +tobacco; but by increasing the profits of the farmers of customs +and monopolists of tobacco, he no doubt contributed to that +abandonment of Virginia to tobacco raising which seemed to him +so lamentable. The use of Spanish tobacco in England was +general before that from Virginia began to take its place. Barnabee +Rich says, in 1614: "I have heard it tolde that now very +lately there hath bin a cathologue taken of all those new erected +houses that have set vppe that trade of selling tobacco in London, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page97" name="page97"></a>(p. 97)</span> ande neare about London, and if a man may beleeue what +is confidently reported, there are found to be vpward of 7000 +houses that doth liue by that trade." He says such shops were +"almost in euery lane and in euery by-corner round about London." +The Honestie of this Age, p. 30.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c3_9" name="anote_b1_c3_9"></a><a href="#note_b1_c3_9">Note 9, page 86.</a></span> The MS. records of the Virginia Company and the State +papers relating to Virginia in the Public Record Office, London, +are the most important authorities on the subjects treated in the +text. On the commodities attempted at the outset, Manuscript +Book of Instructions, Library of Congress, the first volume of +Hening's Statutes, <i>passim</i>, and Purchas, pp. 1777-1786, <i>passim</i>. +On the inferiority of the Indian tobacco, see Strachey, p. 121.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c3_10" name="anote_b1_c3_10"></a><a href="#note_b1_c3_10">Note 10, page 89.</a></span> Peckard's Life of Ferrar supplies many of the particulars in +this section. The Records of the Virginia Company and other +original authorities do not sustain all of Peckard's statements. +The author's view is evidently distorted by biographer's myopia. +He often seems to depend on tradition, but in some passages his +touch is more sure, and he writes like a man who has documents +before him. Arthur Woodnoth's Short Collection of the Most +Remarkable Passages from the Originall to the Dissolution of the +Virginia Company is of great value. It is a scarce tract, which I +met first in the White-Kennett Library, in the rooms of the Society +for the Propagation of the Gospel. It is also in the British +Museum, Harvard College, and the Library of Congress. It is +to be taken with discrimination, but the view of the inner workings +of court intrigue as it affected Virginia is so fresh and detailed +that it would be a pity to miss its information. It was +printed in 1651. There is a brief sketch of the life of Sandys in +Brown's Genesis of the United States, ii, 993.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b1_c3_11" name="anote_b1_c3_11"></a><a href="#note_b1_c3_11">Note 11, page 90.</a></span> Hakluyt's Discourse concerneing Westerne Planting, printed +first in the Maine Historical Collections, second series, vol. ii, +page 11. "And this enterprise the princes of religion (amonge +whome her Majestie ys principall) oughte the rather to take in +hande because papists confirme themselves and drawe other to +theire side shewinge that they are the true Catholicke churche +because they have bene the onely converters of many millions of +infidells. Yea, I myself have bene demanded of them how many +infidells have bene by us converted."</p> +</div> + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page98" name="page98"></a>(p. 98)</span> BOOK II.<br> +<span class="smcap">THE PURITAN MIGRATION.</span></h2> + +<h3>CHAPTER THE FIRST.<br> +<span class="smcap"><i>RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PURITANISM.</i></span></h3> + +<h4>I.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Love of display in Elizabeth's time.</span> Not religious disputants only, but the world in +general, exaggerated the importance of vestments +and ceremonies in the reign of Elizabeth. The +love of formality and display that characterized +the Renascence was then at its height. It was a +time of pomps and royal progresses. Great historic +characters went about dressed like performers +in a show. Some of the queen's gowns were +adorned with jewels on every available inch of +space. These bespangled robes were draped over +vast farthingales, which spread out like tables on +which her arms might rest, and her appearance +when thus attired has been compared to that of +an Oriental idol. Her courtiers and statesmen +were equally fond of dazzling the spectator. +Ralegh wore a pendent jewel on his hat feather, +and the value of the gems on his shoes was estimated +at six thousand six hundred pieces of gold. +The love of pomp was not confined to the court; +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page99" name="page99"></a>(p. 99)</span> every nobleman and country gentleman kept his +house filled with idle serving men, the sons of +neighboring gentlemen or yeomen, whose use was +to "grace the halls" of their patron by their attendance +and to give dignity to his hospitality. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c1_1" name="note_b2_c1_1"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c1_1">Note 1.</a></span> +High sheriffs and other officials performed their +functions with thirty or forty men in livery at +their heels, even borrowing the retainers of their +friends to lend state to their office. <span class="sidenote">Machyn's Diary, 324, note.</span> Edward VI +set out upon a progress in 1551 with a train of +four thousand mounted men. These were noblemen +and gentlemen with their retainers. He was +obliged to dismiss all but a hundred and fifty of +this vast army of display lest it should "eat up +the country." The gorgeous progresses of Elizabeth +are too well known to need description. A +painting of the time shows her to us in the act of +making a friendly call on her cousin-german, Lord +Hunsdon. She is sitting under a canopy, and is +borne on the shoulders of men and attended by a +brilliant train of lords and ladies on foot. It was +truer in the days of Shakespeare than it has been +since that "all the world's a stage, and all the men +and women merely players."</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The age of the drama.</span> A passionate love of the theater was inevitable +in such a time. The best poetry then took a dramatic +form; even history was taught from the +stage; and satire and polemics felt the attraction +and were often put into imaginary dialogues. It +was Shakespeare's good fortune that he happened +to live among a people fond of show and in an +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page100" name="page100"></a>(p. 100)</span> age dramatic as well as poetic to its very core. +Genius is nourished by sympathy, and supremely +great performance is rendered possible only by the +rare coincidence of the great man and a fitting +environment.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Display in dress.</span> Dress signified more to the men of the time of +Elizabeth and James than it is easy for us moderns +to imagine. Greatness declared itself by external +display. The son of a rich merchant when he returned +from his travels decked himself in gorgeous +apparel, and formally made his appearance +on the Exchange like a butterfly newly emerged. +<span class="sidenote">Peckard's Life of Ferrar.</span> It was thus that his parents brought the young +man out in the world. A sum equal in purchasing +power to several thousand dollars in our time +is said to have been spent on one pair of trunk +hose. <span class="sidenote">Stubbes, Anatomie of Abuses, <i>passim</i>.</span> Men of the lowest ranks, desirous of appearing +more than they were, impoverished themselves +in buying expensive hats and hose; and it is recorded +that women suffering for the necessaries of +life sometimes contrived to adorn themselves with +velvet. For the very reason that so much importance +was attached to dress, laws were made to +repress inappropriate display in people of lower +rank. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c1_2" name="note_b2_c1_2"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c1_2">Note 2.</a></span> Even the severe Puritan moralists did not +object to the pomp of the great, but to the extravagant +imitation of it by those who had no right to +such ostentation. It was with difficulty that men +could conceive of greatness without display. To +refuse a bishop his vestments was to abate something +of his lofty rank.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page101" name="page101"></a>(p. 101)</span> II.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Observance of ceremonies.</span> Along with a love for external show went a +scrupulous observance of decorous and often pompous +ceremonies. Englishmen in the sixteenth and +the early part of the seventeenth century never +omitted to observe proper formality, no matter +how dire the emergency. One may see this exemplified +by reverting to some of the earliest events +in American history. <span class="sidenote">Compare <i>supra</i>, p. 41.</span> When Gates arrived at +Jamestown near the close of the "starving time," +he found only the gaunt ghosts of men clamoring +to be taken from the scene of so many horrible +miseries. Instead of giving immediate attention +to the sufferings of the people, he caused the little +church bell to be rung. Such of the inhabitants +as could drag themselves out of their huts repaired +once more to the now ruined and unfrequented +church with its roof of sedge and earth supported +by timbers set in crotches. Here the newly arrived +chaplain offered a sorrowful prayer, and then +George Percy, the retiring governor, delivered +up his authority to Sir Thomas Gates, who thus +found himself in due and proper form installed +governor of death, famine, and desperation. When +Gates abandoned the wrecked town with his starving +company he fired a "peale of small shott," in +order not to be wanting in respect for a royal fort; +and when De la Warr arrived, a few days later, he +made his landing with still greater pomp than that +of Gates. There was a flourish of trumpets on +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page102" name="page102"></a>(p. 102)</span> shipboard before he struck sail in front of Jamestown. +A gentleman of his party bore the colors of +the governor before him. The governor's first act +when he set foot on American soil was to fall on +his knees and offer a long, silent prayer, which was +probably sincere though theatrical, after the manner +of the age. He rose at length and marched up +into the ruined town. As he passed into the stockade +by the water gate, which was shabbily off its +hinges, the color bearer dropped down before him +and allowed the colors to fall at the feet of his +lordship, who proceeded to the tumble-down +chapel, under the earthen roof of which the authority +over the colony was duly transferred to his +hands with such solemnities as were thought proper. +Whenever Lord De la Warr went to church at +Jamestown he was attended by the councilors, captains, +and gentlemen, and guarded by fifty men +with halberds, wearing De la Warr's livery of +showy red cloaks. <span class="sidenote">Strachey, in Purchas, iv, 17-54.</span> The governor's seat was a +chair covered with green velvet. <span class="sidenote">De la Warr's letter, in Strachey's Virginia, p. xxix.</span> It was in the +choir of the now reconstructed little church, and a +velvet cushion lay on the table before him to enable +him to worship his Maker in a manner becoming +the dignity of a great lord over a howling wilderness. +More than a quarter of the able-bodied +men in Virginia were needed to get the governor +to church and back again aboard the ship where +he dwelt.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Formality at Plymouth.</span> Even at a later date in the rather hungry little +Pilgrim colony at Plymouth almost as much ceremony +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page103" name="page103"></a>(p. 103)</span> was observed, though the people were extreme +Puritans without rank. At beat of drum on +Sunday morning the men came to Captain Standish's +door with their cloaks on, each bearing a musket +or matchlock. They proceeded to church three +abreast, led by a sergeant. In the rear walked the +governor, in a long robe. On his right was Elder +Brewster, wearing a cloak. <span class="sidenote">De Rasieres's letter, 2d N. Y. Hist. Coll., ii, 352.</span> On the governor's left +was Captain Miles Standish, who also wore a cloak +and side arms, and carried a small cane as a sort +of baton of authority perhaps. Thus "they march +in good order, and each sets his arms down near +him."</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Puritanism an outgrowth of the time.</span> It was only in an age such as this that resistance +to the celebration of rites and the observance of +forms could be made a capital article of faith by the +Puritan, and later by the Quaker. The wearing of +a surplice, the propriety of doffing the hat on certain +occasions, was a matter for scruple and violent +debate, for the grave consideration of the lawgiver +and magistrate, and for severe penalties.</p> + +<h4>III.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Origin of the Puritan movement.</span> <span class="sidenote">Fuller's Ch. Hist., book v, sec. iv, 27, 28.</span> In the brief Protestant reign of Edward VI +there were those who objected to "the vestments," +and one may even find what were afterward +called Puritan opinions condemned among +current errors in the twenty-eighth year of Henry +VIII; but Puritanism—as a party protest against +pomp and ceremonialism in religious worship—had +its origin in the persecution of Queen Mary's +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page104" name="page104"></a>(p. 104)</span> time. <span class="sidenote">1536.</span> The English Protestants who fled from that +fiery ordeal found refuge chiefly in Protestant cities +of the Continent. Strasburg, Frankfort, Basel, +Zurich, and Geneva were the places to which these +English exiles mainly resorted. Zurich and Strasburg +became cities of refuge for many of those +who were to become leaders of the Anglican or +Conservative party, while others who tended to +what were afterward called Puritan views went +sooner or later to Geneva, where Calvin was the +dominant influence.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">A. D. 1553.</span> In the cities in which they found safety the +exiles organized English churches. <span class="sidenote">The English exiles.</span> More remarkable +religious communities were never gathered +into single congregations. Five bishops and five +deans of the English Church, and more than fifty +eminent doctors of divinity, with younger men who +were destined to play a leading part in the future, +were comprised in these little churches. Such +communities soon became centers of animated discussion +and debate.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Outbreak of dissension.</span> During the preceding reign of King Edward +VI, English Protestantism had been forced into +many compromises within itself. No form of religious +life can become national without exacting +of its advocates of differing shades of opinion many +sacrifices for the sake of unity; but now that the +leaders of English Protestantism were in exile they +found themselves in a measure freed from motives +of policy and with leisure to develop and apply +their theories. A passion for the ideal thus suddenly +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page105" name="page105"></a>(p. 105)</span> unchained easily becomes rampant. There sprang +up swiftly a dispute between the church in Strasburg +and the church in Frankfort on matters of +government. The reformatory spirit is rarely conciliatory, +and in its excess and overflow it is wont to +be pragmatic and impertinent. Some of the reformers +of Strasburg felt bound to go over to Frankfort +and re-reform the reformed English church there; +and the little English community in Frankfort was +soon torn asunder between the followers of Richard +Cox and those of John Knox—the same who +was afterward so famous in the Scottish reformation.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Character of the debates at Frankfort.</span> This dispute in Frankfort between the Coxans +and the Knoxans, as they were called, had all the +characteristics that render church quarrels odious. +One finds in it the bitterness of slanderous violence—the +little deceptions and unmanly treacheries +that characterize such debates and disclose the +sorry threadbareness of human saintship even in +exiles and martyrs for conscience' sake. But, petty +as were these squabbles at Frankfort, they produced +results of the first magnitude. Small things +change the whole course of history when they lie +near the fountain head of a great current. From +the conflicting factions in the church of the exiles +at Frankfort were evolved the opposing parties +that were to give character to English Protestantism, +and to modify profoundly the history of England +and as profoundly the history of the United +States.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page106" name="page106"></a>(p. 106)</span> <span class="sidenote">The rise of the two great parties.</span> In the contentions of the English at Frankfort, +resulting now in the exiling from the city of one +beaten minority and now in the departure of another, +and in the driving away of one leading disputant +after another, there appeared at length the +features of the two great parties of English Protestantism +face to face for the first time. One of these +parties tried to hold all of antique ritual that the +Protestant conscience could be made to bear, insisted +upon the superior authority of the clergy, +and sought to disturb as little as possible the ancient +order of the English church. On the other hand, +in the rapid changes produced by the Frankfort +contentions, the tendency of the ultra wing of the +Protestants to the notion of a local and independent +church and to a democratic church government +was already apparent. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c1_3" name="note_b2_c1_3"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c1_3">Note 3.</a></span> Even the peculiarity of +two ministers presiding over one church, which +was cherished later in New England, appeared +among the English at Frankfort and Geneva at this +time.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">A purified ritual.</span> While attempting to mediate between the parties +at Frankfort, Calvin expressed his preference +for a ritual of greater purity than that established +by the English Prayer Book of King Edward's time. +Extreme Protestants rallied round this ideal of a +liturgy purified of human tradition. It was some +years later, after the Frankfort church had been +dissolved and the exiles had returned to England, +that this party came to be known by the name +of Puritan—that is, a party not so much bent on +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page107" name="page107"></a>(p. 107)</span> purity of conduct as on purifying Protestant worship +from mediæval forms. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c1_4" name="note_b2_c1_4"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c1_4">Note 4.</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Return of the exilies, 1558.</span> After the death of Mary and the accession of +Elizabeth the English Protestants returned to their +own country. The two great parties that were to +divide the English church had already begun to +crystallize. Those who had settled at Strasburg +and Zurich came back hoping to re-establish the +Anglican Church on the conservative basis of the +Prayer Book of Edward VI. Those who returned +from Basel and Geneva had caught the spirit of +the Calvinistic churches, and wished to push the +reformation to a more logical extreme; while the +Frankfort church, or what remained of it, had been +storm-driven well-nigh to a theory of congregational +independence in church government.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Results.</span> The petty squabbles of the English exiles, transplanted +to England, grew into bitter feuds and +brought forth persecutions and political struggles. +The settlement of New England, the battles of +Marston Moor and Naseby, the temporary overthrow +of the English monarchy, the growth of non-conformity, +the modification of the English Constitution +and of all English life, were germinally +present in the differences between the exiles at +Zurich and those at Geneva, and in the squabbles +of Cox and Knox, of Whithead and Horne at +Frankfort-on-the-Main about gowns and litanies and +the authority of the priest. It is not often that a +great historical movement can be traced through a +single rill to its rise at the fountain head.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page108" name="page108"></a>(p. 108)</span> IV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The Puritan debate.</span> The theological debates that fill so large a +place in the history of the first half of the sixteenth +century in Europe were mainly concerned +with speculative dogmas. However futile controversies +may seem that seek to reduce to formulas +the relations between God and man, they have at +least a topical dignity. But the debates about ceremonies +and vestments which the exiles brought +back to England from the Continent, and which +held first place there during the reign of Elizabeth +and James, were bitter without being serious. A +life-and-death struggle concerning the wearing of +"white surplices" or the making of the sign of +the cross in baptism can not but seem frivolous to +the modern mind. <span class="sidenote">Certayne Qvestions concerning silk or vvool in the high +priest's ephod, 1605.</span> Learned scholars like Broughton +and Ainsworth thought it not beneath them to +write tractates discussing the material of which +the ephod of a Jewish high priest was made. It +was learnedly demonstrated that the ephod was +of silk, and there were sober essays on the linsey-woolsey +side of that controversy. To the fine-spun +mind of that time the character of the Jewish +ephod was thought to settle the propriety of the +Christian surplice. To the modern reader the +whole debate about vestments and liturgies would +be amusing if it were not so tedious. It is necessary +to steady one's judgment of that age by +remembering that deeper things sometimes lay +concealed under these disputes regarding the contemptible +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page109" name="page109"></a>(p. 109)</span> mint and cumin of ecclesiasticism. Puritanism +at its rise was an effort to escape from +formalism, the outgrowth of an aspiration for +greater spirituality in worship; but it gradually +passed into an opposite formalism as rigid as that +from which it had escaped.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Uniformity not possible.</span> It was in vain that Elizabeth tried to compel +uniformity. The difference between the radical +and the conservative is constitutional, and is manifest +in every period of agitation. Neither the mediation +of moderate men nor the compulsion of +authority can bring these two sempiternal divisions +of the human race into agreement. The conservative +English churchman limited his Protestantism +to the rejection of the pope's authority, and to certain +moderate reforms in church government and +ritual. He shuddered with alarm at every proposal +to reconstruct religious institutions which +were moss-grown with ancient sentiment. The +extreme Puritan, on the other hand, went about +his work in the spirit of a Jehu. He saved all his +reverence for the precepts of the Bible, now becoming +common in the vulgar tongue. He applied +biblical phraseology to the affairs of life in a +way that would have been impossible had he possessed +any sense of humor. He felt himself impelled +by the call of God to carry out in England +the changes that had taken place in the Calvinistic +churches of the Continent, and to go even further. +He would have no surplices, no sign of the cross, +no liturgy, no church holy days. Away with these +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page110" name="page110"></a>(p. 110)</span> rags of Antichrist, was his cry. Let us get back +to the simplicity of the primitive ages. The Anglican, +on the other hand, felt himself an Englishman +above all, and without a stately liturgy, great +bishops in square caps and lawn sleeves, Christmas +feasts, solemn Good Fridays, and joyous Easters, +there would have remained for him no merry +England.</p> + +<h4>V.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Growth of party spirit.</span> The party line between Anglican and Puritan +was not at once sharply drawn. It was only after +debates growing ever more acrimonious, after persecutions +and numberless exasperations, that the +parties in the Church of England fell into well-defined +and hostile camps. If there had been some +relaxation of the requirements of uniformity, if a +conciliatory policy had been pursued by the government, +the ultimate division might have been +postponed until party spirit had cooled; but in +that day blows took the place of words, and words +had the force of blows. The queen herself could +write to a bishop who scrupled to do what she desired, +"By God, I will unfrock you!" and moderation +in debate was not to be expected from lesser +folk.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Puritanism the party of opposition.</span> When the reformer has warmed to his work he +looks about him for new abuses to fall upon. The +dominant discontent of any age is prone to spread +its wings over other grievances, and feebler movements +seek shelter from the strong. Puritanism +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page111" name="page111"></a>(p. 111)</span> no doubt gathered momentum from the widespread +agrarian and industrial disturbance in this +and the preceding reigns. The profit from sheep-raising +had induced many manor lords to inclose +the wastes on which the peasants had pastured +their cattle for ages. The humble copy-hold tenant, +having no longer grass for his cows or mast +for his pigs, was driven to distress by agricultural +progress. In some cases even the common fields, +cultivated in allotments from ancient times by the +members of the village communities, first as serfs +and later as tenants, were turned into sheepwalks, +and hamlets of tenants' cottages were torn down +to make room for more profitable occupants of the +soil. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c1_5" name="note_b2_c1_5"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c1_5">Note 5.</a></span> The worst offenders were the greedy courtiers +who had secured the estates of the English +monasteries. Workmen ruined by the dissolution +of the guilds were added to the ranks of the unhappy. +All the discontent begotten of these transitions +from mediæval life tended to strengthen the +leading opposition—and that leading opposition +was Puritanism.</p> + +<h4>VI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Widening the field of protest.</span> Puritanism also progressively widened its field +of protest. Beliefs that Protestants rejected were +symbolized by the vestments of bishop and clergy. +Advanced Protestants insisted that the shadows +should be banished with the substance, that the +symbol should disappear with the dogma. We +have seen that in Frankfort the inchoate Puritan +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page112" name="page112"></a>(p. 112)</span> party wished to abolish the litany and purge the +service book of all the remains of the old religion. +This controversy raged in England, and the Puritan +side did not at first lack support even among +the bishops. But Elizabeth, the real founder of +Anglicanism, molded the church to her will, putting +down Catholics and Puritans with a hard +hand. The more advanced of the party came at +length to believe that all "stinted" prayers "read +out of a book" were contrary to the purity and +simplicity of Christian worship. The hostility of +the bishops to that which the Puritans believed to +be the cause of God no doubt helped to convince +the persecuted party that the episcopal office itself +was contrary to Scripture.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Puritanism becomes dogmatic.</span> Most of the Puritans of Elizabeth's time, under +the lead of the great Cartwright, became Presbyterian +in theory and sought to assimilate the Church +of England to the Calvinistic churches of the Continent, +holding that theirs was the very order prescribed +by the apostles. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c1_6" name="note_b2_c1_6"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c1_6">Note 6.</a></span> Another but much smaller +division of the Puritans tended toward independency, +finding in the New Testament a system different +from that of Cartwright. Both the Presbyterians +and those who held to local church +government wished to see their own system established +by law. Neither faction thought of tolerating +Anglican practices if the Anglicans could be +put down. The notion of a state church with prescribed +forms of worship enforced by law was too +deeply imbedded in the English mind to be easily +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page113" name="page113"></a>(p. 113)</span> got rid of, and the spirit of persecution pervaded +every party, Catholic or Protestant. Every one +was sure that divine authority was on his side, and +that human authority ought to be.</p> + +<h4>VII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Anglicanism becomes dogmatic.</span> A corresponding change began to take place +in the Episcopal party. The earlier defenders of +Elizabeth's establishment argued, somewhat as +Hooker did later, that the "practice of the apostles" +was not an "invariable rule or law to succeeding +ages, because they acted according to the +circumstances of the church in its infant and persecuted +state." Episcopal government they held to +be allowable, and maintained the attitude of prudent +men who justify their compromise with history +and the exigency of the time, and advocate, above +all, submission to civil authority. But the tendency +of party division is to push both sides to +more positive ground. There arose in the last +years of Elizabeth a school of High-churchmen +led by Bancroft, afterward primate, who turned +away from Hooker's moderation and assumed a +more aggressive attitude. Like the Presbyterians +and the Independents and the Catholics, these +in turn maintained that their favorite system of +church economy was warranted by divine authority, +and that all others were excluded.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Failure of Elizabeth's policy.</span> When the High-church leaders had reached +the dogmatic assertion of apostolic succession and +a divinely appointed episcopal form of government +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page114" name="page114"></a>(p. 114)</span> as essentials of a Christian church, the fissure between +the two ecclesiastical parties in England +was complete. Each had settled itself upon a supposed +divine authority; each regarded the other +as teaching a theory contrary to the divine plan. +Elizabeth's policy of repression had produced a +certain organic uniformity, but the civil war of the +seventeenth century was its ultimate result.</p> + +<h4>VIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Bitterness of the debate.</span> The controversy between the two Protestant +parties naturally grew more bitter as time went on. +The silencing of ministers, the Fleet Prison, the +inquisitorial Ecclesiastical Commission, and other +such unanswerable arguments did not sweeten the +temper of the Puritans. The bitterness of the controversy +reached its greatest intensity in 1588, when +there appeared a succession of anonymous tracts, +most of them signed Martin Marprelate. They +seem to have been written mainly by the same +hand, but their authorship has been a matter of +debate to this day.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The Marprelate tracts.</span> The sensation produced by these violent assaults +is hardly conceivable now. There were no newspapers +then, and there was but little popular literature. <span class="sidenote">1588.</span> +Here were little books printed no one +knew where, written by no one knew whom, +concerning a religious controversy of universal +interest. They were couched in the phrase of the +street, in the very slang and cant of the populace, +and were violent and abusive, sometimes descending +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page115" name="page115"></a>(p. 115)</span> to sheer blackguardism. Marprelate went +gunning for large game; his deadliest abuse he let +fly as from a blunderbuss at the very heads of the +English church. The Dean of Salisbury he calls +"Doctor of Diviltrie and Deane of Sarum." It +was the first time in the history of polemics that +any one had addressed a high dignitary of the +church with such irreverent titles as "You grosse +beaste!" "You block, you!" Sometimes Martin +bends his knees with mock reverence, as when he +calls the clergy "right poysond, persecuting and +terrible priests." He blurts out epithets against +"the sinful, the unlawful, the broken, the unnatural, +false, and bastardly governours of the church; to +wit, archbishops and bishops"; and addresses them +as "you enemies to the state, you traytors to God +and his worde, you Mar-prince, Mar-land, Mar-magestrate, +Mar-church, and Mar-commonwealth." <span class="sidenote">The Marprelate tracts in Lenox Library.</span> +The spice of the books, that which gave them their +popularity, was doubtless their rollicking impudence. +"Wo—ho, now, Brother London!" he cries +to the Bishop of London. "Go to, you Asse!" is a +kind of kennel eloquence relished by the populace. +Martin seems even to giggle and sneer and hiss in +type in such expressions as "tse, tse, tse."</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">An Admonition to the People of England, p. 25.</span> The little books went everywhere. The Bishop +of Winchester sadly confessed that these "slanderous +pamphlets, freshe from the presse," were "in +men's hands and bosoms commonly." The queen +and courtiers read them, and students had nothing +better to laugh at. Who will not stop in the street +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page116" name="page116"></a>(p. 116)</span> to hear one clown rail cleverly at another? But to +see the bishops collectively and the primate and +others severally put into a pillory and pelted in this +daring fashion by a man who knew that his life +would pay the forfeit for his libel if he could by +any means be discovered, was livelier sport than +bull-baiting.</p> + +<p>Dr. Cooper, Bishop of Winchester, replied to +the first pamphlet somewhat ponderously, as became +a bishop who feels that the proprieties forbid +his being too interesting. Marprelate wanted +nothing better than a bishop for an antagonist; +and while the whole constabulary force of the +kingdom was hunting him for his life, the nimble +Martin was chuckling over the excitement made +by a new tract of his, headed with the well-known +street cry of a tub-mender, which played derisively +on Bishop Cooper's name, "Hay any worke for +Cooper?" This tract professed to be "printed +in Europe not farre from some of the Bounsing +priestes." <span class="sidenote">Nugæ Antiquæ, ii, 89, 90.</span> In this paper Martin shows to what +depth a religious debate in Elizabeth's time could +descend; he stoops to make the bishop ridiculous +by twitting him with the infidelity of his wife, a +scandal which the unfortunate prelate had treated +with "Socratical and philosophical patience."</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Lenox Collection, N. Y. Pub. Library.</span> There were not wanting many imitators of Martin's +grossness on the other side of the controversy, +who were just as libelous but for the most part less +clever. One of the tracts in reply was called An +Almond for a Parrat. The author says he had +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page117" name="page117"></a>(p. 117)</span> heard that Martin was dead, or, as he expressed +it, "that your grout-headed holinesse had turned +uppe your heeles like a tired jade in a medow and +snorted out your sorrowefull soule, like a mesled +hogge on a mucke-hille." This is beastly without +being vivacious. <span class="sidenote">Comp. Bacon's An Advertisement touching Controversies, +etc.</span> While the press and the stage +were occupied with coarse retorts on Martinism, +there appeared tracts in favor of peace. There are +other evidences of the existence of a moderate +party that lamented the excesses of both sides in +this debate.</p> + +<h4>IX.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Advance of Puritan opinions.</span> Puritanism was evolutionary from the beginning. +Its earlier disputes about vestments and +litanies grew by degrees to a rejection of all liturgies +as idolatrous. Even the reading of the Bible +as a part of the service came at last to be reprehended +by extremists, and the repetition of the +Lord's Prayer was thought dangerously liturgical. +The advanced Puritans sought to exclude from +Christian worship everything pleasing to the æsthetic +sense, confounding bareness with simplicity. +Compromises continued to be made inside the +church, but in the ultimate ideal of Puritan worship +there remained, besides the sermon, nothing +but long extemporary prayers and the singing by +the untrained voices of the congregation of literal +versions of the Hebrew Psalms—doggerel verse in +cobblestone meters.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page118" name="page118"></a>(p. 118)</span> X.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Opposition to May-poles.</span> In its early stages Puritanism was a crusade +against idolatry, and drew its inspiration in this, as +in nearly everything else, from the Old Testament. +To the word "idolatry" it gave an inclusiveness +not found in the Jewish Scriptures, and puzzling to +a mind accustomed to modern ways of thinking. +There was hardly any set observance of the church +in which constructive idolatry did not lie concealed. +All holy days except Sunday were abhorred as +things that bore the mark of the Beast. Even in +the reign of Edward VI, long before the name +of Puritanism was known, the May-poles round +which English people made merry once a year +were denounced as idols in a sermon preached at +Paul's Cross by Sir Stephen—the "Sir" being a +polite prefix to a clergyman's name. This Stephen, +curate of St. Catherine Cree, was a forerunner of +Puritanism, who sometimes defiantly preached from +an elm tree in the chuchyard and read the service +standing on a tomb on the north side of the +church. He wanted the saintly names of churches +and the heathen names of days of the week +changed, so keen was his scent for idolatry. The +parish of St. Andrew Undershaft had received its +distinctive name from a very tall May-pole that +overtopped the church steeple. This pole was +erected annually, and it rested from one May to +another on hooks under the eaves of a row of +houses and stalls. In the newborn Protestant zeal +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page119" name="page119"></a>(p. 119)</span> against idols Sir Stephen denounced especially the +lofty shaft of St. Andrew. <span class="sidenote">1549.</span> The people in their +rage took it from the hooks and sawed it in pieces, +and its sections were appropriated by the several +householders who had given it shelter and who +presently heaped its parts upon one great bonfire. +Puritanism kept up its Don Quixote battle against +May-poles until there was hardly one standing to +seduce the people to idolatry. <span class="sidenote">Rushworth, Pt. III, vol. ii, 749. A. D. 1644.</span> When the Puritan +party came into power, nearly a hundred years +after the days of Sir Stephen of St. Catherine Cree, +one of its earliest laws ordered that all May-poles—"an +heathenish vanity generally abused to superstition +and wickedness"—be taken down.</p> + +<h4>XI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Austerity in morals.</span> From denouncing constructive idolatry in organ +music, litanies, and May-poles, the transition +to attack on the more real and substantial evils in +ordinary conduct was inevitable. History has +many examples of this pervasiveness of scrupulosity. +The Puritan conscience had been let loose +to tear in pieces the remnants of old superstitions. +It was certain to break over into the field of conduct. +Having set out to reform the church, it took +the world by the way.</p> + +<p>As early as 1583 Philip Stubbes, a Puritan +lawyer, issued his hot little book, The Anatomie of +Abuses. It deals with the immoralities and extravagances +of the time. Stubbes repeats the early +Puritan objection to the May-pole: it is a "stinckyng +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page120" name="page120"></a>(p. 120)</span> idol," he declares, which the people bring from +the woods, "followyng it with greate devotion." +And when they have set it up they "leape and +daunce aboute it, as the heathen people did at the +dedication of their idolles." But Stubbes takes a +step forward and objects to the all-night May frolics +on account of their immorality. He says, "I +have heard it credibly reported by men of great +gravitie, credite and reputation, that of fourtie, three +score, or a hundred maides goyng to the woods +over night, there have scarcely the third parte of +them returned home againe undefiled." <span class="sidenote">Pickering's ed., p. 172.</span> As men +of "great gravitie, credite and reputation" were not +likely to know the facts in this case, some of the +immorality with which Stubbes charges the young +people may have been as fanciful as the heathenism +attributed to them. Imputed unrighteousness was +a part of the Puritan system. He denounces the +wild excesses in dress and the other follies of the +time with a lack of a sense of proportion which already +foreshadows later Puritanism.</p> + +<p>This secondary development of Puritanism by +which its energies were turned toward the regulation +of conduct, as the disputes of the Reformation +period lost their violence, gave to the name Puritan +a new and higher sense. It is a phase of its history +more important than all its primary contentions +over gowns and liturgies and hierarchies, or its +later debates about the five points of Calvinism and +a sabbatical Sunday. One may easily forget its +austerity and extravagance, for by the reform of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page121" name="page121"></a>(p. 121)</span> manners this movement made the English race its +debtor. In no succeeding reaction have English +morals reverted to the ante-Puritan level. It is +only by the religious ferments infused successively +by new sects and movements, of preaching friars, +Lollards, Puritans, Quakers, Methodists, Salvationists, +that the great unleavened mass of men is rendered +gradually less sodden.</p> + +<h4>XII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Puritan decline.</span> The last years of Elizabeth's long reign were +years of apparent Puritan decline. The old bugbear +of popery was receding into the past, and a +new generation had come on the stage that had +no memory of the struggles of the reigns of +Henry and Edward and Mary. The danger from +the Armada had brought English patriotism to +the point of fusion. Even the persecuted Catholics +rallied to the support of the queen against +Philip. The government of Elizabeth rose to the +zenith of its popularity on the overthrow of the +Armada. It was just at this inopportune moment, +when the nation had come to feel that the England +of Elizabeth was the greatest England the +ages had known, that there came forth from a small +coterie of the oppressed ultra-Puritans the Martin +Marprelate tracts. <span class="sidenote"><i>Supra</i>, page 115.</span> However effective these may +have been at first in making the bishops ridiculous, +there followed a swift reaction. The Puritans +were dubbed Martinists, and henceforth had +to bear the odium of the boisterous vulgarity and +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page122" name="page122"></a>(p. 122)</span> libelous exaggeration of the Marprelate lampoons. +The queen's government, stronger now than ever +in the affection of the people, put in force severe +ecclesiastical measures against nonconformists in +the church, and sent Brownists, or Separatists, +to die by the score in loathsome prisons. Half +a dozen of their leaders were dispatched by the +shorter road of the gallows. The long reign of +the queen had by this time discouraged those who +hoped for a change of policy at her death. Hooker's +masterful and delightful prose, informed by +a spirit of winning moderation, was arrayed on the +side of the Anglicans by the publication of parts +of his Ecclesiastical Polity in 1594 and 1597. But +Puritanism suffered most from the persistence of +Archbishop Whitgift and others in efforts to suppress +all nonconformity in the church. <span class="sidenote">Rogers's Pref. to the 39 Articles.</span> These +champions of Anglicanism, in the swaggering +words of one of them, "defended the prelacy, +stood for the power of the state, put the new doctors +to the foil, profligated the elders, set upon the +presbytery, and so battered the new discipline as +hitherto they could never nor hereafter shall ever +fortify and repair the decay thereof." The presbyteries +which Cartwright and his friends had +formed within the Church of England were swept +out utterly by the archbishop's broom. The Puritan +movement which had begun almost simultaneously +with Elizabeth's reign seemed to be doomed +to languish and die with the old queen who had +been its resolute and lifelong antagonist.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page123" name="page123"></a>(p. 123)</span> XIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Seeking a positive ground.</span> For the first thirty years or more of its existence +Puritanism was mainly a bundle of negations, +and no bundle of mere negations is a sufficient reason +for maintaining a party. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c1_7" name="note_b2_c1_7"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c1_7">Note 7.</a></span> No vestments, no +ceremonies, no bishops, were effective cries in the +hot Reformation period. But the new generation +had ceased to abhor these left-overs of Romanism. +Bishops, gowns, prayer books, had become Protestant +to most of the people by association. To find +additional reasons for differing from Anglican opponents +was a party necessity. The new debates +which sprang up in the last years of the sixteenth +century were not deliberately planned by the Puritans, +as some of their opponents asserted. They +came by a process of evolution. But a period of +temporary decline in a movement of this sort +hastens its natural unfolding. The leaders are +forced to seek the advantage of such new issues as +offer when the old ones fail. In the last years of +Elizabeth, Puritanism was molting, not dying.</p> + +<h4>XIV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The Puritan Sabbath.</span> The great reformers of the sixteenth century +had sought to strip from the Christianity of their +time what they deemed the second-hand garments +of Judaism. Along with the theory of a priesthood +they declared also against a doctrine known +in the church at least from the fifth century, that +the fourth commandment enforced on Christians +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page124" name="page124"></a>(p. 124)</span> the keeping sacred in some sense of Sundays and +other church holy days. Luther maintained that +a commandment to keep the Sabbath "literally +understood does not apply to Christians, for it is +entirely outward, like other ordinances of the Old +Testament." He thought a festival day important +for rest and for attending religious worship; but +with characteristic oppugnancy he says: "If anywhere +the day is made holy for the mere day's +sake, ... then I order you to dance on it, and +feast on it, to do anything that shall remove this +encroachment on Christian liberty." The Augsburg +Confession makes a similar statement of the +Protestant position. Calvin considered the fourth +commandment binding on Christians only in a +sense mystical and highly Calvinistic. It signified +that "we should rest from our own works" under +the Christian dispensation. He even suggested +that some other day of the week might be chosen +as a day of rest and worship at Geneva for an exhibition +of Christian liberty in this regard. His +practice was conformed to his theory. It is incidentally +related that when John Knox once visited +the Genevan reformer on Sunday, he found him +playing at bowls. Knox was not more a sabbatarian +than Calvin.</p> + +<h4>XV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Rise of the strict Sabbath.</span> Writers on this subject have generally agreed +in dating the rise of the Puritan Sabbath from the +appearance, in 1595, of Dr. Bownd's book on The +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page125" name="page125"></a>(p. 125)</span> Sabbath of the Old and of the New Testament. +But the doctrine of the strict keeping of Sunday +may be traced farther back. In truth, the difference +between the English and the Continental Sunday +dates from the Reformation. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c1_8" name="note_b2_c1_8"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c1_8">Note 8.</a></span> The protests of +Luther and Calvin go to show that Sunday had in +the church before the Reformation, theoretically +if not in practice, the sanctity of a church feast. <span class="sidenote">Compare Marsden's Early Puritans (1850) page 242, where +Becon's Catechism and Coverdale are quoted.</span> +The English Reformation was conservative, like all +other English revolutions. English reformers retained +the Catholic Sunday, as they did the vestments +and national hierarchy of the old church. +Thomas Hancock has been styled "the Luther of +the southwest of England." He was the great +preacher of Poole in the days of Edward VI. +That he, like other English reformers, did not +agree with Luther in rejecting the obligation to +rest on Sunday is shown by the record, for the +voice of Poole was the voice of Hancock. <span class="sidenote">Robert's Social Hist. of the Southern Counties, p. +239.</span> About +1550 the juries in the Admiralty Court of Poole +were charged to inquire into Sunday fishing; and +so advanced was the premature Puritanism of Edward's +time that even the leaving of nets in the sea +over Sunday was to be investigated. Here was a +strictness unknown in Catholic times. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c1_9" name="note_b2_c1_9"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c1_9">Note 9.</a></span></p> + +<h4>XVI.</h4> + +<p>The word Sabbath does not occur in these +early entries. But in the troubles among the +Marian exiles at Frankfort, where so many other +traits of Puritanism first came above the horizon, it +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page126" name="page126"></a>(p. 126)</span> is significant that one finds Sunday called the Sabbath. +Sabbath as applied to Sunday occurs first +in literature, perhaps, in 1573, and then it is considered +necessary to explain it. Bullein's Dialogue +against the Fever Pestilence, a work of considerable +popularity, first appeared as early as 1564. In +the edition of 1573 there was inserted a new passage +not found in the earlier issue. <span class="sidenote"><i>Supra</i>, page 16.</span> Mendax is relating +incredible tales of travel in lands unknown, +after the manner of David Ingram and other returned +adventurers. Up to this point all is pure +lying merely for the fun of the thing, or perhaps to +ridicule the exaggerations of travelers. But the +interpolated passage is not of a piece with the old +garment into which it is patched. It is less grotesque +and humorous, and it smacks of incipient +Puritanism in several flavors. It treats first of all +of the "Kepyng of the Saboth Daie," "whiche is +the seventh daie, that is sondaie," in the imaginary +city of "Nodnol," an anagram of London. The +gates are shut, and nobody is allowed to "goe, +neither ride forth of the Citie duryng that daie, +except it be after the euenyng praier; then to +walke honestlie into the sweete fieldes, and at +every gate in the time of service there are warders." +"What so ever hee be he muste kepe hollie +the Sabboth daie, and come to the churche both +man, woman, young and olde." <span class="sidenote">Early English Text Society Reprint, 106, 107, 108.</span> "There were no +people walking abroad in the service tyme; no, +not a Dogge or catte in the streate, neither any +Taverne doore open that daie, nor wine bibbyng +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page127" name="page127"></a>(p. 127)</span> in them, but onely almose, fasting and praier." +This is perhaps the oldest extant statement of an +early Puritan ideal of Sabbath-keeping.</p> + +<h4>XVII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Cox's Literature of the Sabbath Question, <i>sub anno</i>.</span> Scruples regarding recreations on Sunday +come distinctly into view in the title of a sermon +preached at Paul's Cross in 1576. In 1580 the +magistrates of London secured from the queen a +prohibition of the performance of plays within the +limits of the city on Sundays. <span class="sidenote">Robert's Southern Counties, pp. 238, 239.</span> In other municipalities—Brighton, +Yarmouth, and Lyme—ordinances +were made about this time against such offenses as +the prosecution on Sunday of the herring fisheries, +cloth working, and other labors, and even against +the Sunday practice of archery, formerly thought +a patriotic exercise. There are other evidences of +a movement, especially in the south of England, in +favor of a stricter Sabbath in these and the following +years. <span class="sidenote">1583.</span> Stubbes does not fail to denounce +"heathnicall exercises upon the Sabbaoth day, +which the Lorde would have consecrated to holy +uses." The Puritan mode of Sabbath-keeping already +existed among the chosen few. "The Sabboth +daie of some is well observed," says Stubbes, +"namely, in hearing the blessed worde of God +read, preached, and interpreted; in private and +publique praiers; in reading of godly psalmes; in +celebrating the sacraments; and in collecting for +the poore and indigent, which are the true uses +and endes whereto the Sabbaoth was ordained." +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page128" name="page128"></a>(p. 128)</span> He records the opposite belief of his opponents +that Sunday was ordained "onely to use what +kinde of exercises they thinke good themselves." +In practice this was the rule of the English people +at large. <span class="sidenote">1588.</span> These opposite opinions come into +view when Martin Marprelate a few years later +berates the Bishop of London for playing at bowls +on Sunday.</p> + +<h4>XVIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Bownd on the Sabbath.</span> <span class="sidenote">1595.</span> Dr. Bownd's book on The Sabbath of the Old +and the New Testament, which, if we may believe +its opponents, was nearly ten years "in +the hammering," was the outcome of a sentiment +already rising among the Puritans, and +not wholly confined to that party. <span class="sidenote">1592.</span> It was preceded +by a little work of Richard Greenham +which seems to have been circulated for some +years in manuscript after a fashion of that time, +and to have had at first more influence on practice +than Bownd's formal treatise. Greenham was +Bownd's stepfather, and his work was the parent +of Bownd's, which is distinctly more extreme. But +Dr. Bownd's book is none the less memorable as a +point of departure, because in it the opinions on +this subject which have since prevailed so generally +in all English-speaking lands "were for the +first time broadly and prominently asserted in +Christendom"; at least, they were here first systematically +propounded and defended. Bownd +held that the fourth commandment is partly moral, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page129" name="page129"></a>(p. 129)</span> in the phrase of the casuists. He shifted the obligation +to the first day of the week by arguments +now familiar, and he laid down rules for the observance +of the day. Honest recreations and lawful +delights he flatly forbids on Sundays, but he +rather obsequiously makes some allowance for the +"feasts of noblemen and great personages on this +day." People of rank do not wholly escape him, +however, for he points a moral with the story of a +nobleman whose child was born with a face like +that of a dog, because the father had hunted on +the Lord's Day. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c1_10" name="note_b2_c1_10"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c1_10">Note 10.</a></span> He allows the ringing of only +one bell to call the people to church on Sunday. +Chimes were quite too pleasing to accord with a +severe Sabbath.</p> + +<h4>XIX.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Spread of Bownd's opinions.</span> Such rigor fell in with the passion of that +age for formal observance and with the exigent +temper of the Puritans by whom Bownd's +views were rapidly and universally accepted. <span class="sidenote">Cartwright's Admonition to Parliament, 1572.</span> +<span class="sidenote">Robert's Southern Counties, pp. 37, 38.</span> +The stricter divines might well be glad of a +new lever for reforming the old English Sunday, +which was devoted, out of service time, to +outdoor games, to the brutally cruel sports of +bull and bear baiting, to merry morris-dances, +in which the performers were gayly decked and +hung with jingling bells in different keys, as +well as to coarse farces called interludes, which +were played on stages under booths and sometimes +in the churches. As an austere reaction +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page130" name="page130"></a>(p. 130)</span> against frivolity, Puritanism pushed Sabbath-keeping +to its extreme, reprobating even the most +innocent and domestic recreations, and changing +a day of rest and refreshment into one of alternate +periods of application to religious devotion +and of scrupulous vacuity. Bownd's rather ultra +propositions were carried yet further when reproduced +by high-strung preachers. It is said +that some of these declared that the ringing of +more than one bell to call people to church on +the Sabbath was as great a sin as murder, adultery, +or parricide. The lack of a sense of proportion +is the specific distinction of the zealot and +the polemic. This lack was not peculiar to the +Puritans, however. Joseph Hall, afterward a well-known +bishop, could address men so worthy as +John Robinson and his colleague in such words +as these: "Your souls shall find too late ... +that even whoredoms and murders shall abide an +easier answer than separation." Perhaps one may +rather say that a lack of the sense of proportion +in morals was a trait of that age, an age of zealots +and polemics.</p> + +<h4>XX.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Prevalence of the strict Sabbath.</span> In such a time Dr. Bownd's book easily captivated +the religious public, and there arose a +passion for a stricter Sabbath. According to +Fuller, the Lord's Day, especially in towns, "began +to be precisely kept, people becoming a +law to themselves, forbearing such sports as yet +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page131" name="page131"></a>(p. 131)</span> by statute permitted; yea, many rejoicing at +their own restraint herein. On this day the +stoutest fencer laid down the buckler; the most +skillful archer unbent the bow, counting all +shooting beside the mark; May-games and morris-dancers +grew out of request; and good reason +that bells should be silenced from jingling about +men's legs, if their very ringing in steeples were +adjudged unlawful." <span class="sidenote">Fuller's Ch. Hist. of Britain, book ix, sect. viii, 20, +21.</span> Some learned scholars were +impressed by Bownd's argument, and others who +did not agree with his conclusions thought it best +not to gainsay them, "because they tended to the +manifest advance of religion." And indeed the +new zeal for Sabbath-keeping must have incidentally +promoted morals and good order in so licentious +an age.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Opposition to Bownd.</span> But a violent opposition quickly arose. Some +opposed the book as "galling men's necks with +a Jewish yoke against the liberty of Christians," +and many of the clergy of the new high-church +type resented the doctrine of a Christian Sabbath, +asserting that it put "an unequal lustre +on the Sunday on set purpose to eclipse all +other holy days to the derogation of the authority +of the church." <span class="sidenote">Fuller's Church History, book ix, sect. viii, 21.</span> There were those who asserted +that the "brethren," as they styled them, +had brought forth Bownd's book, intending by +this "attack from an odd corner" to retrieve +lost ground. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c1_11" name="note_b2_c1_11"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c1_11">Note 11.</a></span> The manifest advantage to Puritanism +from the shifting of the ground of debate, +aroused Archbishop Whitgift. In 1599 he made +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page132" name="page132"></a>(p. 132)</span> the tactical mistake of ordering the book called +in, and in 1600 Chief-Justice Popham forbade +the reprinting of it. The price of the work +was doubled at once, and it was everywhere +sought for, books being "more called on when +called in," as Fuller says. When it could not +be had in print, it was transcribed by enthusiastic +admirers and circulated "from friend to +friend" in manuscript. As soon as Whitgift's +"head was laid," a new and enlarged edition +was published.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c1_12" name="note_b2_c1_12"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c1_12">Note 12.</a></span> The theory of a Sunday-Sabbath, which from +the first was not confined to the Puritans, permeated +English and American thought and life. +But from that time forward the Puritans made +rigid Sabbath-keeping the very mark and password +of the faithful. From England the theory +spread northward to Scotland, where it found a +congenial soil. <span class="sidenote">1611.</span> The strict observance of Sunday +was embodied in those Laws, Divine, Moral, and +Martial, under which Sir Thomas Dale oppressed +Virginia, years before the earliest Puritan migration +carried it to the coast of New England. +On that coast Bownd's Sabbath took on its +deepest hue, becoming at last as grievous an +evil, perhaps, as the frivolity it had supplanted. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c1_13" name="note_b2_c1_13"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c1_13">Note 13.</a></span></p> + +<h4>XXI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Effect on Puritanism.</span> The Puritans protesting against Hebraism in +vestments, in priesthood, in liturgy, and in festivals, +fell headlong into the Pharisaism of the rigid Sabbath. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page133" name="page133"></a>(p. 133)</span> History records many similar phenomena. +To escape from the spirit of one's age is difficult +for an individual, impossible perhaps for a sect +or party. Nevertheless, the Sabbath agitation +had given a new impulse to the Puritan movement—had, +indeed, given it a positive party cry, +and had furnished it with a visible badge of +superior sanctity.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The new Puritanism.</span> The Calvinistic controversy which broke out +almost simultaneously with that about the Sabbath +and prevailed throughout the reign of +James I, added yet one more issue, by making +Puritanism the party of a stern and conservative +orthodoxy, as opposed to the newer Arminianism +which spread so quickly among the High-Church +clergy. From all these fresh developments +Puritanism gained in power and compactness, if +it lost something of simplicity and spirituality. +Standing for ultra-Protestantism, for good morals, +for an ascetic Sabbath, for a high dogmatic orthodoxy, +Puritanism could not but win the allegiance +of the mass of the English people, and especially +of the middle class. It was this new, compact, +austere, dogmatic, self-confident Puritanism, when +it had become a political as well as a religious +movement, that obliterated Laud and Charles and +set up the Commonwealth. And in studying the +evolution of this later Puritanism we have been +present at the shaping of New England in Old +England.</p> + +<h3 class="smcap"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page134" name="page134"></a>(p. 134)</span> Elucidations.</h3> + +<div class="answer"> +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c1_1" name="anote_b2_c1_1"></a><a href="#note_b2_c1_1">Note 1, page 99.</a></span> Evelyn's Diary, pp. 4, 5; date, 1634: "My father was appointed +Sheriff for Surrey and Sussex before they were disjoyned. +He had 116 servants in liverys, every one livery'd in greene sattin +doublets. Divers gentlemen and persons of quality waited on +him in the same garbe and habit, which at that time (when 30 or +40 was the usual retinue of a High Sheriff) was esteem'd a great +matter.... He could not refuse the civility of his friends and +relations who voluntarily came themselves, or sent in their servants." +Compare Chamberlain's remarks about Sir George Yeardley, +whom he styles "a mean fellow," and says that the king +had knighted him when he was appointed Governor of Virginia, +"which hath set him up so high that he flaunts it up and down +the streets in extraordinary bravery with fourteen or fifteen fair +liveries after him." Domestic Correspondence, James I, No. 110, +Calendar, p. 598. The propriety of keeping so many idle serving +men is sharply called in question in a tract entitled Cyuile and +Vncyuile Life, 1579, and an effort is made to prove the dignity of +a serving man's position, while its decline is confessed in A +Health to the Gentlemanly Profession of Servingmen, 1598. Both +of these tracts are reprinted in Inedited Tracts, etc., Roxburghe +Library, 1868. The serving man was not a menial. He rendered +personal services to his master or to guests, he could +carve on occasion, and as a successor to the military retainers +of an earlier time he was ready to fight in any of his master's +quarrels; but his principal use was to lend dignity to the mansion +and to amuse the master or his guests with conversation +during lonely hours in the country house. Among the first +Jamestown emigrants were some of these retainers, as we have +seen.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c1_2" name="anote_b2_c1_2"></a><a href="#note_b2_c1_2">Note 2, page 100.</a></span> The Anatomie of Abuses, by Philip Stubbes, 1583, Pickering's +reprint, pages 16, 17: "It is lawfull for the nobilitie, the gentrie +and magisterie to weare riche attire, euery one in their callyng. +The nobility and gentrie to innoble, garnish, and set forth +birthes, dignities, and estates. The magisterie to dignifie their +callynges.... But now there is suche a confuse mingle mangle +of apparell, and suche preposterous excesse thereof, as euery one +is permitted to flaunt it out in what apparell he lusteth himself, +or can get by any kinde of meanes. So that it is very hard to +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page135" name="page135"></a>(p. 135)</span> know who is noble, who is worshipfull, who is a gentleman, who +is not; for you shal haue those which are neither of the nobilitie, +gentilitie nor yeomanrie ... go daiely in silkes, veluettes, satens, +damaskes, taffaties and suche like; notwithstanding that they be +bothe base by birthe, meane by estate, and seruile by callyng. +And this I compte a greate confusion, and a generall disorder in +a Christian common wealth."</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c1_3" name="anote_b2_c1_3"></a><a href="#note_b2_c1_3">Note 3, page 106.</a></span> A Brieff Discourse of the Troubles begun at Frankfort, 1564, +is the primary authority. It is almost beyond doubt that Whittingham, +Dean of Durham, a participant in the troubles, wrote +the book. The Frankfort struggles have been discussed recently +in Mr. Hinds's The Making of the England of Elizabeth, but, like +all writers on the subject, Hinds is obliged to depend almost +solely on Whittingham's account. The several volumes of letters +from the archives of Zurich, published by the Parker Society, +give a good insight into the forces at work in the English Reformation. +See, for example, in the volume entitled Original Letters, +1537-1558, that of Thomas Sampson to Calvin, dated Strasburgh, +February 23, 1555, which shows the Puritan movement half +fledged at this early date when Calvin's authoritative advice is invoked. +"The flame is lighted up with increased vehemence +amongst us English. For a strong controversy has arisen, while +some desire the book of reformation of the Church of England to +be set aside altogether, others only deem some things in it objectionable, +such as kneeling at the Lord's Supper, the linen surplice, +and other matters of this kind; but the rest of it, namely, +the prayers, scripture lessons and the form of the administration +of baptism and the Lord's Supper they wish to be retained."</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c1_4" name="anote_b2_c1_4"></a><a href="#note_b2_c1_4">Note 4, page 106.</a></span> There are many and conflicting accounts of the origin of the +name. In the Narragansett Club Publications, ii, 197-199, there +is an interesting statement of some of these by the editor of Cotton's +Answer to Roger Williams, in a note.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c1_5" name="anote_b2_c1_5"></a><a href="#note_b2_c1_5">Note 5, page 111.</a></span> That the Puritans early made common cause with the suffering +tenantry is not a matter of conjecture. Philip Stubbes, in 1583, +in the Anatomie of Abuses, pp. 126, 127, writes: "They take in +and inclose commons, moores, heathes, and other common pastures, +where out the poore commonaltie, were wont to haue all +their forrage and feedyng for their cattell, and (whiche is more) +corne for themselves to liue vpon; all which are now in most +places taken from them, by these greedie puttockes to the great +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page136" name="page136"></a>(p. 136)</span> impouerishyng and vtter beggeryng of many whole townes and +parishes.... For these inclosures bee the causes why riche men +eate vpp poore men, as beastes dooe eate grasse." One might +cite recent economic writers on the effect of inclosures, but the +conservative laments of the antiquary Aubrey, in his Introduction +to the Survey of Wiltshire, written about 1663, give us a nearer +and more picturesque, if less philosophical, view. He says: +"Destroying of Manours began Temp. Hen. VIII., but now common; +whereby the mean People live lawless, no body to govern +them, they care for no body, having no Dependance on any Body. +By this Method, and by the Selling of the Church-Lands, is the +Ballance of the Government quite alter'd and put into the Hands +of the common People." Writing from what he had heard from +his grandfather, he says: "Anciently the Leghs i. e. Pastures +were noble large Grounds.... So likewise in his Remembrance +was all between Kington St. Michael and Dracot-Ferne common +Fields. Then were a world of labouring People maintained by +the Plough.... There were no Rates for the Poor in my Grandfather's +Days ... the Church-ale at Whitsuntide did the Business.... Since +the Reformation and Inclosures aforesaid these +Parts have swarm'd with poor People. The Parish of Caln pays +to the Poor 500£ <i>per annum</i>.... Inclosures are for the private, +not for the publick Good. For a Shepherd and his Dog, or a +Milk-Maid, can manage Meadow-Land, that upon arable, employ'd +the Hands of several Scores of Labourers." Miscellanies +on Several Curious Subjects, now first published, etc., 1723, pp. +30-33. It will fall within the province of another volume of this +series to treat of the systems of landholding brought from England, +and I shall not go further into the subject of inclosures here. +A portion of the agricultural population seemed superfluous in +consequence of inclosures, and colonization was promoted as a +means of ridding the country of the excess of its population.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c1_6" name="anote_b2_c1_6"></a><a href="#note_b2_c1_6">Note 6, page 112.</a></span> In the matter of Church government Puritanism passed through +three different periods. In the reign of Elizabeth the Church-Puritan +was mainly Presbyterian under Cartwright's lead. +But there was even then a current that set toward Independency. +Separatism was the outward manifestation of this tendency, and +according to Ralegh's estimate, cited in the text, there were about +twenty thousand declared Separatists in England in 1593. After +the suppression of the presbyteries within the Church in the last +years of Elizabeth, and the crushing out of the Separatists by rigorous +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page137" name="page137"></a>(p. 137)</span> persecutions, questions of the particular form of Church +government fell into abeyance among the Puritans for about forty +years. "Indiscriminate anti-prelacy was the prevailing mood of +the English people," says Masson, "and the distinction between +Presbyterianism and Independency was yet caviare to the general." +Life of Milton, ii, 590. Richard Baxter, the Puritan divine +(as quoted by Masson), confesses in 1641 that until that year he +had never thought what Presbytery or Independency was, or ever +spoke with a man who seemed to know it. See also Hanbury's +Memorials, ii, 69. Writers on this period do not seem to recognize +the fact that the two views were in some rivalry among the +early Puritans, and that the theory of the independence of the local +church seems to have been at least foreshadowed in the opinions +at Frankfort. But there was a long generation in which these +differences among the Puritans were forgotten in their life-and-death +conflict with the Episcopal party. Then, as Puritanism +came into power, the example of other Protestant European countries +drew England toward Presbyterianism, while the voice of New +England came from over the sea pleading for Congregationalism.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c1_7" name="anote_b2_c1_7"></a><a href="#note_b2_c1_7">Note 7, page 123.</a></span> A letter of Sandys, afterward Archbishop of York, to Bullinger, +quoted by Marsden, Early Puritans, 57, shows that though Puritanism +by 1573 had become something other than it was at +Frankfort, it was still mainly negative. Sandys writes: "New orators +are rising up from among us; foolish young men who despise +authority and admit of no superior. They are seeking the complete +overthrow and uprooting of the whole of our ecclesiastical +polity; and striving to shape out for us I know not what new +platform of a church." He gives a summary under nine heads. +The assertion that each parish should have its own "presbytery" +and choose its own minister, and that the judicial laws of +Moses were binding, are the only positive ones. No authority +of the magistrate in ecclesiastical matters, no government of the +Church except by ministers, elders, and deacons, the taking away +of all titles, dignities, lands, and revenues of bishops, etc., from +the Church, the allowing of no ministers but actual pastors, the +refusal of baptism to the children of papists, fill the rest of this +summary. One misses from this skeleton the insistence on Sabbath-keeping, +church-going, "ordinances," and ascetic austerity +in morals that afterward became distinctive traits of the party.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c1_8" name="anote_b2_c1_8"></a><a href="#note_b2_c1_8">Note 8, page 125.</a></span> Augustine and other early doctors of the Church held to a +Sunday-Sabbath in the fifth century, basing it largely on grounds +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page138" name="page138"></a>(p. 138)</span> that now seem mystical. Compare Coxe on Sabbath Laws and +Sabbath Duties, 284, note, and Cook's Historical and General +View of Christianity, ii, 301, cited by Coxe. The question was +variously treated during the middle ages, St. Thomas Aquinas +and other schoolmen taking the prevalent modern view that the +fourth commandment was partly moral and partly ceremonial. +There is a curious story, for which I do not know the original authority, +of Eustachius, Abbot of Hay, in the thirteenth century, +who on his return from the Holy Land preached from city to +city against buying and selling on Sundays and saints' days. He +had with him a copy of a document dropped from heaven and +found on the altar of St. Simon, on Mount Golgotha. This +paper threatened that if the command were disobeyed it should +rain stones and wood and hot water in the night, and, as if +such showers were not enough, wild beasts were to devour the +Sabbath-breakers. That there was a difference of opinion in that +age is shown by the fact that Roger Bacon, later in the thirteenth +century, thought it worth while to assert that Christians should +work and hold fairs on Sunday, while Saturday was the proper +day for rest. He showed no document from heaven, but, like a +true philosopher of that time, the learned friar appealed to arguments +drawn from astrology. Hearne's Remains, ii, 177, cites +Mirandula. Legislation by Parliament regarding Sunday observance +was rare before the Reformation. A statute of 28 Edward +III incidentally excepts Sunday from the days on which +wool may be shorn, and one of 27 Henry VI forbids the keeping +of fairs and markets on Sundays, Good Fridays, and principal festivals +except four Sundays in harvest. In 4 Edward IV a statute +was passed forbidding the sale of shoes on Sundays and certain +festivals.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c1_9" name="anote_b2_c1_9"></a><a href="#note_b2_c1_9">Note 9, page 125.</a></span> In the "Injunctions by King Edward VI," 1547, Bishop +Sparrow's Collection, edition of 1671, p. 8, there is a remarkable +statement of what may be called the Edwardean view of Sunday +as distinguished from the opinions and practice that had come +down from times preceding the Reformation: "God is more offended +than pleased, more dishonoured than honoured upon the +holy-day because of idleness, pride, drunkenness," etc. The religious +and moral duties to which the "holy-day," as it is called, +should be strictly devoted are there specified. But, true to the +position of compromise, halfwayness, and one might add paradox, +which the English Reformation took from the beginning, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page139" name="page139"></a>(p. 139)</span> there is added in the same paragraph the following: "Yet notwithstanding +all Parsons, Vicars, and Curates, shall teach and +declare unto their Parishioners, that they may with a safe and +quiet conscience, in the time of Harvest, labour upon the holy +and festival days and save that thing which God hath sent. And +if for any scrupulosity, or grudge of conscience, men should superstitiously +abstain from working upon those days, that then they +should grievously offend and displease God." See also "Thacte +made for thabrogacion of certayne holy-dayes," in the reign of +Henry VIII, 1536, in the same black-letter collection, p. 167. In +this act "Sabboth-day" occurs, but apparently with reference to +the Jewish Sabbath only. "Sonday" is used for Sunday.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c1_10" name="anote_b2_c1_10"></a><a href="#note_b2_c1_10">Note 10, page 129.</a></span> Dr. Bownd's Sabathum Veteris et Novi Testamenti is exceedingly +rare. There is a copy in the Prince Collection of the +Boston Public Library. It is the only one in this country, so far +as I can learn. I am under obligations in several matters to Cox's +Literature of the Sabbath Question, to the same author's Sabbath +Laws and Sabbath Duties, and to Hessey's Bampton Lectures +for 1860.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c1_11" name="anote_b2_c1_11"></a><a href="#note_b2_c1_11">Note 11, page 131.</a></span> It is Thomas Rogers, the earliest opponent of the doctrine of +Greenham and Bownd, who sees a deep-laid plot in the publication +of their books. "What the brethren wanted in strength +they had in wiliness," he says. "For while these worthies of +our church were employing their engines and forces partly in defending +the present government ecclesiastical, partly in assaulting +the presbytery and new discipline, even at that very instant the +brethren ... abandoned quite the bulwarks which they had +raised and gave out were impregnable: suffering us to beat them +down, without any or very small resistance, and yet not careless +of affairs, left not the wars for all that, but from an odd corner, +and after a new fashion which we little thought of (such was +their cunning), set upon us afresh again by dispersing in printed +books (which for ten years' space before they had been in hammering +among themselves to make them complete) their Sabbath +speculations and presbyterian (that is more than kingly or +popely) directions for the observance of the Lord's Day." Preface +to Thirty-nine Articles, paragraph 20. He also says, with +some wit, "They set up a new idol, their Saint Sabbath."</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c1_12" name="anote_b2_c1_12"></a><a href="#note_b2_c1_12">Note 12, page 132.</a></span> The doctrine of a strict Sabbath appears to have made no +impression in Scotland until the seventeenth century was well +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page140" name="page140"></a>(p. 140)</span> advanced. In the printed Burgh Records of Aberdeen from +1570 to 1625 there is no sabbatarian legislation in the proper +sense; but there are efforts to compel the people to suspend +buying and selling fish and flesh in the market, the playing of +outdoor games and ninepins, and the selling of liquors during +sermon time only. Take as an example the following ordinance—as +curious for its language as its subject—dated 4th October, +1598, twenty-four years after Knox's death:</p> + +<p>"Item, The prouest, bailleis, and counsall ratefeis and approves +the statute maid obefoir, bering that na mercatt, nather of +fische nor flesche salbe on the Sabboth day in tyme cumming, in +tyme of sermone, vnder the pane of confiscatioun of the same; +and lykvayes ratefeis the statute maid aganis the playeris in the +linkis, and at the kyillis, during the time of the sermones; ... +and that na tavernar sell nor went any wyne nor aill in tyme +cumming in tyme of sermone, ather on the Sabboth day or vlk +dayes, under the pane of ane vnlaw of fourtie s., to be vpliftit of +the contravenar als oft as they be convict."</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c1_13" name="anote_b2_c1_13"></a><a href="#note_b2_c1_13">Note 13, page 132.</a></span> New England Puritanism took a position more ultra even +than that of Bownd. Thomas Shepard, of Cambridge, Mass., +developed from some Sermons on the Subject a work with the +title, Theses Sabbaticæ, or the Doctrine of the Sabbath. After +a considerable circulation in manuscript among New England +students of divinity, it was printed at London in 1650 by request +of all the elders of New England. From the time of Augustine +the prevailing theory of advocates of a Sunday-Sabbath has been +that the fourth commandment is partly moral, partly ceremonial; +but Shepard, who does not stick at small logical or historical difficulties, +will have it wholly moral, by which means he avoids any +option regarding the day. The rest of the Sabbath, according to +this authoritative New England treatise, is to be as strict as it +ever was under Jewish law, and is to be rigidly enforced on the +unwilling by parents and magistrates. In the spirit of a thoroughpaced +literalist Shepard argues through fifty pages that the Sabbath +begins in the evening. He admits that only "servile labour" +is forbidden, but he reasons that as "sports and pastimes" are +ordained "to whet on worldly labour," they therefore partake of +its servile character and are not tolerable on the Sabbath. It +appears from his preface that there were Puritans in his time who +denied the sabbatical character of Sunday and spiritualized the +commandment.</p> +</div> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page141" name="page141"></a>(p. 141)</span> CHAPTER THE SECOND.<br> +<span class="smcap"><i>SEPARATISM AND THE SCROOBY CHURCH.</i></span></h3> + +<h4>I.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Importance of the Separatists.</span> To the great brotherhood of Puritans who +formed a party within the church there was +added a little fringe of Separatists or "Brownists," +as they were commonly called, who did not stop +with rejecting certain traits of the Anglican service, +but spurned the church itself. Upon these +ultraists fell the merciless hand of persecution. +They were imprisoned, hanged, exiled. They were +mostly humble people, and were never numerous; +but by their superior boldness in speech and writing, +by their attempts to realize actual church +organizations on apostolic models, they rendered +themselves considerable if not formidable. From +this advance guard and forlorn hope of Puritanism, +inured to hardship and the battle front, came at +length the little band of New England pioneers +who made a way into the wilderness over the +dead bodies of half their company. The example +of these contemned Brownists led to the Puritan +settlement of New England. Their type of ecclesiastical +organization ultimately dominated the +Congregationalism of New England and the nonconformity +of the mother country. For these +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page142" name="page142"></a>(p. 142)</span> reasons, if for no other, Brownism, however obscure +it may have been, is not a negligible element +in history.</p> + +<h4>II.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Nonconformity in the Church.</span> The great body of the Puritans seem to have +agreed with Bishop Hall that it was "better to +swallow a ceremony than to rend a church," and +they agreed with him in regarding Separatism as +criminal. They were, indeed, too intent on reforming +the Church of England to think of leaving it. +They made no scruple of defying ecclesiastical +regulations when they could, but in the moral +code of that day schism was the deadliest of sins.</p> + +<p>In the early part of Elizabeth's reign, before +the beginning of the rule of Whitgift and the High +Commission Courts, Puritan divines slighted or +omitted the liturgy in many parishes. This became +more common after the rise of Cartwright +and the Presbyterian movement, about 1570. <span class="sidenote">Scrambler, Bishop of Peterborough, to Burghley, 13th +April, 1573, in Wright's Elizabeth and her Times.</span> For +example, in the town of Overston, in 1573, there +was no divine service according to the Book of +Common Prayer, "but insteade thereof two sermons +be preached" by men whom the bishop had +refused to license. The village of Whiston was +also a place of Puritan assemblage, "where it is +their joye," writes the Bishop of Peterborough, +"to have manie owte of divers parishes, principallie +owte of Northampton towne and Overston +aforesaid, with other townes thereaboute, there to +receive the sacramentes with preachers and ministers +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page143" name="page143"></a>(p. 143)</span> to their owne liking, and contrarie to the +forme prescribed by the publique order of the +realme." <span class="sidenote">Rogers's Preface to Articles. Parker Soc. ed., p. 10.</span> Thomas Rogers says, "The brethren +(for so did they style them-selves) would neither +pray, nor say service, nor baptize, nor celebrate +the Lord's Supper, nor marry, nor bury, nor do +any other ecclesiastical duty according to law."</p> + +<p>At this time some of the Puritan divines held +high positions in the church. Whittingham, who +had been on the Puritan side of the quarrels in +Frankfort, and who had received only a Genevan +ordination, succeeded in holding his deanery of +Durham until his death, in 1579. In 1563 Dr. Turner +was sneering at bishops as "white coats" and +"tippett gentlemen," while himself Dean of Durham.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The Semi-Separatists.</span> But Elizabeth after a while filled the bishoprics +with men to her liking, whose heavy hands made +the lot of Puritans in the church harder and +harder. Many ministers were silenced, but there +were many who, by evasion or by straining their +consciences, held their benefices. <span class="sidenote">Bancroft in Barlowe's Svmme and Svbstance.</span> Some Puritan +clergymen, when they were to preach, preferred +"to walk in the church-yard until sermon time +rather than to be present at public prayer." Some +Puritan laymen had their own way of conforming +to the church. <span class="sidenote">Heresiography, p. 82.</span> "There is a sort of Semi-Separatist," +says Pagitt, as late as 1646, "that will heare +our Sermons but not our Common-prayers; and +of these you may see every Sunday in our streets +sitting and standing about our doores; who, when +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page144" name="page144"></a>(p. 144)</span> Prayers are done, rush into our Churches to hear +our Sermons."</p> + +<h4>III.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Causes of Separatism.</span> The growth of Separatist churches was due to +two causes. An almost incredible reverence for +the letter of the Scriptures had taken the place of +older superstitions. There was a strong tendency +to revert to the stern spirit of the Old Testament +and to adopt the external forms of the New. Religious +idealists saw a striking contrast between the +discipline of the primitive and almost isolated bands +of enthusiastic believers in the apostolic time and +the all-inclusive parishes of the hierarchical state +church. And in that age of externalism the difference +in organic form between the Anglican church +and the little synagogues of Christian seceders +founded by Paul in the Levant weighed heavily +upon the minds of earnest people. It did not occur +to them that this primitive organization was +probably brought over from the neighboring Jewish +congregations from which the converts had +withdrawn, and that there might not be any obligation +to imitate it under different skies and in a +remote age. <span class="sidenote">Thomas Scott in Pagitt, 80.</span> The Separatist was an idealist. "He +lives by the aire," said an opponent, "and there he +builds Castles and Churches; none on earth will +please him; ... he must finde out Sir Thomas +More's Utopia, or rather Plato's Community, and +bee an Elder there." But Separatism was undoubtedly +promoted by persecution. Bradford +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page145" name="page145"></a>(p. 145)</span> says that the sufferings inflicted on them by the +bishops helped some of the Puritans "to see further +into things by the light of the word of God. <span class="sidenote">Plimoth Plantation, p. 8.</span> +How not only these base and beggerly ceremonies +were unlawfull, but also that the lordly and tiranous +power of the prelats ought not to be submitted +unto." Drawn thus by the letter of the +biblical record, while stung by cruel oppression +and galled by the opposition of the constituted +authorities to what they deemed the truth divine, +it is not strange that religious enthusiasts began to +long for societies organized like those of the apostolic +age, from which the profane should be excluded +by a strict discipline.</p> + +<h4>IV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Robert Browne and Brownism.</span> The beginning of Separatism has been commonly +attributed to Robert Browne, a contentious +and able advocate of Separatist doctrines. <span class="sidenote">1581 to 1586.</span> After a +brief and erratic career as an advocate of these +opinions, and after suffering the penalty of his zeal +and proving the sincerity of his belief in thirty-two +different prisons, in some of which he could not see +his hand at noonday, Browne at length began to +waver—now inclined to return to the church, now +recoiling toward dissent. Worn out in nerves by +controversy and persecution, this eccentric man +was so alarmed by a solemn sentence of excommunication +from a bishop, that he repented and made +peace with the English church. He accepted a +benefice, but employed a curate to preach for him. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page146" name="page146"></a>(p. 146)</span> Browne lingered on to an unhonored age, imperious +and contentious, not able to live with his wife, +and held in no reverence by churchmen, while he +was despised by Separatists. He died at eighty, in +Northampton jail, to which he had been carried on +a feather bed laid in a cart. The old man had been +committed to prison this thirty-third time in his +life for striking a constable who sought to collect +a rate. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c2_1" name="note_b2_c2_1"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c2_1">Note 1.</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Rise of Separatism.</span> Separatism in some form existed before Browne's +zeal made it a thorn in the side of the bishops. +Something like a separation existed in 1567. <span class="sidenote">Barclay's Inner Life, pp. 13, 53.</span> In +1571 there was an independent church of which we +know little but the pastor's name. <span class="sidenote">Dialogue of 1593 quo. by Waddington.</span> Bradford even +dates independency back to the reign of Mary. In +truth, the rise of this sect, from which came the +earliest New England colony, appears to be lost +in obscurity. <span class="sidenote">Bradford's Dialogue.</span> Significant movements are usually +cradled in rustic mangers, to which no learned +magi think it worth their while to journey. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c2_2" name="note_b2_c2_2"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c2_2">Note 2.</a></span> The +beginning of Separatism was probably in the little +conventicles held by devout Puritans who, in the +words of one of their own writers, "met together +to sing a psalm or to talk of God's word." <span class="sidenote">Josias Nichols, The Plea for the Innocent, 1602, in +Hanbury, i. 3.</span> But +Browne, so far as we know, was one of the earliest +to organize independent churches, with officers +named and classified after those of the petty hierarchies +of the early Christian congregations, or +rather according to such deductions regarding +them as he was able to make from the Epistles of +Paul. Separatism, though it owed something to +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page147" name="page147"></a>(p. 147)</span> Browne's activity, was not founded by him. +Browne's labors began about 1581, and his fiery +career as a Brownist had lasted only four or five +years when he began to vacillate. A great part +of this time was spent in exile, much of it in +prison, and very little of it about London. <span class="sidenote">Stephen Breadwell, 1588, in Dexter, 255.</span> But +before 1587 London seems to have been the +center of the Separatists, from which they had +"sparsed their companies into severall partes of +the Realme."</p> + +<p>It seems that their rise in London came from +the devout meetings of those who had begun to +repudiate the Church of England as antichristian. +Without any officers or organization apparently, +these people, when we first get sight of them, were +wont to assemble in the summer time in the fields +about London, sitting down upon a bank while the +Bible was expounded now by one and now by another +of the company. In the winter it was their +custom to spend the whole Sunday together from +five o'clock in the morning, eating dinner in company +and paying for it by a collection. They +responded in prayer only by spontaneous groans +or sobs, much after the fashion of the early Quakers, +Methodists, and other enthusiasts of a later +time. <span class="sidenote">H. M. Dexter's Congregationalism, 255-257.</span> If one of their members returned to a parish +assembly, they pronounced him an apostate and +solemnly delivered him over to Satan until he +should repent.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page148" name="page148"></a>(p. 148)</span> V.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Barrowism.</span> When they began to organize themselves formally +into a church the London Separatists in their +turn resorted to the apostolic epistles. These had +already been treated like the magician's bottle that +is made to yield white wine or red at pleasure. +From them whatsoever form of discipline was desired +by Anglican, Presbyterian, or Brownist had +been derived, and now a still different discipline +was deduced, a mean betwixt Presbyterian and +Brownist theories. This is known now as Barrowism. +It was the form of church government +brought by the Pilgrims to Plymouth, and substantially +that which prevailed in New England +throughout the seventeenth century.</p> + +<a id="img004" name="img004"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/img004.jpg"> +<img src="images/img004tb.jpg" width="400" height="324" alt="The cradle of the Pilgrims." title=""></a> +</div> + +<p>The London Separatists suffered miserably from +persecution. Many of them languished and died +in prison. Barrow and Greenwood, their leaders, +were hanged at Tyburn. A part of them migrated +to Amsterdam, while the rest maintained a furtive +church in London. <span class="sidenote">Separatists in Amsterdam, 1593.</span> Those in Amsterdam, having +no lingering abuses of the English church to reform, +set every man's conscience to watch his +neighbor's conduct. Having seceded from the +communion of the Church of England on account +of scandals, they were scandalized with the least +variation from their rigorous standard by any of +their own church members, and they were soon +torn asunder with dissensions as the result of this +vicariousness of conscience. The innocent vanity +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page149" name="page149"></a>(p. 149)</span> of the pastor's wife who could never forego a +"toppish" hat and high-heeled shoes was the principal +stumbling-block.</p> + +<p>Though Separatism had been almost extirpated +from England by the close of Elizabeth's reign, +there remained even yet one vigorous society in +the north which was destined to exert a remarkable +influence on the course of history.</p> + +<h4>VI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The cradle of the Pilgrims.</span> On the southern margin of Yorkshire the +traveler alights to-day at the station of Bawtry. +It is an uninteresting village, with a rustic inn. +More than a mile to the southward, in Nottinghamshire, +lies the pleasant but commonplace village of +Scrooby. About a mile to the north of Bawtry is +Austerfield, a hamlet of brick cottages crowded together +along the road. It has a picturesque little +church built in the middle ages, the walls of which +are three feet thick. This church will seat something +more than a hundred people nowadays by +the aid of a rather modern extension. In the seventeenth +century it was smaller, and there was no +ceiling. Then one could see the rafters of the +roof while shuddering with cold in the grottolike +interior. The country around is level and unpicturesque.</p> + +<p>But one is here in the cradle of great religious +movements. In Scrooby and in Austerfield were +born the Pilgrims who made the first successful +settlement in New England. A little to the east +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page150" name="page150"></a>(p. 150)</span> lies Gainsborough, from which migrated to Holland +in 1606 the saintly Separatist John Smyth, who +gave form to a great Baptist movement of modern +times. A few miles to the northeast of Bawtry, in +Lincolnshire, lies Epworth, the nest from which the +Wesleys issued more than a hundred years later to +spread Methodism over the world. <span class="sidenote">Hunter's Founders of New Plymouth, 24, 25.</span> Religious zeal +seems to have characterized the people of this +region even before the Reformation, for the country +round about Scrooby was occupied at that time by +an unusual number of religious houses.</p> + +<p>The little Austerfield church and the old church +at Scrooby are the only picturesque or romantic +elements of the environment, and on these churches +the Pilgrims turned their backs as though they had +been temples of Baal. In the single street of Austerfield +the traveler meets the cottagers of to-day, +and essays to talk with them. They are heavy and +somewhat stolid, like most other rustic people in +the north country, and an accent to which their +ears are not accustomed amuses and puzzles them. +No tradition of the Pilgrims lingers among them. +They have never heard that anybody ever went +out of Austerfield to do anything historical. They +listen with a bovine surprise if you speak to them +of this exodus, and they refer you to the old clerk +of the parish, who will know about it. The venerable +clerk is a striking figure, not unlike that parish +clerk painted by Gainsborough. This oracle of +the hamlet knows that Americans come here as on +a pilgrimage, and he tells you that one of them, a +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page151" name="page151"></a>(p. 151)</span> descendant of Governor Bradford, offered a considerable +sum for the disused stone font at which +Bradford the Pilgrim was baptized. But the +traveler turns away at length from the rustic folk +of Austerfield and the beer-drinkers over their +mugs in the inn at Bawtry, and the villagers at +Scrooby, benumbed by that sense of utter common-placeness +which is left on the mind of a stranger +by such an agricultural community. The Pilgrims, +then, concerning whom poems have been written, +and in whose honor orations without number have +been made, were just common country folk like these, +trudging through wheat fields and along the muddy +clay highways of the days of Elizabeth and James. +They were just such men as these and they were +not. They were such as these would be if they +were vivified by enthusiasm. We may laugh at +superfluous scruples in rustic minds, but none will +smile at brave and stubborn loyalty to an idea +when it produces such steadfast courage as that +of the Pilgrims.</p> + +<p>And yet, when the traveler has resumed his +journey, and recalls Scrooby and Bawtry and Austerfield, +the stolid men and gossiping women, the +narrow pursuits of the plowman and the reaper, +and remembers the flat, naked, and depressing +landscape, he is beset by the old skepticism about +the coming of anything good out of Nazareth. <span class="sidenote">Magnalia, Book II, chap. i, p. 2.</span> +Nor is he helped by remembering that at the time +of Bradford's christening at the old stone font the +inhabitants of Austerfield are said to have been "a +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page152" name="page152"></a>(p. 152)</span> most ignorant and licentious people," and that +earlier in that same century John Leland speaks of +"the meane townlet of Scrooby."</p> + +<h4>VIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Elder Brewster.</span> But Leland's description of the village suggests +the influence that caused Scrooby and the +wheat fields thereabout to send forth, in the beginning +of the seventeenth century and of a new +reign, men capable of courage and fortitude sufficient +to make them memorable, and to make these +three townlets places of pilgrimage in following +centuries.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Itinerary, i, 36, in Hunter's Founders, p. 20.</span> "In the meane townlet of Scrooby, I marked +two things"—it is Leland who writes—"the parish +church not big but very well builded; the second +was a great manor-place, standing within a moat, +and longing to the Archbishop of York." This +large old manor-place he describes with its outer +and inner court. In this manor-place, about half a +century after Leland saw it, there lived William +Brewster. He was a man of education, who had +been for a short time in residence at Cambridge; +he had served as one of the under secretaries of +state for years; had been trusted beyond all others +by Secretary Davison, his patron; and, when Elizabeth +disgraced Davison, in order to avoid responsibility +for the death of Mary of Scotland, Brewster +had been the one friend who clung to the fallen +secretary as long as there was opportunity to do +him service. Making no further effort to establish +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page153" name="page153"></a>(p. 153)</span> himself at court, Brewster went after a while "to +live in the country in good esteeme amongst his +freinds and the good gentle-men of those parts, +espetially the godly and religious." <span class="sidenote">Bradford, 410.</span> His abode +after his retirement was the old manor-place now +destroyed, but then the most conspicuous building +at Scrooby. It belonged in his time to Sir Samuel +Sandys, the elder brother of Sir Edwin Sandys, +whose work as the master spirit in the later history +of the Virginia Company has already been +recounted. <span class="sidenote"><i>Supra</i>, Book I, chap. ii, iii.</span> At Scrooby Brewster succeeded his +father in the office of "Post," an office that obliged +him to receive and deliver letters for a wide +district of country, to keep relays of horses for +travelers by post on the great route to the north, +and to furnish inn accommodations. In the master +of the post at Scrooby we have the first of those +influences that lifted a group of people from this +rustic region into historic importance. He had +been acquainted with the great world, and had +borne a responsible if not a conspicuous part in +delicate diplomatic affairs in the Netherlands. At +court, as at Scrooby, he was a Puritan, and now in +his retirement his energies were devoted to the +promotion of religion. He secured earnest ministers +for many of the neighboring parishes. But +that which he builded the authorities tore down. +Whitgift was archbishop, and the High Commission +Courts were proceeding against Puritans with +the energy of the Spanish Inquisition. "The +godly preachers" about him were silenced. The +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page154" name="page154"></a>(p. 154)</span> people who followed them were proscribed, and +all the pains and expense of Brewster and his +Puritan friends in establishing religion as they +understood it were likely to be rendered futile by +the governors of the church. <span class="sidenote">Plimoth Plantations, 411.</span> "He and many +more of those times begane to looke further into +things," says Bradford. Persecution begot Separatism. +The theory was the result of conditions, +as new theories are wont to be.</p> + +<h4>IX.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The Scrooby Church.</span> Here, as elsewhere, the secession appears to +have begun with meetings for devotion. By this +supposition we may reconcile two dates which +have been supposed to conflict, conjecturing that +in 1602, when Brewster had lived about fifteen +years in the old manor-house, his neighbors, who +did not care to attend the ministry of ignorant and +licentious priests, began to spend whole Sundays +together, now in one place and now in another, +but most frequently in the old manor-house +builded within a moat, and reached by ascending +a flight of stone steps. <span class="sidenote">Magnalia, Book ii, c. i, 2.</span> Here, Brewster's hospitality +was dispensed to them freely. They may +or may not have been members of the Separatist +church at Gainsborough, as some have supposed. +It was not until 1606 that these people formed +the fully organized Separatist church of Scrooby. +It was organized after the Barrowist pattern +that had originated in London—it was after a +divine pattern, according to their belief. Brewster, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page155" name="page155"></a>(p. 155)</span> the nucleus of the church, became their ruling +elder.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The ruling elder.</span> It was in these all-day meetings at the old +manor-house that the Separatist rustics of Scrooby +were molded for suffering and endeavor. The +humble, modest, and conscientious Brewster was +the king-post of the new church—the first and +longest enduring of the influences that shaped the +character of these people in England, Holland, and +America. <span class="sidenote">Bradford's Plimoth Plantation, 408-414.</span> +<span class="sidenote">Hunter's Founders, <i>passim</i>.</span> +<span class="sidenote">Winsor's Elder William Brewster, a pamphlet.</span> +<span class="sidenote">F. B. Dexter in Narrative and Crit. Hist., iii, +257-282.</span> Brewster could probably have returned +to the court under other auspices after Davison's +fall, but as master of the post at Scrooby, then as +a teacher and as founder of a printing office of +prohibited English books in Leyden, and finally as +a settler in the wilderness, inuring his soft hands +to rude toils, until he died in his cabin an octogenarian, +he led a life strangely different from that of a +courtier. But no career possible to him at court +could have been so useful or so long remembered.</p> + +<h4>X.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">John Robinson.</span> But Brewster was not the master spirit. About +the time the Separatists of Scrooby completed +their church organization, in 1606, there came to +it John Robinson. He had been a fellow of Emmanuel +College, Cambridge, and a beneficed clergyman +of Puritan views. He, too, had been slowly +propelled to Separatist opinion by persecution. +For fourteen years before the final migration he +led the Pilgrims at Scrooby and Leyden. Wise +man of affairs, he directed his people even in their +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page156" name="page156"></a>(p. 156)</span> hard struggle for bread in a foreign country. +He was one of the few men, in that age of debate +about husks and shells, who penetrated to those +teachings concerning character and conduct which +are the vital and imperishable elements of religion. +Even when assailed most roughly in debate he +was magnanimous and forbearing. He avoided +the bigotry and bitterness of the early Brownists, +and outgrew as years went on the narrowness of +rigid Separatism. He lived on the best terms with +the Dutch and French churches. He opposed +rather the substantial abuses than the ceremonies +of the Church of England, and as life advanced +he came to extend a hearty fellowship and communion +to good men in that church. Had it been +his lot to remain in the national church and rise, +as did his opponent, Joseph Hall, to the pedestal +of a bishopric or to other dignity, he would have +been one of the most illustrious divines of the age—wanting +something of the statesmanly breadth +of Hooker, but quite outspreading and overtopping +the Whitgifts, Bancrofts, and perhaps even +the Halls. Robert Baillie, who could say many +hard things against Separatists, is forced to confess +that "Robinson was a man of excellent parts, and +the most learned, polished, and modest spirit that +ever separated from the Church of England"; and +long after his death the Dutch theologian Hornbeeck +recalls again and again his integrity, learning, +and modesty. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c2_3" name="note_b2_c2_3"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c2_3">Note 3.</a></span></p> + +<p>Shall we say that when subjected to this great +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page157" name="page157"></a>(p. 157)</span> man's influence the rustics of Scrooby and Bawtry +and Austerfield were clowns no longer? Perhaps +we shall be truer to the probabilities of human +nature if we conclude that Robinson was able to +mold a few of the best of them to great uses, and +that these became the significant digits which gave +value to the ciphers.</p> + +<h3 class="smcap">Elucidations.</h3> + +<div class="answer"> +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c2_1" name="anote_b2_c2_1"></a><a href="#note_b2_c2_1">Note 1, page 146.</a></span> The eccentricities, moral and mental, of Browne were a constant +resource of those who sought to involve all Separatists in +his disgrace. Odium has always been a more effective weapon +than argument in a theological controversy. Browne's enemies +alleged that even while on the gridiron of persecution his conduct +had not been free from moral obliquity. I have not been able to +see Bernard's charges on this score, but John Robinson, in his +Justification, etc. (1610), parries the thrust in these words: "Now +as touching Browne, it is true as Mr. B[ernard] affirmeth, that as +he forsook the Lord so the Lord forsook him in his way; ... as +for the wicked things (which Mr. B. affirmeth) <i>he did in the way</i> +it may well be as he sayeth, ... as the more like he was to returne +to his proper centre the Church of England, where he +should be sure to find companie ynough in any wickednesse." +Edition of 1639, p. 50. One of the most learned accounts of +Browne is to be found in H. M. Dexter's Congregationalism, the +lecture on Robert Browne. It is always easy to admire Dr. +Dexter's erudition, but not so easy to assent to his conclusions. +See also Pagitt's Heresiography, p. 56 and <i>passim</i>; Fuller's +Church History, ix, vi, 1-7; and Hanbury's Memorials, p. 18 and +following.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c2_2" name="anote_b2_c2_2"></a><a href="#note_b2_c2_2">Note 2, page 146.</a></span> John Robinson, in Justification of Separation from the Church +of England, p. 50, edition of 1639, says: "It is true that Boulton +was (though not the first in that way) an elder of a Separatist +church in the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's dayes, and falling +from his holy profession recanted the same at Paul's Crosse and +afterwards hung himself as Judas did." Compare Cotton's The +Way of the Congregationall Churches Cleared, p. 4, and various +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page158" name="page158"></a>(p. 158)</span> intimations in Hanbury's Memorials, which imply the existence +of Independent congregations in London and elsewhere in the +early years of Elizabeth's reign. But Hanbury's handling of the +valuable material he collected with commendable assiduity is +sometimes so clumsy that the reader is obliged to grope for facts +bearing upon most important questions. One gets from Hanbury's +notes and some older publications a vague notion that the +Flemish Protestants, recently settled in England in great numbers, +exerted an influence in favor of Independency. Robert Browne +began his secession in Norwich, a place where the people from +the Low Countries were nearly half the population, and Browne +was even said to have labored among the Dutch first. Fuller, +ix, sec. vi, 2.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c2_3" name="anote_b2_c2_3"></a><a href="#note_b2_c2_3">Note 3, page 156.</a></span> Robinson's character may be judged from his works. His +good qualities are very apparent in the wise and tender letters addressed +to the Pilgrims when they were leaving England and after +their arrival at Plymouth, which will be found in Bradford's +Plimoth Plantations, 63, 64, 163. See Bradford's character of him, +ibid., 17-19. See also Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrims, 473-482. +Ainsworth's tribute is in Hanbury's Memorials, 95. See also +Winslow's Brief Narration in Young's Chronicles, 379. George +Sumner, in 3d Massachusetts Historical Collections, ix, has a +paper giving the result of his investigations in Leyden. He +quotes Hornbeeck as saying, twenty-eight years after Robinson's +death, that he was the best of all the exiles as well as the most +upright, learned, and most modest. Hornbeeck's words are: +"Optimus inter illos." "Vir supra reliquos probus atque eruditus." +"Doctissimi ac modestissimi omnium separatistorum."</p> +</div> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page159" name="page159"></a>(p. 159)</span> CHAPTER THE THIRD.<br> +<span class="smcap"><i>THE PILGRIM MIGRATIONS.</i></span></h3> + +<h4>I.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Accession of James I.</span> The accession of James of Scotland to the +English throne in 1603 raised the hopes of the +Puritans. James had said, in 1590: "As for our +neighbour kirk of England, their service is an ill-said +masse in English; they want nothing of the +masse but the liftings." <span class="sidenote">Neal, ii, 28. Compare Burns's Prel. Diss. to Wodrow, +lxxiv.</span> Later, when the prospect +of his accession to the English throne was imminent, +James had spoken with a different voice, but +the Puritans remembered his lifelong familiarity +with Presbyterian forms, and his strongly expressed +satisfaction with the Scottish Kirk. They +met him on his way to London with a petition +for modifications of the service. This was +known as the Millinary Petition, because it was +supposed to represent the views of about one thousand +English divines.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Hampton Court conference.</span> In January, 1604, the king held a formal conference +at Hampton Court between eleven of the +Anglican party on one side, nine of them being +bishops, and four Puritan divines, representing the +petitioners. Assuming at first the air of playing +the arbiter, James, who dearly loved a puttering +theological debate, could not refrain from taking +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page160" name="page160"></a>(p. 160)</span> the cause of the churchmen out of their hands and +arguing it himself. <span class="sidenote">Svmme and Svbstance, <i>passim</i>.</span> The reports of the conference +are most interesting as showing the paradoxical +qualities of James, who, by his action at this meeting, +unwittingly made himself a conspicuous figure +in the history of America. The great churchmen +were surprised at the display made by the +king of dialectic skill. They held Scotch learning +in some contempt, and were amazed that one bred +among the "Puritans" should know how to handle +questions of theology so aptly. <span class="sidenote">Prel. Diss. to Wodrow, lxxiv.</span> James, though +he had declared the Church of Scotland "the +sincerest kirk in the world" because it did not +keep Easter and Yule as the Genevans did, now +had the face to assure the prelates that he had +never believed after he was ten years old what +he was taught in Scotland. His speeches in +the conference are marked by ability, mingled +with the folly which vitiated all his qualities. +Quick at reply and keen in analysis, he even shows +something like breadth of intelligence, or at least +intellectual toleration, but without ever for a moment +evincing any liberality of feeling. His manifest +cleverness is rendered futile by his narrow and +ridiculous egotism, his arrogance in the treatment +of opponents, and his coarse vulgarity in expression. <span class="sidenote">Ch. Hist., x, vii, 30.</span> +"In common speaking as in his hunting," +says Fuller, "he stood not on the cleanest but nearest +way." The Puritans were no more able to +answer the arguments of the king than was Æsop's +lamb to make reply to the wolf. Laying down for +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page161" name="page161"></a>(p. 161)</span> his fundamental maxim "No bishop, no king," he +drew a picture of the troubles that would beset him +when "Jack and Tom and Will and Dick" should +meet and censure the king and his council. He +would have no such assemblage of the clergy until +he should grow fat and pursy and need trouble to +keep him in breath, he said. It could not occur to +his self-centered mind that so grave a question was +not to be settled merely by considering the ease +and convenience of the sovereign. "He rather +usede upbraidinges than argumente," says Harrington, +who was present. <span class="sidenote">Nugæ Antiquæ., i, 181.</span> He bade the Puritans +"awaie with their snivellinge," and, in discussing +the surplice, made an allusion that would be +deemed a profanation by reverent churchmen of +the present time.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The king and the bishops.</span> With characteristic pedantry he spoke part of +the time in Latin, and his clever refutation of the +hapless Puritans sounded like the wisdom of God +to the anxious bishops. In spite of the downright +scolding and vulgar abuse with which the king +flavored his orthodoxy, the aged Whitgift declared +that undoubtedly his Majesty spoke by the special +assistance of God's Spirit; but one of the worldly +bystanders ventured, in defiance of the episcopal +dictum, to think that whatever spirit inspired the +king was "rather foul-mouthed." Bancroft, Bishop +of London, theatrically fell on his knees and solemnly +protested that his heart melted within him +with joy that Almighty God of his singular mercy +had given them such a king "as since Christ's +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page162" name="page162"></a>(p. 162)</span> time the like hath not been seen." +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c3_1" name="note_b2_c3_1"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c3_1">Note 1.</a></span> The king +in his turn was naturally impressed with the sagacity +of a bishop who could so devoutly admire +his Majesty's ability, and, when soon afterward a +fresh access of paralysis carried off Whitgift, it was +not surprising that Bancroft should be translated +from London to Canterbury over the heads of +worthier competitors. <span class="sidenote">Compare Nugæ Antiquæ, ii, 25, 26.</span> From the moment of Bancroft's +accession to the primacy the lot of the Puritans +and Separatists became harder, for he plumed +himself doubtless on being the originator of the +high-church doctrine, and he was a man whose +harsh energy seems not to have been tempered by +an intimate piety like that of Whitgift.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Results.</span> <span class="sidenote">Svmme and Svbstance, 35.</span> When James rose from his chair at the close of +the debate on the second day he said, "I shall make +them conform themselves, or I will harry them out +of this land, or else do worse"; and he wrote to a +friend boasting that he had "peppered the Puritans +soundly." <span class="sidenote">Compare Bacon's Certain Considerations touching the +better Pacification of the Church of England.</span> But the king had missed, without knowing +it, the greatest opportunity of his reign—an +opportunity for conciliating or weakening the Puritan +opposition, and consolidating the church and +his kingdom. James could think of nothing but +his own display of cleverness and browbeating +arrogance in a dispute with great divines like Reynolds +and Chaderton. The conference had been +for him a recreation not much more serious than +stag-hunting. That it was pregnant with vast and +far-reaching results for good and evil in England +and the New World he, perhaps, did not dream. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page163" name="page163"></a>(p. 163)</span> By his narrow and selfish course at this critical +moment he may be said to have sealed the fate of +his son, if not the doom of his dynasty; and his +clever folly gave fresh life to the bitter struggle +between Anglican and Puritan which resulted in +the peopling of New England a quarter of a century +afterward.</p> + +<h4>II.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The storm of persecution.</span> Every proscription of the Puritans within the +church was accompanied by a crusade against the +Brownists without, who were counted sinners +above all other men. Though Ralegh in 1593 had +estimated the Brownists at twenty thousand, they +were by this time in consequence of oppression +"about worn out," as Bacon said. <span class="sidenote">Bacon's Observation on a Libel.</span> Upon those +who remained the new persecution broke with untempered +severity. Badgered on every side by +that vexatious harrying which King James and his +ecclesiastics kept up according to promise, the little +congregation at Scrooby in 1607 resolved to flee +into Holland, where they would be strangers to +the speech and to the modes of getting a living, +but where they might worship God in extemporary +prayers under the guidance of elders of their +own choice without fear of fines and prisons.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Toleration in the Low Countries.</span> That which is most honorable to the Low Countries, +from a historical point of view, namely, that +their cities were places of refuge for oppressed +consciences, was esteemed odious and highly ridiculous +in the seventeenth century. In one of the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page164" name="page164"></a>(p. 164)</span> plays of that time there is a humorous proposition +to hold a consultation about "erecting four new +sects of religion in Amsterdam." The Dutch metropolis +was called a cage of unclean birds, and a +French prelate contemned it as "a common harbor +of all opinions and heresies." At a later period +Edward Johnson, the rather bloodthirsty Massachusetts +Puritan, inveighs against "the great mingle +mangle of religion" in Holland, and like a +burlesque prophet shrieks, "Ye Dutch, come out +of your hodge podge!" <span class="sidenote">Errours and Induration, p. 27.</span> Robert Baylie, in a sermon +before the House of Lords as late as 1645, +says of the toleration by the Dutch, that "for this +one thing they have become infamous in the Christian +world."</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Flight of the Pilgrims.</span> To the asylum offered by the Low Countries +the Scrooby Separatists resolved to flee. The +pack of harriers let loose by James and Bancroft +were in full cry. The members of the Scrooby +church found themselves "hunted and persecuted +on every side," having their houses watched night +and day, so that all their sufferings in times past +"were but as flea bitings in comparison." But the +tyranny that made England intolerable did its best +to render flight impossible. In various essays to +escape, the Separatists were arrested and stripped +of what valuables they had, while their leaders +were cast into prison for months at a time.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The Pilgrims in Amsterdam.</span> At length by one means or another the members +of this battered little community got away +and met together in Amsterdam. To plain north +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page165" name="page165"></a>(p. 165)</span> country folk this was indeed a strange land, and +one can see in the vivid and eloquent language of +Bradford of Austerfield, who was a young man +when he crossed the German Ocean, the memory +of the impressions which these cities of the Low +Countries made on their rustic minds. <span class="sidenote">Bradford's Plimoth Plantation 16.</span> But "it +was not longe before they saw the grimme and +grisly face of povertie coming upon them like an +armed man, with whom they must bukle and incounter."</p> + +<h4>III.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Removal to Leyden.</span> Robinson discovered that he was not of a piece +with those Separatists who had preceded him to +Amsterdam. In one division of these, questions of +whalebone in bodices, of high-heeled shoes and +women's hats, distracted scrupulous minds. In the +other, which came from the same part of England +as Robinson's church, the agitations were +of a theological nature. Questions about the +baptism of infants and the inherent righteousness +of man and the portion of his nature that +Christ derived from his mother, with discussions +of the right of a man to be a magistrate and a +church member at the same time, were seething in +the heated brain of the scrupulous but saintly pastor. +Robinson saw that these controversies would +involve the Scrooby church if it remained in Amsterdam. +In Robinson the centrifugal force of +Separatism had already spent itself, and his practical +wisdom had set bounds to the course of his +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page166" name="page166"></a>(p. 166)</span> logic. To leave the Dutch metropolis for a smaller +place was to reduce the Scrooby exiles to still +deeper poverty, but nevertheless the Pilgrims fled +from discord as they had fled from persecution, +and removed to the university city of Leyden, +called by its admirers "the Athens of the Occident." +After their departure English Separatism +in Amsterdam went on tearing itself to pieces in a +sincere endeavor to find ultimate theological truth, +but Robinson's people in spite of their poverty +were united, and were honored by those among +whom they sojourned. <span class="sidenote">Bradford's Plimouth Plantation.</span> +<span class="sidenote">Winslow's Relations.</span> Others, hearing of their +good report, came to them from England, and the +exiled church of Leyden was fairly prosperous.</p> + +<h4>IV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Danger of extinction.</span> But when ten years of exile had passed the outlook +was not a pleasant one. The life in Leyden +was so hard that many chose to return to their +own land, preferring English prisons to liberty at +so dear a rate. The "tender hearts of many a loving +father and mother" were wounded to see children +growing prematurely decrepit under the +weight of hard and incessant toil; "the vigor of +Nature being consumed in the very bud as it +were." Some of the young people were contaminated +by the dissoluteness of the city, others joined +the Dutch army or made long voyages at sea, acquiring +habits very foreign to the strictness of +their parents. The result of a contest between the +rigid Puritanism of the little church and the laxity +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page167" name="page167"></a>(p. 167)</span> prevalent in Holland was not to be doubted. Human +nature can not remain always at concert pitch. +Intermarriages with the Dutch had already begun, +and all that was peculiar in the English community +was about to be swallowed up and lost forever +in the great current of Dutch life which +flowed about it.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Emigration planned.</span> Puritanism was in its very nature aggressive, +even meddlesome. It was not possible for a Puritan +church, led by such men as Robinson, and Brewster, +and Carver, and Bradford, and Winslow, to +remain content where national prejudices and a +difference in language barred the way to the exertion +of influence on the life about them. <span class="sidenote">Compare Winslow in Young, 387.</span> With destruction +by absorption threatening their church, +these leaders conceived the project of forming a +new state where they "might, with the liberty of a +good conscience, enjoy the pure Scripture worship +of God without the mixture of human inventions +and impositions; and their children after them +might walk in the holy ways of the Lord."</p> + +<h4>V.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Puritans and American settlements.</span> What suggested in 1617 the thought of migration +to America we do not know. Just twenty +years earlier, in 1597, some imprisoned Brownists +had petitioned the Privy Council that they might be +allowed to settle "in the province of Canada," an +indefinite term at that time. <span class="sidenote">Waddington's Cong. Hist., ii, 113, 114.</span> Francis Johnson with +three others went out in that same year to look at +the land. The voyage was an unlucky one, and +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page168" name="page168"></a>(p. 168)</span> the settlement of Johnson as pastor of the church +in Amsterdam was the result. The persecutions +which followed the accession of Bancroft to the +archbishopric had started as early as 1608 a widespread +agitation among the Puritans in favor of +emigration to Virginia, but, when only a few had +got away, the primate secured a proclamation preventing +their escape from the means of grace provided +for them in Courts of High Commission. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c3_2" name="note_b2_c3_2"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c3_2">Note 2.</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Condition of Virginia.</span> The year 1617, in which the agitation for emigration +began among the Pilgrims, was the year +after Dale's return with highly colored reports of +the condition of the Virginia colony. It is noticeable +that among the books owned by Elder Brewster +at his death was a copy of Whitaker's Good +Newes from Virginia, published in 1613. Whitaker +was minister at Henrico in Virginia, and was the +son of a Puritan divine of eminence who was +master of St. John's College, Cambridge. It is +possible that he was known to Brewster, who had +been at Cambridge, or to Robinson, who had resigned +a fellowship there to become a Separatist. +Whitaker himself was Puritan enough to discard the +surplice. His Good Newes is an earnest plea for the +support of the colony for religious reasons. "This +plantation which the divell hath so often troden +downe," he says, "is revived and daily groweth to +more and hopeful successe." +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c3_3" name="note_b2_c3_3"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c3_3">Note 3.</a></span> At the very time +when the Pilgrims first thought of migrating there +was beginning a new and widespread interest in +Virginia. This was based partly on religious enthusiasm, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page169" name="page169"></a>(p. 169)</span> such as Whitaker's book was meant to +foster, and partly on the hope of new and strange +commodities, particularly silk. <span class="sidenote">Inventory of books.</span> +<span class="sidenote">Winsor's pamphlet on Elder Brewster.</span> Even this silk illusion +may have had its weight in a secondary way +with the Leyden people, for Bradford, afterward +governor at Plymouth, was a silk-weaver in Leyden, +and there were two books on silkworms in +Brewster's library at his death.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Alternatives.</span> To European eyes all America was one; even +to-day the two Americas are hardly distinguished +by most people in Europe. The glowing account +of Guiana given by Ralegh helped to feed the new +desire for an American home; and it was only +after serious debate that North America was +chosen, as more remote from the dreaded Spaniard +and safer from tropical diseases. One can hardly +imagine what American Puritanism would have +become under the skies of Guiana. Not only did +the Pilgrims hesitate regarding their destination, +but there was a choice of nationalities to be made. +England had not been a motherly mother to these +outcast children, and there was question of settling +as English subjects in America, or becoming +Dutch colonists there.</p> + +<h4>VI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Application to Sandys.</span> The Pilgrims preferred to be English, notwithstanding +all. But they wished to stipulate with +England for religious liberty. In this matter they +had recourse to Sir Edwin Sandys, the one man +who would probably be both able and willing to +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page170" name="page170"></a>(p. 170)</span> help them. Brewster had lived, as we have seen, +in an old episcopal manor at Scrooby. <span class="sidenote">Hunter's Founders of New Plymouth, pp. 22, 23.</span> Sandys, +Archbishop of York, had transferred this manor by +a lease to his eldest son, Sir Samuel Sandys, who +was Brewster's landlord and brother of Sir Edwin +Sandys. Of Sir Edwin the great liberal parliamentary +statesman, Fuller says, "He was right-handed +to any great employment." In 1617 he +was already the most influential of the progressive +leaders of the Virginia Company, its acting though +not yet its nominal head, and in 1619 he was elected +governor of the Company. Brewster's fellow-secretary +under Davison was a chosen friend of Sandys, +and, in view of both these connections, we +may consider it almost certain that the two were +not strangers. To Sir Edwin Sandys was due +much of the new interest in Virginia. He and his +group seem to have been already striving to shape +the colony into a liberal state.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Failure to secure formal toleration.</span> To meet the views of the Leyden people, +Sandys endeavored by the intervention of a more +acceptable courtier to gain assurance from the +king, under the broad seal, that their religion +should be tolerated if they migrated to Virginia. +But James's peculiar conscience recoiled from this. +He intimated that he would wink at their practices +but he would not tolerate them by public act. +And, indeed, the Pilgrims reflected afterward that +"a seale as broad as the house flore would not +serve the turne" of holding James to his promise. +At the king's suggestion the archbishops were applied +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page171" name="page171"></a>(p. 171)</span> to, but neither would they formally approve +such an arrangement. Nor can one wonder at +their unwillingness, since the most profound, liberal, +and far-seeing thinker of that age, Lord +Bacon himself, was so far subject to the prejudices +of his time that he could protest against allowing +heretics to settle a colony, and could support his +position by a mystical argument fit to be advanced +by the most fantastic theologian. "It will make +schism and rent in Christ's coat, which must be +seamless," he says. <span class="sidenote">Bacon's Advice to Villiers.</span> He even goes so far as to +group Separatists with outlaws and criminals, and +to advise that if such should transplant themselves +to the colonies they should be "sent for back upon +the first notice," for "such persons are not fit to +lay the foundation of a new colony." Much more +fit than is a speculative philosopher to draw the +lines on which practical undertakings are to be carried +forward. The transplanting of English speech +and institutions to America would have languished +as French colonization did, if none but orthodox +settlers had been allowed to fell trees and build +cabins in the forest. Ever since the age of stone +hatchets colony planters have been drawn from the +ranks of the uneasy. <span class="sidenote">Archdale's Carolina, 26.</span> An early Quaker governor +of South Carolina puts the matter less elegantly +but more justly than Bacon when he says: "It is +stupendious to consider, how passionate and preposterous +zeal, not only vails but stupefies oftentimes +the Rational Powers: For cannot Dissenters +kill Wolves and Bears as well as Churchmen?"</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page172" name="page172"></a>(p. 172)</span> VII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Relations with the Virginia Company.</span> The liberal and practical mind of Sir Edwin +Sandys harbored none of the scruples of Bacon, +and his more wholesome conscience knew nothing +of the fine distinctions of James and the archbishops +between formal toleration and a mere +winking at irregularities. He embraced the cause +of the Pilgrims and became their steadfast friend, +passing through the Virginia Company successively +two charters in their behalf, and the general order +which allowed the leaders of "particular plantations"—that +is, of such plantations as the Leyden +people and others at that time proposed to make—to +associate the sober and discreet of the plantation +with them to make laws, orders, and constitutions +not repugnant to the laws of England. <span class="sidenote">MS. Rec. Va. Co., Feb. 2, 1620.</span> This was a +wide door opening toward democratic government. +The patent given to the Pilgrims was also a liberal +one, and it was even proposed to put into their +hands a large sum of money contributed anonymously +for the education of Indian children, but to +this it was objected that the newcomers would +lack the confidence of the savages. One of the +Virginia Company, possibly Sandys himself, lent +to the Leyden people three hundred pounds without +interest for three years. <span class="sidenote">Winslow's Briefe Narration, Young, 383.</span> When we consider +that the Pilgrims had to pay in their first year of +settlement thirty and even fifty per cent, interest +on their debts, and that this three hundred pounds, +the use of which they received without interest, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page173" name="page173"></a>(p. 173)</span> would be equal in purchasing power to five or six +thousand dollars of our money, we may readily believe +that this loan and the semi-independence +offered them under their "large patent" from the +company, were the considerations that decided +them in favor of emigration after the English Government +had refused a guarantee of toleration, +and the Dutch Government had declined to assure +them of protection against England.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Authors of the Plymouth Government.</span> That group of liberal English statesmen who +were charged with keeping "a school of sedition" +in the courts of the Virginian Company founded +the two centers of liberal institutions in America. +The Earl of Southampton, the Ferrars, Sir John +Danvers, and above all and more than all, Sir +Edwin Sandys, were the fathers of representative +government in New England by the charter of +February 2, 1620, as they had been of representative +government in Virginia by the charter of +November 13, 1618. When the Pilgrims found +themselves, upon landing, too far north to use their +"large patent" from the Virginia Company, they +organized a government on the lines laid down in +the general order of the company. The government +established by them in their famous Compact +was precisely the provisional government +which the Virginia Company in the preceding +February had given them liberty to found "till a +form of government be here settled for them." +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c3_4" name="note_b2_c3_4"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c3_4">Note 4.</a></span> +Under this compact they proceeded to confirm +the election of the governor, already chosen under +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page174" name="page174"></a>(p. 174)</span> the authority derived from the charter, now invalid.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Charges against Sandys.</span> The enemies of Sir Edwin Sandys did not fail +to make use of his friendship for the Leyden people +to do him injury. It was afterward charged that +he was opposed to monarchical government, and +that he had moved the Archbishop of Canterbury +"to give leave to the Brownists and Separatists to +go to Virginia, and designed to make a free popular +state there, and himself and his assured friends +were to be the leaders." <span class="sidenote">Duke of Manchester, papers, Royal Hist. MSS. Comm. +viii, II, 45.</span> That Sandys thought of +emigration is hardly probable, but he succeeded in +establishing two popular governments in America +which propagated themselves beyond all that he +could have hoped to achieve. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c3_5" name="note_b2_c3_5"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c3_5">Note 5.</a></span></p> + +<h4>VIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The farewell to Europe.</span> "Small things," wrote Dudley to the Countess +of Lincoln in the first months of the Massachusetts +settlement—"small things in the beginning of +natural or politic bodies are as remarkable as +greater in bodies full grown." The obscure events +we have recited above are capital because they had +a deciding influence on the fate of the Pilgrim settlement. +It is not within our purpose to tell over +again the pathetic story of that brave departure of +the younger and stronger of the Pilgrims from +Leyden to make the first break into the wilderness, +but courage and devotion to an idea are not common; +courage and devotion that bring at last important +results are so rare that the student of history, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page175" name="page175"></a>(p. 175)</span> however little disposed to indulge sentiment, +turns in spite of himself to that last all-night meeting +in Pastor Robinson's large house in the Belfry +Lane at Leyden. <span class="sidenote">Plimoth Plantation, 59.</span> "So," says Bradford, as if penning +a new holy scripture, "they lefte that goodly +and pleasante citie, which had been ther resting +place near 12 years; but they knew they were +pilgrimes and looked not much on those things, but +lift up their eyes to the heavens, their dearest cuntrie +and quieted their spirits." Nor is it easy to +pass over the solemn parting on the quay at Delft +Haven, where, as the time of the tide forced the +final tearful separation, while even the Dutch spectators +wept in sympathy, the voice of the beloved +Robinson in a final prayer was heard and the whole +company fell upon their knees together for the last +time.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Robinson's influence.</span> These things hardly pertain, perhaps, to a history +of life such as this. It is with the influences +that are to mold the new life while it is plastic that +we are concerned. Chief of these is Robinson himself, +a Moses who was never to see, even from a +mountain top, the Canaan to which he had now led +his people. He must stay behind with the larger +half of the church. Rising to the occasion, his last +words to this little company are worthy his magnanimous +soul. <span class="sidenote">Winslow's Briefe Narration, Young, 397.</span> He eloquently charged them "before +God and his blessed angels to follow him no +further than he followed Christ." ... He was confident +"the Lord had more truth and light to break +forth out of his holy word." In whatever sense we +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page176" name="page176"></a>(p. 176)</span> take them these were marvelous words in the seventeenth +century. Robinson understood the progressive +nature of truth as apprehended by the +human mind in a way that makes him seem singularly +modern. In the same address he declared it +"not possible that ... full perfection of knowledge +should break forth at once." He bade them +not to affect separation from the Puritans in the +Church of England, but "rather to study union +than division." <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c3_6" name="note_b2_c3_6"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c3_6">Note 6.</a></span></p> + +<p>Admirable man! Free from pettiness and egotism. +Fortunate man, who, working in one of the +obscurest and dustiest corners of this noisy and +self-seeking world, succeeded in training and sending +out a company that diffused his spirit and +teachings into the institutions and thoughts of a +great people!</p> + +<h4>IX.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The landing.</span> On a chain of slender accidents hung the existence +of New England. Had the claims of Guiana +prevailed, had the tempting offers of the Dutch +changed the allegiance of the Robinsonian Independents, +had the Mayflower reached her destination +in what is now New Jersey, the current of +American history would not have flowed as it has. +A South American New England, a Dutch New +England, or a non-peninsular community of English +Puritans west of the Hudson with good +wheat fields and no fisheries or foreign trade, would +have been different in destiny from what we call +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page177" name="page177"></a>(p. 177)</span> New England, and its influence on events and +national character could not have been the same. <span class="sidenote">Morton's Memorial, 6th edition, p. 22, note.</span> +It will always remain doubtful whether or not +Jones, the captain of the Mayflower, was bribed by +the Dutch, as the Plymouth people came to believe. <span class="sidenote">Compare Asher's History of W. I. Company in Bibl. +Essay.</span> +Nothing could be more probable in view of the +general bad character of the seamen of that time +and the eagerness of one political party in Holland +to secure a foothold for the Dutch in America; +but whether Jones, who seems to have borne a bad +reputation, was bribed, or, as he pretended, became +entangled in the shoals of Cape Cod and turned +back in real despair of finding his way, is of no moment. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c3_7" name="note_b2_c3_7"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c3_7">Note 7.</a></span> +He turned back and came to anchor in +Provincetown Harbor. Here the threats of the +brutal seamen, unwilling to go farther, and the +clamor of the overcrowded and sea-weary passengers +did the rest. To continue longer closely +cabined in the little ship was misery and perhaps +death. Here was land, and that was enough. And +so, after exploration of the whole coast of Cape +Cod Bay, the place already named Plymouth on +John Smith's map was selected for a settlement. +Here the landing was made on the 10th of November, +O.S., 1620. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c3_8" name="note_b2_c3_8"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c3_8">Note 8.</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Elements of New England.</span> Camden has preserved to us an old English saying +accepted in the days of the Pilgrims, to the +effect that "a barren country is a great whet +to the industry of a people." It was the wedding +of an austere creed to an austere soil under an +austere sky that gave the people of New England +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page178" name="page178"></a>(p. 178)</span> their marked character, and the severe economic +conditions imposed by the soil and climate were +even more potent than Puritanism in producing +the traits that go to make up the New England of +history.</p> + +<h4>X.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Earlier attempts to colonize New England.</span> The unwise management that ruined nearly all +projects for colonization in that age and that produced +such disasters in Virginia, had defeated every +earlier attempt to plant English people on the New +England coast. Gosnold had taken a colony to Elizabeth +Island in Buzzard's Bay in 1602, but the men +went back in the ship in order to share the profit +of a cargo of sassafras. Captain George Popham +was the head of a party that undertook to colonize +the coast of Maine in 1607, but having suffered +"extreme extremities" during the winter, the colonists +returned the following year. In 1615 Captain +John Smith himself set out with sixteen men, +only to be taken by a French privateer. These +and other attempts ending in failure, and many disastrous +trading voyages, led to a belief that the +Indian conjurers, who were known to be the devil's +own, had laid a spell on the northern coast to keep +the white people away. This enchanted land +might long have lain waste if Captain Jones of the +Mayflower, sailing to Hudson River or the region +south of it, had not run foul of the shoals of Cape +Cod.</p> + +<a id="img005" name="img005"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/img005.jpg"> +<img src="images/img005tb.jpg" width="200" height="302" alt="Coast explored by the Pilgrims." title=""></a> +</div> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page179" name="page179"></a>(p. 179)</span> XI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Sufferings at Plymouth.</span> The Pilgrims suffered, like their predecessors, +from the prevailing unskillfulness in colony-planting. +They had escaped from the horrors of the +Mayflower, but how much better was the wild land +than the wild sea; the rude, overcrowded forest +cabins than the too populous ship? "All things +stared upon them with a weather-beaten face," says +Bradford. The horrors of the first winter in Virginia +were repeated; here, as at Jamestown, nearly +all were ill at once, and nearly half of the people +died before the coming of spring. The same system +of partnership with mercenary shareholders or +"adventurers" in England that had brought disaster +in Virginia was tried with similar results at +Plymouth, and a similar attempt at communism in +labor and supply was made, this time under the +most favorable conditions, among a people conscientious +and bound together by strong religious +enthusiasm. It resulted, as such sinking of personal +interest must ever result, in dissensions and +insubordination, in unthrift and famine.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Bradford.</span> The colony was saved from the prolonged misery +that makes the early history of Virginia horrible +by the wise head and strong hand of its leader. +William Bradford, who had been chosen governor +on the death of Carver, a few months after the +arrival at Plymouth, had been a youth but eighteen +years old when he fled with the rest of the +Scrooby church to Holland. He was bred to husbandry +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page180" name="page180"></a>(p. 180)</span> and had inherited some property. In Holland +he became a silk worker and on attaining his +majority set up for himself in that trade. He was +still a young man when first chosen governor of +the little colony, and he ruled New Plymouth almost +continuously till his death—that is, for about +thirty-seven years. He was of a magnanimous +temper, resolute but patient, devotedly religious, +but neither intolerant nor austere. He had a +genius for quaintly vivid expression in writing that +marked him as a man endowed with the literary +gift, which comes as Heaven pleases where one +would least look for it.</p> + +<h4>XII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Abolition of communism.</span> After two years of labor in common had +brought the colony more than once to the verge +of ruin, Bradford had the courage and wisdom +to cut the knot he could not untie. During the +scarce springtime of 1623, he assigned all the detached +persons in the colony to live with families, +and then temporarily divided the ancient +Indian field on which the settlement had been +made among the several families in proportion to +their number, leaving every household to shift for +itself or suffer want. "Any general want or suffering +hath not been among them since to this day," +he writes years afterward. The assignment was a +revolutionary stroke, in violation of the contract +with the shareholders, and contrary to their wishes. +But Bradford saw that it was a life-and-death necessity +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page181" name="page181"></a>(p. 181)</span> to be rid of the pernicious system, even at +the cost of cutting off all support from England. +In his history he draws a very clear picture of the +evils of communism as he had observed them. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c3_9" name="note_b2_c3_9"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c3_9">Note 9.</a></span></p> + +<h4>XIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Significance of Plymouth.</span> Why should the historian linger thus over the +story of this last surviving remnant of the +"Brownists"? Why have we dwelt upon the little +settlement that was never very flourishing, that +consisted at its best of only a few thousand peaceful +and agricultural people, and that after seventy +years was merged politically in its more vigorous +neighbor the colony of Massachusetts Bay? Historical +importance does not depend on population. +Plymouth was the second step in the founding of a +great nation. When Bradford and the other leaders +had at last successfully extricated the little settlement +from its economical difficulties, it became +the sure forerunner of a greater Puritan migration. +This tiny free state on the margin of a wilderness +continent, like a distant glimmering pharos, showed +the persecuted Puritans in England the fare-way to +a harbor.</p> + +<h3 class="smcap">Elucidations.</h3> + +<div class="answer"> +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c3_1" name="anote_b2_c3_1"></a><a href="#note_b2_c3_1">Note 1, page 162.</a></span> Sir John Harington says: "The bishops came to the Kynge +aboute the petition of the puritans; I was by, and heard much +dyscourse. The Kynge talked muche Latin, and disputed wyth +Dr. Reynoldes, at Hampton, but he rather usede upbraidinges than +argumente; and tolde the petitioners that they wanted to strip +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page182" name="page182"></a>(p. 182)</span> Christe againe, and bid them awaie with their snivellinge: moreover, +he wishede those who woud take away the surplice mighte +want linen for their own breech. The bishops seemed much +pleased and said his Majestie spoke by the power of inspiration. +I wist not what they mean; but the spirit was rather foule +mouthede." Nugæ Antiquæ, i, 181, 182. James took pains to +put an example of his bad taste on paper. In a letter on the subject +he brags in these words: "We haue kept suche a reuell with +the Puritainis heir these two dayes as was neuer harde the lyke, +quhaire I haue pepperid thaime as soundlie as ye haue done the +papists thaire.... I was forcid at the last to saye unto thaime, +that if any of thaim hadde bene in a colledge disputing with their +skollairs, if any of their disciples had ansoured thaim in that sorte +they wolde haue fetched him up in place of a replye, and so +shoulde the rodde haue plyed upon the poore boyes buttokis." +Ellis Letters, Third Series, iv, 162. The principal authorities on +the Hampton Court Conference are, first, "The Svmme and Svbstance +of the Conference, which it pleased his excellent Majestie +to have," etc., "Contracted by William Barlovv, ... Deane of +Chester"; second, Dr. Montague's letter to his mother, in Winwood's +Memorials, ii, 13-15; third, the letter of Patrick Galloway +to the Presbytery of Edinburgh, in Calderwood, vi, 241, 242; and, +fourth, a letter from Tobie Mathew, Bishop of Durham, to Hutton, +Archbishop of York, in Strype's Whitgift appendix, xlv. +Compare Nugæ Antiquæ, 181, 182, and the king's letter to +Blake, in Ellis's Letters, third series, iv, 161, which are both cited +above. Mr. Gardiner has shown (History of England, i, 159) +that this letter is addressed to Northampton. There are several +documents relating to the conference among the state papers +calendared by Mrs. Greene under dates in January, 1604. Of +the vigorous action taken against the Puritans after the conference, +some notion may be formed by the letter of protest from the +aged Matthew Hutton, Archbishop of York, to Lord Cranborne, +in Lodge's Illustrations of British History, iii, 115, and Cranborne's +reply, ibid., 125.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c3_2" name="anote_b2_c3_2"></a><a href="#note_b2_c3_2">Note 2, page 168.</a></span> Stith has not the weight of an original authority, but he is +justly famous for accuracy in following his authorities, and he +had access to many papers relating to the history of Virginia +which are now lost. Under the year 1608 he says: "Doctor +Whitgift, Arch-Bishop of Canterbury, ... having died four +Years before this, was succeeded to that high Preferment by Dr. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page183" name="page183"></a>(p. 183)</span> Richard Bancroft.... He had very high Notions with Relation +to the Government of both Church and State; and was accordingly +a great Stickler for, and Promoter of, the King's absolute +Power, and failed not to take all Occasions, to oblige the Puritans +to conform to the Church of England. This Prelate's Harshness +and Warmth caused many of that People to take the Resolution +this Year of settling themselves in Virginia, and some were actually +come off for that Purpose. But the Arch-bishop, finding +that they were preparing in great Numbers to depart, obtained a +Proclamation from the King, forbidding any to go, without his +Majesty's express Leave." History of Virginia, 1747, p. 76.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c3_3" name="anote_b2_c3_3"></a><a href="#note_b2_c3_3">Note 3, page 168.</a></span> For Whitaker's filiation, Neill's Virginia Company, 78. Whitaker's +Good Newes from Virginia is no doubt intended by the +entry in the inventory of Brewster's goods, "Newes from Virginia." +I know no other book with such a title. That Alexander +Whitaker was himself touched with Puritanism, or at least was +not unwilling to have Puritan ministers for colleagues, is rendered +pretty certain from passages in his letters. For instance, he +writes to Crashaw from Jamestown, August 9, 1611, desiring that +young and "godly" ministers should come, and adds, "We have +noe need either of ceremonies or bad livers." British Museum, +Additional MSS., 21,993. (The letter is printed in Browne's Genesis, +499, 500.) In a letter given in Purchas and in Neill, 95, +dated June 18, 1614, he says that neither subscription nor the +surplice are spoken of in Virginia. It has escaped the notice of +church historians that Whitaker's semi-Puritanism seems to have +left traces for many years on the character and usage of the +Virginia church. The Rev. Hugh Jones writes as late as 1724 +in his Present State of Virginia, p. 68, that surplices were only +then "beginning to be brought in Fashion," and that the people +in some parishes received the Lord's Supper sitting.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c3_4" name="anote_b2_c3_4"></a><a href="#note_b2_c3_4">Note 4, page 173.</a></span> The late Dr. Neill was the first, I believe, to call attention to +this fact, though he did not state it quite so strongly as I have +put it in the text. It is worth while transferring Neill's remarks +from the New England Genealogical Register, vol. <span class="smcap">XXX</span>, 412, 413: +"The action of the passengers of the Mayflower in forming a +social compact before landing at Plymouth Rock seems to have +been in strict accordance with the policy of the London Company, +under whose patent the ship sailed. On June 9, 1619, O.S., +John Whincop's patent was duly sealed by the Company, but this +which had cost the Puritans so much labor and money was not +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page184" name="page184"></a>(p. 184)</span> used. Several months after, the Leyden people became interested +in a new project. On February 2, 1619-'20, at a meeting at +the house of Sir Edwin Sandys in Aldersgate, he stated to the +Company that a grant had been made to John Peirce and his associates. +At the same quarterly meeting it was expressly ordered +that the leaders of particular plantations, associating unto them +divers of the gravest and discreetest of their companies, shall have +liberty to make orders, ordinances, and constitutions for the better +ordering and directing of their business and servants, provided +they be not repugnant to the laws of England." Bradford, in his +Plimouth Plantation, 90, says they "chose or rather confirmed +Mr. John Carver, ... their Governour for that year"—that is, for +1620. Mr. Deane, the editor of Bradford, has lost the force of +this by misunderstanding a statement in Mourt's Relation, so +called. See Deane's note, page 99, of Bradford. The statement +in Mourt is under date of March 23d. I quote from the reprint in +Young, 196, 197: "and did likewise choose our governor for this +present year, which was Master John Carver," etc. Young applies +Bradford's words, "or rather confirmed," to this event, and +Deane also supposes that Bradford confuses two elections. Carver +was no doubt chosen in England or Holland under authority +of the charter to serve for the calendar year, and confirmed or +rechosen after the Compact was signed. What took place on the +23d of March was that a governor was elected for the year 1621, +which, according to the calendar of that time, began on the 25th +of March. For the next year they chose Carver, who was already +"governor for this present year," and whose first term was about +to expire. Both Deane and Young failed to perceive the pregnant +fact that Carver was governor during the voyage, and so lost +the force of the words "or rather confirmed." Bradford, in that +portion of his History of Plimouth Plantation which relates to this +period, gives several letters illustrating the negotiations of the +Pilgrims with the Virginia Company. The MS. Records of the +Company in the Library of Congress, under dates of May 26 and +June 9, 1619, and February 19, 1620 (1619 O.S.), contain the +transactions relating to the Whincop Charter, which was not +used, on account of Whincop's death, and the Pierce Charter, +which the Pilgrims took with them.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c3_5" name="anote_b2_c3_5"></a><a href="#note_b2_c3_5">Note 5, page 174.</a></span> The charge against Sandys is in the Duke of Manchester's +papers, Royal Historical MS. Commission viii, II, 45. It is remarkable +that the dominant liberal faction in the Virginia Company +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page185" name="page185"></a>(p. 185)</span> is here accused of seeking to do what the Massachusetts +Company afterward did—to wit, to found a popular American +government by virtue of powers conferred in a charter. That +liberal government in New England had its rise in the arrangements +made with the London or Virginia Company before +sailing, and not, as poets, painters, and orators have it, in the +cabin of the Mayflower, is sufficiently attested in a bit of evidence, +conspicuous enough, but usually overlooked. Robinson's +farewell letter to the whole company, which reached them in +England, is in Bradford, 64-67, and in Mourt's Relation. It has +several significant allusions to the form of government already +planned. "And lastly, your intended course of civill communitie +will minister continuall occasion of offence." The allusion +here seems to be to the joint-stock and communistic system of +labor and living proposed. In another paragraph the allusion +is to the system of government: "Whereas, you are become a +body politik, using amongst your selves civill governmente, and +are not furnished with any persons of spetiall emencie above the +rest, to be chosen by you into office of governmente," etc., +"you are at present to have only them for your ordinarie governours, +which your selves shall make choyse of for that worke." +That the government under the Virginia Company was to be +democratic is manifest. The compact was a means of giving it +the sanction of consent where the patent and the general order +did not avail for that purpose.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c3_6" name="anote_b2_c3_6"></a><a href="#note_b2_c3_6">Note 6, page 176.</a></span> Winslow's Briefe Narration appended to his Hypocrisie +Vnmasked is the only authority for Robinson's address. Dr. +H. M. Dexter has with characteristic wealth of learning and ingenuity +sought to diminish the force of these generous words of +Robinson in his Congregationalism, 403 and ff. But the note +struck in this farewell address was familiar to the later followers +of Robinson's form of Independency. Five of the ministers who +went to Holland in 1637 and founded churches, published in 1643 +a tract called An Apologeticall Narrative Humbly Submitted to +the Honourable Houses of Parliament. By Thomas Goodwin, +Phillip Nye, Sidrach Simpson, Jer. Borroughs, William Bridge. +London, 1643. From the copy in the British Museum I quote: +"A second principle we carryed along with us in all our resolutions +was, Not to make our present judgment and practice a +binding law unto ourselves for the future which we in like manner +made continuall profession of upon all occasions." On page +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page186" name="page186"></a>(p. 186)</span> 22 Robinson's words are almost repeated in the phrase "they +coming new out of popery ... might not be perfect the first +day." Robinson's early colleague, Smyth, the unpractical, much-defamed, +but saintly "Anabaptist," says in a tract published +after his death, "I continually search after the truth." Robinson +wrote a reply to a portion of this tract. See Barclay's Inner +Life, appendix to Chapter V, where the tract is given. This +holding of their opinions in a state of flux, this liberal expectancy +of a further evolution of opinion, was a trait to be admired in the +early Separatists in an age when modesty in dogmatic statement +was exceedingly rare.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c3_7" name="anote_b2_c3_7"></a><a href="#note_b2_c3_7">Note 7, page 177.</a></span> Neill, in the Historical Magazine for January, 1869, and the +New England Genealogical Register, 1874, identifies the Mayflower +captain with Jones of the Discovery, who was accounted +in Virginia "dishonest." But honest seamen were few in that +half-piratical age. That he was hired by the Dutch to take the +Pilgrims elsewhere than to Hudson River is charged in Morton's +Memorial, and is not in itself unlikely. But the embarrassments +of Cape Cod shoals were very real; a trading ship sent out by +the Pilgrims after their settlement, failed to find a way round +the cape.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c3_8" name="anote_b2_c3_8"></a><a href="#note_b2_c3_8">Note 8, page 177.</a></span> Early New England writers were not content with giving the +Pilgrims the honor due to them. Hutchinson asserts that the +Virginia Colony had virtually failed, and that the Pilgrim settlement +was the means of reviving it. This has been often repeated +on no other authority than that of Hutchinson, who wrote nearly +a century and a half after the event. The list of patents for +plantations in Virginia as given by Purchas, in which appears +that of Master "Wincop," under which the Pilgrims proposed to +plant, is a sufficient proof that Virginia was not languishing. +"These patentees," says Purchas, "have undertaken to transport +to Virginia a great multitude of people and store of cattle." +Virginia had reached the greatest prosperity it attained before +the dissolution of the company, in precisely the years in which +the slender Pilgrim Colony was preparing. It is quite possible +to honor the Pilgrims without reversing the order of cause and +effect.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c3_9" name="anote_b2_c3_9"></a><a href="#note_b2_c3_9">Note 9, page 181.</a></span> Bradford's Plimouth Plantation, 135, 136: "The experience +that was had in this commone course and condition, tried sundrie +years, and that amongst godly and sober men, may well +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page187" name="page187"></a>(p. 187)</span> evince the vanitie of that conceite of Platos and other ancients, +applauded by some of later times—that the taking away of propertie, +and bringing in communitie into a comone wealth, would +make them happy and florishing; as if they were wiser than +God. For this communitie (so fare as it was) was found to breed +much confusion and discontent, and retard much imployment +that would have been to their benefite and comforte. For the +yong-men that were most able and fitte for labour and service did +repine that they should spend their time and streingth to worke +for other mens wives and children with out any recompence. +The strong, or man of parts, had no more in devission of victails +and cloaths, then he that was weake and not able to doe a quarter +the other could; this was thought injuestice. The aged and +graver men to be ranked and equalised in labours, and victails, +cloaths, &c., with the meaner and yonger sorte, thought it some +indignite and disrespect unto them. And for mens wives to be +commanded to doe servise for other men, as dresing their meate, +washing their cloaths, &c., they deemd it a kind of slaverie, +neither could many husbands well brooke it. Upon the point all +being to have alike, and all to doe alike, they thought them selves +in the like condition, and one as good as another; and so if it did +not cut of those relations that God hath set amongest men yet it +did much diminish and take of the mutuall respects that should +be preserved amongst them. And would have bene worse if +they had been men of another condition."</p> +</div> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page188" name="page188"></a>(p. 188)</span> CHAPTER THE FOURTH.<br> +<span class="smcap"><i>THE GREAT PURITAN EXODUS.</i></span></h3> + +<h4>I.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Result of the Pilgrim settlement.</span> Men who undertake a great enterprise rarely +find their anticipations fulfilled; they are fortunate +if their general aim is reached at last in any way. +The Pilgrims had migrated, hoping to be "stepping-stones +to others," as they phrased it. They +thought that many like-minded in matters of religion +would come to them out of England, but +the Separatist movement had been worn out by +persecution. There were few open dissenters left, +and the Pilgrims, by their long exile, had lost all +close relations with their own country. Among +those that came to Plymouth from England were +some whose coming tended to dilute the religious +life and lower the moral standards of the colony. +The fervor of the Pilgrims themselves abated +something of its intensity in the preoccupations +incident to pioneer life. The hope of expanding +their religious organization by the rapid growth of +the colony was not fulfilled; discontented Puritans +were not eager to settle under the government +of Separatists, and ten years after their migration +the Plymouth colony contained little more than +three hundred people.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page189" name="page189"></a>(p. 189)</span> <span class="sidenote">The religious motive.</span> None the less the hope of the Pilgrims was realized; +they became stepping-stones to thousands of +others. Captain John Smith laughed at the "humorous +ignorances" of these "Brownist" settlers, +but, humorous or not, ignorant or not, the "Brownists" +remained on the coast while other emigrants +retreated. In spite of their terrible suffering none +of the Pilgrims went back. This is the capital fact +in their history. A new force had been introduced +into colonization. Henceforth persecuted or discontented +religionists, prompted by a motive vastly +more strenuous and enduring than cupidity, were +to bear the main brunt of breaking a way into the +wilderness.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Commercial settlements.</span> The first effect of the slender success at Plymouth +was to stimulate speculative and merely adventurous +migration. From 1607 until the arrival +of the Pilgrims in 1620 no English colony had +landed on the northern coast; but after the Pilgrims +came, fish-drying and fur-buying stations began +to appear on the banks of the Piscataqua and +the coast eastward in 1622 and 1623. These tiny +settlements were germs of New Hampshire and +Maine, the only New England plantations begun +without any admixture of religious motives. A +commercial colony was tried in Massachusetts Bay +as early as 1622, but it failed. There were other +like attempts. In 1624 some men of Dorchester, +headed by John White, the "Patriarch" Puritan +clergyman, sent out a colony to Cape Ann. The +members of this company were to grow maize to +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page190" name="page190"></a>(p. 190)</span> supply fishing ships, and in the season the same +men were to lend a hand on board the ships, which +would thus be saved the necessity for carrying +double crews. But this plausible scheme proved a +case of seeking strawberries in the sea and red herrings +in the wood. Farmers were but lubbers at +codfishing, and salt-water fishermen were clumsy +enough in the cornfield. <span class="sidenote">John White's The Planter's Plea, in Young's Chronicles +of Mass.</span> Losses of several sorts +forced the Dorchester Company to dissolve. Four +members of their futile colony, encouraged by +a message from White, remained on Cape Ann. +Removing to the present site of Salem, they waited +at the risk of their lives for the coming of a new +colony from England.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Individual settlers.</span> Solitary adventurers of the sort known on nearly +every frontier were presently to be found in several +places. The scholarly recluse was represented +by Blackstone, who had selected for his secluded +abode a spot convenient to a spring of good water +where the town of Boston was afterward planted; +the inevitable Scotch adventurer was on an island +in Boston Harbor; Samuel Maverick, a pattern of +frontier hospitality and generosity, took up his +abode on Noddle's Island; while the rollicking and +scoffing libertine was found in Thomas Morton, +who with some rebellious bond servants got possession +of a fortified house in what is now Braintree. +Here Morton welcomed renegade servants from +Plymouth and elsewhere. He wrote ribald verses +which he posted on his Maypole, and devised May-dances +in which the saturnine Indian women participated. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page191" name="page191"></a>(p. 191)</span> He broke all the commandments with +delight, carried on a profitable trade in selling firearms +to the savages in defiance of royal proclamations, +and wrought whatever other deviltry came +within his reach, until his neighbors could no longer +endure the proximity of so dangerous a firebrand. +Little Captain Standish, whom Morton derisively +dubbed "Captain Shrimp," descended on this kingdom +of misrule at last and broke up the perpetual +carnival, sending Morton to England. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c4_1" name="note_b2_c4_1"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c4_1">Note 1.</a></span></p> + +<p>The settlement of New England was thus beginning +sporadically and slowly. If the Massachusetts +Puritans had not come, these feeble and scattered +plantations might have grown into colonies +after a long time, as such beginnings did in New +Hampshire and Maine, and later in North Carolina, +but having no strong neighbor to support +them, it is likely that they would all have been +driven away or annihilated by some inevitable collision +with the Indians.</p> + +<h4>II.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Puritanism at the accession of Charles I.</span> English Puritanism throughout the reign of +James I had been the party of strict morals, of +austere and Pharisaic scrupulosity, of rigid Sabbath +observance, and of Calvinistic dogmatism. +During that reign it had passed through its last +transformation in becoming a political party—the +party of anti-Catholic politics at home and abroad. +Because Parliament was on its side, the mere +course of events had made the Puritan party favor +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page192" name="page192"></a>(p. 192)</span> the predominance of Parliament, and this brought +it to represent liberalism in politics. By his unconcealed +partisanship, James had contrived to +make the Puritans a permanent opposition suspected +of disliking monarchy itself. Charles I was +even more the antagonist of Puritanism than James.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Later Puritanism conservative.</span> In one other respect the position of Puritanism +had been gradually changed by mere parallax. In +Elizabeth's reign it had been the party of innovation. +It was no longer the party of change in religion +when Charles came to the throne. The +adoption of the Arminian system of doctrine by +many of the High-churchmen, and the reactionary +innovations now proposed by ecclesiastics like +Laud, had left Puritanism to stand for Protestant +conservatism. It was immeasurably the gainer +with the mass of slow-moving people by this +change of relative position. The parliamentary +struggle with James and Charles added to the +religious Puritans a numerous body of political +Puritans who, without much care about religion, +were fain to ally their political discontent with the +discontent of those who resisted ecclesiastical retrogression. +This compact party, powerful after +all its defeats, was bound by its position to cherish +every aspiration for the improvement of morals, +every indignant movement for the suppression of +abuses, and it became the ally of every popular +resentment against royal absolutism or episcopal +encroachment, and the advocate, almost to fanaticism, +of an anti-Spanish foreign policy, and a domestic +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page193" name="page193"></a>(p. 193)</span> policy in which repression and persecution +of Roman Catholics held first place.</p> + +<h4>III.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Rise of Laud.</span> But the king and the High-churchmen were +the party in possession. Buckingham, in the first +years of Charles, was more than ever dominant at +court, and Buckingham's favorite, just rising above +the horizon, was Dr. Laud, Bishop of St. Davids +at the death of James, and soon afterward translated +to Bath and Wells and then to London. It +soon came to be understood that he was only waiting +for the death of his opponent, Archbishop Abbott, +to take the primacy, much of the power of +which he had already contrived to grasp. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c4_2" name="note_b2_c4_2"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c4_2">Note 2.</a></span> On the +death of Buckingham, Laud succeeded him as +chief favorite at court. The one great and real +service which this able and indefatigable divine +rendered the world is the last he would have +chosen. He was the main spur to the settlement +of Puritan colonies in New England.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Character of Laud.</span> Do our best, we moderns shall hardly avoid injustice +in our opinion of Laud. The changes of +time and the advance of ideas have rendered a +sympathetic judgment of him difficult. Ecclesiastic +above all, he was not, like Whitgift and Bancroft, +a Protestant High-churchman. He sought +to make the English church Catholic and mediæval, +yet he would on no account attach it to Rome. +Like Whitgift, he made the church dependent on +royal authority, and in this he was far removed +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page194" name="page194"></a>(p. 194)</span> from the earlier churchmen. There was nothing +spiritual in his nature; his personal devotion had +neither agony nor exaltation. He had none of the +mediæval enthusiasm that prompted the vigils of +his contemporary, Nicholas Ferrar, for example, +and elevated the master of Little Gidding to a +saintship, amiable and touching. Notwithstanding +the energy of Laud's devotion, his nature was as +shallow and objective as it was sincere. It has +been remarked that when Laud spoke of the beauty +of holiness he meant no more than decorum in public +worship, the beauty of a well-ordered church +and of proper intonation and genuflexion. He +seemed to touch a modern note when he proposed +to suppress the futile debate between Calvinists +and Arminians because it tended to disturb Christian +charity; but Laud's Christian charity, like his +holiness, was purely external; it was merely quiet +submission to one ritual and one form of discipline. +His relentless, vindictive, and even cruel +temper toward opponents showed him incapable +of conceiving of charity in any spiritual sense. He +disliked controversy because it put obstacles in +the way of uniformity, and he had no taste for +speculative debate because it tended to undermine +authority. His intellect was utterly practical and +phenomenally acute. It was incredibly energetic, +and its energy was intensified by its narrowness. +His attachment to the church had no relation to +the beneficent utilities of the church. The church +was a fetich for which he was ready to die without +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page195" name="page195"></a>(p. 195)</span> a murmur. In his zeal he was reckless of personal +danger and sometimes unmindful of the moral complexion +of his actions. His egotism was so interblended +with his zeal that he could not separate +one from the other, nor can the student of his +character. A disservice to him was an affront to +Almighty God. The very honesty of such a man +is pernicious; a little duplicity might have softened +the outward manifestations of his hard nature. +Unhappily, there was not even indolence or self-indulgence +to moderate his all but superhuman +activity, which pushed his domination to its possibilities, +and, with a vigilance aspiring to omniscience, +penetrated to the minutest details in the administration +of church and state. He even filed +papers giving the elements of the debates on good +works as an evidence of sanctification carried on +between Hooker and Cotton in the cabin meeting-houses +of New England. For the rest he presents +the paradoxes one expects in so marked a character. +While he had no taste for the credulous dogmatism +of his time, he showed a certain relish for +superstitions in recording dreams and omens, yet +he had none of the timidity of superstition. He +was, moreover, fearless in peril, and he faced unpopularity +without flinching. Stubborn and inflexible +with the clergy and the populace, obdurate +and pitiless with those who had offended him or +his king or his church, he was flexible and insinuating +in his relations with those in power. His unworthy +yielding to his early patron, the Earl of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page196" name="page196"></a>(p. 196)</span> Devonshire, in a matter which concerned his ecclesiastical +conscience, gave him a bitter and lifelong +repentance. His complacence to Buckingham, and +his servile devotion to Charles, seem a little despicable. <span class="sidenote">Letter to Selden in Chalmers, art. Laud.</span> +He was even willing at the last to make +terms with Parliament, when it became plain that +Parliament was the new master. Though obsequious, +he was the farthest possible from a coward, +and he accepted death on the scaffold with the +serene composure of a martyr.</p> + +<h4>IV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Political conditions promote emigration.</span> The great migration to New England set in +soon after the beginning of Laud's ascendency in +the ecclesiastical government of England. It waned +as he declined, and ceased forever with his fall. +There is a witty justness in the phrase by which a +colonial historian dubs Laud "the father of New +England." Other archbishops had contented themselves +with crushing the Separatists, but, with characteristic +boldness and logical thoroughness, Laud +struck at the powerful Puritan party which had +contrived for more than half a century to remain in +the Church of England while protesting against +the discipline and service of the church. The +arbitrary government of the new king, the dissolution +of Parliament, and the imprisonment of liberal +leaders cut off hope of securing church reform +or a relaxation of oppressive laws. <span class="sidenote">Gorges's Briefe Narration.</span> High-church +pulpits resounded with arguments in favor of the +king's absolute authority and the duty of unquestioning +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page197" name="page197"></a>(p. 197)</span> obedience, while the declared principles of +the king and his court left the property, liberty, +and life of the subject exposed to the rapacity or +the vindictiveness of those in power. In view of +these things, some of the Puritans began to think +the American wilderness a better place of residence +than England.</p> + +<h4>V.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Religious motives for Puritan emigration.</span> The state of the church was even more a reason +for removal than the oppressions of the government. +Persecution had failed to drive Puritan +ministers or their followers into what they deemed +the capital sin of schism. They hated the domination +of the bishops, communion with the ungodly, +and the absence of a rigid discipline. But they +had been sustained through long years of waiting +by the hope of delivering the church from those +who oppressed and defiled her. They proposed, +whenever they could gain power, to winnow the +chaff from the wheat, and they probably destined +the chaff to swift destruction. But the hope of +seeing a church without spot or wrinkle, prayer +book or bishop, died under the reactionary policy +of Buckingham and Laud, and many came to look +with favor on a project whose full import was only +whispered in the ear, to found in the wilds of +America a "particular church," as they phrased it—a +new church with a right of priority in a new +land and backed by the sanction of the government +of the country. It was no modern generalized +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page198" name="page198"></a>(p. 198)</span> love of liberty, civil or religious, but a +strenuous desire to find a place where they might +make real their ideal of church organization that +brought the Puritans out of their comfortable nests +in England to dwell in poor cabins in a wilderness. +It is a motive for braving dangers by sea and land +hard of comprehension in our Sadducean age.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Fear of judgments.</span> There was one other consideration still more +difficult for men of our day to understand. Political +and military reverses had apparently well-nigh +wrecked Protestantism on the Continent. Many +Protestants in the Palatinate and elsewhere were +making peace by becoming Roman Catholics. +"All other churches of Europe are brought to +desolation, & our sinnes, for which the Lord beginnes +allreaddy to frowne upon us & to cutte us +short, doe threatne evill times to be comminge +upon us." These words are set down in the Reasons +for New England as the second consideration. +In another part of the same paper it is urged that +the "woefull spectacle" of the ruin of "Churches +beyound the Seas," "may teach us more wisdome +to avoide the Plauge when it is foreseene & not to +tarry as they did till it overtake us." <span class="sidenote">Life and Letters of Winthrop, i, 390, 313.</span> The dominance +of Old Testament ideas is easily seen here. +But this fleeing from judgments that were to fall +not on the lives or possessions of men, but on +the churches themselves—judgments of a spiritual +nature, apprehended only by inference—was a refinement +of Hebraism never known to the Hebrews. +The delusion that Laud meant to hand +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page199" name="page199"></a>(p. 199)</span> over the English church bound hand and foot to +Rome may have made such judgments seem visibly +imminent. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c4_3" name="note_b2_c4_3"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c4_3">Note 3.</a></span></p> + +<h4>VI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Rise of the Massachusetts Company.</span> The project for a Puritan colony languished at +first on account of the failure of the semi-Puritan, +semi-commercial Dorchester farming and fishing +colony on Cape Ann; but White of Dorchester +continued to agitate the planting of a colony. He +had, no doubt, efficient help in the proceedings +against the Puritan clergy. <span class="sidenote">Compare The Planter's Plea.</span> From Dorchester the +plan was carried to London, where it soon became, +in the phrase of that time, "vulgar," or, as we +should say, popular. Its countenance to the world, +and especially toward the government, was that of +a commercial venture like the planting of Virginia, +but in its heart it was a religious enterprise. In +March, 1628, the Council for New England gave to +the Massachusetts projectors a patent for lands extending +from the Merrimack to the Charles and +three miles beyond each river. The western +boundary of this tract was the Pacific Ocean, for +holders of grants could afford to be generous in +giving away the interior of an unexplored continent +about which nothing was known but that it +abounded in savages.</p> + +<h4>VII.</h4> + +<p>In June a small colony was sent to Massachusetts +under John Endecott. The next year another +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page200" name="page200"></a>(p. 200)</span> company of emigrants was added. <span class="sidenote">Leadership and character of Endecott.</span> Endecott, who +was one of the patentees, loved a bold enterprise, +and readily consented to take charge of the forerunners +of the colony. <span class="sidenote">1628.</span> He lacked the moderation +and saneness needed in a leader, and his long career +in connection with Massachusetts was marked from +the beginning by mistakes born of a rash temper +and impulsive enthusiasm. Two of the gentlemen +emigrants who had been named by the company in +London as members of the local Council were not +willing to go to the unexpected lengths Endecott +favored in the organization of the Salem church, +though they were probably Puritans of a moderate +type. They held a separate service with a small +company, using the prayer book. Endecott appears +to have made no effort at conciliation; he +promptly shipped John and Samuel Browne, pack +and prayer book, back to England. This was precisely +the course that even Lord Bacon advised in +the treatment of schismatics who should contrive +to gain access to a colony, and there is no occasion +for surprise that a quixotic enthusiast like Endecott +did not hold broader views than those of a philosopher +of the same period. But Endecott's rash +action endangered the whole enterprise, which required +at this stage the extreme of prudence. <span class="sidenote">Bentley's Description of Salem.</span> The +alarmed managers in England contrived to settle +with the Brownes in private, and the affair had no +other result than to ruin Endecott's reputation for +prudence. Endecott, however, went on fighting +the Lord's battles against the Apollyons of his +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page201" name="page201"></a>(p. 201)</span> fancy, regardless of results. Soon after his arrival +he marched to the den of Morton, the profligate +master of "Merrymount." In the absence of Morton +he hewed down the profane Maypole in God's +name, and solemnly dubbed the place Mount Dagon, +in memory of the Philistine idol that fell down +before the ark of the Lord. At a later period he +cut one arm of the cross out of the English colors +of the Salem trainband, in order to convert the +Union Jack to Protestantism. One of the many +manifestations of his pragmatical conscience was +his Tartuffian protection of modesty by insisting +that the women of Salem should keep their faces +veiled at church. <span class="sidenote">Eliot's Biography, 195.</span> He was also a leader in the crusade +of the magistrates against the crime of wearing +wigs. A strange mixture of rashness, pious +zeal, genial manners, hot temper, and harsh bigotry, +his extravagances supply the condiment of +humor to a very serious history—it is perhaps the +principal debt posterity owes him. But there was +a side to his career too serious to be humorous. +Bold against Maypoles and prayer books and +women who presented themselves in church immodestly +barefaced, and in the forefront against +wigs, he was no soldier either in prudent conduct +or vigor of attack. When intrusted with the command +of an expedition to demand satisfaction of +the Pequots, he proved incapable of anything but a +campaign of exasperation. When late in life he +was governor of Massachusetts, and had become, +after the death of Winthrop and Dudley, the dominant +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page202" name="page202"></a>(p. 202)</span> political leader, the putting to death of +Quakers left an ineffaceable blot on the history +of the colony he had helped to found. When +the colony was brought to book in England for +this severity, Endecott showed himself capable of +writing one of the most cringing official letters on +record, as full of cant as it was of creeping servility. +In him we may clearly apprehend certain +unamiable traits of Puritanism and of the early +seventeenth century which appear in his character +in exaggerated relief. This hearty and energetic +bigot must have been representative of a large, +though not of the better, element in Massachusetts +Puritanism, for he was chosen to the governorship +oftener than any other man during the continuance +of the old charter government.</p> + +<h4>VIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Leadership of Winthrop.</span> It is a pleasure to turn from Endecott to one +who was, like him, a seventeenth-century man, and +who did not escape the scrupulosity and ridiculosity +of Puritanism, but whose amiable personality, +magnanimity, and qualities of leadership +made him the principal figure in the Puritan migration. +Winthrop, like two or three of the conspicuous +actors in our later history, owes his +distinction to the moral elevation of his character +quite as much as to his considerable mental gifts; +for character multiplied into sagacity is better +than genius for some kinds of work.</p> + +<p>He was a late comer in the enterprise. In the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page203" name="page203"></a>(p. 203)</span> year after Endecott had brought over a colony +composed mostly of servants of the company and +of the individual patentees, a second company of +emigrants had been sent over with a commission +to Endecott as governor on the place, assisted by +a council. <span class="sidenote">Rise of the great migration of 1630.</span> A church had been formed at Salem. +Now set in a larger agitation in favor of migration +to New England. The course of events in England +was so adverse to Puritanism that those who +were devoted to that purified church, which was +as yet invisible, except to the eye of faith, began +to look toward America. Every door for public +action in state or church was closed to the Puritans +in England, closed and barred by Courts of +High Commission, by the Star Chamber, and by +the Tower. Into one of the gloomiest rooms of +the latter had lately gone, at the arbitrary command +of the king, that high-spirited martyr to constitutional +liberty, Sir John Eliot. Finding no way +by which to come out again except a postern of +dishonor, Eliot deliberately chose to languish and +die in prison. The almost hopeless outlook at +home, the example set by Endecott's emigration to +New England in 1628, and by that of Higginson's +company in 1629, perhaps also the ever-active +propagandism of "Father White" of Dorchester, +set agoing among the Puritans a widespread interest +in the subject. Some of the leading minds +thought it a noble work to organize a reformed +church in a new country, since, in their view, the +Church of England, under Laud, had taken up its +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page204" name="page204"></a>(p. 204)</span> march backward. This purpose of planting a +Puritan church in America now began to take the +first place; even the conversion of the Indians, +which had been the chief avowed purpose hitherto, +fell into the background. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c4_4" name="note_b2_c4_4"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c4_4">Note 4.</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Winthrop's paper.</span> The manuscript paper entitled Reasons for +New England, to which reference has already been +made, was widely but secretly circulated, and frequently +copied, after a fashion of that time, prevailing +especially in the case of tracts or books of +a kind to shrink from print. It contained arguments +in favor of removing to New England, with +answers to the various objections made against +emigration. Several copies of these Reasons, or +Considerations, have come down to us in various +handwritings, and the authorship has been +attributed now to one, now to another; to Winthrop, +to White of Dorchester, to Sir John Eliot +himself. It appears to have been in its earliest form +the production of Winthrop. There were horseback +journeys, some of them by night, made about +this time for the purpose of secret consultation.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">His character.</span> Winthrop, a country gentleman of Groton, in +Suffolk, and an attorney in the Court of Wards, +was a strict Puritan, desiring above all a reformed +church and "the ordinances of God in their +purity," as the phrase of the time went. Precocious +in everything, and inclined to ideal aims, +he had been religious from boyhood, had married +at a little over seventeen years of age, and had +been made a justice of the peace while still very +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page205" name="page205"></a>(p. 205)</span> young. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c4_5" name="note_b2_c4_5"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c4_5">Note 5.</a></span> He studied divinity, and only the dissuasion +of friends kept him from entering the +ministry. Of judicial temper, he came to be often +consulted upon points of conscience, which gave +much trouble in that age of casuistry and abounding +scruples. His kindly visits to those who were +in any trouble of spirit were highly prized. He +himself makes much of the corruptions of his own +nature and of his juvenile aberrancy, but generosity +and purity of spirit like his are born and +not acquired. His devoutness, accompanied by a +habit of self-criticism in the presence of Infinite +Justice, doubtless gave additional vigor to his +virtues. For the rest, he was a man of independent +estate, of prudent and conciliatory carriage, of a +clear but not broad mind. What, as much as anything +else, fitted him for his function was, that all +his virtues were cast in Puritan molds and all his +prejudices had a Puritan set.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">His influence.</span> When the question of emigration was under discussion +other gentlemen who thought of going +turned to Winthrop as the natural leader, declaring +that they would remain in England if he should +desert them. He was not only the official head, +but he was indeed the soul, of the migration of +1630, and he went to America confident of a call +divine like that of Moses. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c4_6" name="note_b2_c4_6"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c4_6">Note 6.</a></span></p> + +<h4>IX.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Cradock.</span> It is a fact worthy of note that the three primary +steps toward the establishment of free government +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page206" name="page206"></a>(p. 206)</span> in America were due to Englishmen who did not +themselves cross the sea. The Great Charter of +1618 to the Virginia colony, and the "large patent" +to the Plymouth Pilgrims, were granted, as we +have seen, under the leadership of Sir Edwin +Sandys, Governor of the Virginia Company of +London. The third of the measures which placed +colonial government on a popular basis was due to +the governor of another corporation engaged in +colony planting.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Cradock's plan.</span> On the 28th of July, 1629, while Winthrop and +his friends were debating their removal to New +England, Mathew Cradock, a wealthy and liberal +merchant, who held the office of governor, or, as +we should say, president, of the Massachusetts +Company, read in a "general court" or meeting of +the company "certain propositions conceived by +himself," as it is carefully recorded. He proposed +"that for the advancement of the plantation, the +inducing and encouraging persons of worth, quality +and rank to transplant themselves and families +thither and for other weighty reasons"—reasons +which probably it was not thought best to spread +upon the records, but which were the core of the +whole matter—for these reasons Cradock proposed +to "transfer the government of the plantation to +those that shall inhabit there," and not to continue +it in subordination to a commercial company in +London. <span class="sidenote">Mass. Records, July 29, 1629.</span> The sorrows of the Virginia colony +under the administration of Sir Thomas Smyth +and the disagreements between the Pilgrims and +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page207" name="page207"></a>(p. 207)</span> their "adventurers" in London had taught a +wholesome lesson. <span class="sidenote">Sainsbury's Calendar, May 17, 1626.</span> Three years earlier Sir Francis +Wyatt, the best of all the early governors of Virginia, +had set forth in an elaborate report that the +principal cause of the "slow proceeding of the +growth of the plantation" was that the government +had been divided between England and Virginia. +Massachusetts escaped from this embarrassment.</p> + +<h4>X.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Evolution of the Mass. government.</span> The evolution of the Massachusetts government +may now be traced through its several stages. A +company was formed, partly of Dorchester men, +but chiefly of residents of London. This company +secured a patent to lands in Massachusetts Bay +from the Council for New England. The patentees +intended both a commercial enterprise and a Puritan +settlement. <span class="sidenote">Hubbard, chap. xviii.</span> They sent Endecott, one of their +number, as agent or superintendent, with a company +of servants and others, to prepare the way for +the migration of other patentees. In March, 1628, +they secured a liberal charter from the king, which +gave them the right to establish in Massachusetts +a government subordinate to the company. The +plan was to settle a government in the form rendered +familiar by that of the Virginia Company. +The Massachusetts Company in London sent a +commission to Endecott as governor on the place, +subject to the orders of the company in England. +A council of assistants was associated with him, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page208" name="page208"></a>(p. 208)</span> but there was as yet no provision for giving the +people a voice in the government. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c4_7" name="note_b2_c4_7"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c4_7">Note 7.</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The change of plan.</span> Winthrop and his coterie of gentlemen appear +to have been dissatisfied with the prospect of living +under a government directed from England, +and thus subject to English stockholders and liable +to interference from the court. Cradock had been +a leader and the most liberal investor in the enterprise. +He, no doubt, readily foresaw the great advance +that the colony would make if Winthrop and +his friends should embark their lives and fortunes +in it, and he may have intended to emigrate himself. +The annulling of the charter of the Virginia +Company on frivolous pretexts had shown how +easily the Massachusetts charter might meet the +same fate in a reign far more devoted to arbitrary +government than that of James and entirely hostile +to Puritanism. There could hardly be a doubt +that the charter would be revoked as soon as its +projectors should develop their true purpose before +the all-observing eyes of Laud, who was now +rising rapidly to dominant influence in the government. +It was at this juncture probably that Cradock +conceived his ingenious plan. He would resign +his place and have the officers of the company +chosen from gentlemen about to embark for the +plantation. The charter prescribed no place of +assembling to the company, which had been left +free apparently to make its headquarters at its +birthplace in Dorchester or at its new home in +London. It was also free to meet in any other +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page209" name="page209"></a>(p. 209)</span> place. The meetings of the company might therefore +be held in Massachusetts, where the Puritanism +of its proceedings would attract less attention. +The governor and other officers would then be +chosen in the colony; the company and the colony +would thus be merged into one, and the charter +transported to Massachusetts would perhaps be +beyond the reach of writs and judgments.</p> + +<h4>XI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The Cambridge agreement.</span> No doubt the influential company of friends +who were debating a removal to New England +were informed of Cradock's proposition before it +was mooted in the company on the 28th of July. +The plan was probably thought of in consequence +of their objection to emigration under the Virginia +system. Cradock's proposition was at least the +turning point of their decision. <span class="sidenote">1629.</span> Nearly a month +later, on the 26th of August, the leaders of Winthrop's +party assembled to the number of twelve, +at Cambridge, and solemnly pledged themselves, +"in the presence of God who is the searcher of all +hearts," "to pass the Seas (under God's protection) +to inhabit and continue in New England." The +preamble states the object of this migration. It +was not civil liberty, the end that political Puritans +had most in view, and certainly there is no +hint of a desire for religious liberty. Even the +conversion of the Indian is not uppermost in this +solemn resolve. "God's glory and the church's +good" are the words used. This has the true ring +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page210" name="page210"></a>(p. 210)</span> of the Puritan churchman. The whole pledge is +couched in language befitting men who feel themselves +engaged in a religious enterprise of the +highest importance.</p> + +<p>This pledge contained a notable proviso. The +signers agreed to emigrate only on condition that +"the whole government together with the patent +for said plantation" should be transferred and +legally established in the colony by order of the +General Court of the Company, and that this +should be done before the last of the ensuing +month. There was opposition to the removal of +the government, and this peremptory condition +was necessary. Three days later, after a debate, +the company voted that its government should be +transferred to Massachusetts Bay.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Removal of the charter.</span> On the 20th of October Cradock resigned his +governorship and Winthrop was chosen in his +stead. <span class="sidenote">1629.</span> Puritan ministers were at once elected to +the freedom of the company, in order that its proceedings +might not want the sanction of prayer. +The next year the charter crossed the wide seas, +and in 1630 a court of the company was held in +the wilderness at Charlestown. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c4_8" name="note_b2_c4_8"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c4_8">Note 8.</a></span> But a subordinate +government "for financial affairs only" was maintained +in London, with Cradock, the former president, +at the head. This seems to have been an +effectual blind, and probably the king's government +did not know of the flight of the charter +until the Privy Council in 1634 summoned Cradock +to bring that document to the Council Board. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page211" name="page211"></a>(p. 211)</span> Thomas Morton, the expelled master of Merrymount, +writes of the wrath of Laud, who had been +foiled by this pretty ruse: "My lord of Canterbury +and my lord privy seal, having caused all Mr. +Cradock's letters to be viewed and his apology for +the brethren particularly heard, protested against +him and Mr. Humfries that they were a couple of +imposturous knaves." <span class="sidenote">Compare Palfrey, i, 371, and Deane's note in Mass. +Hist. Soc. Proc. 1869, p. 185.</span> Laud had thought to crush +the government of Massachusetts by destroying +the company, whose office remained in London, +with Cradock still apparently its head. <span class="sidenote">Hutchinson's Hist. Mass., p. 31.</span> The archbishop +found too late that he had eagerly pounced +upon a dummy. He devised many things afterward +to achieve his purpose, but the charter remained +over seas.</p> + +<h4>XII.</h4> + +<p>From the point of view of our later age, the removal +of the charter government to America is the +event of chief importance in this migration of +Winthrop's company. The ultimate effect of this +brilliant stroke was so to modify a commercial corporation +that it became a colonial government as +independent as possible of control from England. +By the admission of a large number of the colonists +to be freemen—that is, to vote as stockholders +in the affairs of the company, which was +now the colony itself, and a little later by the development +of a second chamber—the government +became representative.</p> + +<p>But we may not for a moment conceive that +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page212" name="page212"></a>(p. 212)</span> the colonists understood the importance of their +act in the light of its consequences. In their +minds the government was merely a setting and +support for the church. <span class="sidenote">The main purpose.</span> The founding of a new +church establishment, after what they deemed the +primitive model, was the heart of the enterprise. +This is shown in many words uttered by the chief +actors, and it appears in strong relief in an incident +that occurred soon after the arrival of Winthrop's +company. Isaac Johnston, the wealthiest +man of the party, succumbed to disease and hardship, +but "he felt much rejoiced at his death that +the Lord had been pleased to keep his eyes open +so long as to see one church of Christ gathered +before his death." Here we have the Puritan passion +for a church whose discipline and services +should realize their ideals—a passion that in the +stronger men suffered no abatement in the midst +of the inevitable pestilence and famine that were +wont to beset newly arrived colonists in that time.</p> + +<h4>XIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Influence of Plymouth.</span> One salient fact in the history of the Massachusetts +Bay colony is the dominant influence of the +example of Plymouth. The Puritans of the Massachusetts +colony were not Separatists. No one had +been more severe in controversy with the Separatists +than some of the Puritans who remained in the +Church of England. They were eagerly desirous +not to be confounded with these schismatics. +When the great migration of 1630 took place, the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page213" name="page213"></a>(p. 213)</span> emigrants published a pathetic farewell, protesting +with the sincerity of homesick exiles their +attachment to the Church of England, "ever acknowledging +that such hope and part as we have +obtained in the common salvation we have received +in her bosom and sucked at her breasts."</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Differences among the Puritans.</span> It is to be remembered that these Puritans did +not agree among themselves. Puritanism was of +many shades. There were some, like the Brownes +whom Endecott sent out of the colony, that were +even unwilling to surrender the prayer book. The +greater part of the earlier Puritans had desired to +imitate the Presbyterianism of Scotland and Geneva, +and in Elizabeth's time they had organized +presbyteries. Nothing seemed more probable beforehand +than the revival in New England of the +presbyteries of the days of Cartwright. But what +happened was unexpected even by the Puritans. +The churches of Massachusetts were formed on +the model of John Robinson's Independency.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Effect of emigration.</span> There must have been a certain exhilarant reaction +in the minds of the Puritans when at last they +were clear of the English coast and free from the +authority that had put so many constraints upon +them. There were preachings and expoundings +by beloved preachers with no fear of pursuivants. +The new religious freedom was delightful to intoxication. <span class="sidenote">Roger Clap's Memoirs, 40.</span> +"Every day for ten weeks together," +writes one passenger, they had preaching and exposition. +On one ship the watches were set by the +Puritan captain with the accompaniment of psalm-singing. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page214" name="page214"></a>(p. 214)</span> Those who all their lives long had made +outward and inward compromises between their +ultimate convictions and their obligations to antagonistic +authority found themselves at length utterly +free. It was not that action was freed from the +restraint of fear, so much as that thought itself was +freed from the necessity for politic compromises. +Every ship thus became a seminary for discussion. +Every man now indulged in the unwonted privilege +of thinking his bottom thought. The tendency +to swing to an extreme is all but irresistible +in the minds of men thus suddenly liberated. To +such enthusiasts the long-deferred opportunity to +actualize ultimate ideals in an ecclesiastical vacuum +would be accepted with joy. What deductions +such companies would finally make from the hints +in the New Testament was uncertain. The only +sure thing was that every vestige of that which +they deemed objectionable in the English church +would be repressed, obliterated, in their new organization. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c4_9" name="note_b2_c4_9"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c4_9">Note 9.</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Rise of the Congregational form in New England.</span> With the evils and abuses of the English church +more and more exaggerated in their thoughts, the +sin of separation readily came to seem less heinous +than before. There was no longer any necessity +for professing loyalty to the church nor any +further temptation to think ill of those at Plymouth, +who, like themselves, had suffered much to +avoid what both Separatists and Puritans deemed +unchristian practices. A common creed and common +sufferings, flight from the same oppression to +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page215" name="page215"></a>(p. 215)</span> find refuge in what was henceforth to be a common +country, drew them to sympathy and affection +for their forerunners at Plymouth. The Plymouth +people were not backward to send friendly help +to the newcomers. The influence of the physician +sent from Plymouth to Endecott's party in the prevailing +sickness soon persuaded the naturally radical +Endecott to the Plymouth view of church government. +Winthrop's associates, or the greater +part of them, drifted in the same direction, to their +own surprise, no doubt. There was a lack of uniformity +in the early Massachusetts churches and +some clashing of opinion. <span class="sidenote">Cotton to Salonstall in Hutch. Papers.</span> Some ministers left the +colony dissatisfied; one or more of the churches +long retained Presbyterian forms, and some stanch +believers in presbyterial government lamented +long afterward that New England ecclesiastical +forms were not those of the Calvinistic churches +of Europe. <span class="sidenote">Hubbard's Hist. of New Eng., 117.</span> But the net result was that Robinsonian +independency became the established religion +in New England, whence it was transplanted +to England during the Commonwealth, and later +became the prevailing discipline among English +dissenters.</p> + +<p>Thus the church discipline and the form of +government in Massachusetts borrowed much from +Plymouth, but the mildness and semi-toleration—the +"toleration of tolerable opinions"—which Robinson +had impressed on the Pilgrims was not so +easily communicated to their new neighbors who +had been trained in another school. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b2_c4_10" name="note_b2_c4_10"></a><a href="#anote_b2_c4_10">Note 10.</a></span></p> + +<h3 class="smcap"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page216" name="page216"></a>(p. 216)</span> Elucidations.</h3> + +<div class="answer"> +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c4_1" name="anote_b2_c4_1"></a><a href="#note_b2_c4_1">Note 1, page 191.</a></span> Morton's settlement has become the subject of a literature of +its own, and of some rather violent and amusing discussion even +in our times. Morton's New English Canaan has been edited by +Mr. C. F. Adams for the Prince Society. His defensive account +of himself leaves the impression that the author was just the sort +of clever and reckless rake who is most dangerous to settlements +in contact with savages, and who might be expelled neck and +heels from a frontier community holding no scruples of a Puritan +sort. The Royal Proclamation in Rymer's Foedera, xvii, 416 +(and Hazard's State Papers, i, 151), 1622, sets forth the evil of +the sale of arms to the savages, but it was leveled at earlier +offenders than Morton. Compare Sainsbury's Calendar, September +29 and November 24, 1630, pp. 120, 122. There are also +references, more or less extended, to Morton in the Massachusetts +Records, Winthrop's Journal, Bradford's Plimouth Plantation, +Dudley's Letter to the Countess of Lincoln in Young's +Chronicles of Massachusetts, and in other early accounts.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c4_2" name="anote_b2_c4_2"></a><a href="#note_b2_c4_2">Note 2, page 193.</a></span> Abbott's account of Laud's rise, Rushworth, i, 440, is traced +with a bitter pen, no doubt, but the student Laud, as Abbott +draws him, is so much like his later self that one can not but +believe that the description of him picking quarrels with the public +readers and carrying information against them to the bishop has +a basis of fact.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c4_3" name="anote_b2_c4_3"></a><a href="#note_b2_c4_3">Note 3, page 199.</a></span> Rushworth, writing under the later date of 1637, says: "The +severe Censures in Star Chamber, and the greatness of the Fines, +and the rigorous Proceedings to impose Ceremonies, the suspending +and silencing Multitudes of Ministers, for not reading in +the Church the Book for Sports to be exercised on the Lord's +day, caused many of the Nation, both Ministers and others, to +sell their Estates, and to set Sail for New England (a late Plantation +in America), where they hold a Plantation by Patent from +the King." Part II, vol. i, p. 410.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c4_4" name="anote_b2_c4_4"></a><a href="#note_b2_c4_4">Note 4, page 204.</a></span> "We trust you will not be unmindful of the main end of our +Plantation, by endeavouring to bring the Indians to a knowledge +of the Gospel." Cradock's letter to Endecott, February 16, 1629, +Young's Chronicle, 133; also the official letter, ibid., page 142, +where the "propagation of the Gospel" among whites and +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page217" name="page217"></a>(p. 217)</span> Indians is the "aim." The Royal Charter itself declared that +"to win and invite the natives of the country to the knowledge +and obedience of the only true God and Saviour of mankind ... is +the principal end of this Plantation." (A similar provision was +inserted in the Connecticut Charter in 1662, in imitation of that +of Massachusetts.) The common seal of the Massachusetts +colony, sent over in 1629, bore an Indian with the inscription, +"Come over and help us." Young's Chronicles of Massachusetts, +155, Instructions to Endecott. The paper of "Reasons," attributed +to Winthrop, keeps the conversion of the Indians in view, +but it is blended with that which was in his mind the main end, +the founding of a Puritan church. The first paragraph reads, +"It will be a service to the Church of great consequence to carry +the Gospell into those parts of the world, to helpe on the +comminge of the fullnesse of the Gentiles, & to raise a Bulworke +against the kingdome of Ante-Christ which the Jesuites labour to +reare up in those parts." Life and Letters of Winthrop, i, 309. +The copy of this paper in Sir John Eliot's handwriting has a +preamble written in a nervous style that may well be Eliot's own. +This preamble goes back to the conversion of the Indians as a +main purpose. The Antapologia of T. Edwards, 1644, declares +that White of Dorchester and others had the conversion of the +Indians in view in promoting emigration to New England. +Edwards says, page 41, that the establishing of Congregational +churches "was not in the thoughts of them that were the first +movers in that or of the ministers that were sent over in the +beginning." The statement is quite too strong, but the ecclesiastical +purpose seems to have grown rapidly when the number +of emigrants revealed the greatness of the opportunity.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c4_5" name="anote_b2_c4_5"></a><a href="#note_b2_c4_5">Note 5, page 204.</a></span> Cotton Mather says, Magnalia, Book II, chap. iv, 3, that Winthrop +was made a justice at eighteen, but Mather's account of anything +marvelous needs support. Winthrop held his first court +at Groton Hall several months after he had attained his majority. +Life and Letters, i, 62. Compare page 223 of the same volume.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c4_6" name="anote_b2_c4_6"></a><a href="#note_b2_c4_6">Note 6, page 205.</a></span> Of his election to the governorship he wrote to his wife, "The +onely thinge that I have comforte of in it is, that heerby I have +assurance that my charge is of the Lorde & that he hath called +me to this worke." Life and Letters, i, 340.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c4_7" name="anote_b2_c4_7"></a><a href="#note_b2_c4_7">Note 7, page 208.</a></span> The government of the colony under Endecott was substantially +that prescribed for "particular plantations" in the general +order of the Virginia Company at the time the charter for the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page218" name="page218"></a>(p. 218)</span> Pilgrim colony was granted, and like that which was formed at +Plymouth under the Compact. The Massachusetts form may +have been borrowed from Plymouth. This may be considered +the primary form of colony government in the scheme of the +Virginia Company. The plan antedates the formation of the +Virginia Company by at least twenty years, for it was a form +proposed by Ralegh when, in 1587, he organized his colony under +the title: "The Governor and Assistants of the city of Ralegh +in Virginia." The secondary form of government was that prescribed +for Virginia in the charter of 1618, which added a lower +house elective by the people. This fully developed government +could come only when the population had become large enough +to render a representative system possible.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c4_8" name="anote_b2_c4_8"></a><a href="#note_b2_c4_8">Note 8, page 210.</a></span> It has been maintained by several writers that the charter had +been worded with a view to removal. See, for example, Palfrey's +New England, i, 307. But a paper read before the Massachusetts +Historical Society, and printed in the Proceedings for December, +1869, by the late Charles Deane, shows that such a presumption +is groundless. In calling the subordinate government +of Endecott "London's Plantation in Massachusetts Bay in New +England," the company showed that it proposed to keep its headquarters +in London. It is open to question, however, whether +Deane does not go too far in denying that the charter gave +authority for the transfer. In that technical age the letter of the +instrument would probably be counted more conclusive than at +present, and the evidence of the dockets would have less weight. +The removal of the government was not one of the charges made +in the <i>quo warranto</i> proceedings against the company. On the +main question compare also the very significant treatment of the +subject by Winthrop in his paper on Arbitrary Government, Life +and Letters, ii, 443, where he expressly says that it was intended +to have the chief government in England, "and with much difficulty +we gott it abscinded." It is to be remembered that the +exercise of governmental functions by a commercial corporation +was not a novel spectacle in that age. In 1620 the English and +Dutch East India Companies, after having been at war while the +two nations were allies, concluded a treaty of peace. No doubt +the exercise of such powers by trading companies had been made +familiar by the mingling of the functions of government with +those of commerce by the merchants of the Hanse cities. The +East India and the Hudson Bay Companies continued to exercise +territorial jurisdiction until a very recent period.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page219" name="page219"></a>(p. 219)</span> <span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c4_9" name="anote_b2_c4_9"></a><a href="#note_b2_c4_9">Note 9, page 214.</a></span> This rebound from their previous attitude of compromise is +well exemplified in the church covenant adopted at Dorchester, +Mass., in 1636, under the lead of Richard Mather, which contains +these words: "We do likewise promise by his Grace +assisting us, to endeavour the establishing amongst ourselves all +His Holy Ordinances which He hath appointed for His church +here on Earth, ... opposing to the utmost of our power whatsoever +is contrary thereto and bewailing from our Hearts our own +neglect hereof in former times and our poluting ourselves therein +with any Sinful Invention of men." Blake's Annals of Dorchester. +Robinson of Leyden, in his Justification of Separation, 1610, declared +that the Puritans would soon separate if they might have +the magistrates' license; and Backus, who quotes the passage (i, +pp. 2, 3), remarks on the confirmation which the history of Massachusetts +gives to Robinson's theory of conformity.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b2_c4_10" name="anote_b2_c4_10"></a><a href="#note_b2_c4_10">Note 10, page 215.</a></span> In his Way of the Churches Cleared, controversial necessity +drove Cotton to assert that Plymouth had small share in fixing +the ecclesiastical order of Massachusetts, but he is compelled to +admit its influence. "And though it bee," he says, "very likely, +that some of the first commers might helpe their Theory by hearing +and discerning their practice at Plymmouth: yet therein the +Scripture is fulfilled, 'The Kingdome of Heaven is like unto +leaven,'" etc., pp, 16, 17.</p> +</div> + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page220" name="page220"></a>(p. 220)</span> BOOK III.<br> +<span class="smcap">CENTRIFUGAL FORCES IN COLONY-PLANTING.</span></h2> + +<h3>CHAPTER THE FIRST.<br> +<span class="smcap"><i>THE CATHOLIC MIGRATION.</i></span></h3> + +<h4>I.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Centrifugal forces.</span> At every new stage in the history of the American +settlement, we are afresh reminded that colonies +are planted by the uneasy. The discontent +that comes from poverty and financial reverse, that +which is born of political unrest, and that which +has no other cause than feverish thirst for novelty +and hazardous adventure, had each a share in impelling +Englishmen to emigrate. But in the seventeenth +century religion was the dominant concern—one +might almost say the dominant passion—of +the English race, and it supplied much the most +efficient motive to colonization. Not only did it +propel men to America, but it acted as a distributing +force on this side of the sea, producing secondary +colonies by expelling from a new plantation +the discontented and the persecuted to make fresh +breaks in the wilderness for new settlements. Connecticut +and Rhode Island were secondary plantings +of this kind. Religious differences also made +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page221" name="page221"></a>(p. 221)</span> twain the Chesapeake region, the first home of the +English in America, one of the two rival colonies +being intolerantly Protestant, the other a home +for Catholic refugees.</p> + +<h4>II.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Character of George Calvert.</span> George Calvert, the first Baron Baltimore, who +projected the Maryland colony and left it to his +son to carry forward, belonged to the order of +men who are shrewd without being creative—men +of sagacity as differentiated from men of ideas. +The man in whose mind there is a ferment of original +ideas has theories to promulgate or expound. +Sagacity has small necessity for speech—its very +reticence gives an advantage in the conduct of +affairs. The parliamentary antagonist and political +rival who confronted Calvert was no other than +our old acquaintance Sir Edwin Sandys, of the +Virginia Company. Calvert and Sandys were +alike men of rare accomplishments, and both were +interested in schemes for colonization; otherwise +they were antipodal. Sandys was a statesman of +advanced ideas, creative, liberal, and original, fitted +to be the founder of representative government +in the English colonies. In that age of worn +and brittle institutions it was not deemed wholly +safe to suffer so robust a thinker as Sandys to be +always at large, and it was one of Calvert's most +difficult duties, as the king's secretary and chosen +intermediary, to explain to Parliament why its +leader was under restraint. Sandys, as we have +already said, was described as "right-handed to +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page222" name="page222"></a>(p. 222)</span> every great employment"; when Calvert came +upon the scene, he was aptly characterized as "a +forward and knowing person in matters relating to +the state." The phrase denotes, perhaps, clever +adroitness within the limits of that mediocrity which +in those perilous times was a safeguard to the man +who ventured into politics. After having started +well at court, Sandys had fallen into irretrievable +disfavor by his resolute advocacy of the liberties +of his countrymen. The message to the Virginia +Company, already recited, "Choose the devil, but +not Sir Edwin Sandys," expressed the depth of the +king's antipathy. But if Sandys seemed to the +king a devil, Calvert became for him a convenient +angel. Notions about human rights and the liberty +of Parliament did not obstruct Calvert's career. +Not that he was a man to prove unfaithful to his +convictions, as did his bosom friend Wentworth, +or to suppress liberal opinions in order to smooth +an ascending pathway, as did his great contemporary +Bacon. Calvert played a far simpler part +and one less dishonorable. It was his fortune to +be a man of facile mind, naturally reverential +toward authority. The principles enunciated by +his sovereign and the measures by which those in +power sought to attain the end in view were pretty +sure to seem laudable or at least excusable to him. +Such a mind can not be called scrupulous, neither +is it consciously dishonest. The quality most +highly esteemed at the court of James was +fidelity, unswerving devotion to the interests of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page223" name="page223"></a>(p. 223)</span> the king and of one's friends. And this, the +dominant virtue of his time and of his class—this +honor of a courtier—Calvert possessed in a high +degree; it is a standard by which he has a right +to be judged. To a French ambassador he seemed +an honorable, sensible, courteous, well-intentioned +man, devoted to the interests of England, but without +consideration or influence.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Calvert's rise.</span> Whatever his lack of influence in councils of +state, Calvert's fidelity, useful abilities, and many +accomplishments won the friendship of James, and +in that lavish reign when all the fairy stories came +true at a court which was "like a romance of +knight errantry," as the Spanish minister declared, +the favor of the king was sure to result in good +fortune to the favorite. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_1" name="note_b3_c1_1"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_1">Note 1.</a></span> From being secretary to +Burleigh, Calvert rose to be principal Secretary of +State, was knighted, and at last ennobled. Grants +of estates in Ireland and of great unexplored tracts +of territory in the wilderness of America, pensions, +sinecure offices, grants of money out of increased +customs fees, and presents from those who had +ends to serve at court, were the means by which +a successful courtier bettered his estate, and by +some or all of these Secretary Calvert thrived. +That he did thrive is proved by the great sum he +was able to lose in his futile attempt to plant a +colony in Newfoundland. It was believed that he +had accepted a share of the money dispensed lavishly +in presents and pensions to English courtiers +by Spain, but this Calvert denied, and one can believe +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page224" name="page224"></a>(p. 224)</span> that a man of his fidelity to king and country +would be able to resist a temptation to which +others succumbed. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_2" name="note_b3_c1_2"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_2">Note 2.</a></span></p> + +<h4>III.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The colony of Avalon.</span> Calvert was very early interested in colonization. +He was a member of the Virginia Company +in 1609, and later one of the councilors for New +England. <span class="sidenote">Cal S. P. America, pp. 25, 26, March 16, 1620.</span> In 1620 he was one of a commission appointed +to settle the affairs of a Scotch company +for colonizing Newfoundland, and in the next year +he dispatched his first colony to the southeastern +peninsula of that island which he had bought from +Sir William Vaughan. In this latter year (1621) he +secured a grant of the whole vast island, but in +1622 he accepted a re-grant of the peninsula alone, +and this became his first proprietary colony. Captain +Whitbourne's pamphlet on Newfoundland was +just then circulating gratuitously by the aid of collections +made in the churches with the sanction of +royal authority. It described a Newfoundland of +Edenic fruitfulness. Even cool-headed statesmen +like Calvert appear to have been captivated by the +stories of this veteran seaman and weather-beaten +romancer. Calvert called his new province Avalon. +The name signifies the land of apples—that is, the +fruitful country. In old British mythology it was +the paradise of the blessed, the island in the western +seas to which King Arthur was translated in +the famous legend. This name of promise suited +the situation of the new island state, and fitted well +the enthusiastic tales of Whitbourne and the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page225" name="page225"></a>(p. 225)</span> groundless hopes of Calvert. The bleak Newfoundland +coast had already blossomed with fanciful +names; there was the Bay of Plesaunce and +the Bay of Flowers, Robin Hood's Bay and the +River of Bonaventure; there was the Harbor of +Formosa and the Harbor of Heartsease. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_3" name="note_b3_c1_3"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_3">Note 3.</a></span> Avalon, +the earthly paradise, was but the complement of these.</p> + +<h4>IV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The charter of Avalon.</span> Sir George Calvert probably drafted with his +own hand—the hand of an expert and accomplished +man of the court—the charter of April 7, +1623, that conferred on him an authority little +short of sovereignty over his new territory. This +masterpiece of dexterous charter-making afforded +a model for other proprietary charters, and Calvert +himself bettered it but little in the Maryland +charter of a later date. The ambiguous passages +in the Maryland charter, which have been accounted +evidence of a design to make way for the +toleration or even the possible dominance of Roman +Catholicism, appear already in the charter of +Avalon. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_4" name="note_b3_c1_4"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_4">Note 4.</a></span> Was the colony of 1621 or its charter of +1623 intended to supply a refuge, if one should +be needed, for Englishmen of the Catholic faith? +The question is not easily answered. The primary +design of the Avalon colony was, no doubt, to +better the fortunes of Sir George Calvert and to +lift him and his successors into the authority and +dignity of counts-palatine in the New World. But +there can hardly be a doubt that, before the charter +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page226" name="page226"></a>(p. 226)</span> of 1623 was granted, Secretary Calvert was +already a Catholic, secretly or latently, if not +overtly. His charter of Avalon naturally left open +a door for the toleration of the faith to which he +was already attached, or toward which he was +tending. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_5" name="note_b3_c1_5"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_5">Note 5.</a></span></p> + +<h4>V.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Calvert's conversion.</span> Calvert's conversion was almost inevitable. He +favored the project for the Spanish match, and he +was, like some other courtiers, under the influence +of Gondomar, a consummate master of intrigue. +He was bound by ties of friendship, and later by +the marriage of his son, to Lord Arundel of +Wardour, a Catholic, and the constitution of his +mind and all the habits of a lifetime made him a +lover of authority in church and state. Under favoring +circumstances such a man becomes a Roman +Catholic by gravitation and natural affinity.</p> + +<p>There was a Catholic revival in England at this +time, especially among the courtiers and upper +classes. In 1623 there was a large influx to England +of priests and Jesuits. English Romanists +flocked to the vicinage of London, and resorted in +great numbers to the mass in the houses of foreign +ambassadors; and in many English country houses +the mass was openly celebrated in defiance of law. <span class="sidenote">Petition in Rushworth, Part I, i, 141. Compare Neal, +Part II, c. ii.</span> +The Commons, in alarm, adopted what James fitly +called "a stinging petition against the papists."</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page227" name="page227"></a>(p. 227)</span> VI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">His resignation.</span> Calvert had staked his hopes for himself and +for English Catholicism on the Spanish match. +This otherwise pliant courtier was intractable +where his religious convictions were concerned. <span class="sidenote">1624.</span> +He scrupled to draw back at the bidding of +Charles and Buckingham, when drawing back involved +a violation of the treaty oath of the king +and council, the plunging of England into a Spanish +war, the sacrifice of the interests of the Catholic +church, and a fresh exposure of his co-religionists +in England to a harsh persecution. Calvert +was one of that party in the junta for Spanish affairs +which was unwilling to break a solemn treaty +in order to gratify the wounded vanity of Buckingham +and Charles, and he paid dearly for his +firmness. To bring about his resignation, his antagonists +diverted business from his office, thus +reducing his fees and subjecting his pride to mortification. +Under this treatment it was noted by a +letter writer of the time that Mr. Secretary Calvert +"droops and keeps out of the way." It was +reported that he was ill, and then that he had been +rebuked by the king and the prince, and it was +known that he wished to sell his office to some one +acceptable to Buckingham. Calvert's cleverness +as a courtier did not fail him in his fall. He succeeded +at the last in mollifying Buckingham, whose +consent he gained to the sale of the secretaryship. +After nearly a year of the prolonged agony of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page228" name="page228"></a>(p. 228)</span> holding office in disfavor, he resigned in February, +1625, receiving six thousand pounds for his office, +which was worth to the incumbent two thousand a +year. <span class="sidenote">1625.</span> He was at the same time raised to the Irish +peerage as Baron Baltimore. He made his religious +scruples the ostensible reason for his resignation, +and he was already known to be "infinitely +addicted to the Catholic faith." He made no secret +of his proscribed religion; he exposed to visitors +the altar, chalice, and candlesticks in his best +room; and he catechised his children assiduously +in the doctrines of the ancient church. At the +accession of Charles he retired from the Privy +Council rather than take an oath offensive to his +conscience. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_6" name="note_b3_c1_6"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_6">Note 6.</a></span></p> + +<h4>VII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Calvert deserts Newfoundland.</span> During the period of his decline from court +favor Calvert's colony of Avalon probably suffered +from neglect. He now gave his new leisure to the +work of rescuing it. In 1627 he made a voyage +to Newfoundland, taking a company of Catholic +settlers and two priests. He went again in 1628. +From Newfoundland he wrote to one of the Jesuits +in England a letter of affection, declaring +his readiness to divide with him "the last bit" +he had in the world. In Avalon began the long +chapter of the troubles of the Baltimores with the +Puritan opposition. Besides his contentions with +Puritan settlers, who abhorred the mass as a Jewish +prophet did idolatry, he found it necessary to +fight with French privateers bent on plunder. <span class="sidenote">Letters of Wynne, Daniel, and Hoskins, in Whitbourne's +second ed.</span> By +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page229" name="page229"></a>(p. 229)</span> the time the almost interminable Newfoundland +winter had begun, he discovered that Avalon was +not the earthly paradise it appeared in the writings +of pamphleteers and in the letters of his +own officeholders interested only in the continuance +of their salaries. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_7" name="note_b3_c1_7"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_7">Note 7.</a></span> The icy Bay of Plesaunce +and the bleak Bay of Flowers mocked him with +their names of delight; of little avail was the fast-bound +River of Bonaventure to its unlucky lord, +or the Harbor of Heartsease to him who had sunk +a fortune of thirty thousand pounds in the fruitless +attempt to plant a settlement on a coast so cold. +Ill himself, and with half his company down with +scurvy, some of them dying, Baltimore turned his +thoughts toward Virginia, now, after all its trials, +prosperous under a genial sun.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Sails to Virginia.</span> He knew the conditions of that colony and the +opportunities it afforded. A member of the Virginia +Company during nearly all the years of its +stormy existence, he had been made one of the +fifty-six councilors that took over its effects at its +demise, and he was one of the eight who constituted +the quorum, and who probably transacted +the business of this Council for Virginia. <span class="sidenote">Rymer's Fœdera, tom. vii, iv, 147.</span> Even +under the government of the Company there had +been precedents for the establishment of a "precinct" +within Virginia independent of the Jamestown +government. Such a plantation had been +that of Captain Martin and that proposed by Rich +and Argall, and a charter for such had been given +to the Leyden pilgrims. Baltimore wrote to ask +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page230" name="page230"></a>(p. 230)</span> for a precinct, pleading the king's promise already +made that he might choose a part of Virginia. +Here he would still be the head of a little independent +state—a state in which the mass might +be said without molestation. Before another winter +set in he abandoned Avalon to fishermen and +such hardy folk, and took ship for the James +River, where he arrived in October, 1629.</p> + +<h4>VIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Virginia antagonism.</span> Baltimore's reception in Virginia was most inhospitable. +He had perhaps counted on his former +relation to the colony as a councilor to assure him +a welcome. But the Virginians of that time were +Sandys and Southampton men. They may have +remembered that Calvert had been Sandys's enemy +and political rival, and that he belonged to the +faction of Sir Thomas Smyth in the company. +The members of that faction had been the executioners +of the company when they could no longer +control it. Calvert was one of the later council, +which had tried to take away insidiously the privileges +granted to Virginians by their charter from +the Virginia Company. This attack on their liberties +they had stoutly resisted, even to cutting off a +piece of one of the ears of the clerk of their own +assembly for abetting it. Now a nobleman of the +detested faction, an advocate of absolute government +and a close friend of the king, had come +among them. Baltimore might easily expect to +secure the governorship of Virginia itself. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_8" name="note_b3_c1_8"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_8">Note 8.</a></span> Perhaps +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page231" name="page231"></a>(p. 231)</span> it is hardly necessary to go even so far +afield for a motive. The prospect of a settlement +of Roman Catholics within the limits of the +colony was in itself enough to excite the opposition +of the Virginia churchmen. Baltimore's +party of Catholics was not the only one repelled +from Virginia about this time. Soon after Lord +Baltimore's visit, perhaps, or just before, the Virginians +refused permission to a company of Irish +Catholics to settle within their bounds. These appear +to have gone afterward to the island of St. +Christopher's, where again Protestant fellow-colonists +fell out with them about religion, so that they +were finally sent to settle the neighboring island of +Montserrat. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_9" name="note_b3_c1_9"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_9">Note 9.</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Character of the early Virginians.</span> The Virginians, after all their sufferings, were +now prosperous in a gross way, reaping large +profits from tobacco, and living in riotous profusion +after the manner of men beginning to emerge from +the hardships and perils of a pioneer condition into +sudden opulence. <span class="sidenote">Leah and Rachel, and De Vries Voyages, <i>passim</i>.</span> Their rude living did not at all +prevent the colonists from being fastidious about +their religion—it was the seventeenth century. +Most of the Virginia clergy at this period were as +reckless in life as the people, but the Protestantism +of the colony was incorruptible. Some of the rabble +even showed their piety by railing at the newly +arrived papist nobleman.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Expulsion of Baltimore.</span> A weapon of defense against Baltimore was +ready to hand. Three years before his coming instructions +had been sent from England to Yeardley +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page232" name="page232"></a>(p. 232)</span> to proffer the oath of supremacy "to all such as +come thither with an intention to plant and reside, +which, if any shall refuse, he is to be retorned or +shipped from thence home." This order may not +have been intended for so great a personage as a +nobleman of the Court. It may have been meant +only to head off humble Irishmen like those who +settled Montserrat, or it may have been merely a +fence against Separatists. But it served the turn +of the alarmed colonists. Pott and Mathews, Claiborne +and Roger Smyth, who led the opposition, +offered the oath to Baltimore. Baltimore had +sacrificed his place in the Privy Council rather +than take this oath so contrary to his conscience, +and he now again stood by his religious convictions, +and took ship for England as ordered by the Virginia +Council. He was disappointed and already +shaken in health. The members of the council, appalled +at their own boldness, perhaps, wrote to the +king in self-defense. There is still extant an old +manuscript record book of the seventeenth century +which contains the instructions to Yeardley. <span class="sidenote">MS. Book of Instructions, Library of Congress, folio +136.</span> Immediately +following, as if to put it under the shelter +of royal authority, is the report of the council, +without date or signature, that the oath had been +offered to Baltimore and refused.</p> + +<h4>IX.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Baltimore's seal.</span> Baltimore's hardships during two voyages to +Newfoundland, and a winter in the rude abodes of +pioneers there, his illness during that winter, the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page233" name="page233"></a>(p. 233)</span> constant spectacle of sickness and death about him, +and the disappointment caused by his rude reception +in Virginia, were enough, one would think, to +have broken his resolution. He went back to England +"much decayed in his strength," as he confessed; +but, strangely enough, this accomplished +man of the world, whose career had been that of a +courtier, was far from living in ease and quietness +as his friends had expected him to do. He +was possessed of a passion for peopling the wilderness. +He had written to the king from America +that he was resolved to spend "the poore remaynder" +of his days in colony-planting, his "inclinations +carrying him naturally" to such work. To +what extent he was prompted by a desire to leave +to his heir the semi-sovereignty of a principality, +and how far he was carried by a naturally adventurous +temper hitherto latent, we have no +means of deciding; but one can hardly resist the +conclusion that a fervent religious zeal was the +underlying spring of a resolution so indomitable. +Like many another man of that time, Calvert was +lifted from worldliness to high endeavor by religious +enthusiasm. The king felt obliged to interpose +his authority; he forbade Baltimore's +risking his life in another voyage, but he granted +him a charter for a new palatinate on the north +side of the Potomac.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Death of the first Lord Baltimore.</span> Lord Baltimore was doomed never to see the +desire of his eyes. He died on the 15th of April, +1632, before the charter had passed, leaving the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page234" name="page234"></a>(p. 234)</span> planting of Maryland to be carried forward by his +son and heir, Cecilius. The charter of Maryland +passed the seals on the 22d of the following June in +favor of Cecilius, the second Lord Baltimore.</p> + +<h4>X.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The charter of Maryland.</span> The Maryland charter was no doubt the work +of George Calvert's own hand. Its main provisions +are identical with those of Avalon; but it +put the proprietary in a still better position. He +held Avalon by knight's service, Maryland in free +and common soccage, and the holdings of Maryland +settlers would be under the proprietary, not +under the crown. In fact, the crown retained +practically no rights of value in Maryland beyond +the bare allegiance of the settlers. Larger privileges +of trade were conceded to Maryland than had +been given to Avalon. In one respect the liberties +of the future settlers were apparently better +guarded in the Maryland charter, for there is a +faint promise of a representative government in its +phraseology. But even this was not definitely +assured. In a single regard the charter of Maryland +appears less favorable to the Catholic religion +than its predecessors. Historic specialists +with a religious bias, doing their small best to +render the current of history turbid, have not failed +to convince themselves by means of the new +clause that Maryland was a Protestant colony. +The patronage and advowsons of all churches had +been conferred on the proprietary in the Avalon +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page235" name="page235"></a>(p. 235)</span> charter, and a like concession is made in the Maryland +grant; but to this, in the Maryland charter, is +attached a sort of "lean-to"—a qualifying clause +that appears to limit the ecclesiastical organization +of the colony to Anglican forms. "Together with +license and power," runs the charter, "to build and +found Churches, Chapels and Oratories in convenient +and fit places within the premises, and to cause +them to be dedicated and consecrated according to +the ecclesiastical laws of our kingdom of England." +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_10" name="note_b3_c1_10"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_10">Note 10.</a></span> +In 1632 the Baltimore family was openly Catholic. +The Puritans were raging against every indulgence +shown by the court to Romanists. The clamor of +the Catholic-baiters did not stop with a demand +that Romanists should be expelled from England. <span class="sidenote">Rushworth, Part I, vol. i, 141, 1623.</span> +The Commons had a few years earlier petitioned +the King that they be excluded from "all other +Your Highness's dominions." The founding of an +English colony that might make a home for English +and Irish Romanists was a more difficult project +in the reign of Charles than it had been in the +time of James when Avalon was granted. The +clause which allowed Baltimore to dedicate his +churches according to the ecclesiastical laws of +England excites admiration. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_11" name="note_b3_c1_11"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_11">Note 11.</a></span> It graciously permitted +an Anglican establishment in Maryland; it did +not oblige Baltimore to do anything at all, nor +did it, in fact, put any constraint whatever on his +actions in this regard. The impotent clause which +seemed to limit, but did not limit, the ecclesiastical +organization was breathlessly followed by one far +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page236" name="page236"></a>(p. 236)</span> from impotent—a masterpiece of George Calvert's +skill. It gave to the proprietary the legal power +exercised from ancient times by the Bishops of +Durham as counts-palatine. The regalities of Durham +having been pared down by Henry VIII, the +charter somewhat furtively reached back after the +local absolutism of the middle ages by giving Baltimore +all the temporal power ever possessed by +any Bishop of Durham. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_12" name="note_b3_c1_12"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_12">Note 12.</a></span> But if alarm should be +taken at the giving of powers so vast to a Roman +Catholic subject, there might be reassurance for +timid souls in a clause in imitation of older charters +than Calvert's, which stipulated that no interpretation +should be put upon the charter by which +God's holy and true Christian religion might be +prejudiced. Ambiguity spread from the charter +to some of the early Maryland laws, which wore +a Protestant or a Catholic face according to the +side from which they were approached.</p> + +<h4>XI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Condition of English Catholics.</span> When George Calvert projected his new southern +colony he had every reason to suppose that it +would be quickly supplied with settlers from the +discontented English and Irish Catholics. The +statute enacted in the third year of James, soon +after the Gunpowder Plot, put those who adhered +to the Roman communion in a precarious and +exasperating situation. For the first year that a +Catholic wholly neglected the sacraments of the +English church he must pay twenty pounds. This +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page237" name="page237"></a>(p. 237)</span> was raised to forty the second year, and to sixty +for every year of conscientious abstention thereafter. <span class="sidenote">An act for the better discovering and repressing of +popish recusants. Also, An act to prevent, etc., 3 Jac. I, chaps. +iv and v.</span> +If he did not attend the parish church at all, +the luxury of a conscience cost him twenty pounds +a month, which, as money then went, was a large +sum. If he were a rich landholder, the king might +take the use or rentals of two thirds of his land +until he should conform. The oath of allegiance +by which he was to be tested was made ingeniously +offensive to a Catholic conscience. If a Romanist +should persuade a Protestant to accept his own +faith he was guilty of treason, as was also his convert. +The man who harbored a Roman Catholic +neglecting to attend the parish church was to be +fined ten pounds a month. Marriage by a Romish +priest invalidated accruing land tenures. The +Catholic was not suffered to send his children beyond +seas for an education, nor yet to keep a +schoolmaster of his own faith; he could not serve +as an executor; he might not have the charge of +any child; his house might be searched for Catholic +books; he was not allowed to keep weapons; and +when at last his vexed and troubled life was over, +his dead body might not be buried among the +graves of his forefathers in the parish churchyard.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Administration of the law.</span> The administration of this law was attended by +many aggravations. The pursuivants took the +very cattle and household goods of the poor; from +the rich they exacted large payments, failing +which, they pounced on valuable plate and jewels, +which they seized under pretense that these were +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page238" name="page238"></a>(p. 238)</span> articles of superstition or the concealed property +of Jesuits. <span class="sidenote">Lingard, viii, 189, cites Rymer, xxii, 13; Hardwicke +Papers, 1446, and a private letter.</span> It is said that James derived a revenue +of thirty-six thousand pounds a year from the fines +of lay Catholics. To the several Scotch favorites of +the king were assigned certain rich recusants from +whom they might squeeze whatever could be got +by the leverage of the law.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Influence of foreign policy.</span> Very embarrassing to the foreign policy of +England was the severity of English laws against +Catholics, and Lord Treasurer Burleigh found it +needful to publish in Elizabeth's time, for circulation +in all the courts of Europe, a treatise on The +Execution of Justice in England and the Maintenance +of Public Order and Christian Peace; and +in the following reign James himself turned pamphleteer +and published an Apologie for the Oath +of Allegiance. <span class="sidenote">1583, reprinted 1688.</span> +<span class="sidenote">1609, sm. 4to, pp. 112.</span> There were periods when pressure +from abroad softened the administration of the law. +But it was only irregularly and intermittently that +the Government could be brought to grant indulgences +that roused the pious wrath of Puritans +and reduced the revenue of the king and his +favorites. If Spain, and afterward France, made it +a condition precedent to a marriage treaty that the +penal laws against English recusants should be relaxed, +Parliament, resenting foreign dictation, demanded +of the king a renewal of the severities +against papists. <span class="sidenote">Ellis Collection, first series, iii, 128.</span> Twenty-four Catholics suffered +capitally in James's reign, before 1618; and when +in 1622 it was necessary to condone Catholicism in +order to conciliate Spain, it is said that four hundred +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page239" name="page239"></a>(p. 239)</span> Jesuits and priests were set free on bail at one +time. <span class="sidenote">Neal, ii, ch. ii. Rapin, 215, 2d ed.</span> The number of Catholics, lay and cleric, +released in this year is put at four thousand, but +this may be an exaggeration.</p> + +<h4>XII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Catholic emigration small.</span> In 1627, and again in 1628, Lord Baltimore took +Catholics with him to Newfoundland and settled +priests there. The English court was just then +sailing on a Protestant tack, and England had allied +itself with the Huguenots of La Rochelle. Another +of the good works by which the government +of Charles and Buckingham was endeavoring to +prove its sanctification was the enforcement of the +penal statutes against Roman Catholics. It is +notable that Baltimore sailed with the first Catholic +emigrants to Avalon about the time of the setting +in of the movement toward Massachusetts which +swelled at length into the great Puritan exodus. +The five years of delay caused by the change from +Avalon to Maryland, and also perhaps by the exhaustion +of Baltimore's resources and his death, +was unfavorable to the project of a Catholic province. +The English government by 1634 had grown +more lenient toward Romanists, the co-religionists +of the queen. The work at which Laud kept +all hands busy just then was the suppression of +Puritanism, and thousands of Puritans were by this +time shaking the dust of England from their feet +and seeking a home in the western wilderness, +persuaded that the Church of England under Laud +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page240" name="page240"></a>(p. 240)</span> had all sails set for Rome. <span class="sidenote">Harl. Miscell., ii, 492, and following, where passages +from contemporary writers are quoted.</span> This illusion regarding +the purposes of the archbishop and his party, +which alarmed the Puritans, heartened the Catholics, +who naturally preferred to stay at home where +a flood tide seemed to be setting toward Catholicism. +The small Catholic migration to Maryland +was not to be compared with that stream of Puritan +emigration that about this time poured into +New England twenty thousand people in a decade. +The fall of Laud and the rise of the Puritans to +power put a complete stop to the New England +migration, but it failed to quicken the Catholic +movement, for Maryland herself had become sadly +involved in the civil commotions of the time.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Baltimore's partners.</span> Cecilius Calvert undoubtedly counted on a +large migration of Catholic recusants, and the +documents show that the Jesuit order in England +took great interest in the movement. The second +Lord Baltimore was joined by partners in the +financial risks of the venture, and though we meet +with more than one allusion to these adventurers +whose interest in the colony was apparently still +active twenty years after its beginning, they were +profoundly silent partners; their names are nowhere +recorded, and we are left to conjecture the +origin of their interest in Maryland. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_13" name="note_b3_c1_13"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_13">Note 13.</a></span></p> + +<h4>XIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The religious aim.</span> "The first and most important design of the +Most Illustrious Baron, which ought also to be the +aim of the rest, who go in the same ship, is, not to +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page241" name="page241"></a>(p. 241)</span> think so much of planting fruits and trees in a land +so fertile, as of sowing the seeds of religion and +piety." This was Lord Baltimore's authoritative +declaration, and because it varies in form from the +stock phrases so common at the time, it bears an +air of some sincerity, though it is diplomatically +ambiguous.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Efforts to obstruct the ships.</span> Baltimore's opponents made great exertions +to prevent the departure of the Ark and the +Dove, which were to bear faithful Catholics +across the flood to a new world. A story was +started that these ships were carrying nuns to +Spain, and another tale that found believers was +that they had soldiers on board going to France to +serve against the English. It was told that Calvert's +men had abused the customs officers at +Gravesend, and sailed without cockets in contempt +of all authority, the people on board refusing the +oath of allegiance. The Ark was stopped and +brought back by order of the Privy Council, and +the oath of allegiance was given to a hundred and +twenty-eight passengers. <span class="sidenote">Letters of Baltimore to Wentworth in Strafford papers, +<i>passim</i>.</span> But the ships came to +again at the Isle of Wight, and when they got +away at last there were near three hundred passengers +on board, including Jesuit priests. Most of +the passengers were "laboring men"; how many +were Catholic and how many Protestant it is impossible +now to tell. That the leaders and the +gentry were, most of them, Catholics there is +every reason to believe. The passengers called +Protestants were rather non-Catholics, precisely +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page242" name="page242"></a>(p. 242)</span> the kind of emigrants that would give the Jesuits +the converts of which they tell exultantly in their +letters. There was no Protestant minister on +board, nor was there the slightest provision for +Protestant worship, present or future. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_14" name="note_b3_c1_14"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_14">Note 14.</a></span></p> + +<h4>XIV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Toleration.</span> Toleration was the Baltimore policy from the +beginning. It was no doubt in the original plan of +George Calvert and his associates, whoever they +were. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_15" name="note_b3_c1_15"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_15">Note 15.</a></span> The Provincial of the Society of Jesus privately +furnished Baltimore with arguments in defense +of this policy before the first colony sailed. +The founders of Maryland were men of affairs +shaping plan to opportunity, and the situation was +inexorable. Toleration and protection was all that +English Roman Catholics could hope to find in +traveling thus to the ends of the earth.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Toleration a policy.</span> Cecilius gave positive instruction that on shipboard +acts of the Roman Catholic religion should +be performed with as much privacy as possible, so +as not to offend the Protestant passengers "whereby +any just complaint may hereafter be made by +them in Virginia or in England." There is no pretense +of theory here; all is based on the exigency +of the situation and sound policy. The policy was +George Calvert's, whose school was the court of +James, and whose whole career shows that he entertained +no advanced views of human liberty. +Had he held toleration as a theory of government, +his doctrine would have been more liberal than +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page243" name="page243"></a>(p. 243)</span> that of Ralegh and Bacon and far in advance of +that of contemporary Puritan leaders. They quite +misunderstand the man who regard him as a progressive +thinker; he was a conservative opportunist. +Still less was Cecilius a man likely to act +on general principles.</p> + +<h4>XV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Religious observance at sea.</span> We have seen how religiously the Puritans +passed their time at sea in long daily expositions of +Scripture and other devotions, and that sometimes +even the watch was set with a psalm. Not less religious +were the Catholic pilgrims, and though the +form is strikingly different, the believing and zealous +age is the same. To make things safe, the +Jesuit fathers committed the principal parts of +the ship in some detail to the protection of God +in the first place, and then to that "of His Most +Holy Mother and of St. Ignatius and of all the +angels of Maryland." <span class="sidenote">Relatio Itineris, p. 10.</span> These angels to whom the +safety of Maryland was committed were kept busy +by special spiritual opponents. A dangerous storm +was raised on one occasion by all the "malignant +spirits of the tempest and all the evil genii of +Maryland." <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_16" name="note_b3_c1_16"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_16">Note 16.</a></span> But Father White circumvented this +combination of ordinary storm spirits with imps of +Protestant proclivities by setting forth to Christ +and the Blessed Virgin, while the storm was at its +worst, "that the purpose of this journey was to +glorify the Blood of our Redeemer in the salvation +of the Barbarians, and also to build up a kingdom +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page244" name="page244"></a>(p. 244)</span> for the Saviour and to consecrate another +gift to the Immaculate Virgin his mother." <span class="sidenote">Relatio Itineris, 16, 17.</span> The +last clause apparently refers to Maryland, as if it +were named in honor of the Virgin. The representation +was effective; the good father had scarcely +ceased speaking when the storm began to abate.</p> + +<a id="img006" name="img006"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/img006.jpg"> +<img src="images/img006tb.jpg" width="200" height="311" alt="The colony at St. Mary's." title=""></a> +</div> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The arrival.</span> The Puritans when using a geographical name +that began with the word "saint" scrupulously uncanonized +it by leaving off the prefix. But these +devout pilgrims of the Roman faith, when once the +saints and guardian angels of Maryland had piloted +them safe in spite of the malice of storm spirits +and evil genii into landlocked waters and the +bounds of Lord Baltimore's grant, proceeded to +sanctify the whole region by sprinkling it with the +names of saints and angels from Michael the archangel +downward. The ancient Indian designations +were marks of a heathenism they purposed to overthrow, +and they began by trying to get rid of the +whole "bead roll of unbaptized names." No convenient +island, creek, river, bay, or cape escaped +Christian baptism. On Annunciation Day, 1634, +they landed on Heron Island, in the Potomac, which +they named appropriately for St. Clement, who was +martyred by being thrown into the sea attached to +an anchor, and here the sacrifice of the mass was +celebrated, the worshipers reflecting that "never +before had this been done in this part of the world." +After the mass they took upon their shoulders a +great cross hewn out of a tree and advanced in +order to the place appointed, where the governor +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page245" name="page245"></a>(p. 245)</span> and his assistants took part in its erection. The +Catholics of the party, seeing this symbol of the +faith erected in a new land, knelt upon the ground +and recited the litanies of the cross in a kind of religious +ecstasy. Here in another form was that +tender attachment to their faith that one finds +among the more devout Protestant exiles, and in +the nobler natures there was doubtless that element +of the heroic and the saintly often evolved in the +religious sufferings and activities of that day—a relief +to the pettiness of the debates and the irksomeness +of the bigotries of the age.</p> + +<h4>XVI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">A Catholic colony.</span> The colony had been named Maryland by King +Charles in honor of his wife Henrietta Maria; at +least there was assigned to the king responsibility +for a name that, like nearly everything else about +Maryland, was ambiguous. But the phrase <i>Terra +Mariæ</i> in the charter, though represented there to +be the equivalent of Maryland, was significant to a +devout Catholic of something better than a compliment +to a Catholic queen. <span class="sidenote">Compare Clarke's Gladstone and Maryland Toleration.</span> The Indian village +which with its gardens and cornfields had been +bought for the germinal settlement and capital, +took the name of St. Mary's, and the whole infant +colony is called the Colony of St. Maries, by +its own Legislative Assembly in 1638, as though by +Maryland were intended the land of Mary. <span class="sidenote">Maryland Archives, i, 23.</span> Notwithstanding +the manifest care of the second Lord +Baltimore to hold the missionaries within the limits +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page246" name="page246"></a>(p. 246)</span> of worldly prudence, the zealous fathers lived and +labored in a spirit of other-worldliness. They +set themselves first of all to convert those sheep +without a shepherd, the Protestants of Maryland. +Some of these appear to have been men of reckless +and immoral lives, who were greatly bettered by +an acceptance of religious restraint. Those non-Catholics +who were ill, and those who found themselves +languishing and dying in the wilderness +without the consolations of their own religion, +were zealously visited and converted <i>in extremis</i> by +the Jesuits. The servants and mechanics employed +by or apprenticed to the missionaries were brought +under their constant influence and were readily +won. Nearly all the Protestants who arrived in +1638 were swiftly brought over to the faith of the +missionaries, and twelve converts were joyously +reckoned as fruits of the Jesuit labors in 1639. +There was more than one instance of the miraculous, +or at least of the marvelous, to help on this +work. One man of noble birth, who had by dissipation +brought himself to desperate straits, and +then sunk until he became at length a bond servant +in Maryland, embraced Catholicism. After the +death of this convert a very bright light was sometimes +seen burning about his place of burial, and +even those who were not Catholics were permitted +to see this wonder. <span class="sidenote">Excerpta de Diversis Literis, etc., 56-60.</span> The horrible punishments that +resulted from the Divine wrath against those who +scoffingly rejected the Catholic faith in Maryland +remind one of the equal calamities that befell those +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page247" name="page247"></a>(p. 247)</span> who were unfaithful to Puritanism in New England. +Seventeenth-century Englishmen with sky-wide +differences in opinion were one in the traits +that belonged to their age. Father White was sure +that the destruction of Indians in Maryland was +specially ordered by God to provide an opening +"for His own everlasting law and light"; but not +more sure than were the Puritans that the cruel +plague which exterminated whole villages on the +Massachusetts coast was sent to open a way for the +planting of Calvinistic churches. Each division +of Christians in turn reduced the Almighty Creator +to the level of a special tutelary divinity, sometimes +to that of a rather vindictive genius of the +place.</p> + +<p>In this work of propagandism the missionaries +did not forget the red men. Their labors among +the aborigines were fairly successful at first, then +interrupted by relapse and by war. Such is +the history of Indian missions. Much was made +of the solemn profession and baptism of an Indian +"king," at which the governor and other +distinguished men "honored by their presence the +Christian sacraments," the governor marching behind +the neophyte in the procession. Maryland +was in fact openly a Catholic colony until after +1640. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_17" name="note_b3_c1_17"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_17">Note 17.</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Failure to make a Catholic state.</span> But as a Catholic colony it was a failure. In +fear of the rising Puritan tempest in England, or +the violent opposition on several grounds of its +stronger neighbor Virginia, and of the mutinous +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page248" name="page248"></a>(p. 248)</span> bigotry of its own Puritan settlers, who regarded +Baltimore's government as a "Babylon" to be +overthrown, it was never able to afford to Catholics +perfect security, much less was it able to +promise them domination. But the Catholics included +most of the rich and influential families, and +it was a Jesuit boast that they were superior to +other American settlers in breeding and urbanity. +As they had choice of the best land in the province, +the Catholic families remained during the whole +colonial period among the most prominent people +of Maryland. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_18" name="note_b3_c1_18"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_18">Note 18.</a></span> There is also evidence that the +Catholics were numerically considerable in proportion +to the population, though the reports on the +subject are vague and conflicting. In 1641 they +were about one fourth of the whole. The ranks of +the early Catholic settlers, both of the rich and +poor, seem to have been recruited from Ireland +as well as from England, but the Maryland government +in Queen Anne's Protestant time passed +acts levying an import tax of twenty pounds on +each Irish Catholic servant, in order that the bond +servants and even the transported convicts in +Maryland should be orthodox Protestants. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_19" name="note_b3_c1_19"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_19">Note 19.</a></span></p> + +<a id="b3_c1_s17" name="b3_c1_s17"></a> +<h4>XVII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Opposition to Maryland.</span> George Calvert, the first Baron Baltimore, +molded the Maryland enterprise until the drafting +of the charter, and his spirit was felt in it after his +death. Cecilius, his son, was a man of a somewhat +different sort, and his traits became more apparent +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page249" name="page249"></a>(p. 249)</span> as time went on. He was strongly supported at +court by Strafford, his father's most devoted and +obliged friend, and no doubt also by the queen, +who was godmother to Maryland. The opposition +to Maryland was probably embittered by the +hatred to Strafford and the jealousy of a Catholic +queen.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The second Lord Baltimore and Virginia.</span> On his enemies in Virginia the younger Baltimore +took ample vengeance. He got one of the +queen's household appointed treasurer of the +colony, and the Virginians found themselves +obliged to pay the quitrents, which had been +neglected and apparently forgotten. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_20" name="note_b3_c1_20"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_20">Note 20.</a></span> Other officers +of the colony were nominated by Baltimore. Harvey, +the governor, hoping to collect money due +him from the royal treasury by Baltimore's assistance, +was his obsequious tool, to the bitter indignation +of the Virginians, who hated Baltimore not +only because he was a Romanist, but also because +he had divided the first colony and cut off the +northern Indian trade from Virginia. In consequence +of the quarrel between Harvey and the +Virginians over Maryland there ensued a revolution +in Virginia; Harvey was shipped to England +by the same bold men who had sent the first Lord +Baltimore packing. But Harvey was sent back +again by the king, and by this counter revolution +the colonial constitution of Virginia was modified +for the worse. It was altogether an exquisite revenge.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Baltimore seeks to control Virginia.</span> Cecilius meditated even a bolder stroke. He +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page250" name="page250"></a>(p. 250)</span> schemed through Windebank to have himself made +governor of Virginia, promising to wring out of it +eight thousand pounds more of revenue for the +king from some neglected sources. To achieve +this, he proposed a scheme by which Windebank +was to impose on the king's credulity. Secretary +Windebank may have recoiled from the part he +was to play; it is certain that Charles was not +persuaded to hand over Virginia bound hand and +foot into the power of the proprietary of the rival +colony. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_21" name="note_b3_c1_21"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_21">Note 21.</a></span></p> + +<h4>XVIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Cautious policy of Baltimore.</span> Intolerance on the part of the authorities of +Maryland directed toward Protestants might have +brought a swift overthrow of the whole project. +The instructions given for the first voyage already +cited show throughout the need for extreme caution +in the face of extreme peril. It is required of +the governor and commissioners that "they be +very careful to preserve the peace amongst all the +passengers on shipboard, and that they suffer no +scandal nor offense to be given to any of the Protestants." <span class="sidenote">Baltimore's instructions, 15 Nov., 1633, Calvert +Papers.</span> +The rulers are to instruct the Catholics +to be silent "upon all occasions of discourse concerning +matter of religion," and those in authority +are to "treat the Protestants with as much mildness +and favor as justice will permit." These instructions +were to hold good after landing, and +in one notable case of religious dissension after +the arrival in Maryland, justice was meted out +against the Catholic offender in a way that showed +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page251" name="page251"></a>(p. 251)</span> a disposition to observe this policy of conciliation +toward Protestants at the expense of some unfairness +toward Catholics. Very early a proclamation +was issued for the suppression of all religious disputes, +and Copley, the business administrator of +the Jesuits, thought they ought to be put down for +fear the writings should be sent to the governor +of Virginia.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Necessary ambiguity.</span> The ambiguous charter of Maryland was a +necessary hypocrisy. The plan of toleration was +also inevitable, and it was carried no further than +necessity required, for in that age, when toleration +was odious, a liberal policy had also its perils. +The Act for Church Liberties of 1639 was a fine +example of the studied ambidexterity of the Maryland +government. It was enacted "that Holy +Church within this province shall have all her +rights, liberties, and immunities, safe, whole, and +inviolate in all things." Holy Church here is a +deliberate substitution for "the Church of England" +in a similar phrase of Magna Charta. Such +an act was worthy of Bunyan's Mr. Facing-both-ways. +Interpreted by judges holding office at the +will of a Catholic proprietary, it could have but +one meaning. For the outside world it might +bear another sense. It did all that could be done +in the circumstances for the Roman Catholic religion +and for Catholic ecclesiastics. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_22" name="note_b3_c1_22"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_22">Note 22.</a></span></p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page252" name="page252"></a>(p. 252)</span> XIX.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Puritan settlers invited.</span> In 1643, Parliament, dominated by Puritans, +could not let the distant Maryland province rest in +peace. It passed an ordinance making the Earl of +Warwick Governor in Chief and Lord High Admiral +of all the plantations in America. This act +contained covert allusions to papists, Spaniards, +and governors recently appointed by the king. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_23" name="note_b3_c1_23"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_23">Note 23.</a></span> +Baltimore met the rising tempest in a way characteristic +of him. If he could settle a portion of +his province with Puritans they might serve to +shield him from the storm. Besides, the Catholic +emigration had not proved large, and his province +needed inhabitants. He wrote to a Captain Gibbons, +of Boston, sending him a commission under +the Maryland government, and offering "free liberty +of religion and all other privileges" to such +of the New England people as were willing to remove +to Maryland. <span class="sidenote">Winthrop's Journal, ii, 148, 149.</span> There were those in New +England in that day who longed for a more genial +climate, but to settle under the authority of a papist +was to them much like pitching a tent on the +confines of perdition.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Puritans from Virginia.</span> Though Puritans could not be induced to move +from New England, it happened that the Puritans +living in Virginia were persecuted in this same +year by that stanch cavalier and retrograde churchman, +Sir William Berkeley, who wanted his parsons +to read prayers, but did not like preaching +ministers of any sort. <span class="sidenote">1643.</span> He was new to his government, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page253" name="page253"></a>(p. 253)</span> and had brought over with him plenty of +hostility to the party that had affronted his royal +master in England. Virginia Puritans had no +choice but to suffer or depart, and Maryland was +convenient. They began soon after this to seek a +refuge under the protection of a proprietary who +was a papist and who practiced toleration—two +things almost equally hateful to the Puritans. Mr. +James, a Puritan minister, tarried in Maryland a +short time, as early as 1643; he was probably the +only Protestant minister that set foot on Maryland +soil before 1650. But the Puritan was never easy +unless he was uneasy, and he was sure to be uneasy +within when there was none to molest from +without. To take an oath of fidelity to a papist +was to him swearing fealty to antichrist; but so +desirous was Baltimore of Puritan settlers that +even the Maryland oath of fidelity was modified, +and a saving clause was inserted for the ease of +the Puritan conscience. The coming of Puritans +who were in sympathy with the Parliament in +England and who abhorred a tolerant papist, contributed +something to the multifarious turmoils of +the following years.</p> + +<h4>XX.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Maryland turmoils.</span> What we know of the petty civil wars of Maryland +is tedious and perplexing. The broils before +1649 sprang from diverse sources, some of which +we know, others we may easily conjecture. There +was the old claim of Claiborne to jurisdiction over +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page254" name="page254"></a>(p. 254)</span> Kent Island; there was a disposition on the part +of some of the Marylanders to relieve the tedium +of existence by taking a hand in the great struggle +against royal authority which was rending England; +there was the tendency common in frontier +communities to carry debates to a violent issue; +there was perhaps a natural proneness to insurrection +on the part of bond servants and men lately +out of service; and there was an innate hunger for +spoil of any sort in the seamen of that age and in +the rougher class on shore. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_24" name="note_b3_c1_24"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_24">Note 24.</a></span> But by 1648 the tempest +had passed for the time; order had been reestablished; +the Catholic and the Puritan were living +in peace like the lion and the lamb of Hebrew +prophecy; and the Catholic proprietary, always +promptly bending before the storm, had delegated +his authority to a Protestant governor who took +the Parliament side.</p> + +<h4>XXI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The Act of 1649.</span> Before this epoch Maryland toleration had been +merely a practical fact. It had not been theoretically +stated; it had not been a matter of legislation +at all; its extent and limitations were unknown. +But now that this colonial home of Catholics was +to be a land of Protestants, and particularly of +Puritans, it was necessary to formulate the principle +of toleration, the more, that Baltimore's own +co-religionists were to be put under a Protestant +governor. Governor and high officers of state +were required to swear that they would molest on +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page255" name="page255"></a>(p. 255)</span> account of religion no person professing to believe +in Jesus Christ, "and in particular no Roman Catholic." +By the mere march of events it had come +to pass that in the state founded by Catholics as a +cradle for the Roman Catholic religion, the Catholic +was now compelled to secure as best he could +the toleration of his religion at the hands of the +heretic. Part of Baltimore's plan for this new settlement +of affairs involved the sending over of a +code of perpetual laws to be adopted by the Assembly. +The proprietary gave orders that the governor +should not assent to any of these laws if all +were not passed; but the Assembly of Maryland +farmers was too cunning to be entrapped into passing +laws which it thought inconvenient and unjust. +A humble letter was sent from the members to +the lord proprietary complaining that they were +"illeterate" and "void of that Understanding +and Comprehension" necessary to the discussion +of such a code, and that in April they were too +busy with their "necessary employment in a +Crop" to give attention to it. They selected +certain acts out of the code which they passed, +among which was the famous Act of Toleration of +1649. That this was part of the code sent from +England there can be no doubt; the "illeterate" +colonists were not capable of framing it, and it +bears the character-mark of the Baltimore policy +throughout. Here is no philosophic theory of toleration, +no far-reaching conclusion like that of +Roger Williams, that the magistrate may not take +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page256" name="page256"></a>(p. 256)</span> cognizance of merely religious offences. Williams +was a thinker, a doctrinary, too far in advance of +his age to be the successful organizer of a new +state. Baltimore, on the other hand, accepted a +practical toleration as an expedient—he may even +have come to believe in it as a theory by force of +his own situation. But he was not primarily a +thinker at all. Even here, where Baltimorean toleration +reaches high tide, no philosophic congruity +is sought. The Jew and the Unitarian who deny +the divinity of Christ are to be put to death. +Only so much toleration is granted as is needful +to the occasion. And even this toleration is not +put upon any other ground than public policy; +the forcing of conscience in religion "hath frequently +fallen out to be of dangerous consequence"; +therefore this law is made "to preserve +mutual love and amity amongst the inhabitants." +The provisions against such offences as blasphemy +and Sabbath-breaking and religious disputes precede +those for toleration. Very politic is the arrangement +by which reviling of God is made a +capital offence, while reviling the Virgin Mary is +adroitly associated with speeches against the "holy +apostles or evangelists" as a sort of second-class +blasphemy, a finable offence. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c1_25" name="note_b3_c1_25"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c1_25">Note 25.</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Vicissitudes of toleration.</span> And yet it was toleration, and the law was all +the more influential as an example, perhaps, because +it was only practical and quite incongruous. +It was eminently prudent and statesmanlike. That +it was not perpetually effective was the fault not +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page257" name="page257"></a>(p. 257)</span> of Baltimore but of the times. Puritan ideas were +rampant. The government of the proprietary was +overthrown; the Jesuits fled to the inhospitable +Virginia, where they lived concealed in a low hut +like a cistern or a tomb, not lamenting their physical +privations so much as the lack of wine which +deprived them of the consolation of the sacrament. +The new government of Maryland, five years after +Baltimore's famous "act concerning Religion," +passed a new act with the same title—an act +brusque and curt, a law with its boots and spurs +on. "That none profess and exercise the papist +religion" is its rude forbidding. The tables are +turned; it is no longer the nonresident Jew and +the hypothetical Unitarian who are excepted. But +the wheels rolled swiftly once more, and in three +years Cecilius, absolute lord and proprietary, was +again master of Maryland, and the beneficent act +of 1649 resumed its sway. It protected the Catholic +element, which, though always rich and influential, +came to be in latter colonial times but +about a twelfth of the population. Toleration also +served to make Maryland an early dwelling place +for abounding Quakers and others holding religious +views not relished in colonies less liberal.</p> + +<h3 class="smcap"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page258" name="page258"></a>(p. 258)</span> Elucidations.</h3> + +<div class="answer"> +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_1" name="anote_b3_c1_1"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_1">Note 1, page 223.</a></span> "Voto a Dios que la Corte d'Inglatierra es como un libro de +cavalleros andantes." Quoted by Chamberlain in Birch, i, 413. +In view of the swift mutations of fortune among courtiers, Dudley +Carleton the younger wrote on December 18, 1624, "He is happiest +who has least to do at court"—a truth which Calvert probably +had come to appreciate by that time.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_2" name="anote_b3_c1_2"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_2">Note 2, page 224.</a></span> "The third man who was thought to gain by the Spaniard +was Secretary Calvert; and as he was the only secretary employed +in the Spanish match, so undoubtedly he did what good +offices he could therein for religion's sake, being infinitely addicted +to the Roman Catholic faith, having been converted thereunto +by Count Gondomar and Count Arundel.... Now this +man did protest to a friend of his own that he never got by the +Spaniards so much as a pair of pockets; which it should seem is +a usual gift among them, being excellently perfumed, and may +be valued at twenty nobles or ten pounds price." Goodman's +Court of King James, i, 376, 377.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_3" name="anote_b3_c1_3"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_3">Note 3, page 225.</a></span> Whitbourne gives these names. Those who believe that Calvert +was already actuated by religious zeal, remind us that Glastonbury +(by a curious legendary confusion of names) was also +called Avalon, and that in the Christian legend Joseph of Arimathea +began at Glastonbury the planting of the Christian religion +in Britain. See Anderson's Church of England in the Colonies, +second edition, i, 325, 326. This interpretation of Calvert's intention +in naming his colony was early given. British Museum, +Sloane MSS. XXG. 3662, folio 24, date 1670. When Calvert's +first colony was sent out the Scotch settlement in Newfoundland +was of twelve years' standing, while the Bristol colony had +been seated there five years. Calvert's enterprise seems to have +been pushed with more energy and with a more liberal expenditure +than its predecessors. Compare Whitbourne <i>passim</i> with +the statement of Sir William Alexander in his Encouragement +to Colonies, 1624, p. 25.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_4" name="anote_b3_c1_4"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_4">Note 4, page 225.</a></span> Among the papers at Landsdowne House which I was permitted +to examine by the kindness of Lord Edmund Fitzmaurice, +there is an unpublished work by James Abercromby, written in +1752. It discusses with acuteness the nature of the several +colonial governments. I shall refer to it hereafter under the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page259" name="page259"></a>(p. 259)</span> title of Abercromby's Examination, Landsdowne House, 47. +Abercromby was, so far as I know, the first to point out the apparently +intentional ambiguity of the passages in the Maryland +charter that have to do with religion.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_5" name="anote_b3_c1_5"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_5">Note 5, page 226.</a></span> It is interesting that in 1622, the year preceding the division +of New England by lot, three shares were laid off and no more. +They were at the extreme north of the territory divided the next +year, and were assigned respectively to the Duke of Lenox, the +Earl of Arundel, and Sir George Calvert. A "grand patent" +was then in preparation for a colony on the coast of Maine to be +called Nova Albion. Calendar Colonial Documents, July 24, +1622. It seems probable, from the charter of Avalon, that Calvert +intended it to be a colony that should harbor Catholics, but +on the other hand the first settlers were chiefly Protestants, with +a clergyman of their own faith, and there seem to have been few +Romanists or none in Avalon until the arrival of a company with +the lord proprietary in 1627.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_6" name="anote_b3_c1_6"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_6">Note 6, page 228.</a></span> Fuller's oft-quoted account of the circumstances of Calvert's +resignation, Worthies, Nuttall's edition, iii, 417, 418, gives probably +the commonly received story, and shows that the religious +motive was popularly accepted as the reason for his leaving +office. Archbishop Abbot was better informed though less +impartial. His letter is in the curious work entitled "The +Negotiations of Sir Thomas Roe in his Embassy to the Ottoman +Porte from the Year 1621 to 1628," etc., published in 1740. +Abbot says: "Mr. secretary Calvert hath never looked merily +since the prince his coming out of Spaine: it was thought hee +was muche interested in the Spanishe affaires: a course was +taken to ridde him of all imployments and negotiations. This +made him discontented; and, as the saying is, <i>Desperatio facit +monachum</i>, so hee apparently did turne papist, whiche hee now +professeth, this being the third time that hee hath bene to blame +that way. His Majesty to dismisse him, suffered him to resigne +his Secretaries place to Sir Albertus Moreton, who payed him +three thousand pounds for the same; and the kinge hath made +him baron of Baltimore in Ireland; so hee is withdrawn from vs, +and having bought a ship of 400 tuns, hee is going to New England, +or Newfoundlande, where hee hath a colony." Page 372. +The letters preserved among the state papers are the main +authority, especially those addressed to Sir Dudley Carleton, who +desired to buy Calvert's place. See, <i>passim</i>, the Calendar of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page260" name="page260"></a>(p. 260)</span> Domestic Papers for 1624 and 1625 to February 12th. The circumstantial +account given in the Salvetti correspondence, though +cited as authority by Mr. Gardiner, has never been printed, for +which reason it is here given in the original from the British +Museum Additional MSS. 27962 C.: "Il Signor Cavalier Calvert +primo Segretario et Consigliero di Stato, credendosi, doppo la +rottura de' trattati, che si haveva con Spagna, (che per comandamento +di sua Maestà haveva lui solo maneggiati,) d'essere eclipsato +nell' oppinione del Sig<sup>r</sup>. Principe et Signor Duca, et di non +essere più impiegato con quella confidenza, che solevano ricorse +pochi giorni sono dal Signor Duca di Buchingam per fargli intendere +la sua risolutione, la quale era, che vedendo di non potere +godere della buona grazia dell' Eccellenza sua nella medesima +forma che godeva avanti della sua andata in Spagna era risoluto +di rittrarsi dalla Corte, et di mettere in sua mano, come di presente +faceva, la sua carica, perchè ne disponasse ovonque le +piacesse con molte altre parole tutte piene di valore et magnanimita: +soggiugnendoli di più come dicono, che essendo risoluto +per l'avvenire di vivere et morire Cattolicamente, conosceva di +non poterlo fare nel servizio dove era senza gelosia dello stato et +pericolo del Parlamento. Il Signor Duca ancorche non amasse +questo Cavaliero, ne nessuno altro che ha hauto le mani nel parentado +di Spagna, con tutto ciò vedendo un atto cosi honorato, +gli rispose: che non potera negare che non gli fusse stato da +non so che tempo in qua nemico; ma che hora vedendo la franchezza +et nobiltà d'animo, col rispetto che gli haveva mostrato, +l'abracciava per amico, per mostrargliene gli effeti, sempre che +ne havesse occasione, con assicuratione de più che operrebbe +con sua Maesta gli fusse confermato le suoi pensioni, et di più +dato honorevole ricompensa per la sua carica di segretario. Et +che quanto alla sua religione egli l'havrebbe protetto quanto +fusse mai stato possibile," etc. Salvetti, Correspondence, iii, +February 6, 1624-'25.</p> + +<p>The letter of the 28th February (O.S.) in the same volume +gives an account of the formal resignation to the king, and states +that the greater part of the money paid to Calvert was from his +successor, and that it was paid <i>denari contanti</i>, "cash down," +and adds sympathetically that "this good lord will be able to +live easily and quietly" hereafter.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_7" name="anote_b3_c1_7"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_7">Note 7, page 229.</a></span> Calvert attributes his deception to interested letters. The +principal motives to settle in Newfoundland may be seen by the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page261" name="page261"></a>(p. 261)</span> reader who has patience enough to thread his way through the +jumble of mythology, allegory, political economy of a certain +sort, verse in English and Latin, theology, satire, and an incredible +number of what-nots besides "for the generall and perpetuall +good of Great Britain," found in Vaughan's Golden Fleece, published +in 1626. The nearness of Newfoundland to Ireland and +the comparative cheapness of transportation thither, but especially +the well-established value of its fisheries and the market +they afforded for the produce of the colony, were the most plausible +reasons for settling a colony there. Probably there was a +lurking purpose to turn the shore fishery into a monopoly such +as was contemplated by projectors for the New England coast. +The fact was insisted upon that part of Newfoundland was +"equal in climate," or at least in latitude, to "Little Britain in +France," or Brittany. Then, too, Newfoundland is an island, and +Vaughan at least persuaded himself that "Ilanders should dwel +in Ilands." As some of the apostles were fishermen, "Newfoundland +the grand port of Fishing was alloted to Professors +of the Gospell." Golden Fleece, Part Third, pp. 5 and 6 and +<i>passim</i>.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_8" name="anote_b3_c1_8"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_8">Note 8, page 230.</a></span> Lord Baltimore may have had the governorship of Virginia in +view. Cecilius, his son, sought to have himself made governor +in 1637. Colonial Papers, ix, 45, Record Office. See an earlier +communication on the same subject in Sainsbury, 246, under the +date of February 25, 1637. It is almost the only petition of the +second Lord Baltimore that was not granted. See also section +<a href="#b3_c1_s17">xvii</a> of the present chapter, and <a href="#note_b3_c1_21">note 21</a> below.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_9" name="anote_b3_c1_9"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_9">Note 9, page 231.</a></span> I have ventured to conjecture so much on evidence not +complete. Father White, who was cordially entertained by the +Governor of St. Kitts in 1634, speaks of the people of Montserrat +as "pulsos ab anglis Virginiæ ob fidei Catholicæ professionem." +White's choice of words does not necessarily imply, I +suppose, an actual banishment from Virginia, but at least a refusal +of permission to come. Neither Edwards nor Oldmixon +mention this fact; but as White visited St. Kitts only two years +after the settlement at Montserrat, which was made immediately +from St. Kitts (according to Edwards) and was subject to the +same governor, his information was doubtless correct. There +seems to have been another project to plant Catholics in Virginia +about this time, unless, as is rather probable, we meet +the same plan in another form. Sir Pierce Crosby offered to +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page262" name="page262"></a>(p. 262)</span> plant ten companies "of the Irish Regiment into a fruitful part +of America not yet inhabited." To make the proposal acceptable, +it was stated, somewhat diplomatically perhaps, that the major +part of the officers and many of the soldiers were Protestants. +Sainsbury's Calendar, p. 95, where the conjectural date is 1628.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_10" name="anote_b3_c1_10"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_10">Note 10, page 235.</a></span> The translation quoted is that published by Cecilius Calvert +in the Relation of 1635. The original reads: "Unacum licencia +et facultate Ecclesias Capellas et Oratoria in locis infra premissa +congruis et idoneis Extruendi et fundandi eaque dedicari et sacrari +juxta leges Ecclesiasticas regni nostri Anglie facendas." Maryland +Archives.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_11" name="anote_b3_c1_11"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_11">Note 11, page 235.</a></span> Sir Edward Northey, Attorney-General of England in the +following century, gave this decision: "As to the said clause in +the grant of the province of Maryland, I am of opinion the same +doth not give him power to do anything contrary to the ecclesiastical +laws of England." This is as ingeniously ambiguous as +the clause itself. The attorneys-general and solicitors-general +during the eighteenth century set themselves to the task of subordinating +colonial government to parliamentary authority by a +series of opinions in which they make rather than explain law. +In the present instance Northey was more modest than usual, for +he reaches a purely negative and impotent conclusion, which +Neill turns into a positive one in his text. Founders of Maryland, +99. There is a collection of opinions on colonial subjects +rendered by the attorneys and solicitors-general in the first half +of the eighteenth century, in a volume at Landsdowne House +which I have examined. This collection was made, or at least +furnished, for the use of Lord Shelburne. Before Northey's +opinion was given the English Parliament had assumed power to +override some provisions of the Maryland charter, as is pointed +out in Abercromby's Examination, MS. at Landsdowne House, +47. How slowly the Church of England grew in the colony may +be inferred from the statement made in 1677, that four clergymen +have plantations and settled "beings" of their own—a phrase +sufficiently obscure. Others were sustained by voluntary contributions. +Colonial Papers, No. 49, Record Office, folios 54, 55. +This is Baltimore's reply to the paper at folio 56, the order of +which is evidently reversed. The population of the province, +it is stated, was composed at that time chiefly of dissenters +of various sects, Catholics and Anglicans being the smallest +bodies.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page263" name="page263"></a>(p. 263)</span> <span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_12" name="anote_b3_c1_12"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_12">Note 12, page 236.</a></span> As early as 1752 it was remarked that the Maryland charter +contained "the most extensive power of any charter in British +America." Abercromby's Examination, MS., Landsdowne +House. In Collier's Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain, vol. +ix, is the writ of Edward III, <span class="smcap">A. D.</span> 1327, by which the regalities +of the bishopric of Durham are confirmed after a trial in parliament.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_13" name="anote_b3_c1_13"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_13">Note 13, page 240.</a></span> Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, wrote to Strafford, 10 January, +1633-'34, that he had sent "a hopeful colony into Maryland with +a fair and probable Expectation of Success, however without +Danger of any great prejudice unto myself, in Respect that many +others are joined with me in the Adventure"—that is, in the financial +risk. Strafford Papers, i, 179. Twenty years later Cromwell +writes to Bennet, Governor of Virginia, "We have therefore +at the request of Lord Baltimore and of divers other persons of +quality here who are engaged in great adventures in his interest," +etc. Thurloe, i, 724. A tradition of this co-operation may have +remained in Maryland a century later, for in 1755 or 1756 there +was presented to the Lord Baltimore of that day, who was a +Protestant, a petition from Roman Catholic residents of Maryland +in which this assertion occurs: "The money and persons of +this persuasion contributed chiefly to the settling and peopling of +this colony." British Museum MS. 15,489.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_14" name="anote_b3_c1_14"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_14">Note 14, page 242.</a></span> The statement of Father Henry More, in 1642, that "in leading +the colony to Maryland by far the greater number were heretics," +is not conclusive, though it is relied on by General Bradley +T. Johnson and others. More was Provincial of the Jesuits in +England, and he is no doubt repeating loosely the information +contained in Father White's letter of the year before, which says, +"Whereas three parts of the people in four at least are heretics"—a +statement true, no doubt, in 1641, when the Kent Islanders +and newcomers were counted, but not true, probably, of the company +of 1634, as Bancroft seems to say.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_15" name="anote_b3_c1_15"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_15">Note 15, page 242.</a></span> The original document is in the Stoneyhurst MSS., Anglia, +vol. iv. It is reprinted in full in General Bradley T. Johnson's +"The Foundation of Maryland." It tends to show that the emigration +of many recusants was confidently expected.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_16" name="anote_b3_c1_16"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_16">Note 16, page 243.</a></span> "Nubes, terrificum in morem excresentes, terrori erant intuentibus +antequam discinderentur: et opinionem faciebant prodiisse +adversùm nos in aciem, omnes spiritus tempestatum maleficas, +et malos genios omnes Marylandiæ." Relatio Itineris, 15.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page264" name="page264"></a>(p. 264)</span> <span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_17" name="anote_b3_c1_17"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_17">Note 17, page 247.</a></span> See <i>passim</i>, Letters of Missionaries. A letter of Copley, the +Jesuit, to Lord Baltimore, in Calvert Papers, p. 165, implies the +possibility of Catholic incumbents of Maryland parishes. He is +complaining of the law of the Assembly of 1638 relating to glebe +land: "In euery Mannor 100 acres must be laid out for Gleabe +lande, if then the intention to bind them to be pastors who enjoy +it, we must either by retaining so much euen of our owne +land undertake the office of pastors or lesse euen in our owne +Mannor maintaine pastors, both which to us would be uery Inconuenient."</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_18" name="anote_b3_c1_18"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_18">Note 18, page 248.</a></span> Letters of Missionaries, p. 77. "The Catholics who live in +the colony are not inferior in piety to those who live in other +countries; but in urbanity of manners, according to the judgment +of those who have visited the other colonies, are considered +far superior to them." More than a hundred years later the +Catholics retained a superiority, according to Updike's Appendix +to McSparran, 1752: "The Catholics, having the start in point +of time of the after settlers, are also to this day ahead of them +in wealth and substance; by which means the first and best families +are for the most part still of the Roman communion," p. 492.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_19" name="anote_b3_c1_19"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_19">Note 19, page 248.</a></span> The act passed in 1704 was renewed in 1715 and still in force +in 1749. I cite from Ogle's Account of Maryland, of the latter +date, a manuscript at Landsdowne House, numbered 45, folio +199. In No. 61 at Landsdowne House is a decision of the Attorney-General +in England in 1605 that Jesuits may be expelled +from Maryland by order of the queen if aliens, but not if they are +subjects. The various eighteenth-century enactments against +Catholics will be found in Bacon's Laws of Maryland, <i>passim</i>. +MS. 15,489, British Museum, cites some of these severe laws and +the proceedings taken under them. Strong petitions against +these measures were signed by Charles Carroll and others.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_20" name="anote_b3_c1_20"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_20">Note 20, page 249.</a></span> Gabriel Hawley, Robert Evelin, and Jerome Hawley, appointed +to places in Virginia, appear to have been Catholics and partisans +of Baltimore. Aspinwall Papers, i, page 101, note.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_21" name="anote_b3_c1_21"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_21">Note 21, page 250.</a></span> Baltimore's letter bears date February 25, 1637, and is in the +Record Office, Colonial Papers, xiv, No. 42. The memorial apparently +sent with it is No. 49 in the same volume. Baltimore +proposes to reward Windebank for his assistance, and he sets +down the very manner in which the secretary is to approach the +king with a diplomatic falsehood. Both the letter and memorial +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page265" name="page265"></a>(p. 265)</span> are printed in Maryland Archives, Council Proceedings, pp. +41, 42.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_22" name="anote_b3_c1_22"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_22">Note 22, page 251.</a></span> The act was one of those that for some reason of expediency +was never read a third time, but was condensed into what would +now be called an omnibus bill. The act is given in Bacon's +Laws, and is compared by Bozman with Magna Charta. Bozman +regards this law of 1639 as an attempt to establish the +Roman Catholic religion.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_23" name="anote_b3_c1_23"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_23">Note 23, page 252.</a></span> A copy of the ordinance as printed separately at the time is +in the Lenox Library. It is reprinted in Churchill's Voyages, +viii, 776.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_24" name="anote_b3_c1_24"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_24">Note 24, page 254.</a></span> It is extremely curious that, in the letters of one of the Jesuits +reporting the attack upon them in 1645, he should have used an +expressive word hitherto supposed to be very modern and American. +He says that the assault was made "by a party of 'rowdies' +or marauders." From the way in which the sentence is printed +in the Records of the Society of Jesus, iii, 387, I suppose that in +the original manuscript the English word "rowdies" is given +and explained by a Latin equivalent.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c1_25" name="anote_b3_c1_25"></a><a href="#note_b3_c1_25">Note 25, page 256.</a></span> Charles, the third Lord Baltimore, writes in defense of the +Maryland policy of toleration under date of March 26, 1678: +"That at the first planteing of this Provynce of my ffather—Albeit +he had an absolute Liberty given to him and his heires +to carry thither any Persons out of any the Dominions that belonged +to the Crown of England that should be found Wylling +to goe thither, yett when he comes to make use of this Liberty +He found very few who were inclyned to goe and seat themselves +in those parts But such as for some Reasons or other could not +Lyve with ease in other places, And of these a great parte were +such as could not conforme in all particulars to the severall Lawes +of England relateing to Religion. Many there were of this sort of +people who declared their Wyllingness to goe and Plant themselves +In this Provynce soe as they might have a generall toleračon +settled there by a Lawe by which all of all sorts that professed +Christianity in Generall might be at liberty to worship God in +such manner as was most agreeable with their respective Judgments +and Consciences without being Subject to any Penaltyes +whatever for their soe doing." Colonial Papers, vol. xlix, Record +Office. Compare Leah and Rachel, p. 23, where the author +also implies that the Act of Toleration was a concession to Puritan +demands.</p> +</div> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page266" name="page266"></a>(p. 266)</span> CHAPTER THE SECOND.<br> +<span class="smcap"><i>THE PROPHET OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM.</i></span></h3> + +<h4>I.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Centrifugal forces in Massachusetts.</span> The centrifugal force of religious differences +acted with disastrous results in Maryland, because +the Catholic party, which had always a controlling +negative there through the proprietary, was +in the minority. The Massachusetts people, on +the other hand, were fairly homogeneous in religious +opinion, and their government was admirably +compacted. In Massachusetts religious sentiment +was a powerful centripetal force. Magistrates +and ministers were nicely poised, and each order +relied upon the other to maintain existing conditions. +If the magistrates were perplexed or were +seriously opposed, the elders were called in to advise +or to lend a powerful ecclesiastical sanction to +the rulers. When any disturbance of church order +was threatened, the magistrates came to the front +and supported the clergy with the sharp smiting +of the secular arm. In the magistracy and in the +ranks of the clergy were men of unusual prudence +and ability. If the little Puritan commonwealth +seemed a frail canoe at first, it was navigated—considering +its smallness one might rather say it was +paddled—most expertly. But in Massachusetts, as +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page267" name="page267"></a>(p. 267)</span> well as in Maryland, religious opinion was the main +source of disturbance. The all-pervading ferment +of the time could not be arrested, and more than +once it produced explosion. Now one and now +another prophet of novelty or prophet of retrogression +arose to be dealt with for religious errors; +there were divergences from the strait path of +Puritanism in the direction of a return to Church +of England usage, divergences in the direction of +extreme Separatism, in the direction of the ever-dreaded +"Anabaptism," in the direction of Arianism, +and of so-called Antinomianism. In the case +of the Antinomians, the new movement was able to +shelter itself under the authority of the younger +Vane, then governor, and for a while under the +apparent sanction of the powerful Cotton. But no +other religious disturbance was ever allowed to +gather head enough to become dangerous to the +peace and unity of the little state. Dislike as we may +the principles on which uniformity was enforced, +we must admire the forehanded statesmanship of +the Massachusetts leaders in strangling religious +disturbances at birth, as Pharaoh's midwives did +infant Hebrews.</p> + +<h4>II.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Early life of Roger Williams.</span> One of the most formidable of all those who +ventured to assail the compact phalanx presented +by the secular and religious authorities of Massachusetts +was Roger Williams. <span class="sidenote">N. Eng. Hist., Gen. Reg., July, 1889.</span> Williams was the +son of a merchant tailor of London. He manifested +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page268" name="page268"></a>(p. 268)</span> in boyhood that quickness of apprehension +which made him successful in acquiring languages +later in life. Before he was fifteen the precocious +lad was employed in the Star Chamber in taking +notes of sermons and addresses in shorthand, and +his skill excited the surprise and admiration of Sir +Edward Coke. Coke had found time, in the midst +of a tempestuous public career and the arduous +private studies that brought him permanent renown, +to defend the legacy which founded the +new Sutton's Hospital, later known as the Charter-House +School. <span class="sidenote">Indorsement of Mrs. Sadleir on Williams's letter, +transcript, Lenox Library; also in Narragansett Club, Pub. VI.</span> Of this school he was one of the +governors, and he appointed young Roger Williams +to a scholarship there, Williams being the +second pupil that ever gained admission to that +nursery of famous men. His natural inclination +to industry in his studies was quickened by the +example and encouragement of Coke, who was wont +to say that he who would harrow what Roger Williams +had sown must rise early. From the Charter +House Williams went to Pembroke College, Cambridge. +He early manifested sincere piety and a +tendency to go to extremes in his Puritan scruples. +Even in his father's house he had begun to taste +the bitterness of persecution. His eager temper +transformed his convictions into downright passions; +his integrity was an aggressive force, and +there was a precipitation in his decisions and actions +that was trying to his friends. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_1" name="note_b3_c2_1"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_1">Note 1.</a></span> From an early +period he showed a conscience intolerant of prudent +compromises. Puritanism had contrived to +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page269" name="page269"></a>(p. 269)</span> exist and to grow to formidable strength within +the church by means of such compromises. Hooker +and Cotton, two of the greatest luminaries of that +party and afterward the lights that lightened New +England, one day urged on the impetuous Williams +the propriety of temporarily conforming in the use +of the common prayer. By conceding so much to +the judgment of his revered elders, Williams would +have removed the only obstacle to his advancement, +for preferment was offered to the clever and +exemplary <i>protégé</i> of Coke in the universities, in +the city, in the country, and at court. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_2" name="note_b3_c2_2"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_2">Note 2.</a></span> But neither +interest nor example could sway the impractical +young minister. He took refuge, like other extreme +Puritans, in a private chaplaincy, and refused +all compromise, in order, as he afterward +declared, to keep his "soul undefiled in this +point and not to act with a doubting conscience." +Most men feel bound to obey conscience only +where it clearly commands or forbids; good men +may act on the balance of probabilities where there +is doubt; but this young man would not do anything +concerning which his moral judgment felt +the slightest halting. Here is the key to his whole +career; his strength lay in his aspiration for a soul +undefiled; his weakness, in that he was ever a victim +to the pampered conscience of an ultraist. +Property of some thousands of pounds, that might +have been his had he been willing to make oath in +the form required in chancery, he renounced to +his scruples. It certainly seemed rash in a young +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page270" name="page270"></a>(p. 270)</span> man just setting out in life, with a young wife to +care for, to indulge in such extravagant luxury of +scruple.</p> + +<h4>III.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Flight of Williams from England.</span> Laud succeeded in hunting the non-conforming +Puritans from their lectureships and chaplaincies. +It became with Williams no longer a question of +refusing preferments on both hands with lavish +self-denial, but of escaping the harsh penalties reserved +for such as he by the Courts of High Commission +and the Star Chamber. There was nothing +left but to betake himself to New England for +safety. <span class="sidenote">Williams's letter to Mrs. Sadleir, as above.</span> He fled hurriedly across country on horseback, +feeling it "as bitter as death" that he dared +not even say farewell to his great patron Sir Edward +Coke, who detested schism.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Arrival in New England.</span> Here, as in after life, the supreme hardship he +suffered was not mere exile, but that exile of the +spirit which an affectionate man feels when he is +excommunicate of those he loves. His escape by +sea was probably the more difficult because he was +unwilling to "swallow down" the oath exacted of +those who emigrated. But he succeeded in sailing +with his young wife, and in 1631 this undefiled soul, +this dauntless and troublesome extremist, landed in +New England. He was invited to become one of +the ministers of the Boston church. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_3" name="note_b3_c2_3"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_3">Note 3.</a></span> But Williams +was conscientiously a Separatist, and he refused to +enter into communion with the Boston congregation +because of its position with reference to the +church in England.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page271" name="page271"></a>(p. 271)</span> This protest by withdrawal of communion was +a fundamental principle of Separatism. It was not, +as it appears on the surface, a manifestation of uncharitableness +toward persons, but a solemn protest +by act in favor of a principle. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_4" name="note_b3_c2_4"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_4">Note 4.</a></span> Never was any +man more forgiving, long-suffering, and charitable +toward opponents than Williams, but never was a +man less inclined to yield a single jot in the direction +of compromise where his convictions were involved, +whatever might be the evils sure to result +from his refusal.</p> + +<h4>IV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Williams at Salem.</span> Williams repaired first to Salem, the north +pole of Puritanism, where the pioneer church of +Massachusetts had a more Separatist tone than +any other. In the phrase of the time, no other +churches in the world were so "pure" as the New +England churches, and Salem was accounted the +"purest" church in New England. Its surviving +minister, Skelton, and its principal layman, Endecott, +both tended to extreme Congregationalism; +but the General Court of the colony protested +against the selection of Williams to be one of the +ministers of the Salem church. Skelton's Separatist +tendencies, Endecott's impetuous radicalism, +and Salem's jealous rivalry with the younger town +of Boston, were already sources of anxiety to the +rulers. The addition of Williams to these explosive +forces was alarming. Williams's ecclesiastical +ideals were not those which the leaders of the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page272" name="page272"></a>(p. 272)</span> colony had devoted their lives and fortunes to establish. +Had this young radical been less conscientious, +less courageous, less engagingly good and +admirable, there would not have been so much +reason to fear him. A letter was written to Endecott +protesting against Williams's ordination, because +he had refused communion with the church +at Boston, and because he denied the power of the +magistrate to enforce duties of the first table—that +is, duties of religion. <span class="sidenote">Winthrop's Journal, i, 63, 12th April, 1631.</span> Here at the very outset of +his American life we find that Williams had already +embraced the broad principle that involved the +separation of church and state and the most complete +religious freedom, and had characteristically +pushed this principle to its logical result some +centuries in advance of the practice of his age. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_5" name="note_b3_c2_5"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_5">Note 5.</a></span> +The protest of the court prevented his ordination. +He yielded to the opposition and soon after removed +to Plymouth, where the people were Separatists, +modified by the conservative teachings of +John Robinson, somewhat modified also by the +responsibility of founding a new state, and perhaps +by association with Puritans of the neighboring +colony.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Williams at Plymouth.</span> At Plymouth the young idealist "prophesied" +in his turn, but did not take office in the church, +which already had a pastor in Ralph Smith, the +Separatist, who had been suffered to come over in +a Massachusetts ship only on his giving a promise +not to preach in that jurisdiction without leave. +The congregation at Plymouth was poor, and +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page273" name="page273"></a>(p. 273)</span> Roger Williams mainly supported himself by hard +toil "at the hoe and the oar"—that is, perhaps, in +farming and fishing. His body seems to have been +vigorous, and no physical fatigue abated anything +of his mental activity. The Pilgrims had passed +more than twelve years in Holland, and almost +every adult in Plymouth must have known Dutch. +Those of Roger Williams's own age, who were +children when they migrated to Leyden and men +when they left, probably spoke it as well as they +did their mother tongue. <span class="sidenote">Maverick's Description of New England, 25.</span> The Plymouth people, +indeed, were styled "mungrell Dutch" a quarter +of a century later. It is probable that Williams, +with his usual eagerness to acquire knowledge, +now added Dutch to his stock of languages; it is +certain that he afterward taught Dutch to John +Milton. But he was still more intent on learning +the language of the natives, that he might do them +good. He resolved not to accept office as pastor +or teacher, but to give himself to work among +the Indians. <span class="sidenote">Williams to Winthrop, 1632.</span> Perhaps his tendency to individualism +made this prospect pleasing to him. He may +have begun already to realize in a half-conscious +way that there was scant room in any organization +for such as he. The learning of the Indian language +was an arduous toil in more ways than one. +"God was pleased to give me a painful patient +spirit," wrote Williams long after, "to lodge with +them in their filthy, smoky holes to gain their +tongue." He afterward wrote an excellent treatise +on the dialect of the New England Indians.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page274" name="page274"></a>(p. 274)</span> + +<a id="img007" name="img007"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/img007.jpg"> +<img src="images/img007tb.jpg" width="200" height="340" alt="Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth." title=""></a> +</div> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Writes against the royal patents.</span> At Plymouth Williams spoke, as he had at +Salem, without restraint from any motive of expediency +or even of propriety. Separatist Plymouth, +whose days of advance were over, was a little disturbed +by his speech. In his own sweet, reckless +way he sometimes sharply rebuked even the revered +Bradford when he thought him at fault. +And in the interest of the aborigines and of justice +Williams laid before Governor Bradford a manuscript +treatise which argued that the king had no +right to give away, as he had assumed to do in his +grants and charters, the lands of the Indians merely +because he was a Christian and they heathen. +That it was right to wrong a man because he was +not orthodox in belief could find no place in the +thoughts of one whose conscience was wholly incapable +of sophistication. Bradford accepted candidly +the rebukes of Williams and loved him for +his "many precious parts." <span class="sidenote">Bradford, 310.</span> But as governor of a +feeble colony he was disturbed by Williams's +course. In spirituality, unselfish fearlessness, and +a bold pushing of Separatist principles to their +ultimate logical results, Roger Williams reminded +the Pilgrims of the amiable pastor of the Separatist +church in Amsterdam whose change step by step +to "Anabaptism," the great bugbear of theology +in that time, had been a tragedy and a scandal to +the Separatists of Leyden. <span class="sidenote">Knowles's Life of Williams, 53.</span> Elder Brewster feared +that Williams would run the same course. Williams +wished to return to Salem, where he might +still devote himself to the neighboring Indians, and +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page275" name="page275"></a>(p. 275)</span> assist Skelton, now declining in health. Brewster +persuaded the Plymouth church to give him a +letter of dismissal. <span class="sidenote">Williams returns to Salem.</span> The leading Pilgrims felt +bound to send "some caution" to the Salem +church regarding the extreme tendencies of Williams. +On the other hand, some of the Plymouth +people were so captivated by his teachings and +his personal character that they removed with +him. This following of an approved minister was +common among Puritans; an acceptable preacher +was of as much value to a town as good meadows, +broad pastures, and pure water.</p> + +<h4>V.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The town system.</span> To understand the brief career of Williams at +Salem and its catastrophe, we must recall the +character of colonial life in Massachusetts at the +time. There were already sixteen settlements or +"towns" on the shores of Massachusetts Bay, with +an indefinite stretch of gloomy wilderness for background, +the dwelling place of countless savages +and wild beasts. The population of all the settlements +may have summed up five thousand people—enough +to have made one prosperous village. +The inhabitants of the various towns of the bay +were from different parts of England; their dress +and dialect were diverse, and their Puritanism was +of various complexions. The town system, at first +a reproduction on new soil of the township field +communes that had subsisted in parts of England +from ages beyond the fountain heads of tradition, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page276" name="page276"></a>(p. 276)</span> gave some play to local peculiarities and prejudices. +There is evidence that the central government +relieved itself from strain by means of this +rural borough system. The ancient town system +in turn appears to have taken on a new youth; it +was perhaps modified and developed by the local +diversity of the people, and it lent to Massachusetts, +at first, something of the elasticity of a federal +government. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_6" name="note_b3_c2_6"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_6">Note 6.</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Life in the Massachusetts settlements.</span> This community of scattered communes was +cut off from frequent intercourse with the world, +for the sea was far wider and more to be feared in +that day of small ships and imperfect navigation +than it is now. <span class="sidenote">1630 to 1640.</span> The noise of the English controversies +in which the settlers had once borne a part +reached them at long intervals, like news from another +planet. But most of the time these lonesome +settlements had no interest greater than the petty +news and gossip of little forest hamlets. The visitor +who came afoot along Indian trails, or by +water, paddling in a canoe, to Boston on lecture +day, might bring some news of sickness, accident, +or death. Sometimes the traveling story was exciting, +as that wolves had slaughtered the cattle +at a certain place, while yet cattle were few and +precious. Or still more distressing intelligence +came that the ruling elder of the church at Watertown +had taken the High-church position that +Roman churches were Christian churches, or that +democratic views had been advanced by Eliot of +Roxbury. A new and far-fetched prophetical explanation +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page277" name="page277"></a>(p. 277)</span> of a passage in the Book of Canticles, +and a tale of boatmen wrecked in some wintry +tempest, might divide the attention of the people. +Stories of boats capsized, of boatmen cast on islands +where there was neither shelter nor food, of boats +driven far to sea and heard of no more, were staples +of excitement in these half-aquatic towns; and +if the inmates of a doomed boat had been particularly +profane, these events were accounted edifying—divine +judgments on the ungodly. When the +governor wandered once and lost himself in the +forest, passing the night in a deserted wigwam, +there was a sensation of a half-public character. +That a snake and a mouse had engaged in a battle, +and that the puny mouse had triumphed at last, +was in one budget of traveling news that came to +Boston. To this event an ominous significance +was given by John Wilson, pastor of the Boston +church, maker of anagrams, solemn utterer of +rhyming prophecies which were sometimes fulfilled, +and general theological putterer. Wilson +made the snake represent the devil, according to +all sound precedents; the mouse was the feeble +church in the wilderness, to which God would +give the victory over Satan. Thus enhanced by +an instructive interpretation from the prophet and +seer of the colony, the story no doubt took up its +travels once more, and now with its hopeful exegesis +on its back. The Massachusetts mouse was +an auspicious creature; it is recorded by the governor, +and it was no doubt told along the coast, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page278" name="page278"></a>(p. 278)</span> that one got into a library and committed depredations +on a book of common prayer only, nibbling +every leaf of the liturgy, while it reverently spared +a Greek Testament and a Psalter in the same +covers.</p> + +<p>In a petty state with a range of intellectual interests +so narrow, the conflict between Williams +and the General Court took place.</p> + +<h4>VI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Self-consciousness of the Massachusetts community.</span> It was a community that believed in its own +divine mission. It traced the existence of its settlements +to the very hand of God—the God who +led Israel out of Egypt. The New England colonists +never forgot that they were a chosen people. +Upon other American settlers—the Dutch +in New Netherland, the Virginia churchmen, the +newly landed Marylanders, with their admixture +of papists—they looked with condescension if not +with contempt, accounting them the Egyptians of +the New World. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_7" name="note_b3_c2_7"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_7">Note 7.</a></span> The settlers on the Bay of +Massachusetts were certain that their providential +exodus was one of the capital events in human +history; that it had been predesigned from eternity +to plant here, in a virgin world, the only true +form of church government and to cherish a church +that should be a model to the Old World in turn, +and a kind of foreshadowing of the new heaven +and the new earth. Some dreamed that the second +coming of Christ would take place among the +rocky woodlands of New England. The theocratical +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page279" name="page279"></a>(p. 279)</span> government was thought to be the one most +pleasing to God, and a solemn obligation was felt +to import into this new theocracy the harsh Oriental +intolerance which had marked that fierce +struggle in which the Jewish tribes finally shook +off image worship.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">John Cotton, 1633.</span> The apostle of theocracy who arrived soon +after Williams's return to Salem was John Cotton, +a Puritan leader in England, in whom devoutness +was combined with extreme discretion, a dominant +will with a diplomatic prudence and a temper never +ruffled. Cotton's ingenious refinements made him +a valuable apologist in an age of polemics, but they +often served to becloud his vision of truth and +right. He was prone to see himself as he posed, in +the character of a protagonist of truth. He gave +wise advice to the Massachusetts Puritans at their +departure from England. When, a few years +later, Laud's penetrating vigilance and relentless +thoroughness made even Cotton's well-balanced +course of mild non-conformity impossible, he fled +from his parish of Boston, in Lincolnshire, to London, +and escaped in 1633 with difficulty to the new +Boston in New England. As John Cotton had +been the shining candle of Puritanism in England, +his arrival in America was hailed with joy, and +from the time of his settlement in the little capital +his was the hand that shaped ecclesiastical institutions +in New England, and he did much also to +mold the yet plastic state. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_8" name="note_b3_c2_8"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_8">Note 8.</a></span> Though he usually +avoided the appearance of personal antagonism, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page280" name="page280"></a>(p. 280)</span> every formidable rival he had left Massachusetts +early. Williams, Hooker, Davenport, and Hugh +Peter all found homes beyond the bounds of the +colony. There can not be two queen bees in one +hive, nor can there well be more than one master +mind in the ecclesiastical order of a petty +theocratic state. It was the paradox of colonial +religious organization that the Episcopal colonies +had parishes almost independent of all supervision, +while the New England Congregationalists were, +from the arrival of Cotton, subject to the dominance +of ministers who virtually attained to the +authority of bishops.</p> + +<h4>VII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Salem refractory.</span> Salem, the oldest town of the commonwealth, +was the most ready to pursue an independent +course and it was attached to Williams, whose ability +attracted new settlers and who maintained a +position of independence toward Cotton and the +authorities at Boston. To subdue the refractory +Salem was no doubt one of the secondary purposes +of the proceedings against Williams. There seems +to have been no personal animosity toward Williams +himself; his amiable character and his never-doubted +sincerity were main obstacles to his punishment.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Collision inevitable.</span> The return of Roger Williams to such a place +as Salem was naturally a matter of alarm to the +ministers and magistrates of Massachusetts. Collision +was not a matter of choice on either side. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page281" name="page281"></a>(p. 281)</span> The catastrophe was like one that comes from the +irresistible action of physical forces. In a colony +planted at great cost to maintain one chosen form +of worship and subordinating all the powers of +government to this purpose, a preacher who asserted +the necessity for a complete separation of +religion and government in the interest of soul liberty +had no place. His ideal was higher than the +prevailing one, but that age could not possibly rise +to it.</p> + +<h4>VIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The book against the patent.</span> Williams was yet only a private member of the +church in Salem, but in the illness of the pastor he +"exercised by way of prophecy"—that is, preached +without holding office. An alarming report was +soon in circulation that he had written a book +against the king's patent, the foundation of the +colonial authority. This treatise, we have said, +was written in Plymouth for the benefit of Governor +Bradford. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_9" name="note_b3_c2_9"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_9">Note 9.</a></span> Like many of the manuscript +books that have come down to us, it appears to +have been a small quarto, and, if it resembled other +books of the sort, it was neatly stitched and perhaps +even bound by its author in the favorite pigskin +of the time. Williams sent his book promptly +to be examined. Some of the "most judicious +ministers much condemned Mr. Williams's error +and presumption," and an order was made that he +"should be convented at the next court." In the +charges no fault was found with the main thesis of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page282" name="page282"></a>(p. 282)</span> the book, that the king could not claim and give +away the lands of the Indians; but it was thought +that there were disloyal reflections cast upon both +James and Charles—at least those eager to condemn +construed the obscure and "implicative +phrases" of Williams in that sense—and these supposed +reflections were the subject of the charges. +Williams wrote a submissive letter, and offered his +book, or any part of it, to be burned after the manner +of that time. A month later, when the governor +and council met, the whole aspect of the +affair had changed. Cotton and Wilson, the teacher +and the pastor of the Boston church, certified, after +examination of Williams's quarto, that "they found +the matters not so evil as at first they seemed." +It was decided to let Williams off easily. There +are some things unexplained about the affair; the +eagerness of the "judicious ministers" and court +to condemn without due examination, the failure +even to specify the objectionable passages at last, +and the unwonted docility of Williams—all leave +one to infer that there was more in this transaction +than appears. Laud and his associates were moving +to have the Massachusetts charter vacated, and +it may have seemed imprudent for the magistrates +to found their authority on a base so liable to disappear. +If the charter had been successfully called +in, Williams's ground of the sufficiency of the +Indian title to lands might have proved useful as a +last resort. Williams asserted, long afterward, that +before his troubles began he had drafted a letter +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page283" name="page283"></a>(p. 283)</span> addressed to the king, "not without the approbation +of some of the chiefs of New England," whose consciences +were also "tender on this point before +God." <span class="sidenote">Reply to Cotton, 276, 277.</span> This letter humbly acknowledged "the evil +of that part of the patent which relates" to the gift +of lands. Had the letter been sent to its destination +it would have cut a curious figure among the +worldly-minded state papers of the time.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">An abstract principle.</span> It is probable that most of the land of the colony +had been secured from the natives by purchase +or by treaty of some sort; at least the Indians +were content, and the little quarto had at that time +no practical bearing whatever, but that did not +matter to Williams. The more abstract a question +of right and wrong, the more he relished a +discussion of it. It was of a piece with his exquisite +Separatism, a mere standing up in the face +of heaven and earth for an abstract principle. His +purpose was not to right a specific and concrete +wrong, for there had been none, but to assert as a +broad principle of everlasting application that a +Christian king may not dispose of the land owned +by heathens merely because of his Christianity. +Williams was not a judge or a lawgiver; he was +a poet in morals, enamored of perfection, and keeping +his conscience purer than Galahad's.</p> + +<h4>IX.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The alarm.</span> It was in the winter of 1633-'34 that the book +about the patent was called in question. Skelton, +pastor of Salem, died in the following August, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page284" name="page284"></a>(p. 284)</span> and the Salem people, in spite of an injunction +from the magistrates, made Williams their teacher +in his stead. <span class="sidenote">1634.</span> The country was now full of alarm +at news from England that the charter was to be +revoked, that a general governor of New England +was to be appointed, and that a force was to be +sent to support his authority. Laud was put at +the head of a commission for the government of +the colonies in April, 1634. There could be no +doubt of the meaning of this measure. For more +than a year the alarm in Massachusetts continued. +The ministers were consulted regarding the lawfulness +of resistance to force. A platform was constructed +on the northeast side of Castle Island, and +a fortified house was proposed to defend the platform. +The trainbands were drilled, muskets, +"bandeleroes" or cartridge belts, and rests were +distributed to the several towns, and pikemen were +required to learn to use the cumbrous musket +of the time. Puritans in England, angry that +Laud, the new archbishop and old persecutor, +should stretch a long arm to America, sent powder +and cannon to their co-religionists, the object of +whose military vigilance could easily be covered +by dangers from the savages, from the French, +or from the Spaniards.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Debates not appeased.</span> But these assiduous preparations, under the +supervision of a military commission which had +"power of life and limb," did not abate in the least +the discussion of questions of doctrine and casuistry. +Refinements of theology were quite as real +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page285" name="page285"></a>(p. 285)</span> and substantial to the Puritan mind as trainbands +and fortifications. Sound doctrine and a scrupulous +observance of the "ordinances" conciliated +God; they were indeed more important elements +of public safety than drakes and demi-culverins.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Reform in dress.</span> The General Court of September, 1634, undertook +to provide for the public safety in both respects. <span class="sidenote">Mass. Records, 3d September, 1634.</span> +Along with regulations and provisions of +a military nature, it set out to remove those flagrant +sins that had provoked the divine wrath. +The wearing of silver, gold, and rich laces, girdles, +and hatbands was forbidden; slashed clothes were +also abolished, "other than one slash in each sleeve +and another in the back"; ruffs and beaver hats, +which last were apparently a mark of dudishness, +were not to be allowed. Long hair and other +fashions "prejudicial to the general good" were +done away with in this hour of penitence. <span class="sidenote">Compare Ward's Simple Cobbler, <i>passim</i>.</span> Men +and women might wear out the clothes they had, +except their "immoderate great sleeves, slashed +apparel, immoderate great rayles, long wings," +which were to go at once without reprieve or +ceremony. The use of tobacco, socially and in +public, or before strangers was made an offense. +If taken secretly or medicinally, the Court did not +take cognizance of it.</p> + +<h4>X.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The fast-day sermon.</span> Seeing that the millinery sins recounted in this +act had cried to Heaven, and that, beside the danger +from England, there was the desire of Hooker's +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page286" name="page286"></a>(p. 286)</span> party to remove to the Connecticut, and a +dissension concerning the power of the Upper +House that threatened trouble, the Court appointed +the 18th of September a solemn fast-day, +hoping by repentance, prayer, and the penance +of hunger to avert the manifold disasters that +threatened them. <span class="sidenote">1634.</span> Roger Williams was sure to +speak like a prophet on such an occasion. He did +not stop at slashed garments, great sleeves, and +headdresses with long wings; he preached on +eleven "public sins" that had provoked divine +wrath. We have no catalogue left us. The list +may have included some of those amusing scruples +that he held in common with other Puritans, or +some of those equally trivial personal scruples that +Williams cherished so fondly. But no sermon of +his on public sins could fail to contain a declaration +of his far-reaching and cherished principle of +religious freedom, including perhaps a round denunciation +of the petty inquisition into private +opinion which had been set up in Massachusetts. +The Sabbath law, the law obliging men to pay a +tax to support religious worship, the requirement +that all should attend religious worship under +penalty, and the enforcement of a religious oath +on irreligious and perhaps unwilling residents, the +assumption of the magistrate to regulate the orthodoxy +of a church under the advice of the ministers, +were points of Massachusetts law and administration +that he denounced at various times; and some +of them, if not all, were no doubt put in pillory in +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page287" name="page287"></a>(p. 287)</span> this fast-day sermon in the early autumn of 1634. +Judged by modern standards, the sermon may +have had absurdities enough, but it was no doubt +a long way in advance of the General Court's +mewling about lace, and slashes, and long hair, and +other customs "prejudicial to the general good." +To this sermon, whatever it was, Williams afterward +attributed the beginning of the troubles that +led to his banishment.</p> + +<h4>XI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Williams dealt with ecclesiastically.</span> Winthrop, just but gentle, narrow-minded but +ever large-hearted, had been superseded in the +governorship by Dudley, open and zealous advocate +of religious intolerance. Dudley, who was +always hot-tempered, was for proceeding out of +hand with the bold "teacher" of the church in +Salem, but he felt bound to consult with the ministers +first, since Williams was an "elder," and even +among Puritans there was a sort of benefit of +clergy. Cotton had developed a complete system +of church-state organization hammered out of, or +at least supported by, Bible texts linked by ingenious +inferences, and from the time of Cotton's +arrival there was a strong effort to secure uniformity. +But Cotton was timid in action, and he +was nothing if not orderly and ecclesiastical. Williams +was an elder, entitled as such to be proceeded +with "in a church way" first. As leader +and spokesman of the clergy Cotton expressed his +charitable conviction that Williams's "violent +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page288" name="page288"></a>(p. 288)</span> course did rather spring from scruple of conscience +than from a seditious principle." The +clergy proposed to try to convert him by argument, +not so much, perhaps, from hope of success +as from a conviction that this was the orderly and +scriptural rule. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_10" name="note_b3_c2_10"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_10">Note 10.</a></span> Dudley, impatient to snuff out +Williams at once, replied that they "were deceived +in him if they thought he would condescend +to learn of any of them." But the "elders" +now proceeded in the roundabout way prescribed +by Cotton's system ingeniously deduced from +Scripture. The individual church must deal with +its own member; the sister churches might remonstrate +with a church. Cotton and Wilson, for +example, could appeal to the Boston church to appeal +to the Salem church to appeal to Williams, +and in this order much of the correspondence +went on.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The governor's verse.</span> It was, perhaps, when his desire to act promptly +against the Salem heretic was thus foiled by Cotton's +prudent and intricate orderliness in procedure +that Dudley relieved his emotions by what is happily +the only example of his verse that has survived:</p> + +<span class="sidenote">Eliot's New England Biography, 156, 157.</span> + +<p class="poem10"> +Let men of God in courts and churches watch<br> +O'er such as do a toleration hatch,<br> +Lest that ill egg bring forth a cockatrice<br> +To poison all with heresy and vice.<br> +If men be left and otherwise combine,<br> +My epitaph's I die no libertine.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page289" name="page289"></a>(p. 289)</span> XII.</h4> + +<p>The most substantial grievance of the rulers +against Williams was his opposition to "the oath." +In order to make sure of the loyalty of the residents +in this time of danger a new oath of fidelity +to be taken by residents had been promulgated. +Practical men are wont to put aside minor scruples +in time of danger. David eats the sacred shew-bread +when he is famishing: but Williams would +rather starve than mumble a crumb of it. He did +not believe in enforced oaths; they obliged the +wicked man to a religious act, and thus invaded +the soul's freedom. Cotton says that Williams's +scruples excited such an opposition to the oath +that the magistrates were not able to enforce it. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_11" name="note_b3_c2_11"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_11">Note 11.</a></span> +He thus unwittingly throws a strong light on the +weakness of the age, and extenuates the conduct +of Williams as well as that of the rulers. The age +was in love with scrupulosity, and Williams on this +side was the product of his time. In such an age +a scruple-maker of ability and originality like Williams +might be a source of danger.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Scruples small and great.</span> During the year following Williams was several +times "convented" before the Court. He was +charged with having broken his promise not to +speak about the patent, with opposing the residents' +oath, with maintaining certain scruples in +opposition to the customs of the times, as that a +man should not return thanks after a meal, or call +on an unregenerate child to give thanks for his +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page290" name="page290"></a>(p. 290)</span> food. These were not more trivial certainly than +half a hundred scruples then prevalent, but they +chanced to be unfashionable—a damning fault in a +scruple. The sense of proportion was feeble in religionists +of that day, and neither Williams nor his +opponents understood the comparative magnitude +of his greater contentions, and the triviality of +those petty scruples about which, like the whole +Puritan world, he was very busy. Religious freedom +and the obligation of grace after meat could +then be put into the same category. As years +went by, although the mind of Williams was never +disentangled from scrupulosity, he came to see +clearly what was the real battle of his life. No +better fortune can befall a great spirit than such a +clarification of vision. The extended works of +Williams's later life are written mainly to overthrow +the "bloody tenent of persecution." It was +this championship of soul liberty as the weightiest +matter of the law that lifted him above all others +who paid tithes of their little garden herbs.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Williams inflexible.</span> Williams was certainly incorrigible. Richard +Brown, the ruling elder of the church at Watertown, +seems to have submitted to the remonstrance +of the magistrates against his too charitable judgment +of the Roman churches. <span class="sidenote">Savage's Winthrop's Journal, i, 81.</span> Eliot, of Roxbury, +afterward the Indian apostle, advanced peculiar +opinions also, but he was overborne and convinced. <span class="sidenote">Mass. Rec., i, 135, 136.</span> +Stoughton, who had denied that the "assistants" +of a corporation were scriptural magistrates, was +brought to book about this time, and he retracted. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page291" name="page291"></a>(p. 291)</span> Salem itself was forced to bend its stiff neck at +last. The town had been refused its land on +Marble Neck because of its ordination of Williams, +and having, under Williams's leadership, protested +in a letter to the churches against the injustice of +spiritual coercion by financial robbery, the deputies +of Salem were now summarily turned out of +the court. Endecott, with characteristic violence, +protested further against the double injustice to +Salem. <span class="sidenote">Mass. Rec., i, 156, 157. Winthrop's Journal, i, 194.</span> He was promptly put under arrest, and +this severity brought swift conviction to his mind, +so that he humbly apologized and submitted the +same day. The only bond of unity between the +rash Salem leader and Williams was a common +tendency to go to extremes. In spirit, the heroic, +long-suffering Williams, who rested in what he +called the "rockie strength" of his opinions in +spite of penalties and majorities, was far removed +from a leader who bent before the first blast, and +who became in later life the harshest persecutor +in the commonwealth.</p> + +<h4>XIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Williams's trial.</span> Williams remained the one resolute, stubborn, +incorrigible offender. Eliot, Stoughton, and Endecott, +and even Williams's fellow-elder, Sharpe, and +the whole church at Salem, might be argued into +conformity by the sharp dialectics of the clergy, or +bullied out of their convictions by the sharper logic +of the magistrates, but Roger Williams could not +be overborne. Individualist in his very nature, his +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page292" name="page292"></a>(p. 292)</span> self-reliant spirit was able to face isolation or excommunication. +The great Hooker was set to dispute +with him. Hooker's refined arguments were +drawn out by inferences linked to inferences. He +proved to the satisfaction of everybody but the +culprit that it was not lawful for Williams, with his +opinions, to set food before his unregenerate child, +since he did not allow an irreligious child to go +through the form of giving thanks. But the wire-drawn +logic of Hooker, though Williams could not +always answer it, had no more influence with him +than the ingenious sophistications of the pious +Cotton; Williams constantly fell back upon the +"rockie strength" of his principles. On the 9th +of October, 1635, he was sentenced to banishment. +After the manner of that curious age, his banishment +was based on charges of great importance +mixed with charges utterly trivial. His denial of +the authority of the magistrate to regulate the +orthodoxy of the churches and the belief of individuals +is, however, made one of the cardinal +offenses in all the trustworthy accounts given at +the time. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_12" name="note_b3_c2_12"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_12">Note 12.</a></span> With this were joined in the proceedings, +but not in the sentence, such things as the +denial of the propriety of grace after meat. All +the elders but one advised his banishment.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Williams banished.</span> The magistrates, though deeply "incensed" +against him, probably felt at the last some reluctance +to banish such a man. Six weeks were accorded +him in which to leave. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_13" name="note_b3_c2_13"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_13">Note 13.</a></span> Winthrop, who +was Williams's friend, and who seems to have been +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page293" name="page293"></a>(p. 293)</span> loath to consent to his banishment, wrote to him to +"steer his course for Narragansett Bay," where +there was territory beyond the bounds of Massachusetts +and Plymouth. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_14" name="note_b3_c2_14"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_14">Note 14.</a></span> The forest journeys or +boat voyages to Boston and back, the bitter controversies +there, and the uproar of indignation +which was produced in Salem by the news of the +verdict, the desertion of Williams by Endecott, convinced +by force, and by Sharpe, the ruling elder, +who had been also dealt with, the natural yielding +of the Salem church after a while to the pressure +from the General Court, and to the desire of the +townsmen to secure the lands at Marble Neck, put +a strain on Williams which, added to his necessary +toil in the field, broke his health and he fell ill. +The General Court probably also felt the recoil of +its act. When six weeks had expired consent +was given that Williams should remain during the +winter provided he would refrain from preaching. +But Williams was in Salem, and in Salem he was +the center of interest—just now he was the center +of explosion. It was impossible for the great Separatist +to be silent. A few faithful friends, come-outers +like himself, clave to him and repudiated as +he did communion with the church at Salem, which +could condone the offenses of the magistrates for +the sake of "these children's toys of land, meadows, +cattle, and government." +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_15" name="note_b3_c2_15"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_15">Note 15.</a></span> These fellow-Separatists, +some of whom perhaps had removed from Plymouth +out of love for this unworldly saint, loved him +none the less for his courage and his sorrows. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page294" name="page294"></a>(p. 294)</span> They frequented his house on Sunday as he convalesced. +Indeed, the attachment to him was so +great that the "ordinances" which had been appointed +by the magistrates and enforced on Salem +as the price of the common land on Marble Neck, +were neglected and almost deserted. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_16" name="note_b3_c2_16"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_16">Note 16.</a></span> Williams +could not refrain from speech with this concourse +of visitors, and at length word came to Boston that +more than twenty persons had definitely adhered +to the opinions of their former teacher, unconvinced +by the argument of the rod of justice applied +to Endecott and Sharpe, or by the valuable +land on Marble Neck. These disciples proposed +to remove in the spring with Williams to the shores +of Narragansett Bay. This might meet the approval +of the sagacious and kindly Winthrop, who +had directed Williams's attention to that promising +place, and who foresaw perhaps the usefulness of +such a man in the dangerous Indian crisis now +threatening the colony. But to devotees of uniformity, +the prospect of a community on the very +border of the land of the saints tolerating all sorts +of opinionists was insufferable. When once the +civil government weights itself with spiritual considerations, +its whole equilibrium is disturbed. +Liberty and justice seem insignificant by the side +of the immensities. <span class="sidenote">Savage's Winthrop, i, 209, 210.</span> The magistrates, or a part of +them, were alarmed at the prospect of a settlement +of the followers of Williams at Narragansett Bay, +"whence the infection would easily spread into +these churches, the people being, many of them, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page295" name="page295"></a>(p. 295)</span> much taken with an apprehension of his godliness." +It was therefore agreed to send him to England +on a ship soon to sail.</p> + +<h4>XIV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Escape to the Indians.</span> The hardships of such a voyage in midwinter +in his state of health might prove fatal, and his +arrival in England would almost certainly deliver +him into the hands of Laud. But what is justice +or mercy when the welfare of churches and the +rescue of imperiled souls is to be considered? A +warrant was dispatched ordering him to Boston +within a certain time. Probably knowing what +was in store for him, he protested that it would be +dangerous for him, in view of his health, to make +the journey, and some of the Salem people went to +Boston in his behalf, and, as was natural in the circumstances, +made exaggerated representations regarding +his physical condition. But the magistrates +had other information. They sent the valiant and +notorious Captain Underhill, in whom were mingled +about equally devoutness, military courage, +and incorrigible lewdness, to bring Williams by +sea in a shallop. Williams was probably informed +of their purpose, for, while Underhill in his little +craft was beating up to Salem in wintry seas on an +errand so congenial, expecting perhaps to come +upon his quarry unawares, Williams was fleeing +from one hamlet of bark wigwams to another. +Here among the barbarians he was sure of faithful +friends and secure concealment. Underhill found +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page296" name="page296"></a>(p. 296)</span> on his arrival that the culprit had disappeared +three days before he got there, and nobody in +Salem, that could, would tell whither the fugitive +had gone.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Williams founds Providence.</span> Meantime Williams was, to use his own figure +of speech, "steering his course" "in winter snow" +toward Narragansett Bay. "I was sorely tossed +for one fourteen weeks in a bitter winter season," +he says, in his vivid and hyperbolic fashion of +speech, "not knowing what bed or bread did +mean." He began one settlement on the eastern +bank of the Seekonk River after getting land from +the Indians, but his old enemies the royal patents +now had their revenge. Winslow, governor of +Plymouth, a kind-hearted, politic man, the one born +diplomatist of New England, warned him that he +was within the bounds of Plymouth, and asked +him to remove to the other side of the water, because +they "were loath to displease the Bay." It +was not enough to drive a heretic from the bounds +of Massachusetts; the pragmatic Puritanism of the +time would have expelled him from the continent +had its arm been long enough. Williams had already +begun to build and to plant, but he removed +once more to the place which he named Providence. +He planted the germinal settlement of +the first state in the world that founded religious +liberty on the widest possible basis, reserving to +the law no cognizance whatever of religious beliefs +or conduct where the "civil peace" was not endangered.</p> + +<a id="img008" name="img008"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/img008.jpg"> +<img src="images/img008tb.jpg" width="220" height="350" alt="The early settlements on Narragansett Bay." title=""></a> +</div> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page297" name="page297"></a>(p. 297)</span> XV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Williams's banishment an act of persecution.</span> Local jealousy and sectarian prejudice have +done what they could to obscure the facts of the +trial and banishment of Williams. It has been argued +by more than one writer that it was not a +case of religious persecution at all, but the exclusion +of a man dangerous to the state. Cotton, +with characteristic verbal legerdemain, says that +Williams was "enlarged" rather than banished. +The case has even been pettifogged in our own +time by the assertion that the banishment was +only the action of a commercial company excluding +an uncongenial person from its territory. But +with what swift indignation would the Massachusetts +rulers of the days of Dudley and Haynes +have repudiated a plea which denied their magistracy! +They put so strong a pressure on Stoughton, +who said that the assistants were not magistrates, +that he made haste to renounce his pride +of authorship and to deliver his booklet to be officially +burned, nor did even this prevent his punishment. +The rulers of "the Bay" were generally +frank advocates of religious intolerance; they regarded +toleration as a door set open for the devil +to enter. Not only did they punish for unorthodox +expressions; they even assumed to inquire into +private beliefs. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_17" name="note_b3_c2_17"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_17">Note 17.</a></span> Williams was only one of scores +bidden to depart on account of opinion.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Intolerance as a virtue.</span> The real and sufficient extenuation for the conduct +of the Massachusetts leaders is found in the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page298" name="page298"></a>(p. 298)</span> character and standards of the age. A few obscure +and contemned sectaries—Brownists, Anabaptists, +and despised Familists—in Holland and +England had spoken more or less clearly in favor +of religious liberty before the rise of Roger Williams, +but nobody of weight or respectable standing +in the whole world had befriended it. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_18" name="note_b3_c2_18"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_18">Note 18.</a></span> All the +great authorities in church and state, Catholic +and Protestant, prelatical and Puritan, agreed in +their detestation of it. Even Robinson, the moderate +pastor of the Leyden Pilgrims, ventured to +hold only to the "toleration of tolerable opinions." +This was the toleration found at Amsterdam and +in some other parts of the Low Countries. Even +this religious sufferance which did not amount to +liberty was sufficiently despicable in the eyes of +that intolerant age to bring upon the Dutch the +contempt of Christendom. It was a very qualified +and limited toleration, and one from which Catholics +and Arminians were excluded. It seems to +have been that practical amelioration of law which +is produced more effectually by commerce than by +learning or religion. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_19" name="note_b3_c2_19"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_19">Note 19.</a></span> Outside of some parts of the +Low Countries, and oddly enough of the Turkish +Empire, all the world worth counting decried toleration +as a great crime. It would have been wonderful +indeed if Massachusetts had been superior +to the age. "I dare aver," says Nathaniel Ward, +the New England lawyer-minister, "that God doth +no where in his word tolerate Christian States to +give tolerations to such adversaries of his Truth, if +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page299" name="page299"></a>(p. 299)</span> they have power in their hands to suppress them." <span class="sidenote">Simple Cobbler of Agawam, pp. 3 and 6.</span> +To set up toleration was "to build a sconce against +the walls of heaven to batter God out of his chair," +in Ward's opinion.</p> + +<h4>XVI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The casuistry of Cotton.</span> This doctrine of intolerance was sanctioned by +many refinements of logic, such as Cotton's delicious +sophistry that if a man refused to be convinced +of the truth, he was sinning against conscience, +and therefore it was not against the liberty +of conscience to coerce him. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_20" name="note_b3_c2_20"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_20">Note 20.</a></span> Cotton's moral intuitions +were fairly suffocated by logic. He declared +that men should be compelled to attend religious +service, because it was "better to be hypocrites +than profane persons. Hypocrites give God part +of his due, the outward man, but the profane +person giveth God neither outward nor inward +man." <span class="sidenote">Hutchinson Papers, 496.</span> To reason thus is to put subtlety into the +<i>cathedra</i> of common sense, to bewilder vision by +legerdemain. Notwithstanding his natural gift for +devoutness and his almost immodest godliness, +Cotton was incapable of high sincerity. He would +not specifically advise Williams's banishment, but +having labored with him round a corner according +to his most approved ecclesiastical formula, he +said, "We have no more to say in his behalf, but +must sit down"; by which expression of passivity +he gave the signal to the "secular arm" to do its +worst, while he washed his hands in innocent self-complacency. +When one scrupulous magistrate +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page300" name="page300"></a>(p. 300)</span> consulted him as to his obligation in Williams's +case, Cotton answered his hesitation by saying, +"You know they are so much incensed against his +course that it is not your voice nor the voice of +two or three more that can suspend the sentence." +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_21" name="note_b3_c2_21"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_21">Note 21.</a></span> +By such shifty phrases he shirked responsibility +for the results of his own teaching. Of the temper +that stands alone for the right, Nature had given +him not a jot. Williams may be a little too severe, +but he has some truth when he describes Cotton +on this occasion as "swimming with the stream of +outward credit and profit," though nothing was +further from Cotton's conscious purpose than such +worldliness. Cotton's intolerance was not like that +of Dudley and Endecott, the offspring of an austere +temper; it was rather the outgrowth of his +logic and his reverence for authority. <span class="sidenote">Controversie concerning Liberty of Conscience.</span> He sheltered +himself behind the examples of Elizabeth and +James I, and took refuge in the shadow of Calvin, +whose burning of Servetus he cites as an example, +without any recoil of heart or conscience. But the +consideration of the character of the age forbids +us to condemn the conscientious men who put Williams +out of the Massachusetts theocracy as they +would have driven the devil out of the garden of +Eden. <span class="sidenote">Character of Puritanism.</span> When, however, it comes to judging the +age itself, and especially to judging the Puritanism +of the age, these false and harsh ideals are its sufficient +condemnation. Its government and its very +religion were barbarous; its Bible, except for mystical +and ecclesiastical uses, might as well have +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page301" name="page301"></a>(p. 301)</span> closed with the story of the Hebrew judges and +the imprecatory Psalms. The Apocalypse of John, +grotesquely interpreted, was the one book of the +New Testament that received hearty consideration, +aside from those other New Testament passages +supposed to relate to a divinely appointed +ecclesiasticism. The humane pity of Jesus was unknown +not only to the laws, but to the sermons of +the time. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_22" name="note_b3_c2_22"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_22">Note 22.</a></span> About the time of Williams's banishment +the lenity of John Winthrop was solemnly +rebuked by some of the clergy and rulers as a lax +imperiling of the safety of the gospel; and Winthrop, +overborne by authority, confessed, explained, +apologized, and promised amendment. <span class="sidenote">Savage's Winthrop, i, 211-214.</span> +The Puritans substituted an unformulated belief +in the infallibility of "godly" elders acting with +the magistrates for the ancient doctrine of an infallible +church.</p> + +<h4>XVII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Character of Williams. His scruples.</span> In this less scrupulous but more serious age it +is easy to hold Williams up to ridicule. Never +was a noble and sweet-spirited man bedeviled by a +scrupulosity more trivial. <span class="sidenote">New England Firebrand Quenched, 246.</span> Cotton aptly dubbed +him "a haberdasher of small questions." His extant +letters are many of them vibrant with latent +heroism; there is manifest in them an exquisite +charity and a pathetic magnanimity, but in the +midst of it all the writer is unable to rid himself of +a swarm of scruples as pertinacious as the buzzing +mosquitoes in the primitive forest about him. In +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page302" name="page302"></a>(p. 302)</span> dating his letters, where he ventures to date at all, +he never writes the ordinary name of the day of +the week or the name of the month, lest he should +be guilty of etymological heathenism. He often +avoids writing the year, and when he does insert +it he commits himself to the last two figures only +and adds a saving clause. Thus 1652 appears as +"52 (so called)," and other years are tagged with +the same doubting words, or with the Latin "<i>ut +vulgo</i>." What quarrel the tender conscience had +with the Christian era it is hard to guess. So, too, +he writes to Winthrop, who had taken part in his +banishment, letters full of reverential tenderness +and hearty friendship. But his conscience does +not allow him even to seem to hold ecclesiastical +fellowship with the man he honors as a ruler and +loves as a friend. <span class="sidenote">Williams to Winthrop, 1637, Narr. Club, vi.</span> Once at least he guards the point +directly by subscribing himself "Your worship's +faithful and affectionate in all <i>civil</i> bonds." It +would be sad to think of a great spirit so enthralled +by the scrupulosity of his time and his party if +these minute restrictions had been a source of annoyance +to him. But the cheerful observance of +little scruples seems rather to have taken the place +of a recreation in his life; they were to him perhaps +what bric-a-brac is to a collector, what a well-arranged +altar and candlesticks are to a ritualist. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_23" name="note_b3_c2_23"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_23">Note 23.</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Williams becomes a Seeker.</span> Two fundamental notions supplied the motive +power of every ecclesiastical agitation of that age. +The notion of a succession of churchly order and +ordinance from the time of the apostles was the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page303" name="page303"></a>(p. 303)</span> mainspring of the High-church movement. Apostolic +primitivism was the aim of the Puritan and +still more the goal of the Separatist. One party +rejoiced in a belief that a mysterious apostolic virtue +had trickled down through generations of bishops +and priests to its own age; the other rejoiced +in the destruction of institutions that had grown +up in the ages and in getting back to the primitive +nakedness of the early Christian conventicle. +True to the law of his nature, Roger Williams +pushed this latter principle to its ultimate possibilities. +If we may believe the accounts, he and +his followers at Providence became Baptists that +they might receive the rite of baptism in its most +ancient Oriental form. But in an age when the +fountains of the great deep were utterly broken up +he could find no rest for the soles of his feet. It +was not enough that he should be troubled by +the Puritan spirit of apostolic primitivism; he had +now swung round to where this spirit joined hands +with its twin, the aspiration for apostolic succession. +He renounced his baptism because it was +without apostolic sanction, and announced himself +of that sect which was the last reduction of Separatism. +He became a Seeker. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c2_24" name="note_b3_c2_24"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c2_24">Note 24.</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The Seekers.</span> Here again is a probable influence from Holland. +The Seekers had appeared there long before. +Many Baptists had found that their search +for primitivism, if persisted in, carried them to this +negative result; for it seemed not enough to have +apostolic rites in apostolic form unless they were +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page304" name="page304"></a>(p. 304)</span> sanctioned by the "gifts" of the apostolic time. +The Seekers appeared in England as early as 1617, +and during the religious turmoils of the Commonwealth +period the sect afforded a resting place for +many a weatherbeaten soul. As the miraculous +gifts were lost, the Seekers dared not preach, baptize, +or teach; they merely waited, and in their +mysticism they believed their waiting to be an +"upper room" to which Christ would come. It is +interesting to know that Williams, the most romantic +figure of the whole Puritan movement, at last +found a sort of relief from the austere externalism +and ceaseless dogmatism of his age by traveling +the road of literalism until he had passed out on +the other side into the region of devout and contented +uncertainty.</p> + +<h4>XVIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Moral elevation of Williams</span> In all this Williams was the child of his age, +and sometimes more childish than his age. But +there were regions of thought and sentiment in +which he was wholly disentangled from the meshes +of his time, and that not because of intellectual superiority—for +he had no large philosophical views—but +by reason of elevation of spirit. Even the authority +of Moses could not prevent him from condemning +the harsh severity of the New England +capital laws. He had no sentimental delusions +about the character of the savages—he styles them +"wolves endued with men's brains"; but he constantly +pleads for a humane treatment of them. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page305" name="page305"></a>(p. 305)</span> All the bloody precedents of Joshua could not +make him look without repulsion on the slaughter +of women and children in the Pequot war, nor +could he tolerate dismemberment of the dead or +the selling of Indian captives into perpetual slavery. +From bigotry and resentment he was singularly +free. On many occasions he joyfully used his +ascendency over the natives to protect those who +kept in force against him a sentence of perpetual +banishment. And this ultra-Separatist, almost +alone of the men of his time, could use such words +of catholic charity as those in which he speaks of +"the people of God wheresoever scattered about +Babel's banks either in Rome or England."</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Superior to the age.</span> Of his incapacity for organization or administration +we shall have to speak hereafter. But his +spiritual intuitions, his moral insight, his genius +for justice, lent a curious modernness to many of +his convictions. In a generation of creed-builders +which detested schism he became an individualist. +Individualist in thought, altruist in spirit, secularist +in governmental theory, he was the herald of a +time yet more modern than this laggard age of +ours. If ever a soul saw a clear-shining inward +light not to be dimmed by prejudices or obscured +by the deft logic of a disputatious age, it was the +soul of Williams. In all the region of petty scrupulosity +the time-spirit had enthralled him; but in +the higher region of moral decision he was utterly +emancipated from it. His conclusions belong to +ages yet to come.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page306" name="page306"></a>(p. 306)</span> <span class="sidenote">His prophetic character.</span> This union of moral aspiration with a certain +disengagedness constitutes what we may call the +prophetic temperament. Bradford and Winthrop +were men of high aspiration, but of another class. +The reach of their spirits was restrained by practical +wisdom, which compelled them to take into +account the limits of the attainable. Not that they +consciously refused to follow their logic to its end, +but that, like other prudent men of affairs, they +were, without their own knowledge or consent, +turned aside by the logic of the impossible. Precisely +here the prophet departs from the reformer. +The prophet recks nothing of impossibility; he is +ravished with truth disembodied. From Elijah the +Tishbite to Socrates, from Socrates to the latest +and perhaps yet unrecognized voice of our own +time, the prophetic temperament has ever shown +an inability to enter into treaty with its environment. +In the seventeenth century there was no +place but the wilderness for such a John Baptist of +the distant future as Roger Williams. He did not +belong among the diplomatic builders of churches, +like Cotton, or the politic founders of states, like +Winthrop. He was but a babbler to his own time, +but the prophetic voice rings clear and far, and +ever clearer as the ages go on.</p> + +<h3 class="smcap"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page307" name="page307"></a>(p. 307)</span> Elucidations.</h3> + +<div class="answer"> +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_1" name="anote_b3_c2_1"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_1">Note 1, page 268.</a></span> Sir William Martin, an early friend of Williams, describes +him as passionate and precipitate, but with integrity and good +intentions. Hutchinson Papers, 106. See also, for example, the +two letters of Williams to Lady Barrington, in New England +Genealogical Register, July, 1889, pp. 316 and following.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_2" name="anote_b3_c2_2"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_2">Note 2, page 269.</a></span> Letter to John Cotton the younger, 25th March, 1671. "He +knows what gains and preferments I have refused in universities, +city, country and court," etc. Williams's enthusiastic nature +gave a flush of color to his statement of ordinary fact, the general +correctness of which, however, there is never reason to doubt.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_3" name="anote_b3_c2_3"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_3">Note 3, page 270.</a></span> Letter to John Cotton the younger, Narragansett Club Publications, +vi, 356. There is no account of this event elsewhere, but +the church records of that early date are imperfect, and there is +every reason to accept the circumstantial statement of Williams. +That he refused to enter into membership with the church is +confirmed by Winthrop's Journal, 12th April, 1631, and such refusal +must have had some such occasion.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_4" name="anote_b3_c2_4"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_4">Note 4, page 271.</a></span> "We have often tried your patience, but could never conquer +it," were Winthrop's words to Williams, who gave to Massachusetts +lifelong service in return for its lifelong severity toward +him. The sentence is quoted in Williams's letter to the +younger Cotton, cited above, which is itself a fine example of +his magnanimity of spirit. Narragansett Club Publications, vi, +351-357.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_5" name="anote_b3_c2_5"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_5">Note 5, page 272.</a></span> There is difference of opinion on this point, but certain words +of Williams himself seem to bear on it. After his retirement +from Salem to Plymouth he received a letter from Winthrop, +which appears to have intimated that no man under twenty-five +ought to be ordained. Williams explains in reply that he is +"nearer upwards of thirty than twenty-five," but avers, "I am +no elder in any church ... nor ever shall be, if the Lord please +to grant my desires that I may intend what I long after, the +natives souls." Williams's Letter, Narragansett Club Publications, +vi, 2. Of course, these words might have been written if +he had resigned the eldership before leaving Salem, but they +would have had much less pertinency.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page308" name="page308"></a>(p. 308)</span> <span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_6" name="anote_b3_c2_6"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_6">Note 6, page 276.</a></span> Mr. Straus, in his Life of Roger Williams, says aptly that +Massachusetts was under a government of congregations rather +than of towns, since only church members could vote. A fuller +discussion of the source and evolution of the town system is deferred +to a later volume of this series.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_7" name="anote_b3_c2_7"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_7">Note 7, page 278.</a></span> David Pieterzen de Vries, in his Voyages, reports this feeling +of superiority as freely expressed at Hartford in 1639. There is a +quaint humor in what he says of it that is enhanced by the +naïve Dutch phrase in which it is set down: "Dit Volck gaven +haer uyt det sy Israëliten waren, ende dat wy aen onse colonie +Egyptenaren waren, end' Engelsen inde Vergienies waren mede +Egyptenaren," p. 151.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_8" name="anote_b3_c2_8"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_8">Note 8, page 279.</a></span> "And such was the authority ... Mr. Cotton had in the +hearts of the people, that whatever he delivered in the pulpit was +soon put into an Order of Court, if of a civil, or set up as a practice +in the church, if of an ecclesiastical concernment." Hubbard, +History of Massachusetts, 182.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_9" name="anote_b3_c2_9"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_9">Note 9, page 281.</a></span> Knowles's Life of Williams, 58, note, quotes from a letter of +Coddington's appended to Fox's reply to Williams, in which +Coddington, who was one of the magistrates that examined the +treatise, charges Williams with having "written a quarto against +the King's patent and authority."</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_10" name="anote_b3_c2_10"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_10">Note 10, page 288.</a></span> Cotton's Answer to Williams's Examination, 38. I have followed +Cotton implicitly here, but without feeling sure that his +memory can ever be depended on where his polemical feeling is +concerned. On the next page he is guilty of a flagrant but no +doubt unconscious suppression of an important fact. "It pleased +the Lord to open the hearts of the Church to assist us," etc., he +says, putting out of sight the sharp dealing by which the Salem +church was brought to ignominious subjection.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_11" name="anote_b3_c2_11"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_11">Note 11, page 289.</a></span> Cotton's Answer to Williams, 29. Compare also Massachusetts +Records of 4th March, 1633, where a mercenary inducement +to take the oath is offered by making the regulations for recording +the lands of freemen apply also to the lands of "residents" +presumably not church members and ineligible to the franchise, +but only to the residents "that had taken or shall hereafter take +their oathes." Backus supposes that Williams saw some incidental +result from the oath that would be prejudicial to religious +freedom. This is to suppose that Williams needed a practical +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page309" name="page309"></a>(p. 309)</span> consideration to stir him to action—it is to suppose that Williams +was not Williams. Practical men were afraid the independence +of Massachusetts would be lost; Roger Williams was +only afraid that Massachusetts would commit a public sin in +trying to escape the impending evil. A conscience undefiled +was his objective point in private and public life; safety, public +or private, was secondary.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_12" name="anote_b3_c2_12"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_12">Note 12, page 292.</a></span> There has been much ingenious and rather uncandid effort by +Cotton first of all, and by other defenders of the General Court +since, to prove that Williams's views on toleration were not a +cause of his banishment. If those views had been the sole cause, +the decree would have been more comprehensible and defensible +in view of the opinions of the age. But the question about the +validity of the patent, the question of the protest written against +the course of the magistrates in blackmailing Salem into a refusal to +support him, the question of the freeman's oath, and, what seems +to have been deemed of capital importance, the question of grace +after meat, are all involved at one time or another. The formal +charges in what may be considered the beginning of the banishment +proceedings, the trial in July, as given by Winthrop, our +most trustworthy authority, are: 1. That the magistrates ought +not to punish for a religious offense—"the breach of the first +table"—except where it disturbed the civil peace. 2. That the +magistrate ought not to tender an oath to an unregenerate man. +3. That a man ought not to pray with an unregenerate person. +4. That thanks were not to be given after the sacrament and after +meat. Savage's Winthrop, i, 193, 194. In the final proceedings +in October, the letters growing out of the refusal to confirm to +Salem its outlying land entered into and embittered the controversy. +Winthrop, i, 204. The recorded verdict makes the +divulging "of dyvers newe and dangerous opinions against the +aucthoritie of the magistrate" the first offense, and the "letter of +defamacion" the second. Williams says that a magistrate, who +appears to have been Haynes, the governor, summed up his +offenses at the conclusion of the trial under four heads: 1. The +denial of the authority of the patent. 2. The denial of the lawfulness +of requiring a wicked person to take an oath or pray. 3. +The denial of the lawfulness of hearing the parish ministers in +England. 4. The doctrine "that the Civill Magistrates' power +extends only to the Bodies and Goods and outward State of +men." Against the evidence of Williams, Winthrop, and the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page310" name="page310"></a>(p. 310)</span> records, I can not attach any importance to the halting accounts +given years afterward, for controversial purposes, by Cotton, from +what he thought was his memory.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_13" name="anote_b3_c2_13"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_13">Note 13, page 292.</a></span> "Whereas Mr. Roger Williams, one of the elders of the +church at Salem, hath broached and dyvulged dyvers newe and +dangerous opinions, against the aucthoritie of magistrates, as also +writt letters of defamacion both of the magistrates & Churches +here, & that before any conviccion, & yet maintaineth the same +without retraccion, it is therefore ordered that the said Mr. Williams +shall departe out of this jurisdiccion within sixe weekes now +nexte ensueing, which if hee neglect to performe it shall be lawfull +for the Gouernour & two of the magistrates to send him to +some place out of this jurisdiccion, not to returne any more without +license from the Court." Massachusetts Records, i, 161.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_14" name="anote_b3_c2_14"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_14">Note 14, page 293.</a></span> Neal's History of New England, i, 143. "Sentence of banishment +being read against Mr. Williams, the whole town of +Salem was in an uproar; for such was the Popularity of the Man +and such the Compassion of the People ... that he would have +carried off the greatest part of the Inhabitants of the Town if the +Ministers of Boston had not interposed." Neal appears to derive +these facts, which wear a countenance of probability, from an +authority not now known.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_15" name="anote_b3_c2_15"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_15">Note 15, page 293.</a></span> The phrase occurs in Williams's noble letter to Major Mason, +1st Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, i, 275 and following. +The magnanimity shown toward those opposed to him +in this letter is probably without a parallel in his age; it has few +in any age.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_16" name="anote_b3_c2_16"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_16">Note 16, page 294.</a></span> "The increase of the concourse of people to him on the Lord's +days in private, to the neglect or deserting of publick Ordinances +and to the spreading of the Leaven of his corrupt imaginations, +provoked the Magistrates rather than to breed a winters Spirituale +plague in the Countrey, to put upon him a winter's journey +out of the Countrey." Master John Cotton's Answer to Master +Roger Williams, 57.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_17" name="anote_b3_c2_17"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_17">Note 17, page 297.</a></span> The main original authorities on the banishment of Williams +are Winthrop's Journal and the Massachusetts Records of the +period. Some facts can be gathered from the writings of Williams, +whose autobiographical passages always have an air of truth +while they are sometimes vague and often flushed by his enthusiastic +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page311" name="page311"></a>(p. 311)</span> temper. Cotton's memory is less to be trusted; some of +his statements are in conflict with better authorities. He no +doubt believed himself to be truthful, but his ingenious mind was +unable to be precise without unconscious sophistication. Hubbard +was of Presbyterian tendencies and totally opposed to all +forms of Separatism. He appears to have recorded every exaggerated +rumor cherished by Williams's antagonists to his discredit. +Neither in this nor in other matters can we rely much on +Hubbard's testimony. No critical student of history puts unquestioning +confidence in Cotton Mather. His strange mind could +never utter truth unvarnished. In a case like this, where family +pride, local feeling, and sectarian prejudice were all on one +side, and where he had a chance to embroider upon traditions +already two generations old, it is better to disregard the author +of the Magnalia entirely. Bentley's Historical Account of Salem, +in 1st Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, vi, is a paper +that excites admiration for its broadmindedness. It contains information +not elsewhere to be found, but it is impossible to tell +how far Bentley depended upon sources not now accessible and +how far he relied on ingenious inferences drawn from his large +knowledge of local history. The publications of the Narragansett +Club contain the whole controversy between Cotton and +Williams and all the letters of the latter now known to be extant. +I have in some cases referred to the originals, in others I +have used these careful reprints. Williams has been rather fortunate +in his biographers. Mr. Oscar S. Straus, approaching the +subject from a fresh standpoint, has produced the latest Life of +Williams, written in a judicial temper and evincing a rare sympathy +with its subject. The character of Williams has never been +better drawn than by Mr. Straus, pp. 231-233. The life by T. +D. Knowles is perhaps the best of the older biographies, Arnold's +History of Rhode Island contains a sketch of Williams, +and Elton's brief biography has a value of its own. Gammell's +Life in Sparks's Biography is generally fair. "As to Roger Williams," +by the late Dr. Henry Martyn Dexter, is, what it pretends +to be, a partisan statement of the case against Williams. It +shows characteristic thoroughness of research, it clears up many +minor points, and is as erudite as it is one-sided.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_18" name="anote_b3_c2_18"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_18">Note 18, page 298.</a></span> Baylie's Sermon before the House of Lords, on Errours and +Induration, accuses the Dutch of mere worldly policy in toleration. +Williams alludes to the charge, Bloudy Tenent yet more Bloudy, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page312" name="page312"></a>(p. 312)</span> p. 8. But the toleration of Holland may rather be traced to that +decay of bigotry and that widening of view which are beneficent +results of an extended trade. Williams in the Bloudy Tenent +yet more Bloudy, p. 10, complains of the exclusion of Catholics +and Arminians from toleration in the Netherlands. It would carry +us beyond the range of the present work to inquire how far the +toleration of Amsterdam was related to that "meridian glory" +which Antwerp reached as early as 1550 by making itself a place +of refuge for the persecuted of England, France, and Germany. +The Articles of Union, adopted at Utrecht in 1579, which have +been often called the Magna Charta of the Dutch, go to show +that political and commercial considerations counted in favor of +toleration, but they also show that some notion of the sacredness +of the free conscience had been adopted among the Dutch. +Article XIII of the Union provides that the states of Holland +and Zealand shall conduct their religious affairs as they think +good. More qualified arrangements are made for the other states, +as that they may restrict religious liberty as they shall find needful +for the repose and welfare of the country. But this significant +provision is added, that every man shall have freedom of private +belief without arrest or inquisition: "Midts dat een yder particulier +in syn Religie vry zal moghen blyven, ende dat men niemandt, +ter cause van de Religie, zal moghen achterhalen, ofte +ondersoecken." Pieter Paulus Verklaring der Unie van Utrecht, +i, 229, 230. Compare Van Meteren, Nederlandsche Historie etc., +iii, 254, 255, and Hooft Nederlandsche Historie, etc., Book IX, +where the full text of Article XIII is given.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_19" name="anote_b3_c2_19"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_19">Note 19, page 298.</a></span> Barclay, in his Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the +Commonwealth, p. 97, cites Peter John Zwisck, a Mennonite of +West Frisia, as the author, in 1609, of The Liberty of Religion, in +which he maintains that men are not to be converted by force. +In 1614 one Leonard Busher petitioned James I in favor of liberty +of conscience, and Barclay conjectures that he was a member of +that Separatist or General Baptist church returned from Holland, +of which Helwyss had been pastor. In 1615 this obscure and +proscribed congregation professed a great truth, yet hidden from +the wise and prudent, namely, that "earthly authority belonged +to earthly kings, but spiritual authority belonged to that one +Spiritual king who is king of kings." In more than one matter +Roger Williams showed himself attracted to the doctrines of the +Mennonites and their offshoot the English General Baptist body. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page313" name="page313"></a>(p. 313)</span> Whether directly through his reading of Dutch theological works +or indirectly through English followers of Dutch writers, Williams +probably derived his broadest principles, in germ at least, from +the Mennonites or Anabaptists of the gentler sort, as he did also +some of his minor scruples. For the connection between the +Mennonites of the Continent and the English cognate sects the +reader is referred to Barclay's Inner Life, a valuable work of +much research. See also the petition of the Brownists, 1641, +cited in Barclay, p. 476, from British Museum, E 34-178, tenth +pamphlet.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_20" name="anote_b3_c2_20"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_20">Note 20, page 299.</a></span> Another delightful example of the far-fetchedness of Cotton's +logic is his justification of the sentence of banishment against +Williams by citing Proverbs xi, 26: "He that withholdeth corn, +the people shall curse him." This text, says Cotton, "I alledged +to prove that the people had much more cause to separate such +from amongst them (whether by Civill or church-censure) as doe +withhold or separate them from the Ordinances or the Ordinances +from them, which are the bread of life." Reply to Williams's Examination, +40. The reference in the text is to the same work, 37. +"Much lesse to persecute him with the Civill Sword till it may +appeare, even by just and full conviction, that he sinneth not out +of conscience but against the very light of his own conscience." +But in Cotton's practice those who labored with the heretic were +judges of how much argument constituted "just and full conviction." +This logic would have amply sheltered the Spanish Inquisition.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_21" name="anote_b3_c2_21"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_21">Note 21, page 300.</a></span> Cotton's Answer to Williams's Examination, 38, 39. Cotton +confesses to having had further conversation of a nature unfavorable +to Williams, but he is able to deny that he counseled his +banishment. Even Cotton could hardly have prevented it, and +he confesses that he approved the sentence. The only interest +in the question is the exhibition of Cotton's habitual shrinking +from responsibility and his curious sinuosity of conscience.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_22" name="anote_b3_c2_22"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_22">Note 22, page 301.</a></span> In an unpublished work by Mr. Lindsay Swift, of the Boston +Public Library, which I have been kindly permitted to read, and +which is a treatise on the election sermons mostly existing only +in manuscript, the author says: "The early discourses were full +of ecclesiasticism, a great deal of theology, some politics; ... but +of humanity, brotherly kindness, and what we understand by +Christianity in the human relations, I have been able to discern +very little."</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page314" name="page314"></a>(p. 314)</span> <span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_23" name="anote_b3_c2_23"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_23">Note 23, page 302.</a></span> Many of Roger Williams's scruples were peculiar, but his +scrupulosity was not. Cotton takes pains to call pulpits "scaffolds," +to show that they had no sacredness. The scruple about +the heathen names of days of the week was felt by many other +Puritans. It is evident in Winthrop, and it did not wholly disappear +from Puritan use until about the end of the seventeenth +century.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c2_24" name="anote_b3_c2_24"></a><a href="#note_b3_c2_24">Note 24, page 303.</a></span> Barclay, Inner Life, etc., 410, 411, cites Sebastian Franck's +Chronica of 1536, from which it appears that the Seekers in fact +if not in name existed about a century before Williams adopted +their views. "Some desire to allow Baptism and other ceremonies +to remain in abeyance till God gives another command—sends +out true laborers into the harvest.... Some others agree +with those who think the ceremonies since the death of the +Apostles, are equally departed, laid waste and fallen—that God +no longer heeds them, and also does not desire that they should +be longer kept, on which account they will never again be set up +but now are to proceed entirely in Spirit and in Truth and now in +an outward manner." The relation of Seekerism to Quakerism +is manifest. "To be a Seeker is to be of the best Sect next to a +finder," wrote Cromwell in 1646.</p> +</div> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page315" name="page315"></a>(p. 315)</span> CHAPTER THE THIRD.<br> +<span class="smcap"><i>NEW ENGLAND DISPERSIONS.</i></span></h3> + +<h4>I.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Importance of the Rhode Island colony.</span> The removal of Roger Williams and his friends +was the beginning of dispersions from the mother +colony on Massachusetts Bay. The company that +settled Providence was too small in number at first +to be of great importance. The emigration of +Williams and his followers to the Narragansett +country was an example that may have turned the +scale with Hooker and his party in favor of a removal +to the Connecticut instead of to some place +in the Massachusetts wilderness. Williams certainly +prepared a harbor for most of the Hutchinsonians, +and pointed the way to Gortonists, +Baptists, Quakers, and all others of uneasy conscience. +Providence Plantation, and at times all +Rhode Island, fell into disorders inevitable in a +refuge for scruplers and enthusiasts established by +one whose energies were centrifugal and disintegrating. +But when at length it emerged from its +primordial chaos the community on Narragansett +Bay became of capital importance as an example +of the secularization of the state, and of the congruity +of the largest liberty in religion with civil +peace. The system which the more highly organized +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page316" name="page316"></a>(p. 316)</span> and orderly commonwealths of Massachusetts +and Connecticut labored so diligently to establish—a +state propping and defending orthodoxy and +church uniformity—was early cast into the rubbish +heap of the ages. The principle on which the +heterogeneous colony of religious outcasts on Narragansett +Bay founded itself, was stone rejected +that has become the head of the corner.</p> + +<h4>II.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The Connecticut migration.</span> The emigration to the Connecticut River was +already incubating when Williams sat down with +his radical seceders in the Narragansett woods. +The Connecticut settlement was impelled by more +various and complicated motives than that of Williams, +and its origins are not so easy to disentangle. +But it, too, has an epic interest; one dominant personality +overtops all others in this second of venturesome +westward migrations into the wilderness.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Early life of Hooker.</span> We can trace nothing of Hooker to his birthplace, +a little hamlet in Leicestershire, except that +the imagery of his discourses in after life sometimes +reflected the processes of husbandry he had +known in childhood. But that he passed through +Emmanuel College, Cambridge, while Chaderton +was master, is more significant, for Emmanuel was +the cradle of Puritan divines, the hatching-place of +Puritan crotchets, the college whose chapel stood +north and south that it might have no sacred east +end, a chapel in which "riming psalms" were sung +instead of the hymns, and where lessons different +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page317" name="page317"></a>(p. 317)</span> from those appointed in the calendar were read. +Hooker was presented to the living of Chelmsford, +in Essex. Here his eloquence attracted wide +attention, and unhappily attracted at the same time +the notice of his diocesan Laud, then Bishop of +London, who drove the preacher from his pulpit. +Hooker engaged in teaching a school four miles +from Chelmsford, where Eliot, afterward the Indian +apostle, became his usher and disciple. But +Laud had marked him as one to be brought low. <span class="sidenote">1630.</span> +He was cited before the Court of High Commission, +whose penalties he escaped by fleeing to Holland. +Thus early in his career Laud unwittingly +put in train events that resulted in the founding +of a second Puritan colony in New England.</p> + +<h4>III.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Hooker's company.</span> The persecution of Hooker made a great commotion +in Essex, dividing attention with the political +struggle between the king and the people about +tonnage and poundage. <span class="sidenote">Walker's First Church in Hartford, 40.</span> +<span class="sidenote">Dudley's Letter to Countess of Lincoln, Young's Chron. +of Mass., 320.</span> While Hooker was an +exile in Holland a company of people from Braintree +and other parts of Essex, near his old parish of +Chelmsford, emigrated to New England, chiefly, +one may suppose, for the sake of good gospel, since +they came hoping to tempt Hooker to become +their pastor. <span class="sidenote">Mass. Records, 14 June, 1631, and 3 February, 1632.</span> +This company settled at Newtown, +now Cambridge, which had been projected for a +fortified capital of the colony, that should be defensible +against Indians and out of reach if a sea +force should be sent from England to overthrow +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page318" name="page318"></a>(p. 318)</span> the government. <span class="sidenote">Holmes's Hist. Cambridge, 1st Mass. Hist. Coll., vii, +6-8.</span> Newtown was palisaded and +otherwise improved at the expense of the whole +colony. Hooker's company were perhaps ordered +to settle there because no place was appropriate to +the great divine but the new metropolis.</p> + +<h4>IV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Failure of Newtown as a metropolis.</span> But a metropolis can not be made at will, as +many a new community has discovered. It had +been arranged that all the "assistants" or ruling +magistrates of Massachusetts should live within +the palisades of Newtown, but Winthrop, after the +frame of his house was erected, changed his mind +and took down the timbers, setting them up again +at Boston. <span class="sidenote">Savage's Winthrop, i, 98, 99. 1632.</span> This was the beginning of unhappiness +at Newtown, and the discontent had to do, +no doubt, with the rivalry between that place and +Boston. It is probable that there was a rise in the +value of Boston home lots about the time of the +removal of the governor's house. Trade runs in +the direction of the least resistance, and peninsular +Boston was destined by its situation to be the metropolis +of New England in spite of the forces that +worked for Salem and Newtown.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Wonder-working Providence, ch. xxviii.</span> Newtown, or Cambridge, to call it by its later +name, was a long, narrow strip of land, "in forme +like a list cut off from the Broad-cloath" of Watertown +and Charlestown. <span class="sidenote">Wood's N. E. Prospect, 1634. Young, 402.</span> The village was compactly +built, as became an incipient metropolis, and +the houses were unusually good for a new country. +In one regard it was superior to Boston. No +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page319" name="page319"></a>(p. 319)</span> wooden chimneys or thatched roofs were allowed +in it. To this town came Hooker, and if it had continued +to be the capital, Hooker and not Cotton +might have become the leading spirit of the colony. <span class="sidenote">October, 1632.</span> +But a capital at a place to which only small vessels +could come up, was not practical, and the +magistrates in the year before Hooker's arrival +decided by general consent that Boston was the +fittest place in the bay for public meetings.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Hooker's arrival, 1633.</span> The hopes of Newtown were perhaps not +wholly extinct for some time after. The arrival +of Hooker must have been a great encouragement +to the people. But Boston was on the alert. That +town had neither forest nor meadow land. Hay, +timber, and firewood were brought to its wharf in +boats. <span class="sidenote">Wood's N. E. Prospect.</span> From the absence of wood and marsh came +some advantages—it was plagued with neither mosquitoes +nor rattlesnakes, and what cattle there were +on the bare peninsula were safe from wolves. <span class="sidenote">Young, 397, 398.</span> Not +to be behind in evangelical attractions it secured +Cotton to balance Newtown's Hooker, when both +arrived in the same ship. That Boston was now +recognized as the natural metropolis was shown in +the abortive movement to pay a part of Cotton's +stipend by a levy on the whole colony.</p> + +<h4>V.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Discontent at Newtown.</span> "Ground, wood, and medowe" were matters of +dispute between Newtown and its neighbors as +early as 1632, and the frequent references to questions +regarding the boundary of Newtown go to +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page320" name="page320"></a>(p. 320)</span> show dissatisfaction in the discarded metropolis, +the number of whose people was out of proportion +to its resources. <span class="sidenote">Mass. Rec., <i>passim</i>.</span> Cattle were scarce in the colony. +Each head was worth about twenty-eight pounds, +the equivalent of several hundred dollars of money +in our time. <span class="sidenote">Wonder-working Providence, ch. xxxiii.</span> The Newtown people saw no prospect +of foreign trade, and found the plowable plains +of Cambridge dry and sandy. They had given +up trying to coax fortunes from the stony hill land +of the town with hand labor, and turned their attention +to the more profitable pursuit of cattle-raising. +They took unusual pains to protect their +valuable herd from the wolves by impaling a common +pasture. <span class="sidenote">Compare Holmes's History of Cambridge, 1 Mass. Hist. +Coll., vii, pp. 1, 2.</span> Natural meadow was the only resource +for hay in the English agriculture of the +seventeenth century, and the low grounds of Cambridge +yielded a poor grass. <span class="sidenote">2d Mass., vii, 127.</span> Shrewd men in Newtown +already saw that as an agricultural colony +Massachusetts was destined to failure, and one +Pratt, a surgeon there, was called to account for +having written to England that the commonwealth +was "builded on rocks, sands, and salt marshes."</p> + +<h4>VI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Cotton and Hooker.</span> There is good authority for believing that a rivalry +between Hooker and Cotton had quite as much +to do with the discontent as straitened boundaries +and wiry marsh grass. Hooker was the greatest +debater, perhaps, in the ranks of the Puritans. His +theology was somewhat somber, his theory of +Christian experience of the most exigent type. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page321" name="page321"></a>(p. 321)</span> To be saved, according to Hooker, one must become +so passive as to be willing to be eternally +damned. <span class="sidenote">Compare Walker's First Church of Hartford, 129-132.</span> In other regards he was a Puritan of a +rather more primitive type than Cotton. He knew +no satisfactory evidence of a man's acceptance with +God but his good works. Cotton was less logical +but more attractive. His Puritanism grew in a garden +of spices. He delighted in allegorical interpretations +of the Canticles, his severe doctrines were +dulcified with sentiment, and his conception of the +inward Christian life was more joyous and mystical +and less legal and severe than Hooker's. He was +an adept in the windings of non-committal expression, +and his intellectual sinuosity was a resource +in debate or difficulty. Hooker, on the other hand, +had a downrightness not to be mistaken. With +an advantage in temperament and the additional +advantage of position in the commercial and political +center, it is not surprising that Cotton's +ideals eloquently and deftly presented soon dominated +the colony and that he became the Delphic +oracle whose utterances were awaited by the rulers +in emergencies.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Theological differences.</span> Theological differences were early apparent in +the teachings of the two leaders. Trivial enough +to the modern mind are these questions concerning +works as an evidence of justification and concerning +active and passive faith in justification. Hooker +maintained all by himself that there was "a +saving preparation in a Christian soule before unyon +with Christ." +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c3_1" name="note_b3_c3_1"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c3_1">Note 1.</a></span> The other ministers pretended +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page322" name="page322"></a>(p. 322)</span> to understand what he meant by this, and at first +opposed him unanimously. No doubt, too, Hooker +and his disciples found some fault with the outer +form of the church as shaped by Cotton. Certain +it is that Hooker's theories of civil government +were more liberal and modern than Cotton's, +though like Cotton's they were hung upon texts of +Scripture. Hooker lacked Cotton's superfluity of +ingenuity; he had less imagination and less poetic +sentiment than Cotton, but his intellect was more +rugged, practical, and virile. He was not a man +to have visions of a political paradise; he did not +attempt to limit citizenship to church members +when he framed a constitution for the Connecticut +towns. Nor did he give so much power and privilege +to the magistrate as was given in Massachusetts. +<span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c3_2" name="note_b3_c3_2"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c3_2">Note 2.</a></span> +He disapproved of Cotton's aristocratic theory +of the permanence of the magistrate's office, as +he did apparently of the negative vote of the upper +house and of the arbitrary decisions which the Massachusetts +magistrates assumed the right to make.</p> + +<h4>VII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Attractions of Connecticut.</span> One other potent motive there was. Stories of +the fertility of the "intervale" land on the Connecticut +River came by the mouth of every daring +adventurer who had sailed or tramped so far. +There one might find pasture for the priceless +cattle and hay to last the long winter through, and +in that valley one might cultivate plains of great +fertility.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page323" name="page323"></a>(p. 323)</span> VIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Obstacles to removal.</span> There were dangerous Pequots on the Connecticut, +it is true, and the Dutch had already +planted a trading house and laid claim to the territory. +The Plymouth people who traded there +were also claimants. And, more than all, leaving +Massachusetts in a time of danger from the machinations +of Laud would seem desertion. The government +of the Massachusetts Bay colony was +anomalous; it partook of the character of the commercial +company from which it sprang, yet it had +traits of a religious or at least a voluntary society. +It was the accepted opinion that those who had +taken the freeman's oath were "knit" together +"in one body," and that none of them ought to +leave the colony without permission. Hooker's +party gained the consent of a majority of the representative +members of the General Court, but not +of a majority of the assistants. <span class="sidenote">Savage's Winthrop, i, 167, 168.</span> This precipitated +a debate in the colony on the constitutional question +of the right of the assistants, or magistrates, to +form an upper house and veto a decision of the +chosen deputies of the towns.</p> + +<h4>IX.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Attempts to prevent removal.</span> It is no part of our purpose to unravel the tangle +of ecclesiastical and civil politics in which the +proposed emigration had now become involved. +The Dorchester church and a part of that of Watertown +were ready to follow the lead of Hooker and +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page324" name="page324"></a>(p. 324)</span> Newtown. Days of fasting and prayer were appointed +to prevent the removal of these "candlesticks," +as the churches were called, out of their +places; but in spite of humiliations and of Cotton's +persuasive eloquence, which at one time almost +charmed away the discontent, the emigration set +in, stragglingly at first.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Explorers and pioneers.</span> John Oldham, an adventurous man of a rather +lawless temper—one of those half-ruffians that are +most serviceable on an Indian frontier—had been +expelled from Plymouth. <span class="sidenote">1633.</span> He was now a resident +of Watertown, one of the centers of discontent and +next neighbor to Newtown. He had gone with +three others on a trading expedition to the westward +overland. Walking along trails from one +Indian village to another they discovered a large +river, which they found to be the Fresh River of +the Dutch and the Connecticut of the Plymouth +traders. They probably brought back to Watertown +accounts that produced a fever for removal. +Oldham was not a man to stand on the manner of +his emigration. Waiting for nobody's consent, he +led out a small company from Watertown the next +year. These settled at what is now Wethersfield. +From Dorchester, which had no alewife fishery +with which to enrich its fields, settlers removed in +1634 to the Connecticut, where the soil did not +need to be "fished." In 1635 the number of emigrants +was larger, and there was much suffering +during the following winter and many of the cattle +perished.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page325" name="page325"></a>(p. 325)</span> X.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Emigration by churches.</span> But the unit of New England migration was the +church. No doubt the cohesiveness of the townships, +and of the churches which were the nuclei of +the towns, was re-enforced by provincial differences +between the several communities. <span class="sidenote">1636.</span> In 1636 Hooker, +the real founder of Connecticut, and his congregation +of Essex people, sold their houses and meadows +and home lots and acre rights in the commonage +in Cambridge to a new congregation led +by Thomas Shepard. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c3_3" name="note_b3_c3_3"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c3_3">Note 3.</a></span> From Newtown and from +Dorchester the churches emigrated bodily—pastors, +teachers, ruling elders, and deacons—carrying +their organization with them through the wilderness +like an ark of the covenant. New churches +were soon afterward formed in the places they +had left. Naturally, town government became the +principal feature of civil organization in states thus +planted by separate and coherent groups.</p> + +<h4>XI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The new government.</span> The Connecticut rulers acted at first as a government +subordinate to Massachusetts; but the settlements, +except that of people from Roxbury at +Springfield, were south of the line of the Massachusetts +colony, and it was not in the nature of +things that Hooker and Haynes should subordinate +themselves to Cotton and Winthrop. There was +indeed no little exasperation between the two colonies. +An independent constitution was adopted +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page326" name="page326"></a>(p. 326)</span> in Connecticut, on principles which Hooker thought +he found in the first chapter of Deuteronomy, and +which were not exactly those that Cotton had managed +to deduce from Scripture in his Model of +Moses his Judicials. <span class="sidenote">Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll., i, 20, 21.</span> The Massachusetts people, +whose government aspired to dominate all New +England, seem to have been angered by Hooker's +secession and by his refusal to subordinate the new +state to their own. Massachusetts asserted its authority +over Springfield, which was within its limits, +and every effort possible was made to prevent +new emigrants who landed at Boston from going +to the west. <span class="sidenote">Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll., i, 3, and ff.</span> Even in England accounts adverse to +Connecticut were circulated. Hooker, the real +head of the new state, resented this in a letter of +great vigor and some passion.</p> + +<h4>XII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Instability of a theocracy.</span> In its early years Massachusetts had no rest. +Three profound disturbances—the expulsion of +Williams, the secession of Hooker and his followers, +and the Hutchinsonian convulsion—followed +one another in breathless succession, and a dangerous +Indian war ran its course at the same time. +That the early settlements were founded on +"rocks and sands and salt marshes" was not the +chief misfortune of the Bay colony. Its ecclesiastical +politics proved explosive, to the consternation +of its pious founders, who like other settlers +in Utopia had neglected to reckon with human +nature.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page327" name="page327"></a>(p. 327)</span> XIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Severity of Puritanism.</span> It has been the habit of modern writers on the +subject to dismiss the Hutchinsonian controversy +as a debate about meaningless propositions in an +incomprehensible jargon. Yet there was in it but +the action of well-known tendencies in human nature +which might almost have been predicted from +the antecedent circumstances. Puritanism had +wrapped itself in the haircloth of austerity, it took +grim delight in harsh forbiddings, and heaped up +whole decalogues of thou-shalt-nots. Nor did it +offer, as other intense religious movements have +done, the compensation of internal joys for the +gayety it repressed. Theoretically Calvinist, it was +practically an ascetic system of external duties and +abstentions, trampling on the human spirit without +ruth.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Reaction toward a subjective joyousness.</span> But the heart will not be perpetually repressed; +kept from natural pleasures, it will seek supernatural +delights. Men were certain sooner or later to +soften the iron rigidity of Puritanism by cultivating +those subjective joys for which Calvinism provided +abundant materials. While preachers like Hooker +were scourging the soul into a self-abasement that +could approve its own damnation, and while ingenious +scribes were amassing additional burdens +of scruple for heavy-laden shoulders, there arose in +England a new school of Puritan pietists. These +shirked none of the requirements of the legalists, +but their spirits sought the sunnier nooks of Calvinism, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page328" name="page328"></a>(p. 328)</span> and they preached the joy of the elect and the +delight of a fully assured faith. <span class="sidenote">Magnalia B. III, c. I, 32.</span> Cotton, whose fair +complexion, brown hair, and ruddy countenance +attested a sanguine temperament, belonged by nature +to this new order. <span class="sidenote">Compare Cotton's Fountain of Life, 35.</span> He rejoiced that he had +received the "witness of the Spirit" on his wedding +day, and he delighted to draw out Scripture imagery +to a surprising tenuity in describing the +"covenant of marriage" and the intimacy of the +"covenant of salt" or of friendship between God +and the soul of the believer. Preachers of the +same sort brought relief to multitudes in various +towns of England. The people, tired of churchly +routine on the one hand and of legalism on the +other, thronged to hear such divines "filling the +doores and windows." It was the evangelicalism +of the following century sending up its shoots +prematurely into a frosty air. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c3_4" name="note_b3_c3_4"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c3_4">Note 4.</a></span> The old-fashioned +Puritan had always conceived of religion as difficult +of attainment. It was a paradoxical system +wherein men were saved by the works they theoretically +abjured. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c3_5" name="note_b3_c3_5"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c3_5">Note 5.</a></span> Conservative Puritans complained +of the preachers who spread a table of +"dainties," as though it were meritorious to sustain +the soul on a rugged diet of rough doctrine. <span class="sidenote">Shepard's Memoirs in Young, 505.</span> In +Thomas Shepard's Memoirs of his own Life we +may overhear "a godly company" of the time in +familiar "discourse about the wrath of God and the +terror of it, and how intolerable it was; which they +did present by fire, how intolerable the torment of +that was for a time; what, then, would eternity be?"</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page329" name="page329"></a>(p. 329)</span> XIV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Cotton's revivalism.</span> Cotton professed that he loved to sweeten his +mouth with a piece of Calvin before he went to +sleep. <span class="sidenote">Winthrop's Journal, i, 144.</span> His emotional rendering of Calvinistic doctrines +wrought strongly on the people of the new +Boston, and his advent was followed by widespread +religious excitement. More people were admitted +to the church in Boston in the earlier months of +Cotton's residence than to all the other churches in +the colony. <span class="sidenote">Report of Record Com. ii, 5. Boston Town Records, 1635. +Hutchinson Papers, p. 88.</span> Boston seems to have become religious +in a pervasive way, and in 1635 measures were +taken to prevent persons who were not likely to +unite with the church from settling in the town. +In this community, which had no intellectual interest +but religion, and from which ordinary diversions +were banished, there were sermons on +Sunday and religious lectures on week days and +ever-recurring meetings in private houses. The +religious pressure was raised to the danger point, +and an explosion of some sort was well-nigh inevitable. +Cotton's enthusiasms were modulated by +the soft stop of a naturally placid temper, but +when communicated to others they were more dangerous.</p> + + +<h4>XV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Mrs. Hutchinson's character.</span> Mrs. Anne Hutchinson had been one of Cotton's +ardent disciples in old Boston. She crossed the +sea with her husband that she might sit under +his ministry in New England. She was a woman +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page330" name="page330"></a>(p. 330)</span> cursed with a natural gift for leadership in an age +that had no place for such women. <span class="sidenote">Wonder-working Providence, ch. lxii.</span> "This Masterpiece +of Womens wit," the railing Captain Johnson +calls her, and certainly her answers before the Massachusetts +General Court go to show that she was +not inferior in cleverness to any of the magistrates +or ministers. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c3_6" name="note_b3_c3_6"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c3_6">Note 6.</a></span> Winthrop, whose antipathy to her +was a passion, speaks of her "sober and profitable +carriage," and says that she was "very helpful in +the time of childbirth and other occasions of bodily +infirmities, and well furnished with means to those +purposes." <span class="sidenote">Short Story, etc., p. 31.</span> In the state of medical science at that +time such intelligent and voluntary ministration +from a "gentlewoman" must have been highly valued. +Almost alone of the religionists of her time +she translated her devotion into philanthropic exertion. +But a woman of her "nimble and active wit" +could not pass her life in bodily ministrations. +Power seeks expression, and her native eloquence +was sure to find opportunity. <span class="sidenote">Cotton's The Way of the Churches Cleared, Part I, p. +51. Short Story, 31.</span> Mrs. Hutchinson +made use of the usual gathering of gossips on the +occasion of childbirth to persuade the women to +that more intimate religious life of which she was +an advocate. It was the custom to hold devotion +at concert pitch by meetings at private houses for +men only; women might be edified by their husbands +at home. Mrs. Hutchinson ventured to open +a little meeting for women. <span class="sidenote">Short Story, 34.</span> This was highly approved +at first, and grew to unexpected dimensions; +fifty, and sometimes eighty, of the principal women +of the little town were present at her conferences.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page331" name="page331"></a>(p. 331)</span> XVI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Mrs. Hutchinson's doctrines.</span> In these meetings she emphasized Cotton's favorite +doctrine of "a covenant of grace." Her sensitive +woman's nature no doubt had beat its wings +against the bars of legalism. <span class="sidenote">Compare Whelewright's Sermon in Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc., +1866, 265. Cotton's Sermon on the Churches Resurrection, 1642.</span> She was not a philosopher, +but nothing could be more truly in accord +with the philosophy of character than her desire to +give to conduct a greater spontaneity. Cotton himself +preached in the same vein. In addition to the +Reformation, of which Puritans made so much, he +looked for something more which he called, in the +phrase of the Apocalypse, "the first resurrection." +Mrs. Hutchinson, who was less prudent and more +virile than Cotton, did not hesitate to describe +most of the ministers in the colony as halting under +a "covenant of works." Her doctrine was, at bottom, +an insurrection against the vexatious legalism +of Puritanism. She carried her rebellion so far +that she would not even admit that good works +were a necessary evidence of conversion. It was +the particular imbecility of the age that thought of +almost every sort must spin a cocoon of theological +phrases for itself. Spontaneity of religious +and moral action represented itself to Mrs. Hutchinson +and her followers as an indwelling of the +Holy Ghost in the believer and as a personal union +with Christ whom they identified with the "new +creature" of Paul. Such a hardening of metaphor +into dogma is one of the commonest phenomena +of religious thought.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page332" name="page332"></a>(p. 332)</span> XVII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Vane's arrival, 1635.</span> Sir Henry Vane the younger, who had become +an ardent Puritan in spite of his father, landed in +Boston in October, 1635. He had already shown +those gifts which enabled him afterward to play a +considerable part in English history. <span class="sidenote">His election as governor, 1636.</span> His high +connections made him an interesting figure, and +though only about twenty-six years of age he was +chosen governor in May, 1636. Ardent by nature, +and yet in his youth when he "forsook the honors +and preferments of the court to enjoy the ordinances +of Christ in their purity," nothing was more +natural than that he should be captivated by the +seraphic Cotton and that he should easily adopt +the transcendental views of Mrs. Hutchinson. +Winthrop, the natural leader of the colony, having +given place in 1635 to Haynes, perhaps in order +that Hooker's party might be conciliated and the +Connecticut emigration avoided, was a second time +thrust aside that a high-born youth might be honored. +Winthrop was utterly opposed to Mrs. +Hutchinson, in whose teachings his apprehensive +spirit saw full-fledged Antinomianism, and, by inference, +potential anabaptism, blasphemy, and sedition. +The Hutchinsonians were partisans of Vane, +who adhered to their doctrine. The ministers other +than Cotton and Whelewright, stung by the imputation +that they were under "a covenant of works," +rallied about Winthrop. Political cleavage and religious +division unfortunately coincided.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page333" name="page333"></a>(p. 333)</span> XVIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Arrogance of the Hutchinson party.</span> Supported by the prestige of the young governor +and of some conspicuous citizens and inspired +by Cotton's metaphorical and mystical preaching, +which was interpreted with latitude, the enthusiasm +of the Hutchinsonians tended to become fanaticism. +We have to depend mainly on the prejudiced +account of their enemies, but there is little +reason to doubt that the advocates of "a covenant +of grace" assumed the airs of superiority usually +seen in those who have discovered a short cut to +perfection. The human spirit knows few greater +consolations than well-disguised self-righteousness. +The followers of Mrs. Hutchinson, if we may believe +the witnesses, sometimes showed their sanctity +by walking out of meeting when a preacher not +under "a covenant of grace" entered the pulpit. +They even interrupted the services with controversial +questions addressed to the minister. Wilson, +pastor of the Boston church, was condemned by +them as being under "a covenant of works," and +also incidentally criticised for his "thick utterance." +Nor can one find that Cotton interposed +his authority to protect his less gifted colleague. +It is quite conceivable that he looked with some +satisfaction on the progress of affairs in Boston. <span class="sidenote">1636.</span> +The heavenly minded young governor who had +chosen to suffer reproach with the people of God +was his disciple. The brilliant woman who was +easily the leader of the town was the very apostle +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page334" name="page334"></a>(p. 334)</span> of his doctrine. The superiority of his opinions +on a union with Christ that preceded active faith +as compared with those of Hooker and the lesser +divines was enthusiastically asserted by the great +majority of the Boston church, led by Mrs. Hutchinson. +Seeing so much zeal and sound doctrine he +may have felt that the first or spiritual resurrection +of which he was wont to prophesy from the Apocalypse, +had already begun in his own congregation, +and that among these enthusiasts were those who +had learned to "buy so as though they bought +not"—those who had been lifted into a crystalline +sphere where they had "the Moone under their +feet. <span class="sidenote">Cotton's Churches Resurrection, p. 27.</span> And if we have the Moone under our feete, +then wee are not eclipsed when the Moone is +Eclipsed." Thus did Cotton's imagination revel +in cosmical imagery.</p> + +<h4>XIX.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Bitterness of the debate.</span> The arrogance of the elect is hard to bear, and +it is not wonderful that the debate waxed hot. +The concentrated religiousness of a town that +sought to shut out unbelieving residents made the +dispute dangerous. In the rising tempest a ballast +of ungodly people might have been serviceable. +But in Boston there were few even of the indifferent +to be buffers in the religious collision. While +the covenant-of-grace people made themselves offensive, +their opponents,—Winthrop, the slighted +ex-governor, Wilson, the unpopular pastor, and the +ministers accused of being under a covenant of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page335" name="page335"></a>(p. 335)</span> works—resorted to the favorite weapons of polemics. +They hatched a brood of inferences from +the opinions Mrs. Hutchinson held, or was thought +to hold, and then made her responsible for the +ugly bantlings. They pretended to believe, and +no doubt did believe, that Mrs. Hutchinson's esoteric +teaching was worse than what she gave out. +They borrowed the names of ancient heresies, long +damned by common consent, to give odium to her +doctrine. That the new party should be called Antinomian +was plausible; the road they had chosen +for escape from Puritan legalism certainly lay in +that direction. But Antinomianism had suffered +from an imputation of immorality, and no such +tendency was apparent, unless by logical deduction, +in the doctrines taught in Boston. The hearers +of Mrs. Hutchinson were also accused of having +accepted the doctrines of the so-called Family +of Love which had of old been accused of many +detestable things, and was a common bugaboo of +theology at the time. The whole town of Boston +and the whole colony of Massachusetts was set in +commotion by the rude theological brawl. <span class="sidenote">Overthrow of Vane, 1637.</span> Such +was the state of combustion in Boston that it was +thought necessary by the opponents of Vane and +Mrs. Hutchinson to hold the court of elections at +the former capital, Newtown. The excitement at +this court was so great that the church members, +who only could vote, were on the point of laying +violent hands on one another in a contest growing +out of a question relating to the indwelling of the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page336" name="page336"></a>(p. 336)</span> Holy Ghost. Vane was defeated, and Winthrop +again made governor.</p> + +<h4>XX.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The Synod of 1637.</span> A great synod of elders from all the New England +churches was assembled. All the way from +Ipswich and Newbury on the east and from the +Connecticut on the west the "teaching elders" +made their way by water or by land, at public expense, +that they might help the magistrates of Massachusetts +to decide on what they should compel +the churches to believe. <span class="sidenote">Short Story of the Rise, Reign, etc., <i>passim</i>.</span> For more than three +weeks the synod at Cambridge wrestled with the +most abstruse points of doctrine. <span class="sidenote">Winthrop's Journal, i, 284, and following.</span> The governor +frequently had to interpose to keep the peace; +sometimes he adjourned the assembly, to give time +for heats to cool. <span class="sidenote">Cotton's Way of the Churches Cleared, <i>passim</i>.</span> A long list of errors, most of +which were not held by anybody in particular, +were condemned. A nearly unanimous conclusion +on certain fine-spun doctrines was reached at length +by means of affirmations couched in language +vague or ambiguous. Cotton, who had been forced +after debate to recant one opinion and modify +others, assented to the inconclusive conclusions, +but with characteristic non-committalism he qualified +his assent and withheld his signature.</p> + +<h4>XXI.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The persecution.</span> The field was now cleared for the orderly persecution +of the dissentients. Whelewright, Mrs. +Hutchinson's brother-in-law, had been convicted of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page337" name="page337"></a>(p. 337)</span> sedition in the preceding March on account of an +imprudent sermon preached on a fast day. But his +sentence had been deferred from court to court, apparently +until after the synod. <span class="sidenote">Mass. Rec., i, 207.</span> At the November +court following the synod Whelewright was banished, +and those who had signed a rather vigorous +petition in his favor many long months before were +arraigned and banished or otherwise punished. +The banished included some of the most intelligent +and conspicuous residents. Not until this November +court had her opponents ventured to bring +Mrs. Hutchinson to trial. Whelewright, standing +by his hot-headed sermon, had just been sentenced; +the abler but more timid Cotton had already been +overborne and driven into a safe ambiguity by the +tremendous pressure of the great synod. Vane +had left the colony, and the time was ripe to finish +the work of extirpation. The elders were summoned +to be present and advise.</p> + +<h4>XXII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Mrs. Hutchinson's trial, 1637.</span> During a two days' trial, conducted inquisitorially, +like an English Court of High Commission, +Cambridge presented the spectacle of a high-spirited +and gifted woman, at the worst but a victim +of enthusiasm, badgered by the court and by the +ministers, whose dominant order she had attacked. <span class="sidenote">Hutchinson's Hist. of Mass. Bay, ii, appendix.</span> +Cotton, with more than his usual courage, stood +her defender. The tough-fibered Hugh Peter, who +made himself conspicuous in several ways, took it +on him to rebuke Cotton for saying a word in defense +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page338" name="page338"></a>(p. 338)</span> of the accused. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c3_7" name="note_b3_c3_7"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c3_7">Note 7.</a></span> Endecott and Hugh Peter, +mates well matched, browbeat the witnesses who +appeared in Mrs. Hutchinson's behalf, and Dudley, +the conscientious advocate of persecution, was +rude and overbearing. Winthrop acted as chief +inquisitor, the narrow sincerity and superstition of +his nature obscuring the nobler qualities of the +man.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Hutchinson defended herself adroitly at +first, refusing to be trapped into self-condemnation. +But her natural part was that of an outspoken agitator, +and her religious exaltation had been increased, +doubtless, by persecution, for combativeness +is a stimulant even to zeal. On the second +day she threw away "the fear of man," and declared +that she had an inward assurance of her deliverance, +adding that the General Court would +suffer disaster. For this prophesying she was +promptly condemned. Cotton had prophesied +notably on one occasion, Wilson, his colleague, was +given to rhyming prophecies, and Hooker had +made a solemn prediction while in Holland. In +this very year the plan of the Pequot campaign had +been radically changed in compliance with a revelation +vouchsafed to the chaplain, Stone. But these +were ministers, and never was the ministerial office +so reverenced as by the Puritans, who professed to +strip it of every outward attribute of priestliness. +Above all, for a woman to teach and to have +revelations was to stand the world on its head. +"We do not mean to discourse with those of your +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page339" name="page339"></a>(p. 339)</span> sex," etc., said Winthrop severely to Mrs. Hutchinson +during the trial. <span class="sidenote">Mrs. Hutchinson is excommunicated.</span> She was sentenced to banishment, +but reprieved, that the church might deal +with her. On the persuasion of Cotton and others, +Mrs. Hutchinson wrote a recantation apologizing +for her assumption to have revelations, and retracting +certain opinions of which she had been accused. +But she added that she had never intended to +teach or to hold these opinions. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c3_8" name="note_b3_c3_8"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c3_8">Note 8.</a></span> For this falsehood, +as it was deemed, she was summarily excommunicated. +Yet nothing seems more probable than +that her hyperbolic utterances under excitement +had not stood for dogmatic opinions. <span class="sidenote">Rise, Reign, Ruine, etc., and Winthrop's Journal, i, +309, 310.</span> Under Cotton's +fine-spun system of church government a +member could not be excommunicated except by +unanimous consent. Many of Mrs. Hutchinson's +friends were absent from the colony, others had +prudently changed sides or stayed away from the +meeting. But her sons ventured to speak in her +behalf. Cotton at once admonished them. The +effect of putting them under admonition was to disfranchise +them; it was one of Cotton's ingenuities +of the sanctuary. The sons out of the way, the +mother was cast out unanimously—a punishment +much dreaded among the Puritans, who believed +that what was thus bound on earth was bound in +heaven. It was a ban that forbade the faithful +even to eat with her. But the melancholy under +which Mrs. Hutchinson had suffered vanished at +once, and she said as she left the church assembly, +"Better to be cast out than to deny Christ."</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page340" name="page340"></a>(p. 340)</span> XXIII.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Omens and auguries.</span> Mrs. Hutchinson and most of her party settled +on Rhode Island, where they sheltered themselves +at first in caves dug in the ground. Here she +again attracted attention by the charm of her eloquent +teaching, and some came from afar to hear +the "she Gamaliel," as her opponents called her. +Such gifts in a woman, and in one who had been +excommunicated by the authority vested in the +church, could be accounted for only by attributing +her power to sorcery. <span class="sidenote">Savage's Winthrop's Journal, i, 313, 316; ii, 11, and +Short Story of Rise and Reign of Antinomianism.</span> Winthrop sets down the +evidence that she was a witch, which consisted in +her frequent association with Jane Hawkins, the +midwife, who sold oil of mandrakes to cure barrenness, +and who was known to be familiar with +the devil. At length "God stepped in," and by +his "casting voice" proved which side was right. +Mary Dyer, one of the women who followed Mrs. +Hutchinson, had given birth to a deformed stillborn +child. <span class="sidenote">Winthrop, i, 316.</span> This fact became known when Mrs. +Dyer left the church with the excommunicated +Mrs. Hutchinson. Winthrop had the monstrosity +exhumed after long burial had rendered its traits +difficult to distinguish. He examined it personally +with little result, but he published in England +incredible midwife's tales about it. God stepped +in once more, and Mrs. Hutchinson herself, after +she went to Rhode Island, suffered a maternal misfortune +of another kind. The wild reports that +were circulated regarding this event are not fit to +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page341" name="page341"></a>(p. 341)</span> be printed even in a note; the first editor of Winthrop's +journal felt obliged to render the words +into Latin in order that scholars might read them +shamefacedly. <span class="sidenote">Savage's Winthrop, i, 326.</span> But Cotton, who was by this time +redeeming himself by a belated zeal against the +banished sectaries, repeated the impossible tale, +which was far worse than pathological, to men and +women, callow youths, young maidens, and innocent +children "in the open assembly at Boston on +a lecture day," explaining the divine intent to signalize +her error in denying inherent righteousness. +The governor, who was more cautious, wrote to +the physician and got a correct report, from which +the divine purpose was not so evident, and Cotton +made a retraction at the next lecture. We are +now peering into the abyss of seventeenth-century +credulity. <span class="sidenote">Death of Mrs. Hutchinson.</span> Here are a grave ruler and a divine +once eminent at the university, and now +renowned in England and in America, wallowing +in a squalid superstition in comparison with which +the divination of a Roman haruspex is dignified.</p> + +<p>Having suffered the loss of her husband, and +hearing of efforts on the part of Massachusetts to +annex Rhode Island, Mrs. Hutchinson removed to +the Dutch colony of New Netherland with her +family. <span class="sidenote"><a id="note_b3_c3_9" name="note_b3_c3_9"></a><a href="#anote_b3_c3_9">Note 9.</a></span> Here she and all her household except +one child were massacred by the Indians. This +act of Providence was hailed as a final refutation +of her errors, the more striking that the place +where she suffered was not far removed from a +place called Hell Gate.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page342" name="page342"></a>(p. 342)</span> XXIV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Results of ecclesiastical government.</span> This famous controversy lets in much light upon +the character of the age and the nature of Puritanism. +It is one of many incidents that reveal the +impracticability of the religious Utopia attempted +in New England. The concentration of religious +people undoubtedly produced a community free +from the kind of disorders that are otherwise inseparable +from a pioneer state and that were found +abundantly in New Netherland, in Maryland, and in +Virginia and on the eastward fishing coast. "These +English live soberly," said a Dutch visitor to Hartford +in 1639, "drinking but three times at a meal, +and when a man drinks to drunkenness they tie +him to a post and whip him as they do thieves in +Holland." But while some of the good results to +be looked for in an exclusively Puritan community +were attained, it was at the cost of exaggerating +the tendency to debate and fanaticism and developing +the severity, the intolerance, and the meddlesome +petty tyranny that inheres in an ecclesiastical +system of government. During the lifetime of one +generation Massachusetts suffered all these, and it is +doubtful whether regularity of morals was not purchased +at too great a sacrifice of liberty, bodily and +spiritual, and of justice. Certainly the student of +history views with relief the gradual relaxation +that came after the English Restoration and the +disappearance from the scene of the latest survivors +of the first generation of New England leaders.</p> + +<a id="img009" name="img009"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/img009.jpg"> +<img src="images/img009tb.jpg" width="500" height="370" alt="New England after the dispersions." title=""></a> +</div> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page343" name="page343"></a>(p. 343)</span> XXV.</h4> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The New Haven colony.</span> During the period of the greatest excitement +over the Hutchinson case John Davenport, a noted +Puritan minister of London, had been in Massachusetts. +Like many other emigrant divines of the +time he brought a migrant parish with him seeking +a place to settle. Davenport arrived in June, +1637, and took part against the Antinomians in +the synod. After examining every place offered +them in Massachusetts, he and his friends refused +all and resolved to plant a new colony. The people +were Londoners and bent on trade, and Massachusetts +had no suitable place for their settlement +left. The bitterness of the Hutchinson controversy +may have had influence in bringing them to +this decision, and the preparations of Laud to subject +and control Massachusetts perhaps had weight +in driving them to seek a remoter settlement. +Davenport had ideals of his own, and the earthly +paradise he sought to found was not quite Cotton's +nor was it Hooker's. He and his followers planted +the New Haven colony in 1638. In this little colony +church and state were more completely blended +than in Massachusetts. The government was by +church members only, to the discontent of other +residents, and in 1644 New Haven adopted the +laws of Moses in all their rigor. The colony was +united with Connecticut by royal charter at the +Restoration, after which the saints no longer sat +upon thrones judging the tribes of Israel.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page344" name="page344"></a>(p. 344)</span> CONCLUSION.</h3> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Later English emigrations to New England.</span> The emigration to New England from the +mother country was quickened by the troubles +that preceded the civil war. In 1638 it reached +its greatest height, having been augmented perhaps +by agricultural distress. Fourteen ships +bound for New England lay in the Thames at one +time in the spring of that year. There was alarm +at the great quantity of corn required for the +emigrants, lest there should not be enough left +in London to last till harvest. "Divers clothiers +of great trading" resolved to "go suddenly," in +which we may see, perhaps, evidence of bad times +in the commercial world. Some parishes it was +thought would be impoverished. <span class="sidenote">Lord Maynard to Laud, 17 March, 1638, in Sainsbury.</span> Laud was asked +to put a stop to the migration; but the archbishop +was busy trying to compel the Scots to use the +prayer book. <span class="sidenote">Savage's Winthrop's Journal, i, 319, 320, 322.</span> Most of the lords of the Council +were favorable to New England; the customs officers +purposely neglected to search for contraband +goods, and the ships, twenty in all, got away with +or without license, and brought three thousand +passengers to Boston. <span class="sidenote">Rushworth, i, Part II, 409, 718.</span> But the tide spent itself +about this time, and by 1640 emigration to the +New England colonies had entirely ceased. <span class="sidenote">Josselyn's Rarities, 108.</span> About +twenty-one thousand two hundred people had been +landed in all.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Cavalier emigration to Virginia.</span> The swing of the political pendulum in England +that served to check the Puritan exodus gave impetus +to a new emigration to Virginia and Maryland. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page345" name="page345"></a>(p. 345)</span> During the ten years and more before 1640 +few had gone to that region but bond servants. +There were in that year not quite eight thousand +people in Virginia. It is the point of time at which +the native Virginians began to rear a second generation +born on the soil. <span class="sidenote">Petition to House of Lords, 15 Aug., 1648. Royal Hist. +MS., Com. Rept., vii, 45.</span> The waning fortunes of +the king sent to the colony in the following years +a large cavalier emigration, and the average character +of the colonists was raised. Better ministers +held the Virginia parishes and better order was +observed in the courts. <span class="sidenote">Sainsbury, 360.</span> In 1648 four hundred +emigrants lay aboard ships bound for Virginia at +one time, and in 1651 sixteen hundred royalist prisoners +seem to have been sent in one detachment.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Prospective ascendency of the English colonies.</span> By the middle of the seventeenth century the +English on the North American continent were in +a fair way to predominate all other Europeans. +From the rather lawless little fishing villages on +the coast of Maine to the rigorous Puritan communes +of the New Haven colony that stretched +westward to pre-empt, in advance of the Dutch, +land on the shores of Long Island Sound, the English +held New England. English settlers "seeking +larger accommodations" had crossed to Long Island +and were even pushing into the Dutch colony. +The whole Chesapeake region was securely English. +Already there were Virginians about to +break into the Carolina country lying wild between +Virginia and the Spanish colony in Florida. The +French and the Dutch and the Spaniards excelled +the English in far-reaching explorations and adventurous +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page346" name="page346"></a>(p. 346)</span> fur-trading. But the English had proved +their superior aptitude for planting compact agricultural +communities. A sedentary and farming +population where the supply of land is not limited +reaches the highest rate of natural increase. At a +later time, Franklin estimated that the population +of the colonies doubled every twenty-five years +without including immigrants. The compactness +of English settlement and the prolific increase of +English people decided the fate of North America. +The rather thin shell of Dutch occupation was already, +by the middle of the seventeenth century, +feeling the pressure under stress of which it was +soon to give way. A century later collision with +the populous and ever-multiplying English settlements +brought about the collapse of the expanded +bubble of New France.</p> + +<h3 class="smcap">Elucidations.</h3> + +<div class="answer"> +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c3_1" name="anote_b3_c3_1"></a><a href="#note_b3_c3_1">Note 1, page 321.</a></span> There is a paper on this debate in the British Record Office +indorsed by Archbishop Laud, "Rec: Octob: 7. 1637," "Propositions +wch have devided Mr. Hooker & Mr. Cotton in Newe +England. 1. That a man may prove his justification by his works +of sanctification, as the first, best, and only cheife evidence of his +salvation. 2. Whither fayth be active or passive in justification. +3. Whither there be any saving preparation in a Christian soule +before his unyon with Christ. This latter is only Hooker's opinion, +the rest of the ministers do not concurr with him: Cotton and +the rest of the contrary opinion are against him and his party in +all." Colonial Papers, ix, 71. In the next paper in the same +volume, also indorsed by Laud, the controversy is more fully set +forth. Copies of both are in the Bancroft collection of the New +York Public Library. Laud indorsed these papers respectively +October 7 and 15, 1637. The Cambridge Synod, which met August +30th, had adjourned late in September, and the debates +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page347" name="page347"></a>(p. 347)</span> which divided the two divines must have preceded it, and perhaps +preceded the migration of Hooker to Connecticut in 1636. When +Haynes was Governor of Massachusetts he had pronounced the +sentence of banishment against Williams. But some years later, +while Governor of Connecticut, he relented a little and wrote to +Williams: "I think, Mr. Williams, I must now confesse to you, +that the most wise God hath provided and cut out this part of +his world for a refuge and receptacle for all sorts of consciences. +I am now under a cloud, and my brother Hooker, with the bay, as +you have been, we have removed from them thus far, and yet they +are not satisfied." Quoted by Williams in a letter to Mason, 1st +Massachusetts Historical Collections, i, 280.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c3_2" name="anote_b3_c3_2"></a><a href="#note_b3_c3_2">Note 2, page 322.</a></span> The abstract of Hooker's sermon of May 31, 1638, as deciphered +and published by Dr. J. Hammond Trumbull, is in the +Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society, i, 20, 21, and +the Fundamental Laws of 1639 are in Hinman's Antiquities, 20, +and ff., and in Trumbull's Blue Laws, 51. Compare also the +remarkable letter of Hooker to Winthrop in Connecticut Historical +Society Collections, i, 3-15. Hooker objects strongly +to the right of arbitrary decisions by the magistrate: "I must +confess, I ever looked at it as a way which leads directly to +tyranny, and so to confusion, and must plainly profess, if it was +in my liberty, I would choose neither to live nor leave my posterity +under such government." This letter exhibits Hooker's intellect +to great advantage. One is inclined to rank him above +most of his New England contemporaries in clearness and breadth +of thought.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c3_3" name="anote_b3_c3_3"></a><a href="#note_b3_c3_3">Note 3, page 325.</a></span> The selling of half-developed homesteads to newcomers by +older settlers was of constant occurrence in all the colonies during +the colonial period. It was a notable practice on the frontiers +of Pennsylvania down to the Revolution, and perhaps later. Hubbard +thus describes what went on in every New England settlement: +"Thus the first planters in every township, having the +advantage of the first discovery of places, removed themselves +into new dwellings, thereby making room for others to succeed +them in their old." General History of New England, 155.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c3_4" name="anote_b3_c3_4"></a><a href="#note_b3_c3_4">Note 4, page 328.</a></span> The existence in England of a doctrine resembling that of the +followers of Cotton and Mrs. Hutchinson is implied in Welde's +preface to the Short Story of the Rise, Reign, and Ruine of Antinomianism. +"And this is the very reason that this kind of doctrine +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page348" name="page348"></a>(p. 348)</span> takes so well here in <i>London</i> and other parts of the kingdome, +and that you see so many dance after this pipe, running +after such and such, crowding the Churches and filling the +doores and windowes."</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c3_5" name="anote_b3_c3_5"></a><a href="#note_b3_c3_5">Note 5, page 328.</a></span> Giles Firmin's Review of Davis's Vindication, 1693, quotes +from a letter of Shepard of Cambridge, Massachusetts: "Preach +Humiliation, labor to possess Men with a Sence of Misery and +wrath to come. The Gospel Consolations and Grace which +some would have only disht out as the Dainties of the times and +set upon the Ministry's Table may possibly tickle and ravish +some and do some good to some which are Humbled and Converted +already. But if Axes and Wedges be not used withal to +hew and break this rough unhewn bold but professing age, I am +Confident the Work and Fruit ... will be but meer Hypocrisie."</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c3_6" name="anote_b3_c3_6"></a><a href="#note_b3_c3_6">Note 6, page 330.</a></span> Notwithstanding his early imprudence during the partisan excitement +in Boston, Whelewright was a man of sound judgment, +and his testimony regarding his sister-in-law is the most important +we have. "She was a woman of good wit and not onely +so, ... but naturally of a good judgment too, as appeared in her +civill occasions; In spirituals indeed she gave her understanding +over into the power of suggestion and immediate dictates, by +reason of which she had many strange fancies, and erroneous +tenents possest her, especially during her confinement ... attended +by melancholy." Mercurius Americanus, p. 7.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c3_7" name="anote_b3_c3_7"></a><a href="#note_b3_c3_7">Note 7, page 338.</a></span> Hugh Peter, after his return to England, adopted the views +in favor of toleration beginning to prevail there. Nine years +after he had obtruded himself so eagerly to testify against Mrs. +Hutchinson, he was writing to New England earnest remonstrances +against persecution. 4 Massachusetts Historical Collections, +vi, where the letters are given.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c3_8" name="anote_b3_c3_8"></a><a href="#note_b3_c3_8">Note 8, page 338.</a></span> There were those who wished to give time for a second admonition +before excommunication, but they were overruled, probably +by Wilson. Winthrop, i, 310. It would, perhaps, have +been in better form to take the other and less eager course. +There is a Latin paper in the British Public Record Office, dated +3 March, 1635, which professes to give a brief and orderly digest +of the canons of government constituted and observed in the reformed +New England churches. I am unable to trace its authority. +From this I quote; "Qui pertinacitur consistorii admonitiones +rejecerit a cœna domini suspendatur. Si suspensus, post +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page349" name="page349"></a>(p. 349)</span> iteratus admonitiones nulla pœnitentiæ signum dederit ad excomunicationem +procedat Ecclesia."</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a id="anote_b3_c3_9" name="anote_b3_c3_9"></a><a href="#note_b3_c3_9">Note 9, page 341.</a></span> It would be a waste of time to controvert the ingenious apologies +which have been written to prove that an inexorable necessity +compelled the banishment of the Antinomians. The Massachusetts +government was in its very nature and theory opposed to +religious toleration, as we may see by the reference of the case of +Gorton and his companions to the elders, and their verdict that +these men, not residents of the jurisdiction, ought to be put to +death for constructive blasphemy, a decision that the magistrates +by a majority vote would have put in execution if the +"deputies" or representative members of the assembly had not +dissented. Savage's Winthrop's Journal, ii, 177. The doctrine +of intolerance is ingeniously set forth in Cotton's "The Powring +Ovt of the Seven Vials, ... very fit and necessary for this Present +Age," published in 1642. Cotton compares Jesuits and heretics +to wolves, and says, "Is it not an acceptable service to the +whole Country to cut off the ravening Wolves?" The Puritans +of New England from their very circumstances were slower to +accept the doctrine of religious liberty than their coreligionists in +England.</p> +</div> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page350" name="page350"></a>(p. 350)</span> INDEX</h3> + +<div class="index"> +<p><span class="min2em">Abbot, Abp., on Calvert's resignation,</span> +<a href="#page259">259</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Abercromby's Examination,</span> +<a href="#page258">258</a>, n. 4; +<a href="#page262">262</a>, n. 11; +<a href="#page263">263</a>, n. 12.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Aberdeen Burgh Records, no Sabbatarian legislation in,</span> +<a href="#page140">140</a>, n. 12;<br> + <span class="min1em">quaint ordinance from,</span> +<a href="#page140">140</a>, n. 12.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Accidents, New England hung on a chain of slender,</span> +<a href="#page176">176</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Act, for Church Liberties, 1639,</span> +<a href="#page251">251</a>; +<a href="#page265">265</a>, n. 22;<br> + <span class="min1em">for discovering popish recusants,</span> +<a href="#page237">237</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">of Toleration, 1649,</span> +<a href="#page255">255</a>, +<a href="#page256">256</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">act to prevent, etc.,</span> +<a href="#page237">237</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Activity, intellectual, men excited to unwonted,</span> +<a href="#page1">1</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Adam's needle and thread, garments woven of fiber of,</span> +<a href="#page79">79</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">efforts to cultivate,</span> +<a href="#page80">80</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Admonition to the People of England,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Advertisements for Planters of New England,</span> +<a href="#page27">27</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Age of romance and adventure, an,</span> +<a href="#page1">1</a>, +<a href="#page20">20</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">of colony beginnings,</span> +<a href="#page92">92</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">dramatic and poetic to its core,</span> +<a href="#page100">100</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Agrarian and industrial disturbance aids the Puritan movement,</span> +<a href="#page111">111</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ainsworth wrote tractate on the Jewish ephod,</span> +<a href="#page108">108</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Alexander, William, Encouragement to Colonies,</span> +<a href="#page258">258</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Alleghanies deemed almost impassable,</span> +<a href="#page11">11</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Almond, an, for a Parrat,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">America excited the most lively curiosity,</span> +<a href="#page2">2</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">notion that it was an Asiatic peninsula,</span> +<a href="#page3">3</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">search for a route through, lasted one hundred and fourteen years,</span> +<a href="#page8">8</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">a Mediterranean Sea sought in the heart of,</span> +<a href="#page11">11</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">fact and fable about,</span> +<a href="#page14">14</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">excepted from the Deluge,</span> +<a href="#page20">20</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">treasure from flowing into Spanish coffers,</span> +<a href="#page74">74</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Hakluyt spreading sails for, in every breeze,</span> +<a href="#page76">76</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">all one to European eyes,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Amer. Antiqu. Soc. Trans.,</span> +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Amsterdam, Separatists migrated to,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">called a common harbor of all opinions,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Anabaptism, divergencies in direction of, in Mass.,</span> +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Anarchy and despotism the inevitable alternatives of communism,</span> +<a href="#page26">26</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Anderson's Church of England in the Colonies,</span> +<a href="#page258">258</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Anderson's Commerce,</span> +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 5; +<a href="#page75">75</a>, m.; +<a href="#page76">76</a>, m.; +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Anglican and Puritan party lines not sharply drawn at first,</span> +<a href="#page110">110</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Anglican Church party, leaders at Zurich and Strasburg,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">held to the antique ritual,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">content with moderate reforms,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">must have a stately liturgy and holy days,</span> +<a href="#page110">110</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">becomes dogmatic,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">aided by Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity,</span> +<a href="#page122">122</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Anglican zeal founded a nation of dissenters,</span> +<a href="#page91">91</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Animals, notions about American,</span> +<a href="#page18">18</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">too many kinds for Noah's ark,</span> +<a href="#page20">20</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Animals for breeding, stock of,</span> +<a href="#page48">48</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">sold by Argall,</span> +<a href="#page50">50</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Antinomianism, divergencies in direction of, in Mass.,</span> +<a href="#page287">287</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">found by Winthrop in Mrs. Hutchinson's teachings,</span> +<a href="#page332">332</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Antinomians sheltered by Vane and Cotton,</span> +<a href="#page267">267</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Davenport took part against, in the synod,</span> +<a href="#page343">343</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">banishment of the,</span> +<a href="#page349">349</a>, n. 9.<br> + <span class="min1em">See also <span class="smcap"><a href="#hutchinsonanne">Hutchinson, Mrs. Anne</a></span>, and <span class="smcap"><a href="#hutchincontroversy">Hutchinsonian Controversy</a></span>.</span><br> + +<span class="min2em">Antwerp, a place of refuge for the persecuted,</span> +<a href="#page312">312</a>, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Apocalypse of John, the, received hearty consideration from the New England Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page301">301</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Apostolic primitivism, aim of the Puritan,</span> +<a href="#page303">303</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">goal of the Separatist,</span> +<a href="#page303">303</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Apostolic succession asserted as essential,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Archdale's Carolina,</span> +<a href="#page171">171</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Archer, Gabriel, wounded by the Indians,</span> +<a href="#page28">28</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">hostile to Smith,</span> +<a href="#page37">37</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">character of,</span> +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">a ringleader in disorders,</span> +<a href="#page63">63</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">a paper on Virginia by,</span> +<a href="#page96">96</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Archery on Sunday prohibited,</span> +<a href="#page127">127</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Arctic continent, an,</span> +<a href="#page2">2</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Argall, Captain, the first Englishman to see the bison,</span> +<a href="#page24">24</a>, n. 10, +<a href="#page50">50</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">sent to the Bermudas, went to the fishing-banks for food,</span> +<a href="#page42">42</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">to Mt. Desert for plunder,</span> +<a href="#page47">47</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">bad record and government,</span> +<a href="#page50">50</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">robbed Company and colonists,</span> +<a href="#page50">50</a>, +<a href="#page52">52</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">fitted out a ship for piracy,</span> +<a href="#page51">51</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">charter procured for a new plantation to protect,</span> +<a href="#page51">51</a>, +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 13;<br> + <span class="min1em">escaped in nick of time,</span> +<a href="#page52">52</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Argonauts of the New World set sail,</span> +<a href="#page25">25</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Arianism, divergencies in direction of, in Massachusetts,</span> +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ark, The, and The Dove, efforts to prevent departure of,</span> +<a href="#page241">241</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">no Protestant minister or worship on board,</span> +<a href="#page242">242</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Armada, the Spanish, patriotism aroused by the danger from,</span> +<a href="#page121">121</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Armenian silk-raisers brought to Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page78">78</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Arminian Nunnery,</span> +<a href="#page93">93</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Arminianism spreads among the High-Church clergy,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Arminians and Calvinists, Laud attempts to suppress debate between,</span> +<a href="#page194">194</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Arminians excluded from toleration in the Netherlands,</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Arnold's History of Rhode Island,</span> +<a href="#page311">311</a>, n. 17.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Articles of Union, the, provided for freedom of private belief,</span> +<a href="#page312">312</a>, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Arundel, Lord, a friend of Sir George Calvert,</span> +<a href="#page226">226</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">territory assigned to,</span> +<a href="#page259">259</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Asher's History of West India Company,</span> +<a href="#page177">177</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Asia, efforts to reach,</span> +<a href="#page3">3</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Aspinwall Papers,</span> +<a href="#page56">56</a>, m.; +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 15; +<a href="#page264">264</a>, n. 20.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Aubrey's Survey of Wiltshire,</span> +<a href="#page136">136</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Augustine on the Sunday-Sabbath,</span> +<a href="#page137">137</a>, n. 8; +<a href="#page140">140</a>, n. 13.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Austerfeld, a cradle of the Pilgrims,</span> +<a href="#page149">149</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the stolid rustics of,</span> +<a href="#page150">150</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the font at which Bradford was baptized,</span> +<a href="#page151">151</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">inhabitants at Bradford's birth a most ignorant people,</span> +<a href="#page152">152</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Austerity in morals a Puritan characteristic,</span> +<a href="#page119">119</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Auxiliary societies formed,</span> +<a href="#page53">53</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Avalon, Calvert's province in Newfoundland called,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">charter of,</span> +<a href="#page225">225</a>, +<a href="#page234">234</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">primary design of the colony,</span> +<a href="#page225">225</a>; +<a href="#page259">259</a>, n. 5;<br> + <span class="min1em">troubles of Baltimores and Puritans in,</span> +<a href="#page228">228</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">abandoned by Calvert,</span> +<a href="#page230">230</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Catholic emigrants to,</span> +<a href="#page239">239</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Bacon, Lord, objects to heretics settling a colony,</span> +<a href="#page171">171</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bacon's Lord, An Advertisement touching Controversies,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">Advice to Villiers,</span> +<a href="#page171">171</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">Certain Considerations,</span> +<a href="#page162">162</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">Essay on Plantations,</span> +<a href="#page27">27</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">Observation on a Libel,</span> +<a href="#page163">163</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">Speech in reply to the Speaker,</span> +<a href="#page25">25</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bacon's Laws of Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page264">264</a>, n. 19; +<a href="#page265">265</a>, n. 22.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bacon, Nathaniel,</span> +<a href="#page60">60</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bacon, Roger, on the Sunday question,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Baillie, Robert, on John Robinson,</span> +<a href="#page156">156</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Baltimore, first Baron. See <span class="smcap"><a href="#calvertgeorge">Calvert, George</a></span>.</span><br> + +<span class="min2em">Baltimore, Letters to Wentworth,</span> +<a href="#page241">241</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Baltimore, second Baron. See <span class="smcap"><a href="#calvertcecilius">Calvert, Cecilius</a></span>.</span><br> + +<span class="min2em">Bancroft, Richard, Bishop of London, theatrical adulation of King James,</span> +<a href="#page161">161</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">as primate persecutes the Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page162">162</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">stops emigration to Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page168">168</a>, +<a href="#page183">183</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Baptist Church, the General, on earthly and spiritual authority,</span> +<a href="#page312">312</a>, n. 19.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Baptists, Williams and his followers become,</span> +<a href="#page303">303</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Barclay's Inner Life,</span> +<a href="#page146">146</a>, m.; +<a href="#page186">186</a>, n. 6; +<a href="#page312">312</a>, n. 19; +<a href="#page314">314</a>, n. 24.<br> + +<a id="barlow" name="barlow"></a> +<span class="min2em">Barlow's Svmme and Svbstance,</span> +<a href="#page143">143</a>, m.; +<a href="#page160">160</a>, m.; +<a href="#page162">162</a>, m.; +<a href="#page182">182</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Barrow hanged at Tyburn,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Barrowism a mean between Presbyterianism and Brownism,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the model for the church at Scrooby,</span> +<a href="#page154">154</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bawtry, the station near Scrooby,</span> +<a href="#page149">149</a>, +<a href="#page150">150</a>, +<a href="#page151">151</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Baylie, Robert, condemns the toleration of the Dutch,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>, +<a href="#page311">311</a>, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Baylie's Errours and Induration,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>, m.; +<a href="#page311">311</a>, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bell, ringing of only one, to call people to church,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">of more than one a sin,</span> +<a href="#page130">130</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bentley's Description of Salem,</span> +<a href="#page200">200</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">Historical Account of Salem,</span> +<a href="#page311">311</a>, n. 17.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Berkeley, Sir William, persecution of Puritans in Virginia by,</span> +<a href="#page252">252</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bermudas, Gates and Somers shipwrecked on the,</span> +<a href="#page40">40</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">birds and wild hogs at the,</span> +<a href="#page41">41</a>, +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 6;<br> + <span class="min1em">marvelous escape from the,</span> +<a href="#page41">41</a>, +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Beste, George,</span> +<a href="#page2">2</a>, m.; +<a href="#page4">4</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">on the New World,</span> +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Biard on Dale's severity to French prisoners,</span> +<a href="#page66">66</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bible, reading the, as part of the service, reprehended by the extremists,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Birch's Court of James I,</span> +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 10; +<a href="#page69">69</a>, n. 14; +<a href="#page72">72</a>, n. 19; +<a href="#page258">258</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bishoprics filled by Elizabeth,</span> +<a href="#page143">143</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bishops, effect of the hostility of the, to the Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page112">112</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">attacked by the Mar-Prelate tracts,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">reaction in favor of,</span> +<a href="#page121">121</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">had become Protestant to most people,</span> +<a href="#page123">123</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bison found near the Potomac,</span> +<a href="#page50">50</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Blackstone, William, first settler at Boston,</span> +<a href="#page190">190</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Blake's Annals of Dorchester,</span> +<a href="#page219">219</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Boston chosen as fittest place for public meetings,</span> +<a href="#page319">319</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">secured Cotton to balance Newton's Hooker,</span> +<a href="#page319">319</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Boston church, Roger Williams refused to become a minister of,</span> +<a href="#page270">270</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Boston Town Records,</span> +<a href="#page329">329</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Boulton, a Separatist, recanted and hung himself,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bowling in the streets the daily work at Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page44">44</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bowls, Calvin playing at, on Sunday,</span> +<a href="#page124">124</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Mar-Prelate berates the Bishop of London for playing,</span> +<a href="#page128">128</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bownd's, Dr., Sabbath of the Old and the New Testament,</span> +<a href="#page124">124</a>, +<a href="#page128">128</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">views rapidly accepted,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">ultra-propositions exceeded,</span> +<a href="#page130">130</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">captivated the religious public,</span> +<a href="#page130">130</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">opposition to,</span> +<a href="#page131">131</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">new edition published,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>, +<a href="#page139">139</a>, n. 10.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bozman,</span> +<a href="#page265">265</a>, n. 22.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bradford, William, a silk-weaver in Leyden,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">chosen governor at Plymouth,</span> +<a href="#page179">179</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">abolishes communism,</span> +<a href="#page180">180</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">of high aspiration restrained by practical wisdom,</span> +<a href="#page306">306</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bradford's Dialogue of 1593,</span> +<a href="#page146">146</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">Plimoth Plantation,</span> +<a href="#page145">145</a>, m.; +<a href="#page153">153</a>, m.; +<a href="#page154">154</a>, m.; +<a href="#page155">155</a>, m.; +<a href="#page158">158</a>, n. 3; +<a href="#page165">165</a>, m.; +<a href="#page166">166</a>, m.; +<a href="#page175">175</a>, m.; +<a href="#page184">184</a>, n. 4; +<a href="#page186">186</a>, n. 9; +<a href="#page274">274</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Brewster, William, at court,</span> +<a href="#page152">152</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">master of the post at Scrooby,</span> +<a href="#page153">153</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">secured ministers for neighboring parishes who were silenced,</span> +<a href="#page153">153</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the host and ruling elder of the Scrooby church,</span> +<a href="#page154">154</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">useful career of,</span> +<a href="#page155">155</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">project of forming a new state,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">books owned by,</span> +<a href="#page168">168</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Briefe Declaration, MS.,</span> +<a href="#page27">27</a>, m.; +<a href="#page40">40</a>, m.; +<a href="#page43">43</a>, m.; +<a href="#page44">44</a>, m.; +<a href="#page45">45</a>, m.; +<a href="#page46">46</a>, m.; +<a href="#page47">47</a>, m.; +<a href="#page66">66</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Brieff Discourse of the Troubles begun at Frankfort,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Briggs, Henry, on the nearness of the Pacific,</span> +<a href="#page10">10</a>, +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bristol colony in Newfoundland,</span> +<a href="#page258">258</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">British Museum, MS.,</span> +<a href="#page42">42</a>, m.; +<a href="#page44">44</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Broughton wrote a tractate on the Jewish ephod,</span> +<a href="#page108">108</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Brown, Richard, submitted to remonstrance,</span> +<a href="#page290">290</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Browne, John and Samuel, sent back to England by Endecott,</span> +<a href="#page200">200</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Browne, Robert, leader of the Separatists,</span> +<a href="#page145">145</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">despised for recanting, died in prison,</span> +<a href="#page146">146</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">career lasted only four or five years,</span> +<a href="#page147">147</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">John Robinson's justification of,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">authorities on,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>, n. 1; +<a href="#page158">158</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Brownists. See <span class="smcap"><a href="#separatists">Separatists</a></span>.</span><br> + +<span class="min2em">Brown's Genesis of the United States,</span> +<a href="#page94">94</a>, n. 1; +<a href="#page183">183</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bruce's Economic History of Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Buckingham dominant at court,</span> +<a href="#page193">193</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">consents to sale of Calvert's secretaryship,</span> +<a href="#page227">227</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bull and bear baiting on Sunday,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Bullein's Dialogue against the Fever Pestilence,</span> +<a href="#page23">23</a>, n. 8; +<a href="#page126">126</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Burgesses, House of, in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page55">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Burk's History of Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page69">69</a>, n. 13.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Burleigh, Lord Treasurer, treatise on Execution of Justice in England published by,</span> +<a href="#page238">238</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Burns's Prel. Diss. to Woodrow,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>, m.; +<a href="#page160">160</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Busher, Leonard, petitioned James I for liberty of conscience,</span> +<a href="#page312">312</a>, n. 19.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Cabins at Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page29">29</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cabot, John, discovers America,</span> +<a href="#page3">3</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">his ships retarded by codfish,</span> +<a href="#page18">18</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Deane's voyages of,</span> +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">Harrisse on,</span> +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cabot, Sebastian, not a discoverer,</span> +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">a doubtful authority,</span> +<a href="#page24">24</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Calendar of Colonial Documents,</span> +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 15; +<a href="#page96">96</a>, n. 5; +<a href="#page259">259</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Calendar of Domestic Papers,</span> +<a href="#page259">259</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Calendar of Domestic State Papers James I,</span> +<a href="#page77">77</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Calendar of State Papers America,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Caliban suggested by popular interest in savages,</span> +<a href="#page17">17</a>.<br> + +<a id="calvertcecilius" name="calvertcecilius"></a> +<span class="min2em">Calvert, Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore, son of George Calvert,</span> +<a href="#page234">234</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">expected large Catholic migration,</span> +<a href="#page240">240</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">religious aim of,</span> +<a href="#page240">240</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">partners in financial risks,</span> +<a href="#page240">240</a>, +<a href="#page263">263</a>, n. 13;<br> + <span class="min1em">policy of toleration,</span> +<a href="#page242">242</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">orders the Catholic service to be conducted privately on shipboard,</span> +<a href="#page242">242</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">a conservative opportunist,</span> +<a href="#page243">243</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">supported at court by Strafford,</span> +<a href="#page249">249</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">schemes against Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page249">249</a>, +<a href="#page264">264</a>, n. 21;<br> + <span class="min1em">seeks to be governor,</span> +<a href="#page250">250</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">offer to New England people,</span> +<a href="#page252">252</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">had Maryland oath of fidelity modified for Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page253">253</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">yielded office of governor to Protestant,</span> +<a href="#page254">254</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">again master of Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page257">257</a>.<br> + +<a id="calvertgeorge" name="calvertgeorge"></a> +<span class="min2em">Calvert, George, character of,</span> +<a href="#page221">221</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">his rise in power,</span> +<a href="#page223">223</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">denied being bribed by Spain,</span> +<a href="#page223">223</a>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">member of Virginia Company, 1609</span>, +<a href="#page224">224</a>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">councilor for New England,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">establishes colony in Newfoundland,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>, +<a href="#page239">239</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">his conversion to Catholicism,</span> +<a href="#page226">226</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">intractable,</span> +<a href="#page225">225</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">resigned secretaryship and made Baron Baltimore,</span> +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, n. 6;<br> + <span class="min1em">in Newfoundland,</span> +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">sails to Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page229">229</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">not received hospitably,</span> +<a href="#page230">230</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">refuses to take oath of supremacy, and leaves Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page232">232</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">religious enthusiasm,</span> +<a href="#page233">233</a>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">passion for planting colonies,</span> +<a href="#page233">233</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">death of,</span> +<a href="#page233">233</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Calvert Papers,</span> +<a href="#page250">250</a>, m.; +<a href="#page264">264</a>, n. 17.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Calvin, John, the dominant influence at Geneva,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">on the Sabbath,</span> +<a href="#page124">124</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Cotton a follower of,</span> +<a href="#page329">329</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Calvinism, materials for subjective joys provided by,</span> +<a href="#page327">327</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Calvinistic churches, efforts to assimilate the Church of England to the,</span> +<a href="#page112">112</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">controversy adds another issue,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">doctrines popular,</span> +<a href="#page328">328</a>, +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page347">347</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Calvinists and Arminians, Laud's attempt to suppress debates between,</span> +<a href="#page194">194</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cambridge settled under the name of Newtown,</span> +<a href="#page317">317</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cambridge pledge, the, of Winthrop and others,</span> +<a href="#page209">209</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Camden's Elements of New England,</span> +<a href="#page177">177</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Canada, Brownists ask leave to settle in,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cannibalism at Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page39">39</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">denied by Gates,</span> +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cape Anne, failure of Dorchester Company's colony on,</span> +<a href="#page189">189</a>, +<a href="#page199">199</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cape Cod shoals turn back the Mayflower,</span> +<a href="#page177">177</a>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Carlisle's treatise,</span> +<a href="#page75">75</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cartwright, leader of the Presbyterians,</span> +<a href="#page112">112</a>, +<a href="#page136">136</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cartwright's Admonition to Parliament,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Carver, John, chosen governor,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>, +<a href="#page184">184</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Castle Island, platform constructed on,</span> +<a href="#page284">284</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Catholic conscience, oath made offensive to the,</span> +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Catholic migration, the,</span> +<a href="#page220">220</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">revival in England,</span> +<a href="#page226">226</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">settlers in Newfoundland,</span> +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page239">239</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Baltimore family openly,</span> +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page235">235</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">migration to Maryland small,</span> +<a href="#page240">240</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">pilgrims very religious,</span> +<a href="#page243">243</a>, +<a href="#page244">244</a>, +<a href="#page245">245</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">tax on Catholic servants in Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page248">248</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">colony in Maryland until after 1640,</span> +<a href="#page247">247</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">at peace with Puritans in Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page254">254</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">element protected in Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page257">257</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">party in minority in Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Catholicism condoned, to conciliate Spain,</span> +<a href="#page238">238</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">tide toward, in England,</span> +<a href="#page240">240</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Catholics, Irish, not allowed to settle in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Baltimore's party of, repelled from Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">harsh laws in England against,</span> +<a href="#page236">236</a>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>, +<a href="#page238">238</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">enforcement of penal statutes against,</span> +<a href="#page239">239</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">co-religionists of queen,</span> +<a href="#page239">239</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">toleration and protection to English Catholics in Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page242">242</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">no perfect security for, in Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page248">248</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">rich and influential families of, in Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page264">264</a>, n. 18;<br> + <span class="min1em">conciliation to Protestants at expense of fairness toward,</span> +<a href="#page251">251</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">papist religion forbidden,</span> +<a href="#page257">257</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">excluded from toleration in the Netherlands,</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Catlet, Colonel, reaches the Alleghanies,</span> +<a href="#page11">11</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cattle, scarce in Massachusetts colony,</span> +<a href="#page320">320</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">perished in Connecticut,</span> +<a href="#page324">324</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cavalier emigration to Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cedar timber exported,</span> +<a href="#page45">45</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ceremonies, observance of pompous,</span> +<a href="#page101">101</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">bitter debates about,</span> +<a href="#page108">108</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">ceased to be abhorrent,</span> +<a href="#page123">123</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Certayne Qvestions concerning the high priest's ephod,</span> +<a href="#page108">108</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Chapman, Jonson and Marston's Eastward, Ho!</span> +<a href="#page23">23</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Charles I, coronation robe of silk for, from Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page78">78</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">obliterated by Puritanism,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Charles II wore silk raised in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page78">78</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Charter, the Great, granted by the Virginia Company,</span> +<a href="#page55">55</a>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>, +<a href="#page206">206</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">only information concerning,</span> +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 15.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Charter for a private plantation obtained by Warwick,</span> +<a href="#page51">51</a>, +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 13.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Charter of New England, 1620,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">of the Massachusetts Company,</span> +<a href="#page210">210</a>, +<a href="#page218">218</a>, n. 7;<br> + <span class="min1em">of Avalon, April 7, 1623,</span> +<a href="#page225">225</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">for precinct in Virginia granted to Leyden pilgrims,</span> +<a href="#page229">229</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">for new palatinate on north side of the Potomac granted to Baltimore,</span> +<a href="#page233">233</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">of Maryland passed,</span> +<a href="#page234">234</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">terms of the,</span> +<a href="#page234">234</a>, +<a href="#page235">235</a>, +<a href="#page236">236</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">compared with those of Avalon,</span> +<a href="#page234">234</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">ambiguous,</span> +<a href="#page251">251</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Charter-House School founded by legacy as Sutton's Hospital,</span> +<a href="#page268">268</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">attended by Roger Williams,</span> +<a href="#page268">268</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Chesapeake Bay mapped by Captain John Smith,</span> +<a href="#page36">36</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Chesapeake region securely English,</span> +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Chimes not in accord with a severe Sabbath,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Church, a "particular," Puritans desire to found,</span> +<a href="#page197">197</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the unit of New England migration,</span> +<a href="#page325">325</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Church at Jamestown enlarged,</span> +<a href="#page42">42</a>, +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Church economy, each system of, claimed divine authority,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Church, English, Laud sought to make Catholic,</span> +<a href="#page193">193</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Church government, three periods of,</span> +<a href="#page112">112</a>, +<a href="#page136">136</a>, n. 6;<br> + <span class="min1em">questions of, fell into abeyance,</span> +<a href="#page137">137</a>, n. 6;<br> + <span class="min1em">Barrowism, the form of, brought to New England,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Puritans desire to make real their ideal of,</span> +<a href="#page198">198</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Puritan passion for,</span> +<a href="#page212">212</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Church of England repudiated as antichristian,</span> +<a href="#page147">147</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">divergencies in direction of, in Massachusetts,</span> +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Church of the exiles at Frankfort, the factions in developed into two great parties,</span> +<a href="#page105">105</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Church quarrels at Strasburg and Frankfort,</span> +<a href="#page105">105</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">reform, no hope of securing,</span> +<a href="#page196">196</a>, +<a href="#page197">197</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Churches of Massachusetts formed on model of Robinson's Independency,</span> +<a href="#page213">213</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">lack of uniformity in the early,</span> +<a href="#page215">215</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">borrowed discipline and form of government from Plymouth,</span> +<a href="#page215">215</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Churchill's Voyages,</span> +<a href="#page265">265</a>, n. 23.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Churchmen, High, aggressive,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cities of refuge on the Continent,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">English churches organized in,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Civet cat, Hariot thought, would prove profitable,</span> +<a href="#page19">19</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Claiborne, claim of, to Kent Island,</span> +<a href="#page253">253</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Clap's, Roger, Memoirs,</span> +<a href="#page213">213</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Clarendon Papers,</span> +<a href="#page67">67</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Clarke's Gladstone and Maryland Toleration,</span> +<a href="#page245">245</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Clergymen most active writers in favor of colonization,</span> +<a href="#page91">91</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">some preach sermons but stay away from public prayer,</span> +<a href="#page143">143</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">supported by magistrates in Massachusetts if church order was disturbed,</span> +<a href="#page266">266</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">men of unusual prudence in ranks of,</span> +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Climate of Great Britain not favorable to raising products of the Mediterranean,</span> +<a href="#page75">75</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Coddington's Letter,</span> +<a href="#page308">308</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Code of Lawes, Divine, Morall, and Martiall, by Sir Thomas Smyth,</span> +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 16; +<a href="#page132">132</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Codfish, multitude of, on coast of Newfoundland,</span> +<a href="#page18">18</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Coxe, Sir Edward, defended legacy which founded Charter-House School,</span> +<a href="#page268">268</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">appointed Roger Williams to a scholarship,</span> +<a href="#page268">268</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">schism detested by,</span> +<a href="#page270">270</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">College proposed and endowed,</span> +<a href="#page91">91</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Collier's Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain,</span> +<a href="#page263">263</a>, n. 12.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Colonial Constitution of Virginia modified for the worse,</span> +<a href="#page249">249</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Colonial Papers,</span> +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 11; +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 18; +<a href="#page262">262</a>, n. 11; +<a href="#page264">264</a>, n. 21; +<a href="#page265">265</a>, n. 25; +<a href="#page346">346</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Colonial proprietors,</span> +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 15.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Colonial Records of Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 15.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Colonies, secondary,</span> +<a href="#page220">220</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Colonists, efforts of friends to succor, thwarted,</span> +<a href="#page47">47</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">loss of life among, in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page58">58</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Colonization, English, the fate of, settled by the experiments on the James River,</span> +<a href="#page58">58</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">promoted, to get rid of excess of population,</span> +<a href="#page136">136</a>, n. 5;<br> + <span class="min1em">unwise management ruined many projects for,</span> +<a href="#page178">178</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Colony, English, rise of the first,</span> +<a href="#page1">1</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">motives for founding,</span> +<a href="#page73">73</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Colony government, primary and secondary forms of,</span> +<a href="#page218">218</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Colony of St. Maries,</span> +<a href="#page245">245</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Colony-planters drawn from the ranks of the uneasy,</span> +<a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page220">220</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Colony-planting, Hakluyt's tireless advocacy of,</span> +<a href="#page5">5</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">John Smith on,</span> +<a href="#page37">37</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">spurred by three motives,</span> +<a href="#page74">74</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">kept alive by delusions,</span> +<a href="#page74">74</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">first principles of, not understood,</span> +<a href="#page76">76</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">an economic problem,</span> +<a href="#page84">84</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the religious motive most successful in,</span> +<a href="#page189">189</a>, +<a href="#page220">220</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">centrifugal forces in,</span> +<a href="#page220">220</a>, +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Commandment, the fourth, held to be partly moral, partly ceremonial,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>, n. 8; +<a href="#page140">140</a>, n. 13;<br> + <span class="min1em">Shepard holds it to be wholly moral,</span> +<a href="#page140">140</a>, n. 13.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Commerce with the Orient, the hope of, retarded settlement,</span> +<a href="#page4">4</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Commissions, forged, to "press" maidens,</span> +<a href="#page72">72</a>, n. 19.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Commodities, sixteen staple, exhibited from Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page49">49</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">production of, the main hope of wealth for Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page75">75</a>, +<a href="#page97">97</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Commons inclosed,</span> +<a href="#page111">111</a>, +<a href="#page135">135</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Commons Journal,</span> +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Communion, withdrawal of, a fundamental principle of Separatism,</span> +<a href="#page271">271</a>.<br> + +<a id="communism" name="communism"></a> +<span class="min2em">Communism at Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page26">26</a>, +<a href="#page42">42</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">abolished,</span> +<a href="#page56">56</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">attempted at Plymouth,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>, +<a href="#page185">185</a>, n. 4;<br> + <span class="min1em">abolished by Bradford,</span> +<a href="#page180">180</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">evils of,</span> +<a href="#page186">186</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Compact, the, of the Pilgrims,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>, +<a href="#page183">183</a>, n. 4; +<a href="#page185">185</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Company's Chief Root of Differences, the,</span> +<a href="#page52">52</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">authors of,</span> +<a href="#page69">69</a>, n. 13.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Congregationalism, rise of, in New England,</span> +<a href="#page214">214</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Connecticut, a secondary colony,</span> +<a href="#page220">220</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the migration to, has an epic interest,</span> +<a href="#page316">316</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">independent constitution adopted by,</span> +<a href="#page325">325</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">accounts adverse to, circulated in England,</span> +<a href="#page326">326</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Connecticut Historical Society Collections,</span> +<a href="#page326">326</a>, m.; +<a href="#page347">347</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Connecticut River, stories of the fertility of the intervale land on the,</span> +<a href="#page322">322</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">dangerous Pequots on the,</span> +<a href="#page323">323</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">soil did not need to be "fished,"</span> +<a href="#page324">324</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Consciences, oppressed, places of refuge for, in the Low Countries,</span> +<a href="#page163">163</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Conservative and radical, difference between constitutional,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">churchman limited his Protestantism,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Constitutional government, starting point of, in the New World,</span> +<a href="#page55">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Continent, an arctic and antarctic,</span> +<a href="#page2">2</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">crossed by Ingram in a year,</span> +<a href="#page14">14</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Controversie concerning Liberty of Conscience,</span> +<a href="#page300">300</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Conversion of the Indians, desired for the sake of trade,</span> +<a href="#page16">16</a>, +<a href="#page90">90</a>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>, n. 4;<br> + <span class="min1em">orders for the,</span> +<a href="#page42">42</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">interest in, becomes secondary,</span> +<a href="#page204">204</a>, +<a href="#page209">209</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">authorities on the,</span> +<a href="#page216">216</a>, n. 4;<br> + <span class="min1em">by the Catholics,</span> +<a href="#page247">247</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Convicts asked for by Dale,</span> +<a href="#page47">47</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cook's Historical View of Christianity,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cooper, Dr., Bishop of Winchester, answered first Mar-Prelate tract,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Copley, business administrator of Jesuits,</span> +<a href="#page251">251</a>, +<a href="#page264">264</a>, n. 17.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Corn not planted at proper season,</span> +<a href="#page44">44</a>, +<a href="#page60">60</a>, n. 2;<br> + <span class="min1em">ground for, cleared,</span> +<a href="#page48">48</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">more raised by private than by public labor,</span> +<a href="#page49">49</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cotton, John, apparent sanction of Antinomianism by,</span> +<a href="#page267">267</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">one of the greatest luminaries of the Puritans and one of the lights of New England,</span> +<a href="#page269">269</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">apostle of theocracy, shaped ecclesiastical affairs in New England,</span> +<a href="#page279">279</a>, +<a href="#page308">308</a>, n. 8;<br> + <span class="min1em">his rivals left Massachusetts,</span> +<a href="#page280">280</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">virtually attained a bishop's authority,</span> +<a href="#page280">280</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">on Williams's book,</span> +<a href="#page282">282</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">complete system of church-state organization,</span> +<a href="#page287">287</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">verbal legerdemain on Williams's banishment,</span> +<a href="#page297">297</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">casuistry of,</span> +<a href="#page299">299</a>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>, n. 20; +<a href="#page321">321</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">attitude toward Williams's banishment,</span> +<a href="#page299">299</a>, +<a href="#page300">300</a>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>, n. 21;<br> + <span class="min1em">source of his intolerance,</span> +<a href="#page300">300</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">belongs among the diplomatic builders of churches,</span> +<a href="#page306">306</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">uncandid and halting accounts of Williams's trial,</span> +<a href="#page309">309</a>, +<a href="#page310">310</a>, n. 12; +<a href="#page311">311</a>, n. 17;<br> + <span class="min1em">curious sinuosity of conscience,</span> +<a href="#page313">313</a>, n. 21;<br> + <span class="min1em">secured by Boston to balance Newtown's Hooker,</span> +<a href="#page319">319</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">rivalry with Hooker,</span> +<a href="#page320">320</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Puritanism of, grew in a garden of spices,</span> +<a href="#page321">321</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">of a sanguine temperament,</span> +<a href="#page328">328</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">his advent followed by widespread religious excitement,</span> +<a href="#page329">329</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">theological differences between his teachings and those of Hooker,</span> +<a href="#page346">346</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">Model of Moses his Judicials,</span> +<a href="#page326">326</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">opinions recanted and modified by,</span> +<a href="#page336">336</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">defends Mrs. Hutchinson,</span> +<a href="#page337">337</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">persuades her to recant,</span> +<a href="#page339">339</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">disfranchises her sons,</span> +<a href="#page339">339</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">belated zeal of, against the sectaries,</span> +<a href="#page341">341</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">wallows in superstition,</span> +<a href="#page341">341</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cotton planted,</span> +<a href="#page29">29</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cotton's Answer to Williams's Examination,</span> +<a href="#page308">308</a>, n. 10, 11; +<a href="#page310">310</a>, n. 16; +<a href="#page313">313</a>, n. 20, 21;<br> + <span class="min1em">Fountain of Life,</span> +<a href="#page328">328</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">Sermon on the Church's Resurrection,</span> +<a href="#page331">331</a>, m.; +<a href="#page334">334</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">Way of Congregational Churches,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>, n. 2; +<a href="#page219">219</a>, n. 10; +<a href="#page330">330</a>, m.; +<a href="#page336">336</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Council for New England grants a patent to the Massachusetts projectors,</span> +<a href="#page199">199</a>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Councilors of estate in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page55">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Counter-Blaste to Tobacco,</span> +<a href="#page84">84</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Country, a barren, a great whet to industry,</span> +<a href="#page177">177</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Courtier, the honor of a, possessed by Calvert,</span> +<a href="#page223">223</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the happiest has least to do at court,</span> +<a href="#page258">258</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Courts of High Commission, penalties of,</span> +<a href="#page270">270</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Covenant of grace <i>vs.</i> covenant of works,</span> +<a href="#page331">331</a>, +<a href="#page334">334</a>, +<a href="#page335">335</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cox, Richard, followers of, dispute with those of John Knox,</span> +<a href="#page105">105</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cox's Literature of the Sabbath Question,</span> +<a href="#page127">127</a>, m.; +<a href="#page138">138</a>, n. 8; +<a href="#page139">139</a>, n. 10.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cradock, Mathew, Governor of the Massachusetts Company, proposes transfer of the government,</span> +<a href="#page206">206</a>, +<a href="#page208">208</a>, +<a href="#page209">209</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">resigned his governorship,</span> +<a href="#page210">210</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">denounced by Laud,</span> +<a href="#page211">211</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">letter to Endecott,</span> +<a href="#page216">216</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Credulity about America,</span> +<a href="#page2">2</a>, +<a href="#page20">20</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">abyss of seventeenth century,</span> +<a href="#page341">341</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Customs, low, advocated by Captain John Smith,</span> +<a href="#page37">37</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Cyuile and Vncyuile Life,</span> +<a href="#page134">134</a>, n. 1.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Dainties, preachers who spread a table of, complained of,</span> +<a href="#page328">328</a>, +<a href="#page348">348</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Dainty, Argall's voyage in the,</span> +<a href="#page50">50</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Dale, Sir Thomas, sent to Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page43">43</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">tyranny of,</span> +<a href="#page45">45</a>- +<a href="#page47">47</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">horrible cruelties of,</span> +<a href="#page46">46</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">services,</span> +<a href="#page47">47</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">theatrical return,</span> +<a href="#page48">48</a>, +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 10;<br> + <span class="min1em">glowing reports of the country,</span> +<a href="#page49">49</a>, +<a href="#page168">168</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">cruelties of, proved,</span> +<a href="#page66">66</a>, n. 9;<br> + <span class="min1em">his severity,</span> +<a href="#page67">67</a>, n. 9;<br> + <span class="min1em">various authorities on,</span> +<a href="#page67">67</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Danvers, Sir John, interested in the Virginia Company,</span> +<a href="#page54">54</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">in power,</span> +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 17;<br> + <span class="min1em">one of the fathers of representative government in America,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Darien, Isthmus of,</span> +<a href="#page6">6</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Davenport, John, took part in the synod,</span> +<a href="#page343">343</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">with his followers planted the New Haven colony,</span> +<a href="#page343">343</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Days of the week, scruples about the heathen names of the,</span> +<a href="#page302">302</a>, +<a href="#page314">314</a>, n. 23.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Days of fasting and prayer appointed,</span> +<a href="#page324">324</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">De Costa, in Mag. of Amer. Hist.,</span> +<a href="#page23">23</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">De la Warr, Lady, plundered by Argall,</span> +<a href="#page50">50</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">De la Warr, Lord, sends expedition for gold,</span> +<a href="#page13">13</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">arrival of, regretted by the old settlers,</span> +<a href="#page41">41</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">governor at Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page41">41</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">resides at the falls of the James,</span> +<a href="#page43">43</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">flight of, from the colony,</span> +<a href="#page43">43</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">nominally governor,</span> +<a href="#page44">44</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">ceremonious landing at Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page101">101</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">escorted to church by gentlemen and guards,</span> +<a href="#page102">102</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Deane, Charles, Voyages of Cabot,</span> +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">misunderstood a statement by Bradford,</span> +<a href="#page184">184</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Debate, the Puritan,</span> +<a href="#page108">108</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">bitterness of the,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">new issues,</span> +<a href="#page123">123</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">advantage of new ground of, to the Puritan,</span> +<a href="#page131">131</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Debates, theological, concerned with speculative dogmas,</span> +<a href="#page108">108</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Declaration of Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Delft Haven, the parting at,</span> +<a href="#page175">175</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Delusions in colony-planting,</span> +<a href="#page74">74</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Deptford, gold-refining works at,</span> +<a href="#page13">13</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">De Rasieres's letter,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Dermer, seeking the Pacific, is driven into Long Island Sound,</span> +<a href="#page9">9</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Description of the Now-discovered river and Country of Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page96">96</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Desertion, Dale's punishment for,</span> +<a href="#page46">46</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Devil worship, Indian, belief in,</span> +<a href="#page16">16</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">De Vries's Voyages, m.,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Dexter, F. B., in Winsor's Narrative and Critical History,</span> +<a href="#page155">155</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Dexter's H. M., Congregationalism,</span> +<a href="#page147">147</a>, m.; +<a href="#page157">157</a>, n. 1; +<a href="#page185">185</a>, n. 6;<br> + <span class="min1em">"As to Roger Williams," as erudite as it is one-sided,</span> +<a href="#page311">311</a>, n. 17.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Discontent, numerous causes for,</span> +<a href="#page111">111</a>, +<a href="#page135">135</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Discourse of the Old Virginia Company,</span> +<a href="#page54">54</a>, m.; +<a href="#page66">66</a>, n. 9; +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 11; +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 16.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Discovery, the pinnace,</span> +<a href="#page25">25</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Dispersions from the mother colony,</span> +<a href="#page315">315</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Display, love of, in Elizabeth's time,</span> +<a href="#page98">98</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">greatness declared itself by,</span> +<a href="#page100">100</a>, +<a href="#page134">134</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Dissension, outbreak of, among the English Protestant exiles,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Dividends, Dale's aim to make the colony pay,</span> +<a href="#page45">45</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">D'Ogeron supplied buccaneers with wives,</span> +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Dogs as food,</span> +<a href="#page8">8</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Domestic Correspondence, James I,</span> +<a href="#page134">134</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Dorchester Company, failure of colony of, on Cape Ann,</span> +<a href="#page189">189</a>, +<a href="#page199">199</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Dorchester, Mass., church covenant,</span> +<a href="#page219">219</a>, n. 9;<br> + <span class="min1em">ready to follow the lead of Hooker,</span> +<a href="#page323">323</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">settlers remove from to Connecticut,</span> +<a href="#page324">324</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">church emigrated bodily,</span> +<a href="#page325">325</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Drama, the age of the,</span> +<a href="#page99">99</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Dress, inordinate display in,</span> +<a href="#page134">134</a>, n. 2;<br> + <span class="min1em">laws to repress,</span> +<a href="#page100">100</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">excesses in, denounced,</span> +<a href="#page120">120</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">regulations against, in Massachusetts,</span> +<a href="#page285">285</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Drunkenness, punishment for,</span> +<a href="#page342">342</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Dudley, a zealous advocate of religious intolerance,</span> +<a href="#page287">287</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">impatient to snuff out Williams,</span> +<a href="#page288">288</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">verse by,</span> +<a href="#page288">288</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">rude and overbearing,</span> +<a href="#page338">338</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Dudley to the Countess of Lincoln,</span> +<a href="#page174">174</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Durham, legal power of Bishops of, given to proprietor of Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page236">236</a>, +<a href="#page263">263</a>, n. 12.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Dutch Government declined to assure the Pilgrims of protection against England,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">made tempting offers to the Independents,</span> +<a href="#page176">176</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">despised for showing toleration,</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page311">311</a>, n. 18;<br> + <span class="min1em">laid claim to the Connecticut,</span> +<a href="#page323">323</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">occupation giving way,</span> +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Duties, heavy, on tobacco,</span> +<a href="#page85">85</a>, +<a href="#page96">96</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Dyer, Mary, misfortune of,</span> +<a href="#page340">340</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">East India Company's agents, cruelty of,</span> +<a href="#page67">67</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">East Indies, desire for a short passage to the,</span> +<a href="#page3">3</a>, +<a href="#page4">4</a>, +<a href="#page5">5</a>, +<a href="#page12">12</a>, +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Eastward, Ho! the play of,</span> +<a href="#page23">23</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ecclesiastical Commission, the inquisitorial,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ecclesiastical extension desired by the English Church,</span> +<a href="#page90">90</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">organization of the Brownists dominant,</span> +<a href="#page141">141</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">politics explosive in Massachusetts,</span> +<a href="#page326">326</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">system of government, petty tyranny that inheres in,</span> +<a href="#page342">342</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Economic success of the Virginia colony assured,</span> +<a href="#page49">49</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">adverse conditions more deadly than an ungenial climate,</span> +<a href="#page78">78</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">problems solved by homely means,</span> +<a href="#page84">84</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Edwards, T., Antapologia,</span> +<a href="#page217">217</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Eliot, Sir John, confined in the Tower,</span> +<a href="#page203">203</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Eliot, John, convinced of error,</span> +<a href="#page290">290</a>, +<a href="#page291">291</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">usher and disciple of Hooker,</span> +<a href="#page317">317</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Eliot's Biography,</span> +<a href="#page201">201</a>, m.; +<a href="#page288">288</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Elizabeth, Queen, jeweled dresses of,</span> +<a href="#page98">98</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">gorgeous progresses of,</span> +<a href="#page99">99</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">could not compel uniformity,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">threatens to unfrock a bishop,</span> +<a href="#page110">110</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">molded the church to her will,</span> +<a href="#page112">112</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">her policy of repression resulted in the civil war,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">greatest popularity in last years of her reign,</span> +<a href="#page121">121</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Elizabethan age, the,</span> +<a href="#page1">1</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">prodigal of daring adventure,</span> +<a href="#page20">20</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ellis Letters, The,</span> +<a href="#page182">182</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ellis collection, first series,</span> +<a href="#page238">238</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Elton's brief biography of Roger Williams,</span> +<a href="#page311">311</a>, n. 17.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Emigrants sail for Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page25">25</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">bad character of the,</span> +<a href="#page27">27</a>, +<a href="#page59">59</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Emigration to New England quickened by troubles that preceded the civil war,</span> +<a href="#page344">344</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">reached greatest height in 1638,</span> +<a href="#page344">344</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">ceased entirely in 1640,</span> 344;<br> + <span class="min1em">to Virginia and Maryland, received impetus from check of Puritan exodus,</span> +<a href="#page344">344</a>, +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Emmanuel College, Cambridge, the cradle of Puritan divines,</span> +<a href="#page316">316</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Endecott, John, leadership and character of,</span> +<a href="#page200">200</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">cut arm of cross from English colors,</span> +<a href="#page201">201</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">put Quakers to death,</span> +<a href="#page202">202</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">impetuous radicalism of,</span> +<a href="#page271">271</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">protested against the double injustice to Salem,</span> +<a href="#page291">291</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">arrested, apologized, and submitted,</span> +<a href="#page291">291</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">witnesses for Mrs. Hutchinson browbeaten by,</span> +<a href="#page338">338</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">England, danger from, feared in Massachusetts,</span> +<a href="#page284">284</a>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">English, character of the, at the period of Elizabeth and James,</span> +<a href="#page20">20</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">sober living of,</span> +<a href="#page342">342</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">superior aptitude of, for planting agricultural communities,</span> +<a href="#page346">346</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">compactness of settlement and increase of, decided the fate of North America,</span> +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">English knowledge and notions of America,</span> +<a href="#page1">1</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">first protest against oppression,</span> +<a href="#page56">56</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">jealousy of Spain,</span> +<a href="#page74">74</a>, +<a href="#page94">94</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">ecclesiastics reproached by Roman Catholics,</span> +<a href="#page90">90</a>, +<a href="#page97">97</a>, n. 11;<br> + <span class="min1em">Church leaders not content while Spanish priests converted infidels,</span> +<a href="#page90">90</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">eminent clergy among the exiled,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">churches organized in cities of refuge,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">beginning of two parties in the Church,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">heads of the Church attacked by Mar-Prelate,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">laws against Catholics embarrass the foreign policy,</span> +<a href="#page238">238</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">rise of the first of the colonies,</span> +<a href="#page1">1</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">prospective ascendency of the colonies,</span> +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">English Protestantism. See <span class="smcap"><a href="#protestantismeng">Protestantism, English</a></span>.</span><br> + +<span class="min2em">Ephod of Jewish high priest, discussion of material of,</span> +<a href="#page108">108</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Epworth, the nest of Methodism,</span> +<a href="#page150">150</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Esquimaux kidnapped by Frobisher,</span> +<a href="#page17">17</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Eustachius and his document dropped from heaven,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Evans, Owen, accused of "pressing" maidens,</span> +<a href="#page72">72</a>, n. 19.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Evelyn's Diary,</span> +<a href="#page18">18</a>, m.; +<a href="#page134">134</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Excerpta de Diversis Literis,</span> +<a href="#page246">246</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Excommunication dreaded by the Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page339">339</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Exiles, the English,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">return of,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">results of their squabbles,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Exploration, American, the history of, a story of delusion and mistake,</span> +<a href="#page3">3</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">retarded settlement,</span> +<a href="#page4">4</a>.<br> + +<span class="min1em">Extravagance of Indian tales,</span> +<a href="#page8">8</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Factions at Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page36">36</a>, +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Fairs and markets on Sundays,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Faith, devotion to,</span> +<a href="#page245">245</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Families, the colony a camp of men without,</span> +<a href="#page42">42</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">a plantation can never flourish without,</span> +<a href="#page57">57</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">some, sent to Virginia with De la Warr,</span> +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Family of Love, Anne Hutchinson accused of accepting the doctrines of the,</span> +<a href="#page335">335</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Famine at Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page38">38</a>, +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Fast day, a, appointed in Massachusetts,</span> +<a href="#page286">286</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ferrar, John, election of,</span> +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 17;<br> + <span class="min1em">deputy governor,</span> +<a href="#page91">91</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ferrar, Nicholas, Jr., deputy governor of Virginia Company,</span> +<a href="#page91">91</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">established a religious community at Little Gidding,</span> +<a href="#page92">92</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">austere discipline of,</span> +<a href="#page93">93</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">mediæval enthusiasm of,</span> +<a href="#page194">194</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ferrar, Nicholas, Sr., courts of Virginia Company held at house of,</span> +<a href="#page91">91</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">gave money for educating infidels in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page91">91</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ferrars, the, among the founders of liberal institutions in America,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Firearms, sale of, to the savages,</span> +<a href="#page191">191</a>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Firmin's, Giles, Review of Davis's Vindication,</span> +<a href="#page348">348</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Fisheries, American, importance of, foreseen, by Capt. John Smith,</span> +<a href="#page37">37</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">of Newfoundland,</span> +<a href="#page261">261</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Fishing on Sunday, ordinances against,</span> +<a href="#page127">127</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Fishing seasons in the James River learned,</span> +<a href="#page49">49</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Fleet, Henry, only survivor of Spelman's party,</span> +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Fleet's Journal,</span> +<a href="#page23">23</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Flemish Protestants favored independency,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Font, the stone, at which Bradford was baptized,</span> +<a href="#page151">151</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Food, bad and insufficient,</span> +<a href="#page45">45</a>, +<a href="#page46">46</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Force, men not to be converted by,</span> +<a href="#page312">312</a>, n. 19.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Formalities, proper, never omitted,</span> +<a href="#page41">41</a>, +<a href="#page101">101</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">at Plymouth,</span> +<a href="#page102">102</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Founding of a state a secondary end,</span> +<a href="#page73">73</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Fox, Luke, sails to the northwest,</span> +<a href="#page10">10</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Franck's, Sebastian, Chronica,</span> +<a href="#page314">314</a>, n. 24.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Frankfort, disputes in the church at, produced great results,</span> +<a href="#page105">105</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">character of debates at,</span> +<a href="#page105">105</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">rapid changes produced by the,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>, +<a href="#page135">135</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Freemen's oath extended to residents,</span> +<a href="#page289">289</a>, +<a href="#page308">308</a>, n. 11;<br> + <span class="min1em">opposed by Williams,</span> +<a href="#page289">289</a>, +<a href="#page309">309</a>, n. 12.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Fresh River of the Dutch, the Connecticut,</span> +<a href="#page324">324</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Frobisher's, Sir Martin, voyages,</span> +<a href="#page2">2</a>, +<a href="#page4">4</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">brilliant failure,</span> +<a href="#page5">5</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">attempt to plant a colony,</span> +<a href="#page7">7</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">finds "gold eure,"</span> +<a href="#page13">13</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Voyages,</span> +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Fuller, Thomas, judgment of Captain John Smith,</span> +<a href="#page63">63</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Fuller's Church History,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>, m.; +<a href="#page131">131</a>, m.; +<a href="#page157">157</a>, n. 1; +<a href="#page160">160</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">Worthies,</span> +<a href="#page259">259</a>, n. 6.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Gainsborough, the hamlet of,</span> +<a href="#page150">150</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Gammell's Life of Roger Williams,</span> +<a href="#page311">311</a>, n. 17.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Gardens, private, apportioned in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page48">48</a>, +<a href="#page49">49</a>, +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 12.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Gates, Sir Thomas, wrecked on the Bermudas,</span> +<a href="#page40">40</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">abandoned the wreck of Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page41">41</a>, +<a href="#page101">101</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">sent to England for cattle,</span> +<a href="#page41">41</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">denied that human flesh was eaten,</span> +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 5;<br> + <span class="min1em">installed governor in proper form,</span> +<a href="#page101">101</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">General Court of Massachusetts protested against selection of Williams as a minister of the Salem church,</span> +<a href="#page271">271</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">prevented his ordination,</span> +<a href="#page272">272</a>, +<a href="#page307">307</a>, n. 5;<br> + <span class="min1em">makes regulations for dress,</span> +<a href="#page285">285</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">appointed a fast day,</span> +<a href="#page286">286</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">promulgated a new resident's oath,</span> +<a href="#page289">289</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">"convented" Williams several times,</span> +<a href="#page289">289</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">forced Salem into submission,</span> +<a href="#page291">291</a>, +<a href="#page293">293</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">tried and banished Williams,</span> +<a href="#page292">292</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">fearing his settlement at Narragansett Bay, agreed to send him to England,</span> +<a href="#page294">294</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">banished scores for their opinions,</span> +<a href="#page297">297</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the real extenuation for the conduct of the,</span> +<a href="#page297">297</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">character of the age forbids condemnation of,</span> +<a href="#page300">300</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Geneva, the city of refuge for the Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">differences between exiles at, and those at Zurich,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Gibbons, Captain, of Boston, commission sent to,</span> +<a href="#page252">252</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, on a northwest passage,</span> +<a href="#page5">5</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">attempt to plant a colony,</span> +<a href="#page7">7</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Glass-blowers ran away to the Indians,</span> +<a href="#page83">83</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Glass, window, not used in the colony,</span> +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Glass-works established near Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page83">83</a>, +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Glastonbury, also called Avalon,</span> +<a href="#page258">258</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Glover in Phil. Trans.,</span> +<a href="#page11">11</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Godspeed, The,</span> +<a href="#page25">25</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Gold and silver, exportation of, restrained by law,</span> +<a href="#page75">75</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Gold, belief in finding, in North America,</span> +<a href="#page12">12</a>, +<a href="#page14">14</a>, +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 7; +<a href="#page75">75</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Gold-hunting,</span> +<a href="#page7">7</a>, +<a href="#page12">12</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page13">13</a>, +<a href="#page23">23</a>, +<a href="#page42">42</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Gold mines of the Hudson River,</span> +<a href="#page23">23</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Gondomar's spies in the Virginia Company,</span> +<a href="#page87">87</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">influence over Calvert,</span> +<a href="#page226">226</a>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Goodman's Court of King James,</span> +<a href="#page258">258</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Goodwin, Thomas, and others, Apologetical Narrative,</span> +<a href="#page185">185</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Gorges's Briefe Narration,</span> +<a href="#page196">196</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Gowns and litanies, squabbles about,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Gosnold, agitating for a new colony,</span> +<a href="#page33">33</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">failure of colony in Buzzard's Bay established by,</span> +<a href="#page178">178</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Government, democratic, established by the Pilgrims before sailing,</span> +<a href="#page185">185</a>, n. 5;<br> + <span class="min1em">three primary steps for, in America, due to Englishmen who did not cross the sea,</span> +<a href="#page205">205</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Government, representative form of, established,</span> +<a href="#page55">55</a>, +<a href="#page89">89</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">faint promise of, in Maryland charter,</span> +<a href="#page234">234</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Governmental functions exercised by commercial corporations,</span> +<a href="#page218">218</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Grace after meat opposed by Williams,</span> +<a href="#page289">289</a>, +<a href="#page290">290</a>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page309">309</a>, n. 12.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Greenham's, Richard, MS. on the Sabbath,</span> +<a href="#page128">128</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Greenwood, leader of the Separatists, hanged at Tyburn,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Grenville, Sir Richard, sent to Virginia by Ralegh,</span> +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Guiana or North America, Pilgrims choose between,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Guicciardini on use of spices,</span> +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Guilds, dissolution of the,</span> +<a href="#page111">111</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Haies in Hakluyt's Voyages,</span> +<a href="#page5">5</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hakluyt, Richard, a forerunner of colonization,</span> +<a href="#page5">5</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">belief of, in a passage to the Pacific,</span> +<a href="#page6">6</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">stories of gold,</span> +<a href="#page12">12</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">of mulberry trees,</span> +<a href="#page76">76</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hakluyt's Discourse on Western Planting,</span> +<a href="#page6">6</a>, m.; +<a href="#page94">94</a>, n. 1; +<a href="#page97">97</a>, n. 11;<br> + <span class="min1em">Voyages,</span> +<a href="#page2">2</a>, +<a href="#page5">5</a>, m.; 8, m.; +<a href="#page12">12</a>, m.; +<a href="#page23">23</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hamor, Raphe, secretary under Dale, a signer of the Tragicall Relation,</span> +<a href="#page66">66</a>, n. 9;<br> + <span class="min1em">True Discourse,</span> +<a href="#page66">66</a>, n. 9; +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 12; +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 16; +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hampton Court conference,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">authorities on the,</span> +<a href="#page182">182</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hanbury's Memorials,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>, n. 1, n. 2; +<a href="#page158">158</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hancock, Thomas, the Luther of England,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hanging clemency,</span> +<a href="#page46">46</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">preferred to transportation to Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page54">54</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">and to the old tyranny,</span> +<a href="#page56">56</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hardwicke Papers,</span> +<a href="#page238">238</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hariot's Briefe and True Report,</span> +<a href="#page80">80</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Harleian Miscellany,</span> +<a href="#page240">240</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Harrington's Nugæ Antiquæ,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>, m.; +<a href="#page161">161</a>, m.; +<a href="#page162">162</a>, m.; +<a href="#page182">182</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Harrisse's, Henry, John Cabot, the Discoverer of America,</span> +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hartlib's Reformed Virginia Silkworm,</span> +<a href="#page79">79</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Harvey, Sir John, sends expedition for gold,</span> +<a href="#page13">13</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Governor of Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page249">249</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">quarreled with Virginians,</span> +<a href="#page249">249</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">counter-revolution,</span> +<a href="#page249">249</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hawkins, Jane, Mrs. Hutchinson an associate of,</span> +<a href="#page340">340</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hawkins, Sir John, lands luckless seamen in Mexico,</span> +<a href="#page14">14</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Haynes, Governor of Massachusetts,</span> +<a href="#page332">332</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">pronounced sentence against Williams,</span> +<a href="#page347">347</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">letter to Williams while Governor of Connecticut quoted,</span> +<a href="#page347">347</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Health to the Gentlemanly Profession of Servingmen,</span> +<a href="#page134">134</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hearne's Langtoft's Chronicle,</span> +<a href="#page93">93</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hening's Statutes,</span> +<a href="#page78">78</a>, m.; +<a href="#page79">79</a>, m.; +<a href="#page97">97</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Henrietta Maria, Maryland named for,</span> +<a href="#page245">245</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">godmother to Maryland, jealous of Calvert,</span> +<a href="#page249">249</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Henry, Prince, interested in Virginia colony,</span> +<a href="#page43">43</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Henry, William Wirt, Address,</span> +<a href="#page63">63</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hessey's Bampton Lectures,</span> +<a href="#page139">139</a>, n. 10.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hind's Making of the England of Elizabeth,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hinman's Antiquities,</span> +<a href="#page347">347</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hogs, brood, of the colony eaten,</span> +<a href="#page38">38</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">wild, in the Bermudas,</span> +<a href="#page41">41</a>, +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Holinshed's Chronicles,</span> +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Holland, the "mingle mangle of religions" in,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Holmes's History of Cambridge,</span> +<a href="#page318">318</a>, m.; +<a href="#page320">320</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Home, Virginia for the first time a,</span> +<a href="#page58">58</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Home-makers sent to Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page57">57</a>, +<a href="#page58">58</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Homesteads at Newtown sold to newcomers,</span> +<a href="#page325">325</a>, +<a href="#page347">347</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hooft, Nederlandsche Historie,</span> +<a href="#page312">312</a>, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hooker, Thomas, one of the greatest luminaries of the Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page269">269</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">desire of his party to move to Connecticut,</span> +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page315">315</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">set to dispute with Williams,</span> +<a href="#page292">292</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">early life of,</span> +<a href="#page316">316</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">driven from his pulpit by Laud,</span> +<a href="#page317">317</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">fled to Holland,</span> +<a href="#page317">317</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">a company of his people settled at Newtown,</span> +<a href="#page317">317</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">arrival at Newtown,</span> +<a href="#page319">319</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">rivalry with Cotton,</span> +<a href="#page320">320</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">somber theology of,</span> +<a href="#page320">320</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">difference between his teachings and those of Cotton,</span> +<a href="#page321">321</a>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">theories of civil government more liberal than Cotton's,</span> +<a href="#page322">322</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">limited the power of the magistrate,</span> +<a href="#page322">322</a>, +<a href="#page347">347</a>, n. 2;<br> + <span class="min1em">the real founder of Connecticut,</span> +<a href="#page325">325</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hornbeck on John Robinson,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Horses eaten,</span> +<a href="#page38">38</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Houses burned for firewood,</span> +<a href="#page40">40</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hubbard's History of Massachusetts,</span> +<a href="#page308">308</a>, n. 8;<br> + <span class="min1em">History of New England,</span> +<a href="#page207">207</a>, m.; +<a href="#page215">215</a>, m.; +<a href="#page347">347</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">testimony of, unreliable,</span> +<a href="#page311">311</a>, n. 17.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hudson, Henry, influenced by Captain John Smith, seeks the South Sea,</span> +<a href="#page9">9</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hudson River gold,</span> +<a href="#page23">23</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Huguenots of La Rochelle, England allied with,</span> +<a href="#page239">239</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Humming birds exported,</span> +<a href="#page18">18</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hundreds or plantations,</span> +<a href="#page54">54</a>, +<a href="#page55">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hunt, Robert, first minister in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page90">90</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hunter, Rev. Joseph, on Shakespeare's Tempest,</span> +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hunter's Founders of New Plymouth,</span> +<a href="#page150">150</a>, m.; +<a href="#page152">152</a>, m.; +<a href="#page155">155</a>, m.; +<a href="#page170">170</a>, m.<br> + +<a id="hutchinsonanne" name="hutchinsonanne"></a> +<span class="min2em">Hutchinson, Mrs. Anne, an ardent disciple of Cotton in old Boston,</span> +<a href="#page329">329</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">character of,</span> +<a href="#page329">329</a>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">"masterpiece of womens wit,"</span> +<a href="#page330">330</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">meetings for women opened by,</span> +<a href="#page330">330</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">doctrines of,</span> +<a href="#page331">331</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the very apostle of Cotton's doctrine,</span> +<a href="#page333">333</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">brought to trial by her opponents,</span> +<a href="#page337">337</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">adroit defense,</span> +<a href="#page338">338</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">condemned by the General Court,</span> +<a href="#page338">338</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">sentenced to banishment,</span> +<a href="#page339">339</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">recanted, but was excommunicated,</span> +<a href="#page339">339</a>, +<a href="#page348">348</a>, n. 8;<br> + <span class="min1em">her sons disfranchised,</span> +<a href="#page339">339</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">settled in Rhode Island with her party,</span> +<a href="#page340">340</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">accused of witchcraft by Winthrop,</span> +<a href="#page340">340</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">wild reports about,</span> +<a href="#page340">340</a>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">massacred by Indians at New Netherland,</span> +<a href="#page341">341</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hutchinson on the Virginia Colony,</span> +<a href="#page186">186</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hutchinson Papers,</span> +<a href="#page215">215</a>, m.; +<a href="#page299">299</a>, m.; +<a href="#page307">307</a>, m.; +<a href="#page329">329</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hutchinson party partisans of Vane,</span> +<a href="#page332">332</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">arrogance of the,</span> +<a href="#page333">333</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Pastor Wilson condemned by,</span> +<a href="#page333">333</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts Bay,</span> +<a href="#page211">211</a>, m.; +<a href="#page337">337</a>, m.<br> + +<a id="hutchincontroversy" name="hutchincontroversy"></a> +<span class="min2em">Hutchinsonian controversy, the,</span> +<a href="#page326">326</a>, +<a href="#page327">327</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the debate waxed hot,</span> +<a href="#page334">334</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Hypocrites better than profane persons,</span> +<a href="#page299">299</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Idolatry, Puritanism a crusade against,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Illusions of discoverers,</span> +<a href="#page3">3</a>, +<a href="#page75">75</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Inclosures, effects of,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>, n. 5;<br> + <span class="min1em">for private not the publick good,</span> +<a href="#page136">136</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Independency, tendency toward,</span> +<a href="#page112">112</a>, +<a href="#page136">136</a>, n. 6;<br> + <span class="min1em">foreshadowed at Frankfort,</span> +<a href="#page137">137</a>, n. 6;<br> + <span class="min1em">dated back to reign of Mary,</span> +<a href="#page146">146</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">favored by Flemish Protestants,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>, n. 2;<br> + <span class="min1em">Robinsonian, the established religion in New England,</span> +<a href="#page215">215</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Independents in early years of Elizabeth's reign,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Indian children, rewards to colonists for educating,</span> +<a href="#page91">91</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Indian conjurers laid spell on the coast,</span> +<a href="#page178">178</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Indian exhumed and eaten at Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page39">39</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Indians plot destruction of the colonists,</span> +<a href="#page8">8</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">curiosity regarding the,</span> +<a href="#page15">15</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">desire to convert,</span> +<a href="#page16">16</a>, +<a href="#page90">90</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">kidnapped and exhibited,</span> +<a href="#page17">17</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">attack those first landing in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page28">28</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">constant fear of attack from,</span> +<a href="#page30">30</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">supply food to Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page31">31</a>,<br> + <span class="min1em">Smith trades with,</span> +<a href="#page34">34</a>, +<a href="#page36">36</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">devilish ingenuity in torturing,</span> +<a href="#page38">38</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">outrage the dead,</span> +<a href="#page38">38</a>, +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 4;<br> + <span class="min1em">slay gold hunters,</span> +<a href="#page43">43</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">no danger from, while Dale was in charge,</span> +<a href="#page47">47</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">taken to England by Dale,</span> +<a href="#page49">49</a>, +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 10;<br> + <span class="min1em">unnecessary cruelty to,</span> +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 4;<br> + <span class="min1em">reverence for their sacred house,</span> +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 4;<br> + <span class="min1em">endowed school established for,</span> +<a href="#page83">83</a>, +<a href="#page91">91</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">schemes for educating obliterated,</span> +<a href="#page92">92</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">treachery of, emulated by the settlers,</span> +<a href="#page92">92</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">destruction of, in Maryland and in Massachusetts divinely ordered,</span> +<a href="#page247">247</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">right of the king to give away lands of, questioned,</span> +<a href="#page274">274</a>, +<a href="#page282">282</a>, +<a href="#page283">283</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">land secured from, by purchase,</span> +<a href="#page283">283</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Industrial disturbance aids the Puritan movement,</span> +<a href="#page111">111</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Infallibility of "godly" elders,</span> +<a href="#page301">301</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ingram, Davy, crosses the continent,</span> +<a href="#page14">14</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">statement,</span> +<a href="#page14">14</a>, +<a href="#page23">23</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Injunctions by King Edward VI,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Interludes sometimes played in churches,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Intolerance sanctioned by logic,</span> +<a href="#page299">299</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Iron works established at Falling Creek,</span> +<a href="#page83">83</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">failure of,</span> +<a href="#page96">96</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Isthmus in latitude 40°, belief in an,</span> +<a href="#page10">10</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">James I framed code of laws and orders for the Virginia colony,</span> +<a href="#page26">26</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Covnter-Blaste to Tobacco,</span> +<a href="#page84">84</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">obstinacy of,</span> +<a href="#page87">87</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">his accession raised the hopes of the Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">paradoxical qualities of,</span> +<a href="#page160">160</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">dialectic skill at Hampton Court conference,</span> +<a href="#page160">160</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">refutes the hapless Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page161">161</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">boasts that he had peppered the Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page162">162</a>, +<a href="#page182">182</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">results of his folly,</span> +<a href="#page162">162</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">would wink at but not publicly tolerate the Pilgrims,</span> +<a href="#page170">170</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">refused guarantee of toleration,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">friendship with George Calvert,</span> +<a href="#page223">223</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">revenue from fines of lay Catholics,</span> +<a href="#page238">238</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Apologie for the Oath of Allegiance,</span> +<a href="#page238">238</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">James, Puritan minister in Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page253">253</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">James River discovered by the accident of a storm,</span> +<a href="#page27">27</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">settlement near the falls of the,</span> +<a href="#page37">37</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">James River experiments, the,</span> +<a href="#page25">25</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">their story the overture to the history of life in the United States,</span> +<a href="#page58">58</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Jamestown, causes of suffering at,</span> +<a href="#page13">13</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">founded,</span> +<a href="#page29">29</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">at first a peninsula,</span> +<a href="#page29">29</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">abandoned,</span> +<a href="#page41">41</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">population in 1616,</span> +<a href="#page49">49</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">in 1889,</span> +<a href="#page59">59</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">some drawings of,</span> +<a href="#page60">60</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Jamestown Company, the. See <span class="smcap"><a href="#virginiacie">Virginia Company, The</a></span>.</span><br> + +<span class="min2em">Jamestown emigrants instructed to explore rivers to the northwest,</span> +<a href="#page9">9</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Jesuits flock to England,</span> +<a href="#page226">226</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">set free,</span> +<a href="#page239">239</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">interested in migration to Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page240">240</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the provincial of the Society of Jesus favored toleration,</span> +<a href="#page242">242</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">religious observances of, at sea,</span> +<a href="#page243">243</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">conversion of non-Catholics in Maryland by,</span> +<a href="#page246">246</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">fled to Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page257">257</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Jesus, the humane pity of, unknown to the laws and sermons of the time,</span> +<a href="#page301">301</a>, +<a href="#page313">313</a>, n. 22.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Johnson, Bradley T., Foundation of Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page263">263</a>, n. 15.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Johnson, Edward, the bloodthirsty Massachusetts Puritan,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">his Wonder-working Providence,</span> +<a href="#page318">318</a>, m.; +<a href="#page320">320</a>, m.; +<a href="#page330">330</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Johnson, Francis, voyage of, to America,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">pastor at Amsterdam,</span> +<a href="#page168">168</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Johnston, Isaac, of Winthrop's company, death of,</span> +<a href="#page212">212</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Jones, captain of The Mayflower, conduct of,</span> +<a href="#page177">177</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">identified with Jones of The Discovery,</span> +<a href="#page186">186</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Jones's, Rev. Hugh, Present State of Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page183">183</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Josselyn's Rarities,</span> +<a href="#page344">344</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Judgment, present, not a binding law,</span> +<a href="#page185">185</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Judgments, divine, fear of,</span> +<a href="#page198">198</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Kent Island, Claiborne's claim to,</span> +<a href="#page254">254</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Knowles's Life of Williams,</span> +<a href="#page274">274</a>, m.; +<a href="#page308">308</a>, n. 9;<br> + <span class="min1em">the best of the older biographies,</span> +<a href="#page311">311</a>, n. 17.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Knox, John, followers of, dispute with the Coxans at Frankfort,</span> +<a href="#page105">105</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">not more a sabbatarian than Calvin,</span> +<a href="#page124">124</a>.</p> + +<a id="labour" name="labour"></a> +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Labor, common-stock system of, at Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page26">26</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">abolished by distribution of land,</span> +<a href="#page56">56</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">failure of, at Plymouth,</span> +<a href="#page179">179</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">evils of,</span> +<a href="#page186">186</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Labor, private, more productive than common-stock system,</span> +<a href="#page49">49</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">prohibited on Sundays,</span> +<a href="#page127">127</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Laborers, twelve so-called, in the Virginia colony,</span> +<a href="#page27">27</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Land, division of, in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page48">48</a>, +<a href="#page49">49</a>, +<a href="#page56">56</a>, +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 12.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Land grants, various, in Virginia, based on the Grand Charter,</span> +<a href="#page56">56</a>, +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 15.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Lane, Ralph, governor of Ralegh's first colony,</span> +<a href="#page7">7</a>, +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">seeks gold and the South Sea,</span> +<a href="#page8">8</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">account in Hakluyt,</span> iii, +<a href="#page8">8</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">hopes for his Roanoke colony,</span> +<a href="#page74">74</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">to Sydney and Walsingham,</span> +<a href="#page74">74</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Latitude of +<a href="#page40">40</a>°, belief of a westward passage in,</span> +<a href="#page9">9</a>, +<a href="#page10">10</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Laud, Archbishop, obliterated by Puritanism,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">one great service of, to the world,</span> +<a href="#page193">193</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">character of,</span> +<a href="#page193">193</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">fearless in peril,</span> +<a href="#page195">195</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">dubbed "the father of New England,"</span> +<a href="#page196">196</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Letter to Selden,</span> +<a href="#page196">196</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Abbott's account of Laud's rise,</span> +<a href="#page216">216</a>, n. 2;<br> + <span class="min1em">fails to crush the Massachusetts Company,</span> +<a href="#page211">211</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">suppressing Puritanism,</span> +<a href="#page239">239</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">fall of,</span> +<a href="#page240">240</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">non-conforming Puritans hunted from lectureships and chaplaincies by,</span> +<a href="#page270">270</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">drove John Cotton to New England,</span> +<a href="#page279">279</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">moving to vacate the Massachusetts charter,</span> +<a href="#page282">282</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">made head of a commission to govern the colonies,</span> +<a href="#page284">284</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">drove Hooker from his pulpit at Chelmsford,</span> +<a href="#page317">317</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">preparations to control Massachusetts made by,</span> +<a href="#page343">343</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">asked to stop emigration to New England,</span> +<a href="#page344">344</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">tries to compel Scots to use prayer book,</span> +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Laws, divine, moral, and martial, under which Dale oppressed Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page45">45</a>, +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 16; +<a href="#page132">132</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Leah and Rachel,</span> +<a href="#page79">79</a>, m.; +<a href="#page265">265</a>, n. 25.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Lederer, voyage of, from Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page11">11</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Legislative body established by the Great Charter,</span> +<a href="#page55">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Leland, John, Itinerary,</span> +<a href="#page152">152</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Lenox, Duke of, territory assigned to,</span> +<a href="#page259">259</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Letters of complaint intercepted,</span> +<a href="#page47">47</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Letters of Missionaries,</span> +<a href="#page264">264</a>, n. 17, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Leyden, Scrooby exiles remove to,</span> +<a href="#page166">166</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Pilgrims set out from,</span> +<a href="#page174">174</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Liberty in religion congruous with civil peace,</span> +<a href="#page315">315</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Lingard,</span> +<a href="#page238">238</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Little Gidding, Ferrar's community at,</span> +<a href="#page92">92</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">devastated by the Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page93">93</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Liturgy, a, purified of human tradition,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">omitted in many parishes,</span> +<a href="#page142">142</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">London Separatists,</span> +<a href="#page147">147</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">organize a church,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">miserably persecuted, some flee to Amsterdam,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Long Island Sound, Dermer storm-driven into,</span> +<a href="#page9">9</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Long Island, English settlers on,</span> +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Lord's Prayer, repetition of the, thought dangerously liturgical,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Lotteries of the Virginia Company,</span> +<a href="#page69">69</a>, n. 14;<br> + <span class="min1em">abolished,</span> +<a href="#page53">53</a>, +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 14.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Low Countries, toleration in the,</span> +<a href="#page163">163</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">condemned by Baylie,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Luther, Martin, on the Sabbath,</span> +<a href="#page124">124</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Machyn's Diary,</span> +<a href="#page99">99</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Magellan's Strait,</span> +<a href="#page2">2</a>, +<a href="#page9">9</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Magistrates aided by clergy in Massachusetts,</span> +<a href="#page266">266</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">men of unusual ability,</span> +<a href="#page266">266</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">right of, to punish for a religious offense, denied by Williams,</span> +<a href="#page272">272</a>, +<a href="#page286">286</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">or to regulate the orthodoxy of churches and the belief of individuals,</span> +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page309">309</a>, n. 12; +<a href="#page310">310</a>, n. 13.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Magna Charta, the, of America,</span> +<a href="#page55">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Maids by the shipload sent to Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page57">57</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">not coerced into going,</span> +<a href="#page72">72</a>, n. 19.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Maine, French driven out of,</span> +<a href="#page50">50</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">first English colony in,</span> +<a href="#page189">189</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">fishing villages of,</span> +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Manchester, Duke of, papers,</span> +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 18; +<a href="#page174">174</a>, m.; +<a href="#page184">184</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Manuscript Book of Instructions,</span> +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 18; +<a href="#page72">72</a>, n. 19; +<a href="#page80">80</a>, m.; +<a href="#page96">96</a>, n. 6; +<a href="#page97">97</a>, n. 9; +<a href="#page232">232</a>, m.<br> + +<a id="manuscrecord" name="manuscrecord"></a> +<span class="min2em">Manuscript Records, Virginia Company,</span> +<a href="#page52">52</a>, m.; +<a href="#page61">61</a>, n. 3; +<a href="#page67">67</a>, n. 9; +<a href="#page69">69</a>, n. 13, 14; +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 15; +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 18; +<a href="#page72">72</a>, n. 19; +<a href="#page81">81</a>, m.; +<a href="#page82">82</a>, m.; +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 3; +<a href="#page97">97</a>, n. 9, 10; +<a href="#page172">172</a>, m.; +<a href="#page184">184</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Mar-Prelate tracts, the,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">answers to the,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">effects of the reaction against,</span> +<a href="#page121">121</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Marriage by a Roman priest invalidated accruing land tenures,</span> +<a href="#page237">237</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Marsden's Early Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Martial law under Dale,</span> +<a href="#page45">45</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Smyth's code of,</span> +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 16; +<a href="#page132">132</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Martin, Sir William, on Roger Williams,</span> +<a href="#page307">307</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Martyr, Peter, Decade III,</span> +<a href="#page24">24</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Maryland, Baltimore's projected colony in,</span> +<a href="#page236">236</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">change to, from Avalon,</span> +<a href="#page239">239</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">small migration to,</span> +<a href="#page240">240</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">policy of toleration in,</span> +<a href="#page242">242</a>, +<a href="#page250">250</a>, +<a href="#page265">265</a>, n. 25;<br> + <span class="min1em">committed to guardian angels,</span> +<a href="#page243">243</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">arrival of the Catholic pilgrims,</span> +<a href="#page244">244</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">ceremonies of the landing in,</span> +<a href="#page244">244</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">said to have been named by King Charles,</span> +<a href="#page245">245</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">called Colony of St. Maries,</span> +<a href="#page245">245</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">efforts to convert the Protestants in,</span> +<a href="#page246">246</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">openly a Catholic colony,</span> +<a href="#page247">247</a>, +<a href="#page264">264</a>, n. 17;<br> + <span class="min1em">import tax on Catholic servants and convicts,</span> +<a href="#page248">248</a>, +<a href="#page264">264</a>, n. 19;<br> + <span class="min1em">opposition to Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page249">249</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Puritan settlers invited,</span> +<a href="#page252">252</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">civil wars of,</span> +<a href="#page253">253</a>, +<a href="#page254">254</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Act of Toleration passed,</span> +<a href="#page255">255</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">again a proprietary government under Calvert,</span> +<a href="#page257">257</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">disastrous results of religious differences in,</span> +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Maryland Archives,</span> +<a href="#page245">245</a>, m.; +<a href="#page262">262</a>, n. 10; +<a href="#page265">265</a>, n. 21.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Maryland Assembly too cunning to be trapped by Baltimore,</span> +<a href="#page255">255</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Maryland charter, ambiguity of the, designed,</span> +<a href="#page225">225</a>, +<a href="#page236">236</a>, +<a href="#page251">251</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, n. 4; +<a href="#page262">262</a>, n. 11;<br> + <span class="min1em">compared with charter of Avalon,</span> +<a href="#page234">234</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">provisions of,</span> +<a href="#page235">235</a>, +<a href="#page236">236</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">extensive powers granted by,</span> +<a href="#page236">236</a>, +<a href="#page263">263</a>, n. 12.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Mass celebrated in defiance of law,</span> +<a href="#page226">226</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">abhorred by the Puritans in Avalon,</span> +<a href="#page228">228</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Massachusetts Bay, failure of commercial settlements on,</span> +<a href="#page189">189</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">patent to lands in, granted to the Massachusetts Company,</span> +<a href="#page207">207</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Massachusetts charter, Laud's effort to vacate the,</span> +<a href="#page282">282</a>, +<a href="#page284">284</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Massachusetts colony, government under Endecott,</span> +<a href="#page217">217</a>, n. 7;<br> + <span class="min1em">people homogenous in religious affairs,</span> +<a href="#page266">266</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">religious opinion, main source of disturbance in,</span> +<a href="#page266">266</a>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">self-consciousness of the,</span> +<a href="#page278">278</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">preparations for resistance in,</span> +<a href="#page284">284</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">failure as an agricultural colony,</span> +<a href="#page320">320</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">three profound disturbances in,</span> +<a href="#page326">326</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">in commotion over the Hutchinson controversy,</span> +<a href="#page335">335</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Massachusetts Company, rise of the,</span> +<a href="#page199">199</a>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">first colony of, under John Endecott,</span> +<a href="#page199">199</a>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">second company of emigrants,</span> +<a href="#page203">203</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">fear that the charter might be revoked,</span> +<a href="#page208">208</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">company and colony to be merged in one,</span> +<a href="#page209">209</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">transfers its government and charter to Massachusetts Bay,</span> +<a href="#page210">210</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the commercial corporation becomes a colonial government,</span> +<a href="#page211">211</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the colonists believed they were founding a new church,</span> +<a href="#page212">212</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Massachusetts government, evolution of the,</span> +<a href="#page207">207</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">first court of, at Charlestown,</span> +<a href="#page210">210</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">later became representative,</span> +<a href="#page211">211</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">relieved from strain by the borough system,</span> +<a href="#page276">276</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">a government of congregations,</span> +<a href="#page308">308</a>, n. 6;<br> + <span class="min1em">theocratical,</span> +<a href="#page279">279</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">religious intolerance of the,</span> +<a href="#page297">297</a>, +<a href="#page349">349</a>, n. 9;<br> + <span class="min1em">anomalous in character,</span> +<a href="#page323">323</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">angered by Hooker's secession,</span> +<a href="#page326">326</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Massachusetts Historical Collections,</span> +<a href="#page310">310</a>, n. 15; +<a href="#page318">318</a>, m.; +<a href="#page320">320</a>, m.; +<a href="#page347">347</a>, n. 1; +<a href="#page348">348</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Massachusetts Records,</span> +<a href="#page206">206</a>, m.; +<a href="#page285">285</a>, m.; +<a href="#page290">290</a>, m.; +<a href="#page291">291</a>, m.; +<a href="#page308">308</a>, n. 11; +<a href="#page310">310</a>, n. 13, 17; +<a href="#page317">317</a>, m.; +<a href="#page320">320</a>, m.; +<a href="#page337">337</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Massacre by the Indians put an end to all projects,</span> +<a href="#page84">84</a>, +<a href="#page92">92</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Masson's Life of Milton,</span> +<a href="#page137">137</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Mather's Magnalia,</span> +<a href="#page152">152</a>, m.; +<a href="#page154">154</a>, m.; +<a href="#page217">217</a>, n. 5; +<a href="#page328">328</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">authority to be disregarded,</span> +<a href="#page311">311</a>, n. 17.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Maverick, Samuel, on Noddle's Island,</span> +<a href="#page190">190</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Description of New England,</span> +<a href="#page273">273</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Maydstown laid off in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page72">72</a>, n. 19.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Mayflower, conduct of the captain of the,</span> +<a href="#page177">177</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Maynard to Laud,</span> +<a href="#page344">344</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">May-poles, opposition to,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">pole of St. Andrew Undershaft sawed up,</span> +<a href="#page119">119</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">law against May-poles,</span> +<a href="#page119">119</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the frolics around charged with immorality,</span> +<a href="#page120">120</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Morton's, at Merrymount,</span> +<a href="#page190">190</a>, +<a href="#page201">201</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Mediterranean Sea, a, looked for in the heart of America,</span> +<a href="#page11">11</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Meeting, last all-night, in Pastor Robinson's house,</span> +<a href="#page175">175</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Mennonites, Williams attracted to the doctrines of the,</span> +<a href="#page312">312</a>, n. 19;<br> + <span class="min1em">derived his broadest principles from the,</span> +<a href="#page313">313</a>, n. 19.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Mercurius Americanus,</span> +<a href="#page348">348</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Merrymount, Morton's dangerous settlement at,</span> +<a href="#page190">190</a>, +<a href="#page201">201</a>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Metals, the precious, the only recognized riches,</span> +<a href="#page75">75</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Mica mistaken for gold,</span> +<a href="#page13">13</a>, +<a href="#page30">30</a>, +<a href="#page75">75</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Migration, the great, to New England,</span> +<a href="#page196">196</a>, +<a href="#page203">203</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Millinary Petition, the,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Millinery sins, regulations against,</span> +<a href="#page285">285</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Mills's British India,</span> +<a href="#page67">67</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Milton, John, learned Dutch from Roger Williams,</span> +<a href="#page273">273</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Mines, Mexican, reports of wealth of, brought support to Ralegh's undertaking,</span> +<a href="#page74">74</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ministerial office never so reverenced as by Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page338">338</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ministers, two, over one church,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">might prophesy, but not a woman,</span> +<a href="#page338">338</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Missionary impulse, first, in the English Church,</span> +<a href="#page89">89</a>, +<a href="#page94">94</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Monatesseron, the earliest English,</span> +<a href="#page93">93</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Montserrat, island of, settled by Catholics,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>, +<a href="#page232">232</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Months, scruples about the heathen names of the,</span> +<a href="#page302">302</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Morals, austerity in,</span> +<a href="#page119">119</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">advance of, under Puritan influence,</span> +<a href="#page121">121</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">lack of sense of proportion is a trait of the age,</span> +<a href="#page130">130</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">regularity of, purchased at a great sacrifice,</span> +<a href="#page342">342</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">More, Father Henry,</span> +<a href="#page263">263</a>, n. 14.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Morton, Thomas, and his deviltry,</span> +<a href="#page190">190</a>, +<a href="#page201">201</a>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">Memorial,</span> +<a href="#page177">177</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">New English Canaan,</span> +<a href="#page216">216</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Motives for founding English colonies,</span> +<a href="#page73">73</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">commercial and sentimental,</span> +<a href="#page86">86</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">religious,</span> +<a href="#page89">89</a>, +<a href="#page189">189</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Mount Desert, Jesuit settlement at, plundered,</span> +<a href="#page47">47</a>, +<a href="#page50">50</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Mourt's Relation,</span> +<a href="#page184">184</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Mouse and snake, battle between,</span> +<a href="#page277">277</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">interpretation of, by Pastor John Wilson,</span> +<a href="#page277">277</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Mouse nibbles a Book of Common Prayer,</span> +<a href="#page278">278</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Movements, significant, usually cradled in rustic mangers,</span> +<a href="#page146">146</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Mulberries first planted in England,</span> +<a href="#page76">76</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">law for promoting the raising of, in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page77">77</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">repealed,</span> +<a href="#page79">79</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Muskrat skins valued for their odor,</span> +<a href="#page19">19</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Names, fanciful, of the Newfoundland coast,</span> +<a href="#page225">225</a>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Names, Indian, of places changed,</span> +<a href="#page244">244</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Nansemond, settlement at,</span> +<a href="#page37">37</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">settlers driven from,</span> +<a href="#page38">38</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Narragansett Bay recommended to Williams by Winthrop,</span> +<a href="#page293">293</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">proposal to remove to, alarmed the magistrates,</span> +<a href="#page294">294</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">colony on, founded on the true principle,</span> +<a href="#page316">316</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Narragansett Club Publications,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>, n. 4; +<a href="#page268">268</a>, m.; +<a href="#page307">307</a>, n. 3, 4, 5; +<a href="#page311">311</a>, n. 17.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Naval stores, Virginia expected to produce,</span> +<a href="#page82">82</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">efforts to procure, in Elizabeth's time,</span> +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Neal's History of New England,</span> +<a href="#page310">310</a>, n. 14;<br> + <span class="min1em">History of the Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>, m.; +<a href="#page226">226</a>, m.; +<a href="#page239">239</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Neill, E. D., on the social compact,</span> +<a href="#page183">183</a>, n. 4;<br> + <span class="min1em">Founders of Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page262">262</a>, n. 11;<br> + <span class="min1em">Virginia Company,</span> +<a href="#page67">67</a>, n. 9; +<a href="#page183">183</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Netherlands, indirect interest of the, in the Virginia colony,</span> +<a href="#page44">44</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">New England, coast of, explored by Capt. John Smith,</span> +<a href="#page37">37</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">shaped in Old England by Puritanism,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">pioneers of, came from the Separatists,</span> +<a href="#page141">141</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">existence of, hung on a chain of accidents,</span> +<a href="#page176">176</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">elements of,</span> +<a href="#page177">177</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">early attempts to colonize,</span> +<a href="#page178">178</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">early settlements in,</span> +<a href="#page189">189</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">great migration to,</span> +<a href="#page196">196</a>, +<a href="#page203">203</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">capital laws of, condemned by Williams,</span> +<a href="#page304">304</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">New England charter of 1620,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">New England colonists deemed themselves a chosen people,</span> +<a href="#page278">278</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">accounted other colonists the Egyptians of the New World,</span> +<a href="#page278">278</a>, +<a href="#page308">308</a>, n. 7;<br> + <span class="min1em">held to an intolerant theocracy,</span> +<a href="#page279">279</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">dispersions of the,</span> +<a href="#page315">315</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">relief at disappearance of the last of the leaders,</span> +<a href="#page342">342</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">New England Firebrand Quenched,</span> +<a href="#page301">301</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">New England Historical Gen. Reg.,</span> +<a href="#page267">267</a>, +<a href="#page307">307</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">New England Puritanism more ultra than Bownd,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">New England traits due to special causes,</span> +<a href="#page178">178</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Newfoundland, failure of colony at,</span> +<a href="#page223">223</a>, +<a href="#page224">224</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Capt. Whitbourne's pamphlet on,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">fanciful names in,</span> +<a href="#page225">225</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">not a paradise in winter,</span> +<a href="#page229">229</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>, n. 7;<br> + <span class="min1em">value of the fisheries,</span> +<a href="#page261">261</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">New France bubble ready to collapse,</span> +<a href="#page346">346</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">New Haven, Davenport and his company planted colony at,</span> +<a href="#page343">343</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">colony united with Connecticut by royal charter at the Restoration,</span> +<a href="#page343">343</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">stretching westward,</span> +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">New Life of Virginea,</span> +<a href="#page63">63</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">New Plymouth, Sandys's plans for the foundation of,</span> +<a href="#page88">88</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Newport, Vice-Admiral, reporter of Virginia affairs,</span> +<a href="#page44">44</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">threatened with the gallows by Dale,</span> +<a href="#page44">44</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">warned against Archer,</span> +<a href="#page64">64</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Newtown, Hooker's company settled at,</span> +<a href="#page317">317</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">intended for capital and palisaded,</span> +<a href="#page318">318</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">superior to Boston in one regard,</span> +<a href="#page318">318</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">discontent at,</span> +<a href="#page318">318</a>, +<a href="#page319">319</a>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">questions regarding boundary,</span> +<a href="#page319">319</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">cattle-raising at,</span> +<a href="#page320">320</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the church at, emigrated bodily to Connecticut,</span> +<a href="#page325">325</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">court of elections held at,</span> +<a href="#page335">335</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">New World, mirages of the,</span> +<a href="#page2">2</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">discovered because it lay between Europe and the East Indies,</span> +<a href="#page3">3</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">grotesque and misleading glimpses of the,</span> +<a href="#page20">20</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">New York Colonial Documents,</span> +<a href="#page6">6</a>, m., +<a href="#page43">43</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">New York Hist. Soc. Coll.,</span> +<a href="#page23">23</a>, n. 7;<br> + <span class="min1em">second series,</span> +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 15; +<a href="#page80">80</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Nichols's, Josias, Plea for the Innocent,</span> +<a href="#page146">146</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Nonconformists, severe measures against,</span> +<a href="#page122">122</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">in the Church,</span> +<a href="#page142">142</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">North Carolina, coast of, called Wingandacon,</span> +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Northey, Sir Edward, decision on the Maryland charter,</span> +<a href="#page262">262</a>, n. 11.<br> + +<a id="northwestpass" name="northwestpass"></a> +<span class="min2em">Northwest passage, search for a,</span> +<a href="#page4">4</a>, +<a href="#page5">5</a>, +<a href="#page9">9</a>, +<a href="#page10">10</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Nova Albion,</span> +<a href="#page259">259</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Nova Brittania,</span> +<a href="#page82">82</a>, m.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Oath of allegiance,</span> +<a href="#page241">241</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">emigration oath refused by Williams,</span> +<a href="#page270">270</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">new oath for residents opposed by Williams,</span> +<a href="#page289">289</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">magistrates unable to enforce,</span> +<a href="#page289">289</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ogle's Account of Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page264">264</a>, n. 19.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Oil to be distilled from walnuts,</span> +<a href="#page83">83</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Oldham, John, an adventurous man of lawless temper expelled from Plymouth,</span> +<a href="#page324">324</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">led a small company from Watertown,</span> +<a href="#page324">324</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Opossum, the, described by Purchas,</span> +<a href="#page18">18</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Opposition, Puritanism the party of,</span> +<a href="#page110">110</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Original Records of Colony of Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page78">78</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Overston, sermons preached in, by unlicensed men,</span> +<a href="#page142">142</a>.</p> + +<a id="pacificocean" name="pacificocean"></a> +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Pacific Ocean, discovery of the,</span> +<a href="#page3">3</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">belief in a passage to the,</span> +<a href="#page4">4</a>, +<a href="#page6">6</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">nearness to Florida,</span> +<a href="#page6">6</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">sought <i>via</i> the James River,</span> +<a href="#page8">8</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">in latitude 40°,</span> +<a href="#page9">9</a>, +<a href="#page10">10</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em"><i>via</i> the Delaware,</span> +<a href="#page10">10</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">proximity of, to Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page10">10</a>, +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 6;<br> + <span class="min1em">to North Carolina,</span> +<a href="#page11">11</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Pagitt's Heresiography,</span> +<a href="#page143">143</a>, m.; +<a href="#page144">144</a>, m.; +<a href="#page157">157</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Palfrey's History of New England,</span> +<a href="#page211">211</a>, m.; +<a href="#page218">218</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Palisades burned for firewood,</span> +<a href="#page40">40</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Paradox, the, of colonial religious organization,</span> +<a href="#page280">280</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Parkinson, Marmaduke, explorer,</span> +<a href="#page10">10</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Parliamentary freedom, struggle for,</span> +<a href="#page87">87</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Parties, the two great, of Protestantism, rise of,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">results,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">lines between, not sharply drawn at once,</span> +<a href="#page110">110</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">controversy between, grew more bitter,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Party, a moderate, lamented the excesses of the extremists,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Passage to the Pacific Ocean sought,</span> +<a href="#page3">3</a>, +<a href="#page4">4</a>, +<a href="#page9">9</a>, +<a href="#page10">10</a>, +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 5; +<a href="#page73">73</a>, +<a href="#page74">74</a>.<br> + <span class="min1em">See also <span class="smcap"><a href="#northwestpass">Northwest Passage</a></span> and <span class="smcap"><a href="#pacificocean">Pacific Ocean</a></span>.</span><br> + +<span class="min2em">Patent, royal, validity of, questioned by Williams,</span> +<a href="#page274">274</a>, +<a href="#page281">281</a>, +<a href="#page289">289</a>, +<a href="#page308">308</a>, n. 9; +<a href="#page309">309</a>, n. 12.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Patience, the, pinnace, built wholly of wood,</span> +<a href="#page41">41</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Paulus, Pieter, Verklaring der Unie van Utrecht,</span> +<a href="#page312">312</a>, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Pearce, Mistress, "near twenty years" in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Pearl fisheries in Virginia waters,</span> +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Peckard's Life of Ferrar,</span> +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 5; +<a href="#page87">87</a>, m.; +<a href="#page93">93</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">account of,</span> +<a href="#page97">97</a>, n. 10; +<a href="#page100">100</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Peirce, John, received a grant from the Virginia Company,</span> +<a href="#page184">184</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Pequot war, Williams denounced slaughter of women and children in,</span> +<a href="#page305">305</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">plan of campaign changed through a revelation,</span> +<a href="#page338">338</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Pequots dangerous on Connecticut River,</span> +<a href="#page323">323</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Percy, George, on the arrival at Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page28">28</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">on the sufferings at Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page30">30</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">increased the hostility of the Indians,</span> +<a href="#page38">38</a>, +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 4;<br> + <span class="min1em">inefficiency as governor,</span> +<a href="#page44">44</a>, +<a href="#page60">60</a>, n. 2;<br> + <span class="min1em">succeeded by Gates,</span> +<a href="#page101">101</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Percy to Northumberland,</span> +<a href="#page46">46</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">Trewe Relacyon,</span> +<a href="#page40">40</a>, m.; +<a href="#page60">60</a>, n. 2; +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 4; +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Perfect Description of Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page11">11</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Perfume to be extracted from the muskrat,</span> +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Persecution in Queen Mary's time,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">spirit of, pervaded every party,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">of the Separatists,</span> +<a href="#page141">141</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">begot Separatism,</span> +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page155">155</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">new storm of,</span> +<a href="#page163">163</a>, +<a href="#page182">182</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">starts agitation for emigration to Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page168">168</a>, +<a href="#page183">183</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Peter, Hugh, rebuked Cotton for defending Mrs. Hutchinson,</span> +<a href="#page337">337</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">browbeat Mrs. Hutchinson's witnesses,</span> +<a href="#page338">338</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">returned to England and favored toleration,</span> +<a href="#page348">348</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Petition to House of Lords,</span> +<a href="#page345">345</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Pharisaism of the rigid Sabbath,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Philosophical Transactions,</span> +<a href="#page78">78</a>, m.; +<a href="#page79">79</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Pilgrims brought Barrowism to New England,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Scrooby and Austerfeld cradles of the,</span> +<a href="#page149">149</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">no tradition of, lingers at Scrooby,</span> +<a href="#page150">150</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">common country folk,</span> +<a href="#page151">151</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">flee to Amsterdam,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">theological agitations drive them to Leyden,</span> +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">danger of extinction,</span> +<a href="#page166">166</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">intermarriages with the Dutch,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">emigration to Virginia under consideration,</span> +<a href="#page168">168</a>, +<a href="#page182">182</a>, n. 2;<br> + <span class="min1em">questioned whether to be Dutch or English colonists,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">ask aid of Edwin Sandys, in securing religious liberty,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">receive two charters, a general order, and a liberal patent from the Virginia Company,</span> +<a href="#page172">172</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">their Compact under the general order,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">departure from Leyden,</span> +<a href="#page174">174</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">forced to land, select Plymouth,</span> +<a href="#page177">177</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">suffered for their ignorance of colony-planting,</span> +<a href="#page178">178</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">honor due,</span> +<a href="#page186">186</a>, n. 8;<br> + <span class="min1em">"stepping stones to others,"</span> +<a href="#page188">188</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">slender success of, stimulated commercial settlements,</span> +<a href="#page189">189</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the "large patent" granted to the, through influence of Sandys,</span> +<a href="#page206">206</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">influence on the Massachusetts colony,</span> +<a href="#page212">212</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Piscataqua, settlement on the,</span> +<a href="#page189">189</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Plaine Declaration of Barmudas,</span> +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Planting, the first, at Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page29">29</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Plants of every clime believed to grow in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page82">82</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Plays, performance of, on Sundays prohibited,</span> +<a href="#page127">127</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Pledge signed at Cambridge by Winthrop's party,</span> +<a href="#page209">209</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Plymouth, ceremony observed at,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the landing at,</span> +<a href="#page177">177</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">horrors of Jamestown repeated at,</span> +<a href="#page179">179</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the second step in the founding of a great nation,</span> +<a href="#page181">181</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Roger Williams "prophesied" at,</span> +<a href="#page272">272</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">people styled "mungrell Dutch,"</span> +<a href="#page273">273</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">disturbed by Williams,</span> +<a href="#page274">274</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">gives him a letter of dismissal to Salem,</span> +<a href="#page275">275</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Pocahontas,</span> +<a href="#page33">33</a>, +<a href="#page35">35</a>, +<a href="#page37">37</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">converted and wedded to Rolfe,</span> +<a href="#page49">49</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">taken to England,</span> +<a href="#page49">49</a>, +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 10;<br> + <span class="min1em">captured by Argall,</span> +<a href="#page50">50</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">dies leaving an infant son,</span> +<a href="#page52">52</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Pocahontas story, the,</span> +<a href="#page63">63</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Pomp and display at the court of Elizabeth,</span> +<a href="#page98">98</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">imitation of, objected to by the Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page100">100</a>, +<a href="#page134">134</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Popham, Captain George, attempt of, to colonize in Maine,</span> +<a href="#page178">178</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Port Royal, map showing strait near,</span> +<a href="#page8">8</a>, +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Pory's Report,</span> +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 15; +<a href="#page77">77</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Pots and Phettiplace, narrative,</span> +<a href="#page35">35</a>, +<a href="#page61">61</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Powhatan releases Captain Smith,</span> +<a href="#page33">33</a>, +<a href="#page34">34</a>, +<a href="#page35">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Precinct in Virginia asked for by Calvert,</span> +<a href="#page229">229</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Presbyterianism developed under Cartwright,</span> +<a href="#page112">112</a>, +<a href="#page136">136</a>, n. 6;<br> + <span class="min1em">swept out by Whitgift,</span> +<a href="#page122">122</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">hoped for in New England,</span> +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Price of commodities, rise of, promoted voyages,</span> +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Private interest, even a slave's patch of, put life into Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page48">48</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Proceedings Mass. Hist. Soc., Wheelwright's sermon in,</span> +<a href="#page331">331</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Proceedings of Virginia Assembly,</span> +<a href="#page80">80</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Property, community of. See <span class="smcap"><a href="#communism">Communism</a></span>; <span class="smcap"><a href="#labour">Labour</a></span>.</span><br> + +<span class="min2em">Prophet, the, and the reformer,</span> +<a href="#page306">306</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Proportion, lack of sense of, peculiar to zealots and polemics,</span> +<a href="#page130">130</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Protestant colonists at St. Christopher's oppose Catholic fellow-colonists,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">no Protestant minister or worship on ships coming to Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page242">242</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Protestant Nunnery, Ferrar's community at Little Gidding called the,</span> +<a href="#page93">93</a>.<br> + +<a id="protestantismeng" name="protestantismeng"></a> +<span class="min2em">Protestantism, English, rise of the two great parties of,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>, +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">controversy grew more bitter,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">incorruptible in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Protestantism on the Continent nearly wrecked,</span> +<a href="#page198">198</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Protestants, English, find refuge on the Continent,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">compromises at home, dissensions in exile,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the ultra wing tended to democratic church government,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">return after death of Mary,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">their petty squabbles develop into bitter feuds and struggles,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">widespread results,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Baltimore orders no scandal nor offense to be given to,</span> +<a href="#page250">250</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">his policy of conciliation toward, in Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page251">251</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Protestants on the Continent become Roman Catholics,</span> +<a href="#page198">198</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Providence Plantation founded by Williams,</span> +<a href="#page296">296</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">fell into inevitable disorders,</span> +<a href="#page315">315</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">an example of the largest liberty in religion congruous with civil peace,</span> +<a href="#page315">315</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Provincetown Harbor, the Mayflower in,</span> +<a href="#page177">177</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Public Records Office Colonial Papers,</span> +<a href="#page54">54</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Pullein's Culture of Silk,</span> +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Punishments, various, inflicted by Dale,</span> +<a href="#page46">46</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Purchas his Pilgrimes,</span> +<a href="#page2">2</a>, +<a href="#page12">12</a>, m.; +<a href="#page18">18</a>, +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 6; +<a href="#page24">24</a>, n. 9, n. 10; +<a href="#page28">28</a>, m.; +<a href="#page29">29</a>, m.; +<a href="#page30">30</a>, m.; +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 3; +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 6; +<a href="#page69">69</a>, n. 14; +<a href="#page80">80</a>, m.; +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 3; +<a href="#page96">96</a>, n. 6; +<a href="#page97">97</a>, n. 9; +<a href="#page102">102</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Purchas's stories of silver and gold,</span> +<a href="#page12">12</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Puritan, the, never easy unless he was uneasy,</span> +<a href="#page253">253</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Puritan community, cost of the good results attained in a,</span> +<a href="#page342">342</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Puritan conscience, the, let loose against old superstitions,</span> +<a href="#page119">119</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Puritan divines in high church positions,</span> +<a href="#page143">143</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Puritan exodus, the great,</span> +<a href="#page188">188</a>, +<a href="#page239">239</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Puritan opinions condemned,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Puritan pietists, a new school of,</span> +<a href="#page327">327</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Puritanism, rise and development of,</span> +<a href="#page98">98</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">an outgrowth of the time,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">an effort to escape from formalism,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">gathered strength as the leading opposition,</span> +<a href="#page111">111</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">becomes dogmatic,</span> +<a href="#page112">112</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">evolutionary,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">importance of secondary development of,</span> +<a href="#page120">120</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">apparent decline of,</span> +<a href="#page121">121</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">begun with Elizabeth, seemed doomed to die with her,</span> +<a href="#page122">122</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">evolves new issues,</span> +<a href="#page123">123</a>, +<a href="#page137">137</a>, n. 7;<br> + <span class="min1em">opposed to Arminianism,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">set up the Commonwealth,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">threatened destruction of, at Leyden,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">under James I the party of opposition,</span> +<a href="#page191">191</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">conservative under Charles I,</span> +<a href="#page192">192</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">unamiable traits of, manifested in Endecott,</span> +<a href="#page202">202</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">course of events in England adverse to,</span> +<a href="#page203">203</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">suppression of, by Laud,</span> +<a href="#page239">239</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">divergencies from, in Massachusetts,</span> +<a href="#page267">267</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">existed and grew through prudent compromises,</span> +<a href="#page268">268</a>, +<a href="#page269">269</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Salem, north pole of,</span> +<a href="#page271">271</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">condemned by its false and harsh ideals,</span> +<a href="#page300">300</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">character of,</span> +<a href="#page300">300</a>, +<a href="#page301">301</a>, +<a href="#page342">342</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">an ascetic system of external duties and abstentions,</span> +<a href="#page327">327</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Puritans, why so called,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>, +<a href="#page135">135</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Puritans, English, contempt of the, for æsthetic considerations,</span> +<a href="#page94">94</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">reverence for Bible precepts,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">would have no surplices, no liturgy,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">banished the symbol with the dogma,</span> +<a href="#page111">111</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">importance of efforts toward the regulation of conduct,</span> +<a href="#page120">120</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">dubbed Martinists,</span> +<a href="#page121">121</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">differences forgotten in the conflict with the Episcopal party,</span> +<a href="#page137">137</a>, n. 6;<br> + <span class="min1em">omitted the liturgy,</span> +<a href="#page142">142</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">present Millinary Petition to James I,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">at the Hampton Court conference,</span> +<a href="#page160">160</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">not eager to join Separatist settlers,</span> +<a href="#page188">188</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">a powerful party,</span> +<a href="#page192">192</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">motives for emigration,</span> +<a href="#page197">197</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">fear of divine judgments,</span> +<a href="#page198">198</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">barred from all public action,</span> +<a href="#page203">203</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">plan for a Puritan church in America,</span> +<a href="#page204">204</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">carried out through the Massachusetts Company,</span> +<a href="#page212">212</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">differences among the,</span> +<a href="#page213">213</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">exhilarating effect of freedom from constraints,</span> +<a href="#page213">213</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">raging against indulgence to Romanists,</span> +<a href="#page235">235</a>, +<a href="#page238">238</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">believed the church under Laud would become Roman Catholic,</span> +<a href="#page239">239</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">dropped "saint" from geographical names,</span> +<a href="#page244">244</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">rise of, to power,</span> +<a href="#page240">240</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">dominant in Parliament,</span> +<a href="#page252">252</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">could not be induced to leave New England for Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page252">252</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">persecuted in Virginia, leave there for Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page253">253</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">at peace with Catholics in Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page254">254</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">their ideas rampant in Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page257">257</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">send munitions of war to New England,</span> +<a href="#page284">284</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">conceived of religion as difficult of attainment,</span> +<a href="#page328">328</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Puritans of the Massachusetts colony not Separatists,</span> +<a href="#page212">212</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">pathetic farewell to the Church of England,</span> +<a href="#page213">213</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">persuaded to the Plymouth view of church government,</span> +<a href="#page215">215</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">leaving England,</span> +<a href="#page239">239</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">emigration to New England,</span> +<a href="#page240">240</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Quakers put to death by Endecott,</span> +<a href="#page202">202</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">protected in Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page257">257</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Raccoon, the, called a monkey,</span> +<a href="#page19">19</a>, +<a href="#page24">24</a>, n. 10.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Radical and conservative, difference between, constitutional,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Rain, results of Puritan and Indian prayers for,</span> +<a href="#page16">16</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ralegh, Sir Walter, sends explorers and colonists,</span> +<a href="#page7">7</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">History of the World,</span> +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">distrusts Indian tales,</span> +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">a lifelong opponent of Spain,</span> +<a href="#page73">73</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Rapin,</span> +<a href="#page239">239</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Rappahannocks, dress of the chief of the,</span> +<a href="#page28">28</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ratcliffe, enemy of Capt. John Smith,</span> +<a href="#page37">37</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">ambuscaded and tortured to death,</span> +<a href="#page38">38</a>, +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 4;<br> + <span class="min1em">follower of Archer,</span> +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">cruel to the savages,</span> +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ration, a day's, pitiful allowance for,</span> +<a href="#page30">30</a>, +<a href="#page46">46</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Records of Virginia Company destroyed,</span> +<a href="#page54">54</a>, +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 17.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Recreations on Sunday, scruples regarding,</span> +<a href="#page127">127</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">forbidden by Dr. Bownd,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Reformers, the, of the sixteenth century declared against a priesthood,</span> +<a href="#page123">123</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">and a Sabbath,</span> +<a href="#page124">124</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Relatyon of the Discovery of our River,</span> +<a href="#page29">29</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Religion, motive to colonization,</span> +<a href="#page220">220</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Religious enthusiasts and the Anglican church,</span> +<a href="#page144">144</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Religious ferments, leavening effects of,</span> +<a href="#page121">121</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Religious freedom a cherished principle of Roger Williams,</span> +<a href="#page286">286</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">established at Providence,</span> +<a href="#page296">296</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Religious liberty befriended by few, detested by Catholic and Protestant,</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Religious service, attendance at, should be compulsory,</span> +<a href="#page299">299</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Report of Record Com.,</span> +<a href="#page329">329</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Residents, new oath of fidelity for,</span> +<a href="#page289">289</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">successfully opposed by Williams,</span> +<a href="#page289">289</a>, +<a href="#page309">309</a>, n. 12;<br> + <span class="min1em">mercenary inducement offered to, to take the freeman's oath,</span> +<a href="#page308">308</a>, n. 11.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Retainers, brilliant trains of,</span> +<a href="#page99">99</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Rhode Island, a secondary colony,</span> +<a href="#page220">220</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">importance of the,</span> +<a href="#page315">315</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Rich, Lord. See <span class="smcap"><a href="#warwick2nd">Warwick</a></span>, second Earl.</span><br> + +<span class="min2em">Rich's, Barnabee, Honestie of this Age,</span> +<a href="#page96">96</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Rites, resistance to, an article of faith,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ritual, a purified, preferred by the extreme Protestants,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>, +<a href="#page135">135</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ritual, the antique, desire to change as little as possible,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>, +<a href="#page135">135</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Rivalry with Spain,</span> +<a href="#page73">73</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Roanoke Island, first colony on,</span> +<a href="#page7">7</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Lane's hopes for,</span> +<a href="#page74">74</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Roanoke River, story of source of,</span> +<a href="#page7">7</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Robert's Social History of the Southern Counties,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>, m.; +<a href="#page127">127</a>, m.; +<a href="#page129">129</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Robinson hanged and quartered for extorting money from "pressed" maidens,</span> +<a href="#page72">72</a>, n. 19.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Robinson, John, joins the Separatists at Scrooby,</span> +<a href="#page155">155</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">character and influence of,</span> +<a href="#page156">156</a>, +<a href="#page158">158</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">leads the Scrooby church to Amsterdam,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">to Leyden,</span> +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">idea of forming a new state,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">prayer and last words at departure of the Pilgrims,</span> +<a href="#page175">175</a>, +<a href="#page185">185</a>, n. 6;<br> + <span class="min1em">advised union rather than division,</span> +<a href="#page176">176</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">farewell letter of,</span> +<a href="#page185">185</a>, n. 5;<br> + <span class="min1em">liberality and breadth of view,</span> +<a href="#page176">176</a>, +<a href="#page185">185</a>, n. 6;<br> + <span class="min1em">held to "toleration of tolerable opinions,"</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Robinson's, John, Justification,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>, n. 1, n. 2; +<a href="#page219">219</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Rogers, Thomas, opponent of Greenham and Bownd,</span> +<a href="#page139">139</a>, n. 11.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Rogers's Preface to Thirty-nine Articles,</span> +<a href="#page122">122</a>, m.; +<a href="#page139">139</a>, n. 11; +<a href="#page143">143</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Rolfe, John, married Pocahontas,</span> +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 10;<br> + <span class="min1em">planted first tobacco at Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page84">84</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Rolfe's Relation,</span> +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 16; +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 17, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Rosier's True Relation,</span> +<a href="#page17">17</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">"Rowdies" assault the Jesuits,</span> +<a href="#page265">265</a>, n. 24.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Royal Hist. MS. Comm.,</span> +<a href="#page88">88</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Royal Hist. MS. Com. Rept.,</span> +<a href="#page345">345</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Rushworth's Hist. Coll.,</span> +<a href="#page216">216</a>, n. 2, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">petition in,</span> +<a href="#page226">226</a>, m.; +<a href="#page235">235</a>, m.; +<a href="#page344">344</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Rustics, the, of Scrooby and its neighborhood,</span> +<a href="#page150">150</a>, +<a href="#page151">151</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">influence of Brewster on,</span> +<a href="#page153">153</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">of John Robinson,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Rymer's Fœdera,</span> +<a href="#page229">229</a>, m.; +<a href="#page238">238</a>, m.</p> + +<a id="sabbath" name="sabbath"></a> +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Sabbath, the, as a holy day objected to by Luther and Calvin,</span> +<a href="#page124">124</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">rise of the Puritan,</span> +<a href="#page124">124</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Sunday first so called in literature,</span> +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">passion for a stricter,</span> +<a href="#page130">130</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">doctrine of a Christian, resented,</span> +<a href="#page131">131</a>, +<a href="#page139">139</a>, n. 11;<br> + <span class="min1em">in Scotland,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>, +<a href="#page139">139</a>, n. 12;<br> + <span class="min1em">of deepest hue in New England,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>, n. 13.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sabbath-breakers, punishments threatened against,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sabbath-keeping, early Puritan ideal of,</span> +<a href="#page127">127</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">pushed to its extreme,</span> +<a href="#page130">130</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">new zeal for, promoted morals,</span> +<a href="#page131">131</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">rigid, a mark of the faithful,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sadleir, Mrs., indorsement of, on Williams's letter to,</span> +<a href="#page268">268</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sainsbury's Calendar,</span> +<a href="#page67">67</a>, n. 9; +<a href="#page207">207</a>, m.; +<a href="#page262">262</a>, n. 9; +<a href="#page344">344</a>, m.; +<a href="#page345">345</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Salem, north pole of Puritanism,</span> +<a href="#page271">271</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">protest of the General Court against Williams as minister at,</span> +<a href="#page271">271</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">attached to Williams and refractory toward the authorities at Boston,</span> +<a href="#page280">280</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">made Williams teacher,</span> +<a href="#page284">284</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">deputies turned out of court in punishment,</span> +<a href="#page291">291</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">indignation at Williams's banishment,</span> +<a href="#page293">293</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Salem church, organization of the,</span> +<a href="#page200">200</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Salisbury, the Dean of, attacked by Mar-Prelate,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Salvetti, correspondence on Calvert's resignation,</span> +<a href="#page260">260</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sampson, Thomas, letter to Calvin,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sandy Beach, no trace of,</span> +<a href="#page59">59</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sandys, Edwin, Archbishop of York, letter of,</span> +<a href="#page137">137</a>, n. 7;<br> + <span class="min1em">transferred manor place at Scrooby to his son Samuel,</span> +<a href="#page153">153</a>, +<a href="#page170">170</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sandys, Sir Edwin, interested in the Virginia Company,</span> +<a href="#page54">54</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">approved Dale's course,</span> +<a href="#page67">67</a>, n. 9;<br> + <span class="min1em">arrested,</span> +<a href="#page69">69</a>, n. 13; +<a href="#page89">89</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">chosen governor of Virginia Company,</span> +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 17; +<a href="#page88">88</a>, +<a href="#page170">170</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">proposed sending maids to Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 18;<br> + <span class="min1em">leader of the company,</span> +<a href="#page87">87</a>, +<a href="#page89">89</a>, +<a href="#page170">170</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">established representative government in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page88">88</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">plans for foundation of New Plymouth,</span> +<a href="#page88">88</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">sketch of life of, in Brown's Genesis of the United States,</span> +<a href="#page97">97</a>, n. 10;<br> + <span class="min1em">tried to secure toleration for the Leyden people,</span> +<a href="#page170">170</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">one of the fathers of representative government in America,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">charges against,</span> +<a href="#page174">174</a>, +<a href="#page184">184</a>, n. 5;<br> + <span class="min1em">parliamentary antagonist of Calvert,</span> +<a href="#page221">221</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">in disfavor at court,</span> +<a href="#page222">222</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Virginians friendly to,</span> +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sandys, George, would seek the South Sea overland,</span> +<a href="#page10">10</a>, +<a href="#page11">11</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">name appended to The Tragicall Relation,</span> +<a href="#page66">66</a>, n. 9;<br> + <span class="min1em">in charge of manufacturing schemes,</span> +<a href="#page83">83</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sandys, Sir Samuel, owned manor place at Scrooby,</span> +<a href="#page153">153</a>, +<a href="#page170">170</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sassafras root exported,</span> +<a href="#page45">45</a>, +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 10; +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 11.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Savage life eagerly observed by the English,</span> +<a href="#page29">29</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sawmills built in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page82">82</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Scharf's History of Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page23">23</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Schism esteemed the deadliest of sins,</span> +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page197">197</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Scotch settlement in Newfoundland,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Scot's Magazine,</span> +<a href="#page11">11</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Scrambler, Bishop of Peterborough, to Burghley,</span> +<a href="#page142">142</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Scriptures, reverence for the letter of the,</span> +<a href="#page144">144</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Scrooby, the cradle of the Pilgrims,</span> +<a href="#page149">149</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">a region noted for religious zeal,</span> +<a href="#page150">150</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">no tradition of the Pilgrims at,</span> +<a href="#page150">150</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">called "the meane townlet" by John Leland,</span> +<a href="#page152">152</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">owners of manor place at,</span> +<a href="#page153">153</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the church at,</span> +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page155">155</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Seamen, threats of brutal,</span> +<a href="#page177">177</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Seekers, the, a sect, the last reduction of Separatism,</span> +<a href="#page303">303</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">in New England, probably through influence from Holland,</span> +<a href="#page303">303</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">in England as early as 1617,</span> +<a href="#page304">304</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">"a Seeker of the best Sect next to a finder,"</span> +<a href="#page314">314</a>, n. 24.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Seekonk River, Williams removes from, to Providence,</span> +<a href="#page296">296</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Semi-Separatists, the,</span> +<a href="#page143">143</a>.<br> + +<a id="separatists" name="separatists"></a> +<span class="min2em">Separatism and the Scrooby church,</span> +<a href="#page141">141</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">promoted by persecution,</span> +<a href="#page144">144</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">rise of,</span> +<a href="#page146">146</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">divergencies in direction of,</span> +<a href="#page267">267</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">protest by withdrawal of communion a fundamental principle of,</span> +<a href="#page271">271</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Separatist, Roger Williams conscientiously a,</span> +<a href="#page270">270</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Separatist tendencies of Skelton,</span> +<a href="#page271">271</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Separatist tone of Pioneer church of Massachusetts at Salem,</span> +<a href="#page271">271</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Separatists, number of the,</span> +<a href="#page136">136</a>, n. 6;<br> + <span class="min1em">importance of the,</span> +<a href="#page141">141</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the advance guard of Puritanism,</span> +<a href="#page141">141</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">regarded as criminals by the Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page142">142</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">causes of growth of the,</span> +<a href="#page144">144</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">idealists,</span> +<a href="#page144">144</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">rise of the,</span> +<a href="#page146">146</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">meetings of, in London,</span> +<a href="#page147">147</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">in Amsterdam,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">one vigorous society of, in the north,</span> +<a href="#page149">149</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the Scrooby church of, organized,</span> +<a href="#page154">154</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">all-day meetings at Brewster's manor house,</span> +<a href="#page155">155</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">new persecution of the,</span> +<a href="#page163">163</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the Scrooby church resolve to flee to Holland,</span> +<a href="#page163">163</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">petition for leave to settle in Canada,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">classed with criminals by Bacon,</span> +<a href="#page171">171</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">held their opinions in a state of flux,</span> +<a href="#page186">186</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Servingman, the, not a menial,</span> +<a href="#page134">134</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Servingmen in livery,</span> +<a href="#page99">99</a>, +<a href="#page134">134</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Settlements, sixteen, in Massachusetts,</span> +<a href="#page275">275</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">life in the settlements,</span> +<a href="#page276">276</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Settlers emulate the treachery of the Indians,</span> +<a href="#page92">92</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">individual,</span> +<a href="#page190">190</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Shakespeare's good fortune to live in a dramatic age,</span> +<a href="#page99">99</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Shepard, Thomas, a new congregation led by,</span> +<a href="#page325">325</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">letter of, quoted,</span> +<a href="#page348">348</a>, n. 5;<br> + <span class="min1em">Theses Sabbaticæ,</span> +<a href="#page140">140</a>, n. 13;<br> + <span class="min1em">Memoirs in Young,</span> +<a href="#page328">328</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sheriffs had many liveried servants,</span> +<a href="#page99">99</a>, +<a href="#page134">134</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ship carpenters sent to the James River,</span> +<a href="#page83">83</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Silk, craze for, in England,</span> +<a href="#page76">76</a>, +<a href="#page77">77</a>, +<a href="#page169">169</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">wearing of, prohibited in the colony,</span> +<a href="#page78">78</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Silk culture attempted in England,</span> +<a href="#page76">76</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page76">76</a>, +<a href="#page77">77</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">causes of failure,</span> +<a href="#page77">77</a>, +<a href="#page78">78</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">renewed efforts for,</span> +<a href="#page78">78</a>, +<a href="#page79">79</a>, +<a href="#page83">83</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">authorities on these efforts,</span> +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Silk-grass craze, the,</span> +<a href="#page79">79</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Silk manufacturing established in England,</span> +<a href="#page77">77</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Silkworms' eggs, hatching, in one's pocket or bosom,</span> +<a href="#page78">78</a>, +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Skelton, minister at Salem,</span> +<a href="#page271">271</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">extreme Congregationalism and Separatist tendencies of,</span> +<a href="#page271">271</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">death of,</span> +<a href="#page283">283</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sloane manuscripts, British Museum,</span> +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Smith, Captain John, a trustworthy topographer,</span> +<a href="#page9">9</a>, +<a href="#page34">34</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">captured by Indians,</span> +<a href="#page9">9</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">views of geography of the continent,</span> +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 6;<br> + <span class="min1em">becomes leader at Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page31">31</a>, +<a href="#page36">36</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">his character,</span> +<a href="#page31">31</a>, +<a href="#page32">32</a>, +<a href="#page33">33</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">story of his own life,</span> +<a href="#page32">32</a>, +<a href="#page33">33</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the Jonah and Ulysses of his time,</span> +<a href="#page33">33</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">explorations and narrative,</span> +<a href="#page34">34</a>, +<a href="#page35">35</a>, +<a href="#page36">36</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">overthrown,</span> +<a href="#page36">36</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">accused of design to wed Pocahontas,</span> +<a href="#page37">37</a>, +<a href="#page51">51</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">later years,</span> +<a href="#page37">37</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">foresight of America's future,</span> +<a href="#page37">37</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">disabled by an accident,</span> +<a href="#page37">37</a>, +<a href="#page60">60</a>, n. 2;<br> + <span class="min1em">sent home under charges,</span> +<a href="#page37">37</a>, +<a href="#page60">60</a>, n. 2;<br> + <span class="min1em">accused of advising Indians to attack settlers at the Falls,</span> +<a href="#page37">37</a>, +<a href="#page60">60</a>, n. 2;<br> + <span class="min1em">a typical American pioneer,</span> +<a href="#page38">38</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">account of his writings,</span> +<a href="#page61">61</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">commended by the Virginia Company,</span> +<a href="#page61">61</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">given to romance in narration,</span> +<a href="#page62">62</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">his practical writings and wise speeches,</span> +<a href="#page62">62</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">examples of his exaggeration,</span> +<a href="#page63">63</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">Thomas Fuller's judgment of,</span> +<a href="#page63">63</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">authorities in the debates about,</span> +<a href="#page63">63</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">refusal to share his power,</span> +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 4;<br> + <span class="min1em">captured by the French,</span> +<a href="#page178">178</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">——, Generall Historie,</span> +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 6; +<a href="#page27">27</a>, m.; +<a href="#page34">34</a>, m.; +<a href="#page35">35</a>, +<a href="#page36">36</a>, m.; +<a href="#page61">61</a>, n. 3; +<a href="#page66">66</a>, n. 9; +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">——, New Life of Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page27">27</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">——, Oxford Tract,</span> +<a href="#page34">34</a>, m.; +<a href="#page35">35</a>, +<a href="#page36">36</a>, m.; +<a href="#page42">42</a>, m.; +<a href="#page61">61</a>, n. 3; +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">——, True Relation,</span> +<a href="#page61">61</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Smyth, John, the Separatist, migrated from Gainsborough,</span> +<a href="#page150">150</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">continually searching for truth,</span> +<a href="#page186">186</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Smyth, Sir Thomas, governor of Virginia Company,</span> +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 16;<br> + <span class="min1em">resignation,</span> +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 17;<br> + <span class="min1em">aroused the king's opposition to Sandys,</span> +<a href="#page87">87</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">resigned,</span> +<a href="#page88">88</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">sorrows of the colony under,</span> +<a href="#page206">206</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">faction of,</span> +<a href="#page230">230</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">defense,</span> +<a href="#page67">67</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Somers, Sir George, wrecked on the Bermudas,</span> +<a href="#page40">40</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">builds two vessels and takes provisions to Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page41">41</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">returns to the Bermudas,</span> +<a href="#page41">41</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">death of,</span> +<a href="#page42">42</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Somers or Summer Islands named from,</span> +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">South Sea delusion, the,</span> +<a href="#page6">6</a>, +<a href="#page7">7</a>, +<a href="#page8">8</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">an overland route to,</span> +<a href="#page10">10</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">behind the mountains,</span> +<a href="#page75">75</a>.<br> + <span class="min1em">See also <span class="smcap"><a href="#pacificocean">Pacific Ocean</a></span>.</span><br> + +<span class="min2em">Southampton, Earl of, interested in the Virginia Company,</span> +<a href="#page54">54</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">threatened by the Warwick party,</span> +<a href="#page69">69</a>, n. 13;<br> + <span class="min1em">really in power,</span> +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 17;<br> + <span class="min1em">procures silkworm "seed,"</span> +<a href="#page77">77</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">elected governor of the company,</span> +<a href="#page89">89</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">imprisoned,</span> +<a href="#page89">89</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">one of the fathers of representative government in America,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Virginians friendly to,</span> +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Southwest passage, conjectures of a,</span> +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Spain, rivalry with, the motive for planting English colonies,</span> +<a href="#page73">73</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">England's jealousy toward,</span> +<a href="#page74">74</a>, +<a href="#page94">94</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">lavish of gifts to English courtiers,</span> +<a href="#page223">223</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">made England relax penal laws against English recusants,</span> +<a href="#page238">238</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Spanish example, the influence of, on English projects,</span> +<a href="#page73">73</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">fishing-boats to be seized at Newfounde lande,</span> +<a href="#page94">94</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">jealousy of Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page94">94</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Spanish match, the, favored by Calvert,</span> +<a href="#page226">226</a>, +<a href="#page227">227</a>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Speed's Prospect,</span> +<a href="#page24">24</a>, n. 10.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Spelman's Relation,</span> +<a href="#page60">60</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Spices, passion for, in Europe,</span> +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Spirit of the age, escape from the, difficult,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Squirrels, flying,</span> +<a href="#page18">18</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Standish, Captain Miles, escorts the governor to church on Sundays,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Star-Chamber censures,</span> +<a href="#page203">203</a>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">Roger Williams as a lad employed by the,</span> +<a href="#page268">268</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">harsh penalties for Separatists,</span> +<a href="#page270">270</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">State church, notion of, not easily got rid of,</span> +<a href="#page112">112</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">St. Christopher's Island sought by Catholic refugees,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Stephen, Sir, denounced May-poles as idols,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">wanted names of days of the week changed,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Stith's History of Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page51">51</a>, m.; +<a href="#page182">182</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Stoughton retracted,</span> +<a href="#page290">290</a>, +<a href="#page291">291</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">pressure put on,</span> +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Strachey's Historie of Travaile into Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page24">24</a>, n. 10; +<a href="#page36">36</a>, m.; +<a href="#page59">59</a>, n. 1; +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 4; +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 7; +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 5; +<a href="#page97">97</a>, n. 9; +<a href="#page102">102</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">True Reportory,</span> +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Strafford, friend of George Calvert and his son,</span> +<a href="#page249">249</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Strafford Papers,</span> +<a href="#page241">241</a>, m.; +<a href="#page263">263</a>, n. 13.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Strait, a, sought to the South Sea,</span> +<a href="#page4">4</a>, +<a href="#page6">6</a>, +<a href="#page8">8</a>, +<a href="#page9">9</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Strasburg and Zurich, cities of refuge for conservatives,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Strasburg reformers attempt to reform church at Frankfort,</span> +<a href="#page105">105</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Straus's Life of Roger Williams,</span> +<a href="#page308">308</a>, n. 6; +<a href="#page311">311</a>, n. 17.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Stubbes's Philip, Anatomie of Abuses,</span> +<a href="#page100">100</a>, m.; +<a href="#page119">119</a>, +<a href="#page127">127</a>, +<a href="#page134">134</a>, n. 2; +<a href="#page135">135</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Succession, apostolic, of churchly order and ordinance the mainspring of high-churchism,</span> +<a href="#page302">302</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Svmme and Svbstance. See <span class="smcap"><a href="#barlow">Barlow</a></span>.</span><br> + +<span class="min2em">Sumner, George, on John Robinson,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sumptuary laws,</span> +<a href="#page75">75</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sunday had sanctity of a church feast before the Reformation,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">English reformers retained the Catholic,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">first called Sabbath in literature,</span> +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">scruples regarding recreations on,</span> +<a href="#page127">127</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">brutally cruel sports on the old English,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">strict observance of, carried to New England,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">in the middle ages,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>, n. 8;<br> + <span class="min1em">legislation on, rare before the Reformation,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>, n. 8;<br> + <span class="min1em">in time of Edward VI,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>, n. 9;<br> + <span class="min1em">sabbatical character of, denied,</span> +<a href="#page140">140</a>, n. 13.<br> + <span class="min1em">See also <span class="smcap"><a href="#sabbath">Sabbath</a></span>.</span><br> + +<span class="min2em">Sunday fishing, juries inquire into,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sunday morning ceremony at Plymouth,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sunday-Sabbath, theory of a, not confined to the Puritans,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Augustine on, in the fifth century,</span> +<a href="#page137">137</a>, n. 8; +<a href="#page140">140</a>, n. 13.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Surplices begin to be used in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page183">183</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Susan Constant, the ship,</span> +<a href="#page25">25</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Sutton's Hospital founded by legacy, which Coke defended, later known as Charter-House School,</span> +<a href="#page268">268</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Swift, Lindsay, on the early election sermons,</span> +<a href="#page313">313</a>, n. 22.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Symonds, Dr. William, editor of second part of Smith's Oxford Tract,</span> +<a href="#page61">61</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Synod, the, of 1637,</span> +<a href="#page336">336</a>, +<a href="#page346">346</a>, n. 1.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Tales, extravagant, of the Indians,</span> +<a href="#page7">7</a>, +<a href="#page8">8</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Ralegh distrusts,</span> +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Taylor's Observations and Travel from London to Hamburg,</span> +<a href="#page46">46</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Tempest, Shakespeare's,</span> +<a href="#page17">17</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">suggested by the wreck of Gates and Somers,</span> +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Tenant, the copy-hold, driven to distress,</span> +<a href="#page111">111</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Tenantry, the suffering, Puritans make common cause with,</span> +<a href="#page111">111</a>, +<a href="#page135">135</a>, n. 5.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Theater, passionate love of the,</span> +<a href="#page99">99</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Theocracy, instability of a,</span> +<a href="#page326">326</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Thomas Aquinas, St., on the fourth commandment,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Thurloe,</span> +<a href="#page263">263</a>, n. 13.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Timber sought in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page82">82</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Tobacco, profitable cultivation of, in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page49">49</a>, +<a href="#page84">84</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">exported,</span> +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 10, n. 11; +<a href="#page96">96</a>, n. 7;<br> + <span class="min1em">more profitable than silk-raising,</span> +<a href="#page78">78</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">culture of, forbidden,</span> +<a href="#page81">81</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">King James's Covnter-Blaste to,</span> +<a href="#page84">84</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">John Rolfe planted the first, at Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page84">84</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">heavy duties on,</span> +<a href="#page85">85</a>, +<a href="#page96">96</a>, n. 8;<br> + <span class="min1em">seven thousand shops in London,</span> +<a href="#page97">97</a>, n. 8;<br> + <span class="min1em">inferiority of Indian,</span> +<a href="#page97">97</a>, n. 9;<br> + <span class="min1em">large profits from,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">public use of, forbidden in Massachusetts,</span> +<a href="#page285">285</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Toleration, the Baltimore policy,</span> +<a href="#page242">242</a>, +<a href="#page263">263</a>, n. 15;<br> + <span class="min1em">principle of, formulated,</span> +<a href="#page254">254</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Act of, passed in 1649,</span> +<a href="#page255">255</a>, +<a href="#page256">256</a>, +<a href="#page257">257</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">intolerable to the rulers of "the Bay,"</span> +<a href="#page297">297</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">limited and qualified at Amsterdam,</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">decried as a great crime by all the world,</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">a beneficent result of commerce,</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page312">312</a>, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Tortures, legal, examples of,</span> +<a href="#page46">46</a>, +<a href="#page67">67</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Town government, the principal feature of civil organization,</span> +<a href="#page325">325</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Town system, the,</span> +<a href="#page275">275</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Trade with the Indians by Captain John Smith,</span> +<a href="#page34">34</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">suspended after Smith's departure,</span> +<a href="#page38">38</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">renewed by Capt. Argall,</span> +<a href="#page50">50</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Tragicall Relation,</span> +<a href="#page40">40</a>, m.; +<a href="#page56">56</a>, m.; +<a href="#page66">66</a>, n. 9; +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 12.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Trainbands drilled,</span> +<a href="#page284">284</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Travel, taste for books of,</span> +<a href="#page2">2</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Treasure received by Spain from America influenced English colonial projects,</span> +<a href="#page73">73</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">wrought mischief to England,</span> +<a href="#page94">94</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">True Declaration of the Estate of the Colony of Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page40">40</a>, m.; +<a href="#page56">56</a>, m.; +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 5, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Trumbull's Blue Laws,</span> +<a href="#page347">347</a>, n. 2.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Tucker, Daniel, builds boat at Jamestown,</span> +<a href="#page39">39</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Underhill, Captain, sent after Williams,</span> +<a href="#page295">295</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Unicorn, reported find of the,</span> +<a href="#page19">19</a>, +<a href="#page24">24</a>, n. 10.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Uniformity not possible,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Upper House, dissension concerning power of the, in Massachusetts,</span> +<a href="#page286">286</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Utopia, the religious, attempted in New England,</span> +<a href="#page342">342</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Van der Donck's New Netherland,</span> +<a href="#page23">23</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Van Meteren, Nederlandsche Historic,</span> +<a href="#page312">312</a>, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Vane, Sir Henry, the younger, favored the Antinomians,</span> +<a href="#page267">267</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">an ardent Puritan,</span> +<a href="#page332">332</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">arrives in Boston and is elected governor,</span> +<a href="#page332">332</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">a disciple of Cotton,</span> +<a href="#page333">333</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">defeat of,</span> +<a href="#page336">336</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">leaves the colony,</span> +<a href="#page337">337</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Vaughan's Golden Fleece,</span> +<a href="#page261">261</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Vessel, the first Virginia, built by Captain Argall,</span> +<a href="#page50">50</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Vestments objected to, in reign of Edward VI,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">bitter debates about,</span> +<a href="#page108">108</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">ceased to be abhorrent,</span> +<a href="#page123">123</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Virginia Assembly petitions the king,</span> +<a href="#page56">56</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">proceedings of the first,</span> +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 15.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Virginia colony, the,</span> +<a href="#page8">8</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">emigrants set sail,</span> +<a href="#page25">25</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">code of laws and orders,</span> +<a href="#page26">26</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">character of the emigrants,</span> +<a href="#page27">27</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">arrival,</span> +<a href="#page27">27</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">first meetings with the Indians,</span> +<a href="#page28">28</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the winter of misery,</span> +<a href="#page29">29</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">fear of attack from the Indians,</span> +<a href="#page30">30</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">food bought of the Indians,</span> +<a href="#page31">31</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">five hundred colonists arrive under Archer and Ratcliffe,</span> +<a href="#page36">36</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">settlements at Nansemond and the falls of the James River,</span> +<a href="#page37">37</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">famine of 1609-'10,</span> +<a href="#page38">38</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">only sixty survivors in June, 1610,</span> +<a href="#page40">40</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">arrival of Gates and Somers,</span> +<a href="#page40">40</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Jamestown abandoned,</span> +<a href="#page41">41</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">arrival of De la Warr,</span> +<a href="#page41">41</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">De la Warr's government,</span> +<a href="#page42">42</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">flight of De la Warr,</span> +<a href="#page43">43</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">second lease of life,</span> +<a href="#page43">43</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">inefficient government of George Percy,</span> +<a href="#page44">44</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">martial law and slavery under Thomas Dale,</span> +<a href="#page45">45</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">ten men escape,</span> +<a href="#page47">47</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Dale's services,</span> +<a href="#page47">47</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">private gardens allowed,</span> +<a href="#page48">48</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">tobacco cultivated,</span> +<a href="#page49">49</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Argall's government and treachery,</span> +<a href="#page50">50</a>- +<a href="#page52">52</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the Great Charter, 1618,</span> +<a href="#page55">55</a>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">joy at its receipt,</span> +<a href="#page56">56</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">feared re-establishment of the old tyranny,</span> +<a href="#page56">56</a>, +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 16;<br> + <span class="min1em">wives supplied,</span> +<a href="#page57">57</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the first homes,</span> +<a href="#page58">58</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">whole number of colonists,</span> +<a href="#page58">58</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">four fifths perished,</span> +<a href="#page59">59</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">petition to the king,</span> +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 5;<br> + <span class="min1em">began raising silkworms,</span> +<a href="#page76">76</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the silk-grass craze in,</span> +<a href="#page79">79</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">glass and iron works established and failed in,</span> +<a href="#page83">83</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">planted tobacco,</span> +<a href="#page84">84</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">struck root and its life assured,</span> +<a href="#page85">85</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">gained impetus from the king's opposition,</span> +<a href="#page89">89</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">government of, passed to the Crown,</span> +<a href="#page92">92</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">reached its greatest prosperity,</span> +<a href="#page186">186</a>, n. 8;<br> + <span class="min1em">inhospitable to Lord Baltimore,</span> +<a href="#page230">230</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">opposes Roman Catholics,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>, n. 9;<br> + <span class="min1em">reckless living of people and clergy,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">expulsion of Lord Baltimore from,</span> +<a href="#page232">232</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">new emigration to,</span> +<a href="#page344">344</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">second generation of native Virginians appears,</span> +<a href="#page345">345</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">better ministers in the parishes and order in the courts,</span> +<a href="#page345">345</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Virginia colony, map of, by John White, 1586,</span> +<a href="#page8">8</a>, +<a href="#page21">21</a>, +<a href="#page22">22</a>.<br> + +<a id="virginiacie" name="virginiacie"></a> +<span class="min2em">Virginia Company, letter of, to Governor Wyatt quoted,</span> +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 5;<br> + <span class="min1em">code of laws and orders for its colonists,</span> +<a href="#page26">26</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">swindled and robbed,</span> +<a href="#page52">52</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">fall of the lottery,</span> +<a href="#page53">53</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">revival of interest,</span> +<a href="#page53">53</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">records destroyed,</span> +<a href="#page54">54</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">change in conduct of affairs,</span> +<a href="#page55">55</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">cruelty of agents paralleled by those of the East India Company,</span> +<a href="#page67">67</a>, n. 9;<br> + <span class="min1em">overthrow of the company,</span> +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 16;<br> + <span class="min1em">dissolved in 1624,</span> +<a href="#page85">85</a>, +<a href="#page89">89</a>, +<a href="#page92">92</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">organized for trading,</span> +<a href="#page86">86</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">passed out of the control of traders,</span> +<a href="#page87">87</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">King James interferes with the election,</span> +<a href="#page88">88</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">grants two charters and a liberal patent to the Pilgrims,</span> +<a href="#page172">172</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">also leave to establish a provisional government,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">Lord Baltimore a member and councilor of,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">attempt to take away privileges granted to the colonists,</span> +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Virginia Company's Manuscript Records. See <span class="smcap"><a href="#manuscrecord">Manuscript Records, Virginia Company</a></span>.</span><br> + +<span class="min2em">Virginia Richly Valued,</span> +<a href="#page79">79</a>, m.; +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Virginians obliged to pay quitrents in Maryland,</span> +<a href="#page249">249</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Vries, David P. de, Voyages,</span> +<a href="#page308">308</a>, n. 7.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Waddington's Congregational History,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Walker's First Church in Hartford,</span> +<a href="#page317">317</a>, m.; +<a href="#page321">321</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Ward's Simple Cobbler,</span> +<a href="#page285">285</a>, m.; +<a href="#page299">299</a>, m.<br> + +<a id="warwick2nd" name="warwick2nd"></a> +<span class="min2em">Warwick, second Earl, intrigues to wreck the Virginia Company,</span> +<a href="#page51">51</a>, +<a href="#page68">68</a>, n. 13;<br> + <span class="min1em">protects Argall in his plundering,</span> +<a href="#page52">52</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">has Cavendish and others arrested,</span> +<a href="#page69">69</a>, n. 13;<br> + <span class="min1em">loses influence in the company,</span> +<a href="#page87">87</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">made Governor in Chief and Lord High Admiral of all plantations in America,</span> +<a href="#page252">252</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Waterhouse's Declaration of Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Watertown church, part of, ready to follow Hooker,</span> +<a href="#page323">323</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">one of the centres of discontent,</span> +<a href="#page324">324</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Welde's Short Story of the Rise, Reign, and Ruine of Antinomianism,</span> +<a href="#page330">330</a>, m.; +<a href="#page336">336</a>, m.; +<a href="#page339">339</a>, m.; +<a href="#page340">340</a>, m.; +<a href="#page347">347</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Wentworth, friend of Calvert,</span> +<a href="#page222">222</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">West, insubordinate settlers under,</span> +<a href="#page37">37</a>, +<a href="#page60">60</a>, n. 2;<br> + <span class="min1em">Indians hostile to,</span> +<a href="#page60">60</a>, n. 2;<br> + <span class="min1em">treacherous and cruel,</span> +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">West India plants tried in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page82">82</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Weston Documents,</span> +<a href="#page11">11</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Wethersfield, John Oldham and his company settled at,</span> +<a href="#page324">324</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Weymouth kidnapped Maine Indians,</span> +<a href="#page17">17</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Whale-fishing in Lake Ontario,</span> +<a href="#page11">11</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Whelewright, brother-in-law of Mrs. Hutchinson,</span> +<a href="#page336">336</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">banished at November court following the synod,</span> +<a href="#page337">337</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">testimony regarding his sister-in-law,</span> +<a href="#page348">348</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Whelewright's sermon,</span> +<a href="#page331">331</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Whincop charter not used,</span> +<a href="#page184">184</a>, n. 4; +<a href="#page186">186</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Whiston, a place of Puritan assemblage,</span> +<a href="#page142">142</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Whitaker, Alexander, praises Dale,</span> +<a href="#page66">66</a>, n. 9;<br> + <span class="min1em">minister at Henrico,</span> +<a href="#page168">168</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">letters,</span> +<a href="#page183">183</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Whitaker's Good Newes from Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page66">66</a>, n. 9; +<a href="#page168">168</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Whitbourne, Captain, pamphlet on Newfoundland,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">letters of Wynne and others in,</span> +<a href="#page229">229</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">White, Father, Relatio Itineris,</span> +<a href="#page243">243</a>, m.; +<a href="#page244">244</a>, m.; +<a href="#page263">263</a>, n. 16;<br> + <span class="min1em">on settlement of Montserrat,</span> +<a href="#page261">261</a>, n. 9; +<a href="#page263">263</a>, n. 14, n. 16.<br> + +<span class="min2em">White, John, of Dorchester, an active colonizer,</span> +<a href="#page189">189</a>, +<a href="#page199">199</a>, +<a href="#page203">203</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">White, John, map of Virginia by, 1586,</span> +<a href="#page8">8</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">in Grenville Collection,</span> +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 4;<br> + <span class="min1em">reproduced in the Century Magazine,</span> +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 4;<br> + <span class="min1em">copy in Kohl Collection,</span> +<a href="#page22">22</a>, n. 4<br> + +<span class="min2em">White's, John, The Planter's Plea,</span> +<a href="#page190">190</a>, m.; +<a href="#page199">199</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Whitgift, Archbishop, efforts of, to suppress nonconformity,</span> +<a href="#page122">122</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">ordered Bownd's book called in,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">persecuted the Puritans at Scrooby,</span> +<a href="#page153">153</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">declared King James inspired,</span> +<a href="#page161">161</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Whittingham, Dean of Durham, author of A Brieff Discourse,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">on the Puritan side in Frankfort,</span> +<a href="#page143">143</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Williams, Roger, in advance of his age,</span> +<a href="#page256">256</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">opposed the authorities in Massachusetts,</span> +<a href="#page267">267</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">early career of,</span> +<a href="#page268">268</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">refused preferments,</span> +<a href="#page269">269</a>, +<a href="#page307">307</a>, n. 2;<br> + <span class="min1em">flight of, to New England,</span> +<a href="#page270">270</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">refuses communion with the Boston church,</span> +<a href="#page270">270</a>, +<a href="#page307">307</a>, n. 3;<br> + <span class="min1em">opposed to compromise,</span> +<a href="#page271">271</a>, +<a href="#page307">307</a>, n. 4;<br> + <span class="min1em">his selection as minister at Salem opposed by the General Court,</span> +<a href="#page271">271</a>, +<a href="#page272">272</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">removed to Plymouth,</span> +<a href="#page272">272</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">wrote a treatise on the dialect of the New England Indians,</span> +<a href="#page273">273</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">rebuked Bradford and wrote against the royal patents,</span> +<a href="#page274">274</a>, +<a href="#page281">281</a>, +<a href="#page308">308</a>, n. 9;<br> + <span class="min1em">returned to Salem with some followers,</span> +<a href="#page275">275</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">his ideal too high for that age,</span> +<a href="#page281">281</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">preached without holding office,</span> +<a href="#page281">281</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">"convented at court,"</span> +<a href="#page281">281</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">charges against, based on his book, "not so evil as at first they seemed,"</span> +<a href="#page282">282</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">the broad principle laid down by,</span> +<a href="#page283">283</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">made teacher at Salem,</span> +<a href="#page284">284</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">fast-day sermon on eleven "public sins,"</span> +<a href="#page286">286</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">dealt with ecclesiastically,</span> +<a href="#page287">287</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">scruples against enforced oaths,</span> +<a href="#page289">289</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">new charges against,</span> +<a href="#page289">289</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">champion of soul liberty,</span> +<a href="#page290">290</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">incorrigible,</span> +<a href="#page290">290</a>, +<a href="#page291">291</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">trial and banishment,</span> +<a href="#page292">292</a>, +<a href="#page309">309</a>, n. 12; +<a href="#page310">310</a>, n. 13, 14, 16;<br> + <span class="min1em">authorities,</span> +<a href="#page310">310</a>, n. 17;<br> + <span class="min1em">on account of illness permitted to remain during the winter,</span> +<a href="#page293">293</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">a few friends faithful to,</span> +<a href="#page293">293</a>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">escape to the Indians,</span> +<a href="#page295">295</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">abandons settlement at Seekonk River and founds Providence,</span> +<a href="#page296">296</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">banishment of, an act of persecution,</span> +<a href="#page297">297</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">character of,</span> +<a href="#page301">301</a>, +<a href="#page307">307</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">a collector of scruples,</span> +<a href="#page301">301</a>, +<a href="#page302">302</a>, +<a href="#page314">314</a>, n. 23;<br> + <span class="min1em">tenderness and friendship for Winthrop,</span> +<a href="#page302">302</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">became a Baptist and renounced his baptism,</span> +<a href="#page303">303</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">a Seeker,</span> +<a href="#page303">303</a>, +<a href="#page304">304</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">his moral elevation of spirit,</span> +<a href="#page304">304</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">ascendency over the Indians,</span> +<a href="#page305">305</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">an individualist,</span> +<a href="#page291">291</a>, +<a href="#page305">305</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">superior to his age and ours,</span> +<a href="#page305">305</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">his prophetic character,</span> +<a href="#page306">306</a><br> + <span class="min1em">a John Baptist of the distant future,</span> +<a href="#page306">306</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">enthusiastic nature of,</span> +<a href="#page307">307</a>, n. 2;<br> + <span class="min1em">needed no practical consideration to stir him to action,</span> +<a href="#page308">308</a>, n. 11;<br> + <span class="min1em">magnanimity without a parallel,</span> +<a href="#page310">310</a>, n. 15;<br> + <span class="min1em">removal of Williams and his friends the beginning of dispersions from the colony,</span> +<a href="#page315">315</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">prepared a harbor for all of uneasy conscience,</span> +<a href="#page315">315</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Williams's letter to Mrs. Sadleir,</span> +<a href="#page268">268</a>, m.; +<a href="#page270">270</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">letters to Winthrop,</span> +<a href="#page273">273</a>, m.; +<a href="#page302">302</a>, m.; +<a href="#page307">307</a>, n. 5;<br> + <span class="min1em">Reply to Cotton,</span> +<a href="#page283">283</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">letters to Lady Barrington,</span> +<a href="#page307">307</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">letter to John Cotton, the younger,</span> +<a href="#page307">307</a>, n. 2, 3, 4;<br> + <span class="min1em">letter to Major Mason,</span> +<a href="#page310">310</a>, n. 15;<br> + <span class="min1em">Bloudy Tenent,</span> +<a href="#page311">311</a>, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Wilson, John, interprets battle of mouse and snake,</span> +<a href="#page277">277</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">on Williams's book,</span> +<a href="#page282">282</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">condemned by the Hutchinsonians,</span> +<a href="#page333">333</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">given to rhyming prophecies,</span> +<a href="#page338">338</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Windebank, schemes of Cecilius Calvert with,</span> +<a href="#page250">250</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Wine, efforts to produce, in Great Britain,</span> +<a href="#page76">76</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page81">81</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Wingandacon, Indian name of the coast of North Carolina,</span> +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Wingfield deposed from leadership,</span> +<a href="#page31">31</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">recognizes Smith's services,</span> +<a href="#page36">36</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">plot against the life of,</span> +<a href="#page61">61</a>, n. 2;<br> + <span class="min1em">warned Newport against Archer,</span> +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Wingfield's Discourse,</span> +<a href="#page64">64</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Winslow, of Plymouth, warns Williams from Seekonk River,</span> +<a href="#page296">296</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Winslow's Briefe Narration,</span> +<a href="#page172">172</a>, m.; +<a href="#page175">175</a>, m.; +<a href="#page185">185</a>, n. 6.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Winsor's, Justin, Elder Brewster,</span> +<a href="#page155">155</a>, m.; +<a href="#page169">169</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America,</span> +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 1.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Winthrop, John, principal figure in the Puritan migration,</span> +<a href="#page202">202</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">character and influence of,</span> +<a href="#page204">204</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">made a justice of the peace,</span> +<a href="#page204">204</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>, n. 5;<br> + <span class="min1em">elected governor,</span> +<a href="#page210">210</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>, n. 6;<br> + <span class="min1em">objected to a government directed from England,</span> +<a href="#page208">208</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">superseded by Dudley,</span> +<a href="#page287">287</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">recommended Narragansett Bay to Williams,</span> +<a href="#page293">293</a>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">lenity toward Williams rebuked,</span> +<a href="#page301">301</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">moved house, begun at Newtown, to Boston,</span> +<a href="#page318">318</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">antipathy to Mrs. Hutchinson,</span> +<a href="#page330">330</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">ministers rally around,</span> +<a href="#page332">332</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">again made governor,</span> +<a href="#page336">336</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">chief inquisitor at the trial of Mrs. Hutchinson,</span> +<a href="#page338">338</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">evidence to prove Mrs. Hutchinson a witch,</span> +<a href="#page340">340</a>, +<a href="#page341">341</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">wallows in superstition,</span> +<a href="#page341">341</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Winthrop's Journal (Savage's),</span> +<a href="#page252">252</a>, m.; +<a href="#page272">272</a>, m.; +<a href="#page290">290</a>, m.; +<a href="#page291">291</a>, m.; +<a href="#page294">294</a>, m.; +<a href="#page301">301</a>, m.; +<a href="#page307">307</a>, n. 3; +<a href="#page309">309</a>, n. 12; +<a href="#page310">310</a>, n. 17; +<a href="#page318">318</a>, m.; +<a href="#page323">323</a>, m.; +<a href="#page329">329</a>, m.; +<a href="#page336">336</a>, m.; +<a href="#page339">339</a>, m.; +<a href="#page340">340</a>, m.; +<a href="#page341">341</a>, m.; +<a href="#page344">344</a>, m.; +<a href="#page348">348</a>, n. 8; +<a href="#page349">349</a>, n. 9.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Winthrop's Life and Letters,</span> +<a href="#page198">198</a>, m.; +<a href="#page217">217</a>, n. 4, 5, 6; +<a href="#page218">218</a>, n. 8.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Winthrop's Reasons for New England,</span> +<a href="#page198">198</a>, +<a href="#page204">204</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Wives for the Virginia colonists,</span> +<a href="#page57">57</a>, +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 18;<br> + <span class="min1em">supplied to Louisiana and Canada,</span> +<a href="#page72">72</a>, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Women, proposal to send, to Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 18;<br> + <span class="min1em">in Gates's party,</span> +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 18;<br> + <span class="min1em">first two in the colony,</span> +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 18.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Wood, beauty of the, of certain American trees,</span> +<a href="#page65">65</a>, n. 7.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Woodnoth's Short Collection,</span> +<a href="#page70">70</a>, n. 16; +<a href="#page87">87</a>, m.;<br> + <span class="min1em">account of,</span> +<a href="#page97">97</a>, n. 10.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Wood's New England's Prospect,</span> +<a href="#page18">18</a>, m.; +<a href="#page318">318</a>, m.; +<a href="#page319">319</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Words had the force of blows,</span> +<a href="#page110">110</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Wright's Elizabeth and her Times,</span> +<a href="#page142">142</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Wyatt, Sir Francis, name appended to The Tragicall Relation,</span> +<a href="#page66">66</a>, n. 9;<br> + <span class="min1em">opinion of, on a divided government,</span> +<a href="#page207">207</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Wyckoff, on Silk Manufacture,</span> +<a href="#page95">95</a>, n. 3.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Yeardley, Sir George, arrival in Virginia,</span> +<a href="#page71">71</a>, n. 17;<br> + <span class="min1em">knighted,</span> +<a href="#page134">134</a>, n. 1;<br> + <span class="min1em">instructed to administer oath of supremacy,</span> +<a href="#page232">232</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Yong, Thomas, in the Delaware,</span> +<a href="#page10">10</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">seeks a Mediterranean in America,</span> +<a href="#page11">11</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Young's Chronicles of Massachusetts,</span> +<a href="#page217">217</a>, n. 4; +<a href="#page317">317</a>, m.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrims,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>, n. 3; +<a href="#page167">167</a>, m.; +<a href="#page184">184</a>, n. 4.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Yucatan, meaning of,</span> +<a href="#page21">21</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Yucca, clothing made from the fiber of the,</span> +<a href="#page79">79</a>, +<a href="#page80">80</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">a "commoditie of speciall hope and much use,"</span> +<a href="#page80">80</a>.</p> + + +<p class="p2"><span class="min2em">Zeal, passionate, often stupefies reason,</span> +<a href="#page171">171</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Zurich and Strasburg cities of refuge for conservatives,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> + <span class="min1em">differences between exiles at, and those of Geneva,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>, +<a href="#page107">107</a>.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Zurich Letters,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>, n. 3.<br> + +<span class="min2em">Zwisck, Peter John, The Liberty of Religion,</span> +<a href="#page312">312</a>, n. 19.</p> +</div> + +<p class="p4 center"> +<span class="smcap">Charles Alexander Nelson.</span><br> +THE END.</p> + +<h3>D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.</h3> +<div class="advert"> + +<p class="book"><i><span class="min2em">WITH THE FATHERS.</span> Studies in the History of +the United States.</i> By <span class="smcap">John Bach McMaster</span>, Professor of +American History in the University of Pennsylvania, author of +"The History of the People of the United States," etc. 8vo. +Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<div class="review"> +<p>"The book is of great practical value, as many of the essays throw a broad +light over living questions of the day. Prof. McMaster has a clear, simple +style that is delightful. His facts are gathered with great care, and admirably +interwoven to impress the subject under discussion upon the mind of the +reader."—<i>Chicago Inter-Ocean.</i></p> + +<p>"Prof. McMaster's essays possess in their diversity a breadth which covers +most of the topics which are current as well as historical, and each is so scholarly +in treatment and profound in judgment that the importance of their place +in the library of political history can not be gainsaid."—<i>Washington Times.</i></p> + +<p>"Such works as this serve to elucidate history and make more attractive a +study which an abstruse writer only makes perplexing. All through the studies +there is a note of intense patriotism and a conviction of the sound sense of the +American people which directs the government to a bright goal."—<i>Chicago +Record.</i></p> + +<p>"A wide field is here covered, and is covered in Prof. McMaster's own +inimitable and fascinating style.... Can not but have a marked value as a +work of reference upon several most important subjects."—<i>Boston Daily +Advertiser.</i></p> + +<p>"There is much that is interesting in this little book, and it is full of solid +chunks of political information."—<i>Buffalo Commercial.</i></p> + +<p>"Clear, penetrating, dispassionate, convincing. His language is what one +should expect from the Professor of American History in the University of +Pennsylvania. Prof. McMaster has proved before now that he can write history +with the breath of life in it, and the present volume is new proof."—<i>Chicago +Tribune.</i></p> + +<p>"Of great practical value.... Charming and instructive history."—<i>New +Haven Leader.</i></p> + +<p>"An interesting and most instructive volume."—<i>Detroit Journal.</i></p> + +<p>"At once commends itself to the taste and judgment of all historical readers. +His style charms the general reader with its open and frank ways, its courageous +form of statement, its sparkling, crisp narrative and description, and its close +and penetrating analysis of character and events."—<i>Boston Courier.</i></p> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE STORY OF THE WEST SERIES.</p> + +<p class="center">Edited by Ripley Hitchcock.</p> + +<p class="review">"There is a vast extent of territory lying between the Missouri River and the Pacific +coast which has barely been skimmed over so far. That the conditions of life +therein are undergoing changes little short of marvelous will be understood when one +recalls the fact that the first white male child born in Kansas is still living there; and +Kansas is by no means one of the newer States. Revolutionary indeed has been the +upturning of the old condition of affairs, and little remains thereof, and less will remain +as each year goes by, until presently there will be only tradition of the Sioux +and Comanches, the cowboy life, the wild horse, and the antelope. Histories, many +of them, have been written about the Western country alluded to, but most if not +practically all by outsiders who knew not personally that life of kaleidoscopic allurement. +But ere it shall have vanished forever we are likely to have truthful, complete, +and charming portrayals of it produced by men who actually knew the life and have +the power to describe it."—<i>Henry Edward Rood, in the Mail and Express.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><i>NOW READY.</i></p> + +<p class="book"><span class="min2em"><i>THE STORY OF THE INDIAN.</i></span> By <span class="smcap">George Bird +Grinnell</span>, author of "Pawnee Hero Stories," "Blackfoot +Lodge Tales," etc. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<div class="review"> +<p>"In every way worthy of an author who, as an authority upon the Western Indians, +is second to none. A book full of color, abounding in observation, and remarkable +in sustained interest, it is at the same time characterized by a grace of style +which is rarely to be looked for in such a work, and which adds not a little to the +charm of it"—<i>London Daily Chronicle.</i></p> + +<p>"Only an author qualified by personal experience could offer us a profitable study +of a race so alien from our own as is the Indian in thought, feeling, and culture. Only +long association with Indians can enable a white man measurably to comprehend +their thoughts and enter into their feelings. Such association has been Mr. Grinnell's."—<i>New +York Sun.</i></p> +</div> + +<p class="book"><span class="min2em"><i>THE STORY OF THE MINE.</i></span> By <span class="smcap">Charles Howard +Shinn</span>. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<p class="review">The figures of the prospector and the miner are clearly outlined in the course +of the romantic story of that mine which more than any other embodies the +romance, the vicissitudes, the triumphs, the excitement, and the science of +mining life—the Great Comstock Lode. From the prospector, through development +and deep-mining, to the last of the stock gambling, the story is told in +a way that presents a singularly vivid and engrossing picture of a life which +has played so large a part in the development of the remoter West.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>IN PREPARATION.</i></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>The Story of the Trapper. By <span class="smcap">Gilbert Parker</span>.</li> +<li>The Story of the Cowboy. By <span class="smcap">E. Hough</span>.</li> +<li>The Story of the Soldier. By Captain <span class="smcap">J. McB. Stembel</span>, U. S. A.</li> +<li>The Story of the Explorer.</li> +<li>The Story of the Railroad.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="book"><span class="min2em"><i>THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES</i>,</span> +1789-1894. By <span class="smcap">John Fiske</span>, <span class="smcap">Carl Schurz</span>, <span class="smcap">William E. +Russell</span>, <span class="smcap">Daniel C. Gilman</span>, <span class="smcap">William Walter Phelps</span>, +<span class="smcap">Robert C. Winthrop</span>, <span class="smcap">George Bancroft</span>, <span class="smcap">John Hay</span>, and +Others. Edited by General <span class="smcap">James Grant Wilson</span>. With 23 +Steel Portraits, facsimile Letters, and other Illustrations. 8vo. +Cloth, $3.50.</p> + +<div class="review"> +<p>"A book which everyone should read over and over again.... We have carefully +run through it, and laid it down with the feeling that some such book ought to +find its way into every household."—<i>New York Herald.</i></p> + +<p>"A monumental volume, which no American who cares for the memory of the public +men of his country can afford to be without."—<i>New York Mail and Express.</i></p> + +<p>"Just the sort of book that the American who wishes to fix in his mind the varying +phases of his country's history as it is woven on the warp of the administrations +will find most useful. Everything is presented in a clear-cut way, and no pleasanter +excursions into history can be found than a study of 'The Presidents of the United +States.'"—<i>Philadelphia Press.</i></p> + +<p>"A valuable addition to both our biographical and historical literature, and meets +a want long recognized."—<i>Boston Advertiser.</i></p> + +<p>"So scholarly and entertaining a presidential biography has never before appeared +in this country.... It is bound to become the standard of its kind."—<i>Binghamton +Herald.</i></p> + +<p>"It is precisely the book which ought to have a very wide sale in this country—a +book which one needs to own rather than to read and lay aside. No common-school +library or collection of books for young readers should be without it."—<i>The Churchman.</i></p> + +<p>"General Wilson has performed a public service in presenting this volume to the +public in so attractive a shape. It is full of incentive to ambitious youth; it abounds +in encouragement to every patriotic heart."—<i>Charleston News and Courier.</i></p> + +<p>"There is an added value to this volume because of the fact that the story of the +life of each occupant of the White House was written by one who made a special study +of him and his times.... An admirable history for the young."—<i>Chicago Times.</i></p> + +<p>"Such a work as this can not fail to appeal to the pride of patriotic Americans."—<i>Chicago +Dial.</i></p> + +<p>"These names are in themselves sufficient to guarantee adequacy of treatment and +interest in the presentation, and it is safe to say that such succinct biographies of the +complete portrait gallery of our Presidents, written with such unquestioned ability, +have never before been published."—<i>Hartford Courant.</i></p> + +<p>"A book well worth owning, for reading and for reference.... A complete record +of the most important events in our history during the past one hundred and five +years."—<i>The Outlook.</i></p> +</div> + +<p class="book"><span class="min2em"><i>THE DAWN OF CIVILIZATION.</i></span> (<span class="smcap">Egypt and +Chaldæa</span>.) By Prof. <span class="smcap">G. Maspero</span>. Edited by Rev. Prof. <span class="smcap">A. +H. Sayce</span>. Translated by <span class="smcap">M. L. McClure</span>. Revised and +brought up to date by the Author. With Map and over 470 +Illustrations. Quarto. Cloth, $7.50.</p> + +<div class="review"> +<p>"The most sumptuous and elaborate work which has yet appeared on this theme.... +The book should be in every well-equipped Oriental library, as the most complete +work on the dawn of civilization. Its careful reading and studying will open a +world of thought to any diligent student, and very largely broaden and enlarge his +views of the grandeur, the stability, and the positive contributions of the civilization +of that early day to the life and culture of our own +times."—<i>Chicago Standard.</i></p> + +<p>"By all odds the best account of Egyptian and Assyrian theology, or more properly +speaking, theosophy, with which we are acquainted.... The book will arouse +many enthusiasms. Its solid learning will enchant the scholar—its brilliancy will +charm the general reader and tempt him into a region which he may have hesitated +to enter."—<i>The Outlook.</i></p> + +<p>"For a general comprehension of the dawn of civilization we know of no stronger +work."—<i>New York Times.</i></p> + +<p>"You no sooner open it at random than you discover that every paragraph is alluring +and instructive. You may not hope to read it through, even in a dozen sittings, +but you can not give a glance at any one of its pages without having your attention +specially challenged."—<i>New York Herald.</i></p> + +<p>"The most complete reconstruction of that ancient life which has yet appeared in +print. Maspero's great book will remain the standard work for a long time to come."—<i>London Daily News.</i></p> +</div> + +<p class="book"><span class="min2em"><i>LIFE IN ANCIENT EGYPT AND ASSYRIA.</i></span> By +<span class="smcap">G. Maspero</span>, late Director of Archæology in Egypt, and Member +of the Institute of France. Translated by <span class="smcap">Alice Morton</span>. +With 188 Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<div class="review"> +<p>"A lucid sketch, at once popular and learned, of daily life in Egypt at the time of +Rameses II, and of Assyria in that of Assurbanipal.... As an Orientalist, M. Maspero +stands in the front rank, and his learning is so well digested and so admirably +subdued to the service of popular exposition, that it nowhere overwhelms and always +interests the reader."—<i>London Times.</i></p> + +<p>"Only a writer who had distinguished himself as a student of Egyptian and Assyrian +antiquities could have produced this work, which has none of the features of a +modern book of travels in the East, but is an attempt to deal with ancient life as if +one had been a contemporary with the people whose civilization and social usages are +very largely restored."—<i>Boston Herald.</i></p> + +<p>"A most interesting and instructive book. Excellent and most impressive ideas +also of the architecture of the two countries and of the other rude but powerful art of +the Assyrians, are to be got from it."—<i>Brooklyn Eagle.</i></p> + +<p>"The ancient artists are copied with the utmost fidelity, and verify the narrative +so attractively presented."—<i>Cincinnati Times-Star.</i></p> +</div> + +<p class="book"><span class="min2em"><i>A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY</i>,</span> +from 1775 to 1894. By <span class="smcap">Edgar Stanton Maclay</span>, A. M. With +Technical Revision by Lieut. <span class="smcap">Roy C. Smith</span>, U. S. N. In two volumes. +With numerous Maps, Diagrams, and Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, +$7.00.</p> + +<div class="review"> +<p>"The field is comparatively new, and Mr. Maclay has brought to his task patience, +assiduity, and patriotism.... Maps and plans, and a great number of illustrations, +add value to the book, which is designed to be a permanent and useful contribution to +historical literature."—<i>New York Observer.</i></p> + +<p>"While the author has had the assistance of Lieut. Roy C. Smith, U. S. N., in +preparing those parts of his work which are necessarily technical, he has wisely refrained +from confusing the general reader by an undue parade of technicalities.... +The narrative proceeds in a clear, concise, and vigorous style, which very materially +adds to the character of the work."—<i>New York Journal of Commerce.</i></p> + +<p>"The author writes as one who has digged deep before he began to write at all. +He thus appears as a master of his material. This book inspires immediate confidence +as well as interest."—<i>New York Times.</i></p> + +<p>"A most conscientious narrative, from which wise statesmen may learn much for +their guidance, and it certainly is one of absorbing interest."—<i>New York Commercial +Advertiser.</i></p> + +<p>"Mr. Maclay is specially qualified for the work he has undertaken. Nine years +has he devoted to the task. The result of his labors possesses not only readableness +but authority.... Mr. Maclay's story may be truthfully characterized as a thrilling +romance, which will interest every mind that is fed by tales of heroism, and will be read +with patriotic pride by every true American."—<i>Chicago Evening Post.</i></p> + +<p>"A more valuable and important work of history than this has not been issued from +the press for many a day. It is not only that this book tells a story never before told +(for Cooper's works never professed to tell the whole story of our navy, even down to +his own day), but that it is told with true historic sense, and with the finest critical acumen."—<i>New +York Evangelist.</i></p> + +<p>"A work which is destined to fill a noticeable gap in our national annals."—<i>Philadelphia +Bulletin.</i></p> + +<p>"No better excuse for this important work could be desired than that a navy with +such a brilliant career on the whole as has the American navy is without a full and continuous +record of its achievement.... The author has important new facts to tell, +and he tells them in a clear and graceful literary style."—<i>Hartford Post.</i></p> + +<p>"Mr. Maclay has deservedly won for himself an enviable place among our American +historians.... His researches have been exhaustive and his inquiries persistent, +and he has used his wealth of material with a proper appreciation of historical value."—<i>Boston +Advertiser.</i></p> + +<p>"Like the average young American, this author has an enthusiastic appreciation of +American valor on the high seas, and he reproduces graphic sketches of battle scenes +and incidents in a way to insure for his book a hearty welcome on the part of these +who keenly enjoy this sort of literature.... The illustrations of the old battle ships +and the conflicts at sea, made memorable as long as the history of the American +Republic shall live, add much to the attractiveness of this book.... Professor Maclay +has added a substantial work to historical American literature."—<i>Philadelphia Telegraph.</i></p> + +<p>"It fills a place which has almost escaped the attention of historians. Mr. Maclay's +work shows on every page the minute care with which he worked up his theme. His +style is precise and clear, and without any pretense of rhetorical embellishment."—<i>New +York Tribune.</i></p> +</div> + +<p class="book"><span class="min2em"><i>THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.</i></span> A Study of +the American Commonwealth, its Natural Resources, People, +Industries, Manufactures, Commerce, and its Work in Literature, +Science, Education, and Self-Government. Edited by <span class="smcap">Nathaniel +S. Shaler</span>, S. D., Professor of Geology in Harvard +University. In two volumes, royal 8vo. With Maps, and 150 +full-page Illustrations. Cloth, $10.00.</p> + +<p class="review">In this work the publishers offer something which is not furnished by histories +or encyclopædias, namely, a succinct but comprehensive expert account +of our country at the present day. The very extent of America and American +industries renders it difficult to appreciate the true meaning of the United +States of America. In this work the American citizen can survey the land upon +which he lives, and the industrial, social, political, and other environments of +himself and his fellow-citizens. The best knowledge and the best efforts of +experts, editor, and publishers have gone to the preparation of a standard book +dedicated to the America of the present day; and the publishers believe that +these efforts will be appreciated by those who desire to inform themselves +regarding the America of the end of the century.</p> +</div> + +<h4>LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.</h4> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Hon. <span class="smcap">William L. Wilson</span>, Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, Fifty-third +Congress.</li> + +<li>Hon. <span class="smcap">J. R. Soley</span>, formerly Assistant Secretary of the Navy.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Edward Atkinson</span>, Ll. D., Ph. D.</li> + +<li>Col. <span class="smcap">T. A. Dodge</span>, U. S. A.</li> + +<li>Col. <span class="smcap">George E. Waring</span>, Jr.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">J. B. McMaster</span>, Professor of History in the University of Pennsylvania.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Charles Dudley Warner</span>, LL. D.</li> + +<li>Major <span class="smcap">J. W. Powell</span>, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of +Ethnology.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">William T. Harris</span>, LL. D., U. S. Commissioner of Education.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Lyman Abbott</span>, D. D.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">H. H. Bancroft</span>, author of "Native Races of the Pacific Coast."</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Harry Pratt Judson</span>, Head Dean of the Colleges, University of Chicago.</li> + +<li>Judge <span class="smcap">Thomas M. Cooley</span>, formerly Chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Charles Francis Adams</span>.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">D. A. Sargent</span>, M. D., Director of the Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard University.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Charles Horton Cooley</span>.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">A. E. Kennelly</span>, Assistant to Thomas A. Edison.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">D. C. Gilman</span>, LL. D., President of Johns Hopkins University.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">H. G. Prout</span>, Editor of the Railroad Gazette.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">F. D. Millet</span>, formerly Vice-President of the National Academy of Design.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">F. W. Taussig</span>, Professor of Political Economy in Harvard University.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Henry van Brunt</span>.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">H. P. Fairfield</span>.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Samuel W. Abbott</span>, M. D., Secretary of the State Board of Health, Massachusetts.</li> + +<li><span class="smcap">N. S. Shaler</span>.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="small noindent">Sold only by subscription. Prospectus, giving detailed chapter titles and specimen +illustrations, mailed free on request.</p> + +<p class="p2 center">New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 72 Fifth Avenue.</p> + +<div class="tn box"> +<p>Transcriber's notes:</p> + +<p>Obvious printer's errors have been corrected, +all other inconsistencies are as in the original. The author's spelling has been +maintained.</p> + +<p>An entry in the index for the "Northwest passage" has been left out, being +unreadable.</p> +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Beginners of a Nation, by Edward Eggleston + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BEGINNERS OF A NATION *** + +***** This file should be named 39882-h.htm or 39882-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/8/8/39882/ + +Produced by David Edwards, Christine P. 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