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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Beginners of a Nation, by Edward Eggleston
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: The Beginners of a Nation
+
+Author: Edward Eggleston
+
+Release Date: June 2, 2012 [EBook #39882]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BEGINNERS OF A NATION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Edwards, Christine P. Travers and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  A HISTORY OF
+  LIFE IN THE UNITED STATES
+
+
+
+
+  THE BEGINNERS OF A NATION
+  A HISTORY OF THE SOURCE AND RISE
+  OF THE EARLIEST ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS
+  IN AMERICA WITH SPECIAL
+  REFERENCE TO THE LIFE AND
+  CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE
+
+
+  BY
+  EDWARD EGGLESTON
+
+
+  [Illustration: Editor's logo.]
+
+
+  NEW YORK
+  D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
+  1896
+
+
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1896,
+  By EDWARD EGGLESTON.
+
+
+
+
+_TO_
+
+_THE RIGHT HONORABLE JAMES BRYCE, M. P._
+
+
+_MY DEAR MR. BRYCE_:
+
+_In giving an account of the origins of the United States, I have told
+a story of English achievement. It is fitting that I should inscribe
+it to you, who of all the Englishmen of this generation have rendered
+the most eminent service to the American Commonwealth. You have shown
+with admirable clearness and candor, and with marvelous breadth of
+thought and sympathy, what are the results in the present time of the
+English beginnings in America, and to you, therefore, I offer this
+volume. I need not assure you that it gives me great pleasure to write
+your name here as godfather to my book, and to subscribe myself, my
+dear Mr. Bryce,_
+
+  _Yours very sincerely,_
+                                              _EDWARD EGGLESTON._
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In this work, brought to completion after many years of patient
+research, I have sought to trace from their source the various and
+often complex movements that resulted in the early English settlements
+in America, and in the evolution of a great nation with English speech
+and traditions. It has been my aim to make these pages reflect the
+character of the age in which the English colonies were begun, and the
+traits of the colonists, and to bring into relief the social,
+political, intellectual, and religious forces that promoted
+emigration. This does not pretend to be the usual account of all the
+events attending early colonization; it is rather a history in which
+the succession of cause and effect is the main topic--a history of the
+dynamics of colony-planting in the first half of the seventeenth
+century. Who were the beginners of English life in America? What
+propulsions sent them for refuge to a wilderness? What visions
+beckoned them to undertake the founding of new states? What manner of
+men were their leaders? And what is the story of their hopes, their
+experiments, and their disappointments? These are the questions I have
+tried to answer.
+
+The founders of the little settlements that had the unexpected fortune
+to expand into an empire I have not been able to treat otherwise than
+unreverently. Here are no forefathers or foremothers, but simply
+English men and women of the seventeenth century, with the faults and
+fanaticisms as well as the virtues of their age. I have disregarded
+that convention which makes it obligatory for a writer of American
+history to explain that intolerance in the first settlers was not just
+like other intolerance, and that their cruelty and injustice were
+justifiable under the circumstances. This walking backward to throw a
+mantle over the nakedness of ancestors may be admirable as an example
+of diluvian piety, but it is none the less reprehensible in the
+writing of history.
+
+While the present work is complete in itself, it is also part of a
+larger enterprise, as the half-title indicates. In January, 1880, I
+began to make studies for a History of Life in the United States. For
+the last sixteen or seventeen years by far the greater part of my time
+has been given to researches on the culture history of the United
+States in the period of English domination, that "good old colony
+time" about which we have had more sentiment than information. As year
+after year was consumed in this toilsome preparation, the magnitude of
+the task became apparent, and I began to feel the fear for my work so
+felicitously expressed by Ralegh, "that the darkness of age and death
+would have covered over both it and me before the performance." It
+seemed better, therefore, to redeem from the chance of such mishap a
+portion of my work, by completing this most difficult part of the
+task, in order that when, early or late, the inevitable night shall
+fall, the results of my labor, such as they are, may not be wholly
+covered over by the darkness.
+
+There is always difference of opinion in regard to the comparative
+fullness with which the several portions of a historical narrative
+should be treated, and I can not hope to escape criticism on this
+point. I have related some events with what will be considered
+disproportionate amplitude of detail. But the distinctive purpose of
+this work is to give an insight into the life and character of the
+people, and there are details that make the reader feel the very
+spirit and manner of the time. It is better to let the age disclose
+itself in action; it is only by ingenious eavesdropping and peeps
+through keyholes that we can win this kind of knowledge from the past.
+Literary considerations should have some weight in deciding how fully
+an episode shall be treated, unless the historian is content to
+perform the homely service of a purveyor of the crude ore of
+knowledge. I have sought to make this "a work of art as well as of
+historical science," to borrow a phrase from Augustin Thierry. Some
+omissions in this volume will be explained when its successors appear.
+
+I find it an embarrassing task to make acknowledgment to those who
+have assisted me; the debts that have accumulated since I began are
+too many to be recorded. I must not neglect to express my grateful
+remembrance of the hospitality shown to my researches during my
+various sojourns in England. At the British Museum and at the Public
+Record Office every facility has been extended to me, and a similar
+attention was shown to my wants at other less public repositories of
+books, such as the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. To Dr.
+Richard Garnett, the head of the printed book department of the
+Museum, I owe thanks for many personal attentions. I am also indebted
+to Mr. E. M. Thompson, keeper of the manuscripts in the museum. The
+late Mr. W. Noel Sainsbury, of the Public Record Office, was very
+obliging. I owe most of all to the unfailing kindness of the Right
+Honorable James Bryce, M. P., who found time, in the midst of his
+preoccupations as a member of Parliament and his duties in high
+office, to secure for me access to private stores of historical
+material. Lord Edmund Fitzmaurice with generous kindness put himself
+to much trouble to facilitate my examination of the manuscripts at
+Landsdowne House. I am indebted to Lord Leconsfield for permission to
+visit Petworth House and read there Percy's Trewe Relacion in the
+original manuscript. I must ask others in England who befriended my
+researches to accept a general acknowledgment, but I can not forget
+their courtesy to a stranger. In common with other students I
+received polite attentions during my researches in Paris at the
+Bibliotheque Nationale.
+
+In this country I owe much to the librarians of public libraries and
+their assistants--too much to allow me to specify my obligations to
+individuals. At the Astor, and at the Lenox, under its more recent
+management, my debt has been continual for many years. Acknowledgments
+are due to the officers of the Boston Public Library, the Library of
+Congress, the Peabody Institute in Baltimore, and the libraries of the
+New York, the Massachusetts, the Pennsylvania, the Maryland, and the
+Virginia Historical Societies. To Harvard College Library and to the
+New York State Library I am specially indebted; from them I have been
+able to supplement my own collection by borrowing. The Brooklyn
+Mercantile Library has granted me similar privileges. The New York
+Mercantile Library, on the other hand, I have not found hospitable to
+research.
+
+To my generous friend Mr. Justin Winsor I owe thanks for many favors.
+Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet opened his valuable collection to me, and the
+late Mr. S. L. M. Barlow showed me similar kindness. My friend, Mr.
+Oscar S. Straus, permitted me to use at my own desk valuable works
+from his collection. There are others whose friendly attentions can be
+more fitly recognized in later volumes of this series, and yet others
+whom I must beg to accept this general but grateful acknowledgment.
+
+Mr. W. W. Duffield, the Superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic
+Survey, supplied the artist with the coast charts from which the maps
+in this volume were drawn.
+
+To avoid misapprehension, it is needful to say that this is not a
+re-issue of anything I have heretofore produced. The lectures on the
+culture history of the United States given at Columbia College and
+other institutions were never written or reported. The papers on
+colonial life contributed to the Century Magazine in 1882, and the
+years following, were on a different plan and scale; they have merely
+served the purpose of preliminary studies of the general subject. To
+the editor and publishers of the Century Magazine I am obliged for
+their courtesy in all affairs relating to my contract with them, and
+for an arrangement which enables me to have free use of my material.
+
+JOSHUA'S ROCK, LAKE GEORGE, _October, 1896_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+BOOK I.
+
+_RISE OF THE FIRST ENGLISH COLONY._
+
+
+CHAPTER THE FIRST.
+
+  English Knowledge and Notion of America at the Period of
+  Settlement                                                    1
+
+
+CHAPTER THE SECOND.
+
+  James River Experiments                                      25
+
+
+CHAPTER THE THIRD.
+
+  The Procession of Motives                                    73
+
+
+BOOK II.
+
+_THE PURITAN MIGRATION._
+
+
+CHAPTER THE FIRST.
+
+  Rise and Development of Puritanism                           98
+
+
+CHAPTER THE SECOND.
+
+  Separatism and the Scrooby Church                           141
+
+
+CHAPTER THE THIRD.
+
+  The Pilgrim Migrations                                      159
+
+
+CHAPTER THE FOURTH.
+
+  The Great Puritan Exodus                                    188
+
+
+BOOK III.
+
+_CENTRIFUGAL FORCES IN COLONY-PLANTING._
+
+
+CHAPTER THE FIRST.
+
+  The Catholic Migration                                      220
+
+
+CHAPTER THE SECOND.
+
+  The Prophet of Religious Freedom                            266
+
+
+CHAPTER THE THIRD.
+
+  New England Dispersions                                     315
+
+
+LIST OF MAPS.
+
+     (In the coast line the American maps follow the charts of
+     the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey; the third map
+     conforms to the British Ordnance Survey.)
+
+     I.--Chesapeake Bay                                         1
+    II.--James River                                           28
+   III.--The cradle of the Pilgrims                           149
+    IV.--Coast explored by the Pilgrims                       177
+     V.--The colony at St. Mary's                             245
+    VI.--Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth                       275
+   VII.--The early settlements on Narragansett Bay            296
+  VIII.--New England after the dispersions                    343
+
+[Illustration: Chesapeake Bay.]
+
+
+
+
+BOOK I.
+
+RISE OF THE FIRST ENGLISH COLONY.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THE FIRST.
+
+_ENGLISH KNOWLEDGE AND NOTIONS OF AMERICA AT THE PERIOD OF
+SETTLEMENT._
+
+
+I.
+
+[Sidenote: The Elizabethan age.]
+
+The age of Elizabeth and James--the age of Spenser, of Shakespeare,
+and of Bacon--was a new point of departure in the history of the
+English race. All the conditions excited men to unwonted intellectual
+activity. The art of printing was yet a modern invention; the New
+World with its novelties and unexplained mysteries was a modern
+discovery; and there were endless discussions and agitations of spirit
+growing out of the recent reformation in religion. Imagination was
+powerfully stimulated by the progress of American exploration, by the
+romantic adventures of the Spaniards in the West Indies, and their
+dazzling conquest of new-found empires in Mexico and Peru. It was an
+age of creation in poetry, in science, and in religion, and men of
+action were everywhere set on deeds of daring. The world had regained
+something of the vigor and spontaneity of youth, but the credulity
+and curiosity of youth were not wanting. The mind of the time accepted
+and reveled in marvelous stories. The stage plays of that drama-loving
+age reflected the interest in the supernatural and the eager curiosity
+about far-away countries. Books of travel fitted the prevailing taste.
+He who could afford to buy them regaled himself with the great folios
+of Hakluyt's Voyages and Purchas his Pilgrimes. General readers
+delighted in little tracts and pamphlets relating incidents of
+far-away travels, or describing remote countries and the peoples
+inhabiting them, or the "monstrous strange beasts" found in lands
+beyond the bounds of Christendom.
+
+[Sidenote: Credulity about America.]
+
+[Sidenote: George Beste, First Voyage of Sir Martin Frobisher.]
+
+America excited the most lively curiosity as a world by itself and the
+least known of all the "four parts" into which the globe was then
+divided. There were those, indeed, who made six parts of the world by
+adding an arctic continent, which included Greenland and a vast
+southern land supposed to stretch from Magellan's Strait southward to
+the pole. It was easy to believe in these two superfluous continents;
+they were mirages of the New World. Every great discovery excites
+expectation of others like it. And in a time when vague report or
+well-worn tradition counted for more than observation or experimental
+knowledge, it was inevitable that current information about America
+should be distorted and mixed with fable. In that age, still
+pre-Baconian, men had few standards by which to measure probabilities,
+and to those shut in by the narrow limits of mediaeval knowledge the
+mere uncovering of a new continent whose existence contravened the
+fixed beliefs of the ages was so marvelous that nothing told about it
+afterward seemed incredible.
+
+[Sidenote: Illusions of discoverers.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1.]
+
+The history of American exploration is a story of delusion and
+mistake. The New World was discovered because it lay between Europe
+and the East Indian Spice Islands by the westward route. Columbus,
+seeking the less, found the greater by stumbling on it in the dark.
+Zuan Caboto--in English, John Cabot--who is described by a
+contemporary as "a Venetian fellow with a fine mind, greatly skilled
+in navigation," discovered North America in 1497. But he did not exult
+that he was the finder of a vast and fertile continent in which great
+nations might germinate, for he believed that his landfall at Cape
+Breton was within the dominions of the Grand Cham of China, and he
+sailed down the coast again the next year, "ever with the intent to
+find said passage to India." It was announced on his return from his
+first voyage that Henry VII had "won a part of Asia without a stroke
+of the sword."
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2.]
+
+The discovery of the Pacific by Balboa in 1513, and the voyage of
+Magellan's ship across that ocean in 1520, were not sufficient to
+remove the illusion that America was connected with Asia. The notion
+that the New World was an Asiatic peninsula died lingeringly about the
+middle of the sixteenth century; but to reach Asia was still the main
+purpose of western exploration, and America was for a long time
+regarded mainly as an obstruction. The belief in a passage to the
+Pacific by means of some yet-to-be-discovered strait severing the
+continent of America, survived far into the seventeenth century, and
+the hope of coming by some short cut into a rich commerce with the
+Orient led to a prying exploration of all the inlets, bays, and
+estuaries on the American coast and so promoted discovery, but it
+retarded settlement by blinding men to the value of the New World.
+
+
+II.
+
+[Sidenote: Frobisher.]
+
+[Sidenote: Frobisher's Voyages, Hakl. Soc., _passim_.]
+
+Adventure by sea became a favorite road to renown for ambitious
+Englishmen in the time of Elizabeth, and the belief in a passage
+through or round North America grew into a superstition. The discovery
+of this strait seemed, in the phrase of George Beste, a writer of the
+time, "the onely thing of the world that was left undone whereby a
+notable mind might be made famous and fortunate." Sir Martin
+Frobisher, who is reckoned by Camden "among the famousest men of our
+age for counsell and glory gotten at sea," made three voyages in 1576
+and the following years to that part of the American coast almost
+under the arctic circle. He desisted from the attempt to get to China
+by an arctic channel only when he had involved the "venturers" or
+stockholders associated with him in heavy debts, and spent the fortune
+of his wife and stepchildren, to whom "glory gotten at sea" must have
+been insufficient compensation. "Sir Martin Frobisher whome God
+forgive" is the phrase in which he is spoken of by his wife.
+
+[Sidenote: Gilbert.]
+
+[Sidenote: Haies in Hakl. Voy., 184-227.]
+
+In the year of Frobisher's first voyage, Sir Humphrey Gilbert issued a
+treatise to prove that there was a way to the East Indies round North
+America. This he demonstrated by a hydra-headed argument constructed
+after the elaborate fashion of that unscientific age, proving the
+existence of a northwest passage, first by authority, secondly by
+reason, thirdly by experience of sundry men's travels, and fourthly by
+circumstance. Not content with getting to China by logic, and nothing
+daunted by Frobisher's brilliant failure, Gilbert mortgaged his estate
+that he might engage in attempts yet more disastrous than Frobisher's,
+and lost his life during his second voyage, in 1584.
+
+[Sidenote: Hakluyt.]
+
+[Sidenote: Hakl. Disc. on Western Planting.]
+
+[Sidenote: N. Y. Col. Docs. I, 16.]
+
+About this time there appeared on the scene the famous geographer,
+Richard Hakluyt, one of those men that exert a marked influence in
+favor of a new movement mainly by ardor and industry. Hakluyt's fervor
+was akin to enthusiasm, his belief of every story favorable to
+projects for colonization, and his unwavering faith in the projects
+themselves bordered on flat credulity. To men of his own time his
+tireless advocacy of American exploration and colony-planting must
+have seemed irksome hobby-riding. But he was the indispensable
+forerunner of colonization. "Your Mr. Hakluyt hath served for a very
+good trumpet," says Sidney. Believing in everything American as
+unwaveringly as if his soul's salvation depended on his faith, he
+believed in nothing more sublimely than in a passage to the "South
+Sea" or Pacific Ocean. He seized on every vague intimation of ignorant
+map-makers, on every suspicion of an explorer, on every fond tale of
+an Indian that tended to lend support to the theory in hand. All
+evidence was of equal weight in his scales, provided it lay on the
+affirmative side of the balance. It mattered little to him where his
+witnesses placed this elusive passage. In Hakluyt's mind it was
+ubiquitous. The Pacific is now "on the backside" of Montreal Island,
+and the great Laurentian lakes suffer a sea change; now it is reached
+by a river flowing three months to the southward--that is, the
+Mississippi. Then the much-sought strait is carried northward on the
+authority of an old map--"a great old round carde"--shown him "by the
+King of Portingall." But he had also seen "a mightie large old mappe
+in parchment" which showed, as far south as latitude 40 deg., a little
+neck of land "much like the streyte neck or Isthmus of Darienna." He
+had seen the same isthmus on another old map "with the sea joynninge
+hard on both sides as it doth on Panama." In a paper meant for private
+use, he expresses solicitude that the nearness of the Pacific to
+Florida shall not become known too commonly. Many years later an
+injunction was granted in Holland forbidding a publisher to insert in
+a map the newly discovered channel into the South Sea.
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: Ralegh.]
+
+Both Frobisher and Gilbert made ineffectual attempts to plant colonies
+in the new lands, but colony-planting held a place in their minds
+quite secondary to the search for the South Sea in the north and the
+finding of gold. It was only when the large and lucid mind of Sir
+Walter Ralegh took up the subject seriously that the settlement of an
+agricultural colony became for a while the real object of American
+voyages. Ralegh sent no men to the arctic or to the wintry shores of
+Newfoundland, as Frobisher and Gilbert had done. He turned to milder
+latitudes, and dispatched his explorers in 1584, and his colonists in
+1585, to the coast of what is now North Carolina.
+
+[Sidenote: Ralph Lane's quest.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lane's Account in Hakl. III.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4.]
+
+But the ever-mischievous South Sea delusion did not vanish when the
+period of colonization was reached. Ralph Lane, the governor of
+Ralegh's first colony on Roanoke Island, having inquired perhaps for
+that western sea which Hakluyt had seen "on the mightie old mappe in
+parchment," understood the inventive savages to say that the Roanoke
+River sprang from a rock so near to a sea that the waves in storm
+often dashed into this fountain, making the river brackish for some
+distance below. That the story might be more interesting, they added
+that there was gold there, and that the walls of a town in that land
+were made of pearls. This is what the white men fancied the Indians
+said; but whatever they said was spoken in a tongue of which Lane's
+men had but the most scanty knowledge, if indeed it were not given
+mainly by signs. Nothing dispirited by the extravagance of these
+tales, Lane and some of his men set out to immortalize and enrich
+themselves--like a company of children running after the pot of gold
+at the end of the rainbow. While the crafty Indians were plotting the
+destruction of the colonists left behind, the governor and his
+followers pursued their quest until they were obliged to eat their
+dogs, made palatable by seething with a dressing of sassafras leaves.
+They returned, half famished and wholly disappointed, just in time to
+rescue the colony from destruction. But faith is faith, and despite
+his severe experience Lane went back to England believing that the
+Roanoke rose near to the Bay of Mexico "that openeth out into the
+South Sea." The map which the colonists brought with them when they
+abandoned the country in 1586 handed down the delusion, in another
+form, by showing a strait leading from the neighborhood of Port Royal
+into a body of water to the westward.
+
+
+IV.
+
+[Sidenote: Seeking the Pacific on James River.]
+
+[Sidenote: Hudson.]
+
+[Sidenote: Dermer.]
+
+Twenty years after the return of Ralegh's first colonists the
+Jamestown company was sent to plant the germ of an English-speaking
+nation in North America. Beginning with the first voyage of Columbus,
+the search for a route through America had lasted a hundred and
+fourteen years. No passage north of Magellan's Strait had been found,
+yet a belief in the existence of such a water-way remained a part of
+the geographical creed of the time. The Jamestown emigrants were
+officially instructed to explore that branch of any river that lay
+toward the northwest, perhaps because the charmed latitude of 40 deg.
+might thus be reached. It was in carrying out this instruction that
+Captain John Smith came to grief at the hands of the Indians while
+looking for the Pacific in the swamps of the Chickahominy. Smith
+rarely mixed his abounding romance with his geography; he is as sober
+and trustworthy in topographical description and in map-making as he
+is imaginative in narration. But Smith was at this time under the
+influence of the prevailing delusion, and he hoped that his second
+voyage up the Chesapeake would lead him into the Pacific. His belief
+in a passage to the westward in latitude 40 deg., just beyond the
+northward limit of his own explorations, he communicated to his friend
+Henry Hudson, who was so moved by it that he sailed to America in 1609
+in violation of his orders, and in seeking the strait to the South Sea
+penetrated the solitudes of the picturesque river that bears his name.
+The explorer Dermer was intent on winning immortality by finding a
+passage to the Pacific when, in 1619, he was storm-driven into Long
+Island Sound. At Manhattan Island, or thereabout, he got information
+from the obliging Indians that made plain his way to the Orient. He
+was very secretive about this route, which, however, seems to have
+lain through Delaware Bay.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5.]
+
+[Sidenote: Sandys's plan.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6.]
+
+[Sidenote: Luke Fox.]
+
+[Sidenote: Northwest. Fox, p. 172.]
+
+[Sidenote: Weston Documents 45 and 47 and ff.]
+
+[Sidenote: Catlet and Lederer.]
+
+[Sidenote: Glover, in Phil. Trans., xi 626. Comp. Perfect Descr. of
+Va., 1649 and Lederer's Voyage.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lawson's Carolina, 47.]
+
+[Sidenote: Scot's Magazine, 1765, page 161.]
+
+A false notion once generally accepted is able to live in some
+ghostly shape after the breath is out of its body. The hope of a
+passage to the Pacific by means of a strait and the belief in a
+narrow isthmus in latitude 40 deg. could not long survive the increase
+of knowledge that followed the settlement of Virginia and Captain
+Smith's explorations. But sixteen years after the landing at
+Jamestown, when these two geographical jack-o'-lanterns had ceased
+to flicker, the poet George Sandys, who was secretary of the colony,
+wrote that he was ready to venture his life in finding a way to the
+South Sea, but this way was now to be by an overland route. About
+the same time Henry Briggs, the famous Savile lecturer at Oxford,
+proved to the satisfaction of many that the rivers running westward
+from the Virginia mountains must reach the Pacific in about one
+hundred and fifty miles. One Marmaduke Parkinson, an explorer
+sailing in the Potomac, confirmed the theory of the learned
+mathematician by discovering in the house of a chief a "China Boxe,"
+whatever that may have been. In 1631 Luke Fox set sail by the
+northwest, carrying a letter from Charles I addressed "to the
+Emperor of Japan," which he probably was not able to deliver. In
+1634 Captain Thomas Yong got as far as the falls of the Delaware in
+the endeavor to go through the continent in latitude 40 deg.. The strait
+and isthmus and northwest passage having failed, Yong was content
+to go by fresh water till he should reach a Mediterranean Sea in the
+heart of America, which he believed to open into both the "North
+Ocean" and the South Sea. As the century advanced the fresh-water
+route had in turn to be finally abandoned, and seekers after the
+Pacific were fain to betake themselves to dry-shod travel, and even
+to mountain-climbing, as George Sandys had proposed. A Colonel
+Catlet is mentioned who reached the Alleghanies in the endeavor to
+find a river flowing westward, but he was daunted by what seemed to
+him almost impassable ranges of mountains that barred his way. Over
+these "rocky hills and sandy desarts" scarce a bird was seen to fly.
+In 1669, Lederer, a German surveyor, set out from Virginia on a
+similar futile exploration. As late as 1700 the well-informed Lawson
+speaks hopefully of the proximity of the Pacific to North Carolina.
+This fallacy had prompted many desperate adventures, and had been
+the cause of many important discoveries, in the two centuries that
+it held possession of men's minds. It reached its last attenuation
+in 1765, when the public prints announced that large boats were
+fitting out at Quebec to try the whale-fishing in Lake Ontario, and
+that "they have hopes of finding a communication by water with the
+western ocean, founded on the favorable reports of some Indians, who
+inform that a river runs westward many hundreds of miles as large as
+the Mississippi."
+
+
+V.
+
+[Sidenote: Gold-hunting.]
+
+[Sidenote: Hakluyt. Pref. to Va., magnified.]
+
+[Sidenote: Pilgrimage, 795.]
+
+As the mistake made by Columbus had left for heritage an almost
+ineradicable passion for the discovery of a westward sea way to Japan
+and China, so the vast treasure of gold and silver drawn by the
+Spaniards from Mexico and Peru produced a belief in the English mind
+that a colony planted at any place on the American coast might find
+gold. Here, again, the undoubting Hakluyt and other writers after him
+were ready with learned conclusions balancing on the tight rope of
+very slender premises. If an Indian had been seen wearing a piece of
+copper that "bowed easily," this flexibility proved it to be tarnished
+gold. If a savage seemed to say in his idiom, or by gestures and other
+signs, something which the puzzled newcomers took to signify that in a
+country farther on the copper was too soft for use, or that it was
+yellow, or that it had a good luster, what further evidence could an
+ingenious writer desire of the existence of the precious metal in that
+country? Purchas, the successor of Hakluyt in geographical research,
+explains the divine purpose in thus endowing a heathen land with gold,
+which is that the Indian race "as a rich bride, though withered and
+deformed, ... might find many suitors for love of her portion," and
+thus the pagans be converted. But Purchas filches both the simile and
+the pious thought from Herrera, who in turn probably pilfered it with
+many better things from the good Las Casas. Purchas also speaks with
+more optimism than elegance of the "silver bowels and golden entrails
+of the hills," as though one had but to dig into the first mountain to
+be enriched.
+
+[Sidenote: Frobisher's gold.]
+
+[Sidenote: Early Virginia gold-hunting.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7.]
+
+Frobisher brought home from sub-arctic islands what his clumsy
+assayers avouched to be "gold eure." Refining works were erected for
+this stuff at Deptford to no profit, and to this day the inquisitive
+student is not able to ascertain from the conflicting reports whether
+there was any gold in the ore or not. The main causes of the suffering
+at Jamestown during the first winter were the waste of time and the
+consumption of supplies while lading the ships with the glittering
+"dust mica" which is so abundant in the Virginia sands. The
+worthlessness of this cargo could not weaken the hopes of those
+alchemists who were able to produce gold merely by the use of
+arguments. The mines in Virginia moved farther west. It wanted only
+that explorers should reach the mountains. In spite of the sickness
+that wasted the colony in 1610, Lord De la Warr sent an expedition to
+dig gold on the upper James, but the warlike up-river tribes soon
+drove the prospectors back. In 1634, Sir John Harvey sent another body
+of men on the same fool's errand, though there had not been found in
+all the years preceding a particle of tangible evidence that gold
+existed in Virginia. But on the James, as on the Hudson, the
+glistering pigment with which the Indians besmeared their faces on
+occasions of display was believed to contain gold, and the places of
+its procurement were sought with ludicrous secrecy.
+
+[Sidenote: Fact and fable about America.]
+
+[Sidenote: Ingram's story.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8.]
+
+The unfaltering faith in the existence of abundant gold on the eastern
+coast of North America could not have subsisted on thin air so long if
+it had not been stimulated by the almost fabulous wealth drawn from
+South America by Spain. It had received encouragement also from the
+tales told by adventurers returned from America, who seem to have
+thought it necessary to bring back stories that would match in some
+degree the prevalent beliefs about the New World. The earliest but one
+of all the documents relating to America preserved among the British
+state papers is the statement of one David or Davy Ingram. With a
+hundred other luckless seamen he was put ashore in Mexico by Sir John
+Hawkins, because the ship lacked provisions. Ingram, traveling from
+tribe to tribe, achieved the notable feat of crossing the continent in
+a year. In 1569 he embarked on a French ship that he found near the
+mouth of the St. John River in what is now the province of New
+Brunswick. It was eleven years later that Davy Ingram, at home in
+England, made his statement, and the sailor's story had by that time
+gained much, perhaps, by frequent telling to wonder-loving listeners.
+Sometimes he relates facts with sobriety, speaking the truth by
+relapse, it may be; again, he seems to be repeating tales told him by
+the savages, who were habitual marvel-mongers, or weaving into the
+account of what he had seen legends common in the folklore about
+America that had grown up in Europe; or perchance he only falls into
+an old forecastle habit of incontinent lying without provocation. The
+American women are described as "wearing great plates of gold covering
+their whole bodies like armor.... In every cottage pearls are to be
+found, and in some houses a peck"--an assertion that had a grain of
+truth in it, since the sailor no doubt mistook wampum beads for
+pearls. Fireflies, in this old tar's exalted memory, are "fire
+dragons, which make the air very red as they fly," while the buffalo
+appears as an animal "as big as two of our oxen." The streets in one
+"city" are broader than London streets, which we may readily believe.
+The banqueting houses are built of crystal, "with pillars of massie
+silver, some of gold." This is a fine example of the manner of a mind
+afflicted with the vice of exaggeration; crystal becomes silver in the
+next breath, and silver is as instantly transmuted to gold. All that
+optimistic projectors sought in America--gold, silver, pearls by the
+peck, and great abundance of silkworms--are obligingly supplied in
+Ingram's narrative. Such tales impressed the imagination in a romantic
+and uncritical age.
+
+
+VI.
+
+[Sidenote: Indian devil-worship.]
+
+The interest in America was heightened by popular curiosity regarding
+the Indians. The American savages were sometimes treated as
+sun-worshipers, but they were more commonly thought to be worshipers
+of devils. The prevailing belief in witchcraft, divination, and
+abounding evil spirits rendered it easy for Europeans to accept the
+Indian deities as supernatural beings, and to credit the pretensions
+of the powwows, or Indian priests, to give knowledge of distant or
+future events, to heal the sick, and even to bring rain in time of
+drought. But it was observed at Plymouth that when the Pilgrims prayed
+for rain it fell gently, and that the rain procured by the Indian
+conjurers was violent and destructive--a rain with something devilish
+about it. According to writers of the time, the demons worshiped by
+the savages were able to materialize themselves on great occasions,
+appearing to their votaries in some beastly form. This belief in
+Indian devil-worship fitted well with the religious faith of the
+period, which can hardly be described as anything but a sort of
+Manichaeism dividing the government of the universe almost equally
+between good and evil powers. Religionists of all schools desired to
+convert these subjects of Satan, not from those philanthropic motives
+that are main considerations in modern propagandism, but because their
+conversion would glorify God, and yet more because it would despite
+the devil. Sometimes the religious motive was incongruously supported
+by hopes of commercial advantage. The navigator Davis wrote to
+Secretary Walsingham that if the Indians "were once brought over to
+the Christian faith they might soon be brought to relish a more
+civilized kind of life and be thereby induced to take off great
+quantities of our coarser woolen manufactures."
+
+[Sidenote: Indians exhibited.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rosier's True Relation.]
+
+[Sidenote: Tempest, ii, 2.]
+
+The early explorers made a practice of kidnapping Indians and
+transporting them to England, where the sight of barbarians without
+doublet or hose quickened the interest in projects for colonization
+and adventure. In our age of commercial activity and extended
+geographical knowledge one can form but a weak conception of the
+excitement produced by the sight of "the Indian man and woman," no
+doubt Esquimaux, brought by Frobisher. Portraits of these rarities
+were made for the king and queen and others. In 1605 Weymouth brought
+from the coast of Maine five kidnapped Indians, "with all their bows
+and arrows" and two beautiful birch-bark canoes. "This accident,"
+exclaimed Sir Ferdinando Gorges, "hath been the means of putting life
+into all our plantations." Some of the savages captured at various
+times were exhibited for money, and one perhaps was shown after he was
+dead; at least we may venture to conjecture so much from Shakespeare's
+jeer in The Tempest at the idle curiosity of the crowd. In England,
+says Trinculo, "any strange beast makes a man. When they will not give
+a doit to relieve a lame beggar, they will lay out ten to see a dead
+Indian." This interest in outlandish savages no doubt suggested to the
+poet the creation of the monster Caliban, who probably seemed a
+realistic figure to the imagination of that age.
+
+
+VII.
+
+[Sidenote: Notions about animals.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9.]
+
+[Sidenote: Evelyn's Diary, i, 277.]
+
+The animals of the new continent excited the wonder of the people of
+Europe and increased the interest in America. Regarding them, also,
+the most extravagant stories were easily credited. It was recorded in
+the sober Latin of Peter Martyr that the advance of Cabot's ships was
+retarded by the multitude of codfish on the Newfoundland coast, and
+that the bears were accustomed to catch these fish in their claws. It
+is hard to recognize the familiar opossum in the description by
+Purchas: "A monstrous deformed beast, whose fore part resembleth a
+fox, the hinder part an ape, excepting the feet, which are like a
+man's; beneath her belly she hath a receptacle like a purse, where she
+bestows her young until they can shift for themselves." The humming
+bird was believed to be a cross between a fly and a bird. The Hudson
+River Dutch settlers went further, and named it simply "the West
+Indian bee." These dainty creatures were prepared for exportation to
+Europe in New Amsterdam by drying them, in Barbadoes by filling them
+with sand. They were accounted "pretty delicacies for ladies, who wore
+them at their breasts and girdles." Evelyn saw two preserved as great
+rarities at Oxford, in 1564. A New England versifier extols
+
+  The humbird for some queen's rich cage more fit
+  Than in the vacant wilderness to sit.
+
+[Sidenote: Wood's New Eng. Prospect, p. 23.]
+
+[Sidenote: De Bry's Hariot, p. 10.]
+
+Flying squirrels, when brought into English parks in 1608, were the
+occasion of much wondering excitement. King James begged for one of
+them, like a spoiled child. The skins of muskrats were esteemed for
+their odor and were brought to England "as rich presents." It was
+thought that musk might be extracted from this animal. Hariot, the
+learned man of Ralegh's first colony, fancied that the civet cat would
+prove profitable to settlers in America, but his words indicate that
+he had been misled by traces of the skunk, whose perfume has never yet
+come into request. Speaking of the "civet catte," he says, "in our
+travails there was found one to have been killed by a salvage or
+inhabitant; and in many places the smell where one had lately beene
+before."
+
+[Sidenote: Note 10.]
+
+The raccoon, the "aroughcun" of the Virginia Indians, being a
+plantigrade, was esteemed a monkey; the peccaries were called the wild
+hogs of America, and were thought to have "their navels on the ridge
+of their backs." Somewhere in the region of the Hudson River a beast
+is described as having a horn in the middle of his forehead, from
+which it would appear that the unicorn on the royal coat of arms may
+have been found running at large. It is not easy to account for the
+"camel mare," reported to have been seen about three hundred miles
+west from the coast of New Jersey, unless it belonged to the genus
+_Incubus_. The bewildering number of new creatures found in America
+troubled the European scholars of that day, who were ever theological.
+They were puzzled to get so many four-footed beasts and creeping
+things into the compass of Noah's ark. Mercator, the Flemish
+geographer, avoided this difficult embarkation by concluding that
+America had been excepted from the Deluge.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+[Sidenote: An age of romance and adventure.]
+
+Thus grotesque and misleading were many of the glimpses that Europe
+got of the New World as the mists of ignorance slowly lifted from it.
+These erratic notions regarding America give one an insight into the
+character of the English people at the period of discovery and
+colony-planting. Credulity and the romantic spirit dwell together. The
+imagination in such an age usurped the place of discrimination, and
+the wonderful became the probable. The appetite for the marvelous
+fostered exaggeration; every man who had sailed in foreign seas
+thought it shame not to tell of wonders. The seventeenth century
+indeed betrayed a consciousness of its own weakness in a current
+proverb, "Travelers lie by license." History and fiction had not yet
+been separated. Like every other romantic age, the period of Elizabeth
+and James was prodigal of daring adventure; every notable man aspired
+to be the hero of a tale. English beginnings in America were thus made
+in a time abounding in bold enterprises--enterprises brilliant in
+conception, but in the execution of which there was often a lack of
+foresight and practical wisdom.
+
+
+ELUCIDATIONS.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1, page 3.]
+
+See the careful and learned discussion of the Voyages of Cabot by the
+late Charles Deane, in Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of
+America, vol. iii. Mr. Deane effectually destroys the delusion which
+so long gave the credit of this discovery, or a part of it, to
+Sebastian Cabot, the son of the real discoverer. Mr. Henry Harrisse,
+in John Cabot, the Discoverer of America, and in an earlier work, Jean
+et Sebastien Cabot, etc., reaches the same conclusion. He even doubts
+Sebastian's presence in the expeditions of his father, John Cabot,
+etc., p. 48.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2, page 4.]
+
+Yet George Beste, who sailed with Frobisher, says: "Now men neede no
+more contentiously strive for roume to build an house on, or for a
+little turffe of ground, ... when great countreys and whole worldes
+offer and reache out themselves to them that will first voutsafe to
+possesse, inhabite, and till them." These countries, he says, "are
+fertile to bring forth all manner of corne and grayne, infinite sortes
+of land cattell, as horse, elephantes, kine, sheepe, great varietie of
+flying fowles of the ayre, as phesants, partridge, quayle, popingeys,
+ostridges, etc., infinite kinds of fruits, as almonds, dates, quinces,
+pomegranats, oringes, etc., holesome, medicinable, and delectable"
+(Frobisher's Voyages, Hakluyt Society, p. 38).
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3, page 8.]
+
+Ralegh, in his History of the World, book i, chap, viii, sec. xv, has
+an interesting digression on the danger of trusting such
+communications, and he relates an anecdote of misapprehension by this
+very party sent under Grenville and Lane: "The same happened among the
+English, which I sent under Sir Richard Greeneville to inhabit
+Virginia. For when some of my people asked the name of that country,
+one of the savages answered, '_Wingandacon_,' which is as much as to
+say, as, _'You wear good cloaths,' or gay cloaths_." From this answer
+it came that the coast of North Carolina was called "Wingandacon," or,
+in its Latinized form, Wingindacoa, while the chief, or "king," of the
+country appears in the narratives of the time as Wingina. Ralegh says
+that Yucatan means merely "What say you?" and that Peru got its name
+from a similar mistake.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4, page 8.]
+
+I found the original of this map among the drawings made by John White
+in the Grenville Collection in the British Museum. It was reproduced
+to accompany a paper of mine on the Virginia Colony in the Century
+Magazine of November, 1882. It excited interest among scholars, as it
+was supposed to have been previously unknown. A copy was afterward
+found, however, in the collection made by Dr. Kohl for the State
+Department at Washington. The drawings in the Sloane MSS., British
+Museum, attributed to John White by Dr. E. E. Hale, in the
+Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society, iv, 21, are not
+White's originals. The latter are in the Grenville Collection. See my
+comparison of the two in The Nation of April 23, 1891.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5, page 10.]
+
+As late as December 5, 1621, in a letter from the Virginia Company to
+Governor Wyatt, these words occur: "The Conjectures of the Southwest
+Passage and the piece of copper which you sent us gladly saw and
+heard." This long-surviving desire for a short passage to the East
+Indies is traceable to the passion that existed in Europe in the
+fifteenth and sixteenth centuries for spices, and this no doubt came
+from the gross forms of cookery in that time. Anderson's Commerce, sub
+anno 1504, cites Guicciardini on the great quantities of spices used,
+and adds: "For in those days the people of Europe were much fonder of
+spices in their cookery, etc., than they have been in later times."
+The rise in the price of commodities in Elizabeth's time may have been
+only apparent, but it promoted voyages looking to the extension of
+commerce. Compare Holinshed, i, 274.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6, page 10.]
+
+Waterhouse's Declaration of Virginia, 1622, a rare tract. Also
+Purchas, iii, 892, 893, where these words are quoted from Briggs: "The
+Indian Ocean, which we commonly call the South Sea, which lyeth on the
+West and Northwest Side of Virginia, on the other side of the
+mountains beyond our Falls [of James River] and openeth a free and
+faire passage, not only to China, Japan, and the Moluccas, but also to
+New Spaine, Peru, and Chili, and those rich countries of Terra
+Australis not as yet discovered." It is one of many marks of practical
+sagacity in Captain John Smith that after his experience on the
+American coast he was able to form views of the geography of the
+continent almost a century in advance of the opinions held in his
+time. He speaks of "those large Dominions which doe stretch themselves
+into the main God knoweth how many thousand miles" (Generall Historie,
+book vi).
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7, page 14.]
+
+So late as 1626, Fleet, the only survivor of the massacre of Spelman's
+party, after spending five years in captivity among the Virginia
+Indians, persuaded a London merchant to intrust him with a vessel for
+the Indian trade by his stories of the "powder of gold" with which the
+savages made a paint for their faces. To this story he added a
+statement that he had often been in sight of the South Sea or Pacific
+Ocean. Fleet's Journal may be found in Scharf's History of Maryland,
+i, 13, etc. Van der Donck relates, in his description of New
+Netherland, that Kieft, the director of New Netherland, and Van der
+Donck, found an Indian painting himself and bought the pigment, which
+being burned in a crucible yielded two pieces of gold. (See the
+translation in New York Historical Society Collection, ii, 161, 162.)
+A bag of specimens of the precious ores of the Hudson River region was
+sent to Holland by the ill-fated ship that sailed out of New Haven in
+1645. The ship was seen no more except by the New Haven people, who
+beheld its specter in the sky. Of the Hudson River gold mines no
+specter has ever been seen in earth or sky.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8, page 15.]
+
+I have quoted from Mr. Sainsbury's abstract of the fragment in the
+British Public Record Office, but a similar statement by Ingram was
+inserted in Hakluyt's Divers Voyages in 1589. It was omitted in the
+later edition as too incredible even for Hakluyt. See also a paper by
+Dr. De Costa, in the Magazine of American History, March, 1883, on the
+copy of Ingram's Statement preserved in the Bodleian Library. Ingram's
+story, and others like it, seem to be satirized in the play of
+Eastward, Ho! by Chapman, Jonson, and Marston. The assertion of
+Seagull, in the play, that "they have in their houses scowpes,
+buckets, and diverse other vessels of massie silver," would seem at
+first sight to be an unmistakable allusion to the extravagance of
+Ingram's narrative. But in the second edition of Bullein's A Dialogue
+against the Fever Pestilence, which was published in 1573, one Mendax,
+describing an unknown land, declares that "their pottes, panns, and
+all vessells are cleane gold garnished with diamondes." This shows
+that Ingram's story had probably absorbed certain traits from what I
+have ventured to call European folklore tales about America--folk
+tales originally applied to the Orient, no doubt; echoes of Sir John
+Mandeville and Marco Polo, perhaps. Of course it is just possible, but
+not probable, that Bullein had heard the tales of Ingram, who had
+returned three years or more before he printed his second edition. The
+authors of Eastward, Ho! probably enlarged on Bullein.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9, page 18.]
+
+"Unguibusque inter squamas immissis," Decade III, book vi. These
+details are probably given on the authority of Sebastian Cabot, whose
+veracity is not above suspicion.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 10, page 19.]
+
+Some of the early writers speak of "apes." Strachey calls what appears
+to be a raccoon a monkey, and Brickell, as late as 1743, uses the same
+word. The peccaries are recorded as in the text by the marvel-loving
+Purchas, p. 805. One finds unicorns in Speed's Prospect, Description
+of New York. Speed also lets us know that the buffalo was accustomed
+to defend himself by vomiting "a hot scalding liquor" on the dogs that
+chased it. Argall was the first Englishman to see the bison, in 1613.
+Citing his letter, Purchas says, p. 943, "In one voyage ... they found
+a slow kind of cattell as bigge as kine, which were good meate."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THE SECOND.
+
+_JAMES RIVER EXPERIMENTS._
+
+
+I.
+
+[Sidenote: Departure of the emigrants.]
+
+[Sidenote: Ld. Chancellor's Speech in reply to the Speaker.]
+
+[Sidenote: A. D. 1606.]
+
+In December, 1606, there lay at Blackwall, below London, the Susan
+Constant, of one hundred tons, the Godspeed, of forty tons, and the
+little pinnace Discovery, of but twenty tons--three puny ships to bear
+across the wintry Atlantic the beginners of a new nation. The setting
+forth of these argonauts produced much excitement in London. Patriotic
+feeling was deeply stirred, public prayers were offered for the
+success of the expedition, sermons appropriate to the occasion were
+preached, and the popular feeling was expressed in a poem by Michael
+Drayton. Even those who were too sober to indulge the vain
+expectations of gold mines and spice islands that filled the
+imaginations of most Englishmen on this occasion could say, as Lord
+Bacon did later: "It is with the kingdoms on earth as it is with the
+kingdom of heaven: sometimes a grain of mustard seed proves a great
+tree. Who can tell?" On the 19th of that most tempestuous December the
+little fleet weighed anchor and ran down on an ebb tide, no doubt, as
+one may nowadays see ships rush past Blackwall toward the sea. Never
+were men engaged in a great enterprise doomed to greater sorrows.
+From the time they left the Thames the ships were tossed and delayed
+by tempests, while the company aboard was rent by factious
+dissensions.
+
+
+II.
+
+[Sidenote: The laws and orders.]
+
+Those who shaped the destinies of the colony had left little undone
+that inventive stupidity could suggest to assure the failure of the
+enterprise. King James, who was frivolously fond of puttering in novel
+projects, had personally framed a code of unwise laws and orders. The
+supremacy of the sovereign and the interests of the Church were
+pedantically guarded, but the colony was left without any ruler with
+authority enough to maintain order. The private interest of the
+individual, the most available of all motives to industry, was merged
+in that of the commercial company to which Virginia had been granted.
+All the produce of the colony was to go into a common stock for five
+years, and the emigrants, men without families, were thrown into a
+semi-monastic trading community like the Hanseatic agencies of the
+time, with the saving element of a strong authority left out. Better
+devices for promoting indolence and aggravating the natural proneness
+to dissension of men in hard circumstances could scarcely have been
+hit upon. Anarchy and despotism are the inevitable alternatives under
+such a communistic arrangement, and each of these ensued in turn.
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: Character of the emigrants.]
+
+[Sidenote: Smith's Gen. Hist., iii, c. i and c. xii.]
+
+[Sidenote: Advertisements for Planters of New Eng., p. 5.]
+
+[Sidenote: Comp. Briefe Declaration in Pub. Rec. Off., Sainsbury i,
+66; and New Life of Va.]
+
+[Sidenote: Essay on Plantations.]
+
+The people sent over in the first years were for the most part utterly
+unfit. Of the first hundred, four were carpenters, there was a
+blacksmith, a tailor, a barber, a bricklayer, a mason, a drummer.
+There were fifty-five who ranked as gentlemen, and four were boys,
+while there were but twelve so-called laborers, including footmen,
+"that never did know what a day's work was." The company is described
+by one of its members as composed of poor gentlemen, tradesmen,
+serving men, libertines, and such like. "A hundred good workmen were
+better than a thousand such gallants," says Captain Smith. Of the
+moral character of the first emigrants no better account is given. It
+was perhaps with these men in view that Bacon declared it "a shameful
+and unblessed thing" to settle a colony with "the scum of the people."
+
+
+IV.
+
+[Sidenote: The arrival.]
+
+[Sidenote: A. D. 1607.]
+
+[Sidenote: Percy, in Purchas, p. 1689.]
+
+The ships sailed round by the Canaries, after the fashion of that
+time, doubling the distance to Virginia. They loitered in the West
+Indies to "refresh themselves" and quarrel, and they did not reach
+their destination until seedtime had well-nigh passed. They arrived on
+the 6th of May, according to our style. Driven into Hampton Roads by a
+storm, they sailed up the wide mouth of a river which they called the
+James, in honor of the king. At that season of the year the banks
+must have shown masses of the white flowers of the dogwood, mingled
+with the pink-purple blossoms of the redbud against the dark primeval
+forest. Wherever they went ashore the newcomers found "all the ground
+bespread with many sweet and delicate flowers of divers colors and
+kinds." The sea-weary voyagers concluded that "heaven and earth had
+never agreed better to frame a place for man's habitation."
+
+[Sidenote: The first meetings with Indians.]
+
+[Sidenote: Percy, in Purchas iv, pp. 1685, 1686.]
+
+They were like people in an enchanted land--all was so new and
+strange. On the first landing of a small party they had a taste of
+savage warfare. "At night, when wee were going aboard, there came the
+savages creeping from the Hills like Beares, with their Bowes in their
+Mouthes, charged us very desperately, hurt Captain Gabrill Archer in
+both hands, and a Sayler in two places of the body very dangerous.
+After they had spent their arrowes, and felt the sharpness of our
+shot, they retired into the Woods with a great noise and so left us."
+
+[Illustration: James River.]
+
+[Sidenote: A. D. 1607.]
+
+But the newly arrived did not find all the Indians hostile. The chief
+of the Rappahannocks came to welcome them, marching at the head of his
+train, piping on a reed flute, and clad in the fantastic dress of an
+Indian dandy. He wore a plate of copper on the shorn side of his head.
+The hair on the other side was wrapped about with deer's hair dyed
+red, "in the fashion of a rose." Two long feathers "like a pair of
+horns" were stuck in this rosy crown. His body was stained crimson,
+his face painted blue and besmeared with some glistering pigment
+which to the greedy eyes of the English seemed to be silver ore. He
+wore a chain of beads, or wampum, about his neck, and his ears were
+"all behung with bracelets of pearls." There also depended from each
+ear a bird's claw set with copper--or "gold," adds the narrator,
+indulging a delightful dubiety.
+
+[Sidenote: Purchas i, 686 and following.]
+
+During the period of preliminary exploration every trait of savage
+life was eagerly observed by the English. The costume, the wigwams,
+and most of all the ingenious weapons of wood and stone, gave delight
+to the curiosity of the newcomers.
+
+
+V.
+
+[Sidenote: Founding of Jamestown.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1.]
+
+[Sidenote: Relatyon of the Discovery of our River, Am. Antiq. Soc.,
+iv, 61.]
+
+The colonists chose for the site of their town what was then a
+malarial peninsula; it has since become an island. The place was
+naturally defended by the river on all sides, except where a narrow
+stretch of sand made a bridge to the main. Its chief advantage in the
+eyes of the newcomers was that the deep water near the shore made it
+possible to moor the ships by merely tying them up to trees on the
+river bank. Here the settlers planted cotton and orange trees at once,
+and experimental potatoes, melons, and pumpkins, but they postponed
+sowing grain until about the first of June in our reckoning.
+
+[Sidenote: The winter of misery.]
+
+[Sidenote: A. D. 1607.]
+
+[Sidenote: Purchas, p. 1690.]
+
+They took up their abode in hastily built cabins roofed with sedge or
+bark, and in ragged tents. The poorer sort were even fain to shelter
+themselves in mere burrows in the ground. Ill provided at the start,
+the greater part of their food was consumed by the seamen, who
+lingered to gather comminuted mica for gold. In this hard environment,
+rent by faction, destitute of a competent leader and of any leader
+with competent authority, the wonder is that of this little company a
+single man survived the winter. "There never were Englishmen left in
+any foreign country in such misery as we were in this new-discovered
+Virginia," says George Percy, brother to the Earl of Northumberland. A
+pint of worm-eaten barley or wheat was allowed for a day's ration.
+This was made into pottage and served out at the rate of one small
+ladleful at each meal. "Our drink was water, our lodgings castles in
+the air," says Smith. The misery was aggravated by a constant fear of
+attack from the Indians, who had been repulsed in an energetic assault
+made soon after the landing of the English. It was necessary for each
+man to watch every third night "lying on the cold, bare ground," and
+this exposure in a fever swamp, with the slender allowance of food of
+bad quality and the brackish river water, brought on swellings,
+dysenteries, and fevers. Sometimes there were not five men able to
+bear arms. "If there were any conscience in men," says Percy, "it
+would make their hearts bleed to hear the pitiful murmurings and
+outcries of our sick men without relief every day and night for the
+space of about six weeks." The living were hardly able to bury the
+dead, whose bodies were "trailed out like dogs." Half of the hundred
+colonists died, and the survivors were saved by the Indians, who,
+having got a taste of muskets and cannon in their early attack on
+Jamestown, now brought in supplies of game, corn, persimmons, and
+other food, to trade for the novel trinkets of the white men.
+
+
+VI.
+
+[Sidenote: Emergence of Captain John Smith.]
+
+Peril and adversity bring the capable man to the front. The colony
+proceeded, by means of the technicalities habitually used in those
+days, to rid itself of its president, Wingfield, a man of good
+intentions but with no talents suitable to a place of such difficulty.
+Slowly, by one change and then another, the leadership fell into the
+hands of Captain John Smith. During the voyage he had drawn upon
+himself the jealousy of the others, probably by his boastful and
+self-asserting habit of speech. When the list of councilors, till then
+kept secret, was opened at Jamestown and his name was found in it, he
+was promptly excluded by his associates. It was only on the
+intercession of the clergyman, Hunt, that he was at length admitted to
+the Council.
+
+His paradoxical character has been much misunderstood. Those who
+discredit the historical accuracy of Captain Smith's narratives
+consider his deeds of no value. It is the natural result and
+retribution of boasting that the real merit of the boaster is cast
+into the rubbish heap of contempt along with his false pretensions.
+On the other hand, those who appreciate Smith's services to the colony
+in its dire extremities believe that the historical authority of such
+a man must be valid.
+
+[Sidenote: His romantic tendencies.]
+
+His character, double and paradoxical as it is, presents no insoluble
+enigma if we consider the forces of nature and of habit underlying its
+manifestations. According to his own highly colored narrative, he had
+fed his fervid imagination on romances of chivalry. The first natural
+result in a youth so energetic as he, was that he should set out to
+emulate the imaginary heroes of whom he had read. It was equally a
+matter of course that a man of his vanity should exaggerate his own
+adventures to the size of those that had excited his admiration. The
+same romantic turn of the imagination that sent him a-wandering after
+exploits in Flanders and in the wars with the Turks, in Barbary, and
+in Ireland, made his every adventure seem an exploit of heroic size.
+Such a man is valuable when boldness and aggressive action are in
+request; to relate facts where autobiography is involved he is little
+fitted.
+
+[Sidenote: His story of his own life.]
+
+According to Smith's own narrative, he was robbed and shipwrecked at
+sea; he slew three infidel champions in single combat and cut off
+their heads, just for the amusement of the ladies; he was made captive
+by the Turks and escaped by slaying his master with a flail; he
+encountered pirates; in the plunder of a ship he secured by the grace
+of God a box of jewels; and, to round off his story, he was beloved
+in romance fashion by a fair Turkish lady, one Tragabigzanda;
+befriended by a Russian lady, the good Calamata; and, later, was
+snatched from the open jaws of death by the devotion of the lovely
+Princess Pocahontas, daughter of King Powhatan, of Virginia. What more
+could one ask? Here are the elements of all the romances. But, to
+crown all, he emulated the misadventure of the prophet Jonah, and he
+even out-Jonahed Jonah. He got ashore by mere swimming without the aid
+of a whale, when cast overboard by Catholic pilgrims to appease a
+tempest. Never any other wanderer since the safe return of Ulysses
+passed through such a succession of marvelous escapes as this young
+John Smith. His accidents and achievements, even without exaggeration,
+were fairly notable, doubtless, but they are forever obscured by his
+vices of narration.
+
+[Sidenote: Interest in colonization.]
+
+[Sidenote: His character.]
+
+By the time he was twenty-eight years old this knight-errant had
+pretty well exhausted Europe as a field for adventure. Soon after his
+return to his own land he found the navigator Gosnold agitating for a
+new colony in Virginia, the scene of Ralegh's failures. That being the
+most difficult and dangerous enterprise then in sight, nothing was
+more natural than that Smith should embark in it. From this time to
+the end of his life this really able man gave his best endeavors to
+the advancement of American colonization. In counsel he was accounted
+wise, and his advice was listened to with more than common deference
+in the assemblies of the Virginia Company as long as the company
+lasted. In labor he was indefatigable, in emergencies he proved
+himself ready-witted and resourceful. His recorded geographical
+observations are remarkably accurate considering his circumstances,
+and his understanding of Indian life shows his intelligence. His
+writings on practical questions are terse, epigrammatic, and wise
+beyond the wisdom of his time. But where his own adventures or credit
+are involved he is hardly more trustworthy than Falstaff. His boasting
+is one of the many difficulties a historian has to encounter in
+seeking to discover the truth regarding the events of an age much
+given to lying.
+
+
+VII.
+
+[Sidenote: Smith's exploration and trading.]
+
+[Sidenote: A. D. 1607, 1608.]
+
+[Sidenote: Oxford Tract, _passim_.]
+
+[Sidenote: Gen. Hist _passim_.]
+
+On Smith principally devolved the explorations for a passage to the
+Pacific and the conduct of the Indian trade. He was captured by the
+Indians in the swamps of the Chickahominy and carried from village to
+village in triumph. Contriving to secure his release from the head
+chief, Powhatan, he returned to Jamestown. Nothing could have suited
+better his bold genius and roving disposition than the life he
+thereafter led in Virginia. He sailed up and down the bays and
+estuaries, discovering and naming unknown islands, ascending great
+unknown rivers, cajoling or bullying the Indians, and returning to his
+hungry countrymen at Jamestown laden with maize from the granaries of
+the savages. Smith and his companions coasted in all seasons and all
+weather in an open boat, exercising themselves in morning
+psalm-singing and praying, in manoeuvring strange Indians by
+blustering or point-blank lying, and in trying to propagate the
+Christian religion among the heathen--all in turn as occasion offered,
+like true Englishmen of the Jacobean time.
+
+[Sidenote: His narrative.]
+
+Captain Smith's earlier accounts of these achievements in Virginia
+seem to be nearer the truth than his later Generall Historie. As years
+rolled on his exploits gained in number and magnitude in his memory.
+The apocryphal story of his expounding the solar system by means of a
+pocket compass to savages whose idiom he had had no opportunity to
+learn is to be found only in his later writings. He is a prisoner but
+a month in the narrative of the Oxford Tract of 1612, which was
+written by his associates and published with his authority, but his
+captivity had grown to six or seven weeks in the Generall Historie of
+1624. His prosaic release by Powhatan had developed into a romantic
+rescue by Pocahontas. Two or three hundred savages in the earlier
+account become four or five hundred in the later. Certain Poles assist
+him in the capture of an Indian chief in the authorized narrative of
+Pots and Phettiplace. In the later story our hero performs this feat
+single-handed. A mere cipher attaches itself sometimes to the figure
+representing the number of his enemies, who by this simple feat of
+memory become ten times more redoubtable than before.
+
+[Sidenote: His service to the colony.]
+
+[Sidenote: Oxf. Tract, p. 32. Gen. Hist., bk. iii, ch. v.]
+
+[Sidenote: Historie of Travaile into Virginia, p. 41.]
+
+But it does not matter greatly whether the "strangely grimmed and
+disguised" Indians seen by Smith at one place on the Potomac, who,
+according to the story, were shouting and yelling horribly, though in
+ambuscade, numbered three or four hundred as in one account, or three
+or four thousand as in his later story. To Captain Smith remains the
+credit of having been the one energetic and capable man in those first
+years--the man who wasted no time in a search for gold, but won from
+the Indians what was of infinitely greater value--the corn needed to
+preserve the lives of the colonists. In an open boat, with no
+instrument but a compass, he explored and mapped Chesapeake Bay so
+well that his map was not wholly superseded for a hundred and forty
+years. Even Wingfield, who had reason to dislike Smith, recognizes the
+value of his services; and Strachey, who had every means of knowing,
+says that "there will not return from" Virginia "in hast any one who
+hath bene more industrious or who hath had (Captain Geo. Percie
+excepted) greater experience amongst them, however misconstruction
+maye traduce here at home."
+
+[Sidenote: Smith overthrown.]
+
+[Sidenote: A. D. 1609.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2.]
+
+During the autumn of 1608 and the winter following Captain Smith was
+sole ruler of Jamestown, all the other councilors having gone; but the
+next spring there arrived five hundred new colonists inadequately
+provisioned, and under two of the old faction leaders who were Smith's
+mortal enemies. These were the visionary and turbulent Archer and his
+follower Ratcliffe. Smith got some of the newcomers to settle at
+Nansemond, and others took up their abode near the falls of the James
+River. After much turmoil Smith was disabled by an accident, and his
+enemies contrived to have him sent home charged, among other things,
+with having "incensed" the Indians to assault the insubordinate
+settlers under West near the falls, and with having designed to wed
+Pocahontas in order to secure royal rights in Virginia as son-in-law
+to Powhatan.
+
+[Sidenote: His later years.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3.]
+
+He afterward explored the New England coast with characteristic
+thoroughness and intelligence. What he published in his later years by
+way of advice on the subject of colony-planting is full of admirable
+good sense. With rare foresight he predicted the coming importance of
+the colonial trade and the part to be played by the American fisheries
+in promoting the greatness of England by "breeding mariners." He only
+of the men of his time suspected the imperial size and future
+greatness of North America. He urged that the colonies should not
+annoy "with large pilotage and such like dues" those who came to trade
+in their ports. Low customs, he says, enrich a people. This is a
+strange doctrine in an age when foreign trade seemed almost an evil,
+and false conceptions of economic principles were nearly universal.
+Captain Smith's words are often pregnant with a wit whose pungency is
+delightful. In mental and physical hardihood, and in what may be
+called shiftiness, as well as in proneness to exaggeration and in
+boastfulness, he was in some sense a typical American pioneer--a
+forerunner of the daring and ready-witted men who have subdued a
+savage continent.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+[Sidenote: The famine of 1609-'10.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4.]
+
+[Sidenote: A. D. 1609, 1610.]
+
+[Sidenote: A. D. 1610.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5.]
+
+[Sidenote: Tragicall Relation, 1623. Briefe Declaration, 1624, both in
+British Pub. Record Office. Percy's Trewe Relacyon, MS., Petworth
+House.]
+
+Disaster of some sort could hardly have been avoided had Captain Smith
+been allowed to stay, but after his departure ruin came swiftly, and
+there was no hand strong enough to stay it. The unchecked hostility of
+the savages drove the outsettlers from Nansemond and the falls of the
+James. The Indians found exercise for their devilish ingenuity in
+torturing those who fell into their hands alive, and outraging the
+dead. The brave but unwise Percy added fuel to their consuming fury by
+visiting their shrine and desecrating the tombs of their chiefs. There
+was now no one who could carry on the difficult Indian trade.
+Ratcliffe, who had conspired to send Smith back to England, fell into
+an ambuscade while emulating Captain Smith's example in trading with
+Powhatan. He was tortured to death by the Indian women, and only
+fifteen of his fifty men got back to Jamestown. The brood hogs of the
+colony were all eaten, the dogs came next, and then the horses, which
+were to have stocked Virginia, were consumed to their very hides.
+Rats, mice, and adders were relished when they were to be had, and
+fungi of various sorts were eaten with whatever else "would fill
+either mouth or belly." An Indian slain in an assault on the stockade
+was dug up after he had been three days buried, and eaten "by the
+poorer sort," their consuming hunger not being embarrassed by the
+restraints of gentility. From this horrible expedient it was but one
+step to the digging up of their own dead for food. Famine-crazed men
+even dogged the steps of those of their comrades who were not quite
+wasted, threatening to kill and devour them. Among these despairing
+and shiftless men there was but one man of resources. Daniel
+Tucker--let his later sins as tyrant of Bermuda be forgiven--bethought
+himself to build a boat to catch fish in the river, and this small
+relief "did keep us from killing one another to eat," says Percy. He
+seems to have been the only man who bethought himself to do anything.
+One man, in the ferocity engendered by famine, slew his own wife and
+salted what he did not eat at once of her flesh, but he was put to
+death at the stake for this crime. Some, braving the savages, sought
+food in the woods and died while seeking it, and were eaten by those
+who found them dead. Others, in sheer desperation, threw themselves on
+the tender mercies of the Indians and were slain. To physical were
+added spiritual torments. One despairing wretch threw his Bible into
+the fire, crying out in the market place that there was no God in
+heaven. Percy adds, with grim theological satisfaction characteristic
+of the time, that he was killed by the Indians in the very market
+place where he had blasphemed in his agony. The depopulated houses,
+and even the palisades so necessary for protection, were burned for
+firewood by the enfeebled people, and Jamestown came presently to look
+like the slumbering ruins of some ancient fortification. Fortunately,
+the Indians did not think it worth while to lose any more of their men
+in attacking the desperate remainder. It seemed inevitable that all
+who were shut up in the Jamestown peninsula should perish of hunger in
+a very few days. Of the nearly five hundred colonists in Virginia in
+the autumn of 1609, there were but sixty famine-smitten wretches alive
+in the following June, and hardly one of these could have survived had
+help been delayed a few days longer.
+
+
+IX.
+
+[Sidenote: The arrival of Gates and Somers, 1610.]
+
+[Sidenote: A True Declaration of the Estate of the Colony of Virginia,
+1619, p.23.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6.]
+
+Relief came to the little remnant from a quarter whence it was least
+expected. The emigrants of the preceding year had been sent out under
+the authority of Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers. The two
+leaders were jealous of each other, and for fear either should gain
+advantage by prior arrival they embarked in the same ship. This ship
+became separated from the rest of the fleet and went ashore on the
+Bermudas, then uninhabited, and "accounted as an inchaunted pile of
+rockes and a desert inhabitation for Divels," in the words of a writer
+of the time; "but all the fairies of the rocks were but flocks of
+birds, and all the Divels that haunted the woods were but herds of
+swine." Here old Sir George Somers, a veteran seaman, constructed two
+little cedar vessels, and provisioning them for the voyage with what
+the islands afforded--live turtles, and the flesh of wild hogs and
+waterfowl salted--the company set sail for Virginia in the spring of
+1610, arriving barely in time to save the colony from extinction.
+Finding that their provisions would not last more than two or three
+weeks, they abandoned the wreck of Jamestown, crowding all the people
+into four pinnaces, including the two improvised cedar boats built on
+the Bermudas. They sailed down the river in the desperate hope of
+surviving until they could reach Newfoundland and get supplies from
+fishing vessels. The four little craft were turned back on
+encountering Lord De la Warr, the new governor, ascending the James to
+take charge of the colony. The meeting with De la Warr was bitterly
+regretted by the old settlers, who preferred the desperate chance of a
+voyage in pinnaces on a shipless sea with but a fortnight's provision
+to facing again the horrors of life at Jamestown.
+
+[Sidenote: De la Warr's arrival, 1610.]
+
+[Sidenote: Smith's Oxford Tract, so called.]
+
+With all the formalities thought necessary at that time, De la Warr
+took possession of Jamestown, now become a forlorn ruin full of dead
+men's bones. Gates was sent to England for a new stock of cattle,
+while the brave old Sir George Somers once more embarked for the
+Bermudas in the Patience, the little cedar pinnace which he had built
+wholly of the wood of that island without a particle of iron except
+one bolt in the keel. In this boat he sailed up and down until he
+found again "the still vexed Bermoothes," where he hoped to secure
+provisions. He died in the islands. Argall was also sent to the
+Bermudas, but missed them, and went north to the fishing banks in
+search of food.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7.]
+
+[Sidenote: De la Warr's government, 1610.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8.]
+
+[Sidenote: British Museum, MS. 21,993, ff. 174, 178. Instr. to Gates
+and De la Warr.]
+
+[Sidenote: Gold-hunting.]
+
+[Sidenote: Briefe Declaration, MS., Pub. Rec. Off.]
+
+Jamestown was cleansed, and with a piety characteristic of that age
+the deserted little church was enlarged and reoccupied and daily
+decorated with Virginia wild flowers. All the bitter experience of the
+first three years had not taught the true method of settling a new
+country. The colony was still but a camp of men without families, and
+the old common stock system was retained. To escape from the anarchy
+which resulted from a system that sank the interest of the individual
+in that of the community, it had been needful to arm De la Warr with
+the sharp sword of martial law. Some of the instructions given him
+were unwise, some impossible of execution. To convert the Indians out
+of hand, as he was told to do, by shutting up their medicine men or
+sending them to England to be Christianized by the methods then in
+use, did not seem a task easy of accomplishment, for Indian priests
+are not to be caught in time of war. But De la Warr undertook another
+part of his instructions. A hundred men under two captains were sent
+on a wild-goose chase up the James River to find gold or silver in the
+mountains, whither the phantom of mines had now betaken itself. This
+plan originated with the London managers of Virginia affairs, and men
+had been sent with De la Warr who were supposed to be skillful in
+"finding out mines." But being especially unskillful in dealing with
+the Indians, they were tempted ashore by savages, who offered them
+food and slew them "while the meate was in theire mouthes." The
+expedition thereupon turned back at a point about forty miles above
+the present site of Richmond.
+
+[Sidenote: Flight of De la Warr.]
+
+A new town was begun at the falls, in the fond belief that two mines
+were near, and De la Warr took up his residence there. Jamestown,
+drawing its water from a shallow and probably polluted well, became
+the seat of a fresh epidemic. In the month of March following his
+arrival the governor fled from the colony to save his own life,
+leaving Virginia more than ever discredited.
+
+
+X.
+
+[Sidenote: Sir Thomas Dale, 1611.]
+
+[Sidenote: Docs. Rel. to Col. Hist. N. Y., i, pp. 1, 2, 3, 9, 10,
+16-21.]
+
+As the hope of immediate profit from Virginia died away, the colony
+would have been abandoned if there had not arisen in its favor a
+patriotic enthusiasm which gave it a second lease of life. Many of the
+great noblemen were deeply engaged in this new agitation in favor of
+the unlucky colony, and none more deeply, perhaps, than Prince Henry,
+the heir apparent. At Henry's request, Sir Thomas Dale, an officer who
+had been employed about the prince's person, and who with other
+English officers was now in the service of the Netherlands, was
+granted leave of absence to go to Virginia. Since the colony was a
+check to Spain, the Netherlands were supposed to have an indirect
+interest in the enterprise and were persuaded to continue Captain
+Dale's pay. De la Warr, who remained in England, was nominally
+governor; Gates, when present in Virginia, was the ranking officer;
+but for five years Dale appears to have been the ruling spirit in the
+colony.
+
+[Sidenote: The heavy hand of Dale, 1611-1616.]
+
+[Sidenote: A Briefe Declaration of the Plantation of Virginia, 1624,
+MS., Pub. Rec. Off.]
+
+To induce him to go, Dale had been deceived regarding the condition of
+the plantation, as had been everybody else that had gone to Jamestown
+after the first ships sailed. The vice-admiral, Newport, was the
+principal reporter of Virginia affairs in England and the principal
+agent of the company in this deception. Dale's rough temper was
+already well known. It was for this, no doubt, that he had been chosen
+to do a rude piece of work. On his arrival he saw the desperate state
+of the undertaking. He pulled Vice-Admiral Newport's beard and
+threatened him with the gallows, demanding "whether it weare meant
+that people heere in Virginia shoulde feed uppon trees."
+
+[Sidenote: Brit. Museum, MS., 21,993, f. 174.]
+
+[Sidenote: Briefe Declaration.]
+
+Under the inefficient government of George Percy, who had again been
+placed in charge, the seedtime of 1611 was allowed to pass without the
+planting of corn. The Jamestown people were found by Dale "at their
+daily and usual work bowling in the streets." But the days of
+unthrifty idleness were at an end. "The libertyes, ffranchises, and
+immunityes of free denizens and natural-born subjects of any our
+other dominions" promised to the colonists, were also at an end from
+the moment of the arrival of this sharp-set soldier and
+disciplinarian. Dale's pitiless use of martial law turned Virginia not
+exactly into a military camp, but rather into a penal settlement where
+men suffered for the crime of emigration. The men taken to Virginia in
+Dale's own company were hardly fit for anything else, and were so
+"diseased and crazed in their bodies" that at one time not more than
+sixty out of three hundred were capable of labor. The food sent with
+Sir Thomas Dale by the corrupt contractors was "of such qualitie as
+hoggs refused to eat." Sir Thomas Gates afterward made oath to its
+badness before the Chief Justice in London.
+
+
+XI.
+
+[Sidenote: The years of slavery.]
+
+Dale regarded himself as an agent of the company. His aim was by hook
+or crook to make the hitherto unprofitable colony pay dividends to the
+shareholders, who were his employers. His relation to the emigrants
+was that of a taskmaster; one might, perhaps, more fitly call him a
+slave-driver. Instead of seeking to render the colony self-supporting
+by clearing corn ground, he gave his first attention to lading vessels
+with sassafras root, then much prized as a medicine, and cedar timber,
+valued especially for its odor.
+
+[Sidenote: Briefe Declaration. Percy to Northumberland, Hist. MS.,
+Commission, Rept., iii, 53, 54.]
+
+[Sidenote: Observations and Travel from London to Hamburgh, p. 13.]
+
+During a part of Dale's time eight or nine ounces of meal and half a
+pint of peas was the daily ration. In their declaration, made some
+years afterward, the surviving colonists aver that both the meal and
+the peas were "moldy, rotten, full of cobwebs and maggots, loathsome
+to man and unfit for beasts." Better men than these might have been
+driven to mutiny by the enforced toil and bad food. And mutiny and
+desertion were usually but other names for suicide under the rule of
+the pitiless high marshal. Some fled to the woods, hoping to reach a
+mythical Spanish settlement believed to be not very far away. Dale set
+the Indians on them, and they were brought back to be burned at the
+stake. Others, who in desperation or deadly homesickness resolved to
+venture their lives in a barge and a shallop "for their native
+country," suffered in various ways for their temerity. Death by
+shooting or hanging was clemency. One offender was put to death by the
+awful torture of breaking on the wheel, a penalty that Dale may have
+learned during his stay on the Continent. Taylor, the water poet, has
+left us the sickening details of such an execution in Germany in 1616.
+One need not waste any sympathy on those who were hanged for stealing
+to satisfy hunger; death is more merciful than life to men in such a
+case. But one poor rogue, who thought to better his rations by
+filching two or three pints of oatmeal, had a bodkin run through his
+tongue and was chained to a tree until he perished of hunger. Though
+these things were twice attested by the best men in the colony, one
+prefers to make some allowance for their passionate resentment, and
+to hope that some of the horrors related are exaggerated. It is hard
+to believe, for example, that men unable to work were denied food, and
+left to creep away into the wretched burrows in the ground used for
+shelter, there to die unregarded in the general misery.
+
+[Sidenote: Briefe Declaration.]
+
+In 1612 a company of ten men sent out to catch fish braved the perils
+of the ocean in a little bark and got back to England. It was the only
+escape from Dale's tyranny, pitiless and infernal. "Abandon every hope
+who enter here" was almost as appropriate to the mouth of the James
+River as to the gate of Dante's hell. All letters of complaint sent to
+England were intercepted, and all efforts of friends of the colonists
+in England to succor or rescue them were thwarted by the company in
+London. The king's pass to one of the colonists authorizing him to
+leave Virginia was sent to him by his friends closely made up in a
+garter, to avoid the vigilance of Sir Thomas Dale.
+
+[Sidenote: Dale's services.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9.]
+
+Dale's administration was strongest on its military side. There was no
+danger that the Indians would reduce the colony to any straits while
+he was in charge. He gave his first attention to fortification, and he
+even begged for two thousand convicts out of English jails to form a
+line of posts from Hampton to a point a hundred miles above Jamestown.
+He sent Argall all the way to Mount Desert to plunder a Jesuit
+settlement and make prize of a French ship--an undertaking congenial
+to Dale's military temper and the Viking tastes of Argall. As his
+experience increased, Dale came to understand that other than military
+measures were needed to found a colony, though he never more than half
+comprehended the elements of the problem. In his later time he cleared
+more corn ground, and he could boast at his departure that Virginia
+contained six horses, a hundred and forty-nine neat cattle, two
+hundred and sixteen goats, and hogs without number. Dale set off a
+private garden of three acres of land to each of the old planters, on
+the condition that they should provide food for themselves while still
+giving nearly all of their time to the service of the common stock.
+Even this slave's-patch of private interest given to only a fraction
+of the colonists put some life into Virginia; but two thirds of the
+people were retained in the old intolerable bondage, and not even the
+most favored secured personal ownership of land. Dale's administration
+was remembered as "the five years of slavery."
+
+
+XII.
+
+[Sidenote: Dale's return.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 10.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 11.]
+
+The rough-handed soldier from the Low Countries had indeed brought the
+Virginia chaos into order, but it was an order almost as deadly as the
+preceding anarchy. Dale confessed that the government of Virginia was
+"the hardest task he had ever undertaken," and he got himself out of
+it after five years by making a theatrical return to England in 1616
+with a train of Indians, including the "Princess" Pocahontas,
+converted, baptized with a Christian name as Rebecca, and wedded to an
+Englishman. He added glowing reports of the country, and proved all by
+exhibiting "at least sixteen several sorts of staple commodities to be
+raised in this plantation." For greater effect, samples of twelve of
+these products of the colony were sold by public auction in the open
+court of the company. Though Dale could show many commodities, some of
+which have never flourished in Virginia since his time, he left behind
+him not an established community, but a mere camp of unhappy men
+retained in the country by the sheer impossibility of getting away.
+After nine years of suffering, Virginia consisted of some three
+hundred and twenty-six men, twenty-five women and children, and graves
+outnumbering many times over all the living souls.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 12.]
+
+Three things had been discovered in Dale's time that were of
+importance to the colony. Dale had by personal experiment learned the
+two fishing seasons in the James River. The colonists had begun the
+profitable cultivation of tobacco, and the economic success of the
+colony was thereby assured. Lastly, even Dale's small experiment with
+private interest rendered the apportionment of the land and the
+establishment of private ownership certain to come in time. As early
+as 1614 it was estimated that three men working for themselves raised
+more corn than ten times as many when the labor was for the public
+stock.
+
+
+XIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Argall's government.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Rich's intrigue.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 13.]
+
+[Sidenote: Stith, 142.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Companie's root of difference. MS. Rec. Va. Co., May 7,
+1623.]
+
+[Sidenote: MS. Rec. Va. Co., _passim_.]
+
+Captain Argall, who succeeded Sir Thomas Dale, was a bold and notable
+mariner. He had built the first Virginia vessel; he had traded with
+the Indians for corn with as much enterprise and address as Captain
+Smith had shown; he had in a small ship called the Dainty made the
+first experimental voyage to James River by the westward route,
+avoiding the long circuit by the Canaries and West Indies. It had been
+his fortune to be the first Englishman to see the American bison,
+which he found near the Potomac. He it was who by a shrewd trick had
+captured Pocahontas and held her as hostage; and he drove the French
+out of Maine, despoiling their settlement at Mount Desert. To a
+mastery of all the arts that make the skillful navigator he added the
+courteous politeness of a man of the city and the unfaltering rapacity
+of a pirate. As governor, he robbed the company with one hand and the
+hapless colonists with the other. While using the ships and men of the
+colony to carry on the Indian trade, he turned all the profits of it
+into his own wallet. The breeding animals of the colony accumulated by
+Dale he sold, and made no account of the proceeds. There was hardly
+anything portable or salable in Virginia that he did not purloin. He
+even plundered the property of Lady De la Warr, the widow of his
+predecessor. He boldly fitted out a ship belonging to Lord Rich, and
+sent an expedition of sheer piracy to the West Indies under an old
+letter of marque from the Duke of Savoy. When advices from England
+warned Argall that his downfall was imminent, he forthwith redoubled
+his felonious diligence. His chief partner in England was Lord Rich,
+who became the second Earl of Warwick in 1619, about the time of
+Argall's return, and who is known to history in his later character as
+a great Puritan nobleman, who served God while he contrived to better
+his estate with both hands by such means as troublous times put within
+his reach. He was not content with small pickings. Rich appears to
+have aimed at nothing less than wrecking the company and securing the
+land and government of Virginia. The first step toward this was to get
+a charter for a private or proprietary plantation within Virginia
+which should be exempt from all authority of the company and the
+colony. This independent government was to serve as a refuge from
+prosecutions for Argall and other piratical agents, and at last to
+possess itself of the wreck and remainder of Virginia. The second step
+in this intrigue was one that could have availed nothing in any time
+less respectful to shadowy technicalities and less prone to legal
+chicanery than that of James I. As we have seen, jealousy was excited
+in Virginia by the possibility of Captain Smith's wedding Pocahontas
+and setting up a claim to authority based on her inheritance from
+Powhatan. A tradition lingered in Virginia a hundred years later that
+King James questioned Rolfe's right to intermarry with a foreign
+princess without the consent of his sovereign. If this had any
+foundation, it grew out of the value of a pretext in a time of
+technicality and intrigue. There may have been already a scheme to
+trade upon the hereditary right of Powhatan's daughter. Pocahontas
+died in England, leaving an infant son. Argall, on his arrival,
+hastened to notify the company that Opechankano, the brother and
+successor of Powhatan, had resolved not to sell any more land, but to
+reserve it for the son of Pocahontas when he should be grown. The
+company charged that this was a ruse to serve the ends which Argall,
+Rich, and others had in view. The larger plan miscarried, but Argall
+found his prey so tempting that he lingered longer than was safe, and
+got away in the nick of time by the aid of Lord Rich, who had stood
+guard like a burglar's pal, and who contrived to delay the ship
+carrying out the new governor until a small swift-sailing vessel could
+be sent to fetch away Argall and his varied booty of public and
+private plunder. In that day justice often went by favor, and Argall
+consigned his spoils to hands so powerful that the Virginia Company,
+stripped bare by his treacherous villainy, could never recover any of
+its lost property. The embittered colonists had the bootless
+satisfaction of sending over after the runaway governor twenty-four
+bundles of accusatory depositions.
+
+
+XIV.
+
+[Sidenote: Fall of the lottery.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 14.]
+
+From the first nobody reaped any profit from investments made in the
+new colony except the clique of merchants who had been allowed to sell
+wretched supplies for the distant settlers at ruinous rates. Rich and
+those interested with him had abundantly reimbursed themselves for all
+outlays on their part. The Virginia Company, swindled by commercial
+peculators at home, robbed by a pirate governor in America, and
+embarrassed by Spanish intrigues at the English court, had also been
+deprived of the lotteries, large and small, which had supplied money
+for sending eight hundred emigrants to Virginia. The lottery, which
+had fallen into great disrepute and had suffered "many foul
+aspersions," was abolished in compliance with a public sentiment. The
+company was tottering swiftly to a fall; vultures like Warwick were
+waiting longingly for its death.
+
+[Sidenote: Revival of interest, 1618.]
+
+But there set in once more a widespread patriotic movement in its
+behalf. Such movements were characteristic of that vital age when love
+of country was fast coming to count for more as a motive to action
+than loyalty to the person of a prince. "Divers lords, knights,
+gentlemen, and citizens, grieved to see this great action fall to
+nothing," came to its rescue with one final effort which resulted
+after some years in putting the enterprise well beyond the danger of
+failure. They formed auxiliary societies within the Virginia Company,
+after the custom of corporations in that day. Each of these undertook
+to plant a settlement or "hundred." In one year the population rose
+from less than four hundred to about a thousand. The newly active
+element infused a more liberal spirit into the company, and set about
+correcting the abuses in its management.
+
+
+XV.
+
+[Sidenote: The Great Charter, 1618.]
+
+[Sidenote: Pub. Rec. Off. Col. Papers, iii, 40. Disc. of the Old Va.
+Co.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 15.]
+
+The movement of 1618 was retarded by the disgrace into which the
+colony had fallen. An unbroken series of misfortunes and
+disappointments, the bad conduct of the company's affairs, the ill
+fame of Dale's remorseless tyranny, and the fresh Argall scandal, had
+made Virginia odious. One convict to whom the alternative was
+proposed, chose hanging in preference to transportation to Virginia.
+It was needful that something should be done to restore credit. The
+men who took the lead in the patriotic movement of 1618 on behalf of
+Virginia were mainly liberal statesmen--that Earl of Southampton who
+is known as the friend of Shakespeare; Sir Edwin Sandys, one of the
+greatest men of a great age, whose brave support of popular liberty
+had lost him the favor of the king; Sir John Danvers, and others. The
+records before the election of Sandys in 1619 were probably destroyed
+to conceal the guilt of the managers. We can only conjecture that the
+rising influence of the men who were able a few months later to
+overthrow the ruling party had much to do with the most notable
+change that took place in the conduct of affairs in the Virginia
+Company at this time. On the 13th of November, 1618--memorable but
+neglected and forgotten date--the Virginia Company, acting within the
+powers conferred on it by its charter, granted to the residents in
+Virginia a document styled a "Great Charter or Commissions of
+Priviledges, Orders, and Lawes." No copy of this instrument now
+exists, but some of its provisions have been preserved. It established
+a legislative body, to consist of councilors of estate and of
+representatives or burgesses chosen by the several "plantations" or
+hundreds, and it limited the power of the governor. This charter was
+the starting point of constitutional government in the New World. It
+contained in embryo the American system of an executive power lodged
+mainly in one person, and a Legislature of two houses. One might
+without much exaggeration call this paper a sort of Magna Charta of
+America, and it was a long and probably a deliberate step toward
+popular government. If the results that have followed it be
+considered, it can hardly be accounted second in importance to any
+other state paper of the seventeenth century.
+
+
+XVI.
+
+[Sidenote: Division of land.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 16.]
+
+[Sidenote: Aspinwall Papers, p. 14, note.]
+
+[Sidenote: True Declaration, p. 25.]
+
+Not only did this admirable charter establish a representative form of
+government and do away with martial law, but it fairly launched the
+Virginians on the current of freedom and advancement by authorizing a
+liberal division of land to all those who had arrived before the
+departure of Sir Thomas Dale. The oldest land titles in Virginia are
+deduced from the authority of the Great Charter of 1618. Communism,
+pernicious everywhere, is at its worst in an infant settlement. "Every
+man sharked for his own bootie," says a writer on Virginia in 1609,
+"but was altogether careless of the succeeding penurie." The
+distribution of land abolished the common stock system of labor, and
+opened a pathway to the ambition of the diligent.
+
+[Sidenote: The good news in Virginia.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 17.]
+
+[Sidenote: Tragicall Relation, 1623.]
+
+Tidings of the great change wrought in their condition and prospects
+by the new charter reached the dwellers on the James River in the
+spring of 1619, and the colonists were "ravished with so much joy"
+that they felt themselves "now fully satisfied for their long labors
+and as happy men as there were in the world." They valued their
+liberties as no man can who has not known the bitterness of bondage,
+and in 1623, when they had reason to fear the re-establishment of the
+old tyranny, the Virginia Assembly petitioned the king in these strong
+words: "Rather than be reduced to live under the like government, we
+desire his Majesty that commissioners may be sent over to hang us." We
+have here, perhaps, the very first of the many protests of colonial
+Legislatures against oppression from England.
+
+
+XVII.
+
+[Sidenote: The sending of wives to Virginia.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 18.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 19.]
+
+In 1618, before the adoption of the charter, it was concluded, in the
+quaint phrase of the time, "that a plantation can never flourish till
+families be planted and the respects of Wives and Children fix the
+people on the soyle," or, in simpler words, that a colony of bachelors
+can hardly found a state. The first ship laden with home-makers
+carried over ninety maids, and the company thought it necessary to
+promise special rewards to the men who should marry these young women.
+If the maids were as certified, "young, handsome, and well
+recommended," they needed no such dowry in a land that had hardly a
+woman in it. Young or old, handsome or homely, the maids did not prove
+a drug. Shipload after shipload of them were eagerly bought by the
+planters, who had to pay a round sum in the high-priced tobacco of
+that early time to defray the cost of transporting these wives.
+Besides having to pay for his wife, the planter could have her only on
+the condition of winning her consent; and the eager courtship that
+ensued on the arrival of a shipload of maids must have been one of the
+most amusing scenes in the settlement of America. Suitors far
+outnumbered the women, and the latter had things pretty much their own
+way. The first cargo of this interesting merchandise was landed in
+1619, but as late as 1624 the women were probably in danger of setting
+the colonists by the ears, for the governor felt obliged to issue a
+proclamation threatening fine or whipping for the offense of betrothal
+to more than one person at a time. In 1632, thirteen years after the
+first shipment, we find the colony still being replenished with women
+sent in the same fashion. In that year, two, whose behavior during the
+voyage had been disgraceful, were sent back as unfit to be mothers of
+Virginians. The precaution could not have been of much practical use,
+but it indicates the early growth of a wholesome local pride. When
+there were house mothers in the cabins, and children born in the
+country, the settlers no longer dreamed of returning to England; and
+there was soon a young generation that knew no other skies than those
+that spanned the rivers, fields, and vast primeval forests of their
+native Virginia, which now for the first time became a home.
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+[Sidenote: The struggle ended, 1624.]
+
+It is not the Virginia colony alone that we have seen in the crucible.
+The fate of English colonization was no doubt settled by the
+experiments made during the first years on the James River, and the
+story told in this chapter is but the overture to the whole history of
+life in the United States. In our colonizing age a settlement might be
+made in the heart of Africa with a far smaller loss of life than was
+incurred in the first sixteen years in Virginia. From 1607 to 1623
+there were landed in Virginia more than six thousand people. The
+number that returned to England was inconsiderable, but in the year
+1624, when the colony passed under a royal government, there remained
+alive in the colony only twelve hundred and seventy-five. Of those who
+came in these early years four fifths perished. A part of this loss
+was due to radically wrong conceptions of the nature, end, and proper
+methods of colonization, a part to corrupt and incompetent management
+in the London Company. The bad character of many of the earliest
+emigrants was one cause of difficulty. The writers of the time
+probably exaggerated this evil in order to excuse the severity of the
+government and the miseries into which the settlers fell. But the loss
+of many of the early comers must be accounted a distinct gain to
+Virginia. Unfitted for their environment, they were doomed to
+extinction by that pitiless law which works ever to abolish from the
+earth the improvident, the idle, and the vicious.
+
+
+ELUCIDATIONS.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1, page 29.]
+
+In 1889, when I visited Jamestown, there was no apparent trace of
+Sandy Beach which had connected the island with the mainland. This bit
+of sand, in the antique phrase of one of the early colonists, was "no
+broader than a man may well quaite a tileshard." Strachey, in Purchas,
+p. 1752. Jamestown is now a farm; the ruins of the church and many of
+the tombs in the eighteenth-century churchyard remain; but the upper
+end of the island is wearing away, and I picked out of the crumbling
+sand, far from the later burying place, human bones of earlier
+burials, possibly of the victims of the famines and epidemics. The
+walls of the magazine had been exposed by erosion. I brought away
+wrought nails, bits of glass grown iridescent from long burial, and
+an exploded bombshell of so small a caliber as to mark its antiquity.
+By the aid of a negro youth living on the farm I found the hearth
+bricks turned up in various places by the plow, and the arrangement,
+or rather lack of arrangement, of the town could thus be made out. My
+guide volunteered the information that Jamestown was "the first place
+discovered after the Flood." Some drawings made at the time were
+reproduced with an article on Nathaniel Bacon in the Century Magazine
+for July, 1890.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2, page 37.]
+
+Whether Smith was injured by gunpowder and required treatment, as he
+asserts, or was sent home under charges, has been matter of dispute.
+Both accounts are correct, as is shown by the testimony of an
+important manuscript at Petworth House, in Surrey, which I was allowed
+to examine by the courtesy of Lord Leconsfield. It is from the pen of
+George Percy, a brother of the Earl of Northumberland, who was chosen
+to succeed Smith on his departure from the colony. It is not the
+narrative from which Purchas makes extracts, but a sequel to it. The
+title is "A Trewe Relacyon of the pceedinge and Ocvrrentes of momente
+wch have hapned in Virginia from the Tyme Sr Thomas Gates was
+shipwrackde vpon the Bermudes Ano. 1609 vntill my depture ovtt of the
+country wch was in Ano Dni 1612." It is a quarto of forty-one pages.
+Percy was a man of courage, but his own narrative in this little book
+shows that he had no qualification for the office of governor except
+the rank of his family. His ill health is made an excuse for his
+inefficiency, but Dale's letter of May 25, 1611, shows that even the
+horrible events of Percy's first government had not taught him to
+plant corn when again left in charge. Percy naturally resents Smith's
+boastfulness, and bluntly accuses him of laying claim to credit that
+was not his. The charge that Smith, unable to control the unruly
+settlers at the Falls under West, advised the Indians to attack them,
+is supported by Percy; and a very different charge, that he stirred up
+the Indians to assassinate West himself, appears at a later time in
+Spelman's Relation, a tract that bears abundant internal evidence of
+the writer's mental inability to speak the truth. Percy himself
+relates that the Indians were already hostile to West's party, and
+that they had wounded and killed some of West's men in resentment of
+their wanton outrages. See also the account in the Oxford Tract, with
+the signatures of Pots and Phettiplace, for Smith's version of the
+affair. "Bloody-mindedness" seems not to have been a trait of Smith.
+But the exigency was a terrible one, for death by starvation was
+already impending, and only the restoration of discipline at any cost
+could have saved the colony from the horrible fate it met. Such a
+course would not have done much violence to the notions of the time,
+and would have found precedents in the various plots against the lives
+of Smith, Wingfield, and others in the colony. It is quite probable,
+however, that there is no truth in the story. The violent hatred of
+the factions will account for the suspicion.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3, page 38.]
+
+Captain Smith's True Relation was sent from Virginia and was printed
+in London in 1608. In 1612 he published what is commonly referred to
+as the Oxford Tract. Its proper title is very long. The first part of
+it is as follows: "Map of Virginia, with a description of the Covntry,
+the Commodities, People, Government, and Religion. Written by Captain
+Smyth, sometime Governor of the Covntry. And wherevnto is annexed the
+proceedings of those colonies since their first departure from
+England," etc. The second part of the book professes to be taken from
+the writings of eight of the colonists, whose names are given, and to
+have been edited by W. S.--that is, the Reverend Dr. Symonds. The
+Generall Historie was first proposed in a well-considered and rather
+elegant speech by Captain Smith at a meeting of the Virginia Company,
+April 12, 1621, while the new patent which was to be submitted to
+Parliament was under discussion. He suggested the writing of a history
+to preserve the memory of the worthies of Virginia, dead and living,
+and gave it as his opinion that no Spanish settlement of the same age
+afforded matter more interesting. "Which worthy speech," says the
+record, "had of the whole court a very great applause as spoken freely
+to a speciall purpose, and therefore thought fitt to be considered and
+put in practice in his due time. And for which also Mr. Smyth as
+preferring allwaies mocions of speciall consequence was exceedingly
+commended." MS. Records of the Virginia Company, i, 197-200. A first
+edition of the Generall Historie appeared in 1624, the last two
+editions in 1632. The book is a compilation of Smith's earlier works,
+somewhat expanded, not to say inflated. The later portions are mostly
+made up from the official and _quasi_-official pamphlets. Just what
+was Dr. Symonds's part in the preparation of the Oxford Tract and the
+Generall Historie it would be interesting to know. The latter work
+was in some sense by authority of the company, and liable to the
+peculiar suspicion that hangs about writings designed to advance the
+colony and not primarily to record history. Its descriptive portions
+are of high value, and we are now able to control its historical
+errors to a certain extent. Besides these three works on Virginia,
+Smith published a Description of New England, 1616, New England's
+Trials, 1620, and Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New
+England or Elsewhere, in 1631, the year of his death. These all
+contain valuable matter relating to Virginia. He also published in
+1627 two works on seamanship, a Sea Grammar, and the Accidence or
+Pathway to Experience necessary for a Young Seaman. In 1630 he
+published his True Travels, a book which contains an account of his
+own adventures previous to his going to Virginia. More than a quarter
+of a century had elapsed between the occurrence of these adventures
+and their publication. Smith's vivid imagination had meantime no doubt
+greatly magnified his own exploits. It is quite impossible at this day
+to sift what truth there is in the True Travels from the
+exaggerations. Travelers in that time were not held to a very rigid
+account, and their first obligation seems to have been to amuse their
+readers. No distinct line had yet been drawn in literature between
+fact and fiction.
+
+Many years ago, before I had had an opportunity to examine and compare
+all his writings, I rashly printed a brief argument in favor of the
+trustworthiness of Captain John Smith and the credibility of the
+Pocahontas story. I believe no person of critical judgment can make a
+thorough comparison of Smith's successive books without being
+convinced of the ineradicable tendency of his mind to romance in
+narrating adventure, especially his own adventure. Even his style
+where his vanity speaks loses something of its native directness and
+force. His practical writings on navigation and on the proper conduct
+of colonization, and his descriptions of the country and the savages,
+are plain, direct, and lucid. His speeches in the Virginia Company
+appear to have been exceedingly wise, and to have impressed his
+hearers. Note, for example, his proposals (Records, i, 197) that
+colonial governors should be liable to trial in England; his proposal
+to reduce the fee for sending a child to Virginia from five pounds to
+five marks, the cost of apprenticing to a trade (i, 174); and his
+preference for a governor well paid to one working "for love"
+(February 4, 1623). His personal morals were probably unexceptionable.
+One of his associates certifies to his freedom from tobacco, wines,
+dice, debts, and oaths. But a comparison between the statements made
+in the Oxford Tract and those in the Generall Historie leaves upon the
+mind of the critic a distinct impression of the very processes by
+which his adventures were exaggerated in his own memory as time
+elapsed. The three or four hundred savages on the Potomac (Oxford
+Tract, p. 32, a sufficiently marvelous story) rise to three or four
+thousand in the Generall Historie. Pocahontas becomes the central
+figure in incidents as told in 1624 in which she had no place in 1612.
+There is but one allusion to Pocahontas in the entire Oxford Tract (p.
+103), and that has to do with the charge that Smith intended to marry
+her. A just and witty judgment of Captain Smith was made almost in his
+own time by Thomas Fuller. He says: "Such his perils, preservations,
+dangers, deliverances, they seem to most men beyond belief, to some
+beyond truth. Yet we have two witnesses to attest them, the prose and
+the pictures, both in his own book; and it soundeth much to the
+diminution of his deeds that he alone is the herald to publish and
+proclaim them.... However, moderate men must allow Captain Smith to
+have been very instrumental in settling the plantation in Virginia,
+whereof he was Governor, as also admiral of New England." Fuller's
+Worthies, edition of 1840, i, 276. Those who desire to see an
+ingenious and learned defense of Captain Smith, particularly in the
+matter of the Pocahontas story, will find it in an address by Mr.
+William Wirt Henry, published by the Virginia Historical Society.
+Prof. Arber's discussion of the subject in his edition of Smith's
+Works is sentimental rather than critical. Compare Deane's Wingfield
+for the other side. Unnecessary heat has characterized some of the
+debates about John Smith. History pitched in a shrill polemical key is
+not instructive and is something less than amusing. These debates
+center themselves on the Pocahontas story, which is of little
+historical importance except as it involves the trustworthiness of
+Smith's narrative.
+
+The conduct of Captain Smith in the Virginia colony will be better
+understood if we appreciate the character of his principal opponent,
+Gabriel Archer. Archer's return to Virginia in 1609 and his agency in
+overthrowing Captain Smith are alluded to apparently in a passage in
+the New Life of Virginea, 1612, "In which distemper that envious man
+stept in, sowing plentifull tares in the hearts of all," etc. One of
+Archer's schemes seems to have been to establish a parliament and a
+complicated government at the beginning. Purchas and Strachey both
+take sides against Archer in his controversy with Smith. Purchas, iv,
+p. 1749, Oxford Tract, 22. Wingfield warned Newport of the danger of
+disturbance from Archer, who was "troubled with an ambitious spirit."
+Wingfield's Discourse, 77, 94, 95. Wingfield also says, "In all their
+disorders was Mr. Archer a ringleader." He adds that Ratcliffe "did
+wear no other eies or eares than grew on Mr. Archer's head." For a
+bibliographical account of Smith's works the reader is referred to the
+valuable notes in Mr. Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of
+America, vol. iii, _passim_.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4, page 38.]
+
+A Trewe Relacyon, etc., at Petworth House, as above. The Indians in
+sheer wantonness scraped out the brains of their dead victims with
+mussel shells. Percy seems to have retaliated in a way to exasperate
+without disabling the savages. He "burned their hawses, Ransacked
+their Temples, tooke downe the corpses off their deade Kings from off
+their Toambes [that is, the scaffold on which their well-dried remains
+were deposited], and caryed away their pearles, caps, and bracelets
+wherewith they doe decore their Kings fvneralls." (For this sacred
+house thus desecrated by Percy the Indians had such reverence that
+none but priests and chiefs were allowed to enter, and the Indians
+never ventured to pass it without casting some offering of tobacco,
+wampum, copper, or puccoon root into the water.--Strachey, 90.) When
+Percy had captured a chief's wife and children, the soldiers in
+revengeful wantonness, according to Percy's account, threw the
+children out of the boat and shot them in the water. The inefficient
+Percy was able to save the life of the "queen" or chief's wife with
+difficulty. West and Ratcliffe, who had overthrown Smith, are accused
+by Percy of unnecessary cruelty to the savages. West sailed away in
+the ship, leaving Jamestown to its fate. Ratcliffe was put to death
+with exquisite tortures. There is no doubt some truth, as there is
+certainly jealousy, in Percy's charge that Captain Smith was "an
+ambitious, unworthy, and vainglorious fellow, attempting to take all
+men's authorities from them," but he was neither weak, like Percy and
+Ratcliffe, nor visionary, like the gold-hunting Martin and the
+doctrinary and demagogical Archer, nor treacherous and cruel, like
+West. With all his faults he only was master of the situation in these
+early years. Percy admits that the lawful authority was that of Smith.
+The history of the government of Percy and his supporters seems to
+justify Smith's refusal to share his lawful power with incompetent
+factionaries.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5, page 39.]
+
+So far the State Papers, but Percy, in his A Trewe Relacyon, adds that
+he caused the man to be tortured till he confessed, and he relates
+repulsive details of the crime. The effrontery of an official
+publication went so far as to deny (True Declaration, 1610), on the
+authority of Sir Thomas Gates, this fact so circumstantially and
+abundantly attested. In Peckard's Life of Ferrar, p. 158, a petition
+from the Virginia colony to the king is preserved in which occur these
+words: "To tell how great things many of us have suffered through
+hunger alone would be as incredible as horrible for us to repeat to
+your sacred ears."
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6, page 41.]
+
+See, among other authorities, A Plaine Declaration of Barmudas, in
+black letter, 1613, written by one of the party. Myriads of birds
+nested on the island. How the hogs came to be there is matter of
+conjecture. The writer of the Plaine Declaration makes old Sir George
+Somers the resourceful hero of their marvelous escape, and it was from
+him that the islands took the name of Somers or Summer Islands. For
+want of pitch, the seams of the vessels were paid with "a kind of hard
+lime" and some "wax cast up by the sea." Strachey's A True Reportory
+of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, Knight, etc.,
+Purchas, iv, p. 1734, is also by one of the shipwrecked party. The
+Rev. Joseph Hunter has written with much learning, patient research,
+and fatiguing prolixity to disprove the theory that Shakespeare's
+Tempest was suggested by the wreck of Gates and Somers. He succeeds in
+showing its relation to another occurrence, but works of imagination
+do not usually have their origin in a single fact, and it is hard to
+resist the conviction that the Tempest, as we have it, contains more
+than one allusion to the wreck upon "the still vexed Bermoothes."
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7, page 42.]
+
+The beauty of the wood of certain American trees had already been
+noted. The communion table in Jamestown in De la Warr's time was made
+of black walnut. The pews were of cedar, and there were "fair, broad
+windows," with shutters of cedar, "to shut and open as the weather
+shall occasion," but there appears to have been no glass. Window glass
+was little used at that time, and there probably was not a glazed
+window in the colony. The pulpit was of cedar, and the font was "hewen
+hollow like a canoa." Strachey, in Purchas, p. 1755.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8, page 42.]
+
+Some families appear to have gone to Virginia with De la Warr. The
+purpose to send families of wives and children and servants is
+expressed in A True Declaration, which was dated 1610, but, as Mr.
+Alexander Brown points out, issued in December, 1609.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9, page 48.]
+
+The Tragicall Relation of 1623, and the Briefe Declaration of 1624,
+manuscripts in the British Public Record Office, are the most
+important authorities for the facts given in the text. The Briefe
+Declaration is rather the fuller, but the earlier paper supplies some
+particulars. These two formal documents are not from the same hand,
+and the slight difference between them in details tends rather to
+confirm than to shake the reader's confidence in their testimony. The
+names of Sir Francis Wyatt, George Sandys, and other prominent
+colonists appended to the Tragicall Relation are a guarantee of its
+good faith. It is curious to note that Raphe Hamor, whose relation is
+so favorable to Dale, and who held the post of secretary under Dale
+and that of vice-admiral under Argall, signs this paper, which is a
+severe impeachment of Sir Thomas Smythe's administration of the
+affairs of the company before 1619. Hamor's True Discourse has
+heretofore usually been taken as an authority, but after reading the
+documents in the Public Record Office one is compelled to believe that
+Hamor, or perhaps one might say Dale, under cover of his secretary,
+misrepresents the state of the colony, and makes promises to those who
+may emigrate that it was hardly possible to carry out. The Discourse
+of the old Virginia Company (Colonial Papers, iii, 40), and other
+papers in the Public Record Office relating to the strife between the
+company and the Court, throw light on this period. The half-apologies
+for Dale's cruelties in Smith's Generall Historie, book iv, prove
+their existence. "For amongst them, so hardened in evil," says this
+writer, "the fear of a cruel, painful, and unusual death more
+restrains them than death itself." See also Hamor, p. 27. There is a
+letter from Whitaker appended to Hamor's Discourse. Though apparently
+an incidental letter, it bears marks of having been procured for
+purposes of vindication. Its defensive tone goes to show that the
+character of Dale's tyranny had transpired in England. Whitaker
+praises Sir Thomas Dale mainly for being religious and valiant, and
+says that he had "great knowledge in Divinity and good conscience in
+all his doings; both which bee rare in a martiall man." In Whitaker's
+Good Newes of Virginia, 1613, there is no praise of Sir Thomas Dale.
+That Dale was famous for his severity before he left Europe is
+manifest from the phrase used by the Jesuit Biard, "Le Mareschal
+Thomas Deel que vous auez ouy estre fort aspre en ses humeurs."
+Relation, chap. xxxiii. See in this and the preceding chapter the
+whole account of his savage temper toward his French prisoners, etc.
+It has been the custom of our older writers to speak of Dale's
+administration only in praise, but careful weighing of the original
+authorities shows that Dale was utterly pitiless in the cruelty of his
+discipline and unjust in his detention of the old planters, and that
+when he left the colony he was more generally execrated than any other
+man that ruled in these early days, not even excepting his successor,
+Argall. Dale's severity was serviceable in carrying the enterprise
+through straits, but the reports of his harshness brought the colony
+into disrepute and checked immigration. The detestation of Dale was
+shared by the best men in Virginia, yet it is to be remembered that
+the savagery of Dale's government was due not wholly to the brutal
+temper of the man, but partly to the age and the school in which he
+had been bred. Legal torture was in use long after this. The Clarendon
+Papers, quoted by Southey, state that at Henley-on-Thames, as late as
+1646, it was ordered that a woman's tongue should be nailed to a tree
+for complaining of the tax levied by Parliament. The cruel practices
+of the agents of the Virginia Company are paralleled by those of the
+East India Company at the same time. "Before they were intrusted with
+martial law they made it a rule to whip to death or starve to death
+those of whom they wished to get rid." Mills, British India, i, 38.
+Even that champion of popular liberty, Sir Edwin Sandys, found it in
+his heart to approve of Dale's course while admitting its harshness.
+He said to the court of the Virginia Company of the 17th of November,
+1619, that "Sir Thomas Dale, building upon these foundations with
+great and constant severity, reclaymed almost miraculously those idle
+and disordered people, and reduced them to labor and an honest fashion
+of life." MS. Records of the Virginia Company. Compare also Sir Thomas
+Smythe's defense, note to Aspinwall Papers in IV Massachusetts
+Historical Collections, ix, p. 1. My citations from the Tragicall
+Relation and Briefe Declaration are partly from the originals in the
+British Public Record Office, which I carefully examined in 1885, but
+the first of these is printed in Neill's Virginia Company, and the
+Briefe Declaration was published by the State of Virginia in 1874 in a
+Senate document entitled Colonial Records of Virginia. Very good
+abstracts of both papers appear in Sainsbury's Calendar. I cite the
+Discourse of the Old Virginia Company from the MS. in the British
+Public Record Office. I do not remember to have seen it in print.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 10, page 49.]
+
+Birch's Court of James I, i, 415. Chamberlain to Carleton, June 22,
+1616: "Sir Thomas Dale is arrived from Virginia, and brought with him
+some ten or twelve old and young of that country, among whom is
+Pocahuntas, daughter of Powhatan, married to one Rolfe, an Englishman.
+I hear not of any other riches or matter of worth, but only some
+quantity of sassafras, tobacco, pitch, tar, and clapboard, things of
+no great value unless there were plenty, and nearer hand. All I can
+hear of it is, that the country is good to live in, if it were stored
+with people, and might in time become commodious. But there is no
+present profit to be expected."
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 11, page 49.]
+
+The Discourse of the Old Virginia Company, an exceedingly interesting
+manuscript in the British Record Office, makes it appear that as late
+as 1618 the colonists had no thought of staying in Virginia, and even
+the directors at home were interested only in making money out of
+tobacco and sassafras, with little or no care to plant a permanent
+colony. Some allowance must be made, perhaps, for the _ex-parte_
+nature of this paper, but its tone and the high character of those who
+offered it give reason to trust it. Colonial Papers, iii, 40. Answer
+of the Virginia Company to Queries of the Privy Council in 1625.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 12, page 49.]
+
+We may trust Hamor's True Discourse, p. 17, for some of these details,
+though the book generally is discredited by the account given in the
+Tragicall Relation, which Hamor himself signed with others in 1623. A
+comparison of all these authorities makes it evident that only
+eighty-one who were ranked as "farmers" derived any benefit from
+Dale's three-acre division, while about two hundred others were
+probably left in unmitigated bondage.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 13, page 51.]
+
+"And to protect Captain Argall from being called to an account for his
+government under shew of a new plantation to be set up in Virginia by
+Captain Argall and his partners, whereof the said earl (Warwick) hath
+since appeared to be one (which yet to this day hath had no
+beginning), there was procured a patent to the said captain and his
+associates for the said new plantation; whereby he and his Company,
+their heirs and assigns (save only in time of defence by war), were
+exempted from all power, authority, and jurisdiction to be from hence
+derived or there established, that so he might reign there as great
+and absolute master, without law or controulment, and without the fear
+of ever being called to any future reckoning.... Whatsoever was
+remaining at that time in the colony belonging to the public ... he
+converted it in a manner wholly to his own private use and possession,
+the very public lands cultivated, the Company's tenants and servants,
+their rents, corn and tributes of corn, their kine and other cattle,
+their stores and other provisions; whereby the company, being disabled
+in all appearance of ever setting up the same again or to bear the
+great burden of public charge both at home and abroad, being thus
+stripped of all revenue, the said Company must have failed and decayed
+and the whole colony have fallen in time into the hands of the said
+captain and his association to be there established, which seemeth to
+have been his prime and original desire.... This course of depredation
+and roving not sufficing as likely to receive encounter and check from
+hence, new engines were used, some to dishearten and some to disgrace
+the Company, that so as it seemeth they might in time obtain the
+plantation and leave it as a prey to the said captain, his friends and
+followers, etc." Burk's History of Virginia, Appendix, vol. i. The
+extract is from the document known as The Company's Chief Root of
+Differences, etc. I have compared this copy with that in the MS.
+Records of the Virginia Company, Library of Congress, and find only
+slight verbal differences. At the instance of Warwick the authors of
+this paper--Lord Cavendish, Sir Edwin Sandys, and John and Nicholas
+Ferrar--were put under arrest in their own houses for this
+"impertinent declaration." The Warwick party had made "threats of
+blood" to deter Southampton from complaining to the king.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 14, page 53.]
+
+Birch's Court and Times of James the First, i, 311. Chamberlain to
+Carleton, May 16, 1614: "Sir Thomas Gates is come from Virginia, and
+brings word that plantation will fall to the ground if it be not
+presently supplied. He speaks of wonderful commodities that are to be
+had there if we could but have patience and would be at the cost to
+bring them to perfection." Out of this necessity for some present
+support came the great lottery. It was recommended by the Privy
+Council to the Mayor of Canterbury, February 22, 1615. There was a
+"running lottery" of smaller adventures in Paul's Churchyard before
+the "great standing lottery" was instituted, and then there were other
+"running lotteries" "in many other places after." Purchas, p. 1773. No
+doubt there were corruptions and abuses in these lotteries. The
+merchants prospered while Virginia languished. Its unpopularity is
+attributed to "malignant tongues," in the MS. Records of the Virginia
+Company, i, 158, and the overthrow of the lottery may have been part
+of the plot of those who sought soon after to wreck the company
+itself.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 15, page 55.]
+
+My attention was first attracted to the date of the Great Charter of
+November 13, 1618, by a minute in the handwriting of Secretary
+Williamson in the Public Record Office, as follows: "Those Adventurers
+& Planters by Vertue of y{e} s{d} Lett{rs} Patent of Incorporacon &c.
+made a Great charter of Lawes & Ord{rs} for y{e} govermn{t} of the
+Country. It bore date at London, Nov. 13{th} 1618." Col. Pprs, i, 11.
+The proceedings of the first Assembly in Virginia are preserved in the
+Public Record Office in Pory's Report. This report gives the only
+information we have regarding the provisions of this long-lost
+charter. An abstract of these proceedings is printed in the Calendar
+of Colonial Documents, and the whole document was reprinted in the New
+York Historical Society Collections, second series, vol. iii, and yet
+more carefully in the Colonial Records of Virginia, 1874. There is an
+allusion to this charter in the Briefe Relation, 1624. Various
+Virginia land grants deduce their authority from the Great Charter of
+Laws and Orders of November 13, 1618, as we learn from a note in the
+Aspinwall Papers, p. 14. There are many allusions to the charter of
+1618 in the Manuscript Records of the Virginia Company in the Library
+of Congress.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 16, page 56.]
+
+The Code of Lawes, Divine, Morall and Martiall, by which Dale reigned
+was edited and published by Strachey in 1612, and reprinted in Force's
+Tracts, vol. iii. This code appears to have had no other sanction than
+the approval of Sir Thomas Smythe, the governor of the company. The
+beneficial effect of these laws is maintained in Hamor's Discourse, in
+Rolfe's Relation, and in certain letters of Dale in the Record Office.
+It was not, indeed, the government by martial law, but Dale's abuse of
+his power, that wrought the mischief. After the emancipation the old
+settlers lived in perpetual terror lest some turn of the wheel should
+put them once more in the power of Sir Thomas Smythe and his divine
+and martial laws. See especially the Additional Statement appended to
+the Discourse of the Old Virginia Company. On the long and bitter
+dissension that resulted in the overthrow of the company, see Arthur
+Woodnoth's Short Collection of the most remarkable Passages from the
+Original to the Dissolution of the Virginia Company, a rare work of
+great value to the historian of this period.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 17, page 56.]
+
+Rolfe's Relation has it that the ship which brought Yeardley brought
+also the news of the election of Sandys and John Ferrar. But Yeardley
+arrived in Virginia on the 18th of April (O.S.), and Sir Thomas
+Smythe's resignation did not take place until ten days later.
+Manuscript Records of the Virginia Company. The news that Sir George
+Yeardley did bring was no doubt that the power of Sir Thomas Smythe
+and his party was broken, and that the actual control of affairs was
+in the hands of such men as Sandys, Southampton, Cavendish, Danvers,
+and the two Ferrars. The whole policy of the company indicates that
+the new party was really in power, and the appointment of such a man
+as Yeardley was probably the work of the rising party. The records
+before the resignation of Sir Thomas Smythe were probably destroyed
+for purposes of concealment.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 18, page 57.]
+
+Manuscript Book of Instructions, etc., Library of Congress. Letter to
+the Governor and Council by the ship Marmaduke, August 12, 1621. A
+proposal to send women had been made seven years earlier. Commons
+Journal, 1, 487, May 17, 1614. Extract from Martyn's Speech (for which
+he was reprimanded): "That they require but a few honest Labourers
+burthened with Children.--Moveth, a committee may consider of the
+means for this, for Seven Years; at which some of the Company may be
+present." On November 17, 1619, Sir Edwin Sandys pointed out in the
+court of the company that the people of Virginia "were not settled in
+their mindes to make it their place of rest and continuance." "For the
+remedying of the Mischiefe and for establishing a perpetuitie of the
+Plantation," he proposed the sending of "one hundred young maides to
+become wives." Manuscript Records of the Virginia Company, i, 44, 45.
+Two women, the first in the colony, had arrived in September, 1608.
+Oxford Tract, 47. There were women in Gates's party in 1610. It was
+even reported that some English women had intermingled with the
+natives. Calendar Colonial Papers, i, 13. An allowance of food to
+women in De la Warr's time is proof that women were there. In 1629
+there was living Mistress Pearce, "an honest, industrious woman," who
+had been in Virginia "near twenty years." Rolfe (a copy of whose
+Relation is among the Duke of Manchester's MSS. now in the British
+Public Record Office) sets down a remainder of seventy-five of the
+three hundred and fifty-one persons in the colony at Dale's departure,
+as women and children. It is worth recalling here that D'Ogeron, who
+governed Santo Domingo in 1663 and after, supplied the buccaneers
+with wives brought from France; and the plan was also put into
+practice in Louisiana about a century later than the Virginia
+experiment, and the same expedient, as is well known, was resorted to
+in Canada. In Virginia more pains were taken to have all the women
+thus imported of a good character than in some of the French colonies.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 19, page 58.]
+
+The belief that these maids were "pressed" or coerced into going is
+probably erroneous (see the speech of Sandys, July 7, 1620, Manuscript
+Records of the Virginia Company). He says, "These people (including
+the maids) are to be provided as they have formerly beene, partlie by
+printed publication of the supplies indicated, together with the
+conditions offered to these publique tennants, partlie by help of such
+noble friends and others in remote parts as have formerlie given great
+assistance." The notion that some of the maidens were pressed seems to
+have had its rise in the counterfeiting of the great seal and the
+issuing of forged commissions to press maidens for "breeders for the
+King" in the Bermudas and Virginia in order to extort money. One Owen
+Evans was accused of such practices in October, 1618 (Sainsbury, p.
+19), and one Robinson was hanged, drawn, and quartered for this or
+similar offences in November of the same year (Birch's Court of James
+I, 108). In order to encourage the adventurers or shareholders to
+subscribe to the sending of maids, a town was laid off in Virginia to
+be called Maydstown. The subscribers were to be allowed shares in this
+town. Manuscript Records, May 20, 1622, on the general subject; also
+Records under date of November 3, 1621, and the 17th of the same
+month, June 11, and November 21, 1621, and the manuscript book in the
+Library of Congress, which I refer to in these notes as Manuscript
+Book of Instructions, pp. 76 and 89. I may remark here that this book
+has not been in use in recent times for reference. Its origin is
+uncertain, nor can the authorities of the library tell where it came
+from. It was compiled in the latter part of the seventeenth century,
+judging from internal evidence, and was perhaps kept among the records
+of the colony for reference on what we should call constitutional
+questions. I found a loose memorandum laid in its pages in the
+handwriting of Thomas Jefferson, to whom the book probably once
+belonged.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THE THIRD.
+
+_THE PROCESSION OF MOTIVES._
+
+
+I.
+
+[Sidenote: The chief mistake.]
+
+The cause of the sorrows of Virginia will be more plainly seen if we
+turn again to the motives that propelled Englishmen to plant a colony.
+The chief mistake lay in the main purpose. If the founding of a state
+had been other than a secondary and remote end, the managers might
+have sent at first families and not bachelors, farmers and not
+gentlemen, laborers and not riff-raff. But more visionary motives
+dominated the action. A state was planted, but something else was
+mainly intended by the first projectors. The work seemed continuous,
+but the end in view shifted and the actors gradually changed. The only
+motive that held from first to last, and ran through all the rest, was
+the rivalry with Spain.
+
+[Sidenote: The rivalry with Spain.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lane to Sydney. Aug. 12, 1585. Sainsbury.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lane to Walsingham. Aug. 12, 1585. Sainsbury.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1.]
+
+The colonies attempted by Frobisher and Gilbert were to serve as
+relays in the work of exploration for a sea passage to the Pacific and
+the search for mines, but they mark strongly the influence of the
+Spanish example on English projects. Ralegh was a lifelong opponent in
+peace and war of Spanish intrigue and aggression, and his efforts to
+plant colonies in the virgin land were suggested by a knowledge of
+the almost exhaustless treasure that flowed into Spanish coffers from
+America. The opportune capture of a Spanish carack bound homeward from
+Mexico with letters describing the wealth of Mexican mines brought the
+support of English merchants to Ralegh's undertaking. Imbued with the
+same spirit, Ralegh's governor wrote from Roanoke Island in 1585 that
+his colony would be a means of deliverance from the domination of
+Spain, "whose strength doth altogether grow from the mines of her
+treasure." In the perilous isolation of the little company on Roanoke
+Island, Lane assures himself that God will feed his men by means of
+ravens rather than suffer their "enemies the papists" "to triumph at
+the overthrow of this most Christian action." The home-staying English
+of that age were spurred to colony-planting by three main
+motives--cupidity, patriotic feeling, and religious zeal--and all of
+these were provoked by emulation and jealousy of Spain.
+
+
+II.
+
+[Sidenote: Delusions in colony-planting.]
+
+The prolonged movement for a colonial establishment, which extended
+over the latter half of the reign of Elizabeth and almost the whole of
+the reign of James I, was kept alive by delusions. The ultimate ends
+for which colonies were proposed and planted in the last quarter of
+the sixteenth and the first quarter of the seventeenth century were
+none of them attained. The movable passage through North America to
+the Pacific was still leading explorers a merry dance when the first
+Jamestown emigrants sailed in 1606, and gold mines of comminuted mica,
+of iron pyrites, of Indian mineral paints, and of pure fable were
+potent attractions for some time after. The gradual increase of
+geographical knowledge caused the "South Sea" to take shelter in the
+unknown region behind the mountains, and the gold mines reported by
+Indians and discovered by sanguine prospectors were somehow lost in
+the interminable forests. In this exigency the first colony must have
+perished for want of support if new hopes as illusive as the old had
+not moved the English people to avert such a calamity.
+
+[Sidenote: Commodities.]
+
+[Sidenote: For example, Carlisle's treatise, Anderson's Commerce, year
+1583.]
+
+[Sidenote: Wine.]
+
+[Sidenote: Silk.]
+
+[Sidenote: Anderson on the year 1589.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1609.]
+
+The production of commodities which the ungenial climate of the
+British Islands refused to grow was thought of from the beginning, and
+they became after 1616 the main hope of wealth from Virginia. It
+seemed grievous that England should spend her money in buying wine and
+silk from southern Europe and naval stores from the Baltic. The only
+maxim of political economy generally accepted in that day was that a
+nation is enriched by getting money from abroad and keeping it at
+home. The precious metals constituted the only recognized riches. Laws
+were made to restrain the exportation of gold and silver, and
+sumptuary laws to discourage the consumption of those things that must
+be bought of the foreigner. Efforts to raise in Great Britain the
+products of the Mediterranean region would have proved successful if
+the climate had been half as favorable to such enterprises as the
+government. The arguments advanced in favor of the possibility of
+producing wine in England did much, no doubt, to secure the sunshine
+of royal favor for experiments made to that end, but climatic
+conditions were inexorable. King James busied himself to no profit in
+raising mulberry trees and nursing a private stock of silkworms, in
+imitation of Henry IV, the reigning King of France, who succeeded in
+producing cocoons in the Tuileries but not in making silk culture
+profitable in the north of France. Mulberries were first planted in
+England in 1608, two years after the sailing of the Virginia
+argonauts. James sent circulars to persons of influence among his
+subjects asking them to cultivate mulberry trees, and, in the years
+immediately following, the silk fever ran its course alongside the
+excitement about the great lottery in behalf of the Virginia colony.
+Hakluyt, spreading sails for America in every breeze, hastened to
+announce at the first mention of silk culture that mulberry trees,
+"apt to feed silke wormes to make silke," were a "chiefe commoditie"
+of Virginia.
+
+The first principles that govern colony-planting were not yet
+understood. It was proposed to force everything from a forlorn camp of
+men dwelling under roofs of bark and sedge, environed by treacherous
+foes and in constant peril of starvation. The raising of silkworms was
+begun in Virginia in 1613, and before the colony was nine years old it
+was able to send to England silk that doubtless had cost more than a
+hundred times its market value. The experiment came to nothing. It
+could not have happened otherwise amid the miseries of those early
+years. The rats, which opportunely destroyed the eggs of the silk
+moth, were made to bear the responsibility for the failure.
+
+[Sidenote: A new silk fever.]
+
+[Sidenote: Cal. Dom. S. P. James I, p. 428.]
+
+[Sidenote: Pory's Report, Pub. Rec. Off.]
+
+[Sidenote: Phil. Trans. I, 201.]
+
+[Sidenote: Hening i, 14.]
+
+[Sidenote: Original Records of Colony of Va.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1655.]
+
+[Sidenote: Comp. Va. Richly Valued, 1650, and Leah and Rachel, 1636.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3.]
+
+Silk was little known in England at the beginning of Elizabeth's
+reign, but it came into great request a few years later. In 1617 Lord
+Carew declares that there is "a madness for silk instead of cloth."
+This rage for silk led to the establishment of silk manufacturing in
+England; throwsters, dyers, and weavers were brought to England from
+abroad and settled in Spitalfields, "the cheap end of its metropolis,"
+and in Moorfields. It seemed more than ever important to produce silk
+in the king's dominions, in order to supply these manufacturers with
+material without importation from alien lands. Accordingly, a new
+effort was made in 1620 to secure raw silk from Virginia. The Earl of
+Southampton, ever eager to promote the Virginia colony, "writt into
+Italy, France, and Spayne" for silkworm "seed"; the king gave some
+from his own stock, and the expert who had charge of the king's worms
+was sent over to look after the business. A French book on the subject
+was translated to instruct the colonists. The first Virginia Assembly
+in 1619 had passed a law to promote the raising of the mulberry. To
+save expense, the colonists at this time, or later, planted the trees
+in hedgerows and mowed them with a scythe. In 1621 orders were sent
+from England that none but members of the Council and the heads of
+hundreds should wear silk, unless they had made it themselves. The
+prohibition shows how general was the craze for silk clothing. The
+climate of Virginia proved genial enough, but the massacre of 1622,
+the bitter Indian conflicts that ensued in 1623, and the epidemic of
+the same year, following one another swiftly, were enough to
+annihilate a hundred feeble projects. The real doom of silk-raising,
+however, came from the fact that the culture of tobacco in virgin soil
+was incalculably more profitable and vastly less troublesome to
+pioneers than hatching silkworms' eggs in one's pocket or bosom, or
+sleeping with them in a small box under one's bolster and covering
+them in the warm bed on rising. The project was blighted in the bud by
+adverse economic conditions--a killing frost more deadly to such
+enterprises than an ungenial climate. But a lesson in economic
+principles is one of the hardest for men to learn. Long after the
+colony had become prosperous, English projectors and Virginia
+experimenters tried again and again to supplant tobacco with silk. If
+we may credit the report, Virginia furnished a coronation robe of silk
+for Charles I, and Charles II certainly wore silk from worms hatched
+and fed in his Virginia dominions. One Esquire Digges brought
+Armenians to Virginia to attend his worms. But in the Reformed
+Virginia Silkworm, by Hartlib, the friend of Milton, it is announced
+that a young lady had discovered that silkworms would care for
+themselves on the trees, "to the instant wonderful enrichment of all
+the planters there, requiring neither cost, labour, or hindrance in
+any of their other employments." It is also suggested on the eager
+title-page of the pamphlet that "the Indians, seeing and finding that
+there is neither Art, Pains, or Skill in the thing," will
+"incontinently fall to raising silk." Not only were the gentle
+savages, and especially their women and children, to devote themselves
+to silk, but the American caterpillar--"the natural silkworm" as it
+was called--was expected to spin for the market if his cocoon could be
+"refined."
+
+[Sidenote: Hening ii, 242.]
+
+[Sidenote: Phil. Trans. XI, 628.]
+
+By 1666 the silk delusion had passed, and the Virginia Assembly
+repealed all acts for the encouragement of mulberry trees. Ten years
+later, Glover, the botanist, found many of these trees still standing
+as melancholy witnesses to the waste of energy by the earlier
+promoters and settlers of the colony. Almost every other American
+colony made the same experiment for itself, and Virginia renewed its
+endeavors from time to time, each generation forgetting what its
+fathers had learned.
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: Silk-grass.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1585.]
+
+[Sidenote: A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of
+Virginia.]
+
+[Sidenote: Proceedings of Va. Assembly, 1619. 2d N. Y. Hist. Society
+Coll. iii, 348.]
+
+[Sidenote: Purchas IV, p. 1777.]
+
+[Sidenote: Instr. of 24 July, 1624. MS. Bk. of Instr. Libr. of Cong.]
+
+Along with the silk fever went the silk-grass craze. Ralegh's people
+had seen the Indians wearing garments woven of the fiber of the _Yucca
+filamentosa_, the "Adam's needle and thread" of our popular speech.
+Hariot, in his account of it, declares that "the like grows in
+Persia," and that much of the "silk-works" coming thence to Europe was
+made of this fiber. He probably confounded the yucca with the ramie
+plant of the East, of which grass cloth is made. Of the yucca fiber
+taken to England in 1585, "a piece of silk grogram" was made, and of
+course pronounced "excellent good"; it was even presented to the
+queen. The coarse and rather brittle fiber of this plant was exalted
+by enthusiasts into something nearly equal to silk. Ordinances for
+planting it were sent from England; at least one legislative act in
+its favor was passed by the Virginia Assembly, and the most foolish
+hopes were entertained regarding the profit to be had from it. By 1619
+it had come to be called "silk flax," and it was then advocated for
+homelier uses, such as cordage and linen, and every householder was
+compelled by law to set a hundred plants; the governor himself set
+five thousand. In 1624 it is spoken of as "a commoditie of speciall
+hope and much use." There were by this time those who ventured to say
+that the silk-grass enterprise was "full of difficultie"; but the
+managers in England easily got rid of this objection by attributing
+the difficulty to "negligence and want of experience." They were just
+then intent on finding some commodity that would take the place of
+tobacco, which was frowned upon by both court and Parliament. In spite
+of all discouragement, the hope of good results from the yucca fiber
+outlasted that generation, and was in full vigor in 1649, sixty-four
+years after Hariot's mistake.
+
+
+IV.
+
+[Sidenote: Wine.]
+
+[Sidenote: MS. Rec. Va. Co. i, 343.]
+
+It was also proposed to produce wine in Virginia for English
+consumption. No more gold and silver should go out of the realm to buy
+port and canary to the profit of foreigners and the impoverishment of
+the good and loyal subjects of his Majesty. The instructions on this
+point were clear, and before the Virginia exiles had secured bread to
+stay their hunger they had made wine of the sour wild grapes of the
+country. French vine-dressers were sent over a little later and were
+forbidden to plant tobacco, but were compelled to employ themselves
+about vines, with the care of silkworms for variety. In 1621 these
+Frenchmen sent to England a cask of wine, the arrival of which was
+duly celebrated. Other experimental casks of wine were afterward sent
+to England from America at long intervals, but without decreasing the
+profits of wine growers in the Old World.
+
+[Sidenote: Other products sought.]
+
+[Sidenote: Nova Brittania.]
+
+All the commodities sought from Virginia were unsuited to conditions
+in a new country. To the folly of making such experiments at all where
+living itself was an experiment, the managers added the folly of
+crowding a multiplicity of problematic enterprises on the colony at
+the same time. With a virgin continent in which to produce novelties,
+all things seemed possible in an age so hopeful. Plants of every
+clime grew rank in the imagination of projectors. Virginia was a
+wonderland, and it was readily believed without evidence that the
+"soyle and clymate" were "very apt and fit for sugar canes"; "also
+linseed and rapeseeds to make oiles," as a black-letter pamphlet of
+1609 expresses it. Along with "orenges, limons, and almonds," this
+official writer proposes to plant "anniseeds, rice, cummin,
+cottonwool, carroway seeds, ginger, madder, olives, oris, sumacke,"
+and, as if this breathless list were not enough for one new land, he
+adds, "and many such like that I can not now name." If we may trust
+the publications of the company, various West India plants were tried
+in the very first days of the colony, while the threefold peril of
+death from famine, pestilence, and savage war was imminent.
+
+[Sidenote: Timber and naval stores.]
+
+[Sidenote: MS. Rec. Va. Co. 31 May and 23 June, 1620.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4.]
+
+But it was not enough to wring from an infant colony the products of
+the south; those derived from the north of Europe were straightway to
+be got there also. German millwrights--"Dutch carpenters," in the
+phrase of the records--were brought from Hamburg by John Ferrar to
+build Virginia sawmills; timber was still sawed by hand in England.
+Pitch, tar, and potash were to be produced by Poles sent out for the
+purpose in the second year of the colony. Patriotism dictated that
+England should be relieved of her dependence on foreign countries for
+naval stores. Virginia had forests: why should she not produce these
+things?
+
+[Sidenote: Glass-making.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5.]
+
+[Sidenote: Iron works.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6.]
+
+[Sidenote: Result of the massacre.]
+
+It had been found that the savages eagerly received glass beads in
+exchange for corn and peltries. Nothing more was required to prove the
+profitableness of glass-making. Some Germans were sent to the colony
+in 1608, and glass works were established. For some reason no proper
+materials were available at first, and it became necessary to request
+that sand might be sent from England to make Virginia glass of at the
+glass works in the woods near Jamestown. The German glass blowers were
+prone to run away to the Indians, among whom work was lighter and food
+more abundant. The tribesmen encouraged these desertions by providing
+dusky wives for the men whose skill with tools and weapons they valued
+highly. In 1621 the glass business was revived, and this time it was
+intrusted to Italian workmen. About the same time iron works were
+established at Falling Creek, with "forty skilled workmen from Sussex
+to carry them forward." Twenty-five ship carpenters were sent to ply
+their trade on the James River, and it was also arranged that oil was
+to be distilled from walnuts by the "apothecaries." George Sandys was
+sent over in July, 1621, to have entire control of all schemes for
+staple commodities. There was a certain fitness in intrusting these
+creatures of the imagination to a poet. Pineapples, plantains, and
+other fruits were to be started forthwith. There was once again great
+hope from the "rich commodity of silk," an endowed school for Indians
+was founded, and the little Virginia pool became iridescent with many
+frail bubbles. The sudden and frightful massacre by the savages in
+March, 1622, obliterated instantly all vain and premature projects.
+This calamity did not cause the failure of these foredoomed schemes;
+it only saved them from a painful and lingering death, and provided
+their friends with a decent epitaph for them. The people who survived
+the massacre were decimated by an epidemic in the following year. What
+strength they could spare from frequent battles with the savages they
+spent in growing corn and tobacco, which last, of all the things
+tried, proved to be the only commodity profitable for export.
+
+
+V.
+
+[Sidenote: Tobacco.]
+
+[Sidenote: A Covnter-Blaste to Tobacco, 1604.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9.]
+
+Against tobacco King James had written a book. It was denounced in
+Parliament and regarded by all public-spirited men as an evil.
+Nevertheless, it turned the scale and saved the colony. In
+colony-planting the problem is fundamentally an economic one, and
+economic problems are solved by coarse and homely means. John Rolfe,
+the first Englishman that ventured to wed an Indian, planted the first
+tobacco at Jamestown in 1612, and by 1616 the better West India
+variety had perhaps been substituted for the harsh kind grown by the
+Virginia Indians, and by them called "uppowoc" or "apooke." Tobacco
+prospered and was profitable, to the disgust of the pedantic king and
+the sorrow of all who had cherished hopes of beautiful products from
+a colony upon which so much poetic sentiment had been lavished.
+Neither gold nor spices came as had been expected; the strings of
+pearls seen by Ralegh's men were not again to be found, or were
+perhaps transformed on investigation into wampum beads; the silver
+mine once discovered on the upper James had vanished forever; tropical
+fruits refused to grow; even madder and woad failed, and, though the
+indigo plant would readily mature, nobody knew how to manufacture the
+dye. Silk was troublesome and unprofitable, shipbuilding, and such
+coarse but patriotic products as naval stores had come to naught. But
+the detestable "weed," as King James had dubbed it, throve apace. As
+early as 1617 the waste margins of the broad streets of Jamestown were
+planted with it by the eager settlers. The English merchants grasped
+at the profits of it, the farmers of the customs rejoiced in the heavy
+duties imposed on it, and a powerful mercenary interest in the
+prosperity of Virginia was established. By 1624, when the Virginia
+Company was dissolved, the danger that the colony would be abandoned
+as a result of Spanish intrigues, Indian massacres, or prolonged
+discouragement had passed away. Public spirit, patriotism, and
+religious enthusiasm no longer guarded it as a feeble house plant. It
+had struck root in the outdoor soil of human self-interest and its
+life was assured. From that time the colony that had been for
+seventeen years a fairyland to dreamers in England and a perdition to
+its inhabitants, became a sober money-making enterprise, uninteresting
+to enthusiasts and philanthropists.
+
+
+VI.
+
+[Sidenote: Motives of sentiment.]
+
+In the preceding sections of this chapter we have traced what may be
+called the series of commercial motives that, sometimes in succession,
+often in co-operation, propelled the Virginia movement. The agitation
+for a colony was primarily a commercial one. The London or Virginia
+Company by which it was carried forward had been organized in the form
+of the great trading corporations of the time, such as the Muscovy
+Company and the East India Company, and it was expected to yield large
+returns. But though commercial in form and purpose, the Virginia
+Company from the outset was able to appeal successfully in every
+emergency to motives that were far from mercenary. Into the
+chain-threads of commercial enterprise was woven a woof of patriotic
+feeling and religious sentiment.
+
+
+VII.
+
+[Sidenote: Rise of the patriot party in the Virginia Company.]
+
+[Sidenote: Woodnoth's Short Collection, p. 6.]
+
+[Sidenote: Peckard's Ferrar, 113.]
+
+Dale's empty-handed return, and Argall's homecoming with hands full of
+the spoil of both colony and colonists, were severe blows to the hope
+of profit from Virginia, and thereafter commercial motives fell to a
+second place. The company began to pass more and more out of the
+control of traders like Sir Thomas Smyth and Alderman Johnson, and
+the corrupt clique of predatory merchants, as well as out of the reach
+of voracious noblemen like Warwick. More and more it passed into the
+hands of the great liberal statesmen whose leader was the
+incorruptible Sir Edwin Sandys, a man of rare gifts and knowledge and
+of great resoluteness. These men had suffered some disappointment, no
+doubt, in their struggle for parliamentary freedom in England. They
+might have succeeded better had their antagonist been a strong king,
+but against the pusillanimity, the vanity, the vacillation, and the
+pedantic dogmatism of James little permanent headway could be made.
+Without relinquishing the conflict in the House of Commons, they took
+it up in the Quarter Courts of the Virginia Company. In this new field
+they found themselves afresh confronted by the obstinacy of the king,
+who was stirred up to oppose them by the discarded governor, Sir
+Thomas Smyth, and his friends, by Warwick, and by all the partisans of
+high prerogative and all the advocates of the Spanish match.
+"Bedchamber men" and others about the king's person were engaged to
+work upon the king to come to the rescue of Sir Thomas Smyth's
+"honor." The Spanish ambassador Gondomar, who had spies in the
+Virginia Company, took pains to feed James's discontent. He told the
+king that it was time for him to look into the Virginia courts, which
+were held in the great hall of the house of the Ferrar family. Too
+many of the king's nobility and gentry resorted thither, in order to
+be in company with the popular Lord Southampton and the dangerous
+Sandys. They were deep politicians, and they entertained designs
+beyond a tobacco plantation. Their leaders, he said, were "subtle men
+of high courage who regarded neither his master nor their own."
+
+[Sidenote: Sir Edwin Sandys.]
+
+[Sidenote: Royal Hist. MS. Comm. viii, II, 45.]
+
+[Sidenote: The king's interference.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1620.]
+
+[Sidenote: A land of freedom.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 10.]
+
+Sandys, as assistant to Sir Thomas Smyth and virtual governor, had
+already succeeded in establishing in Virginia a constitutional state
+with a representative government. He was furthering plans for the
+foundation of the little separatist state of New Plymouth, and his
+enemies set agoing tales that he had dark designs of removing with the
+Pilgrims to America, in order to found a democratic state there. In
+1619 Sir Thomas Smyth tendered his resignation, and the company, to
+his surprise, it would appear, accepted it, and chose Sandys to his
+place. When, in 1620, his first year of government drew to a close,
+Sir Edwin Sandys erected an elegant ballot-box in the midst of the
+hall of the Ferrars, that the brilliant assemblage of noblemen,
+knights, gentlemen, and merchants might by a secret vote exercise the
+right of choice without any constraint. Just as the assemblage was
+about to begin voting, two clerks of the signet were announced with a
+message from the king forbidding the company to choose Sandys. "Choose
+the devil, if you will, but not Sir Edwin Sandys," was one form in
+which the king expressed his aversion. Southampton, braving the king's
+displeasure, allowed himself to be elected, with Sandys for deputy.
+In June, 1621, both Southampton and Sandys were imprisoned. This
+attracted attention to Virginia as a "refuge from a more oppressive
+government in England." In three months' time twenty-five ships set
+sail for the colony, which gained an impetus from the king's
+opposition that put it beyond the danger of destruction by the
+calamities of the next two years. Even before the massacre and
+pestilence of 1622 and 1623, Southampton was assured by friends at
+court that it would come to "push of pike," and that the company would
+be overthrown. The charter of the company was vacated in 1624, but
+free government had so taken root in the colony that it could never
+afterward be quite extirpated. A new English state with a popular
+government had been founded of deliberate purpose by a group of
+English statesmen, at the head of which, and easily first, was Sir
+Edwin Sandys, whose great service to the people and nation that were
+to come has been almost forgotten.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Religious propagandism.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 11.]
+
+We shall not have taken a just account of Virginia colonization if we
+do not reckon religious motives among the many forces that carried
+that wavering enterprise to success. From the excitement about
+American exploration and colonization the English church caught its
+first missionary impulse. The Indian captives brought from America at
+various times gave to Englishmen the novel sight of men and women
+from beyond the bounds of Christendom; people who had never been
+baptized, and had never learned to wear English garments, "naked
+slaves of the devil," as one of the early Virginia clergymen described
+them. To the benevolent desire of Englishmen for the deliverance of
+the savages from devil-worship and semi-nudity, there was added the
+natural wish for ecclesiastical extension. The separation of England
+from the Roman hierarchy had been a blow to the aspiration for an
+unattainable catholicity cherished in one form or another by Christian
+ecclesiastics of almost every school. It was not possible that the
+great men who were leaders of the English church in the reigns of
+Elizabeth and James should be content with the narrow limits of "the
+little English paddock," while Spanish conquerors and missionary
+priests were winning for the Roman communion a new and vast dominion
+in America. English ecclesiastics felt keenly the reproach made
+against them by the Roman Catholics that they were not "converters of
+infidels."
+
+[Sidenote: Zeal of the clergy.]
+
+Perhaps the earliest of all Anglican missionaries was Robert Hunt, the
+first minister in Virginia, a light shining in a dark place indeed. He
+bore with unfaltering courage and a sweet-hearted patience rarely
+equaled in the history of martyrdom the accumulating miseries of
+Jamestown, until he also perished in the general mortality. His
+nobleness of spirit softened the detestable rivalries of the early
+leaders. The most active and influential writers in favor of
+colonization were clergymen such as Hakluyt, Symonds, Purchas, and
+Crashaw. Other clergymen, following in the footsteps of Hunt, risked
+life itself in the Virginia colony, while devout laymen spent their
+money in its behalf. Thus did Anglican zeal further a colonization
+that, by a curious perversity of outcome, resulted in founding a
+nation of dissenters.
+
+
+IX.
+
+[Sidenote: The Ferrars.]
+
+In the great hall of the house of Nicholas Ferrar, a London merchant,
+the courts or meetings of the Virginia Company were held for years.
+The two sons of this Nicholas Ferrar, John and Nicholas, served in
+turn as deputy governors of the Virginia Company. This pious Ferrar
+family, as it became influential, lent to the scheme of colonizing
+Virginia something of the air of a project for propagating the gospel.
+Nicholas, the father, gave money for the education of infidels in
+Virginia. A school was founded there by the gifts of the pious, and
+rewards were given to those colonists who would educate Indian
+children in their families. After the younger Nicholas, who was a man
+of remarkable zeal and activity, tinged with a romantic enthusiasm,
+became deputy in 1622, the production of silk and wine and iron and
+the educating of Indians in Christianity traveled on abreast. A
+college was proposed, for which an endowment of thirteen hundred
+pounds was collected, and to which a valuable library was bequeathed
+by a settler. Practical men grumbled at the prematurity of all this,
+and complained of those in charge that "they spent Michaelmas rent in
+mid-summer moone." The governor of the colony, honest Sir Francis
+Wyatt, wished that "little Mr. Ferrar were in Virginia, where he might
+add to his zeal a knowledge of the country."
+
+The horrible massacre of March, 1622, made the Indian question
+something other than the Ferrars saw it. All schemes for educating the
+savages were obliterated in a day. The only thought after this was how
+to put the savages to death, old and young, men and women, more often
+by foul means than by fair. The settlers even emulated, if they did
+not surpass, the treachery of the Indians. With the dissolution of the
+company by _quo warranto_ proceedings in 1624 the government of the
+colony passed to the Crown, and the Ferrars had no more to do with
+Virginia.
+
+
+X.
+
+[Sidenote: Later History of the Ferrars.]
+
+[Sidenote: Peckard's Life of N. Ferrar.]
+
+[Sidenote: Arminian Nunnery 1641.]
+
+[Sidenote: Hearne's Langtoft's Chronicle, App. to Pref., cix.]
+
+The later career of Nicholas Ferrar the younger, though without direct
+relation to colonization, throws light on the age of colony
+beginnings. Rejecting the offer of a rich bride, he bought for his
+mother, now a widow, the manor lordship of Little Gidding, in
+Huntingdonshire, and took the entire Ferrar family, including his
+brother and his sister with eighteen children, into religious
+retirement. Here this half-domestic, half-monastic community gave alms
+to the poor, illuminated manuscripts of the Bible, and worshiped in
+its little chapel with genuflections and other observances that
+procured for it the nickname of the "Protestant Nunnery," and brought
+down upon it the pious fury of the Puritans. Nicholas Ferrar, who had
+taken deacon's orders, was the real head of the community. He prepared
+at Little Gidding what is perhaps the earliest English monatesseron of
+the four gospels. By means of relays of worshipers the Ferrars kept
+their devotions always in progress. The entire Psalter was chanted
+antiphonally during each twenty-four hours. Those whose turn it was to
+keep vigil were wont to leave a candle at the door of Nicholas and to
+wish him good-morrow at one o'clock in the morning, at which hour he
+was accustomed to rise and begin the exercises of the day. The
+strength of this belated mediaeval saint gave way under a discipline so
+austere, and he died in 1637. Little Gidding, with its "fair grove and
+sweet walks letticed and gardened on both sides," was devastated a few
+years later by the counter-zeal of the Puritans, who showed an
+especial indignation against the organ, which they broke into pieces
+to light fires for roasting the sheep of the Ferrars. Behold an
+epitome of the first half of the seventeenth century--its idealism in
+affairs, and its war to the death of opposing ideals in religion!
+
+[Sidenote: Advent of Puritanism.]
+
+In the very years during which the Ferrars were most active on
+behalf of Virginia the earliest Puritan movement toward America set
+in. The attenuated mediaevalism of the Ferrars did not lack a
+certain refined beauty, but it was hardly suited to the rough work
+of hewing a road along which civilization might march into a savage
+wilderness. The Puritans, with their robust contempt for aesthetic
+considerations--making firewood of organs with delight, and feasting
+without scruple on the sheep of those whom they esteemed
+idolaters--were much the fitter to be champions against the American
+Canaanites.
+
+
+ELUCIDATIONS.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1, page 74.]
+
+Two of the chapter heads to Hakluyt's Westerne Planting, printed in 2d
+Maine Historical Collections, ii, sufficiently indicate the views
+prevailing at the time:
+
+"V. That this voyadge will be a greate bridle to the Indies of the
+Kinge of Spaine, and a meane that wee may arreste at our pleasure for
+the space of tenne weekes or three monethes every yere, one or two
+hundred saile of his subjectes Shippes at the fysshinge in Newfounde
+lande.
+
+"VI. That the mischefe that the Indian threasure wroughte in time of
+Charles the late Emperor, father to the Spanishe Kinge, is to be had
+in consideration of the Queens moste excellent Majestie, least the
+contynuall comynge of the like threasure from thence to his sonne
+worke the unrecoverable annoye of this realme, wherof already wee have
+had very dangerous experience."
+
+The heading of the first chapter should be added: "I. That this
+westerne discoverie will be greately for thinlargemente of the gospell
+of Christe whereunto the princes of the refourmed relligion are
+chefely bounde, amongst whome her Majestie ys principall."
+
+It would be foreign to the purpose of the present work to tell the
+story of Spanish jealousy of Virginia, and of the diplomatic intrigues
+for the overthrow of the colony. See documents in Mr. Alexander
+Brown's Genesis of the United States. One can not but regret that Mr.
+Brown did not give also the original of his Spanish papers; no
+translation is adequate to the use of the historian.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2, page 78.]
+
+This method was recommended to the colonists as late as 1753 in
+Pullein's Culture of Silk for the Use of the American Colonies, and it
+had probably long prevailed on the continent of Europe.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3, page 79.]
+
+The authorities on the early efforts to raise silk, in addition to
+those cited in the text and the margin, are too numerous to find place
+here. The most valuable of all is, of course, the copy of the Records
+of the Virginia Company after April, 1619, in the Library of Congress,
+_passim_. See, for example, under date of December 13, 1620, and June
+11, 1621. See also A Declaration of Virginia, 1620, and Purchas, pp.
+1777-1787, Hamor's True Discourse, Smith's General History, Book II,
+Anderson's Commerce under 1620, and various state papers abstracted by
+Sainsbury, with Sainsbury's preface to the first volume of his
+Calendar, and Hening, _passim_. The reader is also referred to Mr.
+Bruce's Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century,
+issued as these pages are passing into the hands of the printer. The
+wildness of some of the proposals for the production of Virginia silk
+in the Commonwealth period is almost surpassed by other projects of
+the time. In Virginia Richly Valued, 1650, perfume was to be extracted
+from the muskrat, and the James River sturgeon were to be
+domesticated. Fishes may be "unwilded," says the author. Besides
+feeding silkworms, the Indians were to be used in pearl fisheries in
+Virginia waters. Wyckoff on Silk Manufacture, Tenth Census, says that
+experimental silkworms had been taken to Mexico by the Spaniards in
+1531, without any permanent results.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4, page 82.]
+
+Even in Elizabeth's time efforts had been made to procure naval stores
+without the intervention of foreign merchants. As early as 1583,
+Carlisle, who was son-in-law to Secretary Walsingham, had subscribed a
+thousand pounds toward an American colony, which it was urged would
+buy English woolens, take off idle and burdensome people, and, among
+other things, produce naval stores. In 1601 Ralegh had protested
+eloquently against the act to compel Englishmen to sow hemp. "Rather
+let every man use his ground to that which it is most fit for," he
+said. Edwards, Life of Ralegh, p. 272.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5, page 83.]
+
+Why Germans were sent it is hard to say, as glass was made in England
+as early as 1557. Glass was produced in Virginia, according to
+Strachey, who says: "Although the country wants not Salsodiack enough
+to make glasse of, and of which we have made some stoore in a goodly
+howse sett up for the same purpose, with all offices and furnases
+thereto belonging, a little without the island, where Jamestown now
+stands." History of Travaile into Virginnia Brittannia, p. 71. The
+house appears to have been standing and in operation in 1624. Calendar
+of Colonial Documents, January 30, February 16, and number 20, pp. 38,
+39.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6, page 83.]
+
+Purchas, p. 1777, says that one hundred and fifty persons were sent
+over two years earlier to set up three iron works, but the statement
+seems hardly credible. In the midst of the misery following the
+massacre of 1622, and notwithstanding the imminent probability of the
+overthrow of the company, which was already impoverished, some of the
+adventurers or shareholders sent nine men to Virginia to try a
+different method of making iron from the one that had previously been
+used. Letter of August 6, 1623, in Manuscript Book of Instructions in
+Library of Congress, fol. 120. Having "failed to effect" the making of
+iron "by those great wayes which we have formerly attempted," the
+undiscouraged visionaries "most gladly embraced this more facile
+project" of making iron "by bloom," but with a like result, of course.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7, page 84.]
+
+The raising of tobacco in Virginia was one of the earliest projects
+entertained. "We can send ... tobacco after a yeare or two, five
+thousand pounds a yeare." Description of the Now-discovered river and
+Country of Virginia, with the Liklyhood of ensuing Ritches by
+England's Ayd and Industry, May 21, 1607. Public Record Office,
+printed in Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society, iv, 59,
+62. The paper is supposed to be from the pen of Captain Gabriel
+Archer.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8, page 85.]
+
+In 1604 the king had, by a royal commission addressed to "our
+treasurer of England," arbitrarily raised the duty on tobacco from
+twopence a pound to six shillings tenpence. He was probably moved to
+make this surprising change by his antipathy to tobacco; but by
+increasing the profits of the farmers of customs and monopolists of
+tobacco, he no doubt contributed to that abandonment of Virginia to
+tobacco raising which seemed to him so lamentable. The use of Spanish
+tobacco in England was general before that from Virginia began to take
+its place. Barnabee Rich says, in 1614: "I have heard it tolde that
+now very lately there hath bin a cathologue taken of all those new
+erected houses that have set vppe that trade of selling tobacco in
+London, ande neare about London, and if a man may beleeue what is
+confidently reported, there are found to be vpward of 7000 houses that
+doth liue by that trade." He says such shops were "almost in euery
+lane and in euery by-corner round about London." The Honestie of this
+Age, p. 30.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9, page 86.]
+
+The MS. records of the Virginia Company and the State papers relating
+to Virginia in the Public Record Office, London, are the most
+important authorities on the subjects treated in the text. On the
+commodities attempted at the outset, Manuscript Book of Instructions,
+Library of Congress, the first volume of Hening's Statutes, _passim_,
+and Purchas, pp. 1777-1786, _passim_. On the inferiority of the Indian
+tobacco, see Strachey, p. 121.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 10, page 89.]
+
+Peckard's Life of Ferrar supplies many of the particulars in this
+section. The Records of the Virginia Company and other original
+authorities do not sustain all of Peckard's statements. The author's
+view is evidently distorted by biographer's myopia. He often seems to
+depend on tradition, but in some passages his touch is more sure, and
+he writes like a man who has documents before him. Arthur Woodnoth's
+Short Collection of the Most Remarkable Passages from the Originall to
+the Dissolution of the Virginia Company is of great value. It is a
+scarce tract, which I met first in the White-Kennett Library, in the
+rooms of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. It is also in
+the British Museum, Harvard College, and the Library of Congress. It
+is to be taken with discrimination, but the view of the inner workings
+of court intrigue as it affected Virginia is so fresh and detailed
+that it would be a pity to miss its information. It was printed in
+1651. There is a brief sketch of the life of Sandys in Brown's Genesis
+of the United States, ii, 993.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 11, page 90.]
+
+Hakluyt's Discourse concerneing Westerne Planting, printed first in
+the Maine Historical Collections, second series, vol. ii, page 11.
+"And this enterprise the princes of religion (amonge whome her
+Majestie ys principall) oughte the rather to take in hande because
+papists confirme themselves and drawe other to theire side shewinge
+that they are the true Catholicke churche because they have bene the
+onely converters of many millions of infidells. Yea, I myself have
+bene demanded of them how many infidells have bene by us converted."
+
+
+
+
+BOOK II.
+
+THE PURITAN MIGRATION.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THE FIRST.
+
+_RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PURITANISM._
+
+
+I.
+
+[Sidenote: Love of display in Elizabeth's time.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1.]
+
+[Sidenote: Machyn's Diary, 324, note.]
+
+Not religious disputants only, but the world in general, exaggerated
+the importance of vestments and ceremonies in the reign of Elizabeth.
+The love of formality and display that characterized the Renascence
+was then at its height. It was a time of pomps and royal progresses.
+Great historic characters went about dressed like performers in a
+show. Some of the queen's gowns were adorned with jewels on every
+available inch of space. These bespangled robes were draped over vast
+farthingales, which spread out like tables on which her arms might
+rest, and her appearance when thus attired has been compared to that
+of an Oriental idol. Her courtiers and statesmen were equally fond of
+dazzling the spectator. Ralegh wore a pendent jewel on his hat
+feather, and the value of the gems on his shoes was estimated at six
+thousand six hundred pieces of gold. The love of pomp was not confined
+to the court; every nobleman and country gentleman kept his house
+filled with idle serving men, the sons of neighboring gentlemen or
+yeomen, whose use was to "grace the halls" of their patron by their
+attendance and to give dignity to his hospitality. High sheriffs and
+other officials performed their functions with thirty or forty men in
+livery at their heels, even borrowing the retainers of their friends
+to lend state to their office. Edward VI set out upon a progress in
+1551 with a train of four thousand mounted men. These were noblemen
+and gentlemen with their retainers. He was obliged to dismiss all but
+a hundred and fifty of this vast army of display lest it should "eat
+up the country." The gorgeous progresses of Elizabeth are too well
+known to need description. A painting of the time shows her to us in
+the act of making a friendly call on her cousin-german, Lord Hunsdon.
+She is sitting under a canopy, and is borne on the shoulders of men
+and attended by a brilliant train of lords and ladies on foot. It was
+truer in the days of Shakespeare than it has been since that "all the
+world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players."
+
+[Sidenote: The age of the drama.]
+
+A passionate love of the theater was inevitable in such a time. The
+best poetry then took a dramatic form; even history was taught from
+the stage; and satire and polemics felt the attraction and were often
+put into imaginary dialogues. It was Shakespeare's good fortune that
+he happened to live among a people fond of show and in an age
+dramatic as well as poetic to its very core. Genius is nourished by
+sympathy, and supremely great performance is rendered possible only by
+the rare coincidence of the great man and a fitting environment.
+
+[Sidenote: Display in dress.]
+
+[Sidenote: Peckard's Life of Ferrar.]
+
+[Sidenote: Stubbes, Anatomie of Abuses, _passim_.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2.]
+
+Dress signified more to the men of the time of Elizabeth and James
+than it is easy for us moderns to imagine. Greatness declared itself
+by external display. The son of a rich merchant when he returned from
+his travels decked himself in gorgeous apparel, and formally made his
+appearance on the Exchange like a butterfly newly emerged. It was thus
+that his parents brought the young man out in the world. A sum equal
+in purchasing power to several thousand dollars in our time is said to
+have been spent on one pair of trunk hose. Men of the lowest ranks,
+desirous of appearing more than they were, impoverished themselves in
+buying expensive hats and hose; and it is recorded that women
+suffering for the necessaries of life sometimes contrived to adorn
+themselves with velvet. For the very reason that so much importance
+was attached to dress, laws were made to repress inappropriate display
+in people of lower rank. Even the severe Puritan moralists did not
+object to the pomp of the great, but to the extravagant imitation of
+it by those who had no right to such ostentation. It was with
+difficulty that men could conceive of greatness without display. To
+refuse a bishop his vestments was to abate something of his lofty
+rank.
+
+
+II.
+
+[Sidenote: Observance of ceremonies.]
+
+[Sidenote: Compare _supra_, p. 41.]
+
+[Sidenote: Strachey, in Purchas, iv, 17-54.]
+
+[Sidenote: De la Warr's letter, in Strachey's Virginia, p. xxix.]
+
+Along with a love for external show went a scrupulous observance of
+decorous and often pompous ceremonies. Englishmen in the sixteenth and
+the early part of the seventeenth century never omitted to observe
+proper formality, no matter how dire the emergency. One may see this
+exemplified by reverting to some of the earliest events in American
+history. When Gates arrived at Jamestown near the close of the
+"starving time," he found only the gaunt ghosts of men clamoring to be
+taken from the scene of so many horrible miseries. Instead of giving
+immediate attention to the sufferings of the people, he caused the
+little church bell to be rung. Such of the inhabitants as could drag
+themselves out of their huts repaired once more to the now ruined and
+unfrequented church with its roof of sedge and earth supported by
+timbers set in crotches. Here the newly arrived chaplain offered a
+sorrowful prayer, and then George Percy, the retiring governor,
+delivered up his authority to Sir Thomas Gates, who thus found himself
+in due and proper form installed governor of death, famine, and
+desperation. When Gates abandoned the wrecked town with his starving
+company he fired a "peale of small shott," in order not to be wanting
+in respect for a royal fort; and when De la Warr arrived, a few days
+later, he made his landing with still greater pomp than that of Gates.
+There was a flourish of trumpets on shipboard before he struck sail
+in front of Jamestown. A gentleman of his party bore the colors of the
+governor before him. The governor's first act when he set foot on
+American soil was to fall on his knees and offer a long, silent
+prayer, which was probably sincere though theatrical, after the manner
+of the age. He rose at length and marched up into the ruined town. As
+he passed into the stockade by the water gate, which was shabbily off
+its hinges, the color bearer dropped down before him and allowed the
+colors to fall at the feet of his lordship, who proceeded to the
+tumble-down chapel, under the earthen roof of which the authority over
+the colony was duly transferred to his hands with such solemnities as
+were thought proper. Whenever Lord De la Warr went to church at
+Jamestown he was attended by the councilors, captains, and gentlemen,
+and guarded by fifty men with halberds, wearing De la Warr's livery of
+showy red cloaks. The governor's seat was a chair covered with green
+velvet. It was in the choir of the now reconstructed little church,
+and a velvet cushion lay on the table before him to enable him to
+worship his Maker in a manner becoming the dignity of a great lord
+over a howling wilderness. More than a quarter of the able-bodied men
+in Virginia were needed to get the governor to church and back again
+aboard the ship where he dwelt.
+
+[Sidenote: Formality at Plymouth.]
+
+[Sidenote: De Rasieres's letter, 2d N. Y. Hist. Coll., ii, 352.]
+
+Even at a later date in the rather hungry little Pilgrim colony at
+Plymouth almost as much ceremony was observed, though the people were
+extreme Puritans without rank. At beat of drum on Sunday morning the
+men came to Captain Standish's door with their cloaks on, each bearing
+a musket or matchlock. They proceeded to church three abreast, led by
+a sergeant. In the rear walked the governor, in a long robe. On his
+right was Elder Brewster, wearing a cloak. On the governor's left was
+Captain Miles Standish, who also wore a cloak and side arms, and
+carried a small cane as a sort of baton of authority perhaps. Thus
+"they march in good order, and each sets his arms down near him."
+
+[Sidenote: Puritanism an outgrowth of the time.]
+
+It was only in an age such as this that resistance to the celebration
+of rites and the observance of forms could be made a capital article
+of faith by the Puritan, and later by the Quaker. The wearing of a
+surplice, the propriety of doffing the hat on certain occasions, was a
+matter for scruple and violent debate, for the grave consideration of
+the lawgiver and magistrate, and for severe penalties.
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: Origin of the Puritan movement.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fuller's Ch. Hist., book v, sec. iv, 27, 28.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1536.]
+
+In the brief Protestant reign of Edward VI there were those who
+objected to "the vestments," and one may even find what were afterward
+called Puritan opinions condemned among current errors in the
+twenty-eighth year of Henry VIII; but Puritanism--as a party protest
+against pomp and ceremonialism in religious worship--had its origin in
+the persecution of Queen Mary's time. The English Protestants who
+fled from that fiery ordeal found refuge chiefly in Protestant cities
+of the Continent. Strasburg, Frankfort, Basel, Zurich, and Geneva were
+the places to which these English exiles mainly resorted. Zurich and
+Strasburg became cities of refuge for many of those who were to become
+leaders of the Anglican or Conservative party, while others who tended
+to what were afterward called Puritan views went sooner or later to
+Geneva, where Calvin was the dominant influence.
+
+[Sidenote: A. D. 1553.]
+
+[Sidenote: The English exiles.]
+
+In the cities in which they found safety the exiles organized English
+churches. More remarkable religious communities were never gathered
+into single congregations. Five bishops and five deans of the English
+Church, and more than fifty eminent doctors of divinity, with younger
+men who were destined to play a leading part in the future, were
+comprised in these little churches. Such communities soon became
+centers of animated discussion and debate.
+
+[Sidenote: Outbreak of dissension.]
+
+During the preceding reign of King Edward VI, English Protestantism
+had been forced into many compromises within itself. No form of
+religious life can become national without exacting of its advocates
+of differing shades of opinion many sacrifices for the sake of unity;
+but now that the leaders of English Protestantism were in exile they
+found themselves in a measure freed from motives of policy and with
+leisure to develop and apply their theories. A passion for the ideal
+thus suddenly unchained easily becomes rampant. There sprang up
+swiftly a dispute between the church in Strasburg and the church in
+Frankfort on matters of government. The reformatory spirit is rarely
+conciliatory, and in its excess and overflow it is wont to be
+pragmatic and impertinent. Some of the reformers of Strasburg felt
+bound to go over to Frankfort and re-reform the reformed English
+church there; and the little English community in Frankfort was soon
+torn asunder between the followers of Richard Cox and those of John
+Knox--the same who was afterward so famous in the Scottish
+reformation.
+
+[Sidenote: Character of the debates at Frankfort.]
+
+This dispute in Frankfort between the Coxans and the Knoxans, as they
+were called, had all the characteristics that render church quarrels
+odious. One finds in it the bitterness of slanderous violence--the
+little deceptions and unmanly treacheries that characterize such
+debates and disclose the sorry threadbareness of human saintship even
+in exiles and martyrs for conscience' sake. But, petty as were these
+squabbles at Frankfort, they produced results of the first magnitude.
+Small things change the whole course of history when they lie near the
+fountain head of a great current. From the conflicting factions in the
+church of the exiles at Frankfort were evolved the opposing parties
+that were to give character to English Protestantism, and to modify
+profoundly the history of England and as profoundly the history of the
+United States.
+
+[Sidenote: The rise of the two great parties.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3.]
+
+In the contentions of the English at Frankfort, resulting now in the
+exiling from the city of one beaten minority and now in the departure
+of another, and in the driving away of one leading disputant after
+another, there appeared at length the features of the two great
+parties of English Protestantism face to face for the first time. One
+of these parties tried to hold all of antique ritual that the
+Protestant conscience could be made to bear, insisted upon the
+superior authority of the clergy, and sought to disturb as little as
+possible the ancient order of the English church. On the other hand,
+in the rapid changes produced by the Frankfort contentions, the
+tendency of the ultra wing of the Protestants to the notion of a local
+and independent church and to a democratic church government was
+already apparent. Even the peculiarity of two ministers presiding over
+one church, which was cherished later in New England, appeared among
+the English at Frankfort and Geneva at this time.
+
+[Sidenote: A purified ritual.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4.]
+
+While attempting to mediate between the parties at Frankfort, Calvin
+expressed his preference for a ritual of greater purity than that
+established by the English Prayer Book of King Edward's time. Extreme
+Protestants rallied round this ideal of a liturgy purified of human
+tradition. It was some years later, after the Frankfort church had
+been dissolved and the exiles had returned to England, that this party
+came to be known by the name of Puritan--that is, a party not so much
+bent on purity of conduct as on purifying Protestant worship from
+mediaeval forms.
+
+[Sidenote: Return of the exilies, 1558.]
+
+After the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth the English
+Protestants returned to their own country. The two great parties that
+were to divide the English church had already begun to crystallize.
+Those who had settled at Strasburg and Zurich came back hoping to
+re-establish the Anglican Church on the conservative basis of the
+Prayer Book of Edward VI. Those who returned from Basel and Geneva had
+caught the spirit of the Calvinistic churches, and wished to push the
+reformation to a more logical extreme; while the Frankfort church, or
+what remained of it, had been storm-driven well-nigh to a theory of
+congregational independence in church government.
+
+[Sidenote: Results.]
+
+The petty squabbles of the English exiles, transplanted to England,
+grew into bitter feuds and brought forth persecutions and political
+struggles. The settlement of New England, the battles of Marston Moor
+and Naseby, the temporary overthrow of the English monarchy, the
+growth of non-conformity, the modification of the English Constitution
+and of all English life, were germinally present in the differences
+between the exiles at Zurich and those at Geneva, and in the squabbles
+of Cox and Knox, of Whithead and Horne at Frankfort-on-the-Main about
+gowns and litanies and the authority of the priest. It is not often
+that a great historical movement can be traced through a single rill
+to its rise at the fountain head.
+
+
+IV.
+
+[Sidenote: The Puritan debate.]
+
+[Sidenote: Certayne Qvestions concerning silk or vvool in the high
+priest's ephod, 1605.]
+
+The theological debates that fill so large a place in the history of
+the first half of the sixteenth century in Europe were mainly
+concerned with speculative dogmas. However futile controversies may
+seem that seek to reduce to formulas the relations between God and
+man, they have at least a topical dignity. But the debates about
+ceremonies and vestments which the exiles brought back to England from
+the Continent, and which held first place there during the reign of
+Elizabeth and James, were bitter without being serious. A
+life-and-death struggle concerning the wearing of "white surplices" or
+the making of the sign of the cross in baptism can not but seem
+frivolous to the modern mind. Learned scholars like Broughton and
+Ainsworth thought it not beneath them to write tractates discussing
+the material of which the ephod of a Jewish high priest was made. It
+was learnedly demonstrated that the ephod was of silk, and there were
+sober essays on the linsey-woolsey side of that controversy. To the
+fine-spun mind of that time the character of the Jewish ephod was
+thought to settle the propriety of the Christian surplice. To the
+modern reader the whole debate about vestments and liturgies would be
+amusing if it were not so tedious. It is necessary to steady one's
+judgment of that age by remembering that deeper things sometimes lay
+concealed under these disputes regarding the contemptible mint and
+cumin of ecclesiasticism. Puritanism at its rise was an effort to
+escape from formalism, the outgrowth of an aspiration for greater
+spirituality in worship; but it gradually passed into an opposite
+formalism as rigid as that from which it had escaped.
+
+[Sidenote: Uniformity not possible.]
+
+It was in vain that Elizabeth tried to compel uniformity. The
+difference between the radical and the conservative is constitutional,
+and is manifest in every period of agitation. Neither the mediation of
+moderate men nor the compulsion of authority can bring these two
+sempiternal divisions of the human race into agreement. The
+conservative English churchman limited his Protestantism to the
+rejection of the pope's authority, and to certain moderate reforms in
+church government and ritual. He shuddered with alarm at every
+proposal to reconstruct religious institutions which were moss-grown
+with ancient sentiment. The extreme Puritan, on the other hand, went
+about his work in the spirit of a Jehu. He saved all his reverence for
+the precepts of the Bible, now becoming common in the vulgar tongue.
+He applied biblical phraseology to the affairs of life in a way that
+would have been impossible had he possessed any sense of humor. He
+felt himself impelled by the call of God to carry out in England the
+changes that had taken place in the Calvinistic churches of the
+Continent, and to go even further. He would have no surplices, no sign
+of the cross, no liturgy, no church holy days. Away with these rags
+of Antichrist, was his cry. Let us get back to the simplicity of the
+primitive ages. The Anglican, on the other hand, felt himself an
+Englishman above all, and without a stately liturgy, great bishops in
+square caps and lawn sleeves, Christmas feasts, solemn Good Fridays,
+and joyous Easters, there would have remained for him no merry
+England.
+
+
+V.
+
+[Sidenote: Growth of party spirit.]
+
+The party line between Anglican and Puritan was not at once sharply
+drawn. It was only after debates growing ever more acrimonious, after
+persecutions and numberless exasperations, that the parties in the
+Church of England fell into well-defined and hostile camps. If there
+had been some relaxation of the requirements of uniformity, if a
+conciliatory policy had been pursued by the government, the ultimate
+division might have been postponed until party spirit had cooled; but
+in that day blows took the place of words, and words had the force of
+blows. The queen herself could write to a bishop who scrupled to do
+what she desired, "By God, I will unfrock you!" and moderation in
+debate was not to be expected from lesser folk.
+
+[Sidenote: Puritanism the party of opposition.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5.]
+
+When the reformer has warmed to his work he looks about him for new
+abuses to fall upon. The dominant discontent of any age is prone to
+spread its wings over other grievances, and feebler movements seek
+shelter from the strong. Puritanism no doubt gathered momentum from
+the widespread agrarian and industrial disturbance in this and the
+preceding reigns. The profit from sheep-raising had induced many manor
+lords to inclose the wastes on which the peasants had pastured their
+cattle for ages. The humble copy-hold tenant, having no longer grass
+for his cows or mast for his pigs, was driven to distress by
+agricultural progress. In some cases even the common fields,
+cultivated in allotments from ancient times by the members of the
+village communities, first as serfs and later as tenants, were turned
+into sheepwalks, and hamlets of tenants' cottages were torn down to
+make room for more profitable occupants of the soil. The worst
+offenders were the greedy courtiers who had secured the estates of the
+English monasteries. Workmen ruined by the dissolution of the guilds
+were added to the ranks of the unhappy. All the discontent begotten of
+these transitions from mediaeval life tended to strengthen the leading
+opposition--and that leading opposition was Puritanism.
+
+
+VI.
+
+[Sidenote: Widening the field of protest.]
+
+Puritanism also progressively widened its field of protest. Beliefs
+that Protestants rejected were symbolized by the vestments of bishop
+and clergy. Advanced Protestants insisted that the shadows should be
+banished with the substance, that the symbol should disappear with the
+dogma. We have seen that in Frankfort the inchoate Puritan party
+wished to abolish the litany and purge the service book of all the
+remains of the old religion. This controversy raged in England, and
+the Puritan side did not at first lack support even among the bishops.
+But Elizabeth, the real founder of Anglicanism, molded the church to
+her will, putting down Catholics and Puritans with a hard hand. The
+more advanced of the party came at length to believe that all
+"stinted" prayers "read out of a book" were contrary to the purity and
+simplicity of Christian worship. The hostility of the bishops to that
+which the Puritans believed to be the cause of God no doubt helped to
+convince the persecuted party that the episcopal office itself was
+contrary to Scripture.
+
+[Sidenote: Puritanism becomes dogmatic.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6.]
+
+Most of the Puritans of Elizabeth's time, under the lead of the great
+Cartwright, became Presbyterian in theory and sought to assimilate the
+Church of England to the Calvinistic churches of the Continent,
+holding that theirs was the very order prescribed by the apostles.
+Another but much smaller division of the Puritans tended toward
+independency, finding in the New Testament a system different from
+that of Cartwright. Both the Presbyterians and those who held to local
+church government wished to see their own system established by law.
+Neither faction thought of tolerating Anglican practices if the
+Anglicans could be put down. The notion of a state church with
+prescribed forms of worship enforced by law was too deeply imbedded in
+the English mind to be easily got rid of, and the spirit of
+persecution pervaded every party, Catholic or Protestant. Every one
+was sure that divine authority was on his side, and that human
+authority ought to be.
+
+
+VII.
+
+[Sidenote: Anglicanism becomes dogmatic.]
+
+A corresponding change began to take place in the Episcopal party. The
+earlier defenders of Elizabeth's establishment argued, somewhat as
+Hooker did later, that the "practice of the apostles" was not an
+"invariable rule or law to succeeding ages, because they acted
+according to the circumstances of the church in its infant and
+persecuted state." Episcopal government they held to be allowable, and
+maintained the attitude of prudent men who justify their compromise
+with history and the exigency of the time, and advocate, above all,
+submission to civil authority. But the tendency of party division is
+to push both sides to more positive ground. There arose in the last
+years of Elizabeth a school of High-churchmen led by Bancroft,
+afterward primate, who turned away from Hooker's moderation and
+assumed a more aggressive attitude. Like the Presbyterians and the
+Independents and the Catholics, these in turn maintained that their
+favorite system of church economy was warranted by divine authority,
+and that all others were excluded.
+
+[Sidenote: Failure of Elizabeth's policy.]
+
+When the High-church leaders had reached the dogmatic assertion of
+apostolic succession and a divinely appointed episcopal form of
+government as essentials of a Christian church, the fissure between
+the two ecclesiastical parties in England was complete. Each had
+settled itself upon a supposed divine authority; each regarded the
+other as teaching a theory contrary to the divine plan. Elizabeth's
+policy of repression had produced a certain organic uniformity, but
+the civil war of the seventeenth century was its ultimate result.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Bitterness of the debate.]
+
+The controversy between the two Protestant parties naturally grew more
+bitter as time went on. The silencing of ministers, the Fleet Prison,
+the inquisitorial Ecclesiastical Commission, and other such
+unanswerable arguments did not sweeten the temper of the Puritans. The
+bitterness of the controversy reached its greatest intensity in 1588,
+when there appeared a succession of anonymous tracts, most of them
+signed Martin Marprelate. They seem to have been written mainly by the
+same hand, but their authorship has been a matter of debate to this
+day.
+
+[Sidenote: The Marprelate tracts.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1588.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Marprelate tracts in Lenox Library.]
+
+The sensation produced by these violent assaults is hardly conceivable
+now. There were no newspapers then, and there was but little popular
+literature. Here were little books printed no one knew where, written by
+no one knew whom, concerning a religious controversy of universal
+interest. They were couched in the phrase of the street, in the very
+slang and cant of the populace, and were violent and abusive, sometimes
+descending to sheer blackguardism. Marprelate went gunning for large
+game; his deadliest abuse he let fly as from a blunderbuss at the very
+heads of the English church. The Dean of Salisbury he calls "Doctor of
+Diviltrie and Deane of Sarum." It was the first time in the history of
+polemics that any one had addressed a high dignitary of the church with
+such irreverent titles as "You grosse beaste!" "You block, you!"
+Sometimes Martin bends his knees with mock reverence, as when he calls
+the clergy "right poysond, persecuting and terrible priests." He blurts
+out epithets against "the sinful, the unlawful, the broken, the
+unnatural, false, and bastardly governours of the church; to wit,
+archbishops and bishops"; and addresses them as "you enemies to the
+state, you traytors to God and his worde, you Mar-prince, Mar-land,
+Mar-magestrate, Mar-church, and Mar-commonwealth." The spice of the
+books, that which gave them their popularity, was doubtless their
+rollicking impudence. "Wo--ho, now, Brother London!" he cries to the
+Bishop of London. "Go to, you Asse!" is a kind of kennel eloquence
+relished by the populace. Martin seems even to giggle and sneer and hiss
+in type in such expressions as "tse, tse, tse."
+
+[Sidenote: An Admonition to the People of England, p. 25.]
+
+The little books went everywhere. The Bishop of Winchester sadly
+confessed that these "slanderous pamphlets, freshe from the presse,"
+were "in men's hands and bosoms commonly." The queen and courtiers
+read them, and students had nothing better to laugh at. Who will not
+stop in the street to hear one clown rail cleverly at another? But to
+see the bishops collectively and the primate and others severally put
+into a pillory and pelted in this daring fashion by a man who knew
+that his life would pay the forfeit for his libel if he could by any
+means be discovered, was livelier sport than bull-baiting.
+
+[Sidenote: Nugae Antiquae, ii, 89, 90.]
+
+Dr. Cooper, Bishop of Winchester, replied to the first pamphlet
+somewhat ponderously, as became a bishop who feels that the
+proprieties forbid his being too interesting. Marprelate wanted
+nothing better than a bishop for an antagonist; and while the whole
+constabulary force of the kingdom was hunting him for his life, the
+nimble Martin was chuckling over the excitement made by a new tract of
+his, headed with the well-known street cry of a tub-mender, which
+played derisively on Bishop Cooper's name, "Hay any worke for Cooper?"
+This tract professed to be "printed in Europe not farre from some of
+the Bounsing priestes." In this paper Martin shows to what depth a
+religious debate in Elizabeth's time could descend; he stoops to make
+the bishop ridiculous by twitting him with the infidelity of his wife,
+a scandal which the unfortunate prelate had treated with "Socratical
+and philosophical patience."
+
+[Sidenote: Lenox Collection, N. Y. Pub. Library.]
+
+[Sidenote: Comp. Bacon's An Advertisement touching Controversies,
+etc.]
+
+There were not wanting many imitators of Martin's grossness on the
+other side of the controversy, who were just as libelous but for the
+most part less clever. One of the tracts in reply was called An Almond
+for a Parrat. The author says he had heard that Martin was dead, or,
+as he expressed it, "that your grout-headed holinesse had turned uppe
+your heeles like a tired jade in a medow and snorted out your
+sorrowefull soule, like a mesled hogge on a mucke-hille." This is
+beastly without being vivacious. While the press and the stage were
+occupied with coarse retorts on Martinism, there appeared tracts in
+favor of peace. There are other evidences of the existence of a
+moderate party that lamented the excesses of both sides in this
+debate.
+
+
+IX.
+
+[Sidenote: Advance of Puritan opinions.]
+
+Puritanism was evolutionary from the beginning. Its earlier disputes
+about vestments and litanies grew by degrees to a rejection of all
+liturgies as idolatrous. Even the reading of the Bible as a part of
+the service came at last to be reprehended by extremists, and the
+repetition of the Lord's Prayer was thought dangerously liturgical.
+The advanced Puritans sought to exclude from Christian worship
+everything pleasing to the aesthetic sense, confounding bareness with
+simplicity. Compromises continued to be made inside the church, but in
+the ultimate ideal of Puritan worship there remained, besides the
+sermon, nothing but long extemporary prayers and the singing by the
+untrained voices of the congregation of literal versions of the Hebrew
+Psalms--doggerel verse in cobblestone meters.
+
+
+X.
+
+[Sidenote: Opposition to May-poles.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1549.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rushworth, Pt. III, vol. ii, 749. A. D. 1644.]
+
+In its early stages Puritanism was a crusade against idolatry, and
+drew its inspiration in this, as in nearly everything else, from the
+Old Testament. To the word "idolatry" it gave an inclusiveness not
+found in the Jewish Scriptures, and puzzling to a mind accustomed to
+modern ways of thinking. There was hardly any set observance of the
+church in which constructive idolatry did not lie concealed. All holy
+days except Sunday were abhorred as things that bore the mark of the
+Beast. Even in the reign of Edward VI, long before the name of
+Puritanism was known, the May-poles round which English people made
+merry once a year were denounced as idols in a sermon preached at
+Paul's Cross by Sir Stephen--the "Sir" being a polite prefix to a
+clergyman's name. This Stephen, curate of St. Catherine Cree, was a
+forerunner of Puritanism, who sometimes defiantly preached from an elm
+tree in the chuchyard and read the service standing on a tomb on the
+north side of the church. He wanted the saintly names of churches and
+the heathen names of days of the week changed, so keen was his scent
+for idolatry. The parish of St. Andrew Undershaft had received its
+distinctive name from a very tall May-pole that overtopped the church
+steeple. This pole was erected annually, and it rested from one May to
+another on hooks under the eaves of a row of houses and stalls. In the
+newborn Protestant zeal against idols Sir Stephen denounced
+especially the lofty shaft of St. Andrew. The people in their rage
+took it from the hooks and sawed it in pieces, and its sections were
+appropriated by the several householders who had given it shelter and
+who presently heaped its parts upon one great bonfire. Puritanism kept
+up its Don Quixote battle against May-poles until there was hardly one
+standing to seduce the people to idolatry. When the Puritan party came
+into power, nearly a hundred years after the days of Sir Stephen of
+St. Catherine Cree, one of its earliest laws ordered that all
+May-poles--"an heathenish vanity generally abused to superstition and
+wickedness"--be taken down.
+
+
+XI.
+
+[Sidenote: Austerity in morals.]
+
+From denouncing constructive idolatry in organ music, litanies, and
+May-poles, the transition to attack on the more real and substantial
+evils in ordinary conduct was inevitable. History has many examples of
+this pervasiveness of scrupulosity. The Puritan conscience had been
+let loose to tear in pieces the remnants of old superstitions. It was
+certain to break over into the field of conduct. Having set out to
+reform the church, it took the world by the way.
+
+[Sidenote: Pickering's ed., p. 172.]
+
+As early as 1583 Philip Stubbes, a Puritan lawyer, issued his hot
+little book, The Anatomie of Abuses. It deals with the immoralities
+and extravagances of the time. Stubbes repeats the early Puritan
+objection to the May-pole: it is a "stinckyng idol," he declares,
+which the people bring from the woods, "followyng it with greate
+devotion." And when they have set it up they "leape and daunce aboute
+it, as the heathen people did at the dedication of their idolles." But
+Stubbes takes a step forward and objects to the all-night May frolics
+on account of their immorality. He says, "I have heard it credibly
+reported by men of great gravitie, credite and reputation, that of
+fourtie, three score, or a hundred maides goyng to the woods over
+night, there have scarcely the third parte of them returned home
+againe undefiled." As men of "great gravitie, credite and reputation"
+were not likely to know the facts in this case, some of the immorality
+with which Stubbes charges the young people may have been as fanciful
+as the heathenism attributed to them. Imputed unrighteousness was a
+part of the Puritan system. He denounces the wild excesses in dress
+and the other follies of the time with a lack of a sense of proportion
+which already foreshadows later Puritanism.
+
+This secondary development of Puritanism by which its energies were
+turned toward the regulation of conduct, as the disputes of the
+Reformation period lost their violence, gave to the name Puritan a new
+and higher sense. It is a phase of its history more important than all
+its primary contentions over gowns and liturgies and hierarchies, or
+its later debates about the five points of Calvinism and a sabbatical
+Sunday. One may easily forget its austerity and extravagance, for by
+the reform of manners this movement made the English race its debtor.
+In no succeeding reaction have English morals reverted to the
+ante-Puritan level. It is only by the religious ferments infused
+successively by new sects and movements, of preaching friars,
+Lollards, Puritans, Quakers, Methodists, Salvationists, that the great
+unleavened mass of men is rendered gradually less sodden.
+
+
+XII.
+
+[Sidenote: Puritan decline.]
+
+[Sidenote: _Supra_, page 115.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rogers's Pref. to the 39 Articles.]
+
+The last years of Elizabeth's long reign were years of apparent
+Puritan decline. The old bugbear of popery was receding into the past,
+and a new generation had come on the stage that had no memory of the
+struggles of the reigns of Henry and Edward and Mary. The danger from
+the Armada had brought English patriotism to the point of fusion. Even
+the persecuted Catholics rallied to the support of the queen against
+Philip. The government of Elizabeth rose to the zenith of its
+popularity on the overthrow of the Armada. It was just at this
+inopportune moment, when the nation had come to feel that the England
+of Elizabeth was the greatest England the ages had known, that there
+came forth from a small coterie of the oppressed ultra-Puritans the
+Martin Marprelate tracts. However effective these may have been at
+first in making the bishops ridiculous, there followed a swift
+reaction. The Puritans were dubbed Martinists, and henceforth had to
+bear the odium of the boisterous vulgarity and libelous exaggeration
+of the Marprelate lampoons. The queen's government, stronger now than
+ever in the affection of the people, put in force severe
+ecclesiastical measures against nonconformists in the church, and sent
+Brownists, or Separatists, to die by the score in loathsome prisons.
+Half a dozen of their leaders were dispatched by the shorter road of
+the gallows. The long reign of the queen had by this time discouraged
+those who hoped for a change of policy at her death. Hooker's
+masterful and delightful prose, informed by a spirit of winning
+moderation, was arrayed on the side of the Anglicans by the
+publication of parts of his Ecclesiastical Polity in 1594 and 1597.
+But Puritanism suffered most from the persistence of Archbishop
+Whitgift and others in efforts to suppress all nonconformity in the
+church. These champions of Anglicanism, in the swaggering words of one
+of them, "defended the prelacy, stood for the power of the state, put
+the new doctors to the foil, profligated the elders, set upon the
+presbytery, and so battered the new discipline as hitherto they could
+never nor hereafter shall ever fortify and repair the decay thereof."
+The presbyteries which Cartwright and his friends had formed within
+the Church of England were swept out utterly by the archbishop's
+broom. The Puritan movement which had begun almost simultaneously with
+Elizabeth's reign seemed to be doomed to languish and die with the old
+queen who had been its resolute and lifelong antagonist.
+
+
+XIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Seeking a positive ground.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7.]
+
+For the first thirty years or more of its existence Puritanism was
+mainly a bundle of negations, and no bundle of mere negations is a
+sufficient reason for maintaining a party. No vestments, no
+ceremonies, no bishops, were effective cries in the hot Reformation
+period. But the new generation had ceased to abhor these left-overs of
+Romanism. Bishops, gowns, prayer books, had become Protestant to most
+of the people by association. To find additional reasons for differing
+from Anglican opponents was a party necessity. The new debates which
+sprang up in the last years of the sixteenth century were not
+deliberately planned by the Puritans, as some of their opponents
+asserted. They came by a process of evolution. But a period of
+temporary decline in a movement of this sort hastens its natural
+unfolding. The leaders are forced to seek the advantage of such new
+issues as offer when the old ones fail. In the last years of
+Elizabeth, Puritanism was molting, not dying.
+
+
+XIV.
+
+[Sidenote: The Puritan Sabbath.]
+
+The great reformers of the sixteenth century had sought to strip from
+the Christianity of their time what they deemed the second-hand
+garments of Judaism. Along with the theory of a priesthood they
+declared also against a doctrine known in the church at least from the
+fifth century, that the fourth commandment enforced on Christians the
+keeping sacred in some sense of Sundays and other church holy days.
+Luther maintained that a commandment to keep the Sabbath "literally
+understood does not apply to Christians, for it is entirely outward,
+like other ordinances of the Old Testament." He thought a festival day
+important for rest and for attending religious worship; but with
+characteristic oppugnancy he says: "If anywhere the day is made holy
+for the mere day's sake, ... then I order you to dance on it, and
+feast on it, to do anything that shall remove this encroachment on
+Christian liberty." The Augsburg Confession makes a similar statement
+of the Protestant position. Calvin considered the fourth commandment
+binding on Christians only in a sense mystical and highly Calvinistic.
+It signified that "we should rest from our own works" under the
+Christian dispensation. He even suggested that some other day of the
+week might be chosen as a day of rest and worship at Geneva for an
+exhibition of Christian liberty in this regard. His practice was
+conformed to his theory. It is incidentally related that when John
+Knox once visited the Genevan reformer on Sunday, he found him playing
+at bowls. Knox was not more a sabbatarian than Calvin.
+
+
+XV.
+
+[Sidenote: Rise of the strict Sabbath.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8.]
+
+[Sidenote: Compare Marsden's Early Puritans (1850) page 242, where
+Becon's Catechism and Coverdale are quoted.]
+
+[Sidenote: Robert's Social Hist. of the Southern Counties, p. 239.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9.]
+
+Writers on this subject have generally agreed in dating the rise of
+the Puritan Sabbath from the appearance, in 1595, of Dr. Bownd's book
+on The Sabbath of the Old and of the New Testament. But the doctrine
+of the strict keeping of Sunday may be traced farther back. In truth,
+the difference between the English and the Continental Sunday dates
+from the Reformation. The protests of Luther and Calvin go to show
+that Sunday had in the church before the Reformation, theoretically if
+not in practice, the sanctity of a church feast. The English
+Reformation was conservative, like all other English revolutions.
+English reformers retained the Catholic Sunday, as they did the
+vestments and national hierarchy of the old church. Thomas Hancock has
+been styled "the Luther of the southwest of England." He was the great
+preacher of Poole in the days of Edward VI. That he, like other
+English reformers, did not agree with Luther in rejecting the
+obligation to rest on Sunday is shown by the record, for the voice of
+Poole was the voice of Hancock. About 1550 the juries in the Admiralty
+Court of Poole were charged to inquire into Sunday fishing; and so
+advanced was the premature Puritanism of Edward's time that even the
+leaving of nets in the sea over Sunday was to be investigated. Here
+was a strictness unknown in Catholic times.
+
+
+XVI.
+
+[Sidenote: _Supra_, page 16.]
+
+[Sidenote: Early English Text Society Reprint, 106, 107, 108.]
+
+The word Sabbath does not occur in these early entries. But in the
+troubles among the Marian exiles at Frankfort, where so many other
+traits of Puritanism first came above the horizon, it is significant
+that one finds Sunday called the Sabbath. Sabbath as applied to Sunday
+occurs first in literature, perhaps, in 1573, and then it is
+considered necessary to explain it. Bullein's Dialogue against the
+Fever Pestilence, a work of considerable popularity, first appeared as
+early as 1564. In the edition of 1573 there was inserted a new passage
+not found in the earlier issue. Mendax is relating incredible tales of
+travel in lands unknown, after the manner of David Ingram and other
+returned adventurers. Up to this point all is pure lying merely for
+the fun of the thing, or perhaps to ridicule the exaggerations of
+travelers. But the interpolated passage is not of a piece with the old
+garment into which it is patched. It is less grotesque and humorous,
+and it smacks of incipient Puritanism in several flavors. It treats
+first of all of the "Kepyng of the Saboth Daie," "whiche is the
+seventh daie, that is sondaie," in the imaginary city of "Nodnol," an
+anagram of London. The gates are shut, and nobody is allowed to "goe,
+neither ride forth of the Citie duryng that daie, except it be after
+the euenyng praier; then to walke honestlie into the sweete fieldes,
+and at every gate in the time of service there are warders." "What so
+ever hee be he muste kepe hollie the Sabboth daie, and come to the
+churche both man, woman, young and olde." "There were no people
+walking abroad in the service tyme; no, not a Dogge or catte in the
+streate, neither any Taverne doore open that daie, nor wine bibbyng
+in them, but onely almose, fasting and praier." This is perhaps the
+oldest extant statement of an early Puritan ideal of Sabbath-keeping.
+
+
+XVII.
+
+[Sidenote: Cox's Literature of the Sabbath Question, _sub anno_.]
+
+[Sidenote: Robert's Southern Counties, pp. 238, 239.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1583.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1588.]
+
+Scruples regarding recreations on Sunday come distinctly into view in
+the title of a sermon preached at Paul's Cross in 1576. In 1580 the
+magistrates of London secured from the queen a prohibition of the
+performance of plays within the limits of the city on Sundays. In
+other municipalities--Brighton, Yarmouth, and Lyme--ordinances were
+made about this time against such offenses as the prosecution on
+Sunday of the herring fisheries, cloth working, and other labors, and
+even against the Sunday practice of archery, formerly thought a
+patriotic exercise. There are other evidences of a movement,
+especially in the south of England, in favor of a stricter Sabbath in
+these and the following years. Stubbes does not fail to denounce
+"heathnicall exercises upon the Sabbaoth day, which the Lorde would
+have consecrated to holy uses." The Puritan mode of Sabbath-keeping
+already existed among the chosen few. "The Sabboth daie of some is
+well observed," says Stubbes, "namely, in hearing the blessed worde of
+God read, preached, and interpreted; in private and publique praiers;
+in reading of godly psalmes; in celebrating the sacraments; and in
+collecting for the poore and indigent, which are the true uses and
+endes whereto the Sabbaoth was ordained." He records the opposite
+belief of his opponents that Sunday was ordained "onely to use what
+kinde of exercises they thinke good themselves." In practice this was
+the rule of the English people at large. These opposite opinions come
+into view when Martin Marprelate a few years later berates the Bishop
+of London for playing at bowls on Sunday.
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Bownd on the Sabbath.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1595.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1592.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 10.]
+
+Dr. Bownd's book on The Sabbath of the Old and the New Testament,
+which, if we may believe its opponents, was nearly ten years "in the
+hammering," was the outcome of a sentiment already rising among the
+Puritans, and not wholly confined to that party. It was preceded by a
+little work of Richard Greenham which seems to have been circulated
+for some years in manuscript after a fashion of that time, and to have
+had at first more influence on practice than Bownd's formal treatise.
+Greenham was Bownd's stepfather, and his work was the parent of
+Bownd's, which is distinctly more extreme. But Dr. Bownd's book is
+none the less memorable as a point of departure, because in it the
+opinions on this subject which have since prevailed so generally in
+all English-speaking lands "were for the first time broadly and
+prominently asserted in Christendom"; at least, they were here first
+systematically propounded and defended. Bownd held that the fourth
+commandment is partly moral, in the phrase of the casuists. He
+shifted the obligation to the first day of the week by arguments now
+familiar, and he laid down rules for the observance of the day. Honest
+recreations and lawful delights he flatly forbids on Sundays, but he
+rather obsequiously makes some allowance for the "feasts of noblemen
+and great personages on this day." People of rank do not wholly escape
+him, however, for he points a moral with the story of a nobleman whose
+child was born with a face like that of a dog, because the father had
+hunted on the Lord's Day. He allows the ringing of only one bell to
+call the people to church on Sunday. Chimes were quite too pleasing to
+accord with a severe Sabbath.
+
+
+XIX.
+
+[Sidenote: Spread of Bownd's opinions.]
+
+[Sidenote: Cartwright's Admonition to Parliament, 1572.]
+
+[Sidenote: Robert's Southern Counties, pp. 37, 38.]
+
+Such rigor fell in with the passion of that age for formal observance
+and with the exigent temper of the Puritans by whom Bownd's views were
+rapidly and universally accepted. The stricter divines might well be
+glad of a new lever for reforming the old English Sunday, which was
+devoted, out of service time, to outdoor games, to the brutally cruel
+sports of bull and bear baiting, to merry morris-dances, in which the
+performers were gayly decked and hung with jingling bells in different
+keys, as well as to coarse farces called interludes, which were played
+on stages under booths and sometimes in the churches. As an austere
+reaction against frivolity, Puritanism pushed Sabbath-keeping to its
+extreme, reprobating even the most innocent and domestic recreations,
+and changing a day of rest and refreshment into one of alternate
+periods of application to religious devotion and of scrupulous
+vacuity. Bownd's rather ultra propositions were carried yet further
+when reproduced by high-strung preachers. It is said that some of
+these declared that the ringing of more than one bell to call people
+to church on the Sabbath was as great a sin as murder, adultery, or
+parricide. The lack of a sense of proportion is the specific
+distinction of the zealot and the polemic. This lack was not peculiar
+to the Puritans, however. Joseph Hall, afterward a well-known bishop,
+could address men so worthy as John Robinson and his colleague in such
+words as these: "Your souls shall find too late ... that even
+whoredoms and murders shall abide an easier answer than separation."
+Perhaps one may rather say that a lack of the sense of proportion in
+morals was a trait of that age, an age of zealots and polemics.
+
+
+XX.
+
+[Sidenote: Prevalence of the strict Sabbath.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fuller's Ch. Hist. of Britain, book ix, sect. viii, 20,
+21.]
+
+In such a time Dr. Bownd's book easily captivated the religious
+public, and there arose a passion for a stricter Sabbath. According to
+Fuller, the Lord's Day, especially in towns, "began to be precisely
+kept, people becoming a law to themselves, forbearing such sports as
+yet by statute permitted; yea, many rejoicing at their own restraint
+herein. On this day the stoutest fencer laid down the buckler; the
+most skillful archer unbent the bow, counting all shooting beside the
+mark; May-games and morris-dancers grew out of request; and good
+reason that bells should be silenced from jingling about men's legs,
+if their very ringing in steeples were adjudged unlawful." Some
+learned scholars were impressed by Bownd's argument, and others who
+did not agree with his conclusions thought it best not to gainsay
+them, "because they tended to the manifest advance of religion." And
+indeed the new zeal for Sabbath-keeping must have incidentally
+promoted morals and good order in so licentious an age.
+
+[Sidenote: Opposition to Bownd.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fuller's Church History, book ix, sect. viii, 21.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 11.]
+
+But a violent opposition quickly arose. Some opposed the book as
+"galling men's necks with a Jewish yoke against the liberty of
+Christians," and many of the clergy of the new high-church type
+resented the doctrine of a Christian Sabbath, asserting that it put
+"an unequal lustre on the Sunday on set purpose to eclipse all other
+holy days to the derogation of the authority of the church." There
+were those who asserted that the "brethren," as they styled them, had
+brought forth Bownd's book, intending by this "attack from an odd
+corner" to retrieve lost ground. The manifest advantage to Puritanism
+from the shifting of the ground of debate, aroused Archbishop
+Whitgift. In 1599 he made the tactical mistake of ordering the book
+called in, and in 1600 Chief-Justice Popham forbade the reprinting of
+it. The price of the work was doubled at once, and it was everywhere
+sought for, books being "more called on when called in," as Fuller
+says. When it could not be had in print, it was transcribed by
+enthusiastic admirers and circulated "from friend to friend" in
+manuscript. As soon as Whitgift's "head was laid," a new and enlarged
+edition was published.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 12.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1611.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 13.]
+
+The theory of a Sunday-Sabbath, which from the first was not confined
+to the Puritans, permeated English and American thought and life. But
+from that time forward the Puritans made rigid Sabbath-keeping the
+very mark and password of the faithful. From England the theory spread
+northward to Scotland, where it found a congenial soil. The strict
+observance of Sunday was embodied in those Laws, Divine, Moral, and
+Martial, under which Sir Thomas Dale oppressed Virginia, years before
+the earliest Puritan migration carried it to the coast of New England.
+On that coast Bownd's Sabbath took on its deepest hue, becoming at
+last as grievous an evil, perhaps, as the frivolity it had supplanted.
+
+
+XXI.
+
+[Sidenote: Effect on Puritanism.]
+
+The Puritans protesting against Hebraism in vestments, in priesthood,
+in liturgy, and in festivals, fell headlong into the Pharisaism of the
+rigid Sabbath. History records many similar phenomena. To escape from
+the spirit of one's age is difficult for an individual, impossible
+perhaps for a sect or party. Nevertheless, the Sabbath agitation had
+given a new impulse to the Puritan movement--had, indeed, given it a
+positive party cry, and had furnished it with a visible badge of
+superior sanctity.
+
+[Sidenote: The new Puritanism.]
+
+The Calvinistic controversy which broke out almost simultaneously
+with that about the Sabbath and prevailed throughout the reign of
+James I, added yet one more issue, by making Puritanism the party of
+a stern and conservative orthodoxy, as opposed to the newer
+Arminianism which spread so quickly among the High-Church clergy.
+From all these fresh developments Puritanism gained in power and
+compactness, if it lost something of simplicity and spirituality.
+Standing for ultra-Protestantism, for good morals, for an ascetic
+Sabbath, for a high dogmatic orthodoxy, Puritanism could not but win
+the allegiance of the mass of the English people, and especially of
+the middle class. It was this new, compact, austere, dogmatic,
+self-confident Puritanism, when it had become a political as well as
+a religious movement, that obliterated Laud and Charles and set up
+the Commonwealth. And in studying the evolution of this later
+Puritanism we have been present at the shaping of New England in Old
+England.
+
+
+ELUCIDATIONS.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1, page 99.]
+
+Evelyn's Diary, pp. 4, 5; date, 1634: "My father was appointed Sheriff
+for Surrey and Sussex before they were disjoyned. He had 116 servants
+in liverys, every one livery'd in greene sattin doublets. Divers
+gentlemen and persons of quality waited on him in the same garbe and
+habit, which at that time (when 30 or 40 was the usual retinue of a
+High Sheriff) was esteem'd a great matter.... He could not refuse the
+civility of his friends and relations who voluntarily came themselves,
+or sent in their servants." Compare Chamberlain's remarks about Sir
+George Yeardley, whom he styles "a mean fellow," and says that the
+king had knighted him when he was appointed Governor of Virginia,
+"which hath set him up so high that he flaunts it up and down the
+streets in extraordinary bravery with fourteen or fifteen fair
+liveries after him." Domestic Correspondence, James I, No. 110,
+Calendar, p. 598. The propriety of keeping so many idle serving men is
+sharply called in question in a tract entitled Cyuile and Vncyuile
+Life, 1579, and an effort is made to prove the dignity of a serving
+man's position, while its decline is confessed in A Health to the
+Gentlemanly Profession of Servingmen, 1598. Both of these tracts are
+reprinted in Inedited Tracts, etc., Roxburghe Library, 1868. The
+serving man was not a menial. He rendered personal services to his
+master or to guests, he could carve on occasion, and as a successor to
+the military retainers of an earlier time he was ready to fight in any
+of his master's quarrels; but his principal use was to lend dignity to
+the mansion and to amuse the master or his guests with conversation
+during lonely hours in the country house. Among the first Jamestown
+emigrants were some of these retainers, as we have seen.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2, page 100.]
+
+The Anatomie of Abuses, by Philip Stubbes, 1583, Pickering's reprint,
+pages 16, 17: "It is lawfull for the nobilitie, the gentrie and
+magisterie to weare riche attire, euery one in their callyng. The
+nobility and gentrie to innoble, garnish, and set forth birthes,
+dignities, and estates. The magisterie to dignifie their callynges....
+But now there is suche a confuse mingle mangle of apparell, and suche
+preposterous excesse thereof, as euery one is permitted to flaunt it
+out in what apparell he lusteth himself, or can get by any kinde of
+meanes. So that it is very hard to know who is noble, who is
+worshipfull, who is a gentleman, who is not; for you shal haue those
+which are neither of the nobilitie, gentilitie nor yeomanrie ... go
+daiely in silkes, veluettes, satens, damaskes, taffaties and suche
+like; notwithstanding that they be bothe base by birthe, meane by
+estate, and seruile by callyng. And this I compte a greate confusion,
+and a generall disorder in a Christian common wealth."
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3, page 106.]
+
+A Brieff Discourse of the Troubles begun at Frankfort, 1564, is the
+primary authority. It is almost beyond doubt that Whittingham, Dean of
+Durham, a participant in the troubles, wrote the book. The Frankfort
+struggles have been discussed recently in Mr. Hinds's The Making of
+the England of Elizabeth, but, like all writers on the subject, Hinds
+is obliged to depend almost solely on Whittingham's account. The
+several volumes of letters from the archives of Zurich, published by
+the Parker Society, give a good insight into the forces at work in the
+English Reformation. See, for example, in the volume entitled Original
+Letters, 1537-1558, that of Thomas Sampson to Calvin, dated
+Strasburgh, February 23, 1555, which shows the Puritan movement half
+fledged at this early date when Calvin's authoritative advice is
+invoked. "The flame is lighted up with increased vehemence amongst us
+English. For a strong controversy has arisen, while some desire the
+book of reformation of the Church of England to be set aside
+altogether, others only deem some things in it objectionable, such as
+kneeling at the Lord's Supper, the linen surplice, and other matters
+of this kind; but the rest of it, namely, the prayers, scripture
+lessons and the form of the administration of baptism and the Lord's
+Supper they wish to be retained."
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4, page 106.]
+
+There are many and conflicting accounts of the origin of the name. In
+the Narragansett Club Publications, ii, 197-199, there is an
+interesting statement of some of these by the editor of Cotton's
+Answer to Roger Williams, in a note.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5, page 111.]
+
+That the Puritans early made common cause with the suffering tenantry
+is not a matter of conjecture. Philip Stubbes, in 1583, in the
+Anatomie of Abuses, pp. 126, 127, writes: "They take in and inclose
+commons, moores, heathes, and other common pastures, where out the
+poore commonaltie, were wont to haue all their forrage and feedyng for
+their cattell, and (whiche is more) corne for themselves to liue vpon;
+all which are now in most places taken from them, by these greedie
+puttockes to the great impouerishyng and vtter beggeryng of many
+whole townes and parishes.... For these inclosures bee the causes why
+riche men eate vpp poore men, as beastes dooe eate grasse." One might
+cite recent economic writers on the effect of inclosures, but the
+conservative laments of the antiquary Aubrey, in his Introduction to
+the Survey of Wiltshire, written about 1663, give us a nearer and more
+picturesque, if less philosophical, view. He says: "Destroying of
+Manours began Temp. Hen. VIII., but now common; whereby the mean
+People live lawless, no body to govern them, they care for no body,
+having no Dependance on any Body. By this Method, and by the Selling
+of the Church-Lands, is the Ballance of the Government quite alter'd
+and put into the Hands of the common People." Writing from what he had
+heard from his grandfather, he says: "Anciently the Leghs i. e.
+Pastures were noble large Grounds.... So likewise in his Remembrance
+was all between Kington St. Michael and Dracot-Ferne common Fields.
+Then were a world of labouring People maintained by the Plough....
+There were no Rates for the Poor in my Grandfather's Days ... the
+Church-ale at Whitsuntide did the Business.... Since the Reformation
+and Inclosures aforesaid these Parts have swarm'd with poor People.
+The Parish of Caln pays to the Poor 500L _per annum_.... Inclosures
+are for the private, not for the publick Good. For a Shepherd and his
+Dog, or a Milk-Maid, can manage Meadow-Land, that upon arable,
+employ'd the Hands of several Scores of Labourers." Miscellanies on
+Several Curious Subjects, now first published, etc., 1723, pp. 30-33.
+It will fall within the province of another volume of this series to
+treat of the systems of landholding brought from England, and I shall
+not go further into the subject of inclosures here. A portion of the
+agricultural population seemed superfluous in consequence of
+inclosures, and colonization was promoted as a means of ridding the
+country of the excess of its population.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6, page 112.]
+
+In the matter of Church government Puritanism passed through three
+different periods. In the reign of Elizabeth the Church-Puritan was
+mainly Presbyterian under Cartwright's lead. But there was even then a
+current that set toward Independency. Separatism was the outward
+manifestation of this tendency, and according to Ralegh's estimate,
+cited in the text, there were about twenty thousand declared
+Separatists in England in 1593. After the suppression of the
+presbyteries within the Church in the last years of Elizabeth, and the
+crushing out of the Separatists by rigorous persecutions, questions
+of the particular form of Church government fell into abeyance among
+the Puritans for about forty years. "Indiscriminate anti-prelacy was
+the prevailing mood of the English people," says Masson, "and the
+distinction between Presbyterianism and Independency was yet caviare
+to the general." Life of Milton, ii, 590. Richard Baxter, the Puritan
+divine (as quoted by Masson), confesses in 1641 that until that year
+he had never thought what Presbytery or Independency was, or ever
+spoke with a man who seemed to know it. See also Hanbury's Memorials,
+ii, 69. Writers on this period do not seem to recognize the fact that
+the two views were in some rivalry among the early Puritans, and that
+the theory of the independence of the local church seems to have been
+at least foreshadowed in the opinions at Frankfort. But there was a
+long generation in which these differences among the Puritans were
+forgotten in their life-and-death conflict with the Episcopal party.
+Then, as Puritanism came into power, the example of other Protestant
+European countries drew England toward Presbyterianism, while the
+voice of New England came from over the sea pleading for
+Congregationalism.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7, page 123.]
+
+A letter of Sandys, afterward Archbishop of York, to Bullinger, quoted
+by Marsden, Early Puritans, 57, shows that though Puritanism by 1573
+had become something other than it was at Frankfort, it was still
+mainly negative. Sandys writes: "New orators are rising up from among
+us; foolish young men who despise authority and admit of no superior.
+They are seeking the complete overthrow and uprooting of the whole of
+our ecclesiastical polity; and striving to shape out for us I know not
+what new platform of a church." He gives a summary under nine heads.
+The assertion that each parish should have its own "presbytery" and
+choose its own minister, and that the judicial laws of Moses were
+binding, are the only positive ones. No authority of the magistrate in
+ecclesiastical matters, no government of the Church except by
+ministers, elders, and deacons, the taking away of all titles,
+dignities, lands, and revenues of bishops, etc., from the Church, the
+allowing of no ministers but actual pastors, the refusal of baptism to
+the children of papists, fill the rest of this summary. One misses
+from this skeleton the insistence on Sabbath-keeping, church-going,
+"ordinances," and ascetic austerity in morals that afterward became
+distinctive traits of the party.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8, page 125.]
+
+Augustine and other early doctors of the Church held to a
+Sunday-Sabbath in the fifth century, basing it largely on grounds
+that now seem mystical. Compare Coxe on Sabbath Laws and Sabbath
+Duties, 284, note, and Cook's Historical and General View of
+Christianity, ii, 301, cited by Coxe. The question was variously
+treated during the middle ages, St. Thomas Aquinas and other schoolmen
+taking the prevalent modern view that the fourth commandment was
+partly moral and partly ceremonial. There is a curious story, for
+which I do not know the original authority, of Eustachius, Abbot of
+Hay, in the thirteenth century, who on his return from the Holy Land
+preached from city to city against buying and selling on Sundays and
+saints' days. He had with him a copy of a document dropped from heaven
+and found on the altar of St. Simon, on Mount Golgotha. This paper
+threatened that if the command were disobeyed it should rain stones
+and wood and hot water in the night, and, as if such showers were not
+enough, wild beasts were to devour the Sabbath-breakers. That there
+was a difference of opinion in that age is shown by the fact that
+Roger Bacon, later in the thirteenth century, thought it worth while
+to assert that Christians should work and hold fairs on Sunday, while
+Saturday was the proper day for rest. He showed no document from
+heaven, but, like a true philosopher of that time, the learned friar
+appealed to arguments drawn from astrology. Hearne's Remains, ii, 177,
+cites Mirandula. Legislation by Parliament regarding Sunday observance
+was rare before the Reformation. A statute of 28 Edward III
+incidentally excepts Sunday from the days on which wool may be shorn,
+and one of 27 Henry VI forbids the keeping of fairs and markets on
+Sundays, Good Fridays, and principal festivals except four Sundays in
+harvest. In 4 Edward IV a statute was passed forbidding the sale of
+shoes on Sundays and certain festivals.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9, page 125.]
+
+In the "Injunctions by King Edward VI," 1547, Bishop Sparrow's
+Collection, edition of 1671, p. 8, there is a remarkable statement of
+what may be called the Edwardean view of Sunday as distinguished from
+the opinions and practice that had come down from times preceding the
+Reformation: "God is more offended than pleased, more dishonoured than
+honoured upon the holy-day because of idleness, pride, drunkenness,"
+etc. The religious and moral duties to which the "holy-day," as it is
+called, should be strictly devoted are there specified. But, true to
+the position of compromise, halfwayness, and one might add paradox,
+which the English Reformation took from the beginning, there is added
+in the same paragraph the following: "Yet notwithstanding all Parsons,
+Vicars, and Curates, shall teach and declare unto their Parishioners,
+that they may with a safe and quiet conscience, in the time of
+Harvest, labour upon the holy and festival days and save that thing
+which God hath sent. And if for any scrupulosity, or grudge of
+conscience, men should superstitiously abstain from working upon those
+days, that then they should grievously offend and displease God." See
+also "Thacte made for thabrogacion of certayne holy-dayes," in the
+reign of Henry VIII, 1536, in the same black-letter collection, p.
+167. In this act "Sabboth-day" occurs, but apparently with reference
+to the Jewish Sabbath only. "Sonday" is used for Sunday.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 10, page 129.]
+
+Dr. Bownd's Sabathum Veteris et Novi Testamenti is exceedingly rare.
+There is a copy in the Prince Collection of the Boston Public Library.
+It is the only one in this country, so far as I can learn. I am under
+obligations in several matters to Cox's Literature of the Sabbath
+Question, to the same author's Sabbath Laws and Sabbath Duties, and to
+Hessey's Bampton Lectures for 1860.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 11, page 131.]
+
+It is Thomas Rogers, the earliest opponent of the doctrine of Greenham
+and Bownd, who sees a deep-laid plot in the publication of their
+books. "What the brethren wanted in strength they had in wiliness," he
+says. "For while these worthies of our church were employing their
+engines and forces partly in defending the present government
+ecclesiastical, partly in assaulting the presbytery and new
+discipline, even at that very instant the brethren ... abandoned quite
+the bulwarks which they had raised and gave out were impregnable:
+suffering us to beat them down, without any or very small resistance,
+and yet not careless of affairs, left not the wars for all that, but
+from an odd corner, and after a new fashion which we little thought of
+(such was their cunning), set upon us afresh again by dispersing in
+printed books (which for ten years' space before they had been in
+hammering among themselves to make them complete) their Sabbath
+speculations and presbyterian (that is more than kingly or popely)
+directions for the observance of the Lord's Day." Preface to
+Thirty-nine Articles, paragraph 20. He also says, with some wit, "They
+set up a new idol, their Saint Sabbath."
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 12, page 132.]
+
+The doctrine of a strict Sabbath appears to have made no impression in
+Scotland until the seventeenth century was well advanced. In the
+printed Burgh Records of Aberdeen from 1570 to 1625 there is no
+sabbatarian legislation in the proper sense; but there are efforts to
+compel the people to suspend buying and selling fish and flesh in the
+market, the playing of outdoor games and ninepins, and the selling of
+liquors during sermon time only. Take as an example the following
+ordinance--as curious for its language as its subject--dated 4th
+October, 1598, twenty-four years after Knox's death:
+
+"Item, The prouest, bailleis, and counsall ratefeis and approves the
+statute maid obefoir, bering that na mercatt, nather of fische nor
+flesche salbe on the Sabboth day in tyme cumming, in tyme of sermone,
+vnder the pane of confiscatioun of the same; and lykvayes ratefeis the
+statute maid aganis the playeris in the linkis, and at the kyillis,
+during the time of the sermones; ... and that na tavernar sell nor
+went any wyne nor aill in tyme cumming in tyme of sermone, ather on
+the Sabboth day or vlk dayes, under the pane of ane vnlaw of fourtie
+s., to be vpliftit of the contravenar als oft as they be convict."
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 13, page 132.]
+
+New England Puritanism took a position more ultra even than that of
+Bownd. Thomas Shepard, of Cambridge, Mass., developed from some
+Sermons on the Subject a work with the title, Theses Sabbaticae, or the
+Doctrine of the Sabbath. After a considerable circulation in
+manuscript among New England students of divinity, it was printed at
+London in 1650 by request of all the elders of New England. From the
+time of Augustine the prevailing theory of advocates of a
+Sunday-Sabbath has been that the fourth commandment is partly moral,
+partly ceremonial; but Shepard, who does not stick at small logical or
+historical difficulties, will have it wholly moral, by which means he
+avoids any option regarding the day. The rest of the Sabbath,
+according to this authoritative New England treatise, is to be as
+strict as it ever was under Jewish law, and is to be rigidly enforced
+on the unwilling by parents and magistrates. In the spirit of a
+thoroughpaced literalist Shepard argues through fifty pages that the
+Sabbath begins in the evening. He admits that only "servile labour" is
+forbidden, but he reasons that as "sports and pastimes" are ordained
+"to whet on worldly labour," they therefore partake of its servile
+character and are not tolerable on the Sabbath. It appears from his
+preface that there were Puritans in his time who denied the sabbatical
+character of Sunday and spiritualized the commandment.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THE SECOND.
+
+_SEPARATISM AND THE SCROOBY CHURCH._
+
+
+I.
+
+[Sidenote: Importance of the Separatists.]
+
+To the great brotherhood of Puritans who formed a party within the
+church there was added a little fringe of Separatists or "Brownists,"
+as they were commonly called, who did not stop with rejecting certain
+traits of the Anglican service, but spurned the church itself. Upon
+these ultraists fell the merciless hand of persecution. They were
+imprisoned, hanged, exiled. They were mostly humble people, and were
+never numerous; but by their superior boldness in speech and writing,
+by their attempts to realize actual church organizations on apostolic
+models, they rendered themselves considerable if not formidable. From
+this advance guard and forlorn hope of Puritanism, inured to hardship
+and the battle front, came at length the little band of New England
+pioneers who made a way into the wilderness over the dead bodies of
+half their company. The example of these contemned Brownists led to
+the Puritan settlement of New England. Their type of ecclesiastical
+organization ultimately dominated the Congregationalism of New England
+and the nonconformity of the mother country. For these reasons, if
+for no other, Brownism, however obscure it may have been, is not a
+negligible element in history.
+
+
+II.
+
+[Sidenote: Nonconformity in the Church.]
+
+The great body of the Puritans seem to have agreed with Bishop Hall
+that it was "better to swallow a ceremony than to rend a church," and
+they agreed with him in regarding Separatism as criminal. They were,
+indeed, too intent on reforming the Church of England to think of
+leaving it. They made no scruple of defying ecclesiastical regulations
+when they could, but in the moral code of that day schism was the
+deadliest of sins.
+
+[Sidenote: Scrambler, Bishop of Peterborough, to Burghley, 13th April,
+1573, in Wright's Elizabeth and her Times.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rogers's Preface to Articles. Parker Soc. ed., p. 10.]
+
+In the early part of Elizabeth's reign, before the beginning of the
+rule of Whitgift and the High Commission Courts, Puritan divines
+slighted or omitted the liturgy in many parishes. This became more
+common after the rise of Cartwright and the Presbyterian movement,
+about 1570. For example, in the town of Overston, in 1573, there was
+no divine service according to the Book of Common Prayer, "but
+insteade thereof two sermons be preached" by men whom the bishop had
+refused to license. The village of Whiston was also a place of Puritan
+assemblage, "where it is their joye," writes the Bishop of
+Peterborough, "to have manie owte of divers parishes, principallie
+owte of Northampton towne and Overston aforesaid, with other townes
+thereaboute, there to receive the sacramentes with preachers and
+ministers to their owne liking, and contrarie to the forme prescribed
+by the publique order of the realme." Thomas Rogers says, "The
+brethren (for so did they style them-selves) would neither pray, nor
+say service, nor baptize, nor celebrate the Lord's Supper, nor marry,
+nor bury, nor do any other ecclesiastical duty according to law."
+
+At this time some of the Puritan divines held high positions in the
+church. Whittingham, who had been on the Puritan side of the quarrels
+in Frankfort, and who had received only a Genevan ordination,
+succeeded in holding his deanery of Durham until his death, in 1579.
+In 1563 Dr. Turner was sneering at bishops as "white coats" and
+"tippett gentlemen," while himself Dean of Durham.
+
+[Sidenote: The Semi-Separatists.]
+
+[Sidenote: Bancroft in Barlowe's Svmme and Svbstance.]
+
+[Sidenote: Heresiography, p. 82.]
+
+But Elizabeth after a while filled the bishoprics with men to her
+liking, whose heavy hands made the lot of Puritans in the church
+harder and harder. Many ministers were silenced, but there were many
+who, by evasion or by straining their consciences, held their
+benefices. Some Puritan clergymen, when they were to preach, preferred
+"to walk in the church-yard until sermon time rather than to be
+present at public prayer." Some Puritan laymen had their own way of
+conforming to the church. "There is a sort of Semi-Separatist," says
+Pagitt, as late as 1646, "that will heare our Sermons but not our
+Common-prayers; and of these you may see every Sunday in our streets
+sitting and standing about our doores; who, when Prayers are done,
+rush into our Churches to hear our Sermons."
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: Causes of Separatism.]
+
+[Sidenote: Thomas Scott in Pagitt, 80.]
+
+[Sidenote: Plimoth Plantation, p. 8.]
+
+The growth of Separatist churches was due to two causes. An almost
+incredible reverence for the letter of the Scriptures had taken the
+place of older superstitions. There was a strong tendency to revert to
+the stern spirit of the Old Testament and to adopt the external forms
+of the New. Religious idealists saw a striking contrast between the
+discipline of the primitive and almost isolated bands of enthusiastic
+believers in the apostolic time and the all-inclusive parishes of the
+hierarchical state church. And in that age of externalism the
+difference in organic form between the Anglican church and the little
+synagogues of Christian seceders founded by Paul in the Levant weighed
+heavily upon the minds of earnest people. It did not occur to them
+that this primitive organization was probably brought over from the
+neighboring Jewish congregations from which the converts had
+withdrawn, and that there might not be any obligation to imitate it
+under different skies and in a remote age. The Separatist was an
+idealist. "He lives by the aire," said an opponent, "and there he
+builds Castles and Churches; none on earth will please him; ... he
+must finde out Sir Thomas More's Utopia, or rather Plato's Community,
+and bee an Elder there." But Separatism was undoubtedly promoted by
+persecution. Bradford says that the sufferings inflicted on them by
+the bishops helped some of the Puritans "to see further into things by
+the light of the word of God. How not only these base and beggerly
+ceremonies were unlawfull, but also that the lordly and tiranous power
+of the prelats ought not to be submitted unto." Drawn thus by the
+letter of the biblical record, while stung by cruel oppression and
+galled by the opposition of the constituted authorities to what they
+deemed the truth divine, it is not strange that religious enthusiasts
+began to long for societies organized like those of the apostolic age,
+from which the profane should be excluded by a strict discipline.
+
+
+IV.
+
+[Sidenote: Robert Browne and Brownism.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1581 to 1586.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1.]
+
+The beginning of Separatism has been commonly attributed to Robert
+Browne, a contentious and able advocate of Separatist doctrines. After
+a brief and erratic career as an advocate of these opinions, and after
+suffering the penalty of his zeal and proving the sincerity of his
+belief in thirty-two different prisons, in some of which he could not
+see his hand at noonday, Browne at length began to waver--now inclined
+to return to the church, now recoiling toward dissent. Worn out in
+nerves by controversy and persecution, this eccentric man was so
+alarmed by a solemn sentence of excommunication from a bishop, that he
+repented and made peace with the English church. He accepted a
+benefice, but employed a curate to preach for him. Browne lingered on
+to an unhonored age, imperious and contentious, not able to live with
+his wife, and held in no reverence by churchmen, while he was despised
+by Separatists. He died at eighty, in Northampton jail, to which he
+had been carried on a feather bed laid in a cart. The old man had been
+committed to prison this thirty-third time in his life for striking a
+constable who sought to collect a rate.
+
+[Sidenote: Rise of Separatism.]
+
+[Sidenote: Barclay's Inner Life, pp. 13, 53.]
+
+[Sidenote: Dialogue of 1593 quo. by Waddington.]
+
+[Sidenote: Bradford's Dialogue.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2.]
+
+[Sidenote: Josias Nichols, The Plea for the Innocent, 1602, in
+Hanbury, i. 3.]
+
+[Sidenote: Stephen Breadwell, 1588, in Dexter, 255.]
+
+Separatism in some form existed before Browne's zeal made it a thorn
+in the side of the bishops. Something like a separation existed in
+1567. In 1571 there was an independent church of which we know little
+but the pastor's name. Bradford even dates independency back to the
+reign of Mary. In truth, the rise of this sect, from which came the
+earliest New England colony, appears to be lost in obscurity.
+Significant movements are usually cradled in rustic mangers, to which
+no learned magi think it worth their while to journey. The beginning
+of Separatism was probably in the little conventicles held by devout
+Puritans who, in the words of one of their own writers, "met together
+to sing a psalm or to talk of God's word." But Browne, so far as we
+know, was one of the earliest to organize independent churches, with
+officers named and classified after those of the petty hierarchies of
+the early Christian congregations, or rather according to such
+deductions regarding them as he was able to make from the Epistles of
+Paul. Separatism, though it owed something to Browne's activity, was
+not founded by him. Browne's labors began about 1581, and his fiery
+career as a Brownist had lasted only four or five years when he began
+to vacillate. A great part of this time was spent in exile, much of it
+in prison, and very little of it about London. But before 1587 London
+seems to have been the center of the Separatists, from which they had
+"sparsed their companies into severall partes of the Realme."
+
+[Sidenote: H. M. Dexter's Congregationalism, 255-257.]
+
+It seems that their rise in London came from the devout meetings of
+those who had begun to repudiate the Church of England as
+antichristian. Without any officers or organization apparently, these
+people, when we first get sight of them, were wont to assemble in the
+summer time in the fields about London, sitting down upon a bank while
+the Bible was expounded now by one and now by another of the company.
+In the winter it was their custom to spend the whole Sunday together
+from five o'clock in the morning, eating dinner in company and paying
+for it by a collection. They responded in prayer only by spontaneous
+groans or sobs, much after the fashion of the early Quakers,
+Methodists, and other enthusiasts of a later time. If one of their
+members returned to a parish assembly, they pronounced him an apostate
+and solemnly delivered him over to Satan until he should repent.
+
+
+V.
+
+[Sidenote: Barrowism.]
+
+When they began to organize themselves formally into a church the
+London Separatists in their turn resorted to the apostolic epistles.
+These had already been treated like the magician's bottle that is made
+to yield white wine or red at pleasure. From them whatsoever form of
+discipline was desired by Anglican, Presbyterian, or Brownist had been
+derived, and now a still different discipline was deduced, a mean
+betwixt Presbyterian and Brownist theories. This is known now as
+Barrowism. It was the form of church government brought by the
+Pilgrims to Plymouth, and substantially that which prevailed in New
+England throughout the seventeenth century.
+
+[Illustration: The cradle of the Pilgrims.]
+
+[Sidenote: Separatists in Amsterdam, 1593.]
+
+The London Separatists suffered miserably from persecution. Many of
+them languished and died in prison. Barrow and Greenwood, their
+leaders, were hanged at Tyburn. A part of them migrated to Amsterdam,
+while the rest maintained a furtive church in London. Those in
+Amsterdam, having no lingering abuses of the English church to reform,
+set every man's conscience to watch his neighbor's conduct. Having
+seceded from the communion of the Church of England on account of
+scandals, they were scandalized with the least variation from their
+rigorous standard by any of their own church members, and they were
+soon torn asunder with dissensions as the result of this vicariousness
+of conscience. The innocent vanity of the pastor's wife who could
+never forego a "toppish" hat and high-heeled shoes was the principal
+stumbling-block.
+
+Though Separatism had been almost extirpated from England by the close
+of Elizabeth's reign, there remained even yet one vigorous society in
+the north which was destined to exert a remarkable influence on the
+course of history.
+
+
+VI.
+
+[Sidenote: The cradle of the Pilgrims.]
+
+On the southern margin of Yorkshire the traveler alights to-day at the
+station of Bawtry. It is an uninteresting village, with a rustic inn.
+More than a mile to the southward, in Nottinghamshire, lies the
+pleasant but commonplace village of Scrooby. About a mile to the north
+of Bawtry is Austerfield, a hamlet of brick cottages crowded together
+along the road. It has a picturesque little church built in the middle
+ages, the walls of which are three feet thick. This church will seat
+something more than a hundred people nowadays by the aid of a rather
+modern extension. In the seventeenth century it was smaller, and there
+was no ceiling. Then one could see the rafters of the roof while
+shuddering with cold in the grottolike interior. The country around is
+level and unpicturesque.
+
+[Sidenote: Hunter's Founders of New Plymouth, 24, 25.]
+
+But one is here in the cradle of great religious movements. In Scrooby
+and in Austerfield were born the Pilgrims who made the first
+successful settlement in New England. A little to the east lies
+Gainsborough, from which migrated to Holland in 1606 the saintly
+Separatist John Smyth, who gave form to a great Baptist movement of
+modern times. A few miles to the northeast of Bawtry, in Lincolnshire,
+lies Epworth, the nest from which the Wesleys issued more than a
+hundred years later to spread Methodism over the world. Religious zeal
+seems to have characterized the people of this region even before the
+Reformation, for the country round about Scrooby was occupied at that
+time by an unusual number of religious houses.
+
+The little Austerfield church and the old church at Scrooby are the
+only picturesque or romantic elements of the environment, and on these
+churches the Pilgrims turned their backs as though they had been
+temples of Baal. In the single street of Austerfield the traveler
+meets the cottagers of to-day, and essays to talk with them. They are
+heavy and somewhat stolid, like most other rustic people in the north
+country, and an accent to which their ears are not accustomed amuses
+and puzzles them. No tradition of the Pilgrims lingers among them.
+They have never heard that anybody ever went out of Austerfield to do
+anything historical. They listen with a bovine surprise if you speak
+to them of this exodus, and they refer you to the old clerk of the
+parish, who will know about it. The venerable clerk is a striking
+figure, not unlike that parish clerk painted by Gainsborough. This
+oracle of the hamlet knows that Americans come here as on a
+pilgrimage, and he tells you that one of them, a descendant of
+Governor Bradford, offered a considerable sum for the disused stone
+font at which Bradford the Pilgrim was baptized. But the traveler
+turns away at length from the rustic folk of Austerfield and the
+beer-drinkers over their mugs in the inn at Bawtry, and the villagers
+at Scrooby, benumbed by that sense of utter common-placeness which is
+left on the mind of a stranger by such an agricultural community. The
+Pilgrims, then, concerning whom poems have been written, and in whose
+honor orations without number have been made, were just common country
+folk like these, trudging through wheat fields and along the muddy
+clay highways of the days of Elizabeth and James. They were just such
+men as these and they were not. They were such as these would be if
+they were vivified by enthusiasm. We may laugh at superfluous scruples
+in rustic minds, but none will smile at brave and stubborn loyalty to
+an idea when it produces such steadfast courage as that of the
+Pilgrims.
+
+[Sidenote: Magnalia, Book II, chap. i, p. 2.]
+
+And yet, when the traveler has resumed his journey, and recalls
+Scrooby and Bawtry and Austerfield, the stolid men and gossiping
+women, the narrow pursuits of the plowman and the reaper, and
+remembers the flat, naked, and depressing landscape, he is beset by
+the old skepticism about the coming of anything good out of Nazareth.
+Nor is he helped by remembering that at the time of Bradford's
+christening at the old stone font the inhabitants of Austerfield are
+said to have been "a most ignorant and licentious people," and that
+earlier in that same century John Leland speaks of "the meane townlet
+of Scrooby."
+
+
+VIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Elder Brewster.]
+
+But Leland's description of the village suggests the influence that
+caused Scrooby and the wheat fields thereabout to send forth, in the
+beginning of the seventeenth century and of a new reign, men capable
+of courage and fortitude sufficient to make them memorable, and to
+make these three townlets places of pilgrimage in following centuries.
+
+[Sidenote: Itinerary, i, 36, in Hunter's Founders, p. 20.]
+
+[Sidenote: Bradford, 410.]
+
+[Sidenote: _Supra_, Book I, chap. ii, iii.]
+
+[Sidenote: Plimoth Plantations, 411.]
+
+"In the meane townlet of Scrooby, I marked two things"--it is Leland
+who writes--"the parish church not big but very well builded; the
+second was a great manor-place, standing within a moat, and longing to
+the Archbishop of York." This large old manor-place he describes with
+its outer and inner court. In this manor-place, about half a century
+after Leland saw it, there lived William Brewster. He was a man of
+education, who had been for a short time in residence at Cambridge; he
+had served as one of the under secretaries of state for years; had
+been trusted beyond all others by Secretary Davison, his patron; and,
+when Elizabeth disgraced Davison, in order to avoid responsibility for
+the death of Mary of Scotland, Brewster had been the one friend who
+clung to the fallen secretary as long as there was opportunity to do
+him service. Making no further effort to establish himself at court,
+Brewster went after a while "to live in the country in good esteeme
+amongst his freinds and the good gentle-men of those parts, espetially
+the godly and religious." His abode after his retirement was the old
+manor-place now destroyed, but then the most conspicuous building at
+Scrooby. It belonged in his time to Sir Samuel Sandys, the elder
+brother of Sir Edwin Sandys, whose work as the master spirit in the
+later history of the Virginia Company has already been recounted. At
+Scrooby Brewster succeeded his father in the office of "Post," an
+office that obliged him to receive and deliver letters for a wide
+district of country, to keep relays of horses for travelers by post on
+the great route to the north, and to furnish inn accommodations. In
+the master of the post at Scrooby we have the first of those
+influences that lifted a group of people from this rustic region into
+historic importance. He had been acquainted with the great world, and
+had borne a responsible if not a conspicuous part in delicate
+diplomatic affairs in the Netherlands. At court, as at Scrooby, he was
+a Puritan, and now in his retirement his energies were devoted to the
+promotion of religion. He secured earnest ministers for many of the
+neighboring parishes. But that which he builded the authorities tore
+down. Whitgift was archbishop, and the High Commission Courts were
+proceeding against Puritans with the energy of the Spanish
+Inquisition. "The godly preachers" about him were silenced. The
+people who followed them were proscribed, and all the pains and
+expense of Brewster and his Puritan friends in establishing religion
+as they understood it were likely to be rendered futile by the
+governors of the church. "He and many more of those times begane to
+looke further into things," says Bradford. Persecution begot
+Separatism. The theory was the result of conditions, as new theories
+are wont to be.
+
+
+IX.
+
+[Sidenote: The Scrooby Church.]
+
+[Sidenote: Magnalia, Book ii, c. i, 2.]
+
+Here, as elsewhere, the secession appears to have begun with meetings
+for devotion. By this supposition we may reconcile two dates which
+have been supposed to conflict, conjecturing that in 1602, when
+Brewster had lived about fifteen years in the old manor-house, his
+neighbors, who did not care to attend the ministry of ignorant and
+licentious priests, began to spend whole Sundays together, now in one
+place and now in another, but most frequently in the old manor-house
+builded within a moat, and reached by ascending a flight of stone
+steps. Here, Brewster's hospitality was dispensed to them freely. They
+may or may not have been members of the Separatist church at
+Gainsborough, as some have supposed. It was not until 1606 that these
+people formed the fully organized Separatist church of Scrooby. It was
+organized after the Barrowist pattern that had originated in
+London--it was after a divine pattern, according to their belief.
+Brewster, the nucleus of the church, became their ruling elder.
+
+[Sidenote: The ruling elder.]
+
+[Sidenote: Bradford's Plimoth Plantation, 408-414.]
+
+[Sidenote: Hunter's Founders, _passim_.]
+
+[Sidenote: Winsor's Elder William Brewster, a pamphlet.]
+
+[Sidenote: F. B. Dexter in Narrative and Crit. Hist., iii, 257-282.]
+
+It was in these all-day meetings at the old manor-house that the
+Separatist rustics of Scrooby were molded for suffering and endeavor.
+The humble, modest, and conscientious Brewster was the king-post of
+the new church--the first and longest enduring of the influences that
+shaped the character of these people in England, Holland, and America.
+Brewster could probably have returned to the court under other
+auspices after Davison's fall, but as master of the post at Scrooby,
+then as a teacher and as founder of a printing office of prohibited
+English books in Leyden, and finally as a settler in the wilderness,
+inuring his soft hands to rude toils, until he died in his cabin an
+octogenarian, he led a life strangely different from that of a
+courtier. But no career possible to him at court could have been so
+useful or so long remembered.
+
+
+X.
+
+[Sidenote: John Robinson.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3.]
+
+But Brewster was not the master spirit. About the time the Separatists
+of Scrooby completed their church organization, in 1606, there came to
+it John Robinson. He had been a fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge,
+and a beneficed clergyman of Puritan views. He, too, had been slowly
+propelled to Separatist opinion by persecution. For fourteen years
+before the final migration he led the Pilgrims at Scrooby and Leyden.
+Wise man of affairs, he directed his people even in their hard
+struggle for bread in a foreign country. He was one of the few men, in
+that age of debate about husks and shells, who penetrated to those
+teachings concerning character and conduct which are the vital and
+imperishable elements of religion. Even when assailed most roughly in
+debate he was magnanimous and forbearing. He avoided the bigotry and
+bitterness of the early Brownists, and outgrew as years went on the
+narrowness of rigid Separatism. He lived on the best terms with the
+Dutch and French churches. He opposed rather the substantial abuses
+than the ceremonies of the Church of England, and as life advanced he
+came to extend a hearty fellowship and communion to good men in that
+church. Had it been his lot to remain in the national church and rise,
+as did his opponent, Joseph Hall, to the pedestal of a bishopric or to
+other dignity, he would have been one of the most illustrious divines
+of the age--wanting something of the statesmanly breadth of Hooker,
+but quite outspreading and overtopping the Whitgifts, Bancrofts, and
+perhaps even the Halls. Robert Baillie, who could say many hard things
+against Separatists, is forced to confess that "Robinson was a man of
+excellent parts, and the most learned, polished, and modest spirit
+that ever separated from the Church of England"; and long after his
+death the Dutch theologian Hornbeeck recalls again and again his
+integrity, learning, and modesty.
+
+Shall we say that when subjected to this great man's influence the
+rustics of Scrooby and Bawtry and Austerfield were clowns no longer?
+Perhaps we shall be truer to the probabilities of human nature if we
+conclude that Robinson was able to mold a few of the best of them to
+great uses, and that these became the significant digits which gave
+value to the ciphers.
+
+
+ELUCIDATIONS.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1, page 146.]
+
+The eccentricities, moral and mental, of Browne were a constant
+resource of those who sought to involve all Separatists in his
+disgrace. Odium has always been a more effective weapon than argument
+in a theological controversy. Browne's enemies alleged that even while
+on the gridiron of persecution his conduct had not been free from
+moral obliquity. I have not been able to see Bernard's charges on this
+score, but John Robinson, in his Justification, etc. (1610), parries
+the thrust in these words: "Now as touching Browne, it is true as Mr.
+B[ernard] affirmeth, that as he forsook the Lord so the Lord forsook
+him in his way; ... as for the wicked things (which Mr. B. affirmeth)
+_he did in the way_ it may well be as he sayeth, ... as the more like
+he was to returne to his proper centre the Church of England, where he
+should be sure to find companie ynough in any wickednesse." Edition of
+1639, p. 50. One of the most learned accounts of Browne is to be found
+in H. M. Dexter's Congregationalism, the lecture on Robert Browne. It
+is always easy to admire Dr. Dexter's erudition, but not so easy to
+assent to his conclusions. See also Pagitt's Heresiography, p. 56 and
+_passim_; Fuller's Church History, ix, vi, 1-7; and Hanbury's
+Memorials, p. 18 and following.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2, page 146.]
+
+John Robinson, in Justification of Separation from the Church of
+England, p. 50, edition of 1639, says: "It is true that Boulton was
+(though not the first in that way) an elder of a Separatist church in
+the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's dayes, and falling from his holy
+profession recanted the same at Paul's Crosse and afterwards hung
+himself as Judas did." Compare Cotton's The Way of the Congregationall
+Churches Cleared, p. 4, and various intimations in Hanbury's
+Memorials, which imply the existence of Independent congregations in
+London and elsewhere in the early years of Elizabeth's reign. But
+Hanbury's handling of the valuable material he collected with
+commendable assiduity is sometimes so clumsy that the reader is
+obliged to grope for facts bearing upon most important questions. One
+gets from Hanbury's notes and some older publications a vague notion
+that the Flemish Protestants, recently settled in England in great
+numbers, exerted an influence in favor of Independency. Robert Browne
+began his secession in Norwich, a place where the people from the Low
+Countries were nearly half the population, and Browne was even said to
+have labored among the Dutch first. Fuller, ix, sec. vi, 2.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3, page 156.]
+
+Robinson's character may be judged from his works. His good qualities
+are very apparent in the wise and tender letters addressed to the
+Pilgrims when they were leaving England and after their arrival at
+Plymouth, which will be found in Bradford's Plimoth Plantations, 63,
+64, 163. See Bradford's character of him, ibid., 17-19. See also
+Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrims, 473-482. Ainsworth's tribute is in
+Hanbury's Memorials, 95. See also Winslow's Brief Narration in Young's
+Chronicles, 379. George Sumner, in 3d Massachusetts Historical
+Collections, ix, has a paper giving the result of his investigations
+in Leyden. He quotes Hornbeeck as saying, twenty-eight years after
+Robinson's death, that he was the best of all the exiles as well as
+the most upright, learned, and most modest. Hornbeeck's words are:
+"Optimus inter illos." "Vir supra reliquos probus atque eruditus."
+"Doctissimi ac modestissimi omnium separatistorum."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THE THIRD.
+
+_THE PILGRIM MIGRATIONS._
+
+
+I.
+
+[Sidenote: Accession of James I.]
+
+[Sidenote: Neal, ii, 28. Compare Burns's Prel. Diss. to Wodrow,
+lxxiv.]
+
+The accession of James of Scotland to the English throne in 1603
+raised the hopes of the Puritans. James had said, in 1590: "As for our
+neighbour kirk of England, their service is an ill-said masse in
+English; they want nothing of the masse but the liftings." Later, when
+the prospect of his accession to the English throne was imminent,
+James had spoken with a different voice, but the Puritans remembered
+his lifelong familiarity with Presbyterian forms, and his strongly
+expressed satisfaction with the Scottish Kirk. They met him on his way
+to London with a petition for modifications of the service. This was
+known as the Millinary Petition, because it was supposed to represent
+the views of about one thousand English divines.
+
+[Sidenote: Hampton Court conference.]
+
+[Sidenote: Svmme and Svbstance, _passim_.]
+
+[Sidenote: Prel. Diss. to Wodrow, lxxiv.]
+
+[Sidenote: Ch. Hist., x, vii, 30.]
+
+[Sidenote: Nugae Antiquae., i, 181.]
+
+In January, 1604, the king held a formal conference at Hampton Court
+between eleven of the Anglican party on one side, nine of them being
+bishops, and four Puritan divines, representing the petitioners.
+Assuming at first the air of playing the arbiter, James, who dearly
+loved a puttering theological debate, could not refrain from taking
+the cause of the churchmen out of their hands and arguing it himself.
+The reports of the conference are most interesting as showing the
+paradoxical qualities of James, who, by his action at this meeting,
+unwittingly made himself a conspicuous figure in the history of
+America. The great churchmen were surprised at the display made by the
+king of dialectic skill. They held Scotch learning in some contempt,
+and were amazed that one bred among the "Puritans" should know how to
+handle questions of theology so aptly. James, though he had declared
+the Church of Scotland "the sincerest kirk in the world" because it
+did not keep Easter and Yule as the Genevans did, now had the face to
+assure the prelates that he had never believed after he was ten years
+old what he was taught in Scotland. His speeches in the conference are
+marked by ability, mingled with the folly which vitiated all his
+qualities. Quick at reply and keen in analysis, he even shows
+something like breadth of intelligence, or at least intellectual
+toleration, but without ever for a moment evincing any liberality of
+feeling. His manifest cleverness is rendered futile by his narrow and
+ridiculous egotism, his arrogance in the treatment of opponents, and
+his coarse vulgarity in expression. "In common speaking as in his
+hunting," says Fuller, "he stood not on the cleanest but nearest way."
+The Puritans were no more able to answer the arguments of the king
+than was AEsop's lamb to make reply to the wolf. Laying down for his
+fundamental maxim "No bishop, no king," he drew a picture of the
+troubles that would beset him when "Jack and Tom and Will and Dick"
+should meet and censure the king and his council. He would have no
+such assemblage of the clergy until he should grow fat and pursy and
+need trouble to keep him in breath, he said. It could not occur to his
+self-centered mind that so grave a question was not to be settled
+merely by considering the ease and convenience of the sovereign. "He
+rather usede upbraidinges than argumente," says Harrington, who was
+present. He bade the Puritans "awaie with their snivellinge," and, in
+discussing the surplice, made an allusion that would be deemed a
+profanation by reverent churchmen of the present time.
+
+[Sidenote: The king and the bishops.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1.]
+
+[Sidenote: Compare Nugae Antiquae, ii, 25, 26.]
+
+With characteristic pedantry he spoke part of the time in Latin, and
+his clever refutation of the hapless Puritans sounded like the wisdom
+of God to the anxious bishops. In spite of the downright scolding and
+vulgar abuse with which the king flavored his orthodoxy, the aged
+Whitgift declared that undoubtedly his Majesty spoke by the special
+assistance of God's Spirit; but one of the worldly bystanders
+ventured, in defiance of the episcopal dictum, to think that whatever
+spirit inspired the king was "rather foul-mouthed." Bancroft, Bishop
+of London, theatrically fell on his knees and solemnly protested that
+his heart melted within him with joy that Almighty God of his singular
+mercy had given them such a king "as since Christ's time the like
+hath not been seen." The king in his turn was naturally impressed with
+the sagacity of a bishop who could so devoutly admire his Majesty's
+ability, and, when soon afterward a fresh access of paralysis carried
+off Whitgift, it was not surprising that Bancroft should be translated
+from London to Canterbury over the heads of worthier competitors. From
+the moment of Bancroft's accession to the primacy the lot of the
+Puritans and Separatists became harder, for he plumed himself
+doubtless on being the originator of the high-church doctrine, and he
+was a man whose harsh energy seems not to have been tempered by an
+intimate piety like that of Whitgift.
+
+[Sidenote: Results.]
+
+[Sidenote: Svmme and Svbstance, 35.]
+
+[Sidenote: Compare Bacon's Certain Considerations touching the better
+Pacification of the Church of England.]
+
+When James rose from his chair at the close of the debate on the
+second day he said, "I shall make them conform themselves, or I will
+harry them out of this land, or else do worse"; and he wrote to a
+friend boasting that he had "peppered the Puritans soundly." But the
+king had missed, without knowing it, the greatest opportunity of his
+reign--an opportunity for conciliating or weakening the Puritan
+opposition, and consolidating the church and his kingdom. James could
+think of nothing but his own display of cleverness and browbeating
+arrogance in a dispute with great divines like Reynolds and Chaderton.
+The conference had been for him a recreation not much more serious
+than stag-hunting. That it was pregnant with vast and far-reaching
+results for good and evil in England and the New World he, perhaps,
+did not dream. By his narrow and selfish course at this critical
+moment he may be said to have sealed the fate of his son, if not the
+doom of his dynasty; and his clever folly gave fresh life to the
+bitter struggle between Anglican and Puritan which resulted in the
+peopling of New England a quarter of a century afterward.
+
+
+II.
+
+[Sidenote: The storm of persecution.]
+
+[Sidenote: Bacon's Observation on a Libel.]
+
+Every proscription of the Puritans within the church was accompanied
+by a crusade against the Brownists without, who were counted sinners
+above all other men. Though Ralegh in 1593 had estimated the Brownists
+at twenty thousand, they were by this time in consequence of
+oppression "about worn out," as Bacon said. Upon those who remained
+the new persecution broke with untempered severity. Badgered on every
+side by that vexatious harrying which King James and his ecclesiastics
+kept up according to promise, the little congregation at Scrooby in
+1607 resolved to flee into Holland, where they would be strangers to
+the speech and to the modes of getting a living, but where they might
+worship God in extemporary prayers under the guidance of elders of
+their own choice without fear of fines and prisons.
+
+[Sidenote: Toleration in the Low Countries.]
+
+[Sidenote: Errours and Induration, p. 27.]
+
+That which is most honorable to the Low Countries, from a historical
+point of view, namely, that their cities were places of refuge for
+oppressed consciences, was esteemed odious and highly ridiculous in
+the seventeenth century. In one of the plays of that time there is a
+humorous proposition to hold a consultation about "erecting four new
+sects of religion in Amsterdam." The Dutch metropolis was called a
+cage of unclean birds, and a French prelate contemned it as "a common
+harbor of all opinions and heresies." At a later period Edward
+Johnson, the rather bloodthirsty Massachusetts Puritan, inveighs
+against "the great mingle mangle of religion" in Holland, and like a
+burlesque prophet shrieks, "Ye Dutch, come out of your hodge podge!"
+Robert Baylie, in a sermon before the House of Lords as late as 1645,
+says of the toleration by the Dutch, that "for this one thing they
+have become infamous in the Christian world."
+
+[Sidenote: Flight of the Pilgrims.]
+
+To the asylum offered by the Low Countries the Scrooby Separatists
+resolved to flee. The pack of harriers let loose by James and Bancroft
+were in full cry. The members of the Scrooby church found themselves
+"hunted and persecuted on every side," having their houses watched
+night and day, so that all their sufferings in times past "were but as
+flea bitings in comparison." But the tyranny that made England
+intolerable did its best to render flight impossible. In various
+essays to escape, the Separatists were arrested and stripped of what
+valuables they had, while their leaders were cast into prison for
+months at a time.
+
+[Sidenote: The Pilgrims in Amsterdam.]
+
+[Sidenote: Bradford's Plimoth Plantation 16.]
+
+At length by one means or another the members of this battered little
+community got away and met together in Amsterdam. To plain north
+country folk this was indeed a strange land, and one can see in the
+vivid and eloquent language of Bradford of Austerfield, who was a
+young man when he crossed the German Ocean, the memory of the
+impressions which these cities of the Low Countries made on their
+rustic minds. But "it was not longe before they saw the grimme and
+grisly face of povertie coming upon them like an armed man, with whom
+they must bukle and incounter."
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: Removal to Leyden.]
+
+[Sidenote: Bradford's Plimouth Plantation.]
+
+[Sidenote: Winslow's Relations.]
+
+Robinson discovered that he was not of a piece with those Separatists
+who had preceded him to Amsterdam. In one division of these, questions
+of whalebone in bodices, of high-heeled shoes and women's hats,
+distracted scrupulous minds. In the other, which came from the same
+part of England as Robinson's church, the agitations were of a
+theological nature. Questions about the baptism of infants and the
+inherent righteousness of man and the portion of his nature that
+Christ derived from his mother, with discussions of the right of a man
+to be a magistrate and a church member at the same time, were seething
+in the heated brain of the scrupulous but saintly pastor. Robinson saw
+that these controversies would involve the Scrooby church if it
+remained in Amsterdam. In Robinson the centrifugal force of Separatism
+had already spent itself, and his practical wisdom had set bounds to
+the course of his logic. To leave the Dutch metropolis for a smaller
+place was to reduce the Scrooby exiles to still deeper poverty, but
+nevertheless the Pilgrims fled from discord as they had fled from
+persecution, and removed to the university city of Leyden, called by
+its admirers "the Athens of the Occident." After their departure
+English Separatism in Amsterdam went on tearing itself to pieces in a
+sincere endeavor to find ultimate theological truth, but Robinson's
+people in spite of their poverty were united, and were honored by
+those among whom they sojourned. Others, hearing of their good report,
+came to them from England, and the exiled church of Leyden was fairly
+prosperous.
+
+
+IV.
+
+[Sidenote: Danger of extinction.]
+
+But when ten years of exile had passed the outlook was not a pleasant
+one. The life in Leyden was so hard that many chose to return to their
+own land, preferring English prisons to liberty at so dear a rate. The
+"tender hearts of many a loving father and mother" were wounded to see
+children growing prematurely decrepit under the weight of hard and
+incessant toil; "the vigor of Nature being consumed in the very bud as
+it were." Some of the young people were contaminated by the
+dissoluteness of the city, others joined the Dutch army or made long
+voyages at sea, acquiring habits very foreign to the strictness of
+their parents. The result of a contest between the rigid Puritanism of
+the little church and the laxity prevalent in Holland was not to be
+doubted. Human nature can not remain always at concert pitch.
+Intermarriages with the Dutch had already begun, and all that was
+peculiar in the English community was about to be swallowed up and
+lost forever in the great current of Dutch life which flowed about it.
+
+[Sidenote: Emigration planned.]
+
+[Sidenote: Compare Winslow in Young, 387.]
+
+Puritanism was in its very nature aggressive, even meddlesome. It was
+not possible for a Puritan church, led by such men as Robinson, and
+Brewster, and Carver, and Bradford, and Winslow, to remain content
+where national prejudices and a difference in language barred the way
+to the exertion of influence on the life about them. With destruction
+by absorption threatening their church, these leaders conceived the
+project of forming a new state where they "might, with the liberty of
+a good conscience, enjoy the pure Scripture worship of God without the
+mixture of human inventions and impositions; and their children after
+them might walk in the holy ways of the Lord."
+
+
+V.
+
+[Sidenote: Puritans and American settlements.]
+
+[Sidenote: Waddington's Cong. Hist., ii, 113, 114.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2.]
+
+What suggested in 1617 the thought of migration to America we do not
+know. Just twenty years earlier, in 1597, some imprisoned Brownists
+had petitioned the Privy Council that they might be allowed to settle
+"in the province of Canada," an indefinite term at that time. Francis
+Johnson with three others went out in that same year to look at the
+land. The voyage was an unlucky one, and the settlement of Johnson as
+pastor of the church in Amsterdam was the result. The persecutions
+which followed the accession of Bancroft to the archbishopric had
+started as early as 1608 a widespread agitation among the Puritans in
+favor of emigration to Virginia, but, when only a few had got away,
+the primate secured a proclamation preventing their escape from the
+means of grace provided for them in Courts of High Commission.
+
+[Sidenote: Condition of Virginia.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3.]
+
+[Sidenote: Inventory of books.]
+
+[Sidenote: Winsor's pamphlet on Elder Brewster.]
+
+The year 1617, in which the agitation for emigration began among the
+Pilgrims, was the year after Dale's return with highly colored reports
+of the condition of the Virginia colony. It is noticeable that among
+the books owned by Elder Brewster at his death was a copy of
+Whitaker's Good Newes from Virginia, published in 1613. Whitaker was
+minister at Henrico in Virginia, and was the son of a Puritan divine
+of eminence who was master of St. John's College, Cambridge. It is
+possible that he was known to Brewster, who had been at Cambridge, or
+to Robinson, who had resigned a fellowship there to become a
+Separatist. Whitaker himself was Puritan enough to discard the
+surplice. His Good Newes is an earnest plea for the support of the
+colony for religious reasons. "This plantation which the divell hath
+so often troden downe," he says, "is revived and daily groweth to more
+and hopeful successe." At the very time when the Pilgrims first
+thought of migrating there was beginning a new and widespread interest
+in Virginia. This was based partly on religious enthusiasm, such as
+Whitaker's book was meant to foster, and partly on the hope of new and
+strange commodities, particularly silk. Even this silk illusion may
+have had its weight in a secondary way with the Leyden people, for
+Bradford, afterward governor at Plymouth, was a silk-weaver in Leyden,
+and there were two books on silkworms in Brewster's library at his
+death.
+
+[Sidenote: Alternatives.]
+
+To European eyes all America was one; even to-day the two Americas are
+hardly distinguished by most people in Europe. The glowing account of
+Guiana given by Ralegh helped to feed the new desire for an American
+home; and it was only after serious debate that North America was
+chosen, as more remote from the dreaded Spaniard and safer from
+tropical diseases. One can hardly imagine what American Puritanism
+would have become under the skies of Guiana. Not only did the Pilgrims
+hesitate regarding their destination, but there was a choice of
+nationalities to be made. England had not been a motherly mother to
+these outcast children, and there was question of settling as English
+subjects in America, or becoming Dutch colonists there.
+
+
+VI.
+
+[Sidenote: Application to Sandys.]
+
+[Sidenote: Hunter's Founders of New Plymouth, pp. 22, 23.]
+
+The Pilgrims preferred to be English, notwithstanding all. But they
+wished to stipulate with England for religious liberty. In this matter
+they had recourse to Sir Edwin Sandys, the one man who would probably
+be both able and willing to help them. Brewster had lived, as we have
+seen, in an old episcopal manor at Scrooby. Sandys, Archbishop of
+York, had transferred this manor by a lease to his eldest son, Sir
+Samuel Sandys, who was Brewster's landlord and brother of Sir Edwin
+Sandys. Of Sir Edwin the great liberal parliamentary statesman, Fuller
+says, "He was right-handed to any great employment." In 1617 he was
+already the most influential of the progressive leaders of the
+Virginia Company, its acting though not yet its nominal head, and in
+1619 he was elected governor of the Company. Brewster's
+fellow-secretary under Davison was a chosen friend of Sandys, and, in
+view of both these connections, we may consider it almost certain that
+the two were not strangers. To Sir Edwin Sandys was due much of the
+new interest in Virginia. He and his group seem to have been already
+striving to shape the colony into a liberal state.
+
+[Sidenote: Failure to secure formal toleration.]
+
+[Sidenote: Bacon's Advice to Villiers.]
+
+[Sidenote: Archdale's Carolina, 26.]
+
+To meet the views of the Leyden people, Sandys endeavored by the
+intervention of a more acceptable courtier to gain assurance from the
+king, under the broad seal, that their religion should be tolerated if
+they migrated to Virginia. But James's peculiar conscience recoiled
+from this. He intimated that he would wink at their practices but he
+would not tolerate them by public act. And, indeed, the Pilgrims
+reflected afterward that "a seale as broad as the house flore would
+not serve the turne" of holding James to his promise. At the king's
+suggestion the archbishops were applied to, but neither would they
+formally approve such an arrangement. Nor can one wonder at their
+unwillingness, since the most profound, liberal, and far-seeing
+thinker of that age, Lord Bacon himself, was so far subject to the
+prejudices of his time that he could protest against allowing heretics
+to settle a colony, and could support his position by a mystical
+argument fit to be advanced by the most fantastic theologian. "It will
+make schism and rent in Christ's coat, which must be seamless," he
+says. He even goes so far as to group Separatists with outlaws and
+criminals, and to advise that if such should transplant themselves to
+the colonies they should be "sent for back upon the first notice," for
+"such persons are not fit to lay the foundation of a new colony." Much
+more fit than is a speculative philosopher to draw the lines on which
+practical undertakings are to be carried forward. The transplanting of
+English speech and institutions to America would have languished as
+French colonization did, if none but orthodox settlers had been
+allowed to fell trees and build cabins in the forest. Ever since the
+age of stone hatchets colony planters have been drawn from the ranks
+of the uneasy. An early Quaker governor of South Carolina puts the
+matter less elegantly but more justly than Bacon when he says: "It is
+stupendious to consider, how passionate and preposterous zeal, not
+only vails but stupefies oftentimes the Rational Powers: For cannot
+Dissenters kill Wolves and Bears as well as Churchmen?"
+
+
+VII.
+
+[Sidenote: Relations with the Virginia Company.]
+
+[Sidenote: MS. Rec. Va. Co., Feb. 2, 1620.]
+
+[Sidenote: Winslow's Briefe Narration, Young, 383.]
+
+The liberal and practical mind of Sir Edwin Sandys harbored none of
+the scruples of Bacon, and his more wholesome conscience knew
+nothing of the fine distinctions of James and the archbishops
+between formal toleration and a mere winking at irregularities. He
+embraced the cause of the Pilgrims and became their steadfast
+friend, passing through the Virginia Company successively two
+charters in their behalf, and the general order which allowed the
+leaders of "particular plantations"--that is, of such plantations as
+the Leyden people and others at that time proposed to make--to
+associate the sober and discreet of the plantation with them to make
+laws, orders, and constitutions not repugnant to the laws of
+England. This was a wide door opening toward democratic government.
+The patent given to the Pilgrims was also a liberal one, and it was
+even proposed to put into their hands a large sum of money
+contributed anonymously for the education of Indian children, but to
+this it was objected that the newcomers would lack the confidence of
+the savages. One of the Virginia Company, possibly Sandys himself,
+lent to the Leyden people three hundred pounds without interest for
+three years. When we consider that the Pilgrims had to pay in their
+first year of settlement thirty and even fifty per cent, interest on
+their debts, and that this three hundred pounds, the use of which
+they received without interest, would be equal in purchasing power
+to five or six thousand dollars of our money, we may readily believe
+that this loan and the semi-independence offered them under their
+"large patent" from the company, were the considerations that
+decided them in favor of emigration after the English Government had
+refused a guarantee of toleration, and the Dutch Government had
+declined to assure them of protection against England.
+
+[Sidenote: Authors of the Plymouth Government.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4.]
+
+That group of liberal English statesmen who were charged with keeping
+"a school of sedition" in the courts of the Virginian Company founded
+the two centers of liberal institutions in America. The Earl of
+Southampton, the Ferrars, Sir John Danvers, and above all and more
+than all, Sir Edwin Sandys, were the fathers of representative
+government in New England by the charter of February 2, 1620, as they
+had been of representative government in Virginia by the charter of
+November 13, 1618. When the Pilgrims found themselves, upon landing,
+too far north to use their "large patent" from the Virginia Company,
+they organized a government on the lines laid down in the general
+order of the company. The government established by them in their
+famous Compact was precisely the provisional government which the
+Virginia Company in the preceding February had given them liberty to
+found "till a form of government be here settled for them." Under this
+compact they proceeded to confirm the election of the governor,
+already chosen under the authority derived from the charter, now
+invalid.
+
+[Sidenote: Charges against Sandys.]
+
+[Sidenote: Duke of Manchester, papers, Royal Hist. MSS. Comm. viii,
+II, 45.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5.]
+
+The enemies of Sir Edwin Sandys did not fail to make use of his
+friendship for the Leyden people to do him injury. It was afterward
+charged that he was opposed to monarchical government, and that he had
+moved the Archbishop of Canterbury "to give leave to the Brownists and
+Separatists to go to Virginia, and designed to make a free popular
+state there, and himself and his assured friends were to be the
+leaders." That Sandys thought of emigration is hardly probable, but he
+succeeded in establishing two popular governments in America which
+propagated themselves beyond all that he could have hoped to achieve.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+[Sidenote: The farewell to Europe.]
+
+[Sidenote: Plimoth Plantation, 59.]
+
+"Small things," wrote Dudley to the Countess of Lincoln in the first
+months of the Massachusetts settlement--"small things in the beginning
+of natural or politic bodies are as remarkable as greater in bodies
+full grown." The obscure events we have recited above are capital
+because they had a deciding influence on the fate of the Pilgrim
+settlement. It is not within our purpose to tell over again the
+pathetic story of that brave departure of the younger and stronger of
+the Pilgrims from Leyden to make the first break into the wilderness,
+but courage and devotion to an idea are not common; courage and
+devotion that bring at last important results are so rare that the
+student of history, however little disposed to indulge sentiment,
+turns in spite of himself to that last all-night meeting in Pastor
+Robinson's large house in the Belfry Lane at Leyden. "So," says
+Bradford, as if penning a new holy scripture, "they lefte that goodly
+and pleasante citie, which had been ther resting place near 12 years;
+but they knew they were pilgrimes and looked not much on those things,
+but lift up their eyes to the heavens, their dearest cuntrie and
+quieted their spirits." Nor is it easy to pass over the solemn parting
+on the quay at Delft Haven, where, as the time of the tide forced the
+final tearful separation, while even the Dutch spectators wept in
+sympathy, the voice of the beloved Robinson in a final prayer was
+heard and the whole company fell upon their knees together for the
+last time.
+
+[Sidenote: Robinson's influence.]
+
+[Sidenote: Winslow's Briefe Narration, Young, 397.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6.]
+
+These things hardly pertain, perhaps, to a history of life such as
+this. It is with the influences that are to mold the new life while it
+is plastic that we are concerned. Chief of these is Robinson himself,
+a Moses who was never to see, even from a mountain top, the Canaan to
+which he had now led his people. He must stay behind with the larger
+half of the church. Rising to the occasion, his last words to this
+little company are worthy his magnanimous soul. He eloquently charged
+them "before God and his blessed angels to follow him no further than
+he followed Christ." ... He was confident "the Lord had more truth and
+light to break forth out of his holy word." In whatever sense we take
+them these were marvelous words in the seventeenth century. Robinson
+understood the progressive nature of truth as apprehended by the human
+mind in a way that makes him seem singularly modern. In the same
+address he declared it "not possible that ... full perfection of
+knowledge should break forth at once." He bade them not to affect
+separation from the Puritans in the Church of England, but "rather to
+study union than division."
+
+Admirable man! Free from pettiness and egotism. Fortunate man, who,
+working in one of the obscurest and dustiest corners of this noisy and
+self-seeking world, succeeded in training and sending out a company
+that diffused his spirit and teachings into the institutions and
+thoughts of a great people!
+
+
+IX.
+
+[Sidenote: The landing.]
+
+[Sidenote: Morton's Memorial, 6th edition, p. 22, note.]
+
+[Sidenote: Compare Asher's History of W. I. Company in Bibl. Essay.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8.]
+
+On a chain of slender accidents hung the existence of New England. Had
+the claims of Guiana prevailed, had the tempting offers of the Dutch
+changed the allegiance of the Robinsonian Independents, had the
+Mayflower reached her destination in what is now New Jersey, the
+current of American history would not have flowed as it has. A South
+American New England, a Dutch New England, or a non-peninsular
+community of English Puritans west of the Hudson with good wheat
+fields and no fisheries or foreign trade, would have been different in
+destiny from what we call New England, and its influence on events
+and national character could not have been the same. It will always
+remain doubtful whether or not Jones, the captain of the Mayflower,
+was bribed by the Dutch, as the Plymouth people came to believe.
+Nothing could be more probable in view of the general bad character of
+the seamen of that time and the eagerness of one political party in
+Holland to secure a foothold for the Dutch in America; but whether
+Jones, who seems to have borne a bad reputation, was bribed, or, as he
+pretended, became entangled in the shoals of Cape Cod and turned back
+in real despair of finding his way, is of no moment. He turned back
+and came to anchor in Provincetown Harbor. Here the threats of the
+brutal seamen, unwilling to go farther, and the clamor of the
+overcrowded and sea-weary passengers did the rest. To continue longer
+closely cabined in the little ship was misery and perhaps death. Here
+was land, and that was enough. And so, after exploration of the whole
+coast of Cape Cod Bay, the place already named Plymouth on John
+Smith's map was selected for a settlement. Here the landing was made
+on the 10th of November, O.S., 1620.
+
+[Sidenote: Elements of New England.]
+
+Camden has preserved to us an old English saying accepted in the days
+of the Pilgrims, to the effect that "a barren country is a great whet
+to the industry of a people." It was the wedding of an austere creed
+to an austere soil under an austere sky that gave the people of New
+England their marked character, and the severe economic conditions
+imposed by the soil and climate were even more potent than Puritanism
+in producing the traits that go to make up the New England of history.
+
+
+X.
+
+[Sidenote: Earlier attempts to colonize New England.]
+
+The unwise management that ruined nearly all projects for colonization
+in that age and that produced such disasters in Virginia, had defeated
+every earlier attempt to plant English people on the New England
+coast. Gosnold had taken a colony to Elizabeth Island in Buzzard's Bay
+in 1602, but the men went back in the ship in order to share the
+profit of a cargo of sassafras. Captain George Popham was the head of
+a party that undertook to colonize the coast of Maine in 1607, but
+having suffered "extreme extremities" during the winter, the colonists
+returned the following year. In 1615 Captain John Smith himself set
+out with sixteen men, only to be taken by a French privateer. These
+and other attempts ending in failure, and many disastrous trading
+voyages, led to a belief that the Indian conjurers, who were known to
+be the devil's own, had laid a spell on the northern coast to keep the
+white people away. This enchanted land might long have lain waste if
+Captain Jones of the Mayflower, sailing to Hudson River or the region
+south of it, had not run foul of the shoals of Cape Cod.
+
+[Illustration: Coast explored by the Pilgrims.]
+
+
+XI.
+
+[Sidenote: Sufferings at Plymouth.]
+
+The Pilgrims suffered, like their predecessors, from the prevailing
+unskillfulness in colony-planting. They had escaped from the horrors
+of the Mayflower, but how much better was the wild land than the wild
+sea; the rude, overcrowded forest cabins than the too populous ship?
+"All things stared upon them with a weather-beaten face," says
+Bradford. The horrors of the first winter in Virginia were repeated;
+here, as at Jamestown, nearly all were ill at once, and nearly half of
+the people died before the coming of spring. The same system of
+partnership with mercenary shareholders or "adventurers" in England
+that had brought disaster in Virginia was tried with similar results
+at Plymouth, and a similar attempt at communism in labor and supply
+was made, this time under the most favorable conditions, among a
+people conscientious and bound together by strong religious
+enthusiasm. It resulted, as such sinking of personal interest must
+ever result, in dissensions and insubordination, in unthrift and
+famine.
+
+[Sidenote: Bradford.]
+
+The colony was saved from the prolonged misery that makes the early
+history of Virginia horrible by the wise head and strong hand of its
+leader. William Bradford, who had been chosen governor on the death of
+Carver, a few months after the arrival at Plymouth, had been a youth
+but eighteen years old when he fled with the rest of the Scrooby
+church to Holland. He was bred to husbandry and had inherited some
+property. In Holland he became a silk worker and on attaining his
+majority set up for himself in that trade. He was still a young man
+when first chosen governor of the little colony, and he ruled New
+Plymouth almost continuously till his death--that is, for about
+thirty-seven years. He was of a magnanimous temper, resolute but
+patient, devotedly religious, but neither intolerant nor austere. He
+had a genius for quaintly vivid expression in writing that marked him
+as a man endowed with the literary gift, which comes as Heaven pleases
+where one would least look for it.
+
+
+XII.
+
+[Sidenote: Abolition of communism.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9.]
+
+After two years of labor in common had brought the colony more than
+once to the verge of ruin, Bradford had the courage and wisdom to cut
+the knot he could not untie. During the scarce springtime of 1623, he
+assigned all the detached persons in the colony to live with families,
+and then temporarily divided the ancient Indian field on which the
+settlement had been made among the several families in proportion to
+their number, leaving every household to shift for itself or suffer
+want. "Any general want or suffering hath not been among them since to
+this day," he writes years afterward. The assignment was a
+revolutionary stroke, in violation of the contract with the
+shareholders, and contrary to their wishes. But Bradford saw that it
+was a life-and-death necessity to be rid of the pernicious system,
+even at the cost of cutting off all support from England. In his
+history he draws a very clear picture of the evils of communism as he
+had observed them.
+
+
+XIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Significance of Plymouth.]
+
+Why should the historian linger thus over the story of this last
+surviving remnant of the "Brownists"? Why have we dwelt upon the
+little settlement that was never very flourishing, that consisted at
+its best of only a few thousand peaceful and agricultural people, and
+that after seventy years was merged politically in its more vigorous
+neighbor the colony of Massachusetts Bay? Historical importance does
+not depend on population. Plymouth was the second step in the founding
+of a great nation. When Bradford and the other leaders had at last
+successfully extricated the little settlement from its economical
+difficulties, it became the sure forerunner of a greater Puritan
+migration. This tiny free state on the margin of a wilderness
+continent, like a distant glimmering pharos, showed the persecuted
+Puritans in England the fare-way to a harbor.
+
+
+ELUCIDATIONS.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1, page 162.]
+
+Sir John Harington says: "The bishops came to the Kynge aboute the
+petition of the puritans; I was by, and heard much dyscourse. The
+Kynge talked muche Latin, and disputed wyth Dr. Reynoldes, at Hampton,
+but he rather usede upbraidinges than argumente; and tolde the
+petitioners that they wanted to strip Christe againe, and bid them
+awaie with their snivellinge: moreover, he wishede those who woud take
+away the surplice mighte want linen for their own breech. The bishops
+seemed much pleased and said his Majestie spoke by the power of
+inspiration. I wist not what they mean; but the spirit was rather
+foule mouthede." Nugae Antiquae, i, 181, 182. James took pains to put an
+example of his bad taste on paper. In a letter on the subject he brags
+in these words: "We haue kept suche a reuell with the Puritainis heir
+these two dayes as was neuer harde the lyke, quhaire I haue pepperid
+thaime as soundlie as ye haue done the papists thaire.... I was forcid
+at the last to saye unto thaime, that if any of thaim hadde bene in a
+colledge disputing with their skollairs, if any of their disciples had
+ansoured thaim in that sorte they wolde haue fetched him up in place
+of a replye, and so shoulde the rodde haue plyed upon the poore boyes
+buttokis." Ellis Letters, Third Series, iv, 162. The principal
+authorities on the Hampton Court Conference are, first, "The Svmme and
+Svbstance of the Conference, which it pleased his excellent Majestie
+to have," etc., "Contracted by William Barlovv, ... Deane of Chester";
+second, Dr. Montague's letter to his mother, in Winwood's Memorials,
+ii, 13-15; third, the letter of Patrick Galloway to the Presbytery of
+Edinburgh, in Calderwood, vi, 241, 242; and, fourth, a letter from
+Tobie Mathew, Bishop of Durham, to Hutton, Archbishop of York, in
+Strype's Whitgift appendix, xlv. Compare Nugae Antiquae, 181, 182, and
+the king's letter to Blake, in Ellis's Letters, third series, iv, 161,
+which are both cited above. Mr. Gardiner has shown (History of
+England, i, 159) that this letter is addressed to Northampton. There
+are several documents relating to the conference among the state
+papers calendared by Mrs. Greene under dates in January, 1604. Of the
+vigorous action taken against the Puritans after the conference, some
+notion may be formed by the letter of protest from the aged Matthew
+Hutton, Archbishop of York, to Lord Cranborne, in Lodge's
+Illustrations of British History, iii, 115, and Cranborne's reply,
+ibid., 125.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2, page 168.]
+
+Stith has not the weight of an original authority, but he is justly
+famous for accuracy in following his authorities, and he had access to
+many papers relating to the history of Virginia which are now lost.
+Under the year 1608 he says: "Doctor Whitgift, Arch-Bishop of
+Canterbury, ... having died four Years before this, was succeeded to
+that high Preferment by Dr. Richard Bancroft.... He had very high
+Notions with Relation to the Government of both Church and State; and
+was accordingly a great Stickler for, and Promoter of, the King's
+absolute Power, and failed not to take all Occasions, to oblige the
+Puritans to conform to the Church of England. This Prelate's Harshness
+and Warmth caused many of that People to take the Resolution this Year
+of settling themselves in Virginia, and some were actually come off
+for that Purpose. But the Arch-bishop, finding that they were
+preparing in great Numbers to depart, obtained a Proclamation from the
+King, forbidding any to go, without his Majesty's express Leave."
+History of Virginia, 1747, p. 76.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3, page 168.]
+
+For Whitaker's filiation, Neill's Virginia Company, 78. Whitaker's
+Good Newes from Virginia is no doubt intended by the entry in the
+inventory of Brewster's goods, "Newes from Virginia." I know no other
+book with such a title. That Alexander Whitaker was himself touched
+with Puritanism, or at least was not unwilling to have Puritan
+ministers for colleagues, is rendered pretty certain from passages in
+his letters. For instance, he writes to Crashaw from Jamestown, August
+9, 1611, desiring that young and "godly" ministers should come, and
+adds, "We have noe need either of ceremonies or bad livers." British
+Museum, Additional MSS., 21,993. (The letter is printed in Browne's
+Genesis, 499, 500.) In a letter given in Purchas and in Neill, 95,
+dated June 18, 1614, he says that neither subscription nor the
+surplice are spoken of in Virginia. It has escaped the notice of
+church historians that Whitaker's semi-Puritanism seems to have left
+traces for many years on the character and usage of the Virginia
+church. The Rev. Hugh Jones writes as late as 1724 in his Present
+State of Virginia, p. 68, that surplices were only then "beginning to
+be brought in Fashion," and that the people in some parishes received
+the Lord's Supper sitting.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4, page 173.]
+
+The late Dr. Neill was the first, I believe, to call attention to this
+fact, though he did not state it quite so strongly as I have put it in
+the text. It is worth while transferring Neill's remarks from the New
+England Genealogical Register, vol. XXX, 412, 413: "The action of the
+passengers of the Mayflower in forming a social compact before landing
+at Plymouth Rock seems to have been in strict accordance with the
+policy of the London Company, under whose patent the ship sailed. On
+June 9, 1619, O.S., John Whincop's patent was duly sealed by the
+Company, but this which had cost the Puritans so much labor and money
+was not used. Several months after, the Leyden people became
+interested in a new project. On February 2, 1619-'20, at a meeting at
+the house of Sir Edwin Sandys in Aldersgate, he stated to the Company
+that a grant had been made to John Peirce and his associates. At the
+same quarterly meeting it was expressly ordered that the leaders of
+particular plantations, associating unto them divers of the gravest
+and discreetest of their companies, shall have liberty to make orders,
+ordinances, and constitutions for the better ordering and directing of
+their business and servants, provided they be not repugnant to the
+laws of England." Bradford, in his Plimouth Plantation, 90, says they
+"chose or rather confirmed Mr. John Carver, ... their Governour for
+that year"--that is, for 1620. Mr. Deane, the editor of Bradford, has
+lost the force of this by misunderstanding a statement in Mourt's
+Relation, so called. See Deane's note, page 99, of Bradford. The
+statement in Mourt is under date of March 23d. I quote from the
+reprint in Young, 196, 197: "and did likewise choose our governor for
+this present year, which was Master John Carver," etc. Young applies
+Bradford's words, "or rather confirmed," to this event, and Deane also
+supposes that Bradford confuses two elections. Carver was no doubt
+chosen in England or Holland under authority of the charter to serve
+for the calendar year, and confirmed or rechosen after the Compact was
+signed. What took place on the 23d of March was that a governor was
+elected for the year 1621, which, according to the calendar of that
+time, began on the 25th of March. For the next year they chose Carver,
+who was already "governor for this present year," and whose first term
+was about to expire. Both Deane and Young failed to perceive the
+pregnant fact that Carver was governor during the voyage, and so lost
+the force of the words "or rather confirmed." Bradford, in that
+portion of his History of Plimouth Plantation which relates to this
+period, gives several letters illustrating the negotiations of the
+Pilgrims with the Virginia Company. The MS. Records of the Company in
+the Library of Congress, under dates of May 26 and June 9, 1619, and
+February 19, 1620 (1619 O.S.), contain the transactions relating to
+the Whincop Charter, which was not used, on account of Whincop's
+death, and the Pierce Charter, which the Pilgrims took with them.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5, page 174.]
+
+The charge against Sandys is in the Duke of Manchester's papers, Royal
+Historical MS. Commission viii, II, 45. It is remarkable that the
+dominant liberal faction in the Virginia Company is here accused of
+seeking to do what the Massachusetts Company afterward did--to wit, to
+found a popular American government by virtue of powers conferred in a
+charter. That liberal government in New England had its rise in the
+arrangements made with the London or Virginia Company before sailing,
+and not, as poets, painters, and orators have it, in the cabin of the
+Mayflower, is sufficiently attested in a bit of evidence, conspicuous
+enough, but usually overlooked. Robinson's farewell letter to the
+whole company, which reached them in England, is in Bradford, 64-67,
+and in Mourt's Relation. It has several significant allusions to the
+form of government already planned. "And lastly, your intended course
+of civill communitie will minister continuall occasion of offence."
+The allusion here seems to be to the joint-stock and communistic
+system of labor and living proposed. In another paragraph the allusion
+is to the system of government: "Whereas, you are become a body
+politik, using amongst your selves civill governmente, and are not
+furnished with any persons of spetiall emencie above the rest, to be
+chosen by you into office of governmente," etc., "you are at present
+to have only them for your ordinarie governours, which your selves
+shall make choyse of for that worke." That the government under the
+Virginia Company was to be democratic is manifest. The compact was a
+means of giving it the sanction of consent where the patent and the
+general order did not avail for that purpose.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6, page 176.]
+
+Winslow's Briefe Narration appended to his Hypocrisie Vnmasked is the
+only authority for Robinson's address. Dr. H. M. Dexter has with
+characteristic wealth of learning and ingenuity sought to diminish the
+force of these generous words of Robinson in his Congregationalism,
+403 and ff. But the note struck in this farewell address was familiar
+to the later followers of Robinson's form of Independency. Five of the
+ministers who went to Holland in 1637 and founded churches, published
+in 1643 a tract called An Apologeticall Narrative Humbly Submitted to
+the Honourable Houses of Parliament. By Thomas Goodwin, Phillip Nye,
+Sidrach Simpson, Jer. Borroughs, William Bridge. London, 1643. From
+the copy in the British Museum I quote: "A second principle we carryed
+along with us in all our resolutions was, Not to make our present
+judgment and practice a binding law unto ourselves for the future
+which we in like manner made continuall profession of upon all
+occasions." On page 22 Robinson's words are almost repeated in the
+phrase "they coming new out of popery ... might not be perfect the
+first day." Robinson's early colleague, Smyth, the unpractical,
+much-defamed, but saintly "Anabaptist," says in a tract published
+after his death, "I continually search after the truth." Robinson
+wrote a reply to a portion of this tract. See Barclay's Inner Life,
+appendix to Chapter V, where the tract is given. This holding of their
+opinions in a state of flux, this liberal expectancy of a further
+evolution of opinion, was a trait to be admired in the early
+Separatists in an age when modesty in dogmatic statement was
+exceedingly rare.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7, page 177.]
+
+Neill, in the Historical Magazine for January, 1869, and the New
+England Genealogical Register, 1874, identifies the Mayflower captain
+with Jones of the Discovery, who was accounted in Virginia
+"dishonest." But honest seamen were few in that half-piratical age.
+That he was hired by the Dutch to take the Pilgrims elsewhere than to
+Hudson River is charged in Morton's Memorial, and is not in itself
+unlikely. But the embarrassments of Cape Cod shoals were very real; a
+trading ship sent out by the Pilgrims after their settlement, failed
+to find a way round the cape.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8, page 177.]
+
+Early New England writers were not content with giving the Pilgrims
+the honor due to them. Hutchinson asserts that the Virginia Colony had
+virtually failed, and that the Pilgrim settlement was the means of
+reviving it. This has been often repeated on no other authority than
+that of Hutchinson, who wrote nearly a century and a half after the
+event. The list of patents for plantations in Virginia as given by
+Purchas, in which appears that of Master "Wincop," under which the
+Pilgrims proposed to plant, is a sufficient proof that Virginia was
+not languishing. "These patentees," says Purchas, "have undertaken to
+transport to Virginia a great multitude of people and store of
+cattle." Virginia had reached the greatest prosperity it attained
+before the dissolution of the company, in precisely the years in which
+the slender Pilgrim Colony was preparing. It is quite possible to
+honor the Pilgrims without reversing the order of cause and effect.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9, page 181.]
+
+Bradford's Plimouth Plantation, 135, 136: "The experience that was had
+in this commone course and condition, tried sundrie years, and that
+amongst godly and sober men, may well evince the vanitie of that
+conceite of Platos and other ancients, applauded by some of later
+times--that the taking away of propertie, and bringing in communitie
+into a comone wealth, would make them happy and florishing; as if they
+were wiser than God. For this communitie (so fare as it was) was found
+to breed much confusion and discontent, and retard much imployment
+that would have been to their benefite and comforte. For the yong-men
+that were most able and fitte for labour and service did repine that
+they should spend their time and streingth to worke for other mens
+wives and children with out any recompence. The strong, or man of
+parts, had no more in devission of victails and cloaths, then he that
+was weake and not able to doe a quarter the other could; this was
+thought injuestice. The aged and graver men to be ranked and equalised
+in labours, and victails, cloaths, &c., with the meaner and yonger
+sorte, thought it some indignite and disrespect unto them. And for
+mens wives to be commanded to doe servise for other men, as dresing
+their meate, washing their cloaths, &c., they deemd it a kind of
+slaverie, neither could many husbands well brooke it. Upon the point
+all being to have alike, and all to doe alike, they thought them
+selves in the like condition, and one as good as another; and so if it
+did not cut of those relations that God hath set amongest men yet it
+did much diminish and take of the mutuall respects that should be
+preserved amongst them. And would have bene worse if they had been men
+of another condition."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THE FOURTH.
+
+_THE GREAT PURITAN EXODUS._
+
+
+I.
+
+[Sidenote: Result of the Pilgrim settlement.]
+
+Men who undertake a great enterprise rarely find their anticipations
+fulfilled; they are fortunate if their general aim is reached at last
+in any way. The Pilgrims had migrated, hoping to be "stepping-stones
+to others," as they phrased it. They thought that many like-minded in
+matters of religion would come to them out of England, but the
+Separatist movement had been worn out by persecution. There were few
+open dissenters left, and the Pilgrims, by their long exile, had lost
+all close relations with their own country. Among those that came to
+Plymouth from England were some whose coming tended to dilute the
+religious life and lower the moral standards of the colony. The fervor
+of the Pilgrims themselves abated something of its intensity in the
+preoccupations incident to pioneer life. The hope of expanding their
+religious organization by the rapid growth of the colony was not
+fulfilled; discontented Puritans were not eager to settle under the
+government of Separatists, and ten years after their migration the
+Plymouth colony contained little more than three hundred people.
+
+[Sidenote: The religious motive.]
+
+None the less the hope of the Pilgrims was realized; they became
+stepping-stones to thousands of others. Captain John Smith laughed at
+the "humorous ignorances" of these "Brownist" settlers, but, humorous
+or not, ignorant or not, the "Brownists" remained on the coast while
+other emigrants retreated. In spite of their terrible suffering none
+of the Pilgrims went back. This is the capital fact in their history.
+A new force had been introduced into colonization. Henceforth
+persecuted or discontented religionists, prompted by a motive vastly
+more strenuous and enduring than cupidity, were to bear the main brunt
+of breaking a way into the wilderness.
+
+[Sidenote: Commercial settlements.]
+
+[Sidenote: John White's The Planter's Plea, in Young's Chronicles of
+Mass.]
+
+The first effect of the slender success at Plymouth was to stimulate
+speculative and merely adventurous migration. From 1607 until the
+arrival of the Pilgrims in 1620 no English colony had landed on the
+northern coast; but after the Pilgrims came, fish-drying and
+fur-buying stations began to appear on the banks of the Piscataqua and
+the coast eastward in 1622 and 1623. These tiny settlements were germs
+of New Hampshire and Maine, the only New England plantations begun
+without any admixture of religious motives. A commercial colony was
+tried in Massachusetts Bay as early as 1622, but it failed. There were
+other like attempts. In 1624 some men of Dorchester, headed by John
+White, the "Patriarch" Puritan clergyman, sent out a colony to Cape
+Ann. The members of this company were to grow maize to supply fishing
+ships, and in the season the same men were to lend a hand on board the
+ships, which would thus be saved the necessity for carrying double
+crews. But this plausible scheme proved a case of seeking strawberries
+in the sea and red herrings in the wood. Farmers were but lubbers at
+codfishing, and salt-water fishermen were clumsy enough in the
+cornfield. Losses of several sorts forced the Dorchester Company to
+dissolve. Four members of their futile colony, encouraged by a message
+from White, remained on Cape Ann. Removing to the present site of
+Salem, they waited at the risk of their lives for the coming of a new
+colony from England.
+
+[Sidenote: Individual settlers.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1.]
+
+Solitary adventurers of the sort known on nearly every frontier were
+presently to be found in several places. The scholarly recluse was
+represented by Blackstone, who had selected for his secluded abode a
+spot convenient to a spring of good water where the town of Boston was
+afterward planted; the inevitable Scotch adventurer was on an island
+in Boston Harbor; Samuel Maverick, a pattern of frontier hospitality
+and generosity, took up his abode on Noddle's Island; while the
+rollicking and scoffing libertine was found in Thomas Morton, who with
+some rebellious bond servants got possession of a fortified house in
+what is now Braintree. Here Morton welcomed renegade servants from
+Plymouth and elsewhere. He wrote ribald verses which he posted on his
+Maypole, and devised May-dances in which the saturnine Indian women
+participated. He broke all the commandments with delight, carried on
+a profitable trade in selling firearms to the savages in defiance of
+royal proclamations, and wrought whatever other deviltry came within
+his reach, until his neighbors could no longer endure the proximity of
+so dangerous a firebrand. Little Captain Standish, whom Morton
+derisively dubbed "Captain Shrimp," descended on this kingdom of
+misrule at last and broke up the perpetual carnival, sending Morton to
+England.
+
+The settlement of New England was thus beginning sporadically and
+slowly. If the Massachusetts Puritans had not come, these feeble and
+scattered plantations might have grown into colonies after a long
+time, as such beginnings did in New Hampshire and Maine, and later in
+North Carolina, but having no strong neighbor to support them, it is
+likely that they would all have been driven away or annihilated by
+some inevitable collision with the Indians.
+
+
+II.
+
+[Sidenote: Puritanism at the accession of Charles I.]
+
+English Puritanism throughout the reign of James I had been the party
+of strict morals, of austere and Pharisaic scrupulosity, of rigid
+Sabbath observance, and of Calvinistic dogmatism. During that reign it
+had passed through its last transformation in becoming a political
+party--the party of anti-Catholic politics at home and abroad. Because
+Parliament was on its side, the mere course of events had made the
+Puritan party favor the predominance of Parliament, and this brought
+it to represent liberalism in politics. By his unconcealed
+partisanship, James had contrived to make the Puritans a permanent
+opposition suspected of disliking monarchy itself. Charles I was even
+more the antagonist of Puritanism than James.
+
+[Sidenote: Later Puritanism conservative.]
+
+In one other respect the position of Puritanism had been gradually
+changed by mere parallax. In Elizabeth's reign it had been the party
+of innovation. It was no longer the party of change in religion when
+Charles came to the throne. The adoption of the Arminian system of
+doctrine by many of the High-churchmen, and the reactionary
+innovations now proposed by ecclesiastics like Laud, had left
+Puritanism to stand for Protestant conservatism. It was immeasurably
+the gainer with the mass of slow-moving people by this change of
+relative position. The parliamentary struggle with James and Charles
+added to the religious Puritans a numerous body of political Puritans
+who, without much care about religion, were fain to ally their
+political discontent with the discontent of those who resisted
+ecclesiastical retrogression. This compact party, powerful after all
+its defeats, was bound by its position to cherish every aspiration for
+the improvement of morals, every indignant movement for the
+suppression of abuses, and it became the ally of every popular
+resentment against royal absolutism or episcopal encroachment, and the
+advocate, almost to fanaticism, of an anti-Spanish foreign policy, and
+a domestic policy in which repression and persecution of Roman
+Catholics held first place.
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: Rise of Laud.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2.]
+
+But the king and the High-churchmen were the party in possession.
+Buckingham, in the first years of Charles, was more than ever dominant
+at court, and Buckingham's favorite, just rising above the horizon,
+was Dr. Laud, Bishop of St. Davids at the death of James, and soon
+afterward translated to Bath and Wells and then to London. It soon
+came to be understood that he was only waiting for the death of his
+opponent, Archbishop Abbott, to take the primacy, much of the power of
+which he had already contrived to grasp. On the death of Buckingham,
+Laud succeeded him as chief favorite at court. The one great and real
+service which this able and indefatigable divine rendered the world is
+the last he would have chosen. He was the main spur to the settlement
+of Puritan colonies in New England.
+
+[Sidenote: Character of Laud.]
+
+[Sidenote: Letter to Selden in Chalmers, art. Laud.]
+
+Do our best, we moderns shall hardly avoid injustice in our opinion of
+Laud. The changes of time and the advance of ideas have rendered a
+sympathetic judgment of him difficult. Ecclesiastic above all, he was
+not, like Whitgift and Bancroft, a Protestant High-churchman. He
+sought to make the English church Catholic and mediaeval, yet he would
+on no account attach it to Rome. Like Whitgift, he made the church
+dependent on royal authority, and in this he was far removed from the
+earlier churchmen. There was nothing spiritual in his nature; his
+personal devotion had neither agony nor exaltation. He had none of the
+mediaeval enthusiasm that prompted the vigils of his contemporary,
+Nicholas Ferrar, for example, and elevated the master of Little
+Gidding to a saintship, amiable and touching. Notwithstanding the
+energy of Laud's devotion, his nature was as shallow and objective as
+it was sincere. It has been remarked that when Laud spoke of the
+beauty of holiness he meant no more than decorum in public worship,
+the beauty of a well-ordered church and of proper intonation and
+genuflexion. He seemed to touch a modern note when he proposed to
+suppress the futile debate between Calvinists and Arminians because it
+tended to disturb Christian charity; but Laud's Christian charity,
+like his holiness, was purely external; it was merely quiet submission
+to one ritual and one form of discipline. His relentless, vindictive,
+and even cruel temper toward opponents showed him incapable of
+conceiving of charity in any spiritual sense. He disliked controversy
+because it put obstacles in the way of uniformity, and he had no taste
+for speculative debate because it tended to undermine authority. His
+intellect was utterly practical and phenomenally acute. It was
+incredibly energetic, and its energy was intensified by its
+narrowness. His attachment to the church had no relation to the
+beneficent utilities of the church. The church was a fetich for which
+he was ready to die without a murmur. In his zeal he was reckless of
+personal danger and sometimes unmindful of the moral complexion of his
+actions. His egotism was so interblended with his zeal that he could
+not separate one from the other, nor can the student of his character.
+A disservice to him was an affront to Almighty God. The very honesty
+of such a man is pernicious; a little duplicity might have softened
+the outward manifestations of his hard nature. Unhappily, there was
+not even indolence or self-indulgence to moderate his all but
+superhuman activity, which pushed his domination to its possibilities,
+and, with a vigilance aspiring to omniscience, penetrated to the
+minutest details in the administration of church and state. He even
+filed papers giving the elements of the debates on good works as an
+evidence of sanctification carried on between Hooker and Cotton in the
+cabin meeting-houses of New England. For the rest he presents the
+paradoxes one expects in so marked a character. While he had no taste
+for the credulous dogmatism of his time, he showed a certain relish
+for superstitions in recording dreams and omens, yet he had none of
+the timidity of superstition. He was, moreover, fearless in peril, and
+he faced unpopularity without flinching. Stubborn and inflexible with
+the clergy and the populace, obdurate and pitiless with those who had
+offended him or his king or his church, he was flexible and
+insinuating in his relations with those in power. His unworthy
+yielding to his early patron, the Earl of Devonshire, in a matter
+which concerned his ecclesiastical conscience, gave him a bitter and
+lifelong repentance. His complacence to Buckingham, and his servile
+devotion to Charles, seem a little despicable. He was even willing at
+the last to make terms with Parliament, when it became plain that
+Parliament was the new master. Though obsequious, he was the farthest
+possible from a coward, and he accepted death on the scaffold with the
+serene composure of a martyr.
+
+
+IV.
+
+[Sidenote: Political conditions promote emigration.]
+
+[Sidenote: Gorges's Briefe Narration.]
+
+The great migration to New England set in soon after the beginning of
+Laud's ascendency in the ecclesiastical government of England. It
+waned as he declined, and ceased forever with his fall. There is a
+witty justness in the phrase by which a colonial historian dubs Laud
+"the father of New England." Other archbishops had contented
+themselves with crushing the Separatists, but, with characteristic
+boldness and logical thoroughness, Laud struck at the powerful Puritan
+party which had contrived for more than half a century to remain in
+the Church of England while protesting against the discipline and
+service of the church. The arbitrary government of the new king, the
+dissolution of Parliament, and the imprisonment of liberal leaders cut
+off hope of securing church reform or a relaxation of oppressive laws.
+High-church pulpits resounded with arguments in favor of the king's
+absolute authority and the duty of unquestioning obedience, while the
+declared principles of the king and his court left the property,
+liberty, and life of the subject exposed to the rapacity or the
+vindictiveness of those in power. In view of these things, some of the
+Puritans began to think the American wilderness a better place of
+residence than England.
+
+
+V.
+
+[Sidenote: Religious motives for Puritan emigration.]
+
+The state of the church was even more a reason for removal than the
+oppressions of the government. Persecution had failed to drive Puritan
+ministers or their followers into what they deemed the capital sin of
+schism. They hated the domination of the bishops, communion with the
+ungodly, and the absence of a rigid discipline. But they had been
+sustained through long years of waiting by the hope of delivering the
+church from those who oppressed and defiled her. They proposed,
+whenever they could gain power, to winnow the chaff from the wheat,
+and they probably destined the chaff to swift destruction. But the
+hope of seeing a church without spot or wrinkle, prayer book or
+bishop, died under the reactionary policy of Buckingham and Laud, and
+many came to look with favor on a project whose full import was only
+whispered in the ear, to found in the wilds of America a "particular
+church," as they phrased it--a new church with a right of priority in
+a new land and backed by the sanction of the government of the
+country. It was no modern generalized love of liberty, civil or
+religious, but a strenuous desire to find a place where they might
+make real their ideal of church organization that brought the Puritans
+out of their comfortable nests in England to dwell in poor cabins in a
+wilderness. It is a motive for braving dangers by sea and land hard of
+comprehension in our Sadducean age.
+
+[Sidenote: Fear of judgments.]
+
+[Sidenote: Life and Letters of Winthrop, i, 390, 313.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3.]
+
+There was one other consideration still more difficult for men of our
+day to understand. Political and military reverses had apparently
+well-nigh wrecked Protestantism on the Continent. Many Protestants in
+the Palatinate and elsewhere were making peace by becoming Roman
+Catholics. "All other churches of Europe are brought to desolation, &
+our sinnes, for which the Lord beginnes allreaddy to frowne upon us &
+to cutte us short, doe threatne evill times to be comminge upon us."
+These words are set down in the Reasons for New England as the second
+consideration. In another part of the same paper it is urged that the
+"woefull spectacle" of the ruin of "Churches beyound the Seas," "may
+teach us more wisdome to avoide the Plauge when it is foreseene & not
+to tarry as they did till it overtake us." The dominance of Old
+Testament ideas is easily seen here. But this fleeing from judgments
+that were to fall not on the lives or possessions of men, but on the
+churches themselves--judgments of a spiritual nature, apprehended only
+by inference--was a refinement of Hebraism never known to the Hebrews.
+The delusion that Laud meant to hand over the English church bound
+hand and foot to Rome may have made such judgments seem visibly
+imminent.
+
+
+VI.
+
+[Sidenote: Rise of the Massachusetts Company.]
+
+[Sidenote: Compare The Planter's Plea.]
+
+The project for a Puritan colony languished at first on account of the
+failure of the semi-Puritan, semi-commercial Dorchester farming and
+fishing colony on Cape Ann; but White of Dorchester continued to
+agitate the planting of a colony. He had, no doubt, efficient help in
+the proceedings against the Puritan clergy. From Dorchester the plan
+was carried to London, where it soon became, in the phrase of that
+time, "vulgar," or, as we should say, popular. Its countenance to the
+world, and especially toward the government, was that of a commercial
+venture like the planting of Virginia, but in its heart it was a
+religious enterprise. In March, 1628, the Council for New England gave
+to the Massachusetts projectors a patent for lands extending from the
+Merrimack to the Charles and three miles beyond each river. The
+western boundary of this tract was the Pacific Ocean, for holders of
+grants could afford to be generous in giving away the interior of an
+unexplored continent about which nothing was known but that it
+abounded in savages.
+
+
+VII.
+
+[Sidenote: Leadership and character of Endecott.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1628.]
+
+[Sidenote: Bentley's Description of Salem.]
+
+[Sidenote: Eliot's Biography, 195.]
+
+In June a small colony was sent to Massachusetts under John Endecott.
+The next year another company of emigrants was added. Endecott, who
+was one of the patentees, loved a bold enterprise, and readily
+consented to take charge of the forerunners of the colony. He lacked
+the moderation and saneness needed in a leader, and his long career in
+connection with Massachusetts was marked from the beginning by
+mistakes born of a rash temper and impulsive enthusiasm. Two of the
+gentlemen emigrants who had been named by the company in London as
+members of the local Council were not willing to go to the unexpected
+lengths Endecott favored in the organization of the Salem church,
+though they were probably Puritans of a moderate type. They held a
+separate service with a small company, using the prayer book. Endecott
+appears to have made no effort at conciliation; he promptly shipped
+John and Samuel Browne, pack and prayer book, back to England. This
+was precisely the course that even Lord Bacon advised in the treatment
+of schismatics who should contrive to gain access to a colony, and
+there is no occasion for surprise that a quixotic enthusiast like
+Endecott did not hold broader views than those of a philosopher of the
+same period. But Endecott's rash action endangered the whole
+enterprise, which required at this stage the extreme of prudence. The
+alarmed managers in England contrived to settle with the Brownes in
+private, and the affair had no other result than to ruin Endecott's
+reputation for prudence. Endecott, however, went on fighting the
+Lord's battles against the Apollyons of his fancy, regardless of
+results. Soon after his arrival he marched to the den of Morton, the
+profligate master of "Merrymount." In the absence of Morton he hewed
+down the profane Maypole in God's name, and solemnly dubbed the place
+Mount Dagon, in memory of the Philistine idol that fell down before
+the ark of the Lord. At a later period he cut one arm of the cross out
+of the English colors of the Salem trainband, in order to convert the
+Union Jack to Protestantism. One of the many manifestations of his
+pragmatical conscience was his Tartuffian protection of modesty by
+insisting that the women of Salem should keep their faces veiled at
+church. He was also a leader in the crusade of the magistrates against
+the crime of wearing wigs. A strange mixture of rashness, pious zeal,
+genial manners, hot temper, and harsh bigotry, his extravagances
+supply the condiment of humor to a very serious history--it is perhaps
+the principal debt posterity owes him. But there was a side to his
+career too serious to be humorous. Bold against Maypoles and prayer
+books and women who presented themselves in church immodestly
+barefaced, and in the forefront against wigs, he was no soldier either
+in prudent conduct or vigor of attack. When intrusted with the command
+of an expedition to demand satisfaction of the Pequots, he proved
+incapable of anything but a campaign of exasperation. When late in
+life he was governor of Massachusetts, and had become, after the death
+of Winthrop and Dudley, the dominant political leader, the putting to
+death of Quakers left an ineffaceable blot on the history of the
+colony he had helped to found. When the colony was brought to book in
+England for this severity, Endecott showed himself capable of writing
+one of the most cringing official letters on record, as full of cant
+as it was of creeping servility. In him we may clearly apprehend
+certain unamiable traits of Puritanism and of the early seventeenth
+century which appear in his character in exaggerated relief. This
+hearty and energetic bigot must have been representative of a large,
+though not of the better, element in Massachusetts Puritanism, for he
+was chosen to the governorship oftener than any other man during the
+continuance of the old charter government.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Leadership of Winthrop.]
+
+It is a pleasure to turn from Endecott to one who was, like him, a
+seventeenth-century man, and who did not escape the scrupulosity and
+ridiculosity of Puritanism, but whose amiable personality,
+magnanimity, and qualities of leadership made him the principal figure
+in the Puritan migration. Winthrop, like two or three of the
+conspicuous actors in our later history, owes his distinction to the
+moral elevation of his character quite as much as to his considerable
+mental gifts; for character multiplied into sagacity is better than
+genius for some kinds of work.
+
+[Sidenote: Rise of the great migration of 1630.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4.]
+
+He was a late comer in the enterprise. In the year after Endecott had
+brought over a colony composed mostly of servants of the company and
+of the individual patentees, a second company of emigrants had been
+sent over with a commission to Endecott as governor on the place,
+assisted by a council. A church had been formed at Salem. Now set in a
+larger agitation in favor of migration to New England. The course of
+events in England was so adverse to Puritanism that those who were
+devoted to that purified church, which was as yet invisible, except to
+the eye of faith, began to look toward America. Every door for public
+action in state or church was closed to the Puritans in England,
+closed and barred by Courts of High Commission, by the Star Chamber,
+and by the Tower. Into one of the gloomiest rooms of the latter had
+lately gone, at the arbitrary command of the king, that high-spirited
+martyr to constitutional liberty, Sir John Eliot. Finding no way by
+which to come out again except a postern of dishonor, Eliot
+deliberately chose to languish and die in prison. The almost hopeless
+outlook at home, the example set by Endecott's emigration to New
+England in 1628, and by that of Higginson's company in 1629, perhaps
+also the ever-active propagandism of "Father White" of Dorchester, set
+agoing among the Puritans a widespread interest in the subject. Some
+of the leading minds thought it a noble work to organize a reformed
+church in a new country, since, in their view, the Church of England,
+under Laud, had taken up its march backward. This purpose of planting
+a Puritan church in America now began to take the first place; even
+the conversion of the Indians, which had been the chief avowed purpose
+hitherto, fell into the background.
+
+[Sidenote: Winthrop's paper.]
+
+The manuscript paper entitled Reasons for New England, to which
+reference has already been made, was widely but secretly circulated,
+and frequently copied, after a fashion of that time, prevailing
+especially in the case of tracts or books of a kind to shrink from
+print. It contained arguments in favor of removing to New England,
+with answers to the various objections made against emigration.
+Several copies of these Reasons, or Considerations, have come down to
+us in various handwritings, and the authorship has been attributed now
+to one, now to another; to Winthrop, to White of Dorchester, to Sir
+John Eliot himself. It appears to have been in its earliest form the
+production of Winthrop. There were horseback journeys, some of them by
+night, made about this time for the purpose of secret consultation.
+
+[Sidenote: His character.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5.]
+
+Winthrop, a country gentleman of Groton, in Suffolk, and an attorney
+in the Court of Wards, was a strict Puritan, desiring above all a
+reformed church and "the ordinances of God in their purity," as the
+phrase of the time went. Precocious in everything, and inclined to
+ideal aims, he had been religious from boyhood, had married at a
+little over seventeen years of age, and had been made a justice of the
+peace while still very young. He studied divinity, and only the
+dissuasion of friends kept him from entering the ministry. Of judicial
+temper, he came to be often consulted upon points of conscience, which
+gave much trouble in that age of casuistry and abounding scruples. His
+kindly visits to those who were in any trouble of spirit were highly
+prized. He himself makes much of the corruptions of his own nature and
+of his juvenile aberrancy, but generosity and purity of spirit like
+his are born and not acquired. His devoutness, accompanied by a habit
+of self-criticism in the presence of Infinite Justice, doubtless gave
+additional vigor to his virtues. For the rest, he was a man of
+independent estate, of prudent and conciliatory carriage, of a clear
+but not broad mind. What, as much as anything else, fitted him for his
+function was, that all his virtues were cast in Puritan molds and all
+his prejudices had a Puritan set.
+
+[Sidenote: His influence.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6.]
+
+When the question of emigration was under discussion other gentlemen
+who thought of going turned to Winthrop as the natural leader,
+declaring that they would remain in England if he should desert them.
+He was not only the official head, but he was indeed the soul, of the
+migration of 1630, and he went to America confident of a call divine
+like that of Moses.
+
+
+IX.
+
+[Sidenote: Cradock.]
+
+It is a fact worthy of note that the three primary steps toward the
+establishment of free government in America were due to Englishmen
+who did not themselves cross the sea. The Great Charter of 1618 to the
+Virginia colony, and the "large patent" to the Plymouth Pilgrims, were
+granted, as we have seen, under the leadership of Sir Edwin Sandys,
+Governor of the Virginia Company of London. The third of the measures
+which placed colonial government on a popular basis was due to the
+governor of another corporation engaged in colony planting.
+
+[Sidenote: Cradock's plan.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mass. Records, July 29, 1629.]
+
+[Sidenote: Sainsbury's Calendar, May 17, 1626.]
+
+On the 28th of July, 1629, while Winthrop and his friends were
+debating their removal to New England, Mathew Cradock, a wealthy and
+liberal merchant, who held the office of governor, or, as we should
+say, president, of the Massachusetts Company, read in a "general
+court" or meeting of the company "certain propositions conceived by
+himself," as it is carefully recorded. He proposed "that for the
+advancement of the plantation, the inducing and encouraging persons of
+worth, quality and rank to transplant themselves and families thither
+and for other weighty reasons"--reasons which probably it was not
+thought best to spread upon the records, but which were the core of
+the whole matter--for these reasons Cradock proposed to "transfer the
+government of the plantation to those that shall inhabit there," and
+not to continue it in subordination to a commercial company in London.
+The sorrows of the Virginia colony under the administration of Sir
+Thomas Smyth and the disagreements between the Pilgrims and their
+"adventurers" in London had taught a wholesome lesson. Three years
+earlier Sir Francis Wyatt, the best of all the early governors of
+Virginia, had set forth in an elaborate report that the principal
+cause of the "slow proceeding of the growth of the plantation" was
+that the government had been divided between England and Virginia.
+Massachusetts escaped from this embarrassment.
+
+
+X.
+
+[Sidenote: Evolution of the Mass. government.]
+
+[Sidenote: Hubbard, chap. xviii.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7.]
+
+The evolution of the Massachusetts government may now be traced
+through its several stages. A company was formed, partly of Dorchester
+men, but chiefly of residents of London. This company secured a patent
+to lands in Massachusetts Bay from the Council for New England. The
+patentees intended both a commercial enterprise and a Puritan
+settlement. They sent Endecott, one of their number, as agent or
+superintendent, with a company of servants and others, to prepare the
+way for the migration of other patentees. In March, 1628, they secured
+a liberal charter from the king, which gave them the right to
+establish in Massachusetts a government subordinate to the company.
+The plan was to settle a government in the form rendered familiar by
+that of the Virginia Company. The Massachusetts Company in London sent
+a commission to Endecott as governor on the place, subject to the
+orders of the company in England. A council of assistants was
+associated with him, but there was as yet no provision for giving the
+people a voice in the government.
+
+[Sidenote: The change of plan.]
+
+Winthrop and his coterie of gentlemen appear to have been dissatisfied
+with the prospect of living under a government directed from England,
+and thus subject to English stockholders and liable to interference
+from the court. Cradock had been a leader and the most liberal
+investor in the enterprise. He, no doubt, readily foresaw the great
+advance that the colony would make if Winthrop and his friends should
+embark their lives and fortunes in it, and he may have intended to
+emigrate himself. The annulling of the charter of the Virginia Company
+on frivolous pretexts had shown how easily the Massachusetts charter
+might meet the same fate in a reign far more devoted to arbitrary
+government than that of James and entirely hostile to Puritanism.
+There could hardly be a doubt that the charter would be revoked as
+soon as its projectors should develop their true purpose before the
+all-observing eyes of Laud, who was now rising rapidly to dominant
+influence in the government. It was at this juncture probably that
+Cradock conceived his ingenious plan. He would resign his place and
+have the officers of the company chosen from gentlemen about to embark
+for the plantation. The charter prescribed no place of assembling to
+the company, which had been left free apparently to make its
+headquarters at its birthplace in Dorchester or at its new home in
+London. It was also free to meet in any other place. The meetings of
+the company might therefore be held in Massachusetts, where the
+Puritanism of its proceedings would attract less attention. The
+governor and other officers would then be chosen in the colony; the
+company and the colony would thus be merged into one, and the charter
+transported to Massachusetts would perhaps be beyond the reach of
+writs and judgments.
+
+
+XI.
+
+[Sidenote: The Cambridge agreement.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1629.]
+
+No doubt the influential company of friends who were debating a
+removal to New England were informed of Cradock's proposition before
+it was mooted in the company on the 28th of July. The plan was
+probably thought of in consequence of their objection to emigration
+under the Virginia system. Cradock's proposition was at least the
+turning point of their decision. Nearly a month later, on the 26th of
+August, the leaders of Winthrop's party assembled to the number of
+twelve, at Cambridge, and solemnly pledged themselves, "in the
+presence of God who is the searcher of all hearts," "to pass the Seas
+(under God's protection) to inhabit and continue in New England." The
+preamble states the object of this migration. It was not civil
+liberty, the end that political Puritans had most in view, and
+certainly there is no hint of a desire for religious liberty. Even the
+conversion of the Indian is not uppermost in this solemn resolve.
+"God's glory and the church's good" are the words used. This has the
+true ring of the Puritan churchman. The whole pledge is couched in
+language befitting men who feel themselves engaged in a religious
+enterprise of the highest importance.
+
+This pledge contained a notable proviso. The signers agreed to
+emigrate only on condition that "the whole government together with
+the patent for said plantation" should be transferred and legally
+established in the colony by order of the General Court of the
+Company, and that this should be done before the last of the ensuing
+month. There was opposition to the removal of the government, and this
+peremptory condition was necessary. Three days later, after a debate,
+the company voted that its government should be transferred to
+Massachusetts Bay.
+
+[Sidenote: Removal of the charter.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1629.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8.]
+
+[Sidenote: Compare Palfrey, i, 371, and Deane's note in Mass. Hist.
+Soc. Proc. 1869, p. 185.]
+
+[Sidenote: Hutchinson's Hist. Mass., p. 31.]
+
+On the 20th of October Cradock resigned his governorship and Winthrop
+was chosen in his stead. Puritan ministers were at once elected to the
+freedom of the company, in order that its proceedings might not want
+the sanction of prayer. The next year the charter crossed the wide
+seas, and in 1630 a court of the company was held in the wilderness at
+Charlestown. But a subordinate government "for financial affairs only"
+was maintained in London, with Cradock, the former president, at the
+head. This seems to have been an effectual blind, and probably the
+king's government did not know of the flight of the charter until the
+Privy Council in 1634 summoned Cradock to bring that document to the
+Council Board. Thomas Morton, the expelled master of Merrymount,
+writes of the wrath of Laud, who had been foiled by this pretty ruse:
+"My lord of Canterbury and my lord privy seal, having caused all Mr.
+Cradock's letters to be viewed and his apology for the brethren
+particularly heard, protested against him and Mr. Humfries that they
+were a couple of imposturous knaves." Laud had thought to crush the
+government of Massachusetts by destroying the company, whose office
+remained in London, with Cradock still apparently its head. The
+archbishop found too late that he had eagerly pounced upon a dummy. He
+devised many things afterward to achieve his purpose, but the charter
+remained over seas.
+
+
+XII.
+
+From the point of view of our later age, the removal of the charter
+government to America is the event of chief importance in this
+migration of Winthrop's company. The ultimate effect of this brilliant
+stroke was so to modify a commercial corporation that it became a
+colonial government as independent as possible of control from
+England. By the admission of a large number of the colonists to be
+freemen--that is, to vote as stockholders in the affairs of the
+company, which was now the colony itself, and a little later by the
+development of a second chamber--the government became representative.
+
+[Sidenote: The main purpose.]
+
+But we may not for a moment conceive that the colonists understood
+the importance of their act in the light of its consequences. In their
+minds the government was merely a setting and support for the church.
+The founding of a new church establishment, after what they deemed the
+primitive model, was the heart of the enterprise. This is shown in
+many words uttered by the chief actors, and it appears in strong
+relief in an incident that occurred soon after the arrival of
+Winthrop's company. Isaac Johnston, the wealthiest man of the party,
+succumbed to disease and hardship, but "he felt much rejoiced at his
+death that the Lord had been pleased to keep his eyes open so long as
+to see one church of Christ gathered before his death." Here we have
+the Puritan passion for a church whose discipline and services should
+realize their ideals--a passion that in the stronger men suffered no
+abatement in the midst of the inevitable pestilence and famine that
+were wont to beset newly arrived colonists in that time.
+
+
+XIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Influence of Plymouth.]
+
+One salient fact in the history of the Massachusetts Bay colony is the
+dominant influence of the example of Plymouth. The Puritans of the
+Massachusetts colony were not Separatists. No one had been more severe
+in controversy with the Separatists than some of the Puritans who
+remained in the Church of England. They were eagerly desirous not to
+be confounded with these schismatics. When the great migration of 1630
+took place, the emigrants published a pathetic farewell, protesting
+with the sincerity of homesick exiles their attachment to the Church
+of England, "ever acknowledging that such hope and part as we have
+obtained in the common salvation we have received in her bosom and
+sucked at her breasts."
+
+[Sidenote: Differences among the Puritans.]
+
+It is to be remembered that these Puritans did not agree among
+themselves. Puritanism was of many shades. There were some, like the
+Brownes whom Endecott sent out of the colony, that were even unwilling
+to surrender the prayer book. The greater part of the earlier Puritans
+had desired to imitate the Presbyterianism of Scotland and Geneva, and
+in Elizabeth's time they had organized presbyteries. Nothing seemed
+more probable beforehand than the revival in New England of the
+presbyteries of the days of Cartwright. But what happened was
+unexpected even by the Puritans. The churches of Massachusetts were
+formed on the model of John Robinson's Independency.
+
+[Sidenote: Effect of emigration.]
+
+[Sidenote: Roger Clap's Memoirs, 40.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9.]
+
+There must have been a certain exhilarant reaction in the minds of the
+Puritans when at last they were clear of the English coast and free
+from the authority that had put so many constraints upon them. There
+were preachings and expoundings by beloved preachers with no fear of
+pursuivants. The new religious freedom was delightful to intoxication.
+"Every day for ten weeks together," writes one passenger, they had
+preaching and exposition. On one ship the watches were set by the
+Puritan captain with the accompaniment of psalm-singing. Those who
+all their lives long had made outward and inward compromises between
+their ultimate convictions and their obligations to antagonistic
+authority found themselves at length utterly free. It was not that
+action was freed from the restraint of fear, so much as that thought
+itself was freed from the necessity for politic compromises. Every
+ship thus became a seminary for discussion. Every man now indulged in
+the unwonted privilege of thinking his bottom thought. The tendency to
+swing to an extreme is all but irresistible in the minds of men thus
+suddenly liberated. To such enthusiasts the long-deferred opportunity
+to actualize ultimate ideals in an ecclesiastical vacuum would be
+accepted with joy. What deductions such companies would finally make
+from the hints in the New Testament was uncertain. The only sure thing
+was that every vestige of that which they deemed objectionable in the
+English church would be repressed, obliterated, in their new
+organization.
+
+[Sidenote: Rise of the Congregational form in New England.]
+
+[Sidenote: Cotton to Salonstall in Hutch. Papers.]
+
+[Sidenote: Hubbard's Hist. of New Eng., 117.]
+
+With the evils and abuses of the English church more and more
+exaggerated in their thoughts, the sin of separation readily came to
+seem less heinous than before. There was no longer any necessity for
+professing loyalty to the church nor any further temptation to think
+ill of those at Plymouth, who, like themselves, had suffered much to
+avoid what both Separatists and Puritans deemed unchristian practices.
+A common creed and common sufferings, flight from the same oppression
+to find refuge in what was henceforth to be a common country, drew
+them to sympathy and affection for their forerunners at Plymouth. The
+Plymouth people were not backward to send friendly help to the
+newcomers. The influence of the physician sent from Plymouth to
+Endecott's party in the prevailing sickness soon persuaded the
+naturally radical Endecott to the Plymouth view of church government.
+Winthrop's associates, or the greater part of them, drifted in the
+same direction, to their own surprise, no doubt. There was a lack of
+uniformity in the early Massachusetts churches and some clashing of
+opinion. Some ministers left the colony dissatisfied; one or more of
+the churches long retained Presbyterian forms, and some stanch
+believers in presbyterial government lamented long afterward that New
+England ecclesiastical forms were not those of the Calvinistic
+churches of Europe. But the net result was that Robinsonian
+independency became the established religion in New England, whence it
+was transplanted to England during the Commonwealth, and later became
+the prevailing discipline among English dissenters.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 10.]
+
+Thus the church discipline and the form of government in Massachusetts
+borrowed much from Plymouth, but the mildness and semi-toleration--the
+"toleration of tolerable opinions"--which Robinson had impressed on
+the Pilgrims was not so easily communicated to their new neighbors who
+had been trained in another school.
+
+
+ELUCIDATIONS.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1, page 191.]
+
+Morton's settlement has become the subject of a literature of its own,
+and of some rather violent and amusing discussion even in our times.
+Morton's New English Canaan has been edited by Mr. C. F. Adams for the
+Prince Society. His defensive account of himself leaves the impression
+that the author was just the sort of clever and reckless rake who is
+most dangerous to settlements in contact with savages, and who might
+be expelled neck and heels from a frontier community holding no
+scruples of a Puritan sort. The Royal Proclamation in Rymer's Foedera,
+xvii, 416 (and Hazard's State Papers, i, 151), 1622, sets forth the
+evil of the sale of arms to the savages, but it was leveled at earlier
+offenders than Morton. Compare Sainsbury's Calendar, September 29 and
+November 24, 1630, pp. 120, 122. There are also references, more or
+less extended, to Morton in the Massachusetts Records, Winthrop's
+Journal, Bradford's Plimouth Plantation, Dudley's Letter to the
+Countess of Lincoln in Young's Chronicles of Massachusetts, and in
+other early accounts.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2, page 193.]
+
+Abbott's account of Laud's rise, Rushworth, i, 440, is traced with a
+bitter pen, no doubt, but the student Laud, as Abbott draws him, is so
+much like his later self that one can not but believe that the
+description of him picking quarrels with the public readers and
+carrying information against them to the bishop has a basis of fact.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3, page 199.]
+
+Rushworth, writing under the later date of 1637, says: "The severe
+Censures in Star Chamber, and the greatness of the Fines, and the
+rigorous Proceedings to impose Ceremonies, the suspending and
+silencing Multitudes of Ministers, for not reading in the Church the
+Book for Sports to be exercised on the Lord's day, caused many of the
+Nation, both Ministers and others, to sell their Estates, and to set
+Sail for New England (a late Plantation in America), where they hold a
+Plantation by Patent from the King." Part II, vol. i, p. 410.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4, page 204.]
+
+"We trust you will not be unmindful of the main end of our Plantation,
+by endeavouring to bring the Indians to a knowledge of the Gospel."
+Cradock's letter to Endecott, February 16, 1629, Young's Chronicle,
+133; also the official letter, ibid., page 142, where the "propagation
+of the Gospel" among whites and Indians is the "aim." The Royal
+Charter itself declared that "to win and invite the natives of the
+country to the knowledge and obedience of the only true God and
+Saviour of mankind ... is the principal end of this Plantation." (A
+similar provision was inserted in the Connecticut Charter in 1662, in
+imitation of that of Massachusetts.) The common seal of the
+Massachusetts colony, sent over in 1629, bore an Indian with the
+inscription, "Come over and help us." Young's Chronicles of
+Massachusetts, 155, Instructions to Endecott. The paper of "Reasons,"
+attributed to Winthrop, keeps the conversion of the Indians in view,
+but it is blended with that which was in his mind the main end, the
+founding of a Puritan church. The first paragraph reads, "It will be a
+service to the Church of great consequence to carry the Gospell into
+those parts of the world, to helpe on the comminge of the fullnesse of
+the Gentiles, & to raise a Bulworke against the kingdome of
+Ante-Christ which the Jesuites labour to reare up in those parts."
+Life and Letters of Winthrop, i, 309. The copy of this paper in Sir
+John Eliot's handwriting has a preamble written in a nervous style
+that may well be Eliot's own. This preamble goes back to the
+conversion of the Indians as a main purpose. The Antapologia of T.
+Edwards, 1644, declares that White of Dorchester and others had the
+conversion of the Indians in view in promoting emigration to New
+England. Edwards says, page 41, that the establishing of
+Congregational churches "was not in the thoughts of them that were the
+first movers in that or of the ministers that were sent over in the
+beginning." The statement is quite too strong, but the ecclesiastical
+purpose seems to have grown rapidly when the number of emigrants
+revealed the greatness of the opportunity.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5, page 204.]
+
+Cotton Mather says, Magnalia, Book II, chap. iv, 3, that Winthrop was
+made a justice at eighteen, but Mather's account of anything marvelous
+needs support. Winthrop held his first court at Groton Hall several
+months after he had attained his majority. Life and Letters, i, 62.
+Compare page 223 of the same volume.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6, page 205.]
+
+Of his election to the governorship he wrote to his wife, "The onely
+thinge that I have comforte of in it is, that heerby I have assurance
+that my charge is of the Lorde & that he hath called me to this
+worke." Life and Letters, i, 340.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7, page 208.]
+
+The government of the colony under Endecott was substantially that
+prescribed for "particular plantations" in the general order of the
+Virginia Company at the time the charter for the Pilgrim colony was
+granted, and like that which was formed at Plymouth under the Compact.
+The Massachusetts form may have been borrowed from Plymouth. This may
+be considered the primary form of colony government in the scheme of
+the Virginia Company. The plan antedates the formation of the Virginia
+Company by at least twenty years, for it was a form proposed by Ralegh
+when, in 1587, he organized his colony under the title: "The Governor
+and Assistants of the city of Ralegh in Virginia." The secondary form
+of government was that prescribed for Virginia in the charter of 1618,
+which added a lower house elective by the people. This fully developed
+government could come only when the population had become large enough
+to render a representative system possible.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8, page 210.]
+
+It has been maintained by several writers that the charter had been
+worded with a view to removal. See, for example, Palfrey's New
+England, i, 307. But a paper read before the Massachusetts Historical
+Society, and printed in the Proceedings for December, 1869, by the
+late Charles Deane, shows that such a presumption is groundless. In
+calling the subordinate government of Endecott "London's Plantation in
+Massachusetts Bay in New England," the company showed that it proposed
+to keep its headquarters in London. It is open to question, however,
+whether Deane does not go too far in denying that the charter gave
+authority for the transfer. In that technical age the letter of the
+instrument would probably be counted more conclusive than at present,
+and the evidence of the dockets would have less weight. The removal of
+the government was not one of the charges made in the _quo warranto_
+proceedings against the company. On the main question compare also the
+very significant treatment of the subject by Winthrop in his paper on
+Arbitrary Government, Life and Letters, ii, 443, where he expressly
+says that it was intended to have the chief government in England,
+"and with much difficulty we gott it abscinded." It is to be
+remembered that the exercise of governmental functions by a commercial
+corporation was not a novel spectacle in that age. In 1620 the English
+and Dutch East India Companies, after having been at war while the two
+nations were allies, concluded a treaty of peace. No doubt the
+exercise of such powers by trading companies had been made familiar by
+the mingling of the functions of government with those of commerce by
+the merchants of the Hanse cities. The East India and the Hudson Bay
+Companies continued to exercise territorial jurisdiction until a very
+recent period.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9, page 214.]
+
+This rebound from their previous attitude of compromise is well
+exemplified in the church covenant adopted at Dorchester, Mass., in
+1636, under the lead of Richard Mather, which contains these words:
+"We do likewise promise by his Grace assisting us, to endeavour the
+establishing amongst ourselves all His Holy Ordinances which He hath
+appointed for His church here on Earth, ... opposing to the utmost of
+our power whatsoever is contrary thereto and bewailing from our Hearts
+our own neglect hereof in former times and our poluting ourselves
+therein with any Sinful Invention of men." Blake's Annals of
+Dorchester. Robinson of Leyden, in his Justification of Separation,
+1610, declared that the Puritans would soon separate if they might
+have the magistrates' license; and Backus, who quotes the passage (i,
+pp. 2, 3), remarks on the confirmation which the history of
+Massachusetts gives to Robinson's theory of conformity.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 10, page 215.]
+
+In his Way of the Churches Cleared, controversial necessity drove
+Cotton to assert that Plymouth had small share in fixing the
+ecclesiastical order of Massachusetts, but he is compelled to admit
+its influence. "And though it bee," he says, "very likely, that some
+of the first commers might helpe their Theory by hearing and
+discerning their practice at Plymmouth: yet therein the Scripture is
+fulfilled, 'The Kingdome of Heaven is like unto leaven,'" etc., pp,
+16, 17.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK III.
+
+CENTRIFUGAL FORCES IN COLONY-PLANTING.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THE FIRST.
+
+_THE CATHOLIC MIGRATION._
+
+
+I.
+
+[Sidenote: Centrifugal forces.]
+
+At every new stage in the history of the American settlement, we are
+afresh reminded that colonies are planted by the uneasy. The
+discontent that comes from poverty and financial reverse, that which
+is born of political unrest, and that which has no other cause than
+feverish thirst for novelty and hazardous adventure, had each a share
+in impelling Englishmen to emigrate. But in the seventeenth century
+religion was the dominant concern--one might almost say the dominant
+passion--of the English race, and it supplied much the most efficient
+motive to colonization. Not only did it propel men to America, but it
+acted as a distributing force on this side of the sea, producing
+secondary colonies by expelling from a new plantation the discontented
+and the persecuted to make fresh breaks in the wilderness for new
+settlements. Connecticut and Rhode Island were secondary plantings of
+this kind. Religious differences also made twain the Chesapeake
+region, the first home of the English in America, one of the two rival
+colonies being intolerantly Protestant, the other a home for Catholic
+refugees.
+
+
+II.
+
+[Sidenote: Character of George Calvert.]
+
+George Calvert, the first Baron Baltimore, who projected the Maryland
+colony and left it to his son to carry forward, belonged to the order
+of men who are shrewd without being creative--men of sagacity as
+differentiated from men of ideas. The man in whose mind there is a
+ferment of original ideas has theories to promulgate or expound.
+Sagacity has small necessity for speech--its very reticence gives an
+advantage in the conduct of affairs. The parliamentary antagonist and
+political rival who confronted Calvert was no other than our old
+acquaintance Sir Edwin Sandys, of the Virginia Company. Calvert and
+Sandys were alike men of rare accomplishments, and both were
+interested in schemes for colonization; otherwise they were antipodal.
+Sandys was a statesman of advanced ideas, creative, liberal, and
+original, fitted to be the founder of representative government in the
+English colonies. In that age of worn and brittle institutions it was
+not deemed wholly safe to suffer so robust a thinker as Sandys to be
+always at large, and it was one of Calvert's most difficult duties, as
+the king's secretary and chosen intermediary, to explain to Parliament
+why its leader was under restraint. Sandys, as we have already said,
+was described as "right-handed to every great employment"; when
+Calvert came upon the scene, he was aptly characterized as "a forward
+and knowing person in matters relating to the state." The phrase
+denotes, perhaps, clever adroitness within the limits of that
+mediocrity which in those perilous times was a safeguard to the man
+who ventured into politics. After having started well at court, Sandys
+had fallen into irretrievable disfavor by his resolute advocacy of the
+liberties of his countrymen. The message to the Virginia Company,
+already recited, "Choose the devil, but not Sir Edwin Sandys,"
+expressed the depth of the king's antipathy. But if Sandys seemed to
+the king a devil, Calvert became for him a convenient angel. Notions
+about human rights and the liberty of Parliament did not obstruct
+Calvert's career. Not that he was a man to prove unfaithful to his
+convictions, as did his bosom friend Wentworth, or to suppress liberal
+opinions in order to smooth an ascending pathway, as did his great
+contemporary Bacon. Calvert played a far simpler part and one less
+dishonorable. It was his fortune to be a man of facile mind, naturally
+reverential toward authority. The principles enunciated by his
+sovereign and the measures by which those in power sought to attain
+the end in view were pretty sure to seem laudable or at least
+excusable to him. Such a mind can not be called scrupulous, neither is
+it consciously dishonest. The quality most highly esteemed at the
+court of James was fidelity, unswerving devotion to the interests of
+the king and of one's friends. And this, the dominant virtue of his
+time and of his class--this honor of a courtier--Calvert possessed in
+a high degree; it is a standard by which he has a right to be judged.
+To a French ambassador he seemed an honorable, sensible, courteous,
+well-intentioned man, devoted to the interests of England, but without
+consideration or influence.
+
+[Sidenote: Calvert's rise.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2.]
+
+Whatever his lack of influence in councils of state, Calvert's
+fidelity, useful abilities, and many accomplishments won the
+friendship of James, and in that lavish reign when all the fairy
+stories came true at a court which was "like a romance of knight
+errantry," as the Spanish minister declared, the favor of the king was
+sure to result in good fortune to the favorite. From being secretary
+to Burleigh, Calvert rose to be principal Secretary of State, was
+knighted, and at last ennobled. Grants of estates in Ireland and of
+great unexplored tracts of territory in the wilderness of America,
+pensions, sinecure offices, grants of money out of increased customs
+fees, and presents from those who had ends to serve at court, were the
+means by which a successful courtier bettered his estate, and by some
+or all of these Secretary Calvert thrived. That he did thrive is
+proved by the great sum he was able to lose in his futile attempt to
+plant a colony in Newfoundland. It was believed that he had accepted a
+share of the money dispensed lavishly in presents and pensions to
+English courtiers by Spain, but this Calvert denied, and one can
+believe that a man of his fidelity to king and country would be able
+to resist a temptation to which others succumbed.
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: The colony of Avalon.]
+
+[Sidenote: Cal S. P. America, pp. 25, 26, March 16, 1620.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3.]
+
+Calvert was very early interested in colonization. He was a member of
+the Virginia Company in 1609, and later one of the councilors for New
+England. In 1620 he was one of a commission appointed to settle the
+affairs of a Scotch company for colonizing Newfoundland, and in the
+next year he dispatched his first colony to the southeastern peninsula
+of that island which he had bought from Sir William Vaughan. In this
+latter year (1621) he secured a grant of the whole vast island, but in
+1622 he accepted a re-grant of the peninsula alone, and this became
+his first proprietary colony. Captain Whitbourne's pamphlet on
+Newfoundland was just then circulating gratuitously by the aid of
+collections made in the churches with the sanction of royal authority.
+It described a Newfoundland of Edenic fruitfulness. Even cool-headed
+statesmen like Calvert appear to have been captivated by the stories
+of this veteran seaman and weather-beaten romancer. Calvert called his
+new province Avalon. The name signifies the land of apples--that is,
+the fruitful country. In old British mythology it was the paradise of
+the blessed, the island in the western seas to which King Arthur was
+translated in the famous legend. This name of promise suited the
+situation of the new island state, and fitted well the enthusiastic
+tales of Whitbourne and the groundless hopes of Calvert. The bleak
+Newfoundland coast had already blossomed with fanciful names; there
+was the Bay of Plesaunce and the Bay of Flowers, Robin Hood's Bay and
+the River of Bonaventure; there was the Harbor of Formosa and the
+Harbor of Heartsease. Avalon, the earthly paradise, was but the
+complement of these.
+
+
+IV.
+
+[Sidenote: The charter of Avalon.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5.]
+
+Sir George Calvert probably drafted with his own hand--the hand of an
+expert and accomplished man of the court--the charter of April 7,
+1623, that conferred on him an authority little short of sovereignty
+over his new territory. This masterpiece of dexterous charter-making
+afforded a model for other proprietary charters, and Calvert himself
+bettered it but little in the Maryland charter of a later date. The
+ambiguous passages in the Maryland charter, which have been accounted
+evidence of a design to make way for the toleration or even the
+possible dominance of Roman Catholicism, appear already in the charter
+of Avalon. Was the colony of 1621 or its charter of 1623 intended to
+supply a refuge, if one should be needed, for Englishmen of the
+Catholic faith? The question is not easily answered. The primary
+design of the Avalon colony was, no doubt, to better the fortunes of
+Sir George Calvert and to lift him and his successors into the
+authority and dignity of counts-palatine in the New World. But there
+can hardly be a doubt that, before the charter of 1623 was granted,
+Secretary Calvert was already a Catholic, secretly or latently, if not
+overtly. His charter of Avalon naturally left open a door for the
+toleration of the faith to which he was already attached, or toward
+which he was tending.
+
+
+V.
+
+[Sidenote: Calvert's conversion.]
+
+Calvert's conversion was almost inevitable. He favored the project for
+the Spanish match, and he was, like some other courtiers, under the
+influence of Gondomar, a consummate master of intrigue. He was bound
+by ties of friendship, and later by the marriage of his son, to Lord
+Arundel of Wardour, a Catholic, and the constitution of his mind and
+all the habits of a lifetime made him a lover of authority in church
+and state. Under favoring circumstances such a man becomes a Roman
+Catholic by gravitation and natural affinity.
+
+[Sidenote: Petition in Rushworth, Part I, i, 141. Compare Neal, Part
+II, c. ii.]
+
+There was a Catholic revival in England at this time, especially among
+the courtiers and upper classes. In 1623 there was a large influx to
+England of priests and Jesuits. English Romanists flocked to the
+vicinage of London, and resorted in great numbers to the mass in the
+houses of foreign ambassadors; and in many English country houses the
+mass was openly celebrated in defiance of law. The Commons, in alarm,
+adopted what James fitly called "a stinging petition against the
+papists."
+
+
+VI.
+
+[Sidenote: His resignation.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1624.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1625.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6.]
+
+Calvert had staked his hopes for himself and for English Catholicism
+on the Spanish match. This otherwise pliant courtier was intractable
+where his religious convictions were concerned. He scrupled to draw
+back at the bidding of Charles and Buckingham, when drawing back
+involved a violation of the treaty oath of the king and council, the
+plunging of England into a Spanish war, the sacrifice of the interests
+of the Catholic church, and a fresh exposure of his co-religionists in
+England to a harsh persecution. Calvert was one of that party in the
+junta for Spanish affairs which was unwilling to break a solemn treaty
+in order to gratify the wounded vanity of Buckingham and Charles, and
+he paid dearly for his firmness. To bring about his resignation, his
+antagonists diverted business from his office, thus reducing his fees
+and subjecting his pride to mortification. Under this treatment it was
+noted by a letter writer of the time that Mr. Secretary Calvert
+"droops and keeps out of the way." It was reported that he was ill,
+and then that he had been rebuked by the king and the prince, and it
+was known that he wished to sell his office to some one acceptable to
+Buckingham. Calvert's cleverness as a courtier did not fail him in his
+fall. He succeeded at the last in mollifying Buckingham, whose consent
+he gained to the sale of the secretaryship. After nearly a year of the
+prolonged agony of holding office in disfavor, he resigned in
+February, 1625, receiving six thousand pounds for his office, which
+was worth to the incumbent two thousand a year. He was at the same
+time raised to the Irish peerage as Baron Baltimore. He made his
+religious scruples the ostensible reason for his resignation, and he
+was already known to be "infinitely addicted to the Catholic faith."
+He made no secret of his proscribed religion; he exposed to visitors
+the altar, chalice, and candlesticks in his best room; and he
+catechised his children assiduously in the doctrines of the ancient
+church. At the accession of Charles he retired from the Privy Council
+rather than take an oath offensive to his conscience.
+
+
+VII.
+
+[Sidenote: Calvert deserts Newfoundland.]
+
+[Sidenote: Letters of Wynne, Daniel, and Hoskins, in Whitbourne's
+second ed.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7.]
+
+During the period of his decline from court favor Calvert's colony of
+Avalon probably suffered from neglect. He now gave his new leisure to
+the work of rescuing it. In 1627 he made a voyage to Newfoundland,
+taking a company of Catholic settlers and two priests. He went again
+in 1628. From Newfoundland he wrote to one of the Jesuits in England a
+letter of affection, declaring his readiness to divide with him "the
+last bit" he had in the world. In Avalon began the long chapter of the
+troubles of the Baltimores with the Puritan opposition. Besides his
+contentions with Puritan settlers, who abhorred the mass as a Jewish
+prophet did idolatry, he found it necessary to fight with French
+privateers bent on plunder. By the time the almost interminable
+Newfoundland winter had begun, he discovered that Avalon was not the
+earthly paradise it appeared in the writings of pamphleteers and in
+the letters of his own officeholders interested only in the
+continuance of their salaries. The icy Bay of Plesaunce and the bleak
+Bay of Flowers mocked him with their names of delight; of little avail
+was the fast-bound River of Bonaventure to its unlucky lord, or the
+Harbor of Heartsease to him who had sunk a fortune of thirty thousand
+pounds in the fruitless attempt to plant a settlement on a coast so
+cold. Ill himself, and with half his company down with scurvy, some of
+them dying, Baltimore turned his thoughts toward Virginia, now, after
+all its trials, prosperous under a genial sun.
+
+[Sidenote: Sails to Virginia.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rymer's Foedera, tom. vii, iv, 147.]
+
+He knew the conditions of that colony and the opportunities it
+afforded. A member of the Virginia Company during nearly all the years
+of its stormy existence, he had been made one of the fifty-six
+councilors that took over its effects at its demise, and he was one of
+the eight who constituted the quorum, and who probably transacted the
+business of this Council for Virginia. Even under the government of
+the Company there had been precedents for the establishment of a
+"precinct" within Virginia independent of the Jamestown government.
+Such a plantation had been that of Captain Martin and that proposed by
+Rich and Argall, and a charter for such had been given to the Leyden
+pilgrims. Baltimore wrote to ask for a precinct, pleading the king's
+promise already made that he might choose a part of Virginia. Here he
+would still be the head of a little independent state--a state in
+which the mass might be said without molestation. Before another
+winter set in he abandoned Avalon to fishermen and such hardy folk,
+and took ship for the James River, where he arrived in October, 1629.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Virginia antagonism.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9.]
+
+Baltimore's reception in Virginia was most inhospitable. He had
+perhaps counted on his former relation to the colony as a councilor to
+assure him a welcome. But the Virginians of that time were Sandys and
+Southampton men. They may have remembered that Calvert had been
+Sandys's enemy and political rival, and that he belonged to the
+faction of Sir Thomas Smyth in the company. The members of that
+faction had been the executioners of the company when they could no
+longer control it. Calvert was one of the later council, which had
+tried to take away insidiously the privileges granted to Virginians by
+their charter from the Virginia Company. This attack on their
+liberties they had stoutly resisted, even to cutting off a piece of
+one of the ears of the clerk of their own assembly for abetting it.
+Now a nobleman of the detested faction, an advocate of absolute
+government and a close friend of the king, had come among them.
+Baltimore might easily expect to secure the governorship of Virginia
+itself. Perhaps it is hardly necessary to go even so far afield for a
+motive. The prospect of a settlement of Roman Catholics within the
+limits of the colony was in itself enough to excite the opposition of
+the Virginia churchmen. Baltimore's party of Catholics was not the
+only one repelled from Virginia about this time. Soon after Lord
+Baltimore's visit, perhaps, or just before, the Virginians refused
+permission to a company of Irish Catholics to settle within their
+bounds. These appear to have gone afterward to the island of St.
+Christopher's, where again Protestant fellow-colonists fell out with
+them about religion, so that they were finally sent to settle the
+neighboring island of Montserrat.
+
+[Sidenote: Character of the early Virginians.]
+
+[Sidenote: Leah and Rachel, and De Vries Voyages, _passim_.]
+
+The Virginians, after all their sufferings, were now prosperous in a
+gross way, reaping large profits from tobacco, and living in riotous
+profusion after the manner of men beginning to emerge from the
+hardships and perils of a pioneer condition into sudden opulence.
+Their rude living did not at all prevent the colonists from being
+fastidious about their religion--it was the seventeenth century. Most
+of the Virginia clergy at this period were as reckless in life as the
+people, but the Protestantism of the colony was incorruptible. Some of
+the rabble even showed their piety by railing at the newly arrived
+papist nobleman.
+
+[Sidenote: Expulsion of Baltimore.]
+
+[Sidenote: MS. Book of Instructions, Library of Congress, folio 136.]
+
+A weapon of defense against Baltimore was ready to hand. Three years
+before his coming instructions had been sent from England to Yeardley
+to proffer the oath of supremacy "to all such as come thither with an
+intention to plant and reside, which, if any shall refuse, he is to be
+retorned or shipped from thence home." This order may not have been
+intended for so great a personage as a nobleman of the Court. It may
+have been meant only to head off humble Irishmen like those who
+settled Montserrat, or it may have been merely a fence against
+Separatists. But it served the turn of the alarmed colonists. Pott and
+Mathews, Claiborne and Roger Smyth, who led the opposition, offered
+the oath to Baltimore. Baltimore had sacrificed his place in the Privy
+Council rather than take this oath so contrary to his conscience, and
+he now again stood by his religious convictions, and took ship for
+England as ordered by the Virginia Council. He was disappointed and
+already shaken in health. The members of the council, appalled at
+their own boldness, perhaps, wrote to the king in self-defense. There
+is still extant an old manuscript record book of the seventeenth
+century which contains the instructions to Yeardley. Immediately
+following, as if to put it under the shelter of royal authority, is
+the report of the council, without date or signature, that the oath
+had been offered to Baltimore and refused.
+
+
+IX.
+
+[Sidenote: Baltimore's seal.]
+
+Baltimore's hardships during two voyages to Newfoundland, and a winter
+in the rude abodes of pioneers there, his illness during that winter,
+the constant spectacle of sickness and death about him, and the
+disappointment caused by his rude reception in Virginia, were enough,
+one would think, to have broken his resolution. He went back to
+England "much decayed in his strength," as he confessed; but,
+strangely enough, this accomplished man of the world, whose career had
+been that of a courtier, was far from living in ease and quietness as
+his friends had expected him to do. He was possessed of a passion for
+peopling the wilderness. He had written to the king from America that
+he was resolved to spend "the poore remaynder" of his days in
+colony-planting, his "inclinations carrying him naturally" to such
+work. To what extent he was prompted by a desire to leave to his heir
+the semi-sovereignty of a principality, and how far he was carried by
+a naturally adventurous temper hitherto latent, we have no means of
+deciding; but one can hardly resist the conclusion that a fervent
+religious zeal was the underlying spring of a resolution so
+indomitable. Like many another man of that time, Calvert was lifted
+from worldliness to high endeavor by religious enthusiasm. The king
+felt obliged to interpose his authority; he forbade Baltimore's
+risking his life in another voyage, but he granted him a charter for a
+new palatinate on the north side of the Potomac.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of the first Lord Baltimore.]
+
+Lord Baltimore was doomed never to see the desire of his eyes. He died
+on the 15th of April, 1632, before the charter had passed, leaving the
+planting of Maryland to be carried forward by his son and heir,
+Cecilius. The charter of Maryland passed the seals on the 22d of the
+following June in favor of Cecilius, the second Lord Baltimore.
+
+
+X.
+
+[Sidenote: The charter of Maryland.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 10.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rushworth, Part I, vol. i, 141, 1623.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 11.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 12.]
+
+The Maryland charter was no doubt the work of George Calvert's own
+hand. Its main provisions are identical with those of Avalon; but it
+put the proprietary in a still better position. He held Avalon by
+knight's service, Maryland in free and common soccage, and the
+holdings of Maryland settlers would be under the proprietary, not
+under the crown. In fact, the crown retained practically no rights of
+value in Maryland beyond the bare allegiance of the settlers. Larger
+privileges of trade were conceded to Maryland than had been given to
+Avalon. In one respect the liberties of the future settlers were
+apparently better guarded in the Maryland charter, for there is a
+faint promise of a representative government in its phraseology. But
+even this was not definitely assured. In a single regard the charter
+of Maryland appears less favorable to the Catholic religion than its
+predecessors. Historic specialists with a religious bias, doing their
+small best to render the current of history turbid, have not failed to
+convince themselves by means of the new clause that Maryland was a
+Protestant colony. The patronage and advowsons of all churches had
+been conferred on the proprietary in the Avalon charter, and a like
+concession is made in the Maryland grant; but to this, in the Maryland
+charter, is attached a sort of "lean-to"--a qualifying clause that
+appears to limit the ecclesiastical organization of the colony to
+Anglican forms. "Together with license and power," runs the charter,
+"to build and found Churches, Chapels and Oratories in convenient and
+fit places within the premises, and to cause them to be dedicated and
+consecrated according to the ecclesiastical laws of our kingdom of
+England." In 1632 the Baltimore family was openly Catholic. The
+Puritans were raging against every indulgence shown by the court to
+Romanists. The clamor of the Catholic-baiters did not stop with a
+demand that Romanists should be expelled from England. The Commons had
+a few years earlier petitioned the King that they be excluded from
+"all other Your Highness's dominions." The founding of an English
+colony that might make a home for English and Irish Romanists was a
+more difficult project in the reign of Charles than it had been in the
+time of James when Avalon was granted. The clause which allowed
+Baltimore to dedicate his churches according to the ecclesiastical
+laws of England excites admiration. It graciously permitted an
+Anglican establishment in Maryland; it did not oblige Baltimore to do
+anything at all, nor did it, in fact, put any constraint whatever on
+his actions in this regard. The impotent clause which seemed to limit,
+but did not limit, the ecclesiastical organization was breathlessly
+followed by one far from impotent--a masterpiece of George Calvert's
+skill. It gave to the proprietary the legal power exercised from
+ancient times by the Bishops of Durham as counts-palatine. The
+regalities of Durham having been pared down by Henry VIII, the charter
+somewhat furtively reached back after the local absolutism of the
+middle ages by giving Baltimore all the temporal power ever possessed
+by any Bishop of Durham. But if alarm should be taken at the giving of
+powers so vast to a Roman Catholic subject, there might be reassurance
+for timid souls in a clause in imitation of older charters than
+Calvert's, which stipulated that no interpretation should be put upon
+the charter by which God's holy and true Christian religion might be
+prejudiced. Ambiguity spread from the charter to some of the early
+Maryland laws, which wore a Protestant or a Catholic face according to
+the side from which they were approached.
+
+
+XI.
+
+[Sidenote: Condition of English Catholics.]
+
+[Sidenote: An act for the better discovering and repressing of popish
+recusants. Also, An act to prevent, etc., 3 Jac. I, chaps. iv and v.]
+
+When George Calvert projected his new southern colony he had every
+reason to suppose that it would be quickly supplied with settlers from
+the discontented English and Irish Catholics. The statute enacted in
+the third year of James, soon after the Gunpowder Plot, put those who
+adhered to the Roman communion in a precarious and exasperating
+situation. For the first year that a Catholic wholly neglected the
+sacraments of the English church he must pay twenty pounds. This was
+raised to forty the second year, and to sixty for every year of
+conscientious abstention thereafter. If he did not attend the parish
+church at all, the luxury of a conscience cost him twenty pounds a
+month, which, as money then went, was a large sum. If he were a rich
+landholder, the king might take the use or rentals of two thirds of
+his land until he should conform. The oath of allegiance by which he
+was to be tested was made ingeniously offensive to a Catholic
+conscience. If a Romanist should persuade a Protestant to accept his
+own faith he was guilty of treason, as was also his convert. The man
+who harbored a Roman Catholic neglecting to attend the parish church
+was to be fined ten pounds a month. Marriage by a Romish priest
+invalidated accruing land tenures. The Catholic was not suffered to
+send his children beyond seas for an education, nor yet to keep a
+schoolmaster of his own faith; he could not serve as an executor; he
+might not have the charge of any child; his house might be searched
+for Catholic books; he was not allowed to keep weapons; and when at
+last his vexed and troubled life was over, his dead body might not be
+buried among the graves of his forefathers in the parish churchyard.
+
+[Sidenote: Administration of the law.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lingard, viii, 189, cites Rymer, xxii, 13; Hardwicke
+Papers, 1446, and a private letter.]
+
+The administration of this law was attended by many aggravations. The
+pursuivants took the very cattle and household goods of the poor; from
+the rich they exacted large payments, failing which, they pounced on
+valuable plate and jewels, which they seized under pretense that these
+were articles of superstition or the concealed property of Jesuits.
+It is said that James derived a revenue of thirty-six thousand pounds
+a year from the fines of lay Catholics. To the several Scotch
+favorites of the king were assigned certain rich recusants from whom
+they might squeeze whatever could be got by the leverage of the law.
+
+[Sidenote: Influence of foreign policy.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1583, reprinted 1688.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1609, sm. 4to, pp. 112.]
+
+[Sidenote: Ellis Collection, first series, iii, 128.]
+
+[Sidenote: Neal, ii, ch. ii. Rapin, 215, 2d ed.]
+
+Very embarrassing to the foreign policy of England was the severity of
+English laws against Catholics, and Lord Treasurer Burleigh found it
+needful to publish in Elizabeth's time, for circulation in all the
+courts of Europe, a treatise on The Execution of Justice in England
+and the Maintenance of Public Order and Christian Peace; and in the
+following reign James himself turned pamphleteer and published an
+Apologie for the Oath of Allegiance. There were periods when pressure
+from abroad softened the administration of the law. But it was only
+irregularly and intermittently that the Government could be brought to
+grant indulgences that roused the pious wrath of Puritans and reduced
+the revenue of the king and his favorites. If Spain, and afterward
+France, made it a condition precedent to a marriage treaty that the
+penal laws against English recusants should be relaxed, Parliament,
+resenting foreign dictation, demanded of the king a renewal of the
+severities against papists. Twenty-four Catholics suffered capitally
+in James's reign, before 1618; and when in 1622 it was necessary to
+condone Catholicism in order to conciliate Spain, it is said that four
+hundred Jesuits and priests were set free on bail at one time. The
+number of Catholics, lay and cleric, released in this year is put at
+four thousand, but this may be an exaggeration.
+
+
+XII.
+
+[Sidenote: Catholic emigration small.]
+
+[Sidenote: Harl. Miscell., ii, 492, and following, where passages from
+contemporary writers are quoted.]
+
+In 1627, and again in 1628, Lord Baltimore took Catholics with him to
+Newfoundland and settled priests there. The English court was just
+then sailing on a Protestant tack, and England had allied itself with
+the Huguenots of La Rochelle. Another of the good works by which the
+government of Charles and Buckingham was endeavoring to prove its
+sanctification was the enforcement of the penal statutes against Roman
+Catholics. It is notable that Baltimore sailed with the first Catholic
+emigrants to Avalon about the time of the setting in of the movement
+toward Massachusetts which swelled at length into the great Puritan
+exodus. The five years of delay caused by the change from Avalon to
+Maryland, and also perhaps by the exhaustion of Baltimore's resources
+and his death, was unfavorable to the project of a Catholic province.
+The English government by 1634 had grown more lenient toward
+Romanists, the co-religionists of the queen. The work at which Laud
+kept all hands busy just then was the suppression of Puritanism, and
+thousands of Puritans were by this time shaking the dust of England
+from their feet and seeking a home in the western wilderness,
+persuaded that the Church of England under Laud had all sails set for
+Rome. This illusion regarding the purposes of the archbishop and his
+party, which alarmed the Puritans, heartened the Catholics, who
+naturally preferred to stay at home where a flood tide seemed to be
+setting toward Catholicism. The small Catholic migration to Maryland
+was not to be compared with that stream of Puritan emigration that
+about this time poured into New England twenty thousand people in a
+decade. The fall of Laud and the rise of the Puritans to power put a
+complete stop to the New England migration, but it failed to quicken
+the Catholic movement, for Maryland herself had become sadly involved
+in the civil commotions of the time.
+
+[Sidenote: Baltimore's partners.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 13.]
+
+Cecilius Calvert undoubtedly counted on a large migration of Catholic
+recusants, and the documents show that the Jesuit order in England
+took great interest in the movement. The second Lord Baltimore was
+joined by partners in the financial risks of the venture, and though
+we meet with more than one allusion to these adventurers whose
+interest in the colony was apparently still active twenty years after
+its beginning, they were profoundly silent partners; their names are
+nowhere recorded, and we are left to conjecture the origin of their
+interest in Maryland.
+
+
+XIII.
+
+[Sidenote: The religious aim.]
+
+"The first and most important design of the Most Illustrious Baron,
+which ought also to be the aim of the rest, who go in the same ship,
+is, not to think so much of planting fruits and trees in a land so
+fertile, as of sowing the seeds of religion and piety." This was Lord
+Baltimore's authoritative declaration, and because it varies in form
+from the stock phrases so common at the time, it bears an air of some
+sincerity, though it is diplomatically ambiguous.
+
+[Sidenote: Efforts to obstruct the ships.]
+
+[Sidenote: Letters of Baltimore to Wentworth in Strafford papers,
+_passim_.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 14.]
+
+Baltimore's opponents made great exertions to prevent the departure of
+the Ark and the Dove, which were to bear faithful Catholics across the
+flood to a new world. A story was started that these ships were
+carrying nuns to Spain, and another tale that found believers was that
+they had soldiers on board going to France to serve against the
+English. It was told that Calvert's men had abused the customs
+officers at Gravesend, and sailed without cockets in contempt of all
+authority, the people on board refusing the oath of allegiance. The
+Ark was stopped and brought back by order of the Privy Council, and
+the oath of allegiance was given to a hundred and twenty-eight
+passengers. But the ships came to again at the Isle of Wight, and when
+they got away at last there were near three hundred passengers on
+board, including Jesuit priests. Most of the passengers were "laboring
+men"; how many were Catholic and how many Protestant it is impossible
+now to tell. That the leaders and the gentry were, most of them,
+Catholics there is every reason to believe. The passengers called
+Protestants were rather non-Catholics, precisely the kind of
+emigrants that would give the Jesuits the converts of which they tell
+exultantly in their letters. There was no Protestant minister on
+board, nor was there the slightest provision for Protestant worship,
+present or future.
+
+
+XIV.
+
+[Sidenote: Toleration.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 15.]
+
+Toleration was the Baltimore policy from the beginning. It was no
+doubt in the original plan of George Calvert and his associates,
+whoever they were. The Provincial of the Society of Jesus privately
+furnished Baltimore with arguments in defense of this policy before
+the first colony sailed. The founders of Maryland were men of affairs
+shaping plan to opportunity, and the situation was inexorable.
+Toleration and protection was all that English Roman Catholics could
+hope to find in traveling thus to the ends of the earth.
+
+[Sidenote: Toleration a policy.]
+
+Cecilius gave positive instruction that on shipboard acts of the Roman
+Catholic religion should be performed with as much privacy as
+possible, so as not to offend the Protestant passengers "whereby any
+just complaint may hereafter be made by them in Virginia or in
+England." There is no pretense of theory here; all is based on the
+exigency of the situation and sound policy. The policy was George
+Calvert's, whose school was the court of James, and whose whole career
+shows that he entertained no advanced views of human liberty. Had he
+held toleration as a theory of government, his doctrine would have
+been more liberal than that of Ralegh and Bacon and far in advance of
+that of contemporary Puritan leaders. They quite misunderstand the man
+who regard him as a progressive thinker; he was a conservative
+opportunist. Still less was Cecilius a man likely to act on general
+principles.
+
+
+XV.
+
+[Sidenote: Religious observance at sea.]
+
+[Sidenote: Relatio Itineris, p. 10.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 16.]
+
+[Sidenote: Relatio Itineris, 16, 17.]
+
+We have seen how religiously the Puritans passed their time at sea in
+long daily expositions of Scripture and other devotions, and that
+sometimes even the watch was set with a psalm. Not less religious were
+the Catholic pilgrims, and though the form is strikingly different,
+the believing and zealous age is the same. To make things safe, the
+Jesuit fathers committed the principal parts of the ship in some
+detail to the protection of God in the first place, and then to that
+"of His Most Holy Mother and of St. Ignatius and of all the angels of
+Maryland." These angels to whom the safety of Maryland was committed
+were kept busy by special spiritual opponents. A dangerous storm was
+raised on one occasion by all the "malignant spirits of the tempest
+and all the evil genii of Maryland." But Father White circumvented
+this combination of ordinary storm spirits with imps of Protestant
+proclivities by setting forth to Christ and the Blessed Virgin, while
+the storm was at its worst, "that the purpose of this journey was to
+glorify the Blood of our Redeemer in the salvation of the Barbarians,
+and also to build up a kingdom for the Saviour and to consecrate
+another gift to the Immaculate Virgin his mother." The last clause
+apparently refers to Maryland, as if it were named in honor of the
+Virgin. The representation was effective; the good father had scarcely
+ceased speaking when the storm began to abate.
+
+[Illustration: The colony at St. Mary's.]
+
+[Sidenote: The arrival.]
+
+The Puritans when using a geographical name that began with the word
+"saint" scrupulously uncanonized it by leaving off the prefix. But
+these devout pilgrims of the Roman faith, when once the saints and
+guardian angels of Maryland had piloted them safe in spite of the
+malice of storm spirits and evil genii into landlocked waters and the
+bounds of Lord Baltimore's grant, proceeded to sanctify the whole
+region by sprinkling it with the names of saints and angels from
+Michael the archangel downward. The ancient Indian designations were
+marks of a heathenism they purposed to overthrow, and they began by
+trying to get rid of the whole "bead roll of unbaptized names." No
+convenient island, creek, river, bay, or cape escaped Christian
+baptism. On Annunciation Day, 1634, they landed on Heron Island, in
+the Potomac, which they named appropriately for St. Clement, who was
+martyred by being thrown into the sea attached to an anchor, and here
+the sacrifice of the mass was celebrated, the worshipers reflecting
+that "never before had this been done in this part of the world."
+After the mass they took upon their shoulders a great cross hewn out
+of a tree and advanced in order to the place appointed, where the
+governor and his assistants took part in its erection. The
+Catholics of the party, seeing this symbol of the faith erected in a
+new land, knelt upon the ground and recited the litanies of the cross
+in a kind of religious ecstasy. Here in another form was that tender
+attachment to their faith that one finds among the more devout
+Protestant exiles, and in the nobler natures there was doubtless that
+element of the heroic and the saintly often evolved in the religious
+sufferings and activities of that day--a relief to the pettiness of
+the debates and the irksomeness of the bigotries of the age.
+
+
+XVI.
+
+[Sidenote: A Catholic colony.]
+
+[Sidenote: Compare Clarke's Gladstone and Maryland Toleration.]
+
+[Sidenote: Maryland Archives, i, 23.]
+
+[Sidenote: Excerpta de Diversis Literis, etc., 56-60.]
+
+The colony had been named Maryland by King Charles in honor of his
+wife Henrietta Maria; at least there was assigned to the king
+responsibility for a name that, like nearly everything else about
+Maryland, was ambiguous. But the phrase _Terra Mariae_ in the charter,
+though represented there to be the equivalent of Maryland, was
+significant to a devout Catholic of something better than a compliment
+to a Catholic queen. The Indian village which with its gardens and
+cornfields had been bought for the germinal settlement and capital,
+took the name of St. Mary's, and the whole infant colony is called the
+Colony of St. Maries, by its own Legislative Assembly in 1638, as
+though by Maryland were intended the land of Mary. Notwithstanding the
+manifest care of the second Lord Baltimore to hold the missionaries
+within the limits of worldly prudence, the zealous fathers lived and
+labored in a spirit of other-worldliness. They set themselves first of
+all to convert those sheep without a shepherd, the Protestants of
+Maryland. Some of these appear to have been men of reckless and
+immoral lives, who were greatly bettered by an acceptance of religious
+restraint. Those non-Catholics who were ill, and those who found
+themselves languishing and dying in the wilderness without the
+consolations of their own religion, were zealously visited and
+converted _in extremis_ by the Jesuits. The servants and mechanics
+employed by or apprenticed to the missionaries were brought under
+their constant influence and were readily won. Nearly all the
+Protestants who arrived in 1638 were swiftly brought over to the faith
+of the missionaries, and twelve converts were joyously reckoned as
+fruits of the Jesuit labors in 1639. There was more than one instance
+of the miraculous, or at least of the marvelous, to help on this work.
+One man of noble birth, who had by dissipation brought himself to
+desperate straits, and then sunk until he became at length a bond
+servant in Maryland, embraced Catholicism. After the death of this
+convert a very bright light was sometimes seen burning about his place
+of burial, and even those who were not Catholics were permitted to see
+this wonder. The horrible punishments that resulted from the Divine
+wrath against those who scoffingly rejected the Catholic faith in
+Maryland remind one of the equal calamities that befell those who
+were unfaithful to Puritanism in New England. Seventeenth-century
+Englishmen with sky-wide differences in opinion were one in the traits
+that belonged to their age. Father White was sure that the destruction
+of Indians in Maryland was specially ordered by God to provide an
+opening "for His own everlasting law and light"; but not more sure
+than were the Puritans that the cruel plague which exterminated whole
+villages on the Massachusetts coast was sent to open a way for the
+planting of Calvinistic churches. Each division of Christians in turn
+reduced the Almighty Creator to the level of a special tutelary
+divinity, sometimes to that of a rather vindictive genius of the
+place.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 17.]
+
+In this work of propagandism the missionaries did not forget the red
+men. Their labors among the aborigines were fairly successful at
+first, then interrupted by relapse and by war. Such is the history of
+Indian missions. Much was made of the solemn profession and baptism of
+an Indian "king," at which the governor and other distinguished men
+"honored by their presence the Christian sacraments," the governor
+marching behind the neophyte in the procession. Maryland was in fact
+openly a Catholic colony until after 1640.
+
+[Sidenote: Failure to make a Catholic state.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 18.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 19.]
+
+But as a Catholic colony it was a failure. In fear of the rising
+Puritan tempest in England, or the violent opposition on several
+grounds of its stronger neighbor Virginia, and of the mutinous
+bigotry of its own Puritan settlers, who regarded Baltimore's
+government as a "Babylon" to be overthrown, it was never able to
+afford to Catholics perfect security, much less was it able to promise
+them domination. But the Catholics included most of the rich and
+influential families, and it was a Jesuit boast that they were
+superior to other American settlers in breeding and urbanity. As they
+had choice of the best land in the province, the Catholic families
+remained during the whole colonial period among the most prominent
+people of Maryland. There is also evidence that the Catholics were
+numerically considerable in proportion to the population, though the
+reports on the subject are vague and conflicting. In 1641 they were
+about one fourth of the whole. The ranks of the early Catholic
+settlers, both of the rich and poor, seem to have been recruited from
+Ireland as well as from England, but the Maryland government in Queen
+Anne's Protestant time passed acts levying an import tax of twenty
+pounds on each Irish Catholic servant, in order that the bond servants
+and even the transported convicts in Maryland should be orthodox
+Protestants.
+
+
+XVII.
+
+[Sidenote: Opposition to Maryland.]
+
+George Calvert, the first Baron Baltimore, molded the Maryland
+enterprise until the drafting of the charter, and his spirit was felt
+in it after his death. Cecilius, his son, was a man of a somewhat
+different sort, and his traits became more apparent as time went on.
+He was strongly supported at court by Strafford, his father's most
+devoted and obliged friend, and no doubt also by the queen, who was
+godmother to Maryland. The opposition to Maryland was probably
+embittered by the hatred to Strafford and the jealousy of a Catholic
+queen.
+
+[Sidenote: The second Lord Baltimore and Virginia.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 20.]
+
+On his enemies in Virginia the younger Baltimore took ample vengeance.
+He got one of the queen's household appointed treasurer of the colony,
+and the Virginians found themselves obliged to pay the quitrents,
+which had been neglected and apparently forgotten. Other officers of
+the colony were nominated by Baltimore. Harvey, the governor, hoping
+to collect money due him from the royal treasury by Baltimore's
+assistance, was his obsequious tool, to the bitter indignation of the
+Virginians, who hated Baltimore not only because he was a Romanist,
+but also because he had divided the first colony and cut off the
+northern Indian trade from Virginia. In consequence of the quarrel
+between Harvey and the Virginians over Maryland there ensued a
+revolution in Virginia; Harvey was shipped to England by the same bold
+men who had sent the first Lord Baltimore packing. But Harvey was sent
+back again by the king, and by this counter revolution the colonial
+constitution of Virginia was modified for the worse. It was altogether
+an exquisite revenge.
+
+[Sidenote: Baltimore seeks to control Virginia.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 21.]
+
+Cecilius meditated even a bolder stroke. He schemed through Windebank
+to have himself made governor of Virginia, promising to wring out of
+it eight thousand pounds more of revenue for the king from some
+neglected sources. To achieve this, he proposed a scheme by which
+Windebank was to impose on the king's credulity. Secretary Windebank
+may have recoiled from the part he was to play; it is certain that
+Charles was not persuaded to hand over Virginia bound hand and foot
+into the power of the proprietary of the rival colony.
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Cautious policy of Baltimore.]
+
+[Sidenote: Baltimore's instructions, 15 Nov., 1633, Calvert Papers.]
+
+Intolerance on the part of the authorities of Maryland directed toward
+Protestants might have brought a swift overthrow of the whole project.
+The instructions given for the first voyage already cited show
+throughout the need for extreme caution in the face of extreme peril.
+It is required of the governor and commissioners that "they be very
+careful to preserve the peace amongst all the passengers on shipboard,
+and that they suffer no scandal nor offense to be given to any of the
+Protestants." The rulers are to instruct the Catholics to be silent
+"upon all occasions of discourse concerning matter of religion," and
+those in authority are to "treat the Protestants with as much mildness
+and favor as justice will permit." These instructions were to hold
+good after landing, and in one notable case of religious dissension
+after the arrival in Maryland, justice was meted out against the
+Catholic offender in a way that showed a disposition to observe this
+policy of conciliation toward Protestants at the expense of some
+unfairness toward Catholics. Very early a proclamation was issued for
+the suppression of all religious disputes, and Copley, the business
+administrator of the Jesuits, thought they ought to be put down for
+fear the writings should be sent to the governor of Virginia.
+
+[Sidenote: Necessary ambiguity.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 22.]
+
+The ambiguous charter of Maryland was a necessary hypocrisy. The plan
+of toleration was also inevitable, and it was carried no further than
+necessity required, for in that age, when toleration was odious, a
+liberal policy had also its perils. The Act for Church Liberties of
+1639 was a fine example of the studied ambidexterity of the Maryland
+government. It was enacted "that Holy Church within this province
+shall have all her rights, liberties, and immunities, safe, whole, and
+inviolate in all things." Holy Church here is a deliberate
+substitution for "the Church of England" in a similar phrase of Magna
+Charta. Such an act was worthy of Bunyan's Mr. Facing-both-ways.
+Interpreted by judges holding office at the will of a Catholic
+proprietary, it could have but one meaning. For the outside world it
+might bear another sense. It did all that could be done in the
+circumstances for the Roman Catholic religion and for Catholic
+ecclesiastics.
+
+
+XIX.
+
+[Sidenote: Puritan settlers invited.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 23.]
+
+[Sidenote: Winthrop's Journal, ii, 148, 149.]
+
+In 1643, Parliament, dominated by Puritans, could not let the distant
+Maryland province rest in peace. It passed an ordinance making the
+Earl of Warwick Governor in Chief and Lord High Admiral of all the
+plantations in America. This act contained covert allusions to
+papists, Spaniards, and governors recently appointed by the king.
+Baltimore met the rising tempest in a way characteristic of him. If he
+could settle a portion of his province with Puritans they might serve
+to shield him from the storm. Besides, the Catholic emigration had not
+proved large, and his province needed inhabitants. He wrote to a
+Captain Gibbons, of Boston, sending him a commission under the
+Maryland government, and offering "free liberty of religion and all
+other privileges" to such of the New England people as were willing to
+remove to Maryland. There were those in New England in that day who
+longed for a more genial climate, but to settle under the authority of
+a papist was to them much like pitching a tent on the confines of
+perdition.
+
+[Sidenote: Puritans from Virginia.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1643.]
+
+Though Puritans could not be induced to move from New England, it
+happened that the Puritans living in Virginia were persecuted in this
+same year by that stanch cavalier and retrograde churchman, Sir
+William Berkeley, who wanted his parsons to read prayers, but did not
+like preaching ministers of any sort. He was new to his government,
+and had brought over with him plenty of hostility to the party that
+had affronted his royal master in England. Virginia Puritans had no
+choice but to suffer or depart, and Maryland was convenient. They
+began soon after this to seek a refuge under the protection of a
+proprietary who was a papist and who practiced toleration--two things
+almost equally hateful to the Puritans. Mr. James, a Puritan minister,
+tarried in Maryland a short time, as early as 1643; he was probably
+the only Protestant minister that set foot on Maryland soil before
+1650. But the Puritan was never easy unless he was uneasy, and he was
+sure to be uneasy within when there was none to molest from without.
+To take an oath of fidelity to a papist was to him swearing fealty to
+antichrist; but so desirous was Baltimore of Puritan settlers that
+even the Maryland oath of fidelity was modified, and a saving clause
+was inserted for the ease of the Puritan conscience. The coming of
+Puritans who were in sympathy with the Parliament in England and who
+abhorred a tolerant papist, contributed something to the multifarious
+turmoils of the following years.
+
+
+XX.
+
+[Sidenote: Maryland turmoils.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 24.]
+
+What we know of the petty civil wars of Maryland is tedious and
+perplexing. The broils before 1649 sprang from diverse sources, some
+of which we know, others we may easily conjecture. There was the old
+claim of Claiborne to jurisdiction over Kent Island; there was a
+disposition on the part of some of the Marylanders to relieve the
+tedium of existence by taking a hand in the great struggle against
+royal authority which was rending England; there was the tendency
+common in frontier communities to carry debates to a violent issue;
+there was perhaps a natural proneness to insurrection on the part of
+bond servants and men lately out of service; and there was an innate
+hunger for spoil of any sort in the seamen of that age and in the
+rougher class on shore. But by 1648 the tempest had passed for the
+time; order had been reestablished; the Catholic and the Puritan were
+living in peace like the lion and the lamb of Hebrew prophecy; and the
+Catholic proprietary, always promptly bending before the storm, had
+delegated his authority to a Protestant governor who took the
+Parliament side.
+
+
+XXI.
+
+[Sidenote: The Act of 1649.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 25.]
+
+Before this epoch Maryland toleration had been merely a practical
+fact. It had not been theoretically stated; it had not been a matter
+of legislation at all; its extent and limitations were unknown. But
+now that this colonial home of Catholics was to be a land of
+Protestants, and particularly of Puritans, it was necessary to
+formulate the principle of toleration, the more, that Baltimore's own
+co-religionists were to be put under a Protestant governor. Governor
+and high officers of state were required to swear that they would
+molest on account of religion no person professing to believe in
+Jesus Christ, "and in particular no Roman Catholic." By the mere march
+of events it had come to pass that in the state founded by Catholics
+as a cradle for the Roman Catholic religion, the Catholic was now
+compelled to secure as best he could the toleration of his religion at
+the hands of the heretic. Part of Baltimore's plan for this new
+settlement of affairs involved the sending over of a code of perpetual
+laws to be adopted by the Assembly. The proprietary gave orders that
+the governor should not assent to any of these laws if all were not
+passed; but the Assembly of Maryland farmers was too cunning to be
+entrapped into passing laws which it thought inconvenient and unjust.
+A humble letter was sent from the members to the lord proprietary
+complaining that they were "illeterate" and "void of that
+Understanding and Comprehension" necessary to the discussion of such a
+code, and that in April they were too busy with their "necessary
+employment in a Crop" to give attention to it. They selected certain
+acts out of the code which they passed, among which was the famous Act
+of Toleration of 1649. That this was part of the code sent from
+England there can be no doubt; the "illeterate" colonists were not
+capable of framing it, and it bears the character-mark of the
+Baltimore policy throughout. Here is no philosophic theory of
+toleration, no far-reaching conclusion like that of Roger Williams,
+that the magistrate may not take cognizance of merely religious
+offences. Williams was a thinker, a doctrinary, too far in advance of
+his age to be the successful organizer of a new state. Baltimore, on
+the other hand, accepted a practical toleration as an expedient--he
+may even have come to believe in it as a theory by force of his own
+situation. But he was not primarily a thinker at all. Even here, where
+Baltimorean toleration reaches high tide, no philosophic congruity is
+sought. The Jew and the Unitarian who deny the divinity of Christ are
+to be put to death. Only so much toleration is granted as is needful
+to the occasion. And even this toleration is not put upon any other
+ground than public policy; the forcing of conscience in religion "hath
+frequently fallen out to be of dangerous consequence"; therefore this
+law is made "to preserve mutual love and amity amongst the
+inhabitants." The provisions against such offences as blasphemy and
+Sabbath-breaking and religious disputes precede those for toleration.
+Very politic is the arrangement by which reviling of God is made a
+capital offence, while reviling the Virgin Mary is adroitly associated
+with speeches against the "holy apostles or evangelists" as a sort of
+second-class blasphemy, a finable offence.
+
+[Sidenote: Vicissitudes of toleration.]
+
+And yet it was toleration, and the law was all the more influential as
+an example, perhaps, because it was only practical and quite
+incongruous. It was eminently prudent and statesmanlike. That it was
+not perpetually effective was the fault not of Baltimore but of the
+times. Puritan ideas were rampant. The government of the proprietary
+was overthrown; the Jesuits fled to the inhospitable Virginia, where
+they lived concealed in a low hut like a cistern or a tomb, not
+lamenting their physical privations so much as the lack of wine which
+deprived them of the consolation of the sacrament. The new government
+of Maryland, five years after Baltimore's famous "act concerning
+Religion," passed a new act with the same title--an act brusque and
+curt, a law with its boots and spurs on. "That none profess and
+exercise the papist religion" is its rude forbidding. The tables are
+turned; it is no longer the nonresident Jew and the hypothetical
+Unitarian who are excepted. But the wheels rolled swiftly once more,
+and in three years Cecilius, absolute lord and proprietary, was again
+master of Maryland, and the beneficent act of 1649 resumed its sway.
+It protected the Catholic element, which, though always rich and
+influential, came to be in latter colonial times but about a twelfth
+of the population. Toleration also served to make Maryland an early
+dwelling place for abounding Quakers and others holding religious
+views not relished in colonies less liberal.
+
+
+ELUCIDATIONS.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1, page 223.]
+
+"Voto a Dios que la Corte d'Inglatierra es como un libro de cavalleros
+andantes." Quoted by Chamberlain in Birch, i, 413. In view of the
+swift mutations of fortune among courtiers, Dudley Carleton the
+younger wrote on December 18, 1624, "He is happiest who has least to
+do at court"--a truth which Calvert probably had come to appreciate by
+that time.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2, page 224.]
+
+"The third man who was thought to gain by the Spaniard was Secretary
+Calvert; and as he was the only secretary employed in the Spanish
+match, so undoubtedly he did what good offices he could therein for
+religion's sake, being infinitely addicted to the Roman Catholic
+faith, having been converted thereunto by Count Gondomar and Count
+Arundel.... Now this man did protest to a friend of his own that he
+never got by the Spaniards so much as a pair of pockets; which it
+should seem is a usual gift among them, being excellently perfumed,
+and may be valued at twenty nobles or ten pounds price." Goodman's
+Court of King James, i, 376, 377.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3, page 225.]
+
+Whitbourne gives these names. Those who believe that Calvert was
+already actuated by religious zeal, remind us that Glastonbury (by a
+curious legendary confusion of names) was also called Avalon, and that
+in the Christian legend Joseph of Arimathea began at Glastonbury the
+planting of the Christian religion in Britain. See Anderson's Church
+of England in the Colonies, second edition, i, 325, 326. This
+interpretation of Calvert's intention in naming his colony was early
+given. British Museum, Sloane MSS. XXG. 3662, folio 24, date 1670.
+When Calvert's first colony was sent out the Scotch settlement in
+Newfoundland was of twelve years' standing, while the Bristol colony
+had been seated there five years. Calvert's enterprise seems to have
+been pushed with more energy and with a more liberal expenditure than
+its predecessors. Compare Whitbourne _passim_ with the statement of
+Sir William Alexander in his Encouragement to Colonies, 1624, p. 25.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4, page 225.]
+
+Among the papers at Landsdowne House which I was permitted to examine
+by the kindness of Lord Edmund Fitzmaurice, there is an unpublished
+work by James Abercromby, written in 1752. It discusses with acuteness
+the nature of the several colonial governments. I shall refer to it
+hereafter under the title of Abercromby's Examination, Landsdowne
+House, 47. Abercromby was, so far as I know, the first to point out
+the apparently intentional ambiguity of the passages in the Maryland
+charter that have to do with religion.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5, page 226.]
+
+It is interesting that in 1622, the year preceding the division of New
+England by lot, three shares were laid off and no more. They were at
+the extreme north of the territory divided the next year, and were
+assigned respectively to the Duke of Lenox, the Earl of Arundel, and
+Sir George Calvert. A "grand patent" was then in preparation for a
+colony on the coast of Maine to be called Nova Albion. Calendar
+Colonial Documents, July 24, 1622. It seems probable, from the charter
+of Avalon, that Calvert intended it to be a colony that should harbor
+Catholics, but on the other hand the first settlers were chiefly
+Protestants, with a clergyman of their own faith, and there seem to
+have been few Romanists or none in Avalon until the arrival of a
+company with the lord proprietary in 1627.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6, page 228.]
+
+Fuller's oft-quoted account of the circumstances of Calvert's
+resignation, Worthies, Nuttall's edition, iii, 417, 418, gives
+probably the commonly received story, and shows that the religious
+motive was popularly accepted as the reason for his leaving office.
+Archbishop Abbot was better informed though less impartial. His letter
+is in the curious work entitled "The Negotiations of Sir Thomas Roe in
+his Embassy to the Ottoman Porte from the Year 1621 to 1628," etc.,
+published in 1740. Abbot says: "Mr. secretary Calvert hath never
+looked merily since the prince his coming out of Spaine: it was
+thought hee was muche interested in the Spanishe affaires: a course
+was taken to ridde him of all imployments and negotiations. This made
+him discontented; and, as the saying is, _Desperatio facit monachum_,
+so hee apparently did turne papist, whiche hee now professeth, this
+being the third time that hee hath bene to blame that way. His Majesty
+to dismisse him, suffered him to resigne his Secretaries place to Sir
+Albertus Moreton, who payed him three thousand pounds for the same;
+and the kinge hath made him baron of Baltimore in Ireland; so hee is
+withdrawn from vs, and having bought a ship of 400 tuns, hee is going
+to New England, or Newfoundlande, where hee hath a colony." Page 372.
+The letters preserved among the state papers are the main authority,
+especially those addressed to Sir Dudley Carleton, who desired to buy
+Calvert's place. See, _passim_, the Calendar of Domestic Papers for
+1624 and 1625 to February 12th. The circumstantial account given in
+the Salvetti correspondence, though cited as authority by Mr.
+Gardiner, has never been printed, for which reason it is here given in
+the original from the British Museum Additional MSS. 27962 C.: "Il
+Signor Cavalier Calvert primo Segretario et Consigliero di Stato,
+credendosi, doppo la rottura de' trattati, che si haveva con Spagna,
+(che per comandamento di sua Maesta haveva lui solo maneggiati,)
+d'essere eclipsato nell' oppinione del Sig{r}. Principe et Signor
+Duca, et di non essere piu impiegato con quella confidenza, che
+solevano ricorse pochi giorni sono dal Signor Duca di Buchingam per
+fargli intendere la sua risolutione, la quale era, che vedendo di non
+potere godere della buona grazia dell' Eccellenza sua nella medesima
+forma che godeva avanti della sua andata in Spagna era risoluto di
+rittrarsi dalla Corte, et di mettere in sua mano, come di presente
+faceva, la sua carica, perche ne disponasse ovonque le piacesse con
+molte altre parole tutte piene di valore et magnanimita:
+soggiugnendoli di piu come dicono, che essendo risoluto per l'avvenire
+di vivere et morire Cattolicamente, conosceva di non poterlo fare nel
+servizio dove era senza gelosia dello stato et pericolo del
+Parlamento. Il Signor Duca ancorche non amasse questo Cavaliero, ne
+nessuno altro che ha hauto le mani nel parentado di Spagna, con tutto
+cio vedendo un atto cosi honorato, gli rispose: che non potera negare
+che non gli fusse stato da non so che tempo in qua nemico; ma che hora
+vedendo la franchezza et nobilta d'animo, col rispetto che gli haveva
+mostrato, l'abracciava per amico, per mostrargliene gli effeti, sempre
+che ne havesse occasione, con assicuratione de piu che operrebbe con
+sua Maesta gli fusse confermato le suoi pensioni, et di piu dato
+honorevole ricompensa per la sua carica di segretario. Et che quanto
+alla sua religione egli l'havrebbe protetto quanto fusse mai stato
+possibile," etc. Salvetti, Correspondence, iii, February 6, 1624-'25.
+
+The letter of the 28th February (O.S.) in the same volume gives an
+account of the formal resignation to the king, and states that the
+greater part of the money paid to Calvert was from his successor, and
+that it was paid _denari contanti_, "cash down," and adds
+sympathetically that "this good lord will be able to live easily and
+quietly" hereafter.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7, page 229.]
+
+Calvert attributes his deception to interested letters. The principal
+motives to settle in Newfoundland may be seen by the reader who has
+patience enough to thread his way through the jumble of mythology,
+allegory, political economy of a certain sort, verse in English and
+Latin, theology, satire, and an incredible number of what-nots besides
+"for the generall and perpetuall good of Great Britain," found in
+Vaughan's Golden Fleece, published in 1626. The nearness of
+Newfoundland to Ireland and the comparative cheapness of
+transportation thither, but especially the well-established value of
+its fisheries and the market they afforded for the produce of the
+colony, were the most plausible reasons for settling a colony there.
+Probably there was a lurking purpose to turn the shore fishery into a
+monopoly such as was contemplated by projectors for the New England
+coast. The fact was insisted upon that part of Newfoundland was "equal
+in climate," or at least in latitude, to "Little Britain in France,"
+or Brittany. Then, too, Newfoundland is an island, and Vaughan at
+least persuaded himself that "Ilanders should dwel in Ilands." As some
+of the apostles were fishermen, "Newfoundland the grand port of
+Fishing was alloted to Professors of the Gospell." Golden Fleece, Part
+Third, pp. 5 and 6 and _passim_.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8, page 230.]
+
+Lord Baltimore may have had the governorship of Virginia in view.
+Cecilius, his son, sought to have himself made governor in 1637.
+Colonial Papers, ix, 45, Record Office. See an earlier communication
+on the same subject in Sainsbury, 246, under the date of February 25,
+1637. It is almost the only petition of the second Lord Baltimore that
+was not granted. See also section xvii of the present chapter, and
+note 21 below.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9, page 231.]
+
+I have ventured to conjecture so much on evidence not complete. Father
+White, who was cordially entertained by the Governor of St. Kitts in
+1634, speaks of the people of Montserrat as "pulsos ab anglis Virginiae
+ob fidei Catholicae professionem." White's choice of words does not
+necessarily imply, I suppose, an actual banishment from Virginia, but
+at least a refusal of permission to come. Neither Edwards nor Oldmixon
+mention this fact; but as White visited St. Kitts only two years after
+the settlement at Montserrat, which was made immediately from St.
+Kitts (according to Edwards) and was subject to the same governor, his
+information was doubtless correct. There seems to have been another
+project to plant Catholics in Virginia about this time, unless, as is
+rather probable, we meet the same plan in another form. Sir Pierce
+Crosby offered to plant ten companies "of the Irish Regiment into a
+fruitful part of America not yet inhabited." To make the proposal
+acceptable, it was stated, somewhat diplomatically perhaps, that the
+major part of the officers and many of the soldiers were Protestants.
+Sainsbury's Calendar, p. 95, where the conjectural date is 1628.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 10, page 235.]
+
+The translation quoted is that published by Cecilius Calvert in the
+Relation of 1635. The original reads: "Unacum licencia et facultate
+Ecclesias Capellas et Oratoria in locis infra premissa congruis et
+idoneis Extruendi et fundandi eaque dedicari et sacrari juxta leges
+Ecclesiasticas regni nostri Anglie facendas." Maryland Archives.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 11, page 235.]
+
+Sir Edward Northey, Attorney-General of England in the following
+century, gave this decision: "As to the said clause in the grant of
+the province of Maryland, I am of opinion the same doth not give him
+power to do anything contrary to the ecclesiastical laws of England."
+This is as ingeniously ambiguous as the clause itself. The
+attorneys-general and solicitors-general during the eighteenth century
+set themselves to the task of subordinating colonial government to
+parliamentary authority by a series of opinions in which they make
+rather than explain law. In the present instance Northey was more
+modest than usual, for he reaches a purely negative and impotent
+conclusion, which Neill turns into a positive one in his text.
+Founders of Maryland, 99. There is a collection of opinions on
+colonial subjects rendered by the attorneys and solicitors-general in
+the first half of the eighteenth century, in a volume at Landsdowne
+House which I have examined. This collection was made, or at least
+furnished, for the use of Lord Shelburne. Before Northey's opinion was
+given the English Parliament had assumed power to override some
+provisions of the Maryland charter, as is pointed out in Abercromby's
+Examination, MS. at Landsdowne House, 47. How slowly the Church of
+England grew in the colony may be inferred from the statement made in
+1677, that four clergymen have plantations and settled "beings" of
+their own--a phrase sufficiently obscure. Others were sustained by
+voluntary contributions. Colonial Papers, No. 49, Record Office,
+folios 54, 55. This is Baltimore's reply to the paper at folio 56, the
+order of which is evidently reversed. The population of the province,
+it is stated, was composed at that time chiefly of dissenters of
+various sects, Catholics and Anglicans being the smallest bodies.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 12, page 236.]
+
+As early as 1752 it was remarked that the Maryland charter contained
+"the most extensive power of any charter in British America."
+Abercromby's Examination, MS., Landsdowne House. In Collier's
+Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain, vol. ix, is the writ of
+Edward III, A. D. 1327, by which the regalities of the bishopric of
+Durham are confirmed after a trial in parliament.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 13, page 240.]
+
+Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, wrote to Strafford, 10 January, 1633-'34,
+that he had sent "a hopeful colony into Maryland with a fair and
+probable Expectation of Success, however without Danger of any great
+prejudice unto myself, in Respect that many others are joined with me
+in the Adventure"--that is, in the financial risk. Strafford Papers,
+i, 179. Twenty years later Cromwell writes to Bennet, Governor of
+Virginia, "We have therefore at the request of Lord Baltimore and of
+divers other persons of quality here who are engaged in great
+adventures in his interest," etc. Thurloe, i, 724. A tradition of this
+co-operation may have remained in Maryland a century later, for in
+1755 or 1756 there was presented to the Lord Baltimore of that day,
+who was a Protestant, a petition from Roman Catholic residents of
+Maryland in which this assertion occurs: "The money and persons of
+this persuasion contributed chiefly to the settling and peopling of
+this colony." British Museum MS. 15,489.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 14, page 242.]
+
+The statement of Father Henry More, in 1642, that "in leading the
+colony to Maryland by far the greater number were heretics," is not
+conclusive, though it is relied on by General Bradley T. Johnson and
+others. More was Provincial of the Jesuits in England, and he is no
+doubt repeating loosely the information contained in Father White's
+letter of the year before, which says, "Whereas three parts of the
+people in four at least are heretics"--a statement true, no doubt, in
+1641, when the Kent Islanders and newcomers were counted, but not
+true, probably, of the company of 1634, as Bancroft seems to say.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 15, page 242.]
+
+The original document is in the Stoneyhurst MSS., Anglia, vol. iv. It
+is reprinted in full in General Bradley T. Johnson's "The Foundation
+of Maryland." It tends to show that the emigration of many recusants
+was confidently expected.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 16, page 243.]
+
+"Nubes, terrificum in morem excresentes, terrori erant intuentibus
+antequam discinderentur: et opinionem faciebant prodiisse adversum nos
+in aciem, omnes spiritus tempestatum maleficas, et malos genios omnes
+Marylandiae." Relatio Itineris, 15.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 17, page 247.]
+
+See _passim_, Letters of Missionaries. A letter of Copley, the Jesuit,
+to Lord Baltimore, in Calvert Papers, p. 165, implies the possibility
+of Catholic incumbents of Maryland parishes. He is complaining of the
+law of the Assembly of 1638 relating to glebe land: "In euery Mannor
+100 acres must be laid out for Gleabe lande, if then the intention to
+bind them to be pastors who enjoy it, we must either by retaining so
+much euen of our owne land undertake the office of pastors or lesse
+euen in our owne Mannor maintaine pastors, both which to us would be
+uery Inconuenient."
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 18, page 248.]
+
+Letters of Missionaries, p. 77. "The Catholics who live in the colony
+are not inferior in piety to those who live in other countries; but in
+urbanity of manners, according to the judgment of those who have
+visited the other colonies, are considered far superior to them." More
+than a hundred years later the Catholics retained a superiority,
+according to Updike's Appendix to McSparran, 1752: "The Catholics,
+having the start in point of time of the after settlers, are also to
+this day ahead of them in wealth and substance; by which means the
+first and best families are for the most part still of the Roman
+communion," p. 492.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 19, page 248.]
+
+The act passed in 1704 was renewed in 1715 and still in force in
+1749. I cite from Ogle's Account of Maryland, of the latter date, a
+manuscript at Landsdowne House, numbered 45, folio 199. In No. 61 at
+Landsdowne House is a decision of the Attorney-General in England in
+1605 that Jesuits may be expelled from Maryland by order of the
+queen if aliens, but not if they are subjects. The various
+eighteenth-century enactments against Catholics will be found in
+Bacon's Laws of Maryland, _passim_. MS. 15,489, British Museum,
+cites some of these severe laws and the proceedings taken under
+them. Strong petitions against these measures were signed by Charles
+Carroll and others.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 20, page 249.]
+
+Gabriel Hawley, Robert Evelin, and Jerome Hawley, appointed to places
+in Virginia, appear to have been Catholics and partisans of Baltimore.
+Aspinwall Papers, i, page 101, note.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 21, page 250.]
+
+Baltimore's letter bears date February 25, 1637, and is in the Record
+Office, Colonial Papers, xiv, No. 42. The memorial apparently sent
+with it is No. 49 in the same volume. Baltimore proposes to reward
+Windebank for his assistance, and he sets down the very manner in
+which the secretary is to approach the king with a diplomatic
+falsehood. Both the letter and memorial are printed in Maryland
+Archives, Council Proceedings, pp. 41, 42.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 22, page 251.]
+
+The act was one of those that for some reason of expediency was never
+read a third time, but was condensed into what would now be called an
+omnibus bill. The act is given in Bacon's Laws, and is compared by
+Bozman with Magna Charta. Bozman regards this law of 1639 as an
+attempt to establish the Roman Catholic religion.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 23, page 252.]
+
+A copy of the ordinance as printed separately at the time is in the
+Lenox Library. It is reprinted in Churchill's Voyages, viii, 776.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 24, page 254.]
+
+It is extremely curious that, in the letters of one of the Jesuits
+reporting the attack upon them in 1645, he should have used an
+expressive word hitherto supposed to be very modern and American. He
+says that the assault was made "by a party of 'rowdies' or marauders."
+From the way in which the sentence is printed in the Records of the
+Society of Jesus, iii, 387, I suppose that in the original manuscript
+the English word "rowdies" is given and explained by a Latin
+equivalent.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 25, page 256.]
+
+Charles, the third Lord Baltimore, writes in defense of the Maryland
+policy of toleration under date of March 26, 1678: "That at the first
+planteing of this Provynce of my ffather--Albeit he had an absolute
+Liberty given to him and his heires to carry thither any Persons out
+of any the Dominions that belonged to the Crown of England that should
+be found Wylling to goe thither, yett when he comes to make use of
+this Liberty He found very few who were inclyned to goe and seat
+themselves in those parts But such as for some Reasons or other could
+not Lyve with ease in other places, And of these a great parte were
+such as could not conforme in all particulars to the severall Lawes of
+England relateing to Religion. Many there were of this sort of people
+who declared their Wyllingness to goe and Plant themselves In this
+Provynce soe as they might have a generall toleracon settled there by
+a Lawe by which all of all sorts that professed Christianity in
+Generall might be at liberty to worship God in such manner as was most
+agreeable with their respective Judgments and Consciences without
+being Subject to any Penaltyes whatever for their soe doing." Colonial
+Papers, vol. xlix, Record Office. Compare Leah and Rachel, p. 23,
+where the author also implies that the Act of Toleration was a
+concession to Puritan demands.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THE SECOND.
+
+_THE PROPHET OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM._
+
+
+I.
+
+[Sidenote: Centrifugal forces in Massachusetts.]
+
+The centrifugal force of religious differences acted with disastrous
+results in Maryland, because the Catholic party, which had always a
+controlling negative there through the proprietary, was in the
+minority. The Massachusetts people, on the other hand, were fairly
+homogeneous in religious opinion, and their government was admirably
+compacted. In Massachusetts religious sentiment was a powerful
+centripetal force. Magistrates and ministers were nicely poised, and
+each order relied upon the other to maintain existing conditions. If
+the magistrates were perplexed or were seriously opposed, the elders
+were called in to advise or to lend a powerful ecclesiastical sanction
+to the rulers. When any disturbance of church order was threatened,
+the magistrates came to the front and supported the clergy with the
+sharp smiting of the secular arm. In the magistracy and in the ranks
+of the clergy were men of unusual prudence and ability. If the little
+Puritan commonwealth seemed a frail canoe at first, it was
+navigated--considering its smallness one might rather say it was
+paddled--most expertly. But in Massachusetts, as well as in Maryland,
+religious opinion was the main source of disturbance. The
+all-pervading ferment of the time could not be arrested, and more than
+once it produced explosion. Now one and now another prophet of novelty
+or prophet of retrogression arose to be dealt with for religious
+errors; there were divergences from the strait path of Puritanism in
+the direction of a return to Church of England usage, divergences in
+the direction of extreme Separatism, in the direction of the
+ever-dreaded "Anabaptism," in the direction of Arianism, and of
+so-called Antinomianism. In the case of the Antinomians, the new
+movement was able to shelter itself under the authority of the younger
+Vane, then governor, and for a while under the apparent sanction of
+the powerful Cotton. But no other religious disturbance was ever
+allowed to gather head enough to become dangerous to the peace and
+unity of the little state. Dislike as we may the principles on which
+uniformity was enforced, we must admire the forehanded statesmanship
+of the Massachusetts leaders in strangling religious disturbances at
+birth, as Pharaoh's midwives did infant Hebrews.
+
+
+II.
+
+[Sidenote: Early life of Roger Williams.]
+
+[Sidenote: N. Eng. Hist., Gen. Reg., July, 1889.]
+
+[Sidenote: Indorsement of Mrs. Sadleir on Williams's letter,
+transcript, Lenox Library; also in Narragansett Club, Pub. VI.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2.]
+
+One of the most formidable of all those who ventured to assail the
+compact phalanx presented by the secular and religious authorities of
+Massachusetts was Roger Williams. Williams was the son of a merchant
+tailor of London. He manifested in boyhood that quickness of
+apprehension which made him successful in acquiring languages later in
+life. Before he was fifteen the precocious lad was employed in the
+Star Chamber in taking notes of sermons and addresses in shorthand,
+and his skill excited the surprise and admiration of Sir Edward Coke.
+Coke had found time, in the midst of a tempestuous public career and
+the arduous private studies that brought him permanent renown, to
+defend the legacy which founded the new Sutton's Hospital, later known
+as the Charter-House School. Of this school he was one of the
+governors, and he appointed young Roger Williams to a scholarship
+there, Williams being the second pupil that ever gained admission to
+that nursery of famous men. His natural inclination to industry in his
+studies was quickened by the example and encouragement of Coke, who
+was wont to say that he who would harrow what Roger Williams had sown
+must rise early. From the Charter House Williams went to Pembroke
+College, Cambridge. He early manifested sincere piety and a tendency
+to go to extremes in his Puritan scruples. Even in his father's house
+he had begun to taste the bitterness of persecution. His eager temper
+transformed his convictions into downright passions; his integrity was
+an aggressive force, and there was a precipitation in his decisions
+and actions that was trying to his friends. From an early period he
+showed a conscience intolerant of prudent compromises. Puritanism had
+contrived to exist and to grow to formidable strength within the
+church by means of such compromises. Hooker and Cotton, two of the
+greatest luminaries of that party and afterward the lights that
+lightened New England, one day urged on the impetuous Williams the
+propriety of temporarily conforming in the use of the common prayer.
+By conceding so much to the judgment of his revered elders, Williams
+would have removed the only obstacle to his advancement, for
+preferment was offered to the clever and exemplary _protege_ of Coke
+in the universities, in the city, in the country, and at court. But
+neither interest nor example could sway the impractical young
+minister. He took refuge, like other extreme Puritans, in a private
+chaplaincy, and refused all compromise, in order, as he afterward
+declared, to keep his "soul undefiled in this point and not to act
+with a doubting conscience." Most men feel bound to obey conscience
+only where it clearly commands or forbids; good men may act on the
+balance of probabilities where there is doubt; but this young man
+would not do anything concerning which his moral judgment felt the
+slightest halting. Here is the key to his whole career; his strength
+lay in his aspiration for a soul undefiled; his weakness, in that he
+was ever a victim to the pampered conscience of an ultraist. Property
+of some thousands of pounds, that might have been his had he been
+willing to make oath in the form required in chancery, he renounced to
+his scruples. It certainly seemed rash in a young man just setting
+out in life, with a young wife to care for, to indulge in such
+extravagant luxury of scruple.
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: Flight of Williams from England.]
+
+[Sidenote: Williams's letter to Mrs. Sadleir, as above.]
+
+Laud succeeded in hunting the non-conforming Puritans from their
+lectureships and chaplaincies. It became with Williams no longer a
+question of refusing preferments on both hands with lavish
+self-denial, but of escaping the harsh penalties reserved for such as
+he by the Courts of High Commission and the Star Chamber. There was
+nothing left but to betake himself to New England for safety. He fled
+hurriedly across country on horseback, feeling it "as bitter as death"
+that he dared not even say farewell to his great patron Sir Edward
+Coke, who detested schism.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival in New England.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3.]
+
+Here, as in after life, the supreme hardship he suffered was not mere
+exile, but that exile of the spirit which an affectionate man feels
+when he is excommunicate of those he loves. His escape by sea was
+probably the more difficult because he was unwilling to "swallow down"
+the oath exacted of those who emigrated. But he succeeded in sailing
+with his young wife, and in 1631 this undefiled soul, this dauntless
+and troublesome extremist, landed in New England. He was invited to
+become one of the ministers of the Boston church. But Williams was
+conscientiously a Separatist, and he refused to enter into communion
+with the Boston congregation because of its position with reference to
+the church in England.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4.]
+
+This protest by withdrawal of communion was a fundamental principle of
+Separatism. It was not, as it appears on the surface, a manifestation
+of uncharitableness toward persons, but a solemn protest by act in
+favor of a principle. Never was any man more forgiving,
+long-suffering, and charitable toward opponents than Williams, but
+never was a man less inclined to yield a single jot in the direction
+of compromise where his convictions were involved, whatever might be
+the evils sure to result from his refusal.
+
+
+IV.
+
+[Sidenote: Williams at Salem.]
+
+[Sidenote: Winthrop's Journal, i, 63, 12th April, 1631.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5.]
+
+Williams repaired first to Salem, the north pole of Puritanism, where
+the pioneer church of Massachusetts had a more Separatist tone than
+any other. In the phrase of the time, no other churches in the world
+were so "pure" as the New England churches, and Salem was accounted
+the "purest" church in New England. Its surviving minister, Skelton,
+and its principal layman, Endecott, both tended to extreme
+Congregationalism; but the General Court of the colony protested
+against the selection of Williams to be one of the ministers of the
+Salem church. Skelton's Separatist tendencies, Endecott's impetuous
+radicalism, and Salem's jealous rivalry with the younger town of
+Boston, were already sources of anxiety to the rulers. The addition of
+Williams to these explosive forces was alarming. Williams's
+ecclesiastical ideals were not those which the leaders of the colony
+had devoted their lives and fortunes to establish. Had this young
+radical been less conscientious, less courageous, less engagingly good
+and admirable, there would not have been so much reason to fear him. A
+letter was written to Endecott protesting against Williams's
+ordination, because he had refused communion with the church at
+Boston, and because he denied the power of the magistrate to enforce
+duties of the first table--that is, duties of religion. Here at the
+very outset of his American life we find that Williams had already
+embraced the broad principle that involved the separation of church
+and state and the most complete religious freedom, and had
+characteristically pushed this principle to its logical result some
+centuries in advance of the practice of his age. The protest of the
+court prevented his ordination. He yielded to the opposition and soon
+after removed to Plymouth, where the people were Separatists, modified
+by the conservative teachings of John Robinson, somewhat modified also
+by the responsibility of founding a new state, and perhaps by
+association with Puritans of the neighboring colony.
+
+[Sidenote: Williams at Plymouth.]
+
+[Sidenote: Maverick's Description of New England, 25.]
+
+[Sidenote: Williams to Winthrop, 1632.]
+
+At Plymouth the young idealist "prophesied" in his turn, but did not
+take office in the church, which already had a pastor in Ralph Smith,
+the Separatist, who had been suffered to come over in a Massachusetts
+ship only on his giving a promise not to preach in that jurisdiction
+without leave. The congregation at Plymouth was poor, and Roger
+Williams mainly supported himself by hard toil "at the hoe and the
+oar"--that is, perhaps, in farming and fishing. His body seems to have
+been vigorous, and no physical fatigue abated anything of his mental
+activity. The Pilgrims had passed more than twelve years in Holland,
+and almost every adult in Plymouth must have known Dutch. Those of
+Roger Williams's own age, who were children when they migrated to
+Leyden and men when they left, probably spoke it as well as they did
+their mother tongue. The Plymouth people, indeed, were styled
+"mungrell Dutch" a quarter of a century later. It is probable that
+Williams, with his usual eagerness to acquire knowledge, now added
+Dutch to his stock of languages; it is certain that he afterward
+taught Dutch to John Milton. But he was still more intent on learning
+the language of the natives, that he might do them good. He resolved
+not to accept office as pastor or teacher, but to give himself to work
+among the Indians. Perhaps his tendency to individualism made this
+prospect pleasing to him. He may have begun already to realize in a
+half-conscious way that there was scant room in any organization for
+such as he. The learning of the Indian language was an arduous toil in
+more ways than one. "God was pleased to give me a painful patient
+spirit," wrote Williams long after, "to lodge with them in their
+filthy, smoky holes to gain their tongue." He afterward wrote an
+excellent treatise on the dialect of the New England Indians.
+
+[Illustration: Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth.]
+
+[Sidenote: Writes against the royal patents.]
+
+[Sidenote: Bradford, 310.]
+
+[Sidenote: Knowles's Life of Williams, 53.]
+
+[Sidenote: Williams returns to Salem.]
+
+At Plymouth Williams spoke, as he had at Salem, without restraint from
+any motive of expediency or even of propriety. Separatist Plymouth,
+whose days of advance were over, was a little disturbed by his speech.
+In his own sweet, reckless way he sometimes sharply rebuked even the
+revered Bradford when he thought him at fault. And in the interest of
+the aborigines and of justice Williams laid before Governor Bradford a
+manuscript treatise which argued that the king had no right to give
+away, as he had assumed to do in his grants and charters, the lands of
+the Indians merely because he was a Christian and they heathen. That
+it was right to wrong a man because he was not orthodox in belief
+could find no place in the thoughts of one whose conscience was wholly
+incapable of sophistication. Bradford accepted candidly the rebukes of
+Williams and loved him for his "many precious parts." But as governor
+of a feeble colony he was disturbed by Williams's course. In
+spirituality, unselfish fearlessness, and a bold pushing of Separatist
+principles to their ultimate logical results, Roger Williams reminded
+the Pilgrims of the amiable pastor of the Separatist church in
+Amsterdam whose change step by step to "Anabaptism," the great bugbear
+of theology in that time, had been a tragedy and a scandal to the
+Separatists of Leyden. Elder Brewster feared that Williams would run
+the same course. Williams wished to return to Salem, where he might
+still devote himself to the neighboring Indians, and assist
+Skelton, now declining in health. Brewster persuaded the Plymouth
+church to give him a letter of dismissal. The leading Pilgrims felt
+bound to send "some caution" to the Salem church regarding the extreme
+tendencies of Williams. On the other hand, some of the Plymouth people
+were so captivated by his teachings and his personal character that
+they removed with him. This following of an approved minister was
+common among Puritans; an acceptable preacher was of as much value to
+a town as good meadows, broad pastures, and pure water.
+
+
+V.
+
+[Sidenote: The town system.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6.]
+
+To understand the brief career of Williams at Salem and its
+catastrophe, we must recall the character of colonial life in
+Massachusetts at the time. There were already sixteen settlements or
+"towns" on the shores of Massachusetts Bay, with an indefinite stretch
+of gloomy wilderness for background, the dwelling place of countless
+savages and wild beasts. The population of all the settlements may
+have summed up five thousand people--enough to have made one
+prosperous village. The inhabitants of the various towns of the bay
+were from different parts of England; their dress and dialect were
+diverse, and their Puritanism was of various complexions. The town
+system, at first a reproduction on new soil of the township field
+communes that had subsisted in parts of England from ages beyond the
+fountain heads of tradition, gave some play to local peculiarities
+and prejudices. There is evidence that the central government relieved
+itself from strain by means of this rural borough system. The ancient
+town system in turn appears to have taken on a new youth; it was
+perhaps modified and developed by the local diversity of the people,
+and it lent to Massachusetts, at first, something of the elasticity of
+a federal government.
+
+[Sidenote: Life in the Massachusetts settlements.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1630 to 1640.]
+
+This community of scattered communes was cut off from frequent
+intercourse with the world, for the sea was far wider and more to be
+feared in that day of small ships and imperfect navigation than it is
+now. The noise of the English controversies in which the settlers had
+once borne a part reached them at long intervals, like news from
+another planet. But most of the time these lonesome settlements had no
+interest greater than the petty news and gossip of little forest
+hamlets. The visitor who came afoot along Indian trails, or by water,
+paddling in a canoe, to Boston on lecture day, might bring some news
+of sickness, accident, or death. Sometimes the traveling story was
+exciting, as that wolves had slaughtered the cattle at a certain
+place, while yet cattle were few and precious. Or still more
+distressing intelligence came that the ruling elder of the church at
+Watertown had taken the High-church position that Roman churches were
+Christian churches, or that democratic views had been advanced by
+Eliot of Roxbury. A new and far-fetched prophetical explanation of a
+passage in the Book of Canticles, and a tale of boatmen wrecked in
+some wintry tempest, might divide the attention of the people. Stories
+of boats capsized, of boatmen cast on islands where there was neither
+shelter nor food, of boats driven far to sea and heard of no more,
+were staples of excitement in these half-aquatic towns; and if the
+inmates of a doomed boat had been particularly profane, these events
+were accounted edifying--divine judgments on the ungodly. When the
+governor wandered once and lost himself in the forest, passing the
+night in a deserted wigwam, there was a sensation of a half-public
+character. That a snake and a mouse had engaged in a battle, and that
+the puny mouse had triumphed at last, was in one budget of traveling
+news that came to Boston. To this event an ominous significance was
+given by John Wilson, pastor of the Boston church, maker of anagrams,
+solemn utterer of rhyming prophecies which were sometimes fulfilled,
+and general theological putterer. Wilson made the snake represent the
+devil, according to all sound precedents; the mouse was the feeble
+church in the wilderness, to which God would give the victory over
+Satan. Thus enhanced by an instructive interpretation from the prophet
+and seer of the colony, the story no doubt took up its travels once
+more, and now with its hopeful exegesis on its back. The Massachusetts
+mouse was an auspicious creature; it is recorded by the governor, and
+it was no doubt told along the coast, that one got into a library and
+committed depredations on a book of common prayer only, nibbling every
+leaf of the liturgy, while it reverently spared a Greek Testament and
+a Psalter in the same covers.
+
+In a petty state with a range of intellectual interests so narrow, the
+conflict between Williams and the General Court took place.
+
+
+VI.
+
+[Sidenote: Self-consciousness of the Massachusetts community.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7.]
+
+It was a community that believed in its own divine mission. It traced
+the existence of its settlements to the very hand of God--the God who
+led Israel out of Egypt. The New England colonists never forgot that
+they were a chosen people. Upon other American settlers--the Dutch in
+New Netherland, the Virginia churchmen, the newly landed Marylanders,
+with their admixture of papists--they looked with condescension if not
+with contempt, accounting them the Egyptians of the New World. The
+settlers on the Bay of Massachusetts were certain that their
+providential exodus was one of the capital events in human history;
+that it had been predesigned from eternity to plant here, in a virgin
+world, the only true form of church government and to cherish a church
+that should be a model to the Old World in turn, and a kind of
+foreshadowing of the new heaven and the new earth. Some dreamed that
+the second coming of Christ would take place among the rocky woodlands
+of New England. The theocratical government was thought to be the one
+most pleasing to God, and a solemn obligation was felt to import into
+this new theocracy the harsh Oriental intolerance which had marked
+that fierce struggle in which the Jewish tribes finally shook off
+image worship.
+
+[Sidenote: John Cotton, 1633.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8.]
+
+The apostle of theocracy who arrived soon after Williams's return to
+Salem was John Cotton, a Puritan leader in England, in whom
+devoutness was combined with extreme discretion, a dominant will
+with a diplomatic prudence and a temper never ruffled. Cotton's
+ingenious refinements made him a valuable apologist in an age of
+polemics, but they often served to becloud his vision of truth and
+right. He was prone to see himself as he posed, in the character of
+a protagonist of truth. He gave wise advice to the Massachusetts
+Puritans at their departure from England. When, a few years later,
+Laud's penetrating vigilance and relentless thoroughness made even
+Cotton's well-balanced course of mild non-conformity impossible, he
+fled from his parish of Boston, in Lincolnshire, to London, and
+escaped in 1633 with difficulty to the new Boston in New England. As
+John Cotton had been the shining candle of Puritanism in England,
+his arrival in America was hailed with joy, and from the time of his
+settlement in the little capital his was the hand that shaped
+ecclesiastical institutions in New England, and he did much also to
+mold the yet plastic state. Though he usually avoided the appearance
+of personal antagonism, every formidable rival he had left
+Massachusetts early. Williams, Hooker, Davenport, and Hugh Peter all
+found homes beyond the bounds of the colony. There can not be two
+queen bees in one hive, nor can there well be more than one master
+mind in the ecclesiastical order of a petty theocratic state. It was
+the paradox of colonial religious organization that the Episcopal
+colonies had parishes almost independent of all supervision, while
+the New England Congregationalists were, from the arrival of Cotton,
+subject to the dominance of ministers who virtually attained to the
+authority of bishops.
+
+
+VII.
+
+[Sidenote: Salem refractory.]
+
+Salem, the oldest town of the commonwealth, was the most ready to
+pursue an independent course and it was attached to Williams, whose
+ability attracted new settlers and who maintained a position of
+independence toward Cotton and the authorities at Boston. To subdue
+the refractory Salem was no doubt one of the secondary purposes of the
+proceedings against Williams. There seems to have been no personal
+animosity toward Williams himself; his amiable character and his
+never-doubted sincerity were main obstacles to his punishment.
+
+[Sidenote: Collision inevitable.]
+
+The return of Roger Williams to such a place as Salem was naturally a
+matter of alarm to the ministers and magistrates of Massachusetts.
+Collision was not a matter of choice on either side. The catastrophe
+was like one that comes from the irresistible action of physical
+forces. In a colony planted at great cost to maintain one chosen form
+of worship and subordinating all the powers of government to this
+purpose, a preacher who asserted the necessity for a complete
+separation of religion and government in the interest of soul liberty
+had no place. His ideal was higher than the prevailing one, but that
+age could not possibly rise to it.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+[Sidenote: The book against the patent.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9.]
+
+[Sidenote: Reply to Cotton, 276, 277.]
+
+Williams was yet only a private member of the church in Salem, but in
+the illness of the pastor he "exercised by way of prophecy"--that is,
+preached without holding office. An alarming report was soon in
+circulation that he had written a book against the king's patent, the
+foundation of the colonial authority. This treatise, we have said, was
+written in Plymouth for the benefit of Governor Bradford. Like many of
+the manuscript books that have come down to us, it appears to have
+been a small quarto, and, if it resembled other books of the sort, it
+was neatly stitched and perhaps even bound by its author in the
+favorite pigskin of the time. Williams sent his book promptly to be
+examined. Some of the "most judicious ministers much condemned Mr.
+Williams's error and presumption," and an order was made that he
+"should be convented at the next court." In the charges no fault was
+found with the main thesis of the book, that the king could not claim
+and give away the lands of the Indians; but it was thought that there
+were disloyal reflections cast upon both James and Charles--at least
+those eager to condemn construed the obscure and "implicative phrases"
+of Williams in that sense--and these supposed reflections were the
+subject of the charges. Williams wrote a submissive letter, and
+offered his book, or any part of it, to be burned after the manner of
+that time. A month later, when the governor and council met, the whole
+aspect of the affair had changed. Cotton and Wilson, the teacher and
+the pastor of the Boston church, certified, after examination of
+Williams's quarto, that "they found the matters not so evil as at
+first they seemed." It was decided to let Williams off easily. There
+are some things unexplained about the affair; the eagerness of the
+"judicious ministers" and court to condemn without due examination,
+the failure even to specify the objectionable passages at last, and
+the unwonted docility of Williams--all leave one to infer that there
+was more in this transaction than appears. Laud and his associates
+were moving to have the Massachusetts charter vacated, and it may have
+seemed imprudent for the magistrates to found their authority on a
+base so liable to disappear. If the charter had been successfully
+called in, Williams's ground of the sufficiency of the Indian title to
+lands might have proved useful as a last resort. Williams asserted,
+long afterward, that before his troubles began he had drafted a letter
+addressed to the king, "not without the approbation of some of the
+chiefs of New England," whose consciences were also "tender on this
+point before God." This letter humbly acknowledged "the evil of that
+part of the patent which relates" to the gift of lands. Had the letter
+been sent to its destination it would have cut a curious figure among
+the worldly-minded state papers of the time.
+
+[Sidenote: An abstract principle.]
+
+It is probable that most of the land of the colony had been secured
+from the natives by purchase or by treaty of some sort; at least the
+Indians were content, and the little quarto had at that time no
+practical bearing whatever, but that did not matter to Williams. The
+more abstract a question of right and wrong, the more he relished a
+discussion of it. It was of a piece with his exquisite Separatism, a
+mere standing up in the face of heaven and earth for an abstract
+principle. His purpose was not to right a specific and concrete wrong,
+for there had been none, but to assert as a broad principle of
+everlasting application that a Christian king may not dispose of the
+land owned by heathens merely because of his Christianity. Williams
+was not a judge or a lawgiver; he was a poet in morals, enamored of
+perfection, and keeping his conscience purer than Galahad's.
+
+
+IX.
+
+[Sidenote: The alarm.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1634.]
+
+It was in the winter of 1633-'34 that the book about the patent was
+called in question. Skelton, pastor of Salem, died in the following
+August, and the Salem people, in spite of an injunction from the
+magistrates, made Williams their teacher in his stead. The country was
+now full of alarm at news from England that the charter was to be
+revoked, that a general governor of New England was to be appointed,
+and that a force was to be sent to support his authority. Laud was put
+at the head of a commission for the government of the colonies in
+April, 1634. There could be no doubt of the meaning of this measure.
+For more than a year the alarm in Massachusetts continued. The
+ministers were consulted regarding the lawfulness of resistance to
+force. A platform was constructed on the northeast side of Castle
+Island, and a fortified house was proposed to defend the platform. The
+trainbands were drilled, muskets, "bandeleroes" or cartridge belts,
+and rests were distributed to the several towns, and pikemen were
+required to learn to use the cumbrous musket of the time. Puritans in
+England, angry that Laud, the new archbishop and old persecutor,
+should stretch a long arm to America, sent powder and cannon to their
+co-religionists, the object of whose military vigilance could easily
+be covered by dangers from the savages, from the French, or from the
+Spaniards.
+
+[Sidenote: Debates not appeased.]
+
+But these assiduous preparations, under the supervision of a military
+commission which had "power of life and limb," did not abate in the
+least the discussion of questions of doctrine and casuistry.
+Refinements of theology were quite as real and substantial to the
+Puritan mind as trainbands and fortifications. Sound doctrine and a
+scrupulous observance of the "ordinances" conciliated God; they were
+indeed more important elements of public safety than drakes and
+demi-culverins.
+
+[Sidenote: Reform in dress.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mass. Records, 3d September, 1634.]
+
+[Sidenote: Compare Ward's Simple Cobbler, _passim_.]
+
+The General Court of September, 1634, undertook to provide for the
+public safety in both respects. Along with regulations and provisions
+of a military nature, it set out to remove those flagrant sins that
+had provoked the divine wrath. The wearing of silver, gold, and rich
+laces, girdles, and hatbands was forbidden; slashed clothes were also
+abolished, "other than one slash in each sleeve and another in the
+back"; ruffs and beaver hats, which last were apparently a mark of
+dudishness, were not to be allowed. Long hair and other fashions
+"prejudicial to the general good" were done away with in this hour of
+penitence. Men and women might wear out the clothes they had, except
+their "immoderate great sleeves, slashed apparel, immoderate great
+rayles, long wings," which were to go at once without reprieve or
+ceremony. The use of tobacco, socially and in public, or before
+strangers was made an offense. If taken secretly or medicinally, the
+Court did not take cognizance of it.
+
+
+X.
+
+[Sidenote: The fast-day sermon.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1634.]
+
+Seeing that the millinery sins recounted in this act had cried to
+Heaven, and that, beside the danger from England, there was the desire
+of Hooker's party to remove to the Connecticut, and a dissension
+concerning the power of the Upper House that threatened trouble, the
+Court appointed the 18th of September a solemn fast-day, hoping by
+repentance, prayer, and the penance of hunger to avert the manifold
+disasters that threatened them. Roger Williams was sure to speak like
+a prophet on such an occasion. He did not stop at slashed garments,
+great sleeves, and headdresses with long wings; he preached on eleven
+"public sins" that had provoked divine wrath. We have no catalogue
+left us. The list may have included some of those amusing scruples
+that he held in common with other Puritans, or some of those equally
+trivial personal scruples that Williams cherished so fondly. But no
+sermon of his on public sins could fail to contain a declaration of
+his far-reaching and cherished principle of religious freedom,
+including perhaps a round denunciation of the petty inquisition into
+private opinion which had been set up in Massachusetts. The Sabbath
+law, the law obliging men to pay a tax to support religious worship,
+the requirement that all should attend religious worship under
+penalty, and the enforcement of a religious oath on irreligious and
+perhaps unwilling residents, the assumption of the magistrate to
+regulate the orthodoxy of a church under the advice of the ministers,
+were points of Massachusetts law and administration that he denounced
+at various times; and some of them, if not all, were no doubt put in
+pillory in this fast-day sermon in the early autumn of 1634. Judged
+by modern standards, the sermon may have had absurdities enough, but
+it was no doubt a long way in advance of the General Court's mewling
+about lace, and slashes, and long hair, and other customs "prejudicial
+to the general good." To this sermon, whatever it was, Williams
+afterward attributed the beginning of the troubles that led to his
+banishment.
+
+
+XI.
+
+[Sidenote: Williams dealt with ecclesiastically.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 10.]
+
+Winthrop, just but gentle, narrow-minded but ever large-hearted, had
+been superseded in the governorship by Dudley, open and zealous
+advocate of religious intolerance. Dudley, who was always
+hot-tempered, was for proceeding out of hand with the bold "teacher"
+of the church in Salem, but he felt bound to consult with the
+ministers first, since Williams was an "elder," and even among
+Puritans there was a sort of benefit of clergy. Cotton had developed a
+complete system of church-state organization hammered out of, or at
+least supported by, Bible texts linked by ingenious inferences, and
+from the time of Cotton's arrival there was a strong effort to secure
+uniformity. But Cotton was timid in action, and he was nothing if not
+orderly and ecclesiastical. Williams was an elder, entitled as such to
+be proceeded with "in a church way" first. As leader and spokesman of
+the clergy Cotton expressed his charitable conviction that Williams's
+"violent course did rather spring from scruple of conscience than
+from a seditious principle." The clergy proposed to try to convert him
+by argument, not so much, perhaps, from hope of success as from a
+conviction that this was the orderly and scriptural rule. Dudley,
+impatient to snuff out Williams at once, replied that they "were
+deceived in him if they thought he would condescend to learn of any of
+them." But the "elders" now proceeded in the roundabout way prescribed
+by Cotton's system ingeniously deduced from Scripture. The individual
+church must deal with its own member; the sister churches might
+remonstrate with a church. Cotton and Wilson, for example, could
+appeal to the Boston church to appeal to the Salem church to appeal to
+Williams, and in this order much of the correspondence went on.
+
+[Sidenote: The governor's verse.]
+
+It was, perhaps, when his desire to act promptly against the Salem
+heretic was thus foiled by Cotton's prudent and intricate orderliness
+in procedure that Dudley relieved his emotions by what is happily the
+only example of his verse that has survived:
+
+[Sidenote: Eliot's New England Biography, 156, 157.]
+
+  Let men of God in courts and churches watch
+  O'er such as do a toleration hatch,
+  Lest that ill egg bring forth a cockatrice
+  To poison all with heresy and vice.
+  If men be left and otherwise combine,
+  My epitaph's I die no libertine.
+
+
+XII.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 11.]
+
+The most substantial grievance of the rulers against Williams was his
+opposition to "the oath." In order to make sure of the loyalty of the
+residents in this time of danger a new oath of fidelity to be taken by
+residents had been promulgated. Practical men are wont to put aside
+minor scruples in time of danger. David eats the sacred shew-bread
+when he is famishing: but Williams would rather starve than mumble a
+crumb of it. He did not believe in enforced oaths; they obliged the
+wicked man to a religious act, and thus invaded the soul's freedom.
+Cotton says that Williams's scruples excited such an opposition to the
+oath that the magistrates were not able to enforce it. He thus
+unwittingly throws a strong light on the weakness of the age, and
+extenuates the conduct of Williams as well as that of the rulers. The
+age was in love with scrupulosity, and Williams on this side was the
+product of his time. In such an age a scruple-maker of ability and
+originality like Williams might be a source of danger.
+
+[Sidenote: Scruples small and great.]
+
+During the year following Williams was several times "convented"
+before the Court. He was charged with having broken his promise not to
+speak about the patent, with opposing the residents' oath, with
+maintaining certain scruples in opposition to the customs of the
+times, as that a man should not return thanks after a meal, or call on
+an unregenerate child to give thanks for his food. These were not
+more trivial certainly than half a hundred scruples then prevalent,
+but they chanced to be unfashionable--a damning fault in a scruple.
+The sense of proportion was feeble in religionists of that day, and
+neither Williams nor his opponents understood the comparative
+magnitude of his greater contentions, and the triviality of those
+petty scruples about which, like the whole Puritan world, he was very
+busy. Religious freedom and the obligation of grace after meat could
+then be put into the same category. As years went by, although the
+mind of Williams was never disentangled from scrupulosity, he came to
+see clearly what was the real battle of his life. No better fortune
+can befall a great spirit than such a clarification of vision. The
+extended works of Williams's later life are written mainly to
+overthrow the "bloody tenent of persecution." It was this championship
+of soul liberty as the weightiest matter of the law that lifted him
+above all others who paid tithes of their little garden herbs.
+
+[Sidenote: Williams inflexible.]
+
+[Sidenote: Savage's Winthrop's Journal, i, 81.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mass. Rec., i, 135, 136.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mass. Rec., i, 156, 157. Winthrop's Journal, i, 194.]
+
+Williams was certainly incorrigible. Richard Brown, the ruling elder
+of the church at Watertown, seems to have submitted to the
+remonstrance of the magistrates against his too charitable judgment of
+the Roman churches. Eliot, of Roxbury, afterward the Indian apostle,
+advanced peculiar opinions also, but he was overborne and convinced.
+Stoughton, who had denied that the "assistants" of a corporation were
+scriptural magistrates, was brought to book about this time, and he
+retracted. Salem itself was forced to bend its stiff neck at last.
+The town had been refused its land on Marble Neck because of its
+ordination of Williams, and having, under Williams's leadership,
+protested in a letter to the churches against the injustice of
+spiritual coercion by financial robbery, the deputies of Salem were
+now summarily turned out of the court. Endecott, with characteristic
+violence, protested further against the double injustice to Salem. He
+was promptly put under arrest, and this severity brought swift
+conviction to his mind, so that he humbly apologized and submitted the
+same day. The only bond of unity between the rash Salem leader and
+Williams was a common tendency to go to extremes. In spirit, the
+heroic, long-suffering Williams, who rested in what he called the
+"rockie strength" of his opinions in spite of penalties and
+majorities, was far removed from a leader who bent before the first
+blast, and who became in later life the harshest persecutor in the
+commonwealth.
+
+
+XIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Williams's trial.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 12.]
+
+Williams remained the one resolute, stubborn, incorrigible offender.
+Eliot, Stoughton, and Endecott, and even Williams's fellow-elder,
+Sharpe, and the whole church at Salem, might be argued into conformity
+by the sharp dialectics of the clergy, or bullied out of their
+convictions by the sharper logic of the magistrates, but Roger
+Williams could not be overborne. Individualist in his very nature, his
+self-reliant spirit was able to face isolation or excommunication.
+The great Hooker was set to dispute with him. Hooker's refined
+arguments were drawn out by inferences linked to inferences. He proved
+to the satisfaction of everybody but the culprit that it was not
+lawful for Williams, with his opinions, to set food before his
+unregenerate child, since he did not allow an irreligious child to go
+through the form of giving thanks. But the wire-drawn logic of Hooker,
+though Williams could not always answer it, had no more influence with
+him than the ingenious sophistications of the pious Cotton; Williams
+constantly fell back upon the "rockie strength" of his principles. On
+the 9th of October, 1635, he was sentenced to banishment. After the
+manner of that curious age, his banishment was based on charges of
+great importance mixed with charges utterly trivial. His denial of the
+authority of the magistrate to regulate the orthodoxy of the churches
+and the belief of individuals is, however, made one of the cardinal
+offenses in all the trustworthy accounts given at the time. With this
+were joined in the proceedings, but not in the sentence, such things
+as the denial of the propriety of grace after meat. All the elders but
+one advised his banishment.
+
+[Sidenote: Williams banished.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 13.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 14.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 15.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 16.]
+
+[Sidenote: Savage's Winthrop, i, 209, 210.]
+
+The magistrates, though deeply "incensed" against him, probably felt
+at the last some reluctance to banish such a man. Six weeks were
+accorded him in which to leave. Winthrop, who was Williams's friend,
+and who seems to have been loath to consent to his banishment, wrote
+to him to "steer his course for Narragansett Bay," where there was
+territory beyond the bounds of Massachusetts and Plymouth. The forest
+journeys or boat voyages to Boston and back, the bitter controversies
+there, and the uproar of indignation which was produced in Salem by
+the news of the verdict, the desertion of Williams by Endecott,
+convinced by force, and by Sharpe, the ruling elder, who had been also
+dealt with, the natural yielding of the Salem church after a while to
+the pressure from the General Court, and to the desire of the townsmen
+to secure the lands at Marble Neck, put a strain on Williams which,
+added to his necessary toil in the field, broke his health and he fell
+ill. The General Court probably also felt the recoil of its act. When
+six weeks had expired consent was given that Williams should remain
+during the winter provided he would refrain from preaching. But
+Williams was in Salem, and in Salem he was the center of
+interest--just now he was the center of explosion. It was impossible
+for the great Separatist to be silent. A few faithful friends,
+come-outers like himself, clave to him and repudiated as he did
+communion with the church at Salem, which could condone the offenses
+of the magistrates for the sake of "these children's toys of land,
+meadows, cattle, and government." These fellow-Separatists, some of
+whom perhaps had removed from Plymouth out of love for this unworldly
+saint, loved him none the less for his courage and his sorrows. They
+frequented his house on Sunday as he convalesced. Indeed, the
+attachment to him was so great that the "ordinances" which had been
+appointed by the magistrates and enforced on Salem as the price of the
+common land on Marble Neck, were neglected and almost deserted.
+Williams could not refrain from speech with this concourse of
+visitors, and at length word came to Boston that more than twenty
+persons had definitely adhered to the opinions of their former
+teacher, unconvinced by the argument of the rod of justice applied to
+Endecott and Sharpe, or by the valuable land on Marble Neck. These
+disciples proposed to remove in the spring with Williams to the shores
+of Narragansett Bay. This might meet the approval of the sagacious and
+kindly Winthrop, who had directed Williams's attention to that
+promising place, and who foresaw perhaps the usefulness of such a man
+in the dangerous Indian crisis now threatening the colony. But to
+devotees of uniformity, the prospect of a community on the very border
+of the land of the saints tolerating all sorts of opinionists was
+insufferable. When once the civil government weights itself with
+spiritual considerations, its whole equilibrium is disturbed. Liberty
+and justice seem insignificant by the side of the immensities. The
+magistrates, or a part of them, were alarmed at the prospect of a
+settlement of the followers of Williams at Narragansett Bay, "whence
+the infection would easily spread into these churches, the people
+being, many of them, much taken with an apprehension of his
+godliness." It was therefore agreed to send him to England on a ship
+soon to sail.
+
+
+XIV.
+
+[Sidenote: Escape to the Indians.]
+
+The hardships of such a voyage in midwinter in his state of health
+might prove fatal, and his arrival in England would almost certainly
+deliver him into the hands of Laud. But what is justice or mercy when
+the welfare of churches and the rescue of imperiled souls is to be
+considered? A warrant was dispatched ordering him to Boston within a
+certain time. Probably knowing what was in store for him, he protested
+that it would be dangerous for him, in view of his health, to make the
+journey, and some of the Salem people went to Boston in his behalf,
+and, as was natural in the circumstances, made exaggerated
+representations regarding his physical condition. But the magistrates
+had other information. They sent the valiant and notorious Captain
+Underhill, in whom were mingled about equally devoutness, military
+courage, and incorrigible lewdness, to bring Williams by sea in a
+shallop. Williams was probably informed of their purpose, for, while
+Underhill in his little craft was beating up to Salem in wintry seas
+on an errand so congenial, expecting perhaps to come upon his quarry
+unawares, Williams was fleeing from one hamlet of bark wigwams to
+another. Here among the barbarians he was sure of faithful friends and
+secure concealment. Underhill found on his arrival that the culprit
+had disappeared three days before he got there, and nobody in Salem,
+that could, would tell whither the fugitive had gone.
+
+[Sidenote: Williams founds Providence.]
+
+Meantime Williams was, to use his own figure of speech, "steering his
+course" "in winter snow" toward Narragansett Bay. "I was sorely tossed
+for one fourteen weeks in a bitter winter season," he says, in his
+vivid and hyperbolic fashion of speech, "not knowing what bed or bread
+did mean." He began one settlement on the eastern bank of the Seekonk
+River after getting land from the Indians, but his old enemies the
+royal patents now had their revenge. Winslow, governor of Plymouth, a
+kind-hearted, politic man, the one born diplomatist of New England,
+warned him that he was within the bounds of Plymouth, and asked him to
+remove to the other side of the water, because they "were loath to
+displease the Bay." It was not enough to drive a heretic from the
+bounds of Massachusetts; the pragmatic Puritanism of the time would
+have expelled him from the continent had its arm been long enough.
+Williams had already begun to build and to plant, but he removed once
+more to the place which he named Providence. He planted the germinal
+settlement of the first state in the world that founded religious
+liberty on the widest possible basis, reserving to the law no
+cognizance whatever of religious beliefs or conduct where the "civil
+peace" was not endangered.
+
+[Illustration: The early settlements on Narragansett Bay.]
+
+
+XV.
+
+[Sidenote: Williams's banishment an act of persecution.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 17.]
+
+Local jealousy and sectarian prejudice have done what they could to
+obscure the facts of the trial and banishment of Williams. It has been
+argued by more than one writer that it was not a case of religious
+persecution at all, but the exclusion of a man dangerous to the state.
+Cotton, with characteristic verbal legerdemain, says that Williams was
+"enlarged" rather than banished. The case has even been pettifogged in
+our own time by the assertion that the banishment was only the action
+of a commercial company excluding an uncongenial person from its
+territory. But with what swift indignation would the Massachusetts
+rulers of the days of Dudley and Haynes have repudiated a plea which
+denied their magistracy! They put so strong a pressure on Stoughton,
+who said that the assistants were not magistrates, that he made haste
+to renounce his pride of authorship and to deliver his booklet to be
+officially burned, nor did even this prevent his punishment. The
+rulers of "the Bay" were generally frank advocates of religious
+intolerance; they regarded toleration as a door set open for the devil
+to enter. Not only did they punish for unorthodox expressions; they
+even assumed to inquire into private beliefs. Williams was only one of
+scores bidden to depart on account of opinion.
+
+[Sidenote: Intolerance as a virtue.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 18.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 19.]
+
+[Sidenote: Simple Cobbler of Agawam, pp. 3 and 6.]
+
+The real and sufficient extenuation for the conduct of the
+Massachusetts leaders is found in the character and standards of the
+age. A few obscure and contemned sectaries--Brownists, Anabaptists,
+and despised Familists--in Holland and England had spoken more or less
+clearly in favor of religious liberty before the rise of Roger
+Williams, but nobody of weight or respectable standing in the whole
+world had befriended it. All the great authorities in church and
+state, Catholic and Protestant, prelatical and Puritan, agreed in
+their detestation of it. Even Robinson, the moderate pastor of the
+Leyden Pilgrims, ventured to hold only to the "toleration of tolerable
+opinions." This was the toleration found at Amsterdam and in some
+other parts of the Low Countries. Even this religious sufferance which
+did not amount to liberty was sufficiently despicable in the eyes of
+that intolerant age to bring upon the Dutch the contempt of
+Christendom. It was a very qualified and limited toleration, and one
+from which Catholics and Arminians were excluded. It seems to have
+been that practical amelioration of law which is produced more
+effectually by commerce than by learning or religion. Outside of some
+parts of the Low Countries, and oddly enough of the Turkish Empire,
+all the world worth counting decried toleration as a great crime. It
+would have been wonderful indeed if Massachusetts had been superior to
+the age. "I dare aver," says Nathaniel Ward, the New England
+lawyer-minister, "that God doth no where in his word tolerate
+Christian States to give tolerations to such adversaries of his Truth,
+if they have power in their hands to suppress them." To set up
+toleration was "to build a sconce against the walls of heaven to
+batter God out of his chair," in Ward's opinion.
+
+
+XVI.
+
+[Sidenote: The casuistry of Cotton.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 20.]
+
+[Sidenote: Hutchinson Papers, 496.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 21.]
+
+[Sidenote: Controversie concerning Liberty of Conscience.]
+
+[Sidenote: Character of Puritanism.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 22.]
+
+[Sidenote: Savage's Winthrop, i, 211-214.]
+
+This doctrine of intolerance was sanctioned by many refinements of
+logic, such as Cotton's delicious sophistry that if a man refused to
+be convinced of the truth, he was sinning against conscience, and
+therefore it was not against the liberty of conscience to coerce him.
+Cotton's moral intuitions were fairly suffocated by logic. He declared
+that men should be compelled to attend religious service, because it
+was "better to be hypocrites than profane persons. Hypocrites give God
+part of his due, the outward man, but the profane person giveth God
+neither outward nor inward man." To reason thus is to put subtlety
+into the _cathedra_ of common sense, to bewilder vision by
+legerdemain. Notwithstanding his natural gift for devoutness and his
+almost immodest godliness, Cotton was incapable of high sincerity. He
+would not specifically advise Williams's banishment, but having
+labored with him round a corner according to his most approved
+ecclesiastical formula, he said, "We have no more to say in his
+behalf, but must sit down"; by which expression of passivity he gave
+the signal to the "secular arm" to do its worst, while he washed his
+hands in innocent self-complacency. When one scrupulous magistrate
+consulted him as to his obligation in Williams's case, Cotton
+answered his hesitation by saying, "You know they are so much incensed
+against his course that it is not your voice nor the voice of two or
+three more that can suspend the sentence." By such shifty phrases he
+shirked responsibility for the results of his own teaching. Of the
+temper that stands alone for the right, Nature had given him not a
+jot. Williams may be a little too severe, but he has some truth when
+he describes Cotton on this occasion as "swimming with the stream of
+outward credit and profit," though nothing was further from Cotton's
+conscious purpose than such worldliness. Cotton's intolerance was not
+like that of Dudley and Endecott, the offspring of an austere temper;
+it was rather the outgrowth of his logic and his reverence for
+authority. He sheltered himself behind the examples of Elizabeth and
+James I, and took refuge in the shadow of Calvin, whose burning of
+Servetus he cites as an example, without any recoil of heart or
+conscience. But the consideration of the character of the age forbids
+us to condemn the conscientious men who put Williams out of the
+Massachusetts theocracy as they would have driven the devil out of the
+garden of Eden. When, however, it comes to judging the age itself, and
+especially to judging the Puritanism of the age, these false and harsh
+ideals are its sufficient condemnation. Its government and its very
+religion were barbarous; its Bible, except for mystical and
+ecclesiastical uses, might as well have closed with the story of the
+Hebrew judges and the imprecatory Psalms. The Apocalypse of John,
+grotesquely interpreted, was the one book of the New Testament that
+received hearty consideration, aside from those other New Testament
+passages supposed to relate to a divinely appointed ecclesiasticism.
+The humane pity of Jesus was unknown not only to the laws, but to the
+sermons of the time. About the time of Williams's banishment the
+lenity of John Winthrop was solemnly rebuked by some of the clergy and
+rulers as a lax imperiling of the safety of the gospel; and Winthrop,
+overborne by authority, confessed, explained, apologized, and promised
+amendment. The Puritans substituted an unformulated belief in the
+infallibility of "godly" elders acting with the magistrates for the
+ancient doctrine of an infallible church.
+
+
+XVII.
+
+[Sidenote: Character of Williams. His scruples.]
+
+[Sidenote: New England Firebrand Quenched, 246.]
+
+[Sidenote: Williams to Winthrop, 1637, Narr. Club, vi.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 23.]
+
+In this less scrupulous but more serious age it is easy to hold
+Williams up to ridicule. Never was a noble and sweet-spirited man
+bedeviled by a scrupulosity more trivial. Cotton aptly dubbed him "a
+haberdasher of small questions." His extant letters are many of them
+vibrant with latent heroism; there is manifest in them an exquisite
+charity and a pathetic magnanimity, but in the midst of it all the
+writer is unable to rid himself of a swarm of scruples as pertinacious
+as the buzzing mosquitoes in the primitive forest about him. In
+dating his letters, where he ventures to date at all, he never writes
+the ordinary name of the day of the week or the name of the month,
+lest he should be guilty of etymological heathenism. He often avoids
+writing the year, and when he does insert it he commits himself to the
+last two figures only and adds a saving clause. Thus 1652 appears as
+"52 (so called)," and other years are tagged with the same doubting
+words, or with the Latin "_ut vulgo_." What quarrel the tender
+conscience had with the Christian era it is hard to guess. So, too, he
+writes to Winthrop, who had taken part in his banishment, letters full
+of reverential tenderness and hearty friendship. But his conscience
+does not allow him even to seem to hold ecclesiastical fellowship with
+the man he honors as a ruler and loves as a friend. Once at least he
+guards the point directly by subscribing himself "Your worship's
+faithful and affectionate in all _civil_ bonds." It would be sad to
+think of a great spirit so enthralled by the scrupulosity of his time
+and his party if these minute restrictions had been a source of
+annoyance to him. But the cheerful observance of little scruples seems
+rather to have taken the place of a recreation in his life; they were
+to him perhaps what bric-a-brac is to a collector, what a
+well-arranged altar and candlesticks are to a ritualist.
+
+[Sidenote: Williams becomes a Seeker.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 24.]
+
+Two fundamental notions supplied the motive power of every
+ecclesiastical agitation of that age. The notion of a succession of
+churchly order and ordinance from the time of the apostles was the
+mainspring of the High-church movement. Apostolic primitivism was the
+aim of the Puritan and still more the goal of the Separatist. One
+party rejoiced in a belief that a mysterious apostolic virtue had
+trickled down through generations of bishops and priests to its own
+age; the other rejoiced in the destruction of institutions that had
+grown up in the ages and in getting back to the primitive nakedness of
+the early Christian conventicle. True to the law of his nature, Roger
+Williams pushed this latter principle to its ultimate possibilities.
+If we may believe the accounts, he and his followers at Providence
+became Baptists that they might receive the rite of baptism in its
+most ancient Oriental form. But in an age when the fountains of the
+great deep were utterly broken up he could find no rest for the soles
+of his feet. It was not enough that he should be troubled by the
+Puritan spirit of apostolic primitivism; he had now swung round to
+where this spirit joined hands with its twin, the aspiration for
+apostolic succession. He renounced his baptism because it was without
+apostolic sanction, and announced himself of that sect which was the
+last reduction of Separatism. He became a Seeker.
+
+[Sidenote: The Seekers.]
+
+Here again is a probable influence from Holland. The Seekers had
+appeared there long before. Many Baptists had found that their search
+for primitivism, if persisted in, carried them to this negative
+result; for it seemed not enough to have apostolic rites in apostolic
+form unless they were sanctioned by the "gifts" of the apostolic
+time. The Seekers appeared in England as early as 1617, and during the
+religious turmoils of the Commonwealth period the sect afforded a
+resting place for many a weatherbeaten soul. As the miraculous gifts
+were lost, the Seekers dared not preach, baptize, or teach; they
+merely waited, and in their mysticism they believed their waiting to
+be an "upper room" to which Christ would come. It is interesting to
+know that Williams, the most romantic figure of the whole Puritan
+movement, at last found a sort of relief from the austere externalism
+and ceaseless dogmatism of his age by traveling the road of literalism
+until he had passed out on the other side into the region of devout
+and contented uncertainty.
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Moral elevation of Williams]
+
+In all this Williams was the child of his age, and sometimes more
+childish than his age. But there were regions of thought and sentiment
+in which he was wholly disentangled from the meshes of his time, and
+that not because of intellectual superiority--for he had no large
+philosophical views--but by reason of elevation of spirit. Even the
+authority of Moses could not prevent him from condemning the harsh
+severity of the New England capital laws. He had no sentimental
+delusions about the character of the savages--he styles them "wolves
+endued with men's brains"; but he constantly pleads for a humane
+treatment of them. All the bloody precedents of Joshua could not make
+him look without repulsion on the slaughter of women and children in
+the Pequot war, nor could he tolerate dismemberment of the dead or the
+selling of Indian captives into perpetual slavery. From bigotry and
+resentment he was singularly free. On many occasions he joyfully used
+his ascendency over the natives to protect those who kept in force
+against him a sentence of perpetual banishment. And this
+ultra-Separatist, almost alone of the men of his time, could use such
+words of catholic charity as those in which he speaks of "the people
+of God wheresoever scattered about Babel's banks either in Rome or
+England."
+
+[Sidenote: Superior to the age.]
+
+Of his incapacity for organization or administration we shall have to
+speak hereafter. But his spiritual intuitions, his moral insight, his
+genius for justice, lent a curious modernness to many of his
+convictions. In a generation of creed-builders which detested schism
+he became an individualist. Individualist in thought, altruist in
+spirit, secularist in governmental theory, he was the herald of a time
+yet more modern than this laggard age of ours. If ever a soul saw a
+clear-shining inward light not to be dimmed by prejudices or obscured
+by the deft logic of a disputatious age, it was the soul of Williams.
+In all the region of petty scrupulosity the time-spirit had enthralled
+him; but in the higher region of moral decision he was utterly
+emancipated from it. His conclusions belong to ages yet to come.
+
+[Sidenote: His prophetic character.]
+
+This union of moral aspiration with a certain disengagedness
+constitutes what we may call the prophetic temperament. Bradford and
+Winthrop were men of high aspiration, but of another class. The reach
+of their spirits was restrained by practical wisdom, which compelled
+them to take into account the limits of the attainable. Not that they
+consciously refused to follow their logic to its end, but that, like
+other prudent men of affairs, they were, without their own knowledge
+or consent, turned aside by the logic of the impossible. Precisely
+here the prophet departs from the reformer. The prophet recks nothing
+of impossibility; he is ravished with truth disembodied. From Elijah
+the Tishbite to Socrates, from Socrates to the latest and perhaps yet
+unrecognized voice of our own time, the prophetic temperament has ever
+shown an inability to enter into treaty with its environment. In the
+seventeenth century there was no place but the wilderness for such a
+John Baptist of the distant future as Roger Williams. He did not
+belong among the diplomatic builders of churches, like Cotton, or the
+politic founders of states, like Winthrop. He was but a babbler to his
+own time, but the prophetic voice rings clear and far, and ever
+clearer as the ages go on.
+
+
+ELUCIDATIONS.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1, page 268.]
+
+Sir William Martin, an early friend of Williams, describes him as
+passionate and precipitate, but with integrity and good intentions.
+Hutchinson Papers, 106. See also, for example, the two letters of
+Williams to Lady Barrington, in New England Genealogical Register,
+July, 1889, pp. 316 and following.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2, page 269.]
+
+Letter to John Cotton the younger, 25th March, 1671. "He knows what
+gains and preferments I have refused in universities, city, country
+and court," etc. Williams's enthusiastic nature gave a flush of color
+to his statement of ordinary fact, the general correctness of which,
+however, there is never reason to doubt.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3, page 270.]
+
+Letter to John Cotton the younger, Narragansett Club Publications, vi,
+356. There is no account of this event elsewhere, but the church
+records of that early date are imperfect, and there is every reason to
+accept the circumstantial statement of Williams. That he refused to
+enter into membership with the church is confirmed by Winthrop's
+Journal, 12th April, 1631, and such refusal must have had some such
+occasion.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4, page 271.]
+
+"We have often tried your patience, but could never conquer it," were
+Winthrop's words to Williams, who gave to Massachusetts lifelong
+service in return for its lifelong severity toward him. The sentence
+is quoted in Williams's letter to the younger Cotton, cited above,
+which is itself a fine example of his magnanimity of spirit.
+Narragansett Club Publications, vi, 351-357.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5, page 272.]
+
+There is difference of opinion on this point, but certain words of
+Williams himself seem to bear on it. After his retirement from Salem
+to Plymouth he received a letter from Winthrop, which appears to have
+intimated that no man under twenty-five ought to be ordained. Williams
+explains in reply that he is "nearer upwards of thirty than
+twenty-five," but avers, "I am no elder in any church ... nor ever
+shall be, if the Lord please to grant my desires that I may intend
+what I long after, the natives souls." Williams's Letter, Narragansett
+Club Publications, vi, 2. Of course, these words might have been
+written if he had resigned the eldership before leaving Salem, but
+they would have had much less pertinency.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6, page 276.]
+
+Mr. Straus, in his Life of Roger Williams, says aptly that
+Massachusetts was under a government of congregations rather than of
+towns, since only church members could vote. A fuller discussion of
+the source and evolution of the town system is deferred to a later
+volume of this series.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7, page 278.]
+
+David Pieterzen de Vries, in his Voyages, reports this feeling of
+superiority as freely expressed at Hartford in 1639. There is a quaint
+humor in what he says of it that is enhanced by the naive Dutch phrase
+in which it is set down: "Dit Volck gaven haer uyt det sy Israeliten
+waren, ende dat wy aen onse colonie Egyptenaren waren, end' Engelsen
+inde Vergienies waren mede Egyptenaren," p. 151.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8, page 279.]
+
+"And such was the authority ... Mr. Cotton had in the hearts of the
+people, that whatever he delivered in the pulpit was soon put into an
+Order of Court, if of a civil, or set up as a practice in the church,
+if of an ecclesiastical concernment." Hubbard, History of
+Massachusetts, 182.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9, page 281.]
+
+Knowles's Life of Williams, 58, note, quotes from a letter of
+Coddington's appended to Fox's reply to Williams, in which Coddington,
+who was one of the magistrates that examined the treatise, charges
+Williams with having "written a quarto against the King's patent and
+authority."
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 10, page 288.]
+
+Cotton's Answer to Williams's Examination, 38. I have followed Cotton
+implicitly here, but without feeling sure that his memory can ever be
+depended on where his polemical feeling is concerned. On the next page
+he is guilty of a flagrant but no doubt unconscious suppression of an
+important fact. "It pleased the Lord to open the hearts of the Church
+to assist us," etc., he says, putting out of sight the sharp dealing
+by which the Salem church was brought to ignominious subjection.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 11, page 289.]
+
+Cotton's Answer to Williams, 29. Compare also Massachusetts Records of
+4th March, 1633, where a mercenary inducement to take the oath is
+offered by making the regulations for recording the lands of freemen
+apply also to the lands of "residents" presumably not church members
+and ineligible to the franchise, but only to the residents "that had
+taken or shall hereafter take their oathes." Backus supposes that
+Williams saw some incidental result from the oath that would be
+prejudicial to religious freedom. This is to suppose that Williams
+needed a practical consideration to stir him to action--it is to
+suppose that Williams was not Williams. Practical men were afraid the
+independence of Massachusetts would be lost; Roger Williams was only
+afraid that Massachusetts would commit a public sin in trying to
+escape the impending evil. A conscience undefiled was his objective
+point in private and public life; safety, public or private, was
+secondary.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 12, page 292.]
+
+There has been much ingenious and rather uncandid effort by Cotton
+first of all, and by other defenders of the General Court since, to
+prove that Williams's views on toleration were not a cause of his
+banishment. If those views had been the sole cause, the decree would
+have been more comprehensible and defensible in view of the opinions
+of the age. But the question about the validity of the patent, the
+question of the protest written against the course of the magistrates
+in blackmailing Salem into a refusal to support him, the question of
+the freeman's oath, and, what seems to have been deemed of capital
+importance, the question of grace after meat, are all involved at one
+time or another. The formal charges in what may be considered the
+beginning of the banishment proceedings, the trial in July, as given
+by Winthrop, our most trustworthy authority, are: 1. That the
+magistrates ought not to punish for a religious offense--"the breach
+of the first table"--except where it disturbed the civil peace. 2.
+That the magistrate ought not to tender an oath to an unregenerate
+man. 3. That a man ought not to pray with an unregenerate person. 4.
+That thanks were not to be given after the sacrament and after meat.
+Savage's Winthrop, i, 193, 194. In the final proceedings in October,
+the letters growing out of the refusal to confirm to Salem its
+outlying land entered into and embittered the controversy. Winthrop,
+i, 204. The recorded verdict makes the divulging "of dyvers newe and
+dangerous opinions against the aucthoritie of the magistrate" the
+first offense, and the "letter of defamacion" the second. Williams
+says that a magistrate, who appears to have been Haynes, the governor,
+summed up his offenses at the conclusion of the trial under four
+heads: 1. The denial of the authority of the patent. 2. The denial of
+the lawfulness of requiring a wicked person to take an oath or pray.
+3. The denial of the lawfulness of hearing the parish ministers in
+England. 4. The doctrine "that the Civill Magistrates' power extends
+only to the Bodies and Goods and outward State of men." Against the
+evidence of Williams, Winthrop, and the records, I can not attach any
+importance to the halting accounts given years afterward, for
+controversial purposes, by Cotton, from what he thought was his
+memory.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 13, page 292.]
+
+"Whereas Mr. Roger Williams, one of the elders of the church at Salem,
+hath broached and dyvulged dyvers newe and dangerous opinions, against
+the aucthoritie of magistrates, as also writt letters of defamacion
+both of the magistrates & Churches here, & that before any conviccion,
+& yet maintaineth the same without retraccion, it is therefore ordered
+that the said Mr. Williams shall departe out of this jurisdiccion
+within sixe weekes now nexte ensueing, which if hee neglect to
+performe it shall be lawfull for the Gouernour & two of the
+magistrates to send him to some place out of this jurisdiccion, not to
+returne any more without license from the Court." Massachusetts
+Records, i, 161.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 14, page 293.]
+
+Neal's History of New England, i, 143. "Sentence of banishment being
+read against Mr. Williams, the whole town of Salem was in an uproar;
+for such was the Popularity of the Man and such the Compassion of the
+People ... that he would have carried off the greatest part of the
+Inhabitants of the Town if the Ministers of Boston had not
+interposed." Neal appears to derive these facts, which wear a
+countenance of probability, from an authority not now known.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 15, page 293.]
+
+The phrase occurs in Williams's noble letter to Major Mason, 1st
+Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, i, 275 and following.
+The magnanimity shown toward those opposed to him in this letter is
+probably without a parallel in his age; it has few in any age.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 16, page 294.]
+
+"The increase of the concourse of people to him on the Lord's days in
+private, to the neglect or deserting of publick Ordinances and to the
+spreading of the Leaven of his corrupt imaginations, provoked the
+Magistrates rather than to breed a winters Spirituale plague in the
+Countrey, to put upon him a winter's journey out of the Countrey."
+Master John Cotton's Answer to Master Roger Williams, 57.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 17, page 297.]
+
+The main original authorities on the banishment of Williams are
+Winthrop's Journal and the Massachusetts Records of the period. Some
+facts can be gathered from the writings of Williams, whose
+autobiographical passages always have an air of truth while they are
+sometimes vague and often flushed by his enthusiastic temper.
+Cotton's memory is less to be trusted; some of his statements are in
+conflict with better authorities. He no doubt believed himself to be
+truthful, but his ingenious mind was unable to be precise without
+unconscious sophistication. Hubbard was of Presbyterian tendencies and
+totally opposed to all forms of Separatism. He appears to have
+recorded every exaggerated rumor cherished by Williams's antagonists
+to his discredit. Neither in this nor in other matters can we rely
+much on Hubbard's testimony. No critical student of history puts
+unquestioning confidence in Cotton Mather. His strange mind could
+never utter truth unvarnished. In a case like this, where family
+pride, local feeling, and sectarian prejudice were all on one side,
+and where he had a chance to embroider upon traditions already two
+generations old, it is better to disregard the author of the Magnalia
+entirely. Bentley's Historical Account of Salem, in 1st Massachusetts
+Historical Society Collections, vi, is a paper that excites admiration
+for its broadmindedness. It contains information not elsewhere to be
+found, but it is impossible to tell how far Bentley depended upon
+sources not now accessible and how far he relied on ingenious
+inferences drawn from his large knowledge of local history. The
+publications of the Narragansett Club contain the whole controversy
+between Cotton and Williams and all the letters of the latter now
+known to be extant. I have in some cases referred to the originals, in
+others I have used these careful reprints. Williams has been rather
+fortunate in his biographers. Mr. Oscar S. Straus, approaching the
+subject from a fresh standpoint, has produced the latest Life of
+Williams, written in a judicial temper and evincing a rare sympathy
+with its subject. The character of Williams has never been better
+drawn than by Mr. Straus, pp. 231-233. The life by T. D. Knowles is
+perhaps the best of the older biographies, Arnold's History of Rhode
+Island contains a sketch of Williams, and Elton's brief biography has
+a value of its own. Gammell's Life in Sparks's Biography is generally
+fair. "As to Roger Williams," by the late Dr. Henry Martyn Dexter, is,
+what it pretends to be, a partisan statement of the case against
+Williams. It shows characteristic thoroughness of research, it clears
+up many minor points, and is as erudite as it is one-sided.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 18, page 298.]
+
+Baylie's Sermon before the House of Lords, on Errours and Induration,
+accuses the Dutch of mere worldly policy in toleration. Williams
+alludes to the charge, Bloudy Tenent yet more Bloudy, p. 8. But the
+toleration of Holland may rather be traced to that decay of bigotry
+and that widening of view which are beneficent results of an extended
+trade. Williams in the Bloudy Tenent yet more Bloudy, p. 10, complains
+of the exclusion of Catholics and Arminians from toleration in the
+Netherlands. It would carry us beyond the range of the present work to
+inquire how far the toleration of Amsterdam was related to that
+"meridian glory" which Antwerp reached as early as 1550 by making
+itself a place of refuge for the persecuted of England, France, and
+Germany. The Articles of Union, adopted at Utrecht in 1579, which have
+been often called the Magna Charta of the Dutch, go to show that
+political and commercial considerations counted in favor of
+toleration, but they also show that some notion of the sacredness of
+the free conscience had been adopted among the Dutch. Article XIII of
+the Union provides that the states of Holland and Zealand shall
+conduct their religious affairs as they think good. More qualified
+arrangements are made for the other states, as that they may restrict
+religious liberty as they shall find needful for the repose and
+welfare of the country. But this significant provision is added, that
+every man shall have freedom of private belief without arrest or
+inquisition: "Midts dat een yder particulier in syn Religie vry zal
+moghen blyven, ende dat men niemandt, ter cause van de Religie, zal
+moghen achterhalen, ofte ondersoecken." Pieter Paulus Verklaring der
+Unie van Utrecht, i, 229, 230. Compare Van Meteren, Nederlandsche
+Historie etc., iii, 254, 255, and Hooft Nederlandsche Historie, etc.,
+Book IX, where the full text of Article XIII is given.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 19, page 298.]
+
+Barclay, in his Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the
+Commonwealth, p. 97, cites Peter John Zwisck, a Mennonite of West
+Frisia, as the author, in 1609, of The Liberty of Religion, in which
+he maintains that men are not to be converted by force. In 1614 one
+Leonard Busher petitioned James I in favor of liberty of conscience,
+and Barclay conjectures that he was a member of that Separatist or
+General Baptist church returned from Holland, of which Helwyss had
+been pastor. In 1615 this obscure and proscribed congregation
+professed a great truth, yet hidden from the wise and prudent, namely,
+that "earthly authority belonged to earthly kings, but spiritual
+authority belonged to that one Spiritual king who is king of kings."
+In more than one matter Roger Williams showed himself attracted to the
+doctrines of the Mennonites and their offshoot the English General
+Baptist body. Whether directly through his reading of Dutch
+theological works or indirectly through English followers of Dutch
+writers, Williams probably derived his broadest principles, in germ at
+least, from the Mennonites or Anabaptists of the gentler sort, as he
+did also some of his minor scruples. For the connection between the
+Mennonites of the Continent and the English cognate sects the reader
+is referred to Barclay's Inner Life, a valuable work of much research.
+See also the petition of the Brownists, 1641, cited in Barclay, p.
+476, from British Museum, E 34-178, tenth pamphlet.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 20, page 299.]
+
+Another delightful example of the far-fetchedness of Cotton's logic is
+his justification of the sentence of banishment against Williams by
+citing Proverbs xi, 26: "He that withholdeth corn, the people shall
+curse him." This text, says Cotton, "I alledged to prove that the
+people had much more cause to separate such from amongst them (whether
+by Civill or church-censure) as doe withhold or separate them from the
+Ordinances or the Ordinances from them, which are the bread of life."
+Reply to Williams's Examination, 40. The reference in the text is to
+the same work, 37. "Much lesse to persecute him with the Civill Sword
+till it may appeare, even by just and full conviction, that he sinneth
+not out of conscience but against the very light of his own
+conscience." But in Cotton's practice those who labored with the
+heretic were judges of how much argument constituted "just and full
+conviction." This logic would have amply sheltered the Spanish
+Inquisition.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 21, page 300.]
+
+Cotton's Answer to Williams's Examination, 38, 39. Cotton confesses to
+having had further conversation of a nature unfavorable to Williams,
+but he is able to deny that he counseled his banishment. Even Cotton
+could hardly have prevented it, and he confesses that he approved the
+sentence. The only interest in the question is the exhibition of
+Cotton's habitual shrinking from responsibility and his curious
+sinuosity of conscience.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 22, page 301.]
+
+In an unpublished work by Mr. Lindsay Swift, of the Boston Public
+Library, which I have been kindly permitted to read, and which is a
+treatise on the election sermons mostly existing only in manuscript,
+the author says: "The early discourses were full of ecclesiasticism, a
+great deal of theology, some politics; ... but of humanity, brotherly
+kindness, and what we understand by Christianity in the human
+relations, I have been able to discern very little."
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 23, page 302.]
+
+Many of Roger Williams's scruples were peculiar, but his scrupulosity
+was not. Cotton takes pains to call pulpits "scaffolds," to show that
+they had no sacredness. The scruple about the heathen names of days of
+the week was felt by many other Puritans. It is evident in Winthrop,
+and it did not wholly disappear from Puritan use until about the end
+of the seventeenth century.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 24, page 303.]
+
+Barclay, Inner Life, etc., 410, 411, cites Sebastian Franck's Chronica
+of 1536, from which it appears that the Seekers in fact if not in name
+existed about a century before Williams adopted their views. "Some
+desire to allow Baptism and other ceremonies to remain in abeyance
+till God gives another command--sends out true laborers into the
+harvest.... Some others agree with those who think the ceremonies
+since the death of the Apostles, are equally departed, laid waste and
+fallen--that God no longer heeds them, and also does not desire that
+they should be longer kept, on which account they will never again be
+set up but now are to proceed entirely in Spirit and in Truth and now
+in an outward manner." The relation of Seekerism to Quakerism is
+manifest. "To be a Seeker is to be of the best Sect next to a finder,"
+wrote Cromwell in 1646.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THE THIRD.
+
+_NEW ENGLAND DISPERSIONS._
+
+
+I.
+
+[Sidenote: Importance of the Rhode Island colony.]
+
+The removal of Roger Williams and his friends was the beginning of
+dispersions from the mother colony on Massachusetts Bay. The company
+that settled Providence was too small in number at first to be of
+great importance. The emigration of Williams and his followers to the
+Narragansett country was an example that may have turned the scale
+with Hooker and his party in favor of a removal to the Connecticut
+instead of to some place in the Massachusetts wilderness. Williams
+certainly prepared a harbor for most of the Hutchinsonians, and
+pointed the way to Gortonists, Baptists, Quakers, and all others of
+uneasy conscience. Providence Plantation, and at times all Rhode
+Island, fell into disorders inevitable in a refuge for scruplers and
+enthusiasts established by one whose energies were centrifugal and
+disintegrating. But when at length it emerged from its primordial
+chaos the community on Narragansett Bay became of capital importance
+as an example of the secularization of the state, and of the congruity
+of the largest liberty in religion with civil peace. The system which
+the more highly organized and orderly commonwealths of Massachusetts
+and Connecticut labored so diligently to establish--a state propping
+and defending orthodoxy and church uniformity--was early cast into the
+rubbish heap of the ages. The principle on which the heterogeneous
+colony of religious outcasts on Narragansett Bay founded itself, was
+stone rejected that has become the head of the corner.
+
+
+II.
+
+[Sidenote: The Connecticut migration.]
+
+The emigration to the Connecticut River was already incubating when
+Williams sat down with his radical seceders in the Narragansett woods.
+The Connecticut settlement was impelled by more various and
+complicated motives than that of Williams, and its origins are not so
+easy to disentangle. But it, too, has an epic interest; one dominant
+personality overtops all others in this second of venturesome westward
+migrations into the wilderness.
+
+[Sidenote: Early life of Hooker.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1630.]
+
+We can trace nothing of Hooker to his birthplace, a little hamlet in
+Leicestershire, except that the imagery of his discourses in after
+life sometimes reflected the processes of husbandry he had known in
+childhood. But that he passed through Emmanuel College, Cambridge,
+while Chaderton was master, is more significant, for Emmanuel was the
+cradle of Puritan divines, the hatching-place of Puritan crotchets,
+the college whose chapel stood north and south that it might have no
+sacred east end, a chapel in which "riming psalms" were sung instead
+of the hymns, and where lessons different from those appointed in the
+calendar were read. Hooker was presented to the living of Chelmsford,
+in Essex. Here his eloquence attracted wide attention, and unhappily
+attracted at the same time the notice of his diocesan Laud, then
+Bishop of London, who drove the preacher from his pulpit. Hooker
+engaged in teaching a school four miles from Chelmsford, where Eliot,
+afterward the Indian apostle, became his usher and disciple. But Laud
+had marked him as one to be brought low. He was cited before the Court
+of High Commission, whose penalties he escaped by fleeing to Holland.
+Thus early in his career Laud unwittingly put in train events that
+resulted in the founding of a second Puritan colony in New England.
+
+
+III.
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's company.]
+
+[Sidenote: Walker's First Church in Hartford, 40.]
+
+[Sidenote: Dudley's Letter to Countess of Lincoln, Young's Chron. of
+Mass., 320.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mass. Records, 14 June, 1631, and 3 February, 1632.]
+
+[Sidenote: Holmes's Hist. Cambridge, 1st Mass. Hist. Coll., vii, 6-8.]
+
+The persecution of Hooker made a great commotion in Essex, dividing
+attention with the political struggle between the king and the people
+about tonnage and poundage. While Hooker was an exile in Holland a
+company of people from Braintree and other parts of Essex, near his
+old parish of Chelmsford, emigrated to New England, chiefly, one may
+suppose, for the sake of good gospel, since they came hoping to tempt
+Hooker to become their pastor. This company settled at Newtown, now
+Cambridge, which had been projected for a fortified capital of the
+colony, that should be defensible against Indians and out of reach if
+a sea force should be sent from England to overthrow the government.
+Newtown was palisaded and otherwise improved at the expense of the
+whole colony. Hooker's company were perhaps ordered to settle there
+because no place was appropriate to the great divine but the new
+metropolis.
+
+
+IV.
+
+[Sidenote: Failure of Newtown as a metropolis.]
+
+[Sidenote: Savage's Winthrop, i, 98, 99. 1632.]
+
+But a metropolis can not be made at will, as many a new community has
+discovered. It had been arranged that all the "assistants" or ruling
+magistrates of Massachusetts should live within the palisades of
+Newtown, but Winthrop, after the frame of his house was erected,
+changed his mind and took down the timbers, setting them up again at
+Boston. This was the beginning of unhappiness at Newtown, and the
+discontent had to do, no doubt, with the rivalry between that place
+and Boston. It is probable that there was a rise in the value of
+Boston home lots about the time of the removal of the governor's
+house. Trade runs in the direction of the least resistance, and
+peninsular Boston was destined by its situation to be the metropolis
+of New England in spite of the forces that worked for Salem and
+Newtown.
+
+[Sidenote: Wonder-working Providence, ch. xxviii.]
+
+[Sidenote: Wood's N. E. Prospect, 1634. Young, 402.]
+
+[Sidenote: October, 1632.]
+
+Newtown, or Cambridge, to call it by its later name, was a long,
+narrow strip of land, "in forme like a list cut off from the
+Broad-cloath" of Watertown and Charlestown. The village was compactly
+built, as became an incipient metropolis, and the houses were
+unusually good for a new country. In one regard it was superior to
+Boston. No wooden chimneys or thatched roofs were allowed in it. To
+this town came Hooker, and if it had continued to be the capital,
+Hooker and not Cotton might have become the leading spirit of the
+colony. But a capital at a place to which only small vessels could
+come up, was not practical, and the magistrates in the year before
+Hooker's arrival decided by general consent that Boston was the
+fittest place in the bay for public meetings.
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's arrival, 1633.]
+
+[Sidenote: Wood's N. E. Prospect.]
+
+[Sidenote: Young, 397, 398.]
+
+The hopes of Newtown were perhaps not wholly extinct for some time
+after. The arrival of Hooker must have been a great encouragement to
+the people. But Boston was on the alert. That town had neither forest
+nor meadow land. Hay, timber, and firewood were brought to its wharf
+in boats. From the absence of wood and marsh came some advantages--it
+was plagued with neither mosquitoes nor rattlesnakes, and what cattle
+there were on the bare peninsula were safe from wolves. Not to be
+behind in evangelical attractions it secured Cotton to balance
+Newtown's Hooker, when both arrived in the same ship. That Boston was
+now recognized as the natural metropolis was shown in the abortive
+movement to pay a part of Cotton's stipend by a levy on the whole
+colony.
+
+
+V.
+
+[Sidenote: Discontent at Newtown.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mass. Rec., _passim_.]
+
+[Sidenote: Wonder-working Providence, ch. xxxiii.]
+
+[Sidenote: Compare Holmes's History of Cambridge, 1 Mass. Hist. Coll.,
+vii, pp. 1, 2.]
+
+[Sidenote: 2d Mass., vii, 127.]
+
+"Ground, wood, and medowe" were matters of dispute between Newtown and
+its neighbors as early as 1632, and the frequent references to questions
+regarding the boundary of Newtown go to show dissatisfaction in the
+discarded metropolis, the number of whose people was out of proportion
+to its resources. Cattle were scarce in the colony. Each head was worth
+about twenty-eight pounds, the equivalent of several hundred dollars of
+money in our time. The Newtown people saw no prospect of foreign trade,
+and found the plowable plains of Cambridge dry and sandy. They had given
+up trying to coax fortunes from the stony hill land of the town with
+hand labor, and turned their attention to the more profitable pursuit of
+cattle-raising. They took unusual pains to protect their valuable herd
+from the wolves by impaling a common pasture. Natural meadow was the
+only resource for hay in the English agriculture of the seventeenth
+century, and the low grounds of Cambridge yielded a poor grass. Shrewd
+men in Newtown already saw that as an agricultural colony Massachusetts
+was destined to failure, and one Pratt, a surgeon there, was called to
+account for having written to England that the commonwealth was "builded
+on rocks, sands, and salt marshes."
+
+
+VI.
+
+[Sidenote: Cotton and Hooker.]
+
+[Sidenote: Compare Walker's First Church of Hartford, 129-132.]
+
+There is good authority for believing that a rivalry between Hooker
+and Cotton had quite as much to do with the discontent as straitened
+boundaries and wiry marsh grass. Hooker was the greatest debater,
+perhaps, in the ranks of the Puritans. His theology was somewhat
+somber, his theory of Christian experience of the most exigent type.
+To be saved, according to Hooker, one must become so passive as to be
+willing to be eternally damned. In other regards he was a Puritan of a
+rather more primitive type than Cotton. He knew no satisfactory
+evidence of a man's acceptance with God but his good works. Cotton was
+less logical but more attractive. His Puritanism grew in a garden of
+spices. He delighted in allegorical interpretations of the Canticles,
+his severe doctrines were dulcified with sentiment, and his conception
+of the inward Christian life was more joyous and mystical and less
+legal and severe than Hooker's. He was an adept in the windings of
+non-committal expression, and his intellectual sinuosity was a
+resource in debate or difficulty. Hooker, on the other hand, had a
+downrightness not to be mistaken. With an advantage in temperament and
+the additional advantage of position in the commercial and political
+center, it is not surprising that Cotton's ideals eloquently and
+deftly presented soon dominated the colony and that he became the
+Delphic oracle whose utterances were awaited by the rulers in
+emergencies.
+
+[Sidenote: Theological differences.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2.]
+
+Theological differences were early apparent in the teachings of the
+two leaders. Trivial enough to the modern mind are these questions
+concerning works as an evidence of justification and concerning active
+and passive faith in justification. Hooker maintained all by himself
+that there was "a saving preparation in a Christian soule before unyon
+with Christ." The other ministers pretended to understand what he
+meant by this, and at first opposed him unanimously. No doubt, too,
+Hooker and his disciples found some fault with the outer form of the
+church as shaped by Cotton. Certain it is that Hooker's theories of
+civil government were more liberal and modern than Cotton's, though
+like Cotton's they were hung upon texts of Scripture. Hooker lacked
+Cotton's superfluity of ingenuity; he had less imagination and less
+poetic sentiment than Cotton, but his intellect was more rugged,
+practical, and virile. He was not a man to have visions of a political
+paradise; he did not attempt to limit citizenship to church members
+when he framed a constitution for the Connecticut towns. Nor did he
+give so much power and privilege to the magistrate as was given in
+Massachusetts. He disapproved of Cotton's aristocratic theory of the
+permanence of the magistrate's office, as he did apparently of the
+negative vote of the upper house and of the arbitrary decisions which
+the Massachusetts magistrates assumed the right to make.
+
+
+VII.
+
+[Sidenote: Attractions of Connecticut.]
+
+One other potent motive there was. Stories of the fertility of the
+"intervale" land on the Connecticut River came by the mouth of every
+daring adventurer who had sailed or tramped so far. There one might
+find pasture for the priceless cattle and hay to last the long winter
+through, and in that valley one might cultivate plains of great
+fertility.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Obstacles to removal.]
+
+[Sidenote: Savage's Winthrop, i, 167, 168.]
+
+There were dangerous Pequots on the Connecticut, it is true, and the
+Dutch had already planted a trading house and laid claim to the
+territory. The Plymouth people who traded there were also claimants.
+And, more than all, leaving Massachusetts in a time of danger from the
+machinations of Laud would seem desertion. The government of the
+Massachusetts Bay colony was anomalous; it partook of the character of
+the commercial company from which it sprang, yet it had traits of a
+religious or at least a voluntary society. It was the accepted opinion
+that those who had taken the freeman's oath were "knit" together "in
+one body," and that none of them ought to leave the colony without
+permission. Hooker's party gained the consent of a majority of the
+representative members of the General Court, but not of a majority of
+the assistants. This precipitated a debate in the colony on the
+constitutional question of the right of the assistants, or
+magistrates, to form an upper house and veto a decision of the chosen
+deputies of the towns.
+
+
+IX.
+
+[Sidenote: Attempts to prevent removal.]
+
+It is no part of our purpose to unravel the tangle of ecclesiastical
+and civil politics in which the proposed emigration had now become
+involved. The Dorchester church and a part of that of Watertown were
+ready to follow the lead of Hooker and Newtown. Days of fasting and
+prayer were appointed to prevent the removal of these "candlesticks,"
+as the churches were called, out of their places; but in spite of
+humiliations and of Cotton's persuasive eloquence, which at one time
+almost charmed away the discontent, the emigration set in,
+stragglingly at first.
+
+[Sidenote: Explorers and pioneers.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1633.]
+
+John Oldham, an adventurous man of a rather lawless temper--one of
+those half-ruffians that are most serviceable on an Indian
+frontier--had been expelled from Plymouth. He was now a resident of
+Watertown, one of the centers of discontent and next neighbor to
+Newtown. He had gone with three others on a trading expedition to the
+westward overland. Walking along trails from one Indian village to
+another they discovered a large river, which they found to be the
+Fresh River of the Dutch and the Connecticut of the Plymouth traders.
+They probably brought back to Watertown accounts that produced a fever
+for removal. Oldham was not a man to stand on the manner of his
+emigration. Waiting for nobody's consent, he led out a small company
+from Watertown the next year. These settled at what is now
+Wethersfield. From Dorchester, which had no alewife fishery with which
+to enrich its fields, settlers removed in 1634 to the Connecticut,
+where the soil did not need to be "fished." In 1635 the number of
+emigrants was larger, and there was much suffering during the
+following winter and many of the cattle perished.
+
+
+X.
+
+[Sidenote: Emigration by churches.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1636.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3.]
+
+But the unit of New England migration was the church. No doubt the
+cohesiveness of the townships, and of the churches which were the
+nuclei of the towns, was re-enforced by provincial differences between
+the several communities. In 1636 Hooker, the real founder of
+Connecticut, and his congregation of Essex people, sold their houses
+and meadows and home lots and acre rights in the commonage in
+Cambridge to a new congregation led by Thomas Shepard. From Newtown
+and from Dorchester the churches emigrated bodily--pastors, teachers,
+ruling elders, and deacons--carrying their organization with them
+through the wilderness like an ark of the covenant. New churches were
+soon afterward formed in the places they had left. Naturally, town
+government became the principal feature of civil organization in
+states thus planted by separate and coherent groups.
+
+
+XI.
+
+[Sidenote: The new government.]
+
+[Sidenote: Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll., i, 20, 21.]
+
+[Sidenote: Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll., i, 3, and ff.]
+
+The Connecticut rulers acted at first as a government subordinate to
+Massachusetts; but the settlements, except that of people from Roxbury
+at Springfield, were south of the line of the Massachusetts colony,
+and it was not in the nature of things that Hooker and Haynes should
+subordinate themselves to Cotton and Winthrop. There was indeed no
+little exasperation between the two colonies. An independent
+constitution was adopted in Connecticut, on principles which Hooker
+thought he found in the first chapter of Deuteronomy, and which were
+not exactly those that Cotton had managed to deduce from Scripture in
+his Model of Moses his Judicials. The Massachusetts people, whose
+government aspired to dominate all New England, seem to have been
+angered by Hooker's secession and by his refusal to subordinate the
+new state to their own. Massachusetts asserted its authority over
+Springfield, which was within its limits, and every effort possible
+was made to prevent new emigrants who landed at Boston from going to
+the west. Even in England accounts adverse to Connecticut were
+circulated. Hooker, the real head of the new state, resented this in a
+letter of great vigor and some passion.
+
+
+XII.
+
+[Sidenote: Instability of a theocracy.]
+
+In its early years Massachusetts had no rest. Three profound
+disturbances--the expulsion of Williams, the secession of Hooker and
+his followers, and the Hutchinsonian convulsion--followed one another
+in breathless succession, and a dangerous Indian war ran its course at
+the same time. That the early settlements were founded on "rocks and
+sands and salt marshes" was not the chief misfortune of the Bay
+colony. Its ecclesiastical politics proved explosive, to the
+consternation of its pious founders, who like other settlers in Utopia
+had neglected to reckon with human nature.
+
+
+XIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Severity of Puritanism.]
+
+It has been the habit of modern writers on the subject to dismiss the
+Hutchinsonian controversy as a debate about meaningless propositions
+in an incomprehensible jargon. Yet there was in it but the action of
+well-known tendencies in human nature which might almost have been
+predicted from the antecedent circumstances. Puritanism had wrapped
+itself in the haircloth of austerity, it took grim delight in harsh
+forbiddings, and heaped up whole decalogues of thou-shalt-nots. Nor
+did it offer, as other intense religious movements have done, the
+compensation of internal joys for the gayety it repressed.
+Theoretically Calvinist, it was practically an ascetic system of
+external duties and abstentions, trampling on the human spirit without
+ruth.
+
+[Sidenote: Reaction toward a subjective joyousness.]
+
+[Sidenote: Magnalia B. III, c. I, 32.]
+
+[Sidenote: Compare Cotton's Fountain of Life, 35.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5.]
+
+[Sidenote: Shepard's Memoirs in Young, 505.]
+
+But the heart will not be perpetually repressed; kept from natural
+pleasures, it will seek supernatural delights. Men were certain sooner
+or later to soften the iron rigidity of Puritanism by cultivating
+those subjective joys for which Calvinism provided abundant materials.
+While preachers like Hooker were scourging the soul into a
+self-abasement that could approve its own damnation, and while
+ingenious scribes were amassing additional burdens of scruple for
+heavy-laden shoulders, there arose in England a new school of Puritan
+pietists. These shirked none of the requirements of the legalists, but
+their spirits sought the sunnier nooks of Calvinism, and they
+preached the joy of the elect and the delight of a fully assured
+faith. Cotton, whose fair complexion, brown hair, and ruddy
+countenance attested a sanguine temperament, belonged by nature to
+this new order. He rejoiced that he had received the "witness of the
+Spirit" on his wedding day, and he delighted to draw out Scripture
+imagery to a surprising tenuity in describing the "covenant of
+marriage" and the intimacy of the "covenant of salt" or of friendship
+between God and the soul of the believer. Preachers of the same sort
+brought relief to multitudes in various towns of England. The people,
+tired of churchly routine on the one hand and of legalism on the
+other, thronged to hear such divines "filling the doores and windows."
+It was the evangelicalism of the following century sending up its
+shoots prematurely into a frosty air. The old-fashioned Puritan had
+always conceived of religion as difficult of attainment. It was a
+paradoxical system wherein men were saved by the works they
+theoretically abjured. Conservative Puritans complained of the
+preachers who spread a table of "dainties," as though it were
+meritorious to sustain the soul on a rugged diet of rough doctrine. In
+Thomas Shepard's Memoirs of his own Life we may overhear "a godly
+company" of the time in familiar "discourse about the wrath of God and
+the terror of it, and how intolerable it was; which they did present
+by fire, how intolerable the torment of that was for a time; what,
+then, would eternity be?"
+
+
+XIV.
+
+[Sidenote: Cotton's revivalism.]
+
+[Sidenote: Winthrop's Journal, i, 144.]
+
+[Sidenote: Report of Record Com. ii, 5. Boston Town Records, 1635.
+Hutchinson Papers, p. 88.]
+
+Cotton professed that he loved to sweeten his mouth with a piece of
+Calvin before he went to sleep. His emotional rendering of Calvinistic
+doctrines wrought strongly on the people of the new Boston, and his
+advent was followed by widespread religious excitement. More people
+were admitted to the church in Boston in the earlier months of
+Cotton's residence than to all the other churches in the colony.
+Boston seems to have become religious in a pervasive way, and in 1635
+measures were taken to prevent persons who were not likely to unite
+with the church from settling in the town. In this community, which
+had no intellectual interest but religion, and from which ordinary
+diversions were banished, there were sermons on Sunday and religious
+lectures on week days and ever-recurring meetings in private houses.
+The religious pressure was raised to the danger point, and an
+explosion of some sort was well-nigh inevitable. Cotton's enthusiasms
+were modulated by the soft stop of a naturally placid temper, but when
+communicated to others they were more dangerous.
+
+
+XV.
+
+[Sidenote: Mrs. Hutchinson's character.]
+
+[Sidenote: Wonder-working Providence, ch. lxii.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6.]
+
+[Sidenote: Short Story, etc., p. 31.]
+
+[Sidenote: Cotton's The Way of the Churches Cleared, Part I, p. 51.
+Short Story, 31.]
+
+[Sidenote: Short Story, 34.]
+
+Mrs. Anne Hutchinson had been one of Cotton's ardent disciples in old
+Boston. She crossed the sea with her husband that she might sit under
+his ministry in New England. She was a woman cursed with a natural
+gift for leadership in an age that had no place for such women. "This
+Masterpiece of Womens wit," the railing Captain Johnson calls her, and
+certainly her answers before the Massachusetts General Court go to
+show that she was not inferior in cleverness to any of the magistrates
+or ministers. Winthrop, whose antipathy to her was a passion, speaks
+of her "sober and profitable carriage," and says that she was "very
+helpful in the time of childbirth and other occasions of bodily
+infirmities, and well furnished with means to those purposes." In the
+state of medical science at that time such intelligent and voluntary
+ministration from a "gentlewoman" must have been highly valued. Almost
+alone of the religionists of her time she translated her devotion into
+philanthropic exertion. But a woman of her "nimble and active wit"
+could not pass her life in bodily ministrations. Power seeks
+expression, and her native eloquence was sure to find opportunity.
+Mrs. Hutchinson made use of the usual gathering of gossips on the
+occasion of childbirth to persuade the women to that more intimate
+religious life of which she was an advocate. It was the custom to hold
+devotion at concert pitch by meetings at private houses for men only;
+women might be edified by their husbands at home. Mrs. Hutchinson
+ventured to open a little meeting for women. This was highly approved
+at first, and grew to unexpected dimensions; fifty, and sometimes
+eighty, of the principal women of the little town were present at her
+conferences.
+
+
+XVI.
+
+[Sidenote: Mrs. Hutchinson's doctrines.]
+
+[Sidenote: Compare Whelewright's Sermon in Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc.,
+1866, 265. Cotton's Sermon on the Churches Resurrection, 1642.]
+
+In these meetings she emphasized Cotton's favorite doctrine of "a
+covenant of grace." Her sensitive woman's nature no doubt had beat its
+wings against the bars of legalism. She was not a philosopher, but
+nothing could be more truly in accord with the philosophy of character
+than her desire to give to conduct a greater spontaneity. Cotton
+himself preached in the same vein. In addition to the Reformation, of
+which Puritans made so much, he looked for something more which he
+called, in the phrase of the Apocalypse, "the first resurrection."
+Mrs. Hutchinson, who was less prudent and more virile than Cotton, did
+not hesitate to describe most of the ministers in the colony as
+halting under a "covenant of works." Her doctrine was, at bottom, an
+insurrection against the vexatious legalism of Puritanism. She carried
+her rebellion so far that she would not even admit that good works
+were a necessary evidence of conversion. It was the particular
+imbecility of the age that thought of almost every sort must spin a
+cocoon of theological phrases for itself. Spontaneity of religious and
+moral action represented itself to Mrs. Hutchinson and her followers
+as an indwelling of the Holy Ghost in the believer and as a personal
+union with Christ whom they identified with the "new creature" of
+Paul. Such a hardening of metaphor into dogma is one of the commonest
+phenomena of religious thought.
+
+
+XVII.
+
+[Sidenote: Vane's arrival, 1635.]
+
+[Sidenote: His election as governor, 1636.]
+
+Sir Henry Vane the younger, who had become an ardent Puritan in spite
+of his father, landed in Boston in October, 1635. He had already shown
+those gifts which enabled him afterward to play a considerable part in
+English history. His high connections made him an interesting figure,
+and though only about twenty-six years of age he was chosen governor
+in May, 1636. Ardent by nature, and yet in his youth when he "forsook
+the honors and preferments of the court to enjoy the ordinances of
+Christ in their purity," nothing was more natural than that he should
+be captivated by the seraphic Cotton and that he should easily adopt
+the transcendental views of Mrs. Hutchinson. Winthrop, the natural
+leader of the colony, having given place in 1635 to Haynes, perhaps in
+order that Hooker's party might be conciliated and the Connecticut
+emigration avoided, was a second time thrust aside that a high-born
+youth might be honored. Winthrop was utterly opposed to Mrs.
+Hutchinson, in whose teachings his apprehensive spirit saw
+full-fledged Antinomianism, and, by inference, potential anabaptism,
+blasphemy, and sedition. The Hutchinsonians were partisans of Vane,
+who adhered to their doctrine. The ministers other than Cotton and
+Whelewright, stung by the imputation that they were under "a covenant
+of works," rallied about Winthrop. Political cleavage and religious
+division unfortunately coincided.
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrogance of the Hutchinson party.]
+
+[Sidenote: 1636.]
+
+[Sidenote: Cotton's Churches Resurrection, p. 27.]
+
+Supported by the prestige of the young governor and of some
+conspicuous citizens and inspired by Cotton's metaphorical and
+mystical preaching, which was interpreted with latitude, the
+enthusiasm of the Hutchinsonians tended to become fanaticism. We have
+to depend mainly on the prejudiced account of their enemies, but there
+is little reason to doubt that the advocates of "a covenant of grace"
+assumed the airs of superiority usually seen in those who have
+discovered a short cut to perfection. The human spirit knows few
+greater consolations than well-disguised self-righteousness. The
+followers of Mrs. Hutchinson, if we may believe the witnesses,
+sometimes showed their sanctity by walking out of meeting when a
+preacher not under "a covenant of grace" entered the pulpit. They even
+interrupted the services with controversial questions addressed to the
+minister. Wilson, pastor of the Boston church, was condemned by them
+as being under "a covenant of works," and also incidentally criticised
+for his "thick utterance." Nor can one find that Cotton interposed his
+authority to protect his less gifted colleague. It is quite
+conceivable that he looked with some satisfaction on the progress of
+affairs in Boston. The heavenly minded young governor who had chosen
+to suffer reproach with the people of God was his disciple. The
+brilliant woman who was easily the leader of the town was the very
+apostle of his doctrine. The superiority of his opinions on a union
+with Christ that preceded active faith as compared with those of
+Hooker and the lesser divines was enthusiastically asserted by the
+great majority of the Boston church, led by Mrs. Hutchinson. Seeing so
+much zeal and sound doctrine he may have felt that the first or
+spiritual resurrection of which he was wont to prophesy from the
+Apocalypse, had already begun in his own congregation, and that among
+these enthusiasts were those who had learned to "buy so as though they
+bought not"--those who had been lifted into a crystalline sphere where
+they had "the Moone under their feet. And if we have the Moone under
+our feete, then wee are not eclipsed when the Moone is Eclipsed." Thus
+did Cotton's imagination revel in cosmical imagery.
+
+
+XIX.
+
+[Sidenote: Bitterness of the debate.]
+
+[Sidenote: Overthrow of Vane, 1637.]
+
+The arrogance of the elect is hard to bear, and it is not wonderful
+that the debate waxed hot. The concentrated religiousness of a town
+that sought to shut out unbelieving residents made the dispute
+dangerous. In the rising tempest a ballast of ungodly people might
+have been serviceable. But in Boston there were few even of the
+indifferent to be buffers in the religious collision. While the
+covenant-of-grace people made themselves offensive, their
+opponents,--Winthrop, the slighted ex-governor, Wilson, the unpopular
+pastor, and the ministers accused of being under a covenant of
+works--resorted to the favorite weapons of polemics. They hatched a
+brood of inferences from the opinions Mrs. Hutchinson held, or was
+thought to hold, and then made her responsible for the ugly bantlings.
+They pretended to believe, and no doubt did believe, that Mrs.
+Hutchinson's esoteric teaching was worse than what she gave out. They
+borrowed the names of ancient heresies, long damned by common consent,
+to give odium to her doctrine. That the new party should be called
+Antinomian was plausible; the road they had chosen for escape from
+Puritan legalism certainly lay in that direction. But Antinomianism
+had suffered from an imputation of immorality, and no such tendency
+was apparent, unless by logical deduction, in the doctrines taught in
+Boston. The hearers of Mrs. Hutchinson were also accused of having
+accepted the doctrines of the so-called Family of Love which had of
+old been accused of many detestable things, and was a common bugaboo
+of theology at the time. The whole town of Boston and the whole colony
+of Massachusetts was set in commotion by the rude theological brawl.
+Such was the state of combustion in Boston that it was thought
+necessary by the opponents of Vane and Mrs. Hutchinson to hold the
+court of elections at the former capital, Newtown. The excitement at
+this court was so great that the church members, who only could vote,
+were on the point of laying violent hands on one another in a contest
+growing out of a question relating to the indwelling of the Holy
+Ghost. Vane was defeated, and Winthrop again made governor.
+
+
+XX.
+
+[Sidenote: The Synod of 1637.]
+
+[Sidenote: Short Story of the Rise, Reign, etc., _passim_.]
+
+[Sidenote: Winthrop's Journal, i, 284, and following.]
+
+[Sidenote: Cotton's Way of the Churches Cleared, _passim_.]
+
+A great synod of elders from all the New England churches was
+assembled. All the way from Ipswich and Newbury on the east and from
+the Connecticut on the west the "teaching elders" made their way by
+water or by land, at public expense, that they might help the
+magistrates of Massachusetts to decide on what they should compel the
+churches to believe. For more than three weeks the synod at Cambridge
+wrestled with the most abstruse points of doctrine. The governor
+frequently had to interpose to keep the peace; sometimes he adjourned
+the assembly, to give time for heats to cool. A long list of errors,
+most of which were not held by anybody in particular, were condemned.
+A nearly unanimous conclusion on certain fine-spun doctrines was
+reached at length by means of affirmations couched in language vague
+or ambiguous. Cotton, who had been forced after debate to recant one
+opinion and modify others, assented to the inconclusive conclusions,
+but with characteristic non-committalism he qualified his assent and
+withheld his signature.
+
+
+XXI.
+
+[Sidenote: The persecution.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mass. Rec., i, 207.]
+
+The field was now cleared for the orderly persecution of the
+dissentients. Whelewright, Mrs. Hutchinson's brother-in-law, had been
+convicted of sedition in the preceding March on account of an
+imprudent sermon preached on a fast day. But his sentence had been
+deferred from court to court, apparently until after the synod. At the
+November court following the synod Whelewright was banished, and those
+who had signed a rather vigorous petition in his favor many long
+months before were arraigned and banished or otherwise punished. The
+banished included some of the most intelligent and conspicuous
+residents. Not until this November court had her opponents ventured to
+bring Mrs. Hutchinson to trial. Whelewright, standing by his
+hot-headed sermon, had just been sentenced; the abler but more timid
+Cotton had already been overborne and driven into a safe ambiguity by
+the tremendous pressure of the great synod. Vane had left the colony,
+and the time was ripe to finish the work of extirpation. The elders
+were summoned to be present and advise.
+
+
+XXII.
+
+[Sidenote: Mrs. Hutchinson's trial, 1637.]
+
+[Sidenote: Hutchinson's Hist. of Mass. Bay, ii, appendix.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7.]
+
+During a two days' trial, conducted inquisitorially, like an English
+Court of High Commission, Cambridge presented the spectacle of a
+high-spirited and gifted woman, at the worst but a victim of
+enthusiasm, badgered by the court and by the ministers, whose dominant
+order she had attacked. Cotton, with more than his usual courage,
+stood her defender. The tough-fibered Hugh Peter, who made himself
+conspicuous in several ways, took it on him to rebuke Cotton for
+saying a word in defense of the accused. Endecott and Hugh Peter,
+mates well matched, browbeat the witnesses who appeared in Mrs.
+Hutchinson's behalf, and Dudley, the conscientious advocate of
+persecution, was rude and overbearing. Winthrop acted as chief
+inquisitor, the narrow sincerity and superstition of his nature
+obscuring the nobler qualities of the man.
+
+[Sidenote: Mrs. Hutchinson is excommunicated.]
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rise, Reign, Ruine, etc., and Winthrop's Journal, i, 309,
+310.]
+
+Mrs. Hutchinson defended herself adroitly at first, refusing to be
+trapped into self-condemnation. But her natural part was that of an
+outspoken agitator, and her religious exaltation had been increased,
+doubtless, by persecution, for combativeness is a stimulant even to
+zeal. On the second day she threw away "the fear of man," and declared
+that she had an inward assurance of her deliverance, adding that the
+General Court would suffer disaster. For this prophesying she was
+promptly condemned. Cotton had prophesied notably on one occasion,
+Wilson, his colleague, was given to rhyming prophecies, and Hooker had
+made a solemn prediction while in Holland. In this very year the plan
+of the Pequot campaign had been radically changed in compliance with a
+revelation vouchsafed to the chaplain, Stone. But these were
+ministers, and never was the ministerial office so reverenced as by
+the Puritans, who professed to strip it of every outward attribute of
+priestliness. Above all, for a woman to teach and to have revelations
+was to stand the world on its head. "We do not mean to discourse with
+those of your sex," etc., said Winthrop severely to Mrs. Hutchinson
+during the trial. She was sentenced to banishment, but reprieved, that
+the church might deal with her. On the persuasion of Cotton and
+others, Mrs. Hutchinson wrote a recantation apologizing for her
+assumption to have revelations, and retracting certain opinions of
+which she had been accused. But she added that she had never intended
+to teach or to hold these opinions. For this falsehood, as it was
+deemed, she was summarily excommunicated. Yet nothing seems more
+probable than that her hyperbolic utterances under excitement had not
+stood for dogmatic opinions. Under Cotton's fine-spun system of church
+government a member could not be excommunicated except by unanimous
+consent. Many of Mrs. Hutchinson's friends were absent from the
+colony, others had prudently changed sides or stayed away from the
+meeting. But her sons ventured to speak in her behalf. Cotton at once
+admonished them. The effect of putting them under admonition was to
+disfranchise them; it was one of Cotton's ingenuities of the
+sanctuary. The sons out of the way, the mother was cast out
+unanimously--a punishment much dreaded among the Puritans, who
+believed that what was thus bound on earth was bound in heaven. It was
+a ban that forbade the faithful even to eat with her. But the
+melancholy under which Mrs. Hutchinson had suffered vanished at once,
+and she said as she left the church assembly, "Better to be cast out
+than to deny Christ."
+
+
+XXIII.
+
+[Sidenote: Omens and auguries.]
+
+[Sidenote: Savage's Winthrop's Journal, i, 313, 316; ii, 11, and Short
+Story of Rise and Reign of Antinomianism.]
+
+[Sidenote: Winthrop, i, 316.]
+
+[Sidenote: Savage's Winthrop, i, 326.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Mrs. Hutchinson.]
+
+Mrs. Hutchinson and most of her party settled on Rhode Island, where
+they sheltered themselves at first in caves dug in the ground. Here
+she again attracted attention by the charm of her eloquent teaching,
+and some came from afar to hear the "she Gamaliel," as her opponents
+called her. Such gifts in a woman, and in one who had been
+excommunicated by the authority vested in the church, could be
+accounted for only by attributing her power to sorcery. Winthrop sets
+down the evidence that she was a witch, which consisted in her
+frequent association with Jane Hawkins, the midwife, who sold oil of
+mandrakes to cure barrenness, and who was known to be familiar with
+the devil. At length "God stepped in," and by his "casting voice"
+proved which side was right. Mary Dyer, one of the women who followed
+Mrs. Hutchinson, had given birth to a deformed stillborn child. This
+fact became known when Mrs. Dyer left the church with the
+excommunicated Mrs. Hutchinson. Winthrop had the monstrosity exhumed
+after long burial had rendered its traits difficult to distinguish. He
+examined it personally with little result, but he published in England
+incredible midwife's tales about it. God stepped in once more, and
+Mrs. Hutchinson herself, after she went to Rhode Island, suffered a
+maternal misfortune of another kind. The wild reports that were
+circulated regarding this event are not fit to be printed even in a
+note; the first editor of Winthrop's journal felt obliged to render
+the words into Latin in order that scholars might read them
+shamefacedly. But Cotton, who was by this time redeeming himself by a
+belated zeal against the banished sectaries, repeated the impossible
+tale, which was far worse than pathological, to men and women, callow
+youths, young maidens, and innocent children "in the open assembly at
+Boston on a lecture day," explaining the divine intent to signalize
+her error in denying inherent righteousness. The governor, who was
+more cautious, wrote to the physician and got a correct report, from
+which the divine purpose was not so evident, and Cotton made a
+retraction at the next lecture. We are now peering into the abyss of
+seventeenth-century credulity. Here are a grave ruler and a divine
+once eminent at the university, and now renowned in England and in
+America, wallowing in a squalid superstition in comparison with which
+the divination of a Roman haruspex is dignified.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9.]
+
+Having suffered the loss of her husband, and hearing of efforts on the
+part of Massachusetts to annex Rhode Island, Mrs. Hutchinson removed
+to the Dutch colony of New Netherland with her family. Here she and
+all her household except one child were massacred by the Indians. This
+act of Providence was hailed as a final refutation of her errors, the
+more striking that the place where she suffered was not far removed
+from a place called Hell Gate.
+
+
+XXIV.
+
+[Sidenote: Results of ecclesiastical government.]
+
+This famous controversy lets in much light upon the character of the
+age and the nature of Puritanism. It is one of many incidents that
+reveal the impracticability of the religious Utopia attempted in New
+England. The concentration of religious people undoubtedly produced a
+community free from the kind of disorders that are otherwise
+inseparable from a pioneer state and that were found abundantly in New
+Netherland, in Maryland, and in Virginia and on the eastward fishing
+coast. "These English live soberly," said a Dutch visitor to Hartford
+in 1639, "drinking but three times at a meal, and when a man drinks to
+drunkenness they tie him to a post and whip him as they do thieves in
+Holland." But while some of the good results to be looked for in an
+exclusively Puritan community were attained, it was at the cost of
+exaggerating the tendency to debate and fanaticism and developing the
+severity, the intolerance, and the meddlesome petty tyranny that
+inheres in an ecclesiastical system of government. During the lifetime
+of one generation Massachusetts suffered all these, and it is doubtful
+whether regularity of morals was not purchased at too great a
+sacrifice of liberty, bodily and spiritual, and of justice. Certainly
+the student of history views with relief the gradual relaxation that
+came after the English Restoration and the disappearance from the
+scene of the latest survivors of the first generation of New England
+leaders.
+
+[Illustration: New England after the dispersions.]
+
+
+XXV.
+
+[Sidenote: The New Haven colony.]
+
+During the period of the greatest excitement over the Hutchinson case
+John Davenport, a noted Puritan minister of London, had been in
+Massachusetts. Like many other emigrant divines of the time he brought
+a migrant parish with him seeking a place to settle. Davenport arrived
+in June, 1637, and took part against the Antinomians in the synod.
+After examining every place offered them in Massachusetts, he and his
+friends refused all and resolved to plant a new colony. The people
+were Londoners and bent on trade, and Massachusetts had no suitable
+place for their settlement left. The bitterness of the Hutchinson
+controversy may have had influence in bringing them to this decision,
+and the preparations of Laud to subject and control Massachusetts
+perhaps had weight in driving them to seek a remoter settlement.
+Davenport had ideals of his own, and the earthly paradise he sought to
+found was not quite Cotton's nor was it Hooker's. He and his followers
+planted the New Haven colony in 1638. In this little colony church and
+state were more completely blended than in Massachusetts. The
+government was by church members only, to the discontent of other
+residents, and in 1644 New Haven adopted the laws of Moses in all
+their rigor. The colony was united with Connecticut by royal charter
+at the Restoration, after which the saints no longer sat upon thrones
+judging the tribes of Israel.
+
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+[Sidenote: Later English emigrations to New England.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Maynard to Laud, 17 March, 1638, in Sainsbury.]
+
+[Sidenote: Savage's Winthrop's Journal, i, 319, 320, 322.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rushworth, i, Part II, 409, 718.]
+
+[Sidenote: Josselyn's Rarities, 108.]
+
+The emigration to New England from the mother country was quickened by
+the troubles that preceded the civil war. In 1638 it reached its
+greatest height, having been augmented perhaps by agricultural
+distress. Fourteen ships bound for New England lay in the Thames at
+one time in the spring of that year. There was alarm at the great
+quantity of corn required for the emigrants, lest there should not be
+enough left in London to last till harvest. "Divers clothiers of great
+trading" resolved to "go suddenly," in which we may see, perhaps,
+evidence of bad times in the commercial world. Some parishes it was
+thought would be impoverished. Laud was asked to put a stop to the
+migration; but the archbishop was busy trying to compel the Scots to
+use the prayer book. Most of the lords of the Council were favorable
+to New England; the customs officers purposely neglected to search for
+contraband goods, and the ships, twenty in all, got away with or
+without license, and brought three thousand passengers to Boston. But
+the tide spent itself about this time, and by 1640 emigration to the
+New England colonies had entirely ceased. About twenty-one thousand
+two hundred people had been landed in all.
+
+[Sidenote: Cavalier emigration to Virginia.]
+
+[Sidenote: Petition to House of Lords, 15 Aug., 1648. Royal Hist. MS.,
+Com. Rept., vii, 45.]
+
+[Sidenote: Sainsbury, 360.]
+
+The swing of the political pendulum in England that served to check
+the Puritan exodus gave impetus to a new emigration to Virginia and
+Maryland. During the ten years and more before 1640 few had gone to
+that region but bond servants. There were in that year not quite eight
+thousand people in Virginia. It is the point of time at which the
+native Virginians began to rear a second generation born on the soil.
+The waning fortunes of the king sent to the colony in the following
+years a large cavalier emigration, and the average character of the
+colonists was raised. Better ministers held the Virginia parishes and
+better order was observed in the courts. In 1648 four hundred
+emigrants lay aboard ships bound for Virginia at one time, and in 1651
+sixteen hundred royalist prisoners seem to have been sent in one
+detachment.
+
+[Sidenote: Prospective ascendency of the English colonies.]
+
+By the middle of the seventeenth century the English on the North
+American continent were in a fair way to predominate all other
+Europeans. From the rather lawless little fishing villages on the
+coast of Maine to the rigorous Puritan communes of the New Haven
+colony that stretched westward to pre-empt, in advance of the Dutch,
+land on the shores of Long Island Sound, the English held New England.
+English settlers "seeking larger accommodations" had crossed to Long
+Island and were even pushing into the Dutch colony. The whole
+Chesapeake region was securely English. Already there were Virginians
+about to break into the Carolina country lying wild between Virginia
+and the Spanish colony in Florida. The French and the Dutch and the
+Spaniards excelled the English in far-reaching explorations and
+adventurous fur-trading. But the English had proved their superior
+aptitude for planting compact agricultural communities. A sedentary
+and farming population where the supply of land is not limited reaches
+the highest rate of natural increase. At a later time, Franklin
+estimated that the population of the colonies doubled every
+twenty-five years without including immigrants. The compactness of
+English settlement and the prolific increase of English people decided
+the fate of North America. The rather thin shell of Dutch occupation
+was already, by the middle of the seventeenth century, feeling the
+pressure under stress of which it was soon to give way. A century
+later collision with the populous and ever-multiplying English
+settlements brought about the collapse of the expanded bubble of New
+France.
+
+
+ELUCIDATIONS.
+
+[Sidenote: Note 1, page 321.]
+
+There is a paper on this debate in the British Record Office indorsed
+by Archbishop Laud, "Rec: Octob: 7. 1637," "Propositions wch have
+devided Mr. Hooker & Mr. Cotton in Newe England. 1. That a man may
+prove his justification by his works of sanctification, as the first,
+best, and only cheife evidence of his salvation. 2. Whither fayth be
+active or passive in justification. 3. Whither there be any saving
+preparation in a Christian soule before his unyon with Christ. This
+latter is only Hooker's opinion, the rest of the ministers do not
+concurr with him: Cotton and the rest of the contrary opinion are
+against him and his party in all." Colonial Papers, ix, 71. In the
+next paper in the same volume, also indorsed by Laud, the controversy
+is more fully set forth. Copies of both are in the Bancroft collection
+of the New York Public Library. Laud indorsed these papers
+respectively October 7 and 15, 1637. The Cambridge Synod, which met
+August 30th, had adjourned late in September, and the debates which
+divided the two divines must have preceded it, and perhaps preceded
+the migration of Hooker to Connecticut in 1636. When Haynes was
+Governor of Massachusetts he had pronounced the sentence of banishment
+against Williams. But some years later, while Governor of Connecticut,
+he relented a little and wrote to Williams: "I think, Mr. Williams, I
+must now confesse to you, that the most wise God hath provided and cut
+out this part of his world for a refuge and receptacle for all sorts
+of consciences. I am now under a cloud, and my brother Hooker, with
+the bay, as you have been, we have removed from them thus far, and yet
+they are not satisfied." Quoted by Williams in a letter to Mason, 1st
+Massachusetts Historical Collections, i, 280.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 2, page 322.]
+
+The abstract of Hooker's sermon of May 31, 1638, as deciphered and
+published by Dr. J. Hammond Trumbull, is in the Collections of the
+Connecticut Historical Society, i, 20, 21, and the Fundamental Laws of
+1639 are in Hinman's Antiquities, 20, and ff., and in Trumbull's Blue
+Laws, 51. Compare also the remarkable letter of Hooker to Winthrop in
+Connecticut Historical Society Collections, i, 3-15. Hooker objects
+strongly to the right of arbitrary decisions by the magistrate: "I
+must confess, I ever looked at it as a way which leads directly to
+tyranny, and so to confusion, and must plainly profess, if it was in
+my liberty, I would choose neither to live nor leave my posterity
+under such government." This letter exhibits Hooker's intellect to
+great advantage. One is inclined to rank him above most of his New
+England contemporaries in clearness and breadth of thought.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 3, page 325.]
+
+The selling of half-developed homesteads to newcomers by older
+settlers was of constant occurrence in all the colonies during the
+colonial period. It was a notable practice on the frontiers of
+Pennsylvania down to the Revolution, and perhaps later. Hubbard thus
+describes what went on in every New England settlement: "Thus the
+first planters in every township, having the advantage of the first
+discovery of places, removed themselves into new dwellings, thereby
+making room for others to succeed them in their old." General History
+of New England, 155.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 4, page 328.]
+
+The existence in England of a doctrine resembling that of the
+followers of Cotton and Mrs. Hutchinson is implied in Welde's preface
+to the Short Story of the Rise, Reign, and Ruine of Antinomianism.
+"And this is the very reason that this kind of doctrine takes so well
+here in _London_ and other parts of the kingdome, and that you see so
+many dance after this pipe, running after such and such, crowding the
+Churches and filling the doores and windowes."
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 5, page 328.]
+
+Giles Firmin's Review of Davis's Vindication, 1693, quotes from a
+letter of Shepard of Cambridge, Massachusetts: "Preach Humiliation,
+labor to possess Men with a Sence of Misery and wrath to come. The
+Gospel Consolations and Grace which some would have only disht out as
+the Dainties of the times and set upon the Ministry's Table may
+possibly tickle and ravish some and do some good to some which are
+Humbled and Converted already. But if Axes and Wedges be not used
+withal to hew and break this rough unhewn bold but professing age, I
+am Confident the Work and Fruit ... will be but meer Hypocrisie."
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 6, page 330.]
+
+Notwithstanding his early imprudence during the partisan excitement in
+Boston, Whelewright was a man of sound judgment, and his testimony
+regarding his sister-in-law is the most important we have. "She was a
+woman of good wit and not onely so, ... but naturally of a good
+judgment too, as appeared in her civill occasions; In spirituals
+indeed she gave her understanding over into the power of suggestion
+and immediate dictates, by reason of which she had many strange
+fancies, and erroneous tenents possest her, especially during her
+confinement ... attended by melancholy." Mercurius Americanus, p. 7.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 7, page 338.]
+
+Hugh Peter, after his return to England, adopted the views in favor of
+toleration beginning to prevail there. Nine years after he had
+obtruded himself so eagerly to testify against Mrs. Hutchinson, he was
+writing to New England earnest remonstrances against persecution. 4
+Massachusetts Historical Collections, vi, where the letters are given.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 8, page 338.]
+
+There were those who wished to give time for a second admonition
+before excommunication, but they were overruled, probably by Wilson.
+Winthrop, i, 310. It would, perhaps, have been in better form to take
+the other and less eager course. There is a Latin paper in the British
+Public Record Office, dated 3 March, 1635, which professes to give a
+brief and orderly digest of the canons of government constituted and
+observed in the reformed New England churches. I am unable to trace
+its authority. From this I quote; "Qui pertinacitur consistorii
+admonitiones rejecerit a coena domini suspendatur. Si suspensus, post
+iteratus admonitiones nulla poenitentiae signum dederit ad
+excomunicationem procedat Ecclesia."
+
+
+[Sidenote: Note 9, page 341.]
+
+It would be a waste of time to controvert the ingenious apologies
+which have been written to prove that an inexorable necessity
+compelled the banishment of the Antinomians. The Massachusetts
+government was in its very nature and theory opposed to religious
+toleration, as we may see by the reference of the case of Gorton and
+his companions to the elders, and their verdict that these men, not
+residents of the jurisdiction, ought to be put to death for
+constructive blasphemy, a decision that the magistrates by a majority
+vote would have put in execution if the "deputies" or representative
+members of the assembly had not dissented. Savage's Winthrop's
+Journal, ii, 177. The doctrine of intolerance is ingeniously set forth
+in Cotton's "The Powring Ovt of the Seven Vials, ... very fit and
+necessary for this Present Age," published in 1642. Cotton compares
+Jesuits and heretics to wolves, and says, "Is it not an acceptable
+service to the whole Country to cut off the ravening Wolves?" The
+Puritans of New England from their very circumstances were slower to
+accept the doctrine of religious liberty than their coreligionists in
+England.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abbot, Abp., on Calvert's resignation, 259, n. 6.
+
+  Abercromby's Examination, 258, n. 4; 262, n. 11; 263, n. 12.
+
+  Aberdeen Burgh Records, no Sabbatarian legislation in, 140, n. 12;
+    quaint ordinance from, 140, n. 12.
+
+  Accidents, New England hung on a chain of slender, 176.
+
+  Act, for Church Liberties, 1639, 251; 265, n. 22;
+    for discovering popish recusants, 237, m.;
+    of Toleration, 1649, 255, 256;
+    act to prevent, etc., 237, m.
+
+  Activity, intellectual, men excited to unwonted, 1.
+
+  Adam's needle and thread, garments woven of fiber of, 79;
+    efforts to cultivate, 80.
+
+  Admonition to the People of England, 115, m.
+
+  Advertisements for Planters of New England, 27, m.
+
+  Age of romance and adventure, an, 1, 20;
+    of colony beginnings, 92;
+    dramatic and poetic to its core, 100.
+
+  Agrarian and industrial disturbance aids the Puritan movement, 111.
+
+  Ainsworth wrote tractate on the Jewish ephod, 108.
+
+  Alexander, William, Encouragement to Colonies, 258, n. 3.
+
+  Alleghanies deemed almost impassable, 11.
+
+  Almond, an, for a Parrat, 116.
+
+  America excited the most lively curiosity, 2;
+    notion that it was an Asiatic peninsula, 3;
+    search for a route through, lasted one hundred and fourteen years, 8;
+    a Mediterranean Sea sought in the heart of, 11;
+    fact and fable about, 14;
+    excepted from the Deluge, 20;
+    treasure from flowing into Spanish coffers, 74;
+    Hakluyt spreading sails for, in every breeze, 76;
+    all one to European eyes, 169.
+
+  Amer. Antiqu. Soc. Trans., 22, n. 4.
+
+  Amsterdam, Separatists migrated to, 148;
+    called a common harbor of all opinions, 164.
+
+  Anabaptism, divergencies in direction of, in Mass., 267.
+
+  Anarchy and despotism the inevitable alternatives of communism, 26.
+
+  Anderson's Church of England in the Colonies, 258, n. 3.
+
+  Anderson's Commerce, 22, n. 5; 75, m.; 76, m.; 95, n. 3.
+
+  Anglican and Puritan party lines not sharply drawn at first, 110.
+
+  Anglican Church party, leaders at Zurich and Strasburg, 104;
+    held to the antique ritual, 106;
+    content with moderate reforms, 109;
+    must have a stately liturgy and holy days, 110;
+    becomes dogmatic, 113;
+    aided by Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity, 122.
+
+  Anglican zeal founded a nation of dissenters, 91.
+
+  Animals, notions about American, 18;
+    too many kinds for Noah's ark, 20.
+
+  Animals for breeding, stock of, 48;
+    sold by Argall, 50.
+
+  Antinomianism, divergencies in direction of, in Mass., 287;
+    found by Winthrop in Mrs. Hutchinson's teachings, 332.
+
+  Antinomians sheltered by Vane and Cotton, 267;
+    Davenport took part against, in the synod, 343;
+    banishment of the, 349, n. 9.
+    See also HUTCHINSON, MRS. ANNE, and HUTCHINSONIAN CONTROVERSY.
+
+  Antwerp, a place of refuge for the persecuted, 312, n. 18.
+
+  Apocalypse of John, the, received hearty consideration from the New
+    England Puritans, 301.
+
+  Apostolic primitivism, aim of the Puritan, 303;
+    goal of the Separatist, 303.
+
+  Apostolic succession asserted as essential, 113.
+
+  Archdale's Carolina, 171, m.
+
+  Archer, Gabriel, wounded by the Indians, 28;
+    hostile to Smith, 37;
+    character of, 64, n. 3;
+    a ringleader in disorders, 63, n. 3;
+    a paper on Virginia by, 96, n. 7.
+
+  Archery on Sunday prohibited, 127.
+
+  Arctic continent, an, 2.
+
+  Argall, Captain, the first Englishman to see the bison, 24, n. 10, 50;
+    sent to the Bermudas, went to the fishing-banks for food, 42;
+    to Mt. Desert for plunder, 47;
+    bad record and government, 50;
+    robbed Company and colonists, 50, 52;
+    fitted out a ship for piracy, 51;
+    charter procured for a new plantation to protect, 51, 68, n. 13;
+    escaped in nick of time, 52.
+
+  Argonauts of the New World set sail, 25.
+
+  Arianism, divergencies in direction of, in Massachusetts, 267.
+
+  Ark, The, and The Dove, efforts to prevent departure of, 241;
+    no Protestant minister or worship on board, 242.
+
+  Armada, the Spanish, patriotism aroused by the danger from, 121.
+
+  Armenian silk-raisers brought to Virginia, 78.
+
+  Arminian Nunnery, 93, m.
+
+  Arminianism spreads among the High-Church clergy, 133, 192.
+
+  Arminians and Calvinists, Laud attempts to suppress debate between, 194.
+
+  Arminians excluded from toleration in the Netherlands, 298, 312, n. 18.
+
+  Arnold's History of Rhode Island, 311, n. 17.
+
+  Articles of Union, the, provided for freedom of private belief, 312,
+    n. 18.
+
+  Arundel, Lord, a friend of Sir George Calvert, 226;
+    territory assigned to, 259, n. 5.
+
+  Asher's History of West India Company, 177, m.
+
+  Asia, efforts to reach, 3.
+
+  Aspinwall Papers, 56, m.; 70, n. 15; 264, n. 20.
+
+  Aubrey's Survey of Wiltshire, 136, n. 5.
+
+  Augustine on the Sunday-Sabbath, 137, n. 8; 140, n. 13.
+
+  Austerfeld, a cradle of the Pilgrims, 149;
+    the stolid rustics of, 150;
+    the font at which Bradford was baptized, 151;
+    inhabitants at Bradford's birth a most ignorant people, 152.
+
+  Austerity in morals a Puritan characteristic, 119.
+
+  Auxiliary societies formed, 53.
+
+  Avalon, Calvert's province in Newfoundland called, 224, 258, n. 3;
+    charter of, 225, 234;
+    primary design of the colony, 225; 259, n. 5;
+    troubles of Baltimores and Puritans in, 228;
+    abandoned by Calvert, 230;
+    Catholic emigrants to, 239.
+
+
+  Bacon, Lord, objects to heretics settling a colony, 171.
+
+  Bacon's Lord, An Advertisement touching Controversies, 117, m.;
+    Advice to Villiers, 171, m.;
+    Certain Considerations, 162, m.;
+    Essay on Plantations, 27, m.;
+    Observation on a Libel, 163, m.;
+    Speech in reply to the Speaker, 25, m.
+
+  Bacon's Laws of Maryland, 264, n. 19; 265, n. 22.
+
+  Bacon, Nathaniel, 60, n. 1.
+
+  Bacon, Roger, on the Sunday question, 138, n. 8.
+
+  Baillie, Robert, on John Robinson, 156.
+
+  Baltimore, first Baron. See CALVERT, GEORGE.
+
+  Baltimore, Letters to Wentworth, 241, m.
+
+  Baltimore, second Baron. See CALVERT, CECILIUS.
+
+  Bancroft, Richard, Bishop of London, theatrical adulation of King
+      James, 161;
+    as primate persecutes the Puritans, 162;
+    stops emigration to Virginia, 168, 183, n. 2.
+
+  Baptist Church, the General, on earthly and spiritual
+    authority, 312, n. 19.
+
+  Baptists, Williams and his followers become, 303.
+
+  Barclay's Inner Life, 146, m.; 186, n. 6; 312, n. 19; 314, n. 24.
+
+  Barlow's Svmme and Svbstance, 143, m.; 160, m.; 162, m.; 182, n. 1.
+
+  Barrow hanged at Tyburn, 148.
+
+  Barrowism a mean between Presbyterianism and Brownism, 148;
+    the model for the church at Scrooby, 154.
+
+  Bawtry, the station near Scrooby, 149, 150, 151.
+
+  Baylie, Robert, condemns the toleration of the Dutch, 164, 311, n. 18.
+
+  Baylie's Errours and Induration, 164, m.; 311, n. 18.
+
+  Bell, ringing of only one, to call people to church, 129;
+    of more than one a sin, 130.
+
+  Bentley's Description of Salem, 200, m.;
+    Historical Account of Salem, 311, n. 17.
+
+  Berkeley, Sir William, persecution of Puritans in Virginia by, 252.
+
+  Bermudas, Gates and Somers shipwrecked on the, 40;
+    birds and wild hogs at the, 41, 65, n. 6;
+    marvelous escape from the, 41, 65, n. 6.
+
+  Beste, George, 2, m.; 4;
+    on the New World, 21, n. 2.
+
+  Biard on Dale's severity to French prisoners, 66, n. 9.
+
+  Bible, reading the, as part of the service, reprehended by the
+    extremists, 117.
+
+  Birch's Court of James I, 68, n. 10; 69, n. 14; 72, n. 19; 258, n. 1.
+
+  Bishoprics filled by Elizabeth, 143.
+
+  Bishops, effect of the hostility of the, to the Puritans, 112;
+    attacked by the Mar-Prelate tracts, 115;
+    reaction in favor of, 121;
+    had become Protestant to most people, 123.
+
+  Bison found near the Potomac, 50.
+
+  Blackstone, William, first settler at Boston, 190.
+
+  Blake's Annals of Dorchester, 219, n. 9.
+
+  Boston chosen as fittest place for public meetings, 319;
+    secured Cotton to balance Newton's Hooker, 319.
+
+  Boston church, Roger Williams refused to become a minister of, 270.
+
+  Boston Town Records, 329, m.
+
+  Boulton, a Separatist, recanted and hung himself, 157, n. 2.
+
+  Bowling in the streets the daily work at Jamestown, 44.
+
+  Bowls, Calvin playing at, on Sunday, 124;
+    Mar-Prelate berates the Bishop of London for playing, 128.
+
+  Bownd's, Dr., Sabbath of the Old and the New Testament, 124, 128;
+    views rapidly accepted, 129;
+    ultra-propositions exceeded, 130;
+    captivated the religious public, 130;
+    opposition to, 131;
+    new edition published, 132, 139, n. 10.
+
+  Bozman, 265, n. 22.
+
+  Bradford, William, a silk-weaver in Leyden, 169;
+    chosen governor at Plymouth, 179;
+    abolishes communism, 180;
+    of high aspiration restrained by practical wisdom, 306.
+
+  Bradford's Dialogue of 1593, 146, m.;
+    Plimoth Plantation, 145, m.; 153, m.; 154, m.; 155, m.; 158, n. 3;
+      165, m.; 166, m.; 175, m.; 184, n. 4; 186, n. 9; 274, m.
+
+  Brewster, William, at court, 152;
+    master of the post at Scrooby, 153;
+    secured ministers for neighboring parishes who were silenced, 153;
+    the host and ruling elder of the Scrooby church, 154;
+    useful career of, 155;
+    project of forming a new state, 167;
+    books owned by, 168.
+
+  Briefe Declaration, MS., 27, m.; 40, m.; 43, m.; 44, m.; 45, m.;
+    46, m.; 47, m.; 66, n. 9.
+
+  Brieff Discourse of the Troubles begun at Frankfort, 135, n. 3.
+
+  Briggs, Henry, on the nearness of the Pacific, 10, 22, n. 6.
+
+  Bristol colony in Newfoundland, 258, n. 3.
+
+  British Museum, MS., 42, m.; 44, m.
+
+  Broughton wrote a tractate on the Jewish ephod, 108.
+
+  Brown, Richard, submitted to remonstrance, 290.
+
+  Browne, John and Samuel, sent back to England by Endecott, 200.
+
+  Browne, Robert, leader of the Separatists, 145;
+    despised for recanting, died in prison, 146;
+    career lasted only four or five years, 147;
+    John Robinson's justification of, 157, n. 1;
+    authorities on, 157, n. 1; 158, n. 2.
+
+  Brownists. See SEPARATISTS.
+
+  Brown's Genesis of the United States, 94, n. 1; 183, n. 3.
+
+  Bruce's Economic History of Virginia, 95, n. 3.
+
+  Buckingham dominant at court, 193;
+    consents to sale of Calvert's secretaryship, 227.
+
+  Bull and bear baiting on Sunday, 129.
+
+  Bullein's Dialogue against the Fever Pestilence, 23, n. 8; 126.
+
+  Burgesses, House of, in Virginia, 55.
+
+  Burk's History of Virginia, 69, n. 13.
+
+  Burleigh, Lord Treasurer, treatise on Execution of Justice in England
+    published by, 238.
+
+  Burns's Prel. Diss. to Woodrow, 159, m.; 160, m.
+
+  Busher, Leonard, petitioned James I for liberty of
+    conscience, 312, n. 19.
+
+
+  Cabins at Jamestown, 29.
+
+  Cabot, John, discovers America, 3;
+    his ships retarded by codfish, 18;
+    Deane's voyages of, 21, n. 1;
+    Harrisse on, 21, n. 1.
+
+  Cabot, Sebastian, not a discoverer, 21, n. 1;
+    a doubtful authority, 24, n. 9.
+
+  Calendar of Colonial Documents, 70, n. 15; 96, n. 5; 259, n. 5.
+
+  Calendar of Domestic Papers, 259, n. 6.
+
+  Calendar of Domestic State Papers James I, 77, m.
+
+  Calendar of State Papers America, 224, m.
+
+  Caliban suggested by popular interest in savages, 17.
+
+  Calvert, Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore, son of George Calvert, 234;
+    expected large Catholic migration, 240;
+    religious aim of, 240;
+    partners in financial risks, 240, 263, n. 13;
+    policy of toleration, 242;
+    orders the Catholic service to be conducted privately on
+      shipboard, 242;
+    a conservative opportunist, 243;
+    supported at court by Strafford, 249;
+    schemes against Virginia, 249, 264, n. 21;
+    seeks to be governor, 250;
+    offer to New England people, 252;
+    had Maryland oath of fidelity modified for Puritans, 253;
+    yielded office of governor to Protestant, 254;
+    again master of Maryland, 257.
+
+  Calvert, George, character of, 221;
+    his rise in power, 223;
+    denied being bribed by Spain, 223, 258, n. 1;
+    member of Virginia Company, 1609, 224, 229;
+    councilor for New England, 224;
+    establishes colony in Newfoundland, 224, 239;
+    his conversion to Catholicism, 226;
+    intractable, 225;
+    resigned secretaryship and made Baron Baltimore, 228, 259, n. 6;
+    in Newfoundland, 228, 229;
+    sails to Virginia, 229;
+    not received hospitably, 230;
+    refuses to take oath of supremacy, and leaves Virginia, 232;
+    religious enthusiasm, 233, 258, n. 3;
+    passion for planting colonies, 233;
+    death of, 233.
+
+  Calvert Papers, 250, m.; 264, n. 17.
+
+  Calvin, John, the dominant influence at Geneva, 104;
+    on the Sabbath, 124;
+    Cotton a follower of, 329.
+
+  Calvinism, materials for subjective joys provided by, 327.
+
+  Calvinistic churches, efforts to assimilate the Church of England
+      to the, 112;
+    controversy adds another issue, 133;
+    doctrines popular, 328, 329, 347, n. 4.
+
+  Calvinists and Arminians, Laud's attempt to suppress debates
+    between, 194.
+
+  Cambridge settled under the name of Newtown, 317.
+
+  Cambridge pledge, the, of Winthrop and others, 209.
+
+  Camden's Elements of New England, 177, m.
+
+  Canada, Brownists ask leave to settle in, 167.
+
+  Cannibalism at Jamestown, 39;
+    denied by Gates, 65, n. 5.
+
+  Cape Anne, failure of Dorchester Company's colony on, 189, 199.
+
+  Cape Cod shoals turn back the Mayflower, 177, 186, n. 7.
+
+  Carlisle's treatise, 75, m.
+
+  Cartwright, leader of the Presbyterians, 112, 136, n. 6.
+
+  Cartwright's Admonition to Parliament, 129, m.
+
+  Carver, John, chosen governor, 173, 184, n. 4.
+
+  Castle Island, platform constructed on, 284.
+
+  Catholic conscience, oath made offensive to the, 237.
+
+  Catholic migration, the, 220;
+    revival in England, 226;
+    settlers in Newfoundland, 228, 239;
+    Baltimore family openly, 228, 235;
+    migration to Maryland small, 240;
+    pilgrims very religious, 243, 244, 245;
+    tax on Catholic servants in Maryland, 248;
+    colony in Maryland until after 1640, 247;
+    at peace with Puritans in Maryland, 254;
+    element protected in Maryland, 257;
+    party in minority in Maryland, 266.
+
+  Catholicism condoned, to conciliate Spain, 238;
+    tide toward, in England, 240.
+
+  Catholics, Irish, not allowed to settle in Virginia, 231;
+    Baltimore's party of, repelled from Virginia, 231;
+    harsh laws in England against, 236, 237, 238;
+    enforcement of penal statutes against, 239;
+    co-religionists of queen, 239;
+    toleration and protection to English Catholics in Maryland, 242;
+    no perfect security for, in Maryland, 248;
+    rich and influential families of, in Maryland, 264, n. 18;
+    conciliation to Protestants at expense of fairness toward, 251;
+    papist religion forbidden, 257;
+    excluded from toleration in the Netherlands, 298, 312, n. 18.
+
+  Catlet, Colonel, reaches the Alleghanies, 11.
+
+  Cattle, scarce in Massachusetts colony, 320;
+    perished in Connecticut, 324.
+
+  Cavalier emigration to Virginia, 345.
+
+  Cedar timber exported, 45.
+
+  Ceremonies, observance of pompous, 101;
+    bitter debates about, 108;
+    ceased to be abhorrent, 123.
+
+  Certayne Qvestions concerning the high priest's ephod, 108, m.
+
+  Chapman, Jonson and Marston's Eastward, Ho! 23, n. 8.
+
+  Charles I, coronation robe of silk for, from Virginia, 78;
+    obliterated by Puritanism, 133.
+
+  Charles II wore silk raised in Virginia, 78.
+
+  Charter, the Great, granted by the Virginia Company, 55, 173, 206;
+    only information concerning, 70, n. 15.
+
+  Charter for a private plantation obtained by Warwick, 51, 68, n. 13.
+
+  Charter of New England, 1620, 173;
+    of the Massachusetts Company, 210, 218, n. 7;
+    of Avalon, April 7, 1623, 225;
+    for precinct in Virginia granted to Leyden pilgrims, 229;
+    for new palatinate on north side of the Potomac granted to
+      Baltimore, 233;
+    of Maryland passed, 234;
+    terms of the, 234, 235, 236;
+    compared with those of Avalon, 234;
+    ambiguous, 251.
+
+  Charter-House School founded by legacy as Sutton's Hospital, 268;
+    attended by Roger Williams, 268.
+
+  Chesapeake Bay mapped by Captain John Smith, 36.
+
+  Chesapeake region securely English, 345.
+
+  Chimes not in accord with a severe Sabbath, 129.
+
+  Church, a "particular," Puritans desire to found, 197;
+    the unit of New England migration, 325.
+
+  Church at Jamestown enlarged, 42, 65, n. 7.
+
+  Church economy, each system of, claimed divine authority, 113.
+
+  Church, English, Laud sought to make Catholic, 193.
+
+  Church government, three periods of, 112, 136, n. 6;
+    questions of, fell into abeyance, 137, n. 6;
+    Barrowism, the form of, brought to New England, 148;
+    Puritans desire to make real their ideal of, 198;
+    Puritan passion for, 212.
+
+  Church of England repudiated as antichristian, 147;
+    divergencies in direction of, in Massachusetts, 267.
+
+  Church of the exiles at Frankfort, the factions in developed into two
+    great parties, 105.
+
+  Church quarrels at Strasburg and Frankfort, 105;
+    reform, no hope of securing, 196, 197.
+
+  Churches of Massachusetts formed on model of Robinson's
+      Independency, 213;
+    lack of uniformity in the early, 215;
+    borrowed discipline and form of government from Plymouth, 215.
+
+  Churchill's Voyages, 265, n. 23.
+
+  Churchmen, High, aggressive, 113.
+
+  Cities of refuge on the Continent, 104;
+    English churches organized in, 104.
+
+  Civet cat, Hariot thought, would prove profitable, 19.
+
+  Claiborne, claim of, to Kent Island, 253.
+
+  Clap's, Roger, Memoirs, 213, m.
+
+  Clarendon Papers, 67, n. 9.
+
+  Clarke's Gladstone and Maryland Toleration, 245, m.
+
+  Clergymen most active writers in favor of colonization, 91;
+    some preach sermons but stay away from public prayer, 143;
+    supported by magistrates in Massachusetts if church order
+      was disturbed, 266;
+    men of unusual prudence in ranks of, 266.
+
+  Climate of Great Britain not favorable to raising products
+    of the Mediterranean, 75.
+
+  Coddington's Letter, 308, n. 9.
+
+  Code of Lawes, Divine, Morall, and Martiall, by Sir Thomas
+    Smyth, 70, n. 16; 132.
+
+  Codfish, multitude of, on coast of Newfoundland, 18.
+
+  Coxe, Sir Edward, defended legacy which founded Charter-House
+      School, 268;
+    appointed Roger Williams to a scholarship, 268;
+    schism detested by, 270.
+
+  College proposed and endowed, 91.
+
+  Collier's Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain, 263, n. 12.
+
+  Colonial Constitution of Virginia modified for the worse, 249.
+
+  Colonial Papers, 68, n. 11; 71, n. 18; 262, n. 11; 264, n. 21;
+    265, n. 25; 346, n. 1.
+
+  Colonial proprietors, 70, n. 15.
+
+  Colonial Records of Virginia, 70, n. 15.
+
+  Colonies, secondary, 220.
+
+  Colonists, efforts of friends to succor, thwarted, 47;
+    loss of life among, in Virginia, 58.
+
+  Colonization, English, the fate of, settled by the experiments
+      on the James River, 58;
+    promoted, to get rid of excess of population, 136, n. 5;
+    unwise management ruined many projects for, 178.
+
+  Colony, English, rise of the first, 1;
+    motives for founding, 73.
+
+  Colony government, primary and secondary forms of, 218, n. 7.
+
+  Colony of St. Maries, 245.
+
+  Colony-planters drawn from the ranks of the uneasy, 171, 220.
+
+  Colony-planting, Hakluyt's tireless advocacy of, 5;
+    John Smith on, 37;
+    spurred by three motives, 74;
+    kept alive by delusions, 74;
+    first principles of, not understood, 76;
+    an economic problem, 84;
+    the religious motive most successful in, 189, 220;
+    centrifugal forces in, 220, 266.
+
+  Commandment, the fourth, held to be partly moral, partly ceremonial,
+      138, n. 8; 140, n. 13;
+    Shepard holds it to be wholly moral, 140, n. 13.
+
+  Commerce with the Orient, the hope of, retarded settlement, 4.
+
+  Commissions, forged, to "press" maidens, 72, n. 19.
+
+  Commodities, sixteen staple, exhibited from Virginia, 49;
+    production of, the main hope of wealth for Virginia, 75, 97, n. 9.
+
+  Commons inclosed, 111, 135, n. 5.
+
+  Commons Journal, 71, n. 18.
+
+  Communion, withdrawal of, a fundamental principle of Separatism, 271.
+
+  Communism at Jamestown, 26, 42;
+    abolished, 56;
+    attempted at Plymouth, 169, 185, n. 4;
+    abolished by Bradford, 180;
+    evils of, 186, n. 9.
+
+  Compact, the, of the Pilgrims, 173, 183, n. 4; 185, n. 5.
+
+  Company's Chief Root of Differences, the, 52, m.;
+    authors of, 69, n. 13.
+
+  Congregationalism, rise of, in New England, 214.
+
+  Connecticut, a secondary colony, 220;
+    the migration to, has an epic interest, 316;
+    independent constitution adopted by, 325;
+    accounts adverse to, circulated in England, 326.
+
+  Connecticut Historical Society Collections, 326, m.; 347, n. 2.
+
+  Connecticut River, stories of the fertility of the intervale land
+      on the, 322;
+    dangerous Pequots on the, 323;
+    soil did not need to be "fished," 324.
+
+  Consciences, oppressed, places of refuge for, in the Low Countries, 163.
+
+  Conservative and radical, difference between constitutional, 109;
+    churchman limited his Protestantism, 109.
+
+  Constitutional government, starting point of, in the New World, 55.
+
+  Continent, an arctic and antarctic, 2;
+    crossed by Ingram in a year, 14.
+
+  Controversie concerning Liberty of Conscience, 300, m.
+
+  Conversion of the Indians, desired for the sake of trade, 16, 90,
+      216, n. 4;
+    orders for the, 42;
+    interest in, becomes secondary, 204, 209;
+    authorities on the, 216, n. 4;
+    by the Catholics, 247.
+
+  Convicts asked for by Dale, 47.
+
+  Cook's Historical View of Christianity, 138, n. 8.
+
+  Cooper, Dr., Bishop of Winchester, answered first Mar-Prelate tract, 116.
+
+  Copley, business administrator of Jesuits, 251, 264, n. 17.
+
+  Corn not planted at proper season, 44, 60, n. 2;
+    ground for, cleared, 48;
+    more raised by private than by public labor, 49.
+
+  Cotton, John, apparent sanction of Antinomianism by, 267;
+    one of the greatest luminaries of the Puritans and one of the lights
+      of New England, 269;
+    apostle of theocracy, shaped ecclesiastical affairs in New
+      England, 279, 308, n. 8;
+    his rivals left Massachusetts, 280;
+    virtually attained a bishop's authority, 280;
+    on Williams's book, 282;
+    complete system of church-state organization, 287;
+    verbal legerdemain on Williams's banishment, 297;
+    casuistry of, 299, 313, n. 20; 321;
+    attitude toward Williams's banishment, 299, 300, 313, n. 21;
+    source of his intolerance, 300;
+    belongs among the diplomatic builders of churches, 306;
+    uncandid and halting accounts of Williams's trial, 309, 310, n. 12;
+      311, n. 17;
+    curious sinuosity of conscience, 313, n. 21;
+    secured by Boston to balance Newtown's Hooker, 319;
+    rivalry with Hooker, 320;
+    Puritanism of, grew in a garden of spices, 321;
+    of a sanguine temperament, 328;
+    his advent followed by widespread religious excitement, 329;
+    theological differences between his teachings and those of Hooker,
+      346, n. 1;
+    Model of Moses his Judicials, 326;
+    opinions recanted and modified by, 336;
+    defends Mrs. Hutchinson, 337;
+    persuades her to recant, 339;
+    disfranchises her sons, 339;
+    belated zeal of, against the sectaries, 341;
+    wallows in superstition, 341.
+
+  Cotton planted, 29.
+
+  Cotton's Answer to Williams's Examination, 308, n. 10, 11; 310, n. 16;
+      313, n. 20, 21;
+    Fountain of Life, 328, m.;
+    Sermon on the Church's Resurrection, 331, m.; 334, m.;
+    Way of Congregational Churches, 157, n. 2; 219, n. 10; 330, m.; 336, m.
+
+  Council for New England grants a patent to the Massachusetts projectors,
+    199, 207.
+
+  Councilors of estate in Virginia, 55.
+
+  Counter-Blaste to Tobacco, 84, m.
+
+  Country, a barren, a great whet to industry, 177.
+
+  Courtier, the honor of a, possessed by Calvert, 223;
+    the happiest has least to do at court, 258, n. 1.
+
+  Courts of High Commission, penalties of, 270.
+
+  Covenant of grace _vs._ covenant of works, 331, 334, 335.
+
+  Cox, Richard, followers of, dispute with those of John Knox, 105.
+
+  Cox's Literature of the Sabbath Question, 127, m.; 138, n. 8;
+    139, n. 10.
+
+  Cradock, Mathew, Governor of the Massachusetts Company, proposes
+      transfer of the government, 206, 208, 209;
+    resigned his governorship, 210;
+    denounced by Laud, 211;
+    letter to Endecott, 216, n. 4.
+
+  Credulity about America, 2, 20;
+    abyss of seventeenth century, 341.
+
+  Customs, low, advocated by Captain John Smith, 37.
+
+  Cyuile and Vncyuile Life, 134, n. 1.
+
+
+  Dainties, preachers who spread a table of, complained of, 328, 348, n. 5.
+
+  Dainty, Argall's voyage in the, 50.
+
+  Dale, Sir Thomas, sent to Virginia, 43;
+    tyranny of, 45-47;
+    horrible cruelties of, 46;
+    services, 47;
+    theatrical return, 48, 68, n. 10;
+    glowing reports of the country, 49, 168;
+    cruelties of, proved, 66, n. 9;
+    his severity, 67, n. 9;
+    various authorities on, 67, n. 9.
+
+  Danvers, Sir John, interested in the Virginia Company, 54;
+   in power, 71, n. 17;
+   one of the fathers of representative government in America, 173.
+
+  Darien, Isthmus of, 6.
+
+  Davenport, John, took part in the synod, 343;
+    with his followers planted the New Haven colony, 343.
+
+  Days of the week, scruples about the heathen names of the, 302,
+    314, n. 23.
+
+  Days of fasting and prayer appointed, 324.
+
+  De Costa, in Mag. of Amer. Hist., 23, n. 8.
+
+  De la Warr, Lady, plundered by Argall, 50.
+
+  De la Warr, Lord, sends expedition for gold, 13;
+    arrival of, regretted by the old settlers, 41;
+    governor at Jamestown, 41;
+    resides at the falls of the James, 43;
+    flight of, from the colony, 43;
+    nominally governor, 44;
+    ceremonious landing at Jamestown, 101;
+    escorted to church by gentlemen and guards, 102.
+
+  Deane, Charles, Voyages of Cabot, 21, n. 1;
+    misunderstood a statement by Bradford, 184, n. 4.
+
+  Debate, the Puritan, 108;
+    bitterness of the, 114;
+    new issues, 123;
+    advantage of new ground of, to the Puritan, 131.
+
+  Debates, theological, concerned with speculative dogmas, 108.
+
+  Declaration of Virginia, 95, n. 3.
+
+  Delft Haven, the parting at, 175.
+
+  Delusions in colony-planting, 74.
+
+  Deptford, gold-refining works at, 13.
+
+  De Rasieres's letter, 103, m.
+
+  Dermer, seeking the Pacific, is driven into Long Island Sound, 9.
+
+  Description of the Now-discovered river and Country of Virginia,
+    96, n. 7.
+
+  Desertion, Dale's punishment for, 46.
+
+  Devil worship, Indian, belief in, 16.
+
+  De Vries's Voyages, m., 231.
+
+  Dexter, F. B., in Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, 155, m.
+
+  Dexter's H. M., Congregationalism, 147, m.; 157, n. 1; 185, n. 6;
+    "As to Roger Williams," as erudite as it is one-sided, 311, n. 17.
+
+  Discontent, numerous causes for, 111, 135, n. 5.
+
+  Discourse of the Old Virginia Company, 54, m.; 66, n. 9; 68, n. 11;
+    70, n. 16.
+
+  Discovery, the pinnace, 25.
+
+  Dispersions from the mother colony, 315.
+
+  Display, love of, in Elizabeth's time, 98;
+    greatness declared itself by, 100, 134, n. 2.
+
+  Dissension, outbreak of, among the English Protestant exiles, 104.
+
+  Dividends, Dale's aim to make the colony pay, 45.
+
+  D'Ogeron supplied buccaneers with wives, 71, n. 18.
+
+  Dogs as food, 8.
+
+  Domestic Correspondence, James I, 134, n. 1.
+
+  Dorchester Company, failure of colony of, on Cape Ann, 189, 199.
+
+  Dorchester, Mass., church covenant, 219, n. 9;
+    ready to follow the lead of Hooker, 323;
+    settlers remove from to Connecticut, 324;
+    church emigrated bodily, 325.
+
+  Drama, the age of the, 99.
+
+  Dress, inordinate display in, 134, n. 2;
+    laws to repress, 100;
+    excesses in, denounced, 120;
+    regulations against, in Massachusetts, 285.
+
+  Drunkenness, punishment for, 342.
+
+  Dudley, a zealous advocate of religious intolerance, 287;
+    impatient to snuff out Williams, 288;
+    verse by, 288;
+    rude and overbearing, 338.
+
+  Dudley to the Countess of Lincoln, 174, 317, m.
+
+  Durham, legal power of Bishops of, given to proprietor of Maryland,
+    236, 263, n. 12.
+
+  Dutch Government declined to assure the Pilgrims of protection
+      against England, 173;
+    made tempting offers to the Independents, 176;
+    despised for showing toleration, 298, 311, n. 18;
+    laid claim to the Connecticut, 323;
+    occupation giving way, 346.
+
+  Duties, heavy, on tobacco, 85, 96, n. 8.
+
+  Dyer, Mary, misfortune of, 340.
+
+
+  East India Company's agents, cruelty of, 67, n. 9.
+
+  East Indies, desire for a short passage to the, 3, 4, 5, 12, 22, n. 5.
+
+  Eastward, Ho! the play of, 23.
+
+  Ecclesiastical Commission, the inquisitorial, 114.
+
+  Ecclesiastical extension desired by the English Church, 90;
+    organization of the Brownists dominant, 141;
+    politics explosive in Massachusetts, 326;
+    system of government, petty tyranny that inheres in, 342.
+
+  Economic success of the Virginia colony assured, 49;
+    adverse conditions more deadly than an ungenial climate, 78;
+    problems solved by homely means, 84.
+
+  Edwards, T., Antapologia, 217, n. 4.
+
+  Eliot, Sir John, confined in the Tower, 203.
+
+  Eliot, John, convinced of error, 290, 291;
+    usher and disciple of Hooker, 317.
+
+  Eliot's Biography, 201, m.; 288, m.
+
+  Elizabeth, Queen, jeweled dresses of, 98;
+    gorgeous progresses of, 99;
+    could not compel uniformity, 109;
+    threatens to unfrock a bishop, 110;
+    molded the church to her will, 112;
+    her policy of repression resulted in the civil war, 114;
+    greatest popularity in last years of her reign, 121.
+
+  Elizabethan age, the, 1;
+    prodigal of daring adventure, 20.
+
+  Ellis Letters, The, 182, n. 1.
+
+  Ellis collection, first series, 238, m.
+
+  Elton's brief biography of Roger Williams, 311, n. 17.
+
+  Emigrants sail for Virginia, 25;
+    bad character of the, 27, 59.
+
+  Emigration to New England quickened by troubles that preceded the
+      civil war, 344;
+    reached greatest height in 1638, 344;
+    ceased entirely in 1640, 344;
+    to Virginia and Maryland, received impetus from check of Puritan
+      exodus, 344, 345.
+
+  Emmanuel College, Cambridge, the cradle of Puritan divines, 316.
+
+  Endecott, John, leadership and character of, 200;
+    cut arm of cross from English colors, 201;
+    put Quakers to death, 202;
+    impetuous radicalism of, 271;
+    protested against the double injustice to Salem, 291;
+    arrested, apologized, and submitted, 291;
+    witnesses for Mrs. Hutchinson browbeaten by, 338.
+
+  England, danger from, feared in Massachusetts, 284, 285.
+
+  English, character of the, at the period of Elizabeth and James, 20;
+    sober living of, 342;
+    superior aptitude of, for planting agricultural communities, 346;
+    compactness of settlement and increase of, decided the fate of
+      North America, 346.
+
+  English knowledge and notions of America, 1;
+    first protest against oppression, 56;
+    jealousy of Spain, 74, 94, n. 1;
+    ecclesiastics reproached by Roman Catholics, 90, 97, n. 11;
+    Church leaders not content while Spanish priests converted
+      infidels, 90;
+    eminent clergy among the exiled, 104;
+    churches organized in cities of refuge, 104;
+    beginning of two parties in the Church, 107;
+    heads of the Church attacked by Mar-Prelate, 115;
+    laws against Catholics embarrass the foreign policy, 238;
+    rise of the first of the colonies, 1;
+    prospective ascendency of the colonies, 345.
+
+  English Protestantism. See PROTESTANTISM, ENGLISH.
+
+  Ephod of Jewish high priest, discussion of material of, 108.
+
+  Epworth, the nest of Methodism, 150.
+
+  Esquimaux kidnapped by Frobisher, 17.
+
+  Eustachius and his document dropped from heaven, 138, n. 8.
+
+  Evans, Owen, accused of "pressing" maidens, 72, n. 19.
+
+  Evelyn's Diary, 18, m.; 134, n. 1.
+
+  Excerpta de Diversis Literis, 246, m.
+
+  Excommunication dreaded by the Puritans, 339.
+
+  Exiles, the English, 104;
+    return of, 107;
+    results of their squabbles, 107.
+
+  Exploration, American, the history of, a story of delusion and
+      mistake, 3;
+    retarded settlement, 4.
+
+  Extravagance of Indian tales, 8.
+
+
+  Factions at Jamestown, 36, 64, n. 4.
+
+  Fairs and markets on Sundays, 138, n. 8.
+
+  Faith, devotion to, 245.
+
+  Families, the colony a camp of men without, 42;
+    a plantation can never flourish without, 57;
+    some, sent to Virginia with De la Warr, 65, n. 8.
+
+  Family of Love, Anne Hutchinson accused of accepting the doctrines
+    of the, 335.
+
+  Famine at Jamestown, 38, 65, n. 5.
+
+  Fast day, a, appointed in Massachusetts, 286.
+
+  Ferrar, John, election of, 71, n. 17;
+    deputy governor, 91.
+
+  Ferrar, Nicholas, Jr., deputy governor of Virginia Company, 91;
+    established a religious community at Little Gidding, 92;
+    austere discipline of, 93;
+    mediaeval enthusiasm of, 194.
+
+  Ferrar, Nicholas, Sr., courts of Virginia Company held at house of, 91;
+    gave money for educating infidels in Virginia, 91.
+
+  Ferrars, the, among the founders of liberal institutions in America, 173.
+
+  Firearms, sale of, to the savages, 191, 216, n. 1.
+
+  Firmin's, Giles, Review of Davis's Vindication, 348, n. 5.
+
+  Fisheries, American, importance of, foreseen, by Capt. John Smith, 37;
+    of Newfoundland, 261, n. 7.
+
+  Fishing on Sunday, ordinances against, 127.
+
+  Fishing seasons in the James River learned, 49.
+
+  Fleet, Henry, only survivor of Spelman's party, 22, n. 7.
+
+  Fleet's Journal, 23, n. 7.
+
+  Flemish Protestants favored independency, 158, n. 2.
+
+  Font, the stone, at which Bradford was baptized, 151.
+
+  Food, bad and insufficient, 45, 46.
+
+  Force, men not to be converted by, 312, n. 19.
+
+  Formalities, proper, never omitted, 41, 101;
+    at Plymouth, 102.
+
+  Founding of a state a secondary end, 73.
+
+  Fox, Luke, sails to the northwest, 10.
+
+  Franck's, Sebastian, Chronica, 314, n. 24.
+
+  Frankfort, disputes in the church at, produced great results, 105;
+    character of debates at, 105;
+    rapid changes produced by the, 106, 135, n. 3.
+
+  Freemen's oath extended to residents, 289, 308, n. 11;
+    opposed by Williams, 289, 309, n. 12.
+
+  Fresh River of the Dutch, the Connecticut, 324.
+
+  Frobisher's, Sir Martin, voyages, 2, 4, n. 1;
+    brilliant failure, 5;
+    attempt to plant a colony, 7;
+    finds "gold eure," 13;
+    Voyages, 21, n. 1.
+
+  Fuller, Thomas, judgment of Captain John Smith, 63, n. 3.
+
+  Fuller's Church History, 103, m.; 131, m.; 157, n. 1; 160, m.;
+    Worthies, 259, n. 6.
+
+
+  Gainsborough, the hamlet of, 150.
+
+  Gammell's Life of Roger Williams, 311, n. 17.
+
+  Gardens, private, apportioned in Virginia, 48, 49, 68, n. 12.
+
+  Gates, Sir Thomas, wrecked on the Bermudas, 40;
+    abandoned the wreck of Jamestown, 41, 101;
+    sent to England for cattle, 41;
+    denied that human flesh was eaten, 65, n. 5;
+    installed governor in proper form, 101.
+
+  General Court of Massachusetts protested against selection of Williams
+      as a minister of the Salem church, 271;
+    prevented his ordination, 272, 307, n. 5;
+    makes regulations for dress, 285;
+    appointed a fast day, 286;
+    promulgated a new resident's oath, 289;
+    "convented" Williams several times, 289;
+    forced Salem into submission, 291, 293;
+    tried and banished Williams, 292;
+    fearing his settlement at Narragansett Bay, agreed to send him
+      to England, 294;
+    banished scores for their opinions, 297;
+    the real extenuation for the conduct of the, 297;
+    character of the age forbids condemnation of, 300.
+
+  Geneva, the city of refuge for the Puritans, 104;
+    differences between exiles at, and those at Zurich, 107.
+
+  Gibbons, Captain, of Boston, commission sent to, 252.
+
+  Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, on a northwest passage, 5;
+    attempt to plant a colony, 7.
+
+  Glass-blowers ran away to the Indians, 83.
+
+  Glass, window, not used in the colony, 65, n. 7.
+
+  Glass-works established near Jamestown, 83, 95, n. 5.
+
+  Glastonbury, also called Avalon, 258, n. 3.
+
+  Glover in Phil. Trans., 11, m.
+
+  Godspeed, The, 25.
+
+  Gold and silver, exportation of, restrained by law, 75.
+
+  Gold, belief in finding, in North America, 12, 14, 22, n. 7; 75.
+
+  Gold-hunting, 7, 12;
+    in Virginia, 13, 23, 42.
+
+  Gold mines of the Hudson River, 23.
+
+  Gondomar's spies in the Virginia Company, 87;
+    influence over Calvert, 226, 258, n. 2.
+
+  Goodman's Court of King James, 258, n. 2.
+
+  Goodwin, Thomas, and others, Apologetical Narrative, 185, n. 6.
+
+  Gorges's Briefe Narration, 196, m.
+
+  Gowns and litanies, squabbles about, 107.
+
+  Gosnold, agitating for a new colony, 33;
+    failure of colony in Buzzard's Bay established by, 178.
+
+  Government, democratic, established by the Pilgrims before sailing,
+      185, n. 5;
+    three primary steps for, in America, due to Englishmen who did
+      not cross the sea, 205.
+
+  Government, representative form of, established, 55, 89;
+    faint promise of, in Maryland charter, 234.
+
+  Governmental functions exercised by commercial corporations, 218, n. 8.
+
+  Grace after meat opposed by Williams, 289, 290, 292, 309, n. 12.
+
+  Greenham's, Richard, MS. on the Sabbath, 128.
+
+  Greenwood, leader of the Separatists, hanged at Tyburn, 148.
+
+  Grenville, Sir Richard, sent to Virginia by Ralegh, 21, n. 3.
+
+  Guiana or North America, Pilgrims choose between, 169.
+
+  Guicciardini on use of spices, 22, n. 5.
+
+  Guilds, dissolution of the, 111.
+
+
+  Haies in Hakluyt's Voyages, 5, m.
+
+  Hakluyt, Richard, a forerunner of colonization, 5;
+    belief of, in a passage to the Pacific, 6;
+    stories of gold, 12;
+    of mulberry trees, 76.
+
+  Hakluyt's Discourse on Western Planting, 6, m.; 94, n. 1; 97, n. 11;
+    Voyages, 2, 5, m.; 8, m.; 12, m.; 23, n. 8.
+
+  Hamor, Raphe, secretary under Dale, a signer of the Tragicall
+      Relation, 66, n. 9;
+    True Discourse, 66, n. 9; 68, n. 12; 70, n. 16; 95, n. 3.
+
+  Hampton Court conference, 159;
+    authorities on the, 182, n. 1.
+
+  Hanbury's Memorials, 157, n. 1, n. 2; 158, n. 3.
+
+  Hancock, Thomas, the Luther of England, 125.
+
+  Hanging clemency, 46;
+    preferred to transportation to Virginia, 54;
+    and to the old tyranny, 56.
+
+  Hardwicke Papers, 238, m.
+
+  Hariot's Briefe and True Report, 80, m.
+
+  Harleian Miscellany, 240, m.
+
+  Harrington's Nugae Antiquae, 116, m.; 161, m.; 162, m.; 182, n. 1.
+
+  Harrisse's, Henry, John Cabot, the Discoverer of America, 21, n. 1.
+
+  Hartlib's Reformed Virginia Silkworm, 79.
+
+  Harvey, Sir John, sends expedition for gold, 13;
+    Governor of Virginia, 249;
+    quarreled with Virginians, 249;
+    counter-revolution, 249.
+
+  Hawkins, Jane, Mrs. Hutchinson an associate of, 340.
+
+  Hawkins, Sir John, lands luckless seamen in Mexico, 14.
+
+  Haynes, Governor of Massachusetts, 332;
+    pronounced sentence against Williams, 347, n. 1;
+    letter to Williams while Governor of Connecticut quoted, 347, n. 1.
+
+  Health to the Gentlemanly Profession of Servingmen, 134, n. 1.
+
+  Hearne's Langtoft's Chronicle, 93, m.
+
+  Hening's Statutes, 78, m.; 79, m.; 97, n. 9.
+
+  Henrietta Maria, Maryland named for, 245;
+    godmother to Maryland, jealous of Calvert, 249.
+
+  Henry, Prince, interested in Virginia colony, 43.
+
+  Henry, William Wirt, Address, 63, n. 3.
+
+  Hessey's Bampton Lectures, 139, n. 10.
+
+  Hind's Making of the England of Elizabeth, 135, n. 3.
+
+  Hinman's Antiquities, 347, n. 2.
+
+  Hogs, brood, of the colony eaten, 38;
+    wild, in the Bermudas, 41, 65, n. 6.
+
+  Holinshed's Chronicles, 22, n. 5.
+
+  Holland, the "mingle mangle of religions" in, 164.
+
+  Holmes's History of Cambridge, 318, m.; 320, m.
+
+  Home, Virginia for the first time a, 58.
+
+  Home-makers sent to Virginia, 57, 58.
+
+  Homesteads at Newtown sold to newcomers, 325, 347, n. 3.
+
+  Hooft, Nederlandsche Historie, 312, n. 18.
+
+  Hooker, Thomas, one of the greatest luminaries of the Puritans, 269;
+    desire of his party to move to Connecticut, 285, 315;
+    set to dispute with Williams, 292;
+    early life of, 316;
+    driven from his pulpit by Laud, 317;
+    fled to Holland, 317;
+    a company of his people settled at Newtown, 317;
+    arrival at Newtown, 319;
+    rivalry with Cotton, 320;
+    somber theology of, 320;
+    difference between his teachings and those of Cotton, 321, 346, n. 1;
+    theories of civil government more liberal than Cotton's, 322;
+    limited the power of the magistrate, 322, 347, n. 2;
+    the real founder of Connecticut, 325.
+
+  Hornbeck on John Robinson, 158, n. 3.
+
+  Horses eaten, 38.
+
+  Houses burned for firewood, 40.
+
+  Hubbard's History of Massachusetts, 308, n. 8;
+    History of New England, 207, m.; 215, m.; 347, n. 3;
+    testimony of, unreliable, 311, n. 17.
+
+  Hudson, Henry, influenced by Captain John Smith, seeks the South Sea, 9.
+
+  Hudson River gold, 23, n. 7.
+
+  Huguenots of La Rochelle, England allied with, 239.
+
+  Humming birds exported, 18.
+
+  Hundreds or plantations, 54, 55.
+
+  Hunt, Robert, first minister in Virginia, 90.
+
+  Hunter, Rev. Joseph, on Shakespeare's Tempest, 65, n. 6.
+
+  Hunter's Founders of New Plymouth, 150, m.; 152, m.; 155, m.; 170, m.
+
+  Hutchinson, Mrs. Anne, an ardent disciple of Cotton in old Boston, 329;
+    character of, 329, 330;
+    "masterpiece of womens wit," 330;
+    meetings for women opened by, 330;
+    doctrines of, 331;
+    the very apostle of Cotton's doctrine, 333;
+    brought to trial by her opponents, 337;
+    adroit defense, 338;
+    condemned by the General Court, 338;
+    sentenced to banishment, 339;
+    recanted, but was excommunicated, 339, 348, n. 8;
+    her sons disfranchised, 339;
+    settled in Rhode Island with her party, 340;
+    accused of witchcraft by Winthrop, 340;
+    wild reports about, 340, 341;
+    massacred by Indians at New Netherland, 341.
+
+  Hutchinson on the Virginia Colony, 186, n. 8.
+
+  Hutchinson Papers, 215, m.; 299, m.; 307, m.; 329, n. 1.
+
+  Hutchinson party partisans of Vane, 332;
+    arrogance of the, 333;
+    Pastor Wilson condemned by, 333.
+
+  Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts Bay, 211, m.; 337, m.
+
+  Hutchinsonian controversy, the, 326, 327;
+    the debate waxed hot, 334.
+
+  Hypocrites better than profane persons, 299.
+
+
+  Idolatry, Puritanism a crusade against, 118.
+
+  Illusions of discoverers, 3, 75.
+
+  Inclosures, effects of, 135, n. 5;
+    for private not the publick good, 136, n. 5.
+
+  Independency, tendency toward, 112, 136, n. 6;
+    foreshadowed at Frankfort, 137, n. 6;
+    dated back to reign of Mary, 146;
+    favored by Flemish Protestants, 158, n. 2;
+    Robinsonian, the established religion in New England, 215.
+
+  Independents in early years of Elizabeth's reign, 158, n. 2.
+
+  Indian children, rewards to colonists for educating, 91.
+
+  Indian conjurers laid spell on the coast, 178.
+
+  Indian exhumed and eaten at Jamestown, 39.
+
+  Indians plot destruction of the colonists, 8;
+    curiosity regarding the, 15;
+    desire to convert, 16, 90;
+    kidnapped and exhibited, 17;
+    attack those first landing in Virginia, 28;
+    constant fear of attack from, 30;
+    supply food to Jamestown, 31,
+    Smith trades with, 34, 36;
+    devilish ingenuity in torturing, 38;
+    outrage the dead, 38, 64, n. 4;
+    slay gold hunters, 43;
+    no danger from, while Dale was in charge, 47;
+    taken to England by Dale, 49, 68, n. 10;
+    unnecessary cruelty to, 64, n. 4;
+    reverence for their sacred house, 64, n. 4;
+    endowed school established for, 83, 91;
+    schemes for educating obliterated, 92;
+    treachery of, emulated by the settlers, 92;
+    destruction of, in Maryland and in Massachusetts divinely ordered, 247;
+    right of the king to give away lands of, questioned, 274, 282, 283;
+    land secured from, by purchase, 283.
+
+  Industrial disturbance aids the Puritan movement, 111.
+
+  Infallibility of "godly" elders, 301.
+
+  Ingram, Davy, crosses the continent, 14;
+    statement, 14, 23, n. 8.
+
+  Injunctions by King Edward VI, 138, n. 9.
+
+  Interludes sometimes played in churches, 129.
+
+  Intolerance sanctioned by logic, 299.
+
+  Iron works established at Falling Creek, 83;
+    failure of, 96, n. 6.
+
+  Isthmus in latitude 40 deg., belief in an, 10.
+
+
+  James I framed code of laws and orders for the Virginia colony, 26;
+    Covnter-Blaste to Tobacco, 84;
+    obstinacy of, 87;
+    his accession raised the hopes of the Puritans, 159;
+    paradoxical qualities of, 160;
+    dialectic skill at Hampton Court conference, 160;
+    refutes the hapless Puritans, 161;
+    boasts that he had peppered the Puritans, 162, 182, n. 1;
+    results of his folly, 162;
+    would wink at but not publicly tolerate the Pilgrims, 170;
+    refused guarantee of toleration, 173;
+    friendship with George Calvert, 223;
+    revenue from fines of lay Catholics, 238;
+    Apologie for the Oath of Allegiance, 238.
+
+  James, Puritan minister in Maryland, 253.
+
+  James River discovered by the accident of a storm, 27;
+    settlement near the falls of the, 37.
+
+  James River experiments, the, 25;
+    their story the overture to the history of life in the United
+      States, 58.
+
+  Jamestown, causes of suffering at, 13;
+    founded, 29;
+    at first a peninsula, 29;
+    abandoned, 41;
+    population in 1616, 49;
+    in 1889, 59, n. 1;
+    some drawings of, 60, n. 1.
+
+  Jamestown Company, the. See VIRGINIA COMPANY, THE.
+
+  Jamestown emigrants instructed to explore rivers to the northwest, 9.
+
+  Jesuits flock to England, 226;
+    set free, 239;
+    interested in migration to Maryland, 240;
+    the provincial of the Society of Jesus favored toleration, 242;
+    religious observances of, at sea, 243;
+    conversion of non-Catholics in Maryland by, 246;
+    fled to Virginia, 257.
+
+  Jesus, the humane pity of, unknown to the laws and sermons of the
+    time, 301, 313, n. 22.
+
+  Johnson, Bradley T., Foundation of Maryland, 263, n. 15.
+
+  Johnson, Edward, the bloodthirsty Massachusetts Puritan, 164;
+    his Wonder-working Providence, 318, m.; 320, m.; 330, m.
+
+  Johnson, Francis, voyage of, to America, 167;
+    pastor at Amsterdam, 168.
+
+  Johnston, Isaac, of Winthrop's company, death of, 212.
+
+  Jones, captain of The Mayflower, conduct of, 177;
+    identified with Jones of The Discovery, 186, n. 7.
+
+  Jones's, Rev. Hugh, Present State of Virginia, 183, n. 3.
+
+  Josselyn's Rarities, 344, m.
+
+  Judgment, present, not a binding law, 185, n. 6.
+
+  Judgments, divine, fear of, 198.
+
+
+  Kent Island, Claiborne's claim to, 254.
+
+  Knowles's Life of Williams, 274, m.; 308, n. 9;
+    the best of the older biographies, 311, n. 17.
+
+  Knox, John, followers of, dispute with the Coxans at Frankfort, 105;
+    not more a sabbatarian than Calvin, 124.
+
+
+  Labor, common-stock system of, at Jamestown, 26;
+    abolished by distribution of land, 56;
+    failure of, at Plymouth, 179;
+    evils of, 186, n. 9.
+
+  Labor, private, more productive than common-stock system, 49;
+    prohibited on Sundays, 127.
+
+  Laborers, twelve so-called, in the Virginia colony, 27.
+
+  Land, division of, in Virginia, 48, 49, 56, 68, n. 12.
+
+  Land grants, various, in Virginia, based on the Grand Charter,
+    56, 70, n. 15.
+
+  Lane, Ralph, governor of Ralegh's first colony, 7, 21, n. 3;
+    seeks gold and the South Sea, 8;
+    account in Hakluyt, iii, 8, m.;
+    hopes for his Roanoke colony, 74;
+    to Sydney and Walsingham, 74, m.
+
+  Latitude of 40 deg., belief of a westward passage in, 9, 10.
+
+  Laud, Archbishop, obliterated by Puritanism, 133;
+    one great service of, to the world, 193;
+    character of, 193;
+    fearless in peril, 195;
+    dubbed "the father of New England," 196;
+    Letter to Selden, 196;
+    Abbott's account of Laud's rise, 216, n. 2;
+    fails to crush the Massachusetts Company, 211;
+    suppressing Puritanism, 239;
+    fall of, 240;
+    non-conforming Puritans hunted from lectureships and chaplaincies
+      by, 270;
+    drove John Cotton to New England, 279;
+    moving to vacate the Massachusetts charter, 282;
+    made head of a commission to govern the colonies, 284;
+    drove Hooker from his pulpit at Chelmsford, 317;
+    preparations to control Massachusetts made by, 343;
+    asked to stop emigration to New England, 344;
+    tries to compel Scots to use prayer book, 344.
+
+  Laws, divine, moral, and martial, under which Dale oppressed
+    Virginia, 45, 70, n. 16; 132.
+
+  Leah and Rachel, 79, m.; 265, n. 25.
+
+  Lederer, voyage of, from Virginia, 11, m.
+
+  Legislative body established by the Great Charter, 55.
+
+  Leland, John, Itinerary, 152, m.
+
+  Lenox, Duke of, territory assigned to, 259, n. 5.
+
+  Letters of complaint intercepted, 47.
+
+  Letters of Missionaries, 264, n. 17, n. 18.
+
+  Leyden, Scrooby exiles remove to, 166;
+    Pilgrims set out from, 174.
+
+  Liberty in religion congruous with civil peace, 315.
+
+  Lingard, 238, m.
+
+  Little Gidding, Ferrar's community at, 92;
+    devastated by the Puritans, 93.
+
+  Liturgy, a, purified of human tradition, 106;
+    omitted in many parishes, 142.
+
+  London Separatists, 147;
+    organize a church, 148;
+    miserably persecuted, some flee to Amsterdam, 148.
+
+  Long Island Sound, Dermer storm-driven into, 9.
+
+  Long Island, English settlers on, 345.
+
+  Lord's Prayer, repetition of the, thought dangerously liturgical, 117.
+
+  Lotteries of the Virginia Company, 69, n. 14;
+    abolished, 53, 70, n. 14.
+
+  Low Countries, toleration in the, 163;
+    condemned by Baylie, 164.
+
+  Luther, Martin, on the Sabbath, 124.
+
+
+  Machyn's Diary, 99, m.
+
+  Magellan's Strait, 2, 9.
+
+  Magistrates aided by clergy in Massachusetts, 266;
+    men of unusual ability, 266;
+    right of, to punish for a religious offense, denied by
+      Williams, 272, 286;
+    or to regulate the orthodoxy of churches and the belief of
+      individuals, 292, 309, n. 12; 310, n. 13.
+
+  Magna Charta, the, of America, 55.
+
+  Maids by the shipload sent to Jamestown, 57;
+    not coerced into going, 72, n. 19.
+
+  Maine, French driven out of, 50;
+    first English colony in, 189;
+    fishing villages of, 345.
+
+  Manchester, Duke of, papers, 71, n. 18; 174, m.; 184, n. 5.
+
+  Manuscript Book of Instructions, 71, n. 18; 72, n. 19; 80, m.;
+    96, n. 6; 97, n. 9; 232, m.
+
+  Manuscript Records, Virginia Company, 52, m.; 61, n. 3; 67, n. 9;
+    69, n. 13, 14; 70, n. 15; 71, n. 18; 72, n. 19; 81, m.; 82, m.;
+    95, n. 3; 97, n. 9, 10; 172, m.; 184, n. 4.
+
+  Mar-Prelate tracts, the, 114;
+    answers to the, 116;
+    effects of the reaction against, 121.
+
+  Marriage by a Roman priest invalidated accruing land tenures, 237.
+
+  Marsden's Early Puritans, 125.
+
+  Martial law under Dale, 45;
+    Smyth's code of, 70, n. 16; 132.
+
+  Martin, Sir William, on Roger Williams, 307, n. 1.
+
+  Martyr, Peter, Decade III, 24, n. 9.
+
+  Maryland, Baltimore's projected colony in, 236;
+    change to, from Avalon, 239;
+    small migration to, 240;
+    policy of toleration in, 242, 250, 265, n. 25;
+    committed to guardian angels, 243;
+    arrival of the Catholic pilgrims, 244;
+    ceremonies of the landing in, 244;
+    said to have been named by King Charles, 245;
+    called Colony of St. Maries, 245;
+    efforts to convert the Protestants in, 246;
+    openly a Catholic colony, 247, 264, n. 17;
+    import tax on Catholic servants and convicts, 248, 264, n. 19;
+    opposition to Maryland, 249;
+    Puritan settlers invited, 252;
+    civil wars of, 253, 254;
+    Act of Toleration passed, 255;
+    again a proprietary government under Calvert, 257;
+    disastrous results of religious differences in, 266.
+
+  Maryland Archives, 245, m.; 262, n. 10; 265, n. 21.
+
+  Maryland Assembly too cunning to be trapped by Baltimore, 255.
+
+  Maryland charter, ambiguity of the, designed, 225, 236, 251,
+      259, n. 4; 262, n. 11;
+    compared with charter of Avalon, 234;
+    provisions of, 235, 236;
+    extensive powers granted by, 236, 263, n. 12.
+
+  Mass celebrated in defiance of law, 226;
+    abhorred by the Puritans in Avalon, 228.
+
+  Massachusetts Bay, failure of commercial settlements on, 189;
+    patent to lands in, granted to the Massachusetts Company, 207.
+
+  Massachusetts charter, Laud's effort to vacate the, 282, 284.
+
+  Massachusetts colony, government under Endecott, 217, n. 7;
+    people homogenous in religious affairs, 266;
+    religious opinion, main source of disturbance in, 266, 267;
+    self-consciousness of the, 278;
+    preparations for resistance in, 284;
+    failure as an agricultural colony, 320;
+    three profound disturbances in, 326;
+    in commotion over the Hutchinson controversy, 335.
+
+  Massachusetts Company, rise of the, 199, 207;
+    first colony of, under John Endecott, 199, 207;
+    second company of emigrants, 203;
+    fear that the charter might be revoked, 208;
+    company and colony to be merged in one, 209;
+    transfers its government and charter to Massachusetts Bay, 210;
+    the commercial corporation becomes a colonial government, 211;
+    the colonists believed they were founding a new church, 212.
+
+  Massachusetts government, evolution of the, 207;
+    first court of, at Charlestown, 210;
+    later became representative, 211;
+    relieved from strain by the borough system, 276;
+    a government of congregations, 308, n. 6;
+    theocratical, 279;
+    religious intolerance of the, 297, 349, n. 9;
+    anomalous in character, 323;
+    angered by Hooker's secession, 326.
+
+  Massachusetts Historical Collections, 310, n. 15; 318, m.; 320, m.;
+    347, n. 1; 348, n. 7.
+
+  Massachusetts Records, 206, m.; 285, m.; 290, m.; 291, m.; 308, n. 11;
+    310, n. 13, 17; 317, m.; 320, m.; 337, m.
+
+  Massacre by the Indians put an end to all projects, 84, 92.
+
+  Masson's Life of Milton, 137, n. 6.
+
+  Mather's Magnalia, 152, m.; 154, m.; 217, n. 5; 328, m.;
+    authority to be disregarded, 311, n. 17.
+
+  Maverick, Samuel, on Noddle's Island, 190;
+    Description of New England, 273, m.
+
+  Maydstown laid off in Virginia, 72, n. 19.
+
+  Mayflower, conduct of the captain of the, 177.
+
+  Maynard to Laud, 344, m.
+
+  May-poles, opposition to, 118;
+    pole of St. Andrew Undershaft sawed up, 119;
+    law against May-poles, 119;
+    the frolics around charged with immorality, 120;
+    Morton's, at Merrymount, 190, 201.
+
+  Mediterranean Sea, a, looked for in the heart of America, 11.
+
+  Meeting, last all-night, in Pastor Robinson's house, 175.
+
+  Mennonites, Williams attracted to the doctrines of the, 312, n. 19;
+    derived his broadest principles from the, 313, n. 19.
+
+  Mercurius Americanus, 348, n. 6.
+
+  Merrymount, Morton's dangerous settlement at, 190, 201, 216, n. 1.
+
+  Metals, the precious, the only recognized riches, 75.
+
+  Mica mistaken for gold, 13, 30, 75.
+
+  Migration, the great, to New England, 196, 203.
+
+  Millinary Petition, the, 159.
+
+  Millinery sins, regulations against, 285.
+
+  Mills's British India, 67, n. 9.
+
+  Milton, John, learned Dutch from Roger Williams, 273.
+
+  Mines, Mexican, reports of wealth of, brought support to Ralegh's
+    undertaking, 74.
+
+  Ministerial office never so reverenced as by Puritans, 338.
+
+  Ministers, two, over one church, 106;
+    might prophesy, but not a woman, 338.
+
+  Missionary impulse, first, in the English Church, 89, 94, n. 1.
+
+  Monatesseron, the earliest English, 93.
+
+  Montserrat, island of, settled by Catholics, 231, 232, 261, n. 9.
+
+  Months, scruples about the heathen names of the, 302.
+
+  Morals, austerity in, 119;
+    advance of, under Puritan influence, 121;
+    lack of sense of proportion is a trait of the age, 130;
+    regularity of, purchased at a great sacrifice, 342.
+
+  More, Father Henry, 263, n. 14.
+
+  Morton, Thomas, and his deviltry, 190, 201, 216, n. 1;
+    Memorial, 177, m.;
+    New English Canaan, 216, n. 1.
+
+  Motives for founding English colonies, 73;
+    commercial and sentimental, 86;
+    religious, 89, 189.
+
+  Mount Desert, Jesuit settlement at, plundered, 47, 50.
+
+  Mourt's Relation, 184, n. 4.
+
+  Mouse and snake, battle between, 277;
+    interpretation of, by Pastor John Wilson, 277.
+
+  Mouse nibbles a Book of Common Prayer, 278.
+
+  Movements, significant, usually cradled in rustic mangers, 146.
+
+  Mulberries first planted in England, 76;
+    law for promoting the raising of, in Virginia, 77;
+    repealed, 79.
+
+  Muskrat skins valued for their odor, 19.
+
+
+  Names, fanciful, of the Newfoundland coast, 225, 229.
+
+  Names, Indian, of places changed, 244.
+
+  Nansemond, settlement at, 37;
+    settlers driven from, 38.
+
+  Narragansett Bay recommended to Williams by Winthrop, 293;
+    proposal to remove to, alarmed the magistrates, 294;
+    colony on, founded on the true principle, 316.
+
+  Narragansett Club Publications, 135, n. 4; 268, m.; 307, n. 3, 4, 5;
+    311, n. 17.
+
+  Naval stores, Virginia expected to produce, 82;
+    efforts to procure, in Elizabeth's time, 95, n. 4.
+
+  Neal's History of New England, 310, n. 14;
+    History of the Puritans, 159, m.; 226, m.; 239, m.
+
+  Neill, E. D., on the social compact, 183, n. 4;
+    Founders of Maryland, 262, n. 11;
+    Virginia Company, 67, n. 9; 183, n. 2.
+
+  Netherlands, indirect interest of the, in the Virginia colony, 44.
+
+  New England, coast of, explored by Capt. John Smith, 37;
+    shaped in Old England by Puritanism, 133;
+    pioneers of, came from the Separatists, 141, 146;
+    existence of, hung on a chain of accidents, 176;
+    elements of, 177;
+    early attempts to colonize, 178;
+    early settlements in, 189;
+    great migration to, 196, 203;
+    capital laws of, condemned by Williams, 304.
+
+  New England charter of 1620, 173.
+
+  New England colonists deemed themselves a chosen people, 278;
+    accounted other colonists the Egyptians of the New World,
+      278, 308, n. 7;
+    held to an intolerant theocracy, 279;
+    dispersions of the, 315;
+    relief at disappearance of the last of the leaders, 342.
+
+  New England Firebrand Quenched, 301, m.
+
+  New England Historical Gen. Reg., 267, 307, n. 1.
+
+  New England Puritanism more ultra than Bownd, 132, 140, n. 3.
+
+  New England traits due to special causes, 178.
+
+  Newfoundland, failure of colony at, 223, 224;
+    Capt. Whitbourne's pamphlet on, 224;
+    fanciful names in, 225;
+    not a paradise in winter, 229, 260, n. 7;
+    value of the fisheries, 261, n. 7.
+
+  New France bubble ready to collapse, 346.
+
+  New Haven, Davenport and his company planted colony at, 343;
+    colony united with Connecticut by royal charter at the
+      Restoration, 343;
+    stretching westward, 345.
+
+  New Life of Virginea, 63, n. 3.
+
+  New Plymouth, Sandys's plans for the foundation of, 88.
+
+  Newport, Vice-Admiral, reporter of Virginia affairs, 44;
+    threatened with the gallows by Dale, 44;
+    warned against Archer, 64.
+
+  Newtown, Hooker's company settled at, 317;
+    intended for capital and palisaded, 318;
+    superior to Boston in one regard, 318;
+    discontent at, 318, 319, 320;
+    questions regarding boundary, 319;
+    cattle-raising at, 320;
+    the church at, emigrated bodily to Connecticut, 325;
+    court of elections held at, 335.
+
+  New World, mirages of the, 2;
+    discovered because it lay between Europe and the East Indies, 3;
+    grotesque and misleading glimpses of the, 20.
+
+  New York Colonial Documents, 6, m., 43, m.
+
+  New York Hist. Soc. Coll., 23, n. 7;
+    second series, 70, n. 15; 80, m.
+
+  Nichols's, Josias, Plea for the Innocent, 146, m.
+
+  Nonconformists, severe measures against, 122;
+    in the Church, 142.
+
+  North Carolina, coast of, called Wingandacon, 21, n. 3.
+
+  Northey, Sir Edward, decision on the Maryland charter, 262, n. 11.
+
+  Northwest passage, search for a, 4, 5, 9, 10.
+
+  Nova Albion, 259, n. 5.
+
+  Nova Brittania, 82, m.
+
+
+  Oath of allegiance, 241;
+    emigration oath refused by Williams, 270;
+    new oath for residents opposed by Williams, 289;
+    magistrates unable to enforce, 289.
+
+  Ogle's Account of Maryland, 264, n. 19.
+
+  Oil to be distilled from walnuts, 83.
+
+  Oldham, John, an adventurous man of lawless temper expelled from
+      Plymouth, 324;
+    led a small company from Watertown, 324.
+
+  Opossum, the, described by Purchas, 18.
+
+  Opposition, Puritanism the party of, 110.
+
+  Original Records of Colony of Virginia, 78, m.
+
+  Overston, sermons preached in, by unlicensed men, 142.
+
+
+  Pacific Ocean, discovery of the, 3;
+    belief in a passage to the, 4, 6;
+    nearness to Florida, 6;
+    sought _via_ the James River, 8;
+    in latitude 40 deg., 9, 10;
+    _via_ the Delaware, 10;
+    proximity of, to Virginia, 10, 22, n. 6;
+    to North Carolina, 11.
+
+  Pagitt's Heresiography, 143, m.; 144, m.; 157, n. 1.
+
+  Palfrey's History of New England, 211, m.; 218, n. 8.
+
+  Palisades burned for firewood, 40.
+
+  Paradox, the, of colonial religious organization, 280.
+
+  Parkinson, Marmaduke, explorer, 10.
+
+  Parliamentary freedom, struggle for, 87.
+
+  Parties, the two great, of Protestantism, rise of, 106;
+    results, 107;
+    lines between, not sharply drawn at once, 110;
+    controversy between, grew more bitter, 114.
+
+  Party, a moderate, lamented the excesses of the extremists, 117.
+
+  Passage to the Pacific Ocean sought, 3, 4, 9, 10, 22, n. 5; 73, 74.
+    See also NORTHWEST PASSAGE and PACIFIC OCEAN.
+
+  Patent, royal, validity of, questioned by Williams, 274, 281, 289,
+    308, n. 9; 309, n. 12.
+
+  Patience, the, pinnace, built wholly of wood, 41.
+
+  Paulus, Pieter, Verklaring der Unie van Utrecht, 312, n. 18.
+
+  Pearce, Mistress, "near twenty years" in Virginia, 71, n. 18.
+
+  Pearl fisheries in Virginia waters, 95, n. 3.
+
+  Peckard's Life of Ferrar, 65, n. 5; 87, m.; 93, m.;
+    account of, 97, n. 10; 100, m.
+
+  Peirce, John, received a grant from the Virginia Company, 184, n. 4.
+
+  Pequot war, Williams denounced slaughter of women and children in, 305;
+    plan of campaign changed through a revelation, 338.
+
+  Pequots dangerous on Connecticut River, 323.
+
+  Percy, George, on the arrival at Virginia, 28;
+    on the sufferings at Jamestown, 30;
+    increased the hostility of the Indians, 38, 64, n. 4;
+    inefficiency as governor, 44, 60, n. 2;
+    succeeded by Gates, 101.
+
+  Percy to Northumberland, 46, m.;
+    Trewe Relacyon, 40, m.; 60, n. 2; 64, n. 4; 65, n. 5.
+
+  Perfect Description of Virginia, 11, m.
+
+  Perfume to be extracted from the muskrat, 95, n. 3.
+
+  Persecution in Queen Mary's time, 103;
+    spirit of, pervaded every party, 113;
+    of the Separatists, 141;
+    begot Separatism, 154, 155;
+    new storm of, 163, 182, n. 1;
+    starts agitation for emigration to Virginia, 168, 183, n. 2.
+
+  Peter, Hugh, rebuked Cotton for defending Mrs. Hutchinson, 337;
+    browbeat Mrs. Hutchinson's witnesses, 338;
+    returned to England and favored toleration, 348, n. 7.
+
+  Petition to House of Lords, 345, m.
+
+  Pharisaism of the rigid Sabbath, 132.
+
+  Philosophical Transactions, 78, m.; 79, m.
+
+  Pilgrims brought Barrowism to New England, 148;
+    Scrooby and Austerfeld cradles of the, 149;
+    no tradition of, lingers at Scrooby, 150;
+    common country folk, 151;
+    flee to Amsterdam, 164;
+    theological agitations drive them to Leyden, 165;
+    danger of extinction, 166;
+    intermarriages with the Dutch, 167;
+    emigration to Virginia under consideration, 168, 182, n. 2;
+    questioned whether to be Dutch or English colonists, 169;
+    ask aid of Edwin Sandys, in securing religious liberty, 169;
+    receive two charters, a general order, and a liberal patent from
+      the Virginia Company, 172;
+    their Compact under the general order, 173;
+    departure from Leyden, 174;
+    forced to land, select Plymouth, 177;
+    suffered for their ignorance of colony-planting, 178;
+    honor due, 186, n. 8;
+    "stepping stones to others," 188;
+    slender success of, stimulated commercial settlements, 189;
+    the "large patent" granted to the, through influence of Sandys, 206;
+    influence on the Massachusetts colony, 212.
+
+  Piscataqua, settlement on the, 189.
+
+  Plaine Declaration of Barmudas, 65, n. 6.
+
+  Planting, the first, at Jamestown, 29.
+
+  Plants of every clime believed to grow in Virginia, 82.
+
+  Plays, performance of, on Sundays prohibited, 127.
+
+  Pledge signed at Cambridge by Winthrop's party, 209.
+
+  Plymouth, ceremony observed at, 103;
+    the landing at, 177;
+    horrors of Jamestown repeated at, 179;
+    the second step in the founding of a great nation, 181;
+    Roger Williams "prophesied" at, 272;
+    people styled "mungrell Dutch," 273;
+    disturbed by Williams, 274;
+    gives him a letter of dismissal to Salem, 275.
+
+  Pocahontas, 33, 35, 37;
+    converted and wedded to Rolfe, 49;
+    taken to England, 49, 68, n. 10;
+    captured by Argall, 50;
+    dies leaving an infant son, 52.
+
+  Pocahontas story, the, 63, n. 3.
+
+  Pomp and display at the court of Elizabeth, 98;
+    imitation of, objected to by the Puritans, 100, 134, n. 2.
+
+  Popham, Captain George, attempt of, to colonize in Maine, 178.
+
+  Port Royal, map showing strait near, 8, 21, n. 4.
+
+  Pory's Report, 70, n. 15; 77, m.
+
+  Pots and Phettiplace, narrative, 35, 61, n. 2.
+
+  Powhatan releases Captain Smith, 33, 34, 35.
+
+  Precinct in Virginia asked for by Calvert, 229.
+
+  Presbyterianism developed under Cartwright, 112, 136, n. 6;
+    swept out by Whitgift, 122;
+    hoped for in New England, 213.
+
+  Price of commodities, rise of, promoted voyages, 22, n. 5.
+
+  Private interest, even a slave's patch of, put life into Virginia, 48.
+
+  Proceedings Mass. Hist. Soc., Wheelwright's sermon in, 331, m.
+
+  Proceedings of Virginia Assembly, 80, m.
+
+  Property, community of. See COMMUNISM; LABOUR.
+
+  Prophet, the, and the reformer, 306.
+
+  Proportion, lack of sense of, peculiar to zealots and polemics, 130.
+
+  Protestant colonists at St. Christopher's oppose Catholic
+      fellow-colonists, 231;
+    no Protestant minister or worship on ships coming to Maryland, 242.
+
+  Protestant Nunnery, Ferrar's community at Little Gidding called the, 93.
+
+  Protestantism, English, rise of the two great parties of, 106, 107;
+    controversy grew more bitter, 114;
+    incorruptible in Virginia, 231.
+
+  Protestantism on the Continent nearly wrecked, 198.
+
+  Protestants, English, find refuge on the Continent, 104;
+    compromises at home, dissensions in exile, 104;
+    the ultra wing tended to democratic church government, 106;
+    return after death of Mary, 107;
+    their petty squabbles develop into bitter feuds and struggles, 107;
+    widespread results, 107;
+    Baltimore orders no scandal nor offense to be given to, 250;
+    his policy of conciliation toward, in Maryland, 251.
+
+  Protestants on the Continent become Roman Catholics, 198.
+
+  Providence Plantation founded by Williams, 296;
+    fell into inevitable disorders, 315;
+    an example of the largest liberty in religion congruous with
+      civil peace, 315.
+
+  Provincetown Harbor, the Mayflower in, 177.
+
+  Public Records Office Colonial Papers, 54, m.
+
+  Pullein's Culture of Silk, 95, n. 2.
+
+  Punishments, various, inflicted by Dale, 46.
+
+  Purchas his Pilgrimes, 2, 12, m.; 18, 22, n. 6; 24, n. 9, n. 10;
+    28, m.; 29, m.; 30, m.; 64, n. 3; 65, n. 6; 69, n. 14; 80, m.;
+    95, n. 3; 96, n. 6; 97, n. 9; 102, m.
+
+  Purchas's stories of silver and gold, 12.
+
+  Puritan, the, never easy unless he was uneasy, 253.
+
+  Puritan community, cost of the good results attained in a, 342.
+
+  Puritan conscience, the, let loose against old superstitions, 119.
+
+  Puritan divines in high church positions, 143.
+
+  Puritan exodus, the great, 188, 239.
+
+  Puritan opinions condemned, 103.
+
+  Puritan pietists, a new school of, 327.
+
+  Puritanism, rise and development of, 98;
+    an outgrowth of the time, 103;
+    an effort to escape from formalism, 109;
+    gathered strength as the leading opposition, 111;
+    becomes dogmatic, 112;
+    evolutionary, 117;
+    importance of secondary development of, 120;
+    apparent decline of, 121;
+    begun with Elizabeth, seemed doomed to die with her, 122;
+    evolves new issues, 123, 137, n. 7;
+    opposed to Arminianism, 133;
+    set up the Commonwealth, 133;
+    threatened destruction of, at Leyden, 167;
+    under James I the party of opposition, 191;
+    conservative under Charles I, 192;
+    unamiable traits of, manifested in Endecott, 202;
+    course of events in England adverse to, 203;
+    suppression of, by Laud, 239;
+    divergencies from, in Massachusetts, 267;
+    existed and grew through prudent compromises, 268, 269;
+    Salem, north pole of, 271;
+    condemned by its false and harsh ideals, 300;
+    character of, 300, 301, 342;
+    an ascetic system of external duties and abstentions, 327.
+
+  Puritans, why so called, 106, 135, n. 4.
+
+  Puritans, English, contempt of the, for aesthetic considerations, 94;
+    reverence for Bible precepts, 109;
+    would have no surplices, no liturgy, 109;
+    banished the symbol with the dogma, 111;
+    importance of efforts toward the regulation of conduct, 120;
+    dubbed Martinists, 121;
+    differences forgotten in the conflict with the Episcopal
+      party, 137, n. 6;
+    omitted the liturgy, 142;
+    present Millinary Petition to James I, 159;
+    at the Hampton Court conference, 160, 181, n. 1;
+    not eager to join Separatist settlers, 188;
+    a powerful party, 192;
+    motives for emigration, 197;
+    fear of divine judgments, 198;
+    barred from all public action, 203;
+    plan for a Puritan church in America, 204;
+    carried out through the Massachusetts Company, 212;
+    differences among the, 213;
+    exhilarating effect of freedom from constraints, 213;
+    raging against indulgence to Romanists, 235, 238;
+    believed the church under Laud would become Roman Catholic, 239;
+    dropped "saint" from geographical names, 244;
+    rise of, to power, 240;
+    dominant in Parliament, 252;
+    could not be induced to leave New England for Maryland, 252;
+    persecuted in Virginia, leave there for Maryland, 253;
+    at peace with Catholics in Maryland, 254;
+    their ideas rampant in Maryland, 257;
+    send munitions of war to New England, 284;
+    conceived of religion as difficult of attainment, 328.
+
+  Puritans of the Massachusetts colony not Separatists, 212;
+    pathetic farewell to the Church of England, 213;
+    persuaded to the Plymouth view of church government, 215;
+    leaving England, 239;
+    emigration to New England, 240.
+
+
+  Quakers put to death by Endecott, 202;
+    protected in Maryland, 257.
+
+
+  Raccoon, the, called a monkey, 19, 24, n. 10.
+
+  Radical and conservative, difference between, constitutional, 109.
+
+  Rain, results of Puritan and Indian prayers for, 16.
+
+  Ralegh, Sir Walter, sends explorers and colonists, 7;
+    History of the World, 21, n. 3;
+    distrusts Indian tales, 21, n. 3;
+    a lifelong opponent of Spain, 73.
+
+  Rapin, 239, m.
+
+  Rappahannocks, dress of the chief of the, 28.
+
+  Ratcliffe, enemy of Capt. John Smith, 37;
+    ambuscaded and tortured to death, 38, 64, n. 4;
+    follower of Archer, 64, n. 3;
+    cruel to the savages, 64, n. 4.
+
+  Ration, a day's, pitiful allowance for, 30, 46.
+
+  Records of Virginia Company destroyed, 54, 71, n. 17.
+
+  Recreations on Sunday, scruples regarding, 127;
+    forbidden by Dr. Bownd, 129.
+
+  Reformers, the, of the sixteenth century declared against a
+      priesthood, 123;
+    and a Sabbath, 124.
+
+  Relatyon of the Discovery of our River, 29, m.
+
+  Religion, motive to colonization, 220.
+
+  Religious enthusiasts and the Anglican church, 144.
+
+  Religious ferments, leavening effects of, 121.
+
+  Religious freedom a cherished principle of Roger Williams, 286;
+    established at Providence, 296.
+
+  Religious liberty befriended by few, detested by Catholic and
+    Protestant, 298.
+
+  Religious service, attendance at, should be compulsory, 299.
+
+  Report of Record Com., 329, m.
+
+  Residents, new oath of fidelity for, 289;
+    successfully opposed by Williams, 289, 309, n. 12;
+    mercenary inducement offered to, to take the freeman's
+      oath, 308, n. 11.
+
+  Retainers, brilliant trains of, 99.
+
+  Rhode Island, a secondary colony, 220;
+    importance of the, 315.
+
+  Rich, Lord. See WARWICK, second Earl.
+
+  Rich's, Barnabee, Honestie of this Age, 96, n. 8.
+
+  Rites, resistance to, an article of faith, 103.
+
+  Ritual, a purified, preferred by the extreme Protestants, 106, 135, n. 3.
+
+  Ritual, the antique, desire to change as little as possible, 106,
+    135, n. 3.
+
+  Rivalry with Spain, 73.
+
+  Roanoke Island, first colony on, 7;
+    Lane's hopes for, 74.
+
+  Roanoke River, story of source of, 7.
+
+  Robert's Social History of the Southern Counties, 125, m.; 127, m.;
+    129, m.
+
+  Robinson hanged and quartered for extorting money from "pressed"
+    maidens, 72, n. 19.
+
+  Robinson, John, joins the Separatists at Scrooby, 155;
+    character and influence of, 156, 158, n. 3;
+    leads the Scrooby church to Amsterdam, 164;
+    to Leyden, 165;
+    idea of forming a new state, 167;
+    prayer and last words at departure of the Pilgrims, 175, 185, n. 6;
+    advised union rather than division, 176;
+    farewell letter of, 185, n. 5;
+    liberality and breadth of view, 176, 185, n. 6;
+    held to "toleration of tolerable opinions," 298.
+
+  Robinson's, John, Justification, 157, n. 1, n. 2; 219, n. 9.
+
+  Rogers, Thomas, opponent of Greenham and Bownd, 139, n. 11.
+
+  Rogers's Preface to Thirty-nine Articles, 122, m.; 139, n. 11; 143, m.
+
+  Rolfe, John, married Pocahontas, 68, n. 10;
+    planted first tobacco at Jamestown, 84.
+
+  Rolfe's Relation, 70, n. 16; 71, n. 17, n. 18.
+
+  Rosier's True Relation, 17, m.
+
+  "Rowdies" assault the Jesuits, 265, n. 24.
+
+  Royal Hist. MS. Comm., 88, m.
+
+  Royal Hist. MS. Com. Rept., 345, m.
+
+  Rushworth's Hist. Coll., 216, n. 2, n. 3;
+    petition in, 226, m.; 235, m.; 344.
+
+  Rustics, the, of Scrooby and its neighborhood, 150, 151;
+    influence of Brewster on, 153;
+    of John Robinson, 157.
+
+  Rymer's Foedera, 229, m.; 238, m.
+
+
+  Sabbath, the, as a holy day objected to by Luther and Calvin, 124;
+    rise of the Puritan, 124;
+    Sunday first so called in literature, 126;
+    passion for a stricter, 130;
+    doctrine of a Christian, resented, 131, 139, n. 11;
+    in Scotland, 132, 139, n. 12;
+    of deepest hue in New England, 132, 140, n. 13.
+
+  Sabbath-breakers, punishments threatened against, 138, n. 8.
+
+  Sabbath-keeping, early Puritan ideal of, 127;
+    pushed to its extreme, 130;
+    new zeal for, promoted morals, 131;
+    rigid, a mark of the faithful, 132.
+
+  Sadleir, Mrs., indorsement of, on Williams's letter to, 268, m.
+
+  Sainsbury's Calendar, 67, n. 9; 207, m.; 262, n. 9; 344, m.; 345, m.
+
+  Salem, north pole of Puritanism, 271;
+    protest of the General Court against Williams as minister at, 271;
+    attached to Williams and refractory toward the authorities at
+      Boston, 280;
+    made Williams teacher, 284;
+    deputies turned out of court in punishment, 291;
+    indignation at Williams's banishment, 293.
+
+  Salem church, organization of the, 200.
+
+  Salisbury, the Dean of, attacked by Mar-Prelate, 115.
+
+  Salvetti, correspondence on Calvert's resignation, 260, n. 6.
+
+  Sampson, Thomas, letter to Calvin, 135, n. 3.
+
+  Sandy Beach, no trace of, 59.
+
+  Sandys, Edwin, Archbishop of York, letter of, 137, n. 7;
+    transferred manor place at Scrooby to his son Samuel, 153, 170.
+
+  Sandys, Sir Edwin, interested in the Virginia Company, 54;
+    approved Dale's course, 67, n. 9;
+    arrested, 69, n. 13; 89;
+    chosen governor of Virginia Company, 71, n. 17; 88, 170;
+    proposed sending maids to Virginia, 71, n. 18;
+    leader of the company, 87, 89, 170;
+    established representative government in Virginia, 88;
+    plans for foundation of New Plymouth, 88;
+    sketch of life of, in Brown's Genesis of the United States, 97, n. 10;
+    tried to secure toleration for the Leyden people, 170;
+    one of the fathers of representative government in America, 173;
+    charges against, 174, 184, n. 5;
+    parliamentary antagonist of Calvert, 221;
+    in disfavor at court, 222;
+    Virginians friendly to, 230.
+
+  Sandys, George, would seek the South Sea overland, 10, 11;
+    name appended to The Tragicall Relation, 66, n. 9;
+    in charge of manufacturing schemes, 83.
+
+  Sandys, Sir Samuel, owned manor place at Scrooby, 153, 170.
+
+  Sassafras root exported, 45, 68, n. 10; 68, n. 11.
+
+  Savage life eagerly observed by the English, 29.
+
+  Sawmills built in Virginia, 82.
+
+  Scharf's History of Maryland, 23, n. 7.
+
+  Schism esteemed the deadliest of sins, 142, 197.
+
+  Scotch settlement in Newfoundland, 224, 258, n. 3.
+
+  Scot's Magazine, 11, m.
+
+  Scrambler, Bishop of Peterborough, to Burghley, 142, m.
+
+  Scriptures, reverence for the letter of the, 144.
+
+  Scrooby, the cradle of the Pilgrims, 149;
+    a region noted for religious zeal, 150;
+    no tradition of the Pilgrims at, 150;
+    called "the meane townlet" by John Leland, 152;
+    owners of manor place at, 153;
+    the church at, 154, 155.
+
+  Seamen, threats of brutal, 177.
+
+  Seekers, the, a sect, the last reduction of Separatism, 303;
+    in New England, probably through influence from Holland, 303;
+    in England as early as 1617, 304;
+    "a Seeker of the best Sect next to a finder," 314, n. 24.
+
+  Seekonk River, Williams removes from, to Providence, 296.
+
+  Semi-Separatists, the, 143.
+
+  Separatism and the Scrooby church, 141;
+    promoted by persecution, 144;
+    rise of, 146;
+    divergencies in direction of, 267;
+    protest by withdrawal of communion a fundamental principle of, 271.
+
+  Separatist, Roger Williams conscientiously a, 270.
+
+  Separatist tendencies of Skelton, 271.
+
+  Separatist tone of Pioneer church of Massachusetts at Salem, 271.
+
+  Separatists, number of the, 136, n. 6;
+    importance of the, 141;
+    the advance guard of Puritanism, 141;
+    regarded as criminals by the Puritans, 142;
+    causes of growth of the, 144;
+    idealists, 144;
+    rise of the, 146;
+    meetings of, in London, 147;
+    in Amsterdam, 148;
+    one vigorous society of, in the north, 149;
+    the Scrooby church of, organized, 154;
+    all-day meetings at Brewster's manor house, 155;
+    new persecution of the, 163;
+    the Scrooby church resolve to flee to Holland, 163, 164;
+    petition for leave to settle in Canada, 167;
+    classed with criminals by Bacon, 171;
+    held their opinions in a state of flux, 186, n. 6.
+
+  Servingman, the, not a menial, 134, n. 1.
+
+  Servingmen in livery, 99, 134, n. 1.
+
+  Settlements, sixteen, in Massachusetts, 275;
+    life in the settlements, 276.
+
+  Settlers emulate the treachery of the Indians, 92;
+    individual, 190.
+
+  Shakespeare's good fortune to live in a dramatic age, 99.
+
+  Shepard, Thomas, a new congregation led by, 325;
+    letter of, quoted, 348, n. 5;
+    Theses Sabbaticae, 140, n. 13;
+    Memoirs in Young, 328, m.
+
+  Sheriffs had many liveried servants, 99, 134, n. 1.
+
+  Ship carpenters sent to the James River, 83.
+
+  Silk, craze for, in England, 76, 77, 169;
+    wearing of, prohibited in the colony, 78.
+
+  Silk culture attempted in England, 76;
+    in Virginia, 76, 77;
+    causes of failure, 77, 78;
+    renewed efforts for, 78, 79, 83;
+    authorities on these efforts, 95, n. 3.
+
+  Silk-grass craze, the, 79.
+
+  Silk manufacturing established in England, 77.
+
+  Silkworms' eggs, hatching, in one's pocket or bosom, 78, 95, n. 2.
+
+  Skelton, minister at Salem, 271;
+    extreme Congregationalism and Separatist tendencies of, 271;
+    death of, 283.
+
+  Sloane manuscripts, British Museum, 22, n. 4.
+
+  Smith, Captain John, a trustworthy topographer, 9, 34;
+    captured by Indians, 9;
+    views of geography of the continent, 22, n. 6;
+    becomes leader at Jamestown, 31, 36;
+    his character, 31, 32, 33;
+    story of his own life, 32, 33;
+    the Jonah and Ulysses of his time, 33;
+    explorations and narrative, 34, 35, 36;
+    overthrown, 36;
+    accused of design to wed Pocahontas, 37, 51;
+    later years, 37;
+    foresight of America's future, 37;
+    disabled by an accident, 37, 60, n. 2;
+    sent home under charges, 37, 60, n. 2;
+    accused of advising Indians to attack settlers at the Falls,
+      37, 60, n. 2;
+    a typical American pioneer, 38;
+    account of his writings, 61, n. 3;
+    commended by the Virginia Company, 61, n. 3;
+    given to romance in narration, 62, n. 3;
+    his practical writings and wise speeches, 62, n. 3;
+    examples of his exaggeration, 63, n. 3;
+    Thomas Fuller's judgment of, 63, n. 3;
+    authorities in the debates about, 63, n. 3;
+    refusal to share his power, 64, n. 4;
+    captured by the French, 178.
+
+  ----, Generall Historie, 22, n. 6; 27, m.; 34, m.; 35, 36, m.;
+          61, n. 3; 66, n. 9; 95, n. 3.
+
+  ----, New Life of Virginia, 27, m.
+
+  ----, Oxford Tract, 34, m.; 35, 36, m.; 42, m.; 61, n. 3; 64, n. 3.
+
+  ----, True Relation, 61, n. 3.
+
+  Smyth, John, the Separatist, migrated from Gainsborough, 150;
+    continually searching for truth, 186, n. 6.
+
+  Smyth, Sir Thomas, governor of Virginia Company, 70, n. 16;
+    resignation, 71, n. 17;
+    aroused the king's opposition to Sandys, 87;
+    resigned, 88;
+    sorrows of the colony under, 206;
+    faction of, 230;
+    defense, 67, n. 9.
+
+  Somers, Sir George, wrecked on the Bermudas, 40;
+    builds two vessels and takes provisions to Virginia, 41;
+    returns to the Bermudas, 41;
+    death of, 42;
+    Somers or Summer Islands named from, 65, n. 6.
+
+  South Sea delusion, the, 6, 7, 8;
+    an overland route to, 10;
+    behind the mountains, 75.
+    See also PACIFIC OCEAN.
+
+  Southampton, Earl of, interested in the Virginia Company, 54;
+    threatened by the Warwick party, 69, n. 13;
+    really in power, 71, n. 17;
+    procures silkworm "seed," 77;
+    elected governor of the company, 89;
+    imprisoned, 89;
+    one of the fathers of representative government in America, 173;
+    Virginians friendly to, 230.
+
+  Southwest passage, conjectures of a, 22, n. 5.
+
+  Spain, rivalry with, the motive for planting English colonies, 73;
+    England's jealousy toward, 74, 94, n. 1;
+    lavish of gifts to English courtiers, 223;
+    made England relax penal laws against English recusants, 238.
+
+  Spanish example, the influence of, on English projects, 73;
+    fishing-boats to be seized at Newfounde lande, 94, n. 1;
+    jealousy of Virginia, 94, n. 1.
+
+  Spanish match, the, favored by Calvert, 226, 227, 258, n. 2.
+
+  Speed's Prospect, 24, n. 10.
+
+  Spelman's Relation, 60, n. 2.
+
+  Spices, passion for, in Europe, 22, n. 5.
+
+  Spirit of the age, escape from the, difficult, 133.
+
+  Squirrels, flying, 18.
+
+  Standish, Captain Miles, escorts the governor to church on Sundays, 103.
+
+  Star-Chamber censures, 203, 216, n. 3;
+    Roger Williams as a lad employed by the, 268;
+    harsh penalties for Separatists, 270.
+
+  State church, notion of, not easily got rid of, 112.
+
+  St. Christopher's Island sought by Catholic refugees, 231.
+
+  Stephen, Sir, denounced May-poles as idols, 118;
+    wanted names of days of the week changed, 118.
+
+  Stith's History of Virginia, 51, m.; 182, n. 2.
+
+  Stoughton retracted, 290, 291;
+    pressure put on, 297.
+
+  Strachey's Historie of Travaile into Virginia, 24, n. 10; 36, m.;
+      59, n. 1; 64, n. 4; 65, n. 7; 95, n. 5; 97, n. 9; 102, m.;
+    True Reportory, 65, n. 6.
+
+  Strafford, friend of George Calvert and his son, 249.
+
+  Strafford Papers, 241, m.; 263, n. 13.
+
+  Strait, a, sought to the South Sea, 4, 6, 8, 9.
+
+  Strasburg and Zurich, cities of refuge for conservatives, 104.
+
+  Strasburg reformers attempt to reform church at Frankfort, 105.
+
+  Straus's Life of Roger Williams, 308, n. 6; 311, n. 17.
+
+  Stubbes's Philip, Anatomie of Abuses, 100, m.; 119, 127, 134, n. 2;
+    135, n. 5.
+
+  Succession, apostolic, of churchly order and ordinance the mainspring
+    of high-churchism, 302.
+
+  Svmme and Svbstance. See BARLOW.
+
+  Sumner, George, on John Robinson, 158, n. 3.
+
+  Sumptuary laws, 75.
+
+  Sunday had sanctity of a church feast before the Reformation, 125;
+    English reformers retained the Catholic, 125;
+    first called Sabbath in literature, 126;
+    scruples regarding recreations on, 127;
+    brutally cruel sports on the old English, 129;
+    strict observance of, carried to New England, 132;
+    in the middle ages, 138, n. 8;
+    legislation on, rare before the Reformation, 138, n. 8;
+    in time of Edward VI, 138, n. 9;
+    sabbatical character of, denied, 140, n. 13.
+    See also SABBATH.
+
+  Sunday fishing, juries inquire into, 125.
+
+  Sunday morning ceremony at Plymouth, 103.
+
+  Sunday-Sabbath, theory of a, not confined to the Puritans, 132;
+    Augustine on, in the fifth century, 137, n. 8; 140, n. 13.
+
+  Surplices begin to be used in Virginia, 183, n. 3.
+
+  Susan Constant, the ship, 25.
+
+  Sutton's Hospital founded by legacy, which Coke defended, later known as
+    Charter-House School, 268.
+
+  Swift, Lindsay, on the early election sermons, 313, n. 22.
+
+  Symonds, Dr. William, editor of second part of Smith's Oxford Tract,
+    61, n. 3.
+
+  Synod, the, of 1637, 336, 346, n. 1.
+
+
+  Tales, extravagant, of the Indians, 7, 8;
+    Ralegh distrusts, 21, n. 3.
+
+  Taylor's Observations and Travel from London to Hamburg, 46, m.
+
+  Tempest, Shakespeare's, 17;
+    suggested by the wreck of Gates and Somers, 65, n. 6.
+
+  Tenant, the copy-hold, driven to distress, 111.
+
+  Tenantry, the suffering, Puritans make common cause with, 111, 135, n. 5.
+
+  Theater, passionate love of the, 99.
+
+  Theocracy, instability of a, 326.
+
+  Thomas Aquinas, St., on the fourth commandment, 138, n. 8.
+
+  Thurloe, 263, n. 13.
+
+  Timber sought in Virginia, 82.
+
+  Tobacco, profitable cultivation of, in Virginia, 49, 84;
+    exported, 68, n. 10, n. 11; 96, n. 7;
+    more profitable than silk-raising, 78;
+    culture of, forbidden, 81;
+    King James's Covnter-Blaste to, 84;
+    John Rolfe planted the first, at Jamestown, 84;
+    heavy duties on, 85, 96, n. 8;
+    seven thousand shops in London, 97, n. 8;
+    inferiority of Indian, 97, n. 9;
+    large profits from, 231;
+    public use of, forbidden in Massachusetts, 285.
+
+  Toleration, the Baltimore policy, 242, 263, n. 15;
+    principle of, formulated, 254;
+    Act of, passed in 1649, 255, 256, 257;
+    intolerable to the rulers of "the Bay," 297;
+    limited and qualified at Amsterdam, 298;
+    decried as a great crime by all the world, 298;
+    a beneficent result of commerce, 298, 312, n. 18.
+
+  Tortures, legal, examples of, 46, 67, n. 9.
+
+  Town government, the principal feature of civil organization, 325.
+
+  Town system, the, 275.
+
+  Trade with the Indians by Captain John Smith, 34;
+    suspended after Smith's departure, 38;
+    renewed by Capt. Argall, 50.
+
+  Tragicall Relation, 40, m.; 56, m.; 66, n. 9; 68, n. 12.
+
+  Trainbands drilled, 284.
+
+  Travel, taste for books of, 2.
+
+  Treasure received by Spain from America influenced English colonial
+      projects, 73;
+    wrought mischief to England, 94, n. 1.
+
+  True Declaration of the Estate of the Colony of Virginia, 40, m.;
+    56, m.; 65, n. 5, n. 8.
+
+  Trumbull's Blue Laws, 347, n. 2.
+
+  Tucker, Daniel, builds boat at Jamestown, 39.
+
+
+  Underhill, Captain, sent after Williams, 295.
+
+  Unicorn, reported find of the, 19, 24, n. 10.
+
+  Uniformity not possible, 109.
+
+  Upper House, dissension concerning power of the, in Massachusetts, 286.
+
+  Utopia, the religious, attempted in New England, 342.
+
+
+  Van der Donck's New Netherland, 23, n. 7.
+
+  Van Meteren, Nederlandsche Historic, 312, n. 18.
+
+  Vane, Sir Henry, the younger, favored the Antinomians, 267;
+    an ardent Puritan, 332;
+    arrives in Boston and is elected governor, 332;
+    a disciple of Cotton, 333;
+    defeat of, 336;
+    leaves the colony, 337.
+
+  Vaughan's Golden Fleece, 261, n. 7.
+
+  Vessel, the first Virginia, built by Captain Argall, 50.
+
+  Vestments objected to, in reign of Edward VI, 103;
+    bitter debates about, 108;
+    ceased to be abhorrent, 123.
+
+  Virginia Assembly petitions the king, 56;
+    proceedings of the first, 70, n. 15.
+
+  Virginia colony, the, 8;
+    emigrants set sail, 25;
+    code of laws and orders, 26;
+    character of the emigrants, 27;
+    arrival, 27;
+    first meetings with the Indians, 28;
+    the winter of misery, 29;
+    fear of attack from the Indians, 30;
+    food bought of the Indians, 31;
+    five hundred colonists arrive under Archer and Ratcliffe, 36;
+    settlements at Nansemond and the falls of the James River, 37;
+    famine of 1609-'10, 38;
+    only sixty survivors in June, 1610, 40;
+    arrival of Gates and Somers, 40;
+    Jamestown abandoned, 41;
+    arrival of De la Warr, 41;
+    De la Warr's government, 42;
+    flight of De la Warr, 43;
+    second lease of life, 43;
+    inefficient government of George Percy, 44;
+    martial law and slavery under Thomas Dale, 45;
+    ten men escape, 47;
+    Dale's services, 47;
+    private gardens allowed, 48;
+    tobacco cultivated, 49;
+    Argall's government and treachery, 50-52;
+    the Great Charter, 1618, 55, 173;
+    joy at its receipt, 56;
+    feared re-establishment of the old tyranny, 56, 70, n. 16;
+    wives supplied, 57;
+    the first homes, 58;
+    whole number of colonists, 58;
+    four fifths perished, 59;
+    petition to the king, 65, n. 5;
+    began raising silkworms, 76;
+    the silk-grass craze in, 79;
+    glass and iron works established and failed in, 83;
+    planted tobacco, 84;
+    struck root and its life assured, 85;
+    gained impetus from the king's opposition, 89;
+    government of, passed to the Crown, 92;
+    reached its greatest prosperity, 186, n. 8;
+    inhospitable to Lord Baltimore, 230;
+    opposes Roman Catholics, 231, 261, n. 9;
+    reckless living of people and clergy, 231;
+    expulsion of Lord Baltimore from, 232;
+    new emigration to, 344;
+    second generation of native Virginians appears, 345;
+    better ministers in the parishes and order in the courts, 345.
+
+  Virginia colony, map of, by John White, 1586, 8, 21, 22.
+
+  Virginia Company, letter of, to Governor Wyatt quoted, 22, n. 5;
+    code of laws and orders for its colonists, 26;
+    swindled and robbed, 52;
+    fall of the lottery, 53;
+    revival of interest, 53;
+    records destroyed, 54;
+    change in conduct of affairs, 55;
+    cruelty of agents paralleled by those of the East India
+      Company, 67, n. 9;
+    overthrow of the company, 70, n. 16;
+    dissolved in 1624, 85, 89, 92;
+    organized for trading, 86;
+    passed out of the control of traders, 87;
+    King James interferes with the election, 88;
+    grants two charters and a liberal patent to the Pilgrims, 172;
+    also leave to establish a provisional government, 173;
+    Lord Baltimore a member and councilor of, 224, 229, 230;
+    attempt to take away privileges granted to the colonists, 230.
+
+  Virginia Company's Manuscript Records. See MANUSCRIPT RECORDS,
+    VIRGINIA COMPANY.
+
+  Virginia Richly Valued, 79, m.; 95, n. 3.
+
+  Virginians obliged to pay quitrents in Maryland, 249.
+
+  Vries, David P. de, Voyages, 308, n. 7.
+
+
+  Waddington's Congregational History, 167, m.
+
+  Walker's First Church in Hartford, 317, m.; 321, m.
+
+  Ward's Simple Cobbler, 285, m.; 299, m.
+
+  Warwick, second Earl, intrigues to wreck the Virginia Company,
+      51, 68, n. 13;
+    protects Argall in his plundering, 52;
+    has Cavendish and others arrested, 69, n. 13;
+    loses influence in the company, 87;
+    made Governor in Chief and Lord High Admiral of all plantations
+      in America, 252.
+
+  Waterhouse's Declaration of Virginia, 22, n. 6.
+
+  Watertown church, part of, ready to follow Hooker, 323;
+    one of the centres of discontent, 324.
+
+  Welde's Short Story of the Rise, Reign, and Ruine of Antinomianism,
+    330, m.; 336, m.; 339, m.; 340, m.; 347, n. 4.
+
+  Wentworth, friend of Calvert, 222.
+
+  West, insubordinate settlers under, 37, 60, n. 2;
+    Indians hostile to, 60, n. 2;
+    treacherous and cruel, 64, n. 4.
+
+  West India plants tried in Virginia, 82.
+
+  Weston Documents, 11, m.
+
+  Wethersfield, John Oldham and his company settled at, 324.
+
+  Weymouth kidnapped Maine Indians, 17.
+
+  Whale-fishing in Lake Ontario, 11.
+
+  Whelewright, brother-in-law of Mrs. Hutchinson, 336;
+    banished at November court following the synod, 337;
+    testimony regarding his sister-in-law, 348, n. 6.
+
+  Whelewright's sermon, 331, m.
+
+  Whincop charter not used, 184, n. 4; 186, n. 8.
+
+  Whiston, a place of Puritan assemblage, 142.
+
+  Whitaker, Alexander, praises Dale, 66, n. 9;
+    minister at Henrico, 168;
+    letters, 183, n. 3.
+
+  Whitaker's Good Newes from Virginia, 66, n. 9; 168.
+
+  Whitbourne, Captain, pamphlet on Newfoundland, 224, 258, n. 3;
+    letters of Wynne and others in, 229, m.
+
+  White, Father, Relatio Itineris, 243, m.; 244, m.; 263, n. 16;
+    on settlement of Montserrat, 261, n. 9; 263, n. 14, n. 16.
+
+  White, John, of Dorchester, an active colonizer, 189, 199, 203.
+
+  White, John, map of Virginia by, 1586, 8;
+    in Grenville Collection, 21, n. 4;
+    reproduced in the Century Magazine, 22, n. 4;
+    copy in Kohl Collection, 22, n. 4
+
+  White's, John, The Planter's Plea, 190, m.; 199, m.
+
+  Whitgift, Archbishop, efforts of, to suppress nonconformity, 122;
+    ordered Bownd's book called in, 132;
+    persecuted the Puritans at Scrooby, 153;
+    declared King James inspired, 161.
+
+  Whittingham, Dean of Durham, author of A Brieff Discourse, 135, n. 3;
+    on the Puritan side in Frankfort, 143.
+
+  Williams, Roger, in advance of his age, 256;
+    opposed the authorities in Massachusetts, 267;
+    early career of, 268;
+    refused preferments, 269, 307, n. 2;
+    flight of, to New England, 270;
+    refuses communion with the Boston church, 270, 307, n. 3;
+    opposed to compromise, 271, 307, n. 4;
+    his selection as minister at Salem opposed by the General Court,
+      271, 272;
+    removed to Plymouth, 272;
+    wrote a treatise on the dialect of the New England Indians, 273;
+    rebuked Bradford and wrote against the royal patents, 274, 281,
+      308, n. 9;
+    returned to Salem with some followers, 275;
+    his ideal too high for that age, 281;
+    preached without holding office, 281;
+    "convented at court," 281;
+    charges against, based on his book, "not so evil as at first they
+      seemed," 282;
+    the broad principle laid down by, 283;
+    made teacher at Salem, 284;
+    fast-day sermon on eleven "public sins," 286;
+    dealt with ecclesiastically, 287;
+    scruples against enforced oaths, 289;
+    new charges against, 289;
+    champion of soul liberty, 290;
+    incorrigible, 290, 291;
+    trial and banishment, 292, 309, n. 12; 310, n. 13, 14, 16;
+    authorities, 310, n. 17;
+    on account of illness permitted to remain during the winter, 293;
+    a few friends faithful to, 293, 294;
+    escape to the Indians, 295;
+    abandons settlement at Seekonk River and founds Providence, 296;
+    banishment of, an act of persecution, 297;
+    character of, 301, 307, n. 1;
+    a collector of scruples, 301, 302, 314, n. 23;
+    tenderness and friendship for Winthrop, 302;
+    became a Baptist and renounced his baptism, 303;
+    a Seeker, 303, 304;
+    his moral elevation of spirit, 304;
+    ascendency over the Indians, 305;
+    an individualist, 291, 305;
+    superior to his age and ours, 305;
+    his prophetic character, 306
+    a John Baptist of the distant future, 306;
+    enthusiastic nature of, 307, n. 2;
+    needed no practical consideration to stir him to action, 308, n. 11;
+    magnanimity without a parallel, 310, n. 15;
+    removal of Williams and his friends the beginning of dispersions
+      from the colony, 315;
+    prepared a harbor for all of uneasy conscience, 315.
+
+  Williams's letter to Mrs. Sadleir, 268, m.; 270, m.;
+    letters to Winthrop, 273, m.; 302, m.; 307, n. 5;
+    Reply to Cotton, 283, m.;
+    letters to Lady Barrington, 307, n. 1;
+    letter to John Cotton, the younger, 307, n. 2, 3, 4;
+    letter to Major Mason, 310, n. 15;
+    Bloudy Tenent, 311, n. 18.
+
+  Wilson, John, interprets battle of mouse and snake, 277;
+    on Williams's book, 282;
+    condemned by the Hutchinsonians, 333;
+    given to rhyming prophecies, 338.
+
+  Windebank, schemes of Cecilius Calvert with, 250.
+
+  Wine, efforts to produce, in Great Britain, 76;
+    in Virginia, 81.
+
+  Wingandacon, Indian name of the coast of North Carolina, 21, n. 3.
+
+  Wingfield deposed from leadership, 31;
+    recognizes Smith's services, 36;
+    plot against the life of, 61, n. 2;
+    warned Newport against Archer, 64, n. 3.
+
+  Wingfield's Discourse, 64, n. 3.
+
+  Winslow, of Plymouth, warns Williams from Seekonk River, 296.
+
+  Winslow's Briefe Narration, 172, m.; 175, m.; 185, n. 6.
+
+  Winsor's, Justin, Elder Brewster, 155, m.; 169, m.
+
+  Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America, 21, n. 1.
+
+  Winthrop, John, principal figure in the Puritan migration, 202;
+    character and influence of, 204;
+    made a justice of the peace, 204, 217, n. 5;
+    elected governor, 210, 217, n. 6;
+    objected to a government directed from England, 208;
+    superseded by Dudley, 287;
+    recommended Narragansett Bay to Williams, 293, 294;
+    lenity toward Williams rebuked, 301;
+    moved house, begun at Newtown, to Boston, 318;
+    antipathy to Mrs. Hutchinson, 330;
+    ministers rally around, 332;
+    again made governor, 336;
+    chief inquisitor at the trial of Mrs. Hutchinson, 338;
+    evidence to prove Mrs. Hutchinson a witch, 340, 341;
+    wallows in superstition, 341.
+
+  Winthrop's Journal (Savage's), 252, m.; 272, m.; 290, m.; 291, m.;
+    294, m.; 301, m.; 307, n. 3; 309, n. 12; 310, n. 17; 318, m.; 323, m.;
+    329, m.; 336, m.; 339, m.; 340, m.; 341, m.; 344, m.; 348, n. 8;
+    349, n. 9.
+
+  Winthrop's Life and Letters, 198, m.; 217, n. 4, 5, 6; 218, n. 8.
+
+  Winthrop's Reasons for New England, 198, 204, 217, n. 4.
+
+  Wives for the Virginia colonists, 57, 71, n. 18;
+    supplied to Louisiana and Canada, 72, n. 18.
+
+  Women, proposal to send, to Virginia, 71, n. 18;
+    in Gates's party, 71, n. 18;
+    first two in the colony, 71, n. 18.
+
+  Wood, beauty of the, of certain American trees, 65, n. 7.
+
+  Woodnoth's Short Collection, 70, n. 16; 87, m.;
+    account of, 97, n. 10.
+
+  Wood's New England's Prospect, 18, m.; 318, m.; 319, m.
+
+  Words had the force of blows, 110.
+
+  Wright's Elizabeth and her Times, 142, m.
+
+  Wyatt, Sir Francis, name appended to The Tragicall Relation, 66, n. 9;
+    opinion of, on a divided government, 207.
+
+  Wyckoff, on Silk Manufacture, 95, n. 3.
+
+
+  Yeardley, Sir George, arrival in Virginia, 71, n. 17;
+    knighted, 134, n. 1;
+    instructed to administer oath of supremacy, 232.
+
+  Yong, Thomas, in the Delaware, 10;
+    seeks a Mediterranean in America, 11.
+
+  Young's Chronicles of Massachusetts, 217, n. 4; 317, m.
+
+  Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrims, 158, n. 3; 167, m.; 184, n. 4.
+
+  Yucatan, meaning of, 21, n. 3.
+
+  Yucca, clothing made from the fiber of the, 79, 80;
+    a "commoditie of speciall hope and much use," 80.
+
+
+  Zeal, passionate, often stupefies reason, 171.
+
+  Zurich and Strasburg cities of refuge for conservatives, 104;
+    differences between exiles at, and those of Geneva, 106, 107.
+
+  Zurich Letters, 135, n. 3.
+
+  Zwisck, Peter John, The Liberty of Religion, 312, n. 19.
+
+
+CHARLES ALEXANDER NELSON.
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
+
+
+_WITH THE FATHERS. Studies in the History of the United States._ By
+JOHN BACH MCMASTER, Professor of American History in the University of
+Pennsylvania, author of "The History of the People of the United
+States," etc. 8vo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+     "The book is of great practical value, as many of the essays
+     throw a broad light over living questions of the day. Prof.
+     McMaster has a clear, simple style that is delightful. His
+     facts are gathered with great care, and admirably interwoven
+     to impress the subject under discussion upon the mind of the
+     reader."--_Chicago Inter-Ocean._
+
+     "Prof. McMaster's essays possess in their diversity a
+     breadth which covers most of the topics which are current as
+     well as historical, and each is so scholarly in treatment
+     and profound in judgment that the importance of their place
+     in the library of political history can not be
+     gainsaid."--_Washington Times._
+
+     "Such works as this serve to elucidate history and make more
+     attractive a study which an abstruse writer only makes
+     perplexing. All through the studies there is a note of
+     intense patriotism and a conviction of the sound sense of
+     the American people which directs the government to a bright
+     goal."--_Chicago Record._
+
+     "A wide field is here covered, and is covered in Prof.
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+     but have a marked value as a work of reference upon several
+     most important subjects."--_Boston Daily Advertiser._
+
+     "There is much that is interesting in this little book, and
+     it is full of solid chunks of political
+     information."--_Buffalo Commercial._
+
+     "Clear, penetrating, dispassionate, convincing. His language
+     is what one should expect from the Professor of American
+     History in the University of Pennsylvania. Prof. McMaster
+     has proved before now that he can write history with the
+     breath of life in it, and the present volume is new
+     proof."--_Chicago Tribune._
+
+     "Of great practical value.... Charming and instructive
+     history."--_New Haven Leader._
+
+     "An interesting and most instructive volume."--_Detroit
+     Journal._
+
+     "At once commends itself to the taste and judgment of all
+     historical readers. His style charms the general reader with
+     its open and frank ways, its courageous form of statement,
+     its sparkling, crisp narrative and description, and its
+     close and penetrating analysis of character and
+     events."--_Boston Courier._
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE WEST SERIES.
+
+Edited by Ripley Hitchcock.
+
+     "There is a vast extent of territory lying between the
+     Missouri River and the Pacific coast which has barely been
+     skimmed over so far. That the conditions of life therein are
+     undergoing changes little short of marvelous will be
+     understood when one recalls the fact that the first white
+     male child born in Kansas is still living there; and Kansas
+     is by no means one of the newer States. Revolutionary indeed
+     has been the upturning of the old condition of affairs, and
+     little remains thereof, and less will remain as each year
+     goes by, until presently there will be only tradition of the
+     Sioux and Comanches, the cowboy life, the wild horse, and
+     the antelope. Histories, many of them, have been written
+     about the Western country alluded to, but most if not
+     practically all by outsiders who knew not personally that
+     life of kaleidoscopic allurement. But ere it shall have
+     vanished forever we are likely to have truthful, complete,
+     and charming portrayals of it produced by men who actually
+     knew the life and have the power to describe it."--_Henry
+     Edward Rood, in the Mail and Express._
+
+
+_NOW READY._
+
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+Hero Stories," "Blackfoot Lodge Tales," etc. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+     "In every way worthy of an author who, as an authority upon
+     the Western Indians, is second to none. A book full of
+     color, abounding in observation, and remarkable in sustained
+     interest, it is at the same time characterized by a grace of
+     style which is rarely to be looked for in such a work, and
+     which adds not a little to the charm of it"--_London Daily
+     Chronicle._
+
+     "Only an author qualified by personal experience could offer
+     us a profitable study of a race so alien from our own as is
+     the Indian in thought, feeling, and culture. Only long
+     association with Indians can enable a white man measurably
+     to comprehend their thoughts and enter into their feelings.
+     Such association has been Mr. Grinnell's."--_New York Sun._
+
+
+_THE STORY OF THE MINE._ By CHARLES HOWARD SHINN. Illustrated. 12mo.
+Cloth, $1.50.
+
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+     which has played so large a part in the development of the
+     remoter West.
+
+
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+
+  The Story of the Trapper. By GILBERT PARKER.
+  The Story of the Cowboy. By E. HOUGH.
+  The Story of the Soldier. By Captain J. McB. STEMBEL, U. S. A.
+  The Story of the Explorer.
+  The Story of the Railroad.
+
+
+_THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES_, 1789-1894. By JOHN FISKE, CARL
+SCHURZ, WILLIAM E. RUSSELL, DANIEL C. GILMAN, WILLIAM WALTER PHELPS,
+ROBERT C. WINTHROP, GEORGE BANCROFT, JOHN HAY, and Others. Edited by
+General JAMES GRANT WILSON. With 23 Steel Portraits, facsimile
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+
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+     feeling that some such book ought to find its way into every
+     household."--_New York Herald._
+
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+     memory of the public men of his country can afford to be
+     without."--_New York Mail and Express._
+
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+     in his mind the varying phases of his country's history as
+     it is woven on the warp of the administrations will find
+     most useful. Everything is presented in a clear-cut way, and
+     no pleasanter excursions into history can be found than a
+     study of 'The Presidents of the United
+     States.'"--_Philadelphia Press._
+
+     "A valuable addition to both our biographical and historical
+     literature, and meets a want long recognized."--_Boston
+     Advertiser._
+
+     "So scholarly and entertaining a presidential biography has
+     never before appeared in this country.... It is bound to
+     become the standard of its kind."--_Binghamton Herald._
+
+     "It is precisely the book which ought to have a very wide
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+     it."--_The Churchman._
+
+     "General Wilson has performed a public service in presenting
+     this volume to the public in so attractive a shape. It is
+     full of incentive to ambitious youth; it abounds in
+     encouragement to every patriotic heart."--_Charleston News
+     and Courier._
+
+     "There is an added value to this volume because of the fact
+     that the story of the life of each occupant of the White
+     House was written by one who made a special study of him and
+     his times.... An admirable history for the young."--_Chicago
+     Times._
+
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+     patriotic Americans."--_Chicago Dial._
+
+     "These names are in themselves sufficient to guarantee
+     adequacy of treatment and interest in the presentation, and
+     it is safe to say that such succinct biographies of the
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+     such unquestioned ability, have never before been
+     published."--_Hartford Courant._
+
+     "A book well worth owning, for reading and for reference....
+     A complete record of the most important events in our
+     history during the past one hundred and five years."--_The
+     Outlook._
+
+
+_THE DAWN OF CIVILIZATION._ (EGYPT AND CHALDAEA.) By Prof. G. MASPERO.
+Edited by Rev. Prof. A. H. SAYCE. Translated by M. L. McCLURE. Revised
+and brought up to date by the Author. With Map and over 470
+Illustrations. Quarto. Cloth, $7.50.
+
+     "The most sumptuous and elaborate work which has yet
+     appeared on this theme.... The book should be in every
+     well-equipped Oriental library, as the most complete work on
+     the dawn of civilization. Its careful reading and studying
+     will open a world of thought to any diligent student, and
+     very largely broaden and enlarge his views of the grandeur,
+     the stability, and the positive contributions of the
+     civilization of that early day to the life and culture of
+     our own times."--_Chicago Standard._
+
+     "By all odds the best account of Egyptian and Assyrian
+     theology, or more properly speaking, theosophy, with which
+     we are acquainted.... The book will arouse many enthusiasms.
+     Its solid learning will enchant the scholar--its brilliancy
+     will charm the general reader and tempt him into a region
+     which he may have hesitated to enter."--_The Outlook._
+
+     "For a general comprehension of the dawn of civilization we
+     know of no stronger work."--_New York Times._
+
+     "You no sooner open it at random than you discover that
+     every paragraph is alluring and instructive. You may not
+     hope to read it through, even in a dozen sittings, but you
+     can not give a glance at any one of its pages without having
+     your attention specially challenged."--_New York Herald._
+
+     "The most complete reconstruction of that ancient life which
+     has yet appeared in print. Maspero's great book will remain
+     the standard work for a long time to come."--_London Daily
+     News._
+
+
+_LIFE IN ANCIENT EGYPT AND ASSYRIA._ By G. MASPERO, late Director of
+Archaeology in Egypt, and Member of the Institute of France. Translated
+by ALICE MORTON. With 188 Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+     "A lucid sketch, at once popular and learned, of daily life
+     in Egypt at the time of Rameses II, and of Assyria in that
+     of Assurbanipal.... As an Orientalist, M. Maspero stands in
+     the front rank, and his learning is so well digested and so
+     admirably subdued to the service of popular exposition, that
+     it nowhere overwhelms and always interests the
+     reader."--_London Times._
+
+     "Only a writer who had distinguished himself as a student of
+     Egyptian and Assyrian antiquities could have produced this
+     work, which has none of the features of a modern book of
+     travels in the East, but is an attempt to deal with ancient
+     life as if one had been a contemporary with the people whose
+     civilization and social usages are very largely
+     restored."--_Boston Herald._
+
+     "A most interesting and instructive book. Excellent and most
+     impressive ideas also of the architecture of the two
+     countries and of the other rude but powerful art of the
+     Assyrians, are to be got from it."--_Brooklyn Eagle._
+
+     "The ancient artists are copied with the utmost fidelity,
+     and verify the narrative so attractively
+     presented."--_Cincinnati Times-Star._
+
+
+_A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY_, from 1775 to 1894. By EDGAR
+STANTON MACLAY, A. M. With Technical Revision by Lieut. ROY C. SMITH,
+U. S. N. In two volumes. With numerous Maps, Diagrams, and
+Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $7.00.
+
+     "The field is comparatively new, and Mr. Maclay has brought
+     to his task patience, assiduity, and patriotism.... Maps and
+     plans, and a great number of illustrations, add value to the
+     book, which is designed to be a permanent and useful
+     contribution to historical literature."--_New York
+     Observer._
+
+     "While the author has had the assistance of Lieut. Roy C.
+     Smith, U. S. N., in preparing those parts of his work which
+     are necessarily technical, he has wisely refrained from
+     confusing the general reader by an undue parade of
+     technicalities.... The narrative proceeds in a clear,
+     concise, and vigorous style, which very materially adds to
+     the character of the work."--_New York Journal of Commerce._
+
+     "The author writes as one who has digged deep before he
+     began to write at all. He thus appears as a master of his
+     material. This book inspires immediate confidence as well as
+     interest."--_New York Times._
+
+     "A most conscientious narrative, from which wise statesmen
+     may learn much for their guidance, and it certainly is one
+     of absorbing interest."--_New York Commercial Advertiser._
+
+     "Mr. Maclay is specially qualified for the work he has
+     undertaken. Nine years has he devoted to the task. The
+     result of his labors possesses not only readableness but
+     authority.... Mr. Maclay's story may be truthfully
+     characterized as a thrilling romance, which will interest
+     every mind that is fed by tales of heroism, and will be read
+     with patriotic pride by every true American."--_Chicago
+     Evening Post._
+
+     "A more valuable and important work of history than this has
+     not been issued from the press for many a day. It is not
+     only that this book tells a story never before told (for
+     Cooper's works never professed to tell the whole story of
+     our navy, even down to his own day), but that it is told
+     with true historic sense, and with the finest critical
+     acumen."--_New York Evangelist._
+
+     "A work which is destined to fill a noticeable gap in our
+     national annals."--_Philadelphia Bulletin._
+
+     "No better excuse for this important work could be desired
+     than that a navy with such a brilliant career on the whole
+     as has the American navy is without a full and continuous
+     record of its achievement.... The author has important new
+     facts to tell, and he tells them in a clear and graceful
+     literary style."--_Hartford Post._
+
+     "Mr. Maclay has deservedly won for himself an enviable place
+     among our American historians.... His researches have been
+     exhaustive and his inquiries persistent, and he has used his
+     wealth of material with a proper appreciation of historical
+     value."--_Boston Advertiser._
+
+     "Like the average young American, this author has an
+     enthusiastic appreciation of American valor on the high
+     seas, and he reproduces graphic sketches of battle scenes
+     and incidents in a way to insure for his book a hearty
+     welcome on the part of these who keenly enjoy this sort of
+     literature.... The illustrations of the old battle ships and
+     the conflicts at sea, made memorable as long as the history
+     of the American Republic shall live, add much to the
+     attractiveness of this book.... Professor Maclay has added a
+     substantial work to historical American
+     literature."--_Philadelphia Telegraph._
+
+     "It fills a place which has almost escaped the attention of
+     historians. Mr. Maclay's work shows on every page the minute
+     care with which he worked up his theme. His style is precise
+     and clear, and without any pretense of rhetorical
+     embellishment."--_New York Tribune._
+
+
+_THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA._ A Study of the American Commonwealth,
+its Natural Resources, People, Industries, Manufactures, Commerce, and
+its Work in Literature, Science, Education, and Self-Government.
+Edited by NATHANIEL S. SHALER, S. D., Professor of Geology in Harvard
+University. In two volumes, royal 8vo. With Maps, and 150 full-page
+Illustrations. Cloth, $10.00.
+
+     In this work the publishers offer something which is not
+     furnished by histories or encyclopaedias, namely, a succinct
+     but comprehensive expert account of our country at the
+     present day. The very extent of America and American
+     industries renders it difficult to appreciate the true
+     meaning of the United States of America. In this work the
+     American citizen can survey the land upon which he lives,
+     and the industrial, social, political, and other
+     environments of himself and his fellow-citizens. The best
+     knowledge and the best efforts of experts, editor, and
+     publishers have gone to the preparation of a standard book
+     dedicated to the America of the present day; and the
+     publishers believe that these efforts will be appreciated by
+     those who desire to inform themselves regarding the America
+     of the end of the century.
+
+
+LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
+
+Hon. WILLIAM L. WILSON, Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee,
+Fifty-third Congress.
+
+Hon. J. R. SOLEY, formerly Assistant Secretary of the Navy.
+
+EDWARD ATKINSON, Ll. D., Ph. D.
+
+Col. T. A. DODGE, U. S. A.
+
+Col. GEORGE E. WARING, Jr.
+
+J. B. McMASTER, Professor of History in the University of
+Pennsylvania.
+
+CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER, LL. D.
+
+Major J. W. POWELL, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey and the
+Bureau of Ethnology.
+
+WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D., U. S. Commissioner of Education.
+
+LYMAN ABBOTT, D. D.
+
+H. H. BANCROFT, author of "Native Races of the Pacific Coast."
+
+HARRY PRATT JUDSON, Head Dean of the Colleges, University of Chicago.
+
+Judge THOMAS M. COOLEY, formerly Chairman of the Interstate Commerce
+Commission.
+
+CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS.
+
+D. A. SARGENT, M. D., Director of the Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard
+University.
+
+CHARLES HORTON COOLEY.
+
+A. E. KENNELLY, Assistant to Thomas A. Edison.
+
+D. C. GILMAN, LL. D., President of Johns Hopkins University.
+
+H. G. PROUT, Editor of the Railroad Gazette.
+
+F. D. MILLET, formerly Vice-President of the National Academy of
+Design.
+
+F. W. TAUSSIG, Professor of Political Economy in Harvard University.
+
+HENRY VAN BRUNT.
+
+H. P. FAIRFIELD.
+
+SAMUEL W. ABBOTT, M. D., Secretary of the State Board of Health,
+Massachusetts.
+
+N. S. SHALER.
+
+Sold only by subscription. Prospectus, giving detailed chapter titles
+and specimen illustrations, mailed free on request.
+
+
+
+
+New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 72 Fifth Avenue.
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's notes:
+
+Obvious printer's errors have been corrected, all other
+inconsistencies are as in the original. The author's spelling has been
+maintained.
+
+An entry in the index for the "Northwest passage" has been left out,
+being unreadable.
+
+Superscripts are enclosed in { }.
+
+In the sentence "Those Adventurers & Planters by Vertue .... ", there
+is a tilde on the last "c" of "Incorporacon"; and in the sentence "In
+this Provynce soe as they might ...", there is a tilde on the "c" of
+"toleracon".]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Beginners of a Nation, by Edward Eggleston
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