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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of American Football, by Walter Camp
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: American Football
+
+Author: Walter Camp
+
+Release Date: May 20, 2012 [EBook #39743]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN FOOTBALL ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: HECTOR COWAN.
+
+Princeton.]
+
+
+
+
+AMERICAN FOOTBALL
+
+BY
+
+WALTER CAMP
+
+WITH THIRTY-ONE PORTRAITS
+
+NEW YORK
+HARPER & BROTHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE
+1891
+
+
+Copyright, 1891, by HARPER & BROTHERS.
+
+_All rights reserved._
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The progress of the sport of football in this country, and a
+corresponding growth of inquiry as to the methods adopted by experienced
+teams, have prompted the publication of this book. Should any of the
+suggestions herein contained conduce to the further popularity of the
+game, the object of the writer will be attained.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                             PAGE
+
+ENGLISH AND AMERICAN RUGBY      1
+
+END RUSHER                     23
+
+THE TACKLE                     39
+
+THE GUARD                      53
+
+THE CENTRE, OR SNAP-BACK       67
+
+THE QUARTER-BACK               79
+
+THE HALF-BACK AND BACK         91
+
+SIGNALS                       115
+
+TRAINING                      131
+
+A CHAPTER FOR SPECTATORS      165
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF PORTRAITS.
+
+[P. stands for Princeton, Y. for Yale, and H. for Harvard.]
+
+
+HECTOR COWAN, P              _Frontispiece._
+
+HARRY W. BEECHER, Y             _Facing p._ 4
+
+HENRY C. LAMAR, P                "          8
+
+D. S. DEAN, H                    "         12
+
+E. L. RICHARDS, JR., Y           "         16
+
+W. A. BROOKS, H                  "         20
+
+R. S. CHANNING, P                "         28
+
+L. K. HULL, Y                    "         32
+
+E. A. POE, P                     "         36
+
+EVERETT J. LAKE, H               "         44
+
+WYLLYS TERRY, Y                  "         48
+
+B. W. TRAFFORD, H                "         56
+
+T. L. MCCLUNG, Y                 "         60
+
+V. M. HARDING, H                 "         64
+
+JESSE RIGGS, P                   "         72
+
+W. H. CORBIN, Y                  "         76
+
+ALEXANDER MOFFATT, P             "         84
+
+RALPH WARREN, P                  "         88
+
+JOHN CORBETT, H                  "         96
+
+W. BULL, Y                       "        100
+
+KNOWLTON L. AMES, P              "        104
+
+W. C. RHODES, Y                  "        112
+
+P. D. TRAFFORD, H                "        120
+
+R. HODGE, P                      "        124
+
+H. H. KNAPP, Y                   "        128
+
+A. J. CUMNOCK, H                 "        136
+
+JEREMIAH S. BLACK, P             "        140
+
+C. O. GILL, Y                    "        150
+
+E. C. PEACE, P                   "        156
+
+W. HEFFELFINGER, Y               "        160
+
+R. M. APPLETON, H                "        168
+
+
+
+
+ENGLISH AND AMERICAN RUGBY
+
+AMERICAN FOOTBALL.
+
+
+Rugby football--for it is from the Rugby Union Rules that our American
+Intercollegiate game was derived--dates its present era of popularity
+from the formation in England, in 1871, of a union of some score of
+clubs. Nearly ten years before this there had been an attempt made to
+unite the various diverging football factions under a common set of
+laws; but this proved a failure, and the styles of play became farther
+and farther apart. Of the Association game one can say but little as
+regards its American following. It is quite extensively played in this
+country, but more by those who have themselves played it in Great
+Britain than by native-born Americans. Its popularity is extending, and
+at some day it will very likely become as well understood in this
+country as the derived Rugby is to-day. Its essential characteristic is,
+that it is played with the feet, in distinction from the Rugby, in which
+the ball may be carried in the hands.
+
+To revert to the Rugby Union. Years before the formation of this
+association the game was played by sides almost unlimited in numbers.
+One of the favorite school matches was "Sixth form against all the rest
+of the school." Twenty on a side, however, became the ruling number; but
+this was, after a time, replaced by fifteens, as the days of twenties
+proved only shoving matches. With the reduction in numbers came
+increased running and an added interest. This change to fifteens was
+made in 1877, at the request of Scotland. At once there followed a more
+open style of play, and before long short passing became common. In 1882
+the Oxford team instituted the long low pass to the open, and by the use
+of it remained undefeated for three seasons.
+
+[Illustration: HARRY W. BEECHER.
+
+Yale.]
+
+After the decrease to fifteen men the number of three-quarter-backs, who
+really represent our American half-backs, was increased from one to two,
+and two full-backs were played. A little later British captains put
+another full-back up into the three-quarter line, playing with only one
+full-back.
+
+The Englishmen also play two men whom they call half-backs, but whose
+duties are like those of our quarter-back, for they seize the ball when
+it comes out of the scrimmage and pass it to a three-quarter for a run.
+
+Nine men is the usual number for an English rush line, although a
+captain will sometimes take his ninth rusher back as a fourth
+three-quarter-back. There is much discussion as to when this should be
+done. The captain selects his men much as we do in America, and he is
+generally himself a player of some position behind the line, centre
+three-quarter being preferred. The opening play in an English Rugby game
+is, as a rule, a high kick well followed up. If one will bear in mind
+that the half-backs are, like our quarter, the ones to seize the ball
+when it emerges from a scrimmage and pass it to the three-quarters, he
+will gain some idea of the character of the English method. He should
+understand, however, that the English half-back is obliged to look out
+sharply for the ball, because it comes out by chance and at random, and
+not directly as in our game, where the quarter can usually expect to
+receive the ball without trouble from the snap-back.
+
+The forwards in an English match endeavor, when a scrimmage occurs, by
+kicking and pushing to drive the ball in the direction of their
+opponents' goal line, and they become extremely expert in the use of
+their feet. There are two umpires, whose duty it is to make claims
+(which they do by raising their flags), and a referee, who allows or
+disallows these claims. The penalty for fouls, which was at first only a
+down, is now in many cases a free kick.
+
+The American game, it must be remembered, came from the Rugby Union in
+1875, and not from the Rugby Union of to-day, although the changes in
+the English game have been by no manner of means commensurate with
+those made on this side the water. Being bound by no traditions, and
+having seen no play, the American took the English rules for a
+starting-point, and almost immediately proceeded to add and subtract,
+according to what seemed his pressing needs. And they were many. A
+favored few, whose intercourse with Canadian players had given them some
+of the English ideas, were able to explain the knotty points to a small
+degree, but not enough to really assist the mass of uninitiated players
+to an understanding. Misinterpretations were so numerous as to render
+satisfactory rulings almost out of the question and explanatory
+legislation imperative. In the autumn of 1876 the first game under Rugby
+rules between American colleges was played at New Haven, and before
+another was attempted a convention had tried its hand at correcting the
+weak points, as they appeared to the minds of the legislators, in the
+Rugby Union Rules.
+
+[Illustration: HENRY C. LAMAR.
+
+Princeton.]
+
+The feature of the American game in distinction from the English is,
+just as it was within a year from the time of the adoption of the sport,
+the _outlet of the scrimmage_.
+
+In this lies the backbone to which the entire body of American football
+is attached. The English half-backs stand outside the scrimmage, and
+when the ball pops out it is their duty to seize it and pass it out to a
+three-quarter, who runs with it. The American quarter-back stands behind
+the scrimmage and gives a signal, immediately after which he knows the
+ball will come directly into his hands to be passed for a run or a kick.
+What is, therefore, in the English game a matter of considerable chance
+is "cut-and-dried" in the American game; and the element of chance
+being eliminated, opportunity is given for the display in the latter
+game of far more skill in the development of brilliant plays and
+carefully planned manoeuvres.
+
+The Americans started with the English scrimmage, kicked at the ball,
+and pushed and scrambled for a season, until it was discovered that a
+very clever manifestation of the play was to let the opponents do the
+kicking--in fact, to leave an opening at the proper moment through which
+the ball would come, and a man a few feet behind this opening could
+always get the ball and pass it while the men who kicked it were still
+entangled in the scrimmage. After a little of this, no one was anxious
+to kick the ball through, and the rushers began to roll the ball
+sidewise along between the lines. Then almost immediately it was
+discovered that a man could snap the ball backwards with his toe, and
+the American outlet was installed.
+
+At first the play was crude in the extreme, but even in its earliest
+stages it proved distinctly more satisfactory to both player and
+spectator than the kicking and shoving which marked the English method.
+
+The same man did not always snap the ball back as he does now, but any
+one of the rushers would do it upon occasion. The men did not preserve
+their relative positions in the line, and any one of the men behind the
+line would act as a quarter-back. Such a condition of affairs could not,
+however, last long where intercollegiate rivalry proved such an
+incentive to the perfection of play, and the positions of centre-rush or
+snap-back and quarter-back became the most distinctive of any upon the
+field. The centre-rush at that time was selected more for his agility,
+strange to say, than for his weight and strength; but in case he was a
+light man he was always flanked by two heavy guards. One season's play
+convinced all captains that the centre section of the forward line must
+be heavy, and if any light-weights were to be used among the rushers
+they should be near the wings.
+
+Quarter-back has, from the very outset, been a position in which a small
+man can be used to great advantage. The half-backs and backs have
+usually been men of speed coupled with skill as kickers.
+
+The number originally adopted for matches in this country was eleven on
+a side. From some silly notion that it would increase the skill
+displayed, this number was changed to fifteen, although the Englishmen
+were moving in the other direction by reducing their numbers from
+twenties to fifteens. A year or two of fifteen on a side drove the
+American players back to elevens, and there the number has rested.
+
+[Illustration: D. S. DEAN.
+
+Harvard.]
+
+In the early days of the sport, while the players individually were
+courageous, the team play was cowardly; that is, the tacticians were so
+taken up with a study of defence--how to protect the goal--that the
+attack was weak. The direct result of this was to place too few men in
+the forward line and too many behind it. If to-day we were to revert to
+fifteen on a side, there is little doubt that we should throw eleven of
+them up into the rush line, and upon occasion even twelve. We now
+realize that the best defence does not consist in planning how to stop a
+man after he has obtained a fair start towards the goal, but in throwing
+all available force up against him before he can get free of the forward
+line. The only way to effectively defeat this aggressive defence is by
+means of skilled kicking. It is possible with really good kickers to
+throw a team playing in this fashion into disorder by well-placed and
+long punting, followed up most sharply; but it requires nerve and an
+unfailing accuracy of aim and judgment.
+
+It is only a few years ago that it required considerable argument to
+convince a captain that he could with safety send one of his halves up
+into the forward line when his opponents had the ball; but it will take
+better kicking than is exhibited in most of the championship matches to
+frighten that half-back out of the line now. Even the quarter was wont
+upon occasion to drop back among the halves and assist them rather than
+the rushers.
+
+All the tendency for the last two years has been towards diminishing
+the number of men held in reserve, as it were, behind the line, and
+increasing by this means the crushing force by which the forwards might
+check either runner or kicker before his play could be executed.
+
+Should the English ever adopt an outlet for their scrimmage, making the
+play as direct as is ours, their men would gravitate to the forward line
+as rapidly as have our players.
+
+Next to the difference in scrimmage outlet between our game and that of
+the British stands a much more recent development, which we call
+interference. This is the assistance given to a runner by a companion or
+companions who go before him and break a path for him or shoulder off
+would-be tacklers. This, to the Englishman, would be the most detestable
+kind of off-side play, and not tolerated for an instant upon any field
+in the United Kingdom.
+
+Even into this the Americans did not plunge suddenly, but rather little
+by little they stepped in, until it was necessary to do one of two
+things--either legalize what was being tacitly consented to, or penalize
+it heavily. The result was that it was legalized. With this concession,
+though, there went a certain condition which gained a measure of
+confidence for the new ruling.
+
+[Illustration: E. L. RICHARDS.
+
+Yale.]
+
+To understand just how this state of affairs above mentioned came about
+one should know that, in the attempt to block opponents when the
+quarter-back was receiving and passing the ball, the forwards fell into
+the habit of extending their arms horizontally from the shoulder, as by
+this method each man could cover more space. For a number of years this
+went on without detriment to the sport in any way, but after a time
+there was more or less complaint of holding in the line, and it was
+ruled that a man must not change his position after the ball was
+snapped, nor bend his arms about an opponent at such a time.
+Unfortunately the referee (for at this stage of the game there was no
+umpire) could not watch the ball and the players with sufficient care to
+enforce this ruling, and the temper of the players suffered accordingly.
+It is always the case when a rule is not enforced unflinchingly, no
+matter from what cause, that both sides suffer, and the tendency always
+is towards devising additional infringements. The additional
+infringement in this instance was even worse than could have been
+foreseen; for, not content with simply blocking or even holding an
+opponent until the quarter should have passed the ball in safety, the
+players in the forward line saw an opportunity for going a step
+farther, and actually began the practice of seizing an opponent long
+after the ball had been played, and dragging him out of the way of the
+running half-back. In the thick of the rush line this was frequently
+possible without risk of discovery by the referee; and, emboldened by
+successes of this kind, men would reach out even in the open, and drag
+back a struggling tackler just as he was about to lay his hands upon the
+runner. It was this state of affairs which brought up the question, "How
+much should a comrade be allowed to aid the runner?"
+
+American football legislators answered this question satisfactorily,
+after long discussion, by determining that the runner might be assisted
+to any extent, provided the assistant did not use his hands or arms in
+performing this office. The first result of this was to lower the arms
+of the rushers when lined up, and, in spite of some forebodings, this
+proved really a benefit to the game. The second result has been to
+perfect a system of flanking a runner by companions who form almost an
+impassable barrier at times to the would-be tacklers.
+
+At the same time with mention of the solution of this problem, one
+should also call attention to a menace which threatened American
+football far more seriously than did this; and that, too, at a time when
+the sport was by no means so strong in years or popularity as when this
+later difficulty arose. I refer to the "block game." This method of
+play, which consisted in a succession of "downs" without advance and
+without allowing the opponents any chance of securing possession of the
+ball, proved a means by which a weak team could avoid defeat. The whole
+object of the match was thus frustrated, the game resulting in no
+score.
+
+To meet this difficulty a rule was introduced making it incumbent upon a
+side to advance the ball five yards or retreat with it ten in three
+"downs." If this advance or retreat were not accomplished, the ball went
+at once into the possession of the opponents. Never did a rule in any
+sport work so immediate and satisfactory a reform as did this five-yard
+rule.
+
+[Illustration: W. A. BROOKS.
+
+Harvard.]
+
+Within the last few years there has been no important change in the
+conduct of the American game, nor in the rules. Outside of the above
+mentioned points of difference between it and the English game, there is
+only that of the methods of enforcing rules and determining differences.
+The English have a referee and two umpires, although the umpires are
+sometimes replaced by touch-judges. The umpires act, as did the judges
+in our game of ten years ago, as advocates for their respective sides,
+and it is this advocacy which is causing them to fall into disfavor
+there exactly as they did here. Touch-judges merely watch the lines of
+the field, and decide when and where the ball goes into touch. In cases
+where they are employed, the referee renders all decisions upon claim of
+the captains. In our method there is a division of labor, but along
+different lines. Our two officials, the umpire and referee, have their
+separate provinces, the former ruling upon the conduct of players as to
+off-side and other offences, while the latter determines questions of
+fact as to when the ball is held or goes into touch, also whether a goal
+is kicked or not. As the rule has it, the umpire is judge for the
+players, and the referee for the ball.
+
+
+
+
+END RUSHER
+
+
+The end rusher must get into condition early. Unless he does, he cannot
+handle the work that must fall to his share, and the effect of a poor
+performance by the end is to produce disorder at once in the proportion
+of work as well as the quality of the work of the tackles and
+half-backs. This is not well understood by captains and coaches, but it
+is easy to see if one follows the play. A tired end rusher, even one who
+has experience and a good idea of his place, will lope down the field
+under a kick, and by his lack of speed will allow a return; and, against
+a running game, while he will, it is true, force his man in, he will do
+it so slowly that the runner is enabled to pass the tackle. The first
+will surely result in his own halves shortening their kicks, and the
+second in drawing his own tackle too widely from the guard. Both these
+results seriously affect the value of the practice for halves and
+tackles; consequently, the end must be put in condition early. The finer
+points of his position can be worked up gradually, but his endurance
+must be good at the outset, in order that the others may become
+accustomed to rely upon him for regular work. But it sometimes happens
+that the captain or coach has no chance to make sure of this. His
+candidates may be raw, and only appear upon the first day of fall
+practice. In that case there is a method which he can adopt to
+advantage, and which answers the purpose. It is to play his candidates
+for that position one after the other in rotation, insisting upon hard
+playing even if it be for only five minutes at a time. In this way not
+only will the tackle receive the proper support, but the ends themselves
+will improve far more rapidly than under the usual method. Every player
+upon a team has to labor under two distinctly different sets of
+circumstances: one set arising from the possession of the ball by his
+opponents, and the other from the possession of the ball by his own
+side. Many an error in instruction or coaching arises from terming the
+tactics adopted under these two conditions defensive and offensive. It
+is no uncommon thing to see an end rusher, who has been told that such
+and such is his defensive play, so affected by the word _defensive_, as
+applied to his action, as to fail entirely to perform any aggressive
+work when his opponents have the ball. And a similarly undesirable state
+of affairs is brought about by the term _offensive_ when his own side
+have the ball. In this latter case, he seems inspired to become
+aggressive in his conduct towards his opponent from the moment the men
+are lined up, and this very often leads him to make any interference of
+his so premature as to render it useless towards favoring his runner.
+One of the first things, therefore, for a coach to tell an end rusher is
+that the terms offensive and defensive, as applied to team work, have
+nothing to do with the aggressiveness of any individual. Then, as a
+matter of still better policy, let him avoid using these terms in
+individual coaching.
+
+[Illustration: R. S. CHANNING.
+
+Princeton.]
+
+When the opponents have the ball, the end rusher must, in the case of a
+kick, do his utmost to prevent his _vis-a-vis_ from getting down the
+field early under the ball. That is the cardinal point, and it is not
+necessary for him to do much thinking regarding anything else when he is
+facing a kicking game. When his opponents are about to make a run, the
+situation is much more involved. He must then consider himself as the
+sole guardian of that space of ground extending from his tackle to the
+edge of the field, and he must begin at the touch line and work in. That
+is, he must remember that, while on one side of him there is the tackle,
+who will do his utmost to help him out, there is on the other side--that
+is, towards touch--no one to assist him, and a run around the end means
+a free run for many yards. "Force the man in" is always a good motto for
+an end, and one he will do well to follow conscientiously. To force the
+man in does not mean, however, to stand with one foot on the touch line,
+and then reach in as far as possible and watch the man go by, as nine
+out of every ten ends have been doing for two years. It means, go at the
+runner with the determination of getting him any way, but taking him
+always from the outside. An end cannot tackle as occasionally does a
+half-back or back, slowly and even waiting for his man, then meeting him
+low and strong. An end always has to face interference, and good
+interference will bowl over a waiting end with ease. An end must go up
+as far and fast as he dares to meet the runner, and when his moment
+comes--which must be a selected moment--he must shoot in at his man,
+reaching him, if possible, with his shoulder, and at the same time
+extending his arms as far around him as possible. Many times this
+reaching enables an end to grasp his man even though a clever interferer
+break the force of his tackle. And when his fingers touch the runner,
+he must grip with the tenacity of the bull-dog, and never let go.
+
+It seems almost unnecessary to say that a high tackler has no chance
+whatever as an end rusher. He may play guard or centre, but before a man
+ever essays the end he must have passed through all the rudimentary
+schooling in tackling, and be such an adept that to pass him without the
+assistance of the most clever interference is an impossibility.
+
+An end should be a good follower; that is, if the runner make in towards
+the tackle, the end should run him down from behind when interference
+cuts off the tackle. This is one of the best points for cultivation,
+because it effectually prevents any dodging by the runner. If he fail to
+take his opening cleanly, a following end is sure of him. This is not a
+safe point, however, to teach until the player has fairly mastered the
+ordinary end-work; for the tendency is to leave his own position too
+soon, giving the runner an opportunity to turn out behind him, and thus
+elude the tackle without difficulty.
+
+[Illustration: L. K. HULL.
+
+Yale].
+
+A few years ago there was quite a fashion for the man putting the ball
+in from touch to run with it along the edge of the field. For some
+unknown reason this play seems to have been abandoned, but it is likely
+at any time to be revived, and the end rusher should therefore be posted
+upon the _modus operandi_ of it, as well as the best method of
+preventing its success. The most popular execution of this manoeuvre
+was the simplest; that is, the man merely touched the ball to the ground
+and plunged ahead as far as he could until brought to earth or thrown
+out into touch. This was accompanied by more or less helpful
+interferences upon the part of his own end and tackle. There were more
+intricate methods, however; and surely, with the amount of interference
+allowed in these days, it is odd that the side line has not been more
+fancied by those who have generalled the great games. There was one team
+a few years ago whose captain used to deliberately place the ball just
+inside the line on the ground, as though only thoughtlessly leaving it
+there, and then spring in, crowding the end rusher three or four feet
+from the touch line, while a running half, who was well started, came
+tearing up the field, seized the ball, and usually made a long run
+before he was stopped by the astonished halves. Many also were the
+combination passes in which the ball was handed to the end rusher, who,
+turning suddenly with his back to the foes, would pass to his quarter
+or running half. Of these close double passes at the edge of the field
+the most effective were those wherein the runner darted by just inside
+the touch line, and the weakest the ones wherein the attempt was made to
+advance out into the field. For this reason there ought to be no
+particular necessity for coaching any but the end rusher and the tackle
+upon means to prevent advances of this nature. To the players in the
+centre of the line there is no apparent difference whether the ball be
+played from touch in any of these ways above mentioned, or through the
+more customary channel of the quarter-back. To the end and tackle,
+however, the difference is marked, because the runner comes so much
+sooner and the play is so greatly condensed and focussed, as it were,
+directly upon them.
+
+The instructions to the end are to handle the ball as much as possible
+while the opponent is endeavoring to get it in, and thus make the work
+of that individual as difficult as possible; and, secondly, to plant one
+foot close to the touch line and the other as far out into the field as
+is consistent with stability, and to maintain that position until the
+play is over. He must neither try to go forward nor around, but, braced
+well forward, hold his ground. If he does this, no runner can pass
+within three feet of the touch line, and outside of that the tackle can
+take care of him. This player, like the end, should, when the ball is
+played from a fair, be very loath to plunge forward until the play is
+located, because in the present stage of development of the game one can
+be quite sure that the opponents will not play the ball from touch
+unless they have some definite and usually deceptive line of action.
+Without such it is by far the better policy to walk out the fifteen
+paces and have it down. The quarter-back also has work to do upon
+side-line plays, in assisting at the edge as much as possible. But to
+return to the end. When his own side have possession of the ball, his
+play, like that of any other man, must be governed by the character of
+the intended move, and the knowledge of what this move will be is
+conveyed to him by the signal. The nearer the play is to his end, the
+greater is the assistance he can render. There is little need of
+coaching him to do his work when the run is along his line, nor, in
+fact, when it is upon his side of the centre. The knowledge of the
+proximity of the runner stirs him up sufficiently, if he have any
+football blood in him. The point towards which coaching should be
+directed and where it is needed is in starting instantly to render
+assistance when the play is upon the other side of the line. There is no
+limit to the amount of work an end may perform in this direction. A good
+end can toss his man back so that he cannot interfere with the play, and
+then cross over so quickly as to perform effective interference even
+upon end runs. In "bucking the centre" he can come from behind with
+valuable weight and pressure. A coach should remember, though, that it
+will not do to start an end into doing too much unless he is able to
+stand the work, for an end had better do the work well upon his own side
+than be only half way useful upon both ends. A tired-out end makes the
+opponents doubly strong.
+
+[Illustration: E. A. POE.
+
+Princeton.]
+
+
+
+
+THE TACKLE
+
+
+Those teams upon which the work of end and tackle has been best
+developed have, for the last few years, been markedly superior in the
+opposition offered to plays of their opponents. This fact in itself is
+an excellent guide to the style of play one ought to expect from these
+two positions. The four men occupying them are the ones to meet nine
+tenths of the aggressive work of the opponents. The position of end has
+already been dwelt upon at length. That of tackle, a position much later
+to reach the full stage of development than the end, has nevertheless
+now attained almost an equal prominence. The tackle is an assistant to
+both end and guard, while he has also duties of his own demanding
+constant attention.
+
+When the opponents have the ball and are about to kick, the tackle is
+one of the most active components of the line. He may not be moving
+until the ball is snapped, but upon the instant that it is played he is
+at work. He may himself go through to prevent the pass or kick, or still
+oftener he may make a chance for a line half-back to do this. By a line
+half-back is meant that one who, upon his opponents' plays, comes up
+into the line and performs the duties of a rusher. This method has
+become so common of late that it is well understood. The play of this
+line half-back must dovetail into the work of the tackle so well as to
+make their system one of thoroughly mutual understanding. For this
+reason they should do plenty of talking and planning together off the
+field, and carry their plans into execution in daily practice until they
+become in company a veritable terror to opponents, particularly to
+kicking halves.
+
+One of the very simple, yet clever and successful, combinations worked
+in this way has been for the line half to take his position outside the
+tackle, who immediately begins to edge out towards the end. This opens a
+gap between the opposing tackle and guard, for the tackle will naturally
+follow his man. This line half simply watches the centre, and as he sees
+the ball played goes sharply behind the tackle and through the opening.
+This play can be greatly aided by cleverness on the part of the tackle,
+who, to perform it to perfection, should edge out most cautiously, and
+with an evident intention of going to the outside of his man. He should
+also watch the centre play, and, most important of all, jump directly
+forward into his man when the ball is snapped. This will enable the half
+to take almost a direct line for the half, and with his flying start
+have more than a fair chance of spoiling the kick. The tackle must not
+be idle after his plunge, but should follow in sharply, because there
+will always be an opposing half protecting the kicker; and if the line
+half be checked by this man, as is not unlikely, the following tackle
+has an excellent opportunity by getting in rapidly. The tackle and half
+should alternate in their arrangement, neither one always going through
+first, and thus add to the anxiety and discomfort of the opponents.
+
+[Illustration: EVERETT J. LAKE.
+
+Harvard.]
+
+When the opponents are about to run instead of kick, the same
+combination of line half and tackle can be put in operation, except that
+it will not do for these two to follow each other through with such
+freedom, as there is too much danger of both being shunted off by a
+clever turn coupled with well-timed interference. The cardinal point to
+be remembered is, to be far enough apart so that a single dodge and one
+interference cannot possibly throw off both men.
+
+The tackle's duties towards the end have been partially described in
+dwelling upon the work of the latter, but there is plenty of detail to
+be studied. One of the first things to impress upon the tackle is, that
+he must watch the ball, not only upon the pass from the quarter, but
+also after it settles in the runner's arms, for the most successful
+double or combination passes are those which draw the tackle in towards
+the centre and give the second recipient of the ball only the end to
+pass. It has been too common a mistake of coaches to caution a tackle
+who has been deceived by this double pass against "going so hard." This
+is wrong. It soon results in making a slow man of the player, for he
+hangs back to see if the runner be not about to pass the ball, until he
+is too late to try for the man before he reaches the rush line; and,
+with the present system of interference and crowding a runner after he
+reaches the rush line, there is no chance to stop him short of three,
+and it may very likely be five, yards. The proper coaching is to send
+him through on the jump, with his eyes open for tricks. Let him take a
+step or two towards the runner, so that, if no second pass be made, the
+tackle will be sure to meet him before he reaches the rush line, and not
+after it. This method of coaching makes not only sharp tackles, but
+quick and clever ones, with plenty of independence, which will be found
+a most excellent quality.
+
+As regards the relations between the tackle and guard, they are best
+defined by saying that the guard expects to receive the assistance of
+the tackle in all cases requiring agility, while in cases requiring
+weight the guard is equally ready to lend assistance to the tackle.
+
+[Illustration: WYLLYS TERRY.
+
+Yale.]
+
+When his own side has the ball, the tackle has far more than the end to
+do. In fact, the tackle has the most responsible work of any man along
+the line, having more openings to make, and at the same time the
+blocking he has to perform is more difficult. The earlier description of
+the work of a line half and the tackle in getting through is sufficient
+to indicate the difficulties which the opposing tackle must face in
+preventing this breaking through. While blocking may not be the most
+important duty, it is certainly the one which will bear the most
+cultivation in the tackles of the present day, for the ones who are
+really adept in it are marked exceptions to the general run. It is no
+exaggeration to say that more than two thirds of the breaking through
+that does real damage comes between the end and guard, and therefore in
+the space supposed to be under the care of the tackle. By successful
+blocking is meant, not unfair holding, which sooner or later will result
+in disaster, nor backing upon a runner or kicker as the charger
+advances, which is almost as bad as no blocking, but that clever and
+properly timed body-checking of the opponent which delays him just long
+enough to render his effort to reach his man futile every time. This
+kind of blocking looks so easy, and is so difficult, that it is found
+only in a man who is willing to make a study of it. Coaching can but
+give any one wishing to acquire this a few points; the real
+accomplishment depends upon the man's unflagging perseverance and study.
+The first thing to be noted is, that a really good forward cannot
+possibly be blocked every time in the same way. He soon becomes used to
+the method, and is able to avoid the attempt. Dashing violently against
+him just as he is starting may work once or twice, and then he will make
+a false start to draw this charge, and easily go by the man. Standing
+motionless, and then turning with a sharp swing back against him, will
+disconcert his charge once in a while. Shouldering him in the side as he
+passes will throw him off his balance or against some other man, if well
+performed, occasionally. Falling down before him by a plunge will upset
+him even when he has quite a clear space apparently, but it will not
+work if played too often. By a preconcerted plan he may be coaxed
+through upon a pretended snap, and then the ball played while he is
+guarded and five yards gained by his off-side play, but he will not be
+taken in again by the same method. These are but a few of the strategies
+which engage the study of the tackle. How soon to let the man through is
+also an important question. When the ball is to be punted, the tackle
+upon the kicker's side must block long and hard, while the tackle upon
+the other end should block sharply, and then let his man through for the
+sake of getting down the field under the kick. When a drop is to be
+attempted, the blocking upon both sides must be close and long, much
+longer than for a punt. Moreover, it is by no means a bad policy to have
+the blocking last until the ball is actually seen in the air in front
+of the line, because then, if the kick be stopped, the tackles can go
+back to assist the backs in recovering the ball. The blocking for a
+kick, as a rule, should be close; that is, every opponent must be
+matched from the centre out, leaving the free man or men on the ends.
+This rule has its exceptions, but when there is any doubt about the play
+it is safest to block close, and take the chances from the ends rather
+than through breaks in the line.
+
+In blocking for a run the case is very different, and depends upon the
+point of assault. If the run is to be made around the right end, for
+instance, by the left half-back, the right tackle must block very slowly
+and long. That is, he must not dash up to his man the instant the ball
+is snapped and butt him aside, for the runner will not be near enough
+to derive any advantage from this, and the opponent will easily recover
+in time to tackle him. Rather should he avoid contact with his man until
+his runner makes headway, and then keep between the opponent and runner
+until the latter puts on steam to circle, when it is his duty to engage
+his man sharply, and thus let the runner pass. In blocking for an inside
+run upon his own side, he should turn his man out or in, as the case may
+be, just as the runner reaches the opening, being particularly careful
+not to make the break too early, lest the opponent reach the runner
+before he comes to the opening.
+
+
+
+
+THE GUARD
+
+
+The position of guard, while it requires less agility than that of
+tackle, can never be satisfactorily filled by a man who is slow. Many a
+coach makes this mistake and fails to see his error until too late to
+correct it. I remember once seeing upon a minor team a guard who weighed
+at least 190 pounds replaced by a man of 155, and the latter actually
+filled the position--greatly to my astonishment, I confess--in excellent
+fashion. This does not at all go to prove that weight is of no value in
+a guard. On the contrary, it is a quality especially to be desired, and
+if one can find a heavy man who is not slow he is the choice by all
+means. But weight must be given work to do, and that work demands
+practice, and slowness of execution cannot be tolerated. At the outset
+the coach must impress this fact upon the guards, and insist upon their
+doing their work quickly. It is really wonderful how much better the
+effect of that work will prove to be when performed with a snap and dash
+that are not difficult to acquire.
+
+[Illustration: B. W. TRAFFORD.
+
+Harvard.]
+
+When the opponents have the ball and are about to kick, the guard should
+have in his mind one persistent thought, and that is, to reach the
+quarter before the ball is away from his hand, but not to stop there. It
+is only once in a great while that fortune favors sufficiently to crown
+this attempt with success. When it does, so much the better; but the
+guard should take in the quarter only in a general sweep, making on for
+the kicker, and at the same time getting his arms up in the air when he
+comes before him, so as to take every possible chance of stopping the
+ball. Just here it may be well to explain the confidence with which in
+these details of coaching the phrases are used "when the opponents are
+about to kick" and "when the opponents are about to run." It is true
+that one cannot tell infallibly every time whether the play will be a
+kick or a run, but experienced players are really so seldom at fault in
+their judgment upon this point that it is safe to coach as though there
+never existed any doubt about the matter.
+
+[Illustration: T. L. McCLUNG.
+
+Yale.]
+
+To continue with the work of the guard when the opponents are about to
+attempt a run. One of the most important features of the play in this
+position is to guard against small wedges. If a guard simply stands
+still and straight he will be swept over like a wisp of straw by any
+well-executed wedge play directed at him. An experienced man knows this,
+and his chief thought is how to avoid it, and how, first, to prevent the
+formation; second, to alter the direction, and, finally, to stop the
+progress, of this terror of centre work, the small wedge. There are as
+many ways of accomplishing these results as of performing the duties of
+tackle or end, and it rests with the individual player to study them
+out. To prevent the formation of small wedges, the most successful
+method is that of sudden and, if possible, disconcerting movements.
+Jostling, so far as it is allowed, sudden change of position, a
+pretended charge--all these tend to break up the close formation. Once
+formed and started, the change of direction is usually the most
+disarranging play possible; but this should not be attempted by the
+player or players opposite the point of the wedge. At that spot the
+proper play is to check advance, even temporarily; for the advance once
+checked, the wedge may be swung from the side so as to take off the
+pressure from behind. So it is the men at the side who must endeavor to
+turn the wedge and take off this pressure. Without the actual formation
+upon the field it is difficult to fully explain this turning of the
+wedge; but if the principle of the defence be borne in mind, it will not
+be found so hard to understand. Check the peak even for a moment, and
+get the weight off from behind as speedily as possible. The men who are
+pushing must necessarily act blindly; and if their force is not directly
+upon the men at the point of the V, they pass by the man with the ball
+and so become useless. Both guards must keep their weight down low,
+close to the ground, so that the wedge, if directed at either, cannot
+throw that one at once off his balance backward. If this occurs, the
+wedge will always make its distance, perhaps go many yards. Lying down
+before the wedge is a practice based upon this principle of keeping
+close to the ground, and is by no means an ineffectual way of stopping
+an advance, although it is not as strong a play as bringing about the
+same result without actually losing the power to straighten up if the
+wedge turns. Moreover, the men in the front of a wedge are becoming so
+accustomed to meeting this flat defence that they not infrequently
+succeed in getting over the prostrate man and regaining headway upon the
+other side. This, as one can readily see, must always yield a very
+considerable gain. When a run is attempted at some other point in the
+line, it is the duty of the guards to get through hard and follow the
+runner into his opening, even if they cannot reach him before he comes
+into the line. In this class of play a guard should remember that if he
+can lay a hand upon the runner before he reaches the line he can spoil
+the advance to a certainty, for no runner can drag a heavy guard up into
+and through an opening. It is like dragging a heavy and unwieldy anchor.
+A guard can afford to, and must sometimes, tackle high. Not that he
+should, in the open, ever go at the shoulders, but in close quarters he
+often has no time to get down low, and must make the best of taking his
+man anywhere that the opportunity offers. He must always, however, throw
+him towards the opponent's goal. Another point for guards to bear in
+mind is, that in close quarters it is often possible to deprive the
+runner of the ball before he says "down." A guard who always tries this
+will be surprised at the number of times he will find the referee giving
+him the ball. He will also be astonished at the way this attempt results
+in the runner saying "down" as soon as he finds some one tugging at the
+ball. A man gives up all thought of further advance the instant he finds
+the ball slipping at all in his grasp; and when his attention is
+distracted from the idea of running, as it is when he is fearful of
+losing the ball, he can never make use of his opportunities to good
+advantage. For this reason the coach should impress upon all the
+forwards the necessity of always trying to take away the ball; but the
+men in and near the centre are likely to have the best opportunity for
+this play, because it is there that the runner encounters a number of
+men at once rather than a single individual.
+
+When his own side have the ball the guard must block sharply until the
+quarter has time for receiving the ball, and, at any rate, beginning the
+motion of the pass. It is safer, in the case of inexperienced guards, to
+tell them to block until the quarter has time to get rid of the ball.
+The distinction is this: that an experienced guard sometimes likes to
+gain just that second of time between the beginning of the pass and the
+completion of the swing, and utilize it in getting down the field or
+making an opening. So accustomed does he become to measuring the time
+correctly that he will let the opponent through just too late to reach
+the quarter, although it seems a very close call. It is not safe to let
+green guards attempt anything so close. They must be taught to block
+securely until the ball is on its way to the runner or kicker. The
+blocking of a guard is much less exacting in its requirements than that
+of the tackle. Not that he must not block with equal certainty, but the
+act requires no such covering of two men as often happens in the case of
+a tackle. The guard forms closely towards the centre, and then follows
+his man out if he moves out, but only as far as he can go, and still be
+absolutely certain that the opponent cannot pass between him and the
+snap-back. To be drawn or coaxed out far enough to admit of an
+opponent's going through the centre shows woful ignorance in any guard.
+
+[Illustration: V. M. HARDING.
+
+Harvard.]
+
+When a kick is to be made the blocking must be prolonged a little, and
+on a drop-kick (as mentioned earlier) it should last until the ball goes
+from the foot. When blocking for a run, of course much depends upon
+where the opening is to be made, and a guard must be governed
+accordingly. The method itself is, again, different in the guard from
+that exhibited in the tackle. A guard may not move about so freely and
+must face his man more squarely than a tackle, for the guard must
+protect the quarter first, while the tackle considers the half only. If
+a guard allows his opponent to get a fair lunge with outstretched arm
+over or past his shoulder, he may reach the quarter's arm even though
+his body is checked, while such a reach at the point in the line
+occupied by the tackle would be of no value whatever. Previous to the
+snap-back's playing the ball it is the duty of the guards to see that
+their individual opponents do not succeed in either kicking the ball out
+from the snap-back's hand or otherwise interfering with his play. This
+is quite an important feature, and a centre should always feel that he
+has upon either hand a steady and wide-awake assistant, who will neither
+be caught napping nor allow any unfair advantage to be taken of him. The
+guard should bear in mind one fact, however, and that most clearly. It
+is that squabbling and general pushing about are far more liable to
+disconcert his own centre and quarter than to interfere with the work of
+the opponents.
+
+
+
+
+THE CENTRE, OR SNAP-BACK
+
+
+The man who may be selected to fill the important position of
+centre-rush must be a man of sense and strength. Brain and brawn are
+here at their highest premium. But there is another element of character
+without which both will be overthrown, and that is patience. Practical
+experience has taught football coaches that none but a thoroughly
+self-controlled man can make a success in football in any position,
+while in this particular one his disposition should be of the most
+equable nature. He will be called upon to face all kinds of petty
+annoyances, for his opponents will endeavor to make his play as
+difficult as possible; and never must he allow himself for one instant
+to lose sight of the fact that his entire attention must be devoted to
+his play, and none of it distracted by personal feeling. Moreover, while
+he must be able to play the ball quickly when called upon, he can never
+afford to be hurried by his opponents. With the present excellent
+rulings of umpires regarding interference with the ball before it is
+snapped, much of the most harassing kicking of the ball from under his
+hand has been stopped; but, for all that, he is indeed a lucky centre
+who does not feel the ball knocked out from under his grasp several
+times during a game. In addition to this, every man who breaks through
+gives him a rub. Sometimes these knocks are intentional, often they are
+given purely by accident, and the latter are by no means the lightest.
+Then, too, a man is pushed into the snap-back just as the ball goes. It
+may be his own guard, but the blow hurts just as much; and a centre who
+is not amiable under such treatment soon loses his head and forgets that
+he should care for nothing except to accomplish gains for his own side.
+The object of placing so much stress upon this qualification is to
+impress upon a coach the almost inestimable value of the quality of
+patience in any men he may be trying for this position. He can never say
+too much about it.
+
+As regards the duties of the place, they differ from those of any other
+position in the line on account of the constant presence at that spot of
+the ball. The centre is either playing the ball himself or watching his
+antagonist play the ball at every down; so that while he has all the
+other duties of a forward to execute, he has the special work besides.
+Here is the weakness of so many centres. They are snap-backs only or
+forwards only, the former being by all odds the more common. A good
+critical coach of experience will see nine out of every ten men whom he
+may watch in this position playing through day after day with no more
+idea of doing any forward work than if they were referees. Putting the
+ball in play at the right time, and properly, is a great achievement,
+but it does not free the centre-rush from all other obligations. He must
+protect his quarter; he must aid in making openings, and perform any
+interference that may be possible, as well as always assisting a runner
+of his own side with weight or protection. He must always get down the
+field under a kick, for it is by no means unusual for him to have the
+best opportunity in these days when end rushers are so carefully
+watched. When the opponents have the ball, he must not be content with
+seeing that the opponent does not roll it to a guard, but must also see
+that there is no short, tricky passing in the scrimmage. Then he must be
+as ready as either guard to meet, stop, or turn a wedge. He must make
+openings for his comrades to get through, even when he himself may be
+blocked, and always be ready to reach out or throw himself before a
+coming runner to check the advance.
+
+[Illustration: JESSE RIGGS.
+
+Princeton.]
+
+The details of the special work of the centre are many, and thorough
+knowledge of them can only come from experience. During his early
+progress a new snap-back usually sends the ball against his own legs,
+or, if he manages to keep them out of the way, is upset by his opponent
+for his pains. It is no child's play to hold a ball out at arm's-length
+on the ground in front of one and roll it back so that it passes between
+one's feet, and still preserve a good balance in spite of a sudden push
+of a hundred-and-eighty-pound opponent. But that is just what a centre
+has to do every time the ball is down and belongs to his side. The first
+thing to teach a centre is to stand on his feet against any amount of
+jostling. Then he must learn to keep possession of the ball until ready
+to play it. Both of these acquirements take practice. The most finished
+and experienced centres have a way of playing the ball just as they are
+half straightening as though to meet a charge from in front. This
+insures their not being pushed over on to the quarter, and yet does not
+cause them to lean so far forward as to be pitched on their noses by a
+little assistance from the opposing centre. When a man stands so as to
+prevent a push in the chest from upsetting him, he naturally puts one
+foot back some distance as a support. When a centre does this he is apt
+to put that foot and leg in the path of the ball. A second objection to
+this way of standing is, that the centre does not offer nearly as much
+opposition to any one attempting to pass as he does when he stands more
+squarely faced about with a good spread of the legs. As to holding the
+ball, some centres prefer to take it by the end, while others roll it on
+its side. It can be made to rise for the quarter if sent on end, whereas
+if played upon its side it lies closer to the ground. The quarter's
+preference has, therefore, something to do with it. It requires longer
+practice and more skill to play the ball on its end, but it permits an
+umpire to see more clearly whether the ball be actually put in play by
+the snap-back or played for him by the surreptitious kick of the
+opponent. It has also the advantage of sending the ball more narrowly
+upon a line, so that its course is less likely to be altered than when
+rolled upon its side. While the snap-back is seldom held to the very
+strictest conformity to the rule about being on side when he puts the
+ball in play, it is necessary for him to practise with a view to this
+particular, because he is liable to be obliged to conform every time if
+the opponents insist. The reason for carelessness in this respect is,
+there is no penalty for infringement except being obliged to return to
+the spot and put the ball in play properly. A certain laxity, therefore,
+is granted rather than to cause delays. But, as stated above, a centre
+must be able to put the ball in play when fairly on side, and must live
+up to this with some moderate degree of regularity, or else the umpire
+will call an off-side and bring him back. A centre ought to practise
+putting the ball in play with either hand until he is fairly proficient
+with his left as well as his right. Not that he should use his hands
+alternately in a game, but that an injury to his right hand need not
+necessarily throw him out of the game. It is by no means an unrecognized
+fact that the greater amount of experience possessed by the regular
+centre is so valuable as to make it policy to keep him in his place so
+long as his legs are good, even though a hand be injured, rather than to
+replace him by the substitute with whose methods the quarter-back is not
+so familiar.
+
+[Illustration: W. H. CORBIN.
+
+Yale.]
+
+A coach should see to it that his centre has a variety of men to face,
+some big, some tricky, some ugly. If any old players come back to help
+the team in the way of coaching, and among them are some centre rushers,
+they can do no better work than by donning a uniform and playing against
+the "'Varsity" centre.
+
+
+
+
+THE QUARTER-BACK
+
+
+The quarter is, under the captain, the director of the game. With the
+exception of one or two uncommon and rare plays, there is not one of any
+kind, his side having the ball, in which it does not pass through his
+hands. The importance of his work it is therefore impossible to
+overrate. He must be, above all the qualifications of brains and agility
+usually attributed to that position, of a hopeful or sanguine
+disposition. He must have confidence in his centre himself, and, most of
+all, in the man to whom he passes the ball. He should always believe
+that the play will be a success. The coach can choose no more helpful
+course during the first few days, as far as the quarter is concerned,
+than that of persuading him to repose confidence in his men. Many
+promising half-backs are ruined by the quarter. There is nothing that
+makes halves fumble so badly, get into such awkward positions, start so
+slowly, and withal play so half-heartedly, as the feeling that the
+quarter does not think much of them, does not trust them, or believe in
+their abilities. Every half-back can tell the same story--how he is
+nerved up by the confidence of the quarter, and what an inspiration it
+is to good work to see that confident look in the eye of the man who is
+about to pass to him. But not alone in the work of the half does it make
+a great difference, but in that of the quarter himself. When he lacks
+confidence in his man, his passing is unsteady and erratic as well as
+slow. He allows the opponents a far better chance of reaching the man
+before he can get started, both by irregular and slow passing, and also
+by a nervous looking at him before the ball is played.
+
+In practice, great stress should be laid on quick handling and sharp
+passing of the ball. A quarter can slow up in a game if advisable, but
+he can never do any faster work than that which he does in practice
+without throwing his men completely out. In order to make the play
+rapid, a quarter must be figuratively tied to the centre's coat, or
+rather jacket, tails. As soon as the centre reaches the ball after a
+down, he should know that the quarter is with him. Usually there is an
+understood signal between them, which not only shows the centre that the
+quarter is on hand, but also when he is ready to receive the ball. One
+of the most common of these signals has been placing the hand upon the
+centre's leg or back. A pinch would let him know when to snap the ball.
+In spite of this method's having been used by opponents to fool a
+centre, it has been, and still is, the most common. One of the best
+variations of it has been for the quarter to put his hand upon the
+centre and keep it there until he is ready for the ball, then take it
+off and let the centre snap the ball, not instantly, but at his
+convenience. Should anything occur making it advisable, for some reason,
+to stop the play, the quarter puts his hand upon the centre again at
+once, and until it is once more removed the snap-back understands that
+the quarter is not ready to have the ball come. Almost any amount of
+variation can be made in the signal of the quarter to his centre; but in
+arranging this it should be constantly borne in mind that the signal
+should not be such as to give the opponents the exact instant of the
+play, because it gives them too close an idea of the moment when they
+may start.
+
+[Illustration: ALEXANDER MOFFATT.
+
+Princeton.]
+
+The speed of a quarter's work depends upon his ability to take the ball
+close to the snap-back and in proper position for a pass. In merely
+handing the ball to a runner, one might suppose that there would be no
+particular position in which the ball should be held; but in that he
+would be in error, for a ball so handed to a passing runner as not to
+settle properly in his arms or hands means in many instances a
+disastrous fumble, or at best a slowing-up of the runner's speed. In
+giving the ball to a passing runner, it should be held free and clear of
+the quarter's body and slightly tilted, so that it can be taken against
+the body, and without the use of both hands for more than an instant,
+because the runner must almost immediately have use for his arm in
+going into the line. It is impossible to give in print the exact angle
+and method of holding the ball for this purpose, but practice and the
+wishes of the runners, if consulted, will soon show the quarter just
+what is meant. When the ball is to be passed any considerable distance,
+it should be taken so that the end is well placed against the hand of
+the quarter, while the ball itself lies against the forearm, the wrist
+being bent sharply. This will enable the quarter to send the ball
+swiftly and accurately almost any distance that it may be necessary to
+cover. Of course, in many cases the ball does not actually rest against
+the forearm of the quarter; but this is the best way of conveying the
+idea of the proper position of the hand upon the point of the ball, and
+by practising in this way the correct motion for steady passing is
+speedily acquired. In receiving the ball, the right hand, or the hand
+with which the throw is made, should be placed upon the end of the ball,
+while the other hand stops its progress, and should be placed as nearly
+upon the opposite end of the ball as convenient. This is the
+theoretically proper way of receiving the ball; practically, the
+handling cannot be as accurately performed as this would indicate. If,
+however, the quarter will in practice be constantly aiming at receiving
+the ball so that his right hand grasps the end just as his left hand
+stops the ball, and settles it securely against his right, he will find
+that after a few weeks he can receive four out of five snap-backs in
+such a way as to make any great amount of arranging the ball for his
+pass, after it is in his hands, quite unnecessary. After the preliminary
+weeks of practice, and when in a game, he must bear in mind the fact
+that, in order of importance, his duties are, first, to secure the ball,
+no matter how; second, to convey it to his own man, no matter whether in
+good form or not. He must never pass the ball if he has fumbled it,
+unless he has a perfectly clear field in which to do it. He must always
+have it down in preference to taking the slightest risk of losing it.
+Even though he receive it without a fumble, there may be a way through
+in that part of the line towards which his pass is to be delivered; and
+here, again, he should hold the ball for another down rather than take
+any chance of the opponent's intercepting the pass. After letting the
+ball go, the quarter should follow his pass; in fact, he should be
+almost on the run as the ball leaves his hand. No matter whether the
+ball be caught or fumbled, he is then ready to lend assistance;
+whereas if he stand still after his pass, he is of no use to the rest of
+the play. When the play is a run, he can do excellent work in
+interfering; and when the play is a kick, he can take any opponent who
+gets through, and thus aid the half in protecting the kicker. In either
+case, if his own man muff or fumble he is close at hand to lend
+assistance in an emergency, which otherwise might prove most disastrous.
+When lining up the quarter should take a quick glance, not directly at
+the player he is to make the recipient of the ball, but covering the
+general position of all the men. In doing this he locates his individual
+without making it apparent to the opponents which man is to receive the
+ball. Any amount of disguise may be practised in the way of taking a
+last glance at the wrong man, or calling out to some one who does not
+enter into the play. The chief point, nevertheless, is to avoid that
+tell-tale glance at the right man which is so difficult to omit.
+
+[Illustration: RALPH WARREN.
+
+Princeton.]
+
+When the opponents have the ball, the quarter makes an extra man in or
+near the forward line, and, as a rule, he can by his shrewdness make it
+very uncomfortable for any point in the line which he chooses to assail.
+No law can govern his tactics in this respect, but he should be a law
+unto himself, and show by his cleverness that he is more valuable than
+any man in the line whose position is fixed. One caution only is worth
+giving to the quarter in this line of play, and that is, to be less free
+of going forward sharply when the play is evidently to be a run than
+when a kick is to be attempted. In the latter case, a quarter can always
+be sent for his best.
+
+
+
+
+THE HALF-BACK AND BACK
+
+
+As the game is at present played, the back is more of a third half-back
+than a goal-tend, and so should be trained to half-back work. It has
+been well said that all that one can ask of the best rush line is to
+hold the ground their half-backs gain; and when one follows carefully
+the progress of the play, he sees that this is the proper division of
+the work. The half-backs, then, must be the ground-gainers of the team.
+Such work calls for dash and fire--that ability to suddenly concentrate
+all the bodily energy into an effort that must make way through
+anything. Every one has such half-backs in mind, but unfortunately many
+of those half-backs who possess this type of character have not the
+necessary weight and strength to stand the amount of work required.
+Although a light man be occasionally found who is particularly muscular
+and wiry, the constant shock of going into a heavy line of forwards
+usually proves too exhausting for any but those of middle weight before
+the end of a season be reached. It is not that the work of a single game
+proves too much for the light-weight half. It is that in both practice
+and games he is so overmatched by the weight of the forwards whom he
+must meet that every week finds him less strong than the preceding,
+until his playing falls off so markedly that the captain or coach is at
+last convinced that there is something wrong, and the man is replaced by
+some one else, often too late to bring the substitute up to anything
+like the mark he might have reached had he been tried earlier in the
+season. Such thoughts as these will suggest themselves to the
+experienced coach when at the outset of a season he has placed before
+him a number of candidates for the position of half-back, among whom
+very likely there may be two or three men of perhaps one hundred and
+forty pounds' weight. Likely enough, too, these men may be at that
+period easily superior to the middle or heavy weights. In such a case
+the very best advice that can be whispered in the ear of coach or
+captain is, to make quarters or ends of them, even though it be only
+substitute quarters and ends. It will leave the way open for the proper
+cultivation of half-backs better built to stand the wear and tear of a
+season.
+
+Almost equally to be deprecated is the waste of time often devoted to
+making half-backs of slow heavy weights. Only a quick man can perform a
+half-back's duties successfully; and although much can be left to
+practice, there must be some natural quickness to build upon. Slow men
+can be improved far more rapidly in the forward line than among the
+halves. All this regarding the weight of half-backs applies not only to
+'varsity teams, but school teams as well, if one will make the proper
+proportional changes in weight. That is, a 'varsity player will be
+called upon to face a forward line averaging one hundred and
+seventy-five or thereabouts, and men of less than one hundred and
+thirty-five to one hundred and forty are too light to meet that
+weight. In school teams the rush line will be some twenty pounds
+lighter, and the halves can therefore be selected from even
+one-hundred-and-twenty-five-pound men, if well built. In other words, a
+half-back ought not to face over twenty-five pounds' difference in
+weight; and the more that difference is reduced, supposing that speed
+and agility be retained, the more chance there is of turning out a
+thoroughly successful player. It is worth while to be thus particular
+upon the point of the early selection of candidates for the position of
+half-back, because, while no more work is demanded of them in a game
+than of others of their side, the quality of that work must be more
+uniformly good. When a half-back has to tackle, he must be as sure as a
+steel-trap; when a half-back has to catch, he must be a man to be relied
+upon; when a half-back is called upon for a kick, it must be no fluke;
+and, although no one expects a half-back to always make on his run the
+five yards, he must be a man who will not be denied when he is called
+upon for that last yard which will enable his side to retain the ball.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN CORBETT.
+
+Harvard.]
+
+Almost the first thing to be critically noted by the coach is the way in
+which a half-back takes the ball from his quarter. The case in which he
+takes it directly from the hands of this player has been already dwelt
+upon at some length under the head of the quarter's passing; but when
+the ball is thrown or passed some little distance, it is just as
+important that it be properly received. Except when about to kick, the
+half-back should be moving when he receives the ball, and, more than
+that, the reception of it should have no perceptible effect upon his
+movements. In other words, he must take it as easily and as naturally as
+a batsman in a ball game drops his bat after he has hit the ball fairly.
+No batsman remembers that he has had the bat in his hands after the
+ball has been hit, and yet, when he is at first base, he has left his
+bat behind him at the plate. Thus a football half-back should so receive
+the ball as not to know the exact instant of taking it, but find that he
+has it as he comes up to the line. It will never do for a coach to
+suppose that an inexperienced half can be told that he must take the
+ball "without knowing it," but it is necessary to explain to a half that
+until he does take the ball naturally, and without having to stop and
+calculate about it, he can never come properly up to the line nor get
+his whole power on early. To acquire the habit of taking a pass easily,
+a half-back should spend a little time every day off the field in
+practising taking a sharp pass when on the run. By a sharp pass is not
+meant hurling the ball with all possible force against a runner so that
+he is nearly knocked over by it, and cannot by any possibility catch it
+except at the expense of giving the catch his sole and undivided
+attention. Such passing in practice does far more harm than good. The
+ball should be passed with that easy swing which sends it rapidly,
+accurately, and evenly up to the runner without any great apparent
+force, for it is remarkable how much the appearance of force tends to
+rattle the runner, who easily handles fully as much speed properly
+delivered. Daily practice of this nature between the quarter and halves
+accustoms each to the other, so that the regular work of the team on the
+field is not disorganized by loose passing and looser catching. While
+this passing is progressing, the coach should stand by the side of the
+half, and watch him closely, correcting any careless tendencies of
+receiving or stopping, and paying particular attention to his going in
+a straight line--that is, not running up to meet the ball and then
+sheering off again. The best half-backs endeavor to receive the ball at
+approximately the same height relative to their bodies, no matter how it
+comes, and they will correct quite a variation in the quarter's throw by
+a little stoop or a slight jump. A half-back must be taught to be
+uniform in starting, and in reaching the spot where the ball is to meet
+him. The coach will have no great difficulty in teaching him this steady
+uniformity of pace, which will enable the quarter to throw the ball so
+as really to assist rather than retard his motion. There are two other
+things which the half-back must practise apart from his team-play. They
+are kicking and catching. The former is of sufficient importance to
+deserve a separate chapter, but a few hints under the half-back column
+will not be out of place. It is usually the case that of all three men
+behind the line, the two halves and the back, any one can do the kicking
+upon a pinch, but one of the three is, nine times out of ten, manifestly
+superior to the other two. In this state of affairs there is altogether
+too great a tendency to slight the practice of the two inferior kickers,
+and rely almost entirely upon the best man. It is quite proper to let
+the best man do all the kicking possible in an important game, but it is
+a very short-sighted policy to neglect the practice of the other two
+during the preliminary games. Not only should they have the advantage to
+be gained in the length of their kicks by daily practice, but they
+should also have the steadying experience to be acquired only in games.
+It may happen at any moment in a most important game that the kicking
+will devolve upon them on account of an accident to the third man, and
+it is, indeed, a foolhardy captain or coach who has not taken sufficient
+forethought for this contingency. The principal reason why we develop so
+few really good kickers is, that coaches, captains, and players have
+given so little attention to the detail of that part of the work. Fully
+nine tenths of the men who do the kicking upon American teams are more
+natural kickers than practised ones. Let me explain this so as to be
+fully understood. As in boxing one often sees a man who, having taken no
+lessons, and being therefore unable to make the most of himself, can yet
+more than hold his own against a more finished opponent on account of
+his natural quickness, strength, and aptitude; so in football one sees
+here and there a man who is able to do some fair kicking without having
+devoted particular attention to it. In boxing, however, when a teacher
+takes the natural hitter in hand, he begins by putting him at work upon
+the rudiments of guarding, holding himself upon his feet, hitting
+straight, and moving firmly. He never undertakes to make a first-class
+man of him by merely encouraging him to go in harder, and increase his
+power without regard to the proper methods. In football, coaches rarely
+teach the kickers the first principles, but instead urge upon them only
+the necessity of constant practice in their own way. For this reason our
+kickers show all manner of styles, and the only wonder is that they kick
+so well in such wretchedly bad form.
+
+[Illustration: W. BULL.
+
+Yale.]
+
+While it is neither advisable nor necessary that a kicker be prevented
+from attempting to kick hard until he has mastered every detail of the
+swing and brought it to the same point of perfection that a finished
+oarsman does his stroke, it certainly is best, in his practice, to
+subordinate power to method until he acquire good form.
+
+[Illustration: KNOWLTON L. AMES.
+
+Princeton.]
+
+The coach should take his man in hand by watching him make a half-dozen
+kicks in his own way. Then he should select the worst of his faults, and
+show him why it is a fault, and how to correct it. He should keep him
+upon this one point for a few days, until he is convinced that there
+will be no backsliding, and then begin upon the next. In this way a few
+weeks will serve to make a second-class man a good one, and open the way
+for his becoming something out of the ordinary run in another season.
+
+In judging the faults of a kicker, the coach should note just where he
+gets his power on, what is the position of his leg and foot upon the
+swing, and what part of the foot strikes the ball. These are the
+principal points, and deserve the first attention. Regarding the first
+of these, his power should be put on just as his foot has passed the
+lowest part of the arc in which it swings, and it should meet the ball
+in the upward sweep very soon after passing this point. The position of
+his leg and foot is to be next noted, and the "snap the whip" phrase is
+as good a one to convey the idea as any that can be adopted. As the leg
+begins to swing the knee is bent and the body pitched a little forward,
+so that the weight of the kick seems to start from the hip and travel
+down the leg as it straightens, reaching the foot just as it meets the
+ball, as above mentioned. As for the third point, the ball, when
+punted, should be struck between the instep and the toe, impinging most
+upon the former. In a drop-kick and a place-kick the ball is met by the
+toe, and the sweep is made with "a longer leg," as the expression has
+it; that is, the foot swings nearer--in fact, almost along the ground.
+
+All these three points can be most clearly illustrated by noting the
+effect of departures from them. If the power is not put on as above
+described, the man will simply send the ball along the ground, or will
+hook it up, merely tossing it with his foot instead of driving it. These
+two are the extremes, of course; but they illustrate where the power is
+lost or wasted. If the leg be not swung in proper position, the ball
+will be simply spatted with the foot, the only force coming from the
+knee. Finally, if the ball be not met with the proper part of the foot
+it may snap downwards off the toe, or be merely bunted by the ankle.
+There is still another thing to be watched, which, while not the kick
+proper, really belongs to it as much as the swing of the leg. It is the
+way in which the ball is dropped to the foot from the hand or hands. The
+usual tendency of beginners, and many half-backs who could hardly be
+classed in that category, is to toss the ball from the hand; that is, to
+give it a motion up from the hand, which, however slight, causes much
+valuable time to be lost. The ball should always be dropped to the foot,
+the distance between the hand and foot being made as short as possible.
+The hand should be merely withdrawn just at the proper moment, and with
+practice it is not difficult to make the entire transfer from hand to
+foot so rapid as to almost eliminate any danger of having the ball
+stopped or struck during that part of the play. In drop-kicking the
+fall is necessarily greater, but it should never be a toss even then.
+There has been no little argument as to whether the ball should be held
+in one or both hands when about to kick, and such are the examples of
+good kickers arrayed on both sides that one cannot fairly say that
+either way is the only right way. If a player has become so accustomed
+to the two-hand method as to make him uncomfortable and inaccurate if
+forced to the one-hand way, it is hardly advisable to make the change.
+But any player who is taken early enough can be taught to drop the ball
+with one hand, to the great advantage of both his quickness and his
+ability to kick from tight quarters or around an opponent.
+
+The entire series of motions, therefore, which go to make up a
+well-performed kick should be in the coach's mind just as the separate
+parts of an oarsman's stroke are in the boating-man's mind when
+coaching a crew. The ball dropped, not tossed; the leg well swung, the
+power coming from both leg and hip with all the advantage that the poise
+of the body may add; the foot meeting the ball with the forward part of
+the instep on a punt, with the toe on a drop, and in either case just
+after passing the lowest point of the arc of swing, rather later on a
+punt than a drop, because the ground helps the latter to rise, while the
+rise of the former must come entirely from the foot. The next step in
+the education of the kicker is the side swing. The ball cannot be kicked
+as far when met directly in front of the kicker--his leg swinging
+straight, as it would in taking a step in running--as it can be kicked
+by taking a side sweep with the leg and body, the hips acting as a sort
+of pivot.
+
+One of the most common false ideas regarding this side kick is, that it
+is not performed with the same part of the foot as the straight punt,
+but that the ball is struck by the side of the foot. Of course, this is
+all wrong. The foot meets the ball as fairly and directly as it does in
+the ordinary straight kick, and the ball impinges upon the top of the
+instep and toe just as before, the word "side" referring to the swing of
+the leg and position of the body only.
+
+All the suggestions thus far have been applicable to both half-backs and
+back, but before bringing the chapter to an end it is well to note a few
+of the special features of the full-back's position. The place
+originally was that of a goal-tend, but with the increase of the
+aggressive system of defence his duties have become more those of a
+third half-back. Other things being equal, it is eminently proper to
+select as a full-back an exceptionally strong tackler; but as for
+placing tackling ability above that of kicking, that is a mistake which
+might have been made six years ago, but of which no coach or captain
+would to-day be guilty.
+
+[Illustration: W. C. RHODES.
+
+Yale.]
+
+The importance of the position is rapidly growing, and there is no doubt
+that the time will come in another year, if it be not already here, when
+the selection of the three men behind the line will be after this
+fashion--namely, picking out the three best half-backs, all things
+considered, then selecting that one of the three whose kicking is the
+best, and making him the third half or full back. After the man has been
+in this way chosen there will devolve upon him certain duties which do
+not commonly fall to the lot of the other two half-backs. Chiefest among
+these is the duty of making a running return of a kick. The opponents
+have sent a punt down towards him, which he secures while the opponents
+are still some yards away from him, although they are coming down
+rapidly. In this case, a thoroughly finished player will not only gain a
+few steps before he takes his kick, but he will take that kick on the
+run, sometimes dodging the first man before taking the kick. A full-back
+who can do this and never lose his kick is the greatest kind of a
+treasure for any team, and it is worth a captain's while to devote a
+good bit of attention to the full-back's perfecting this special feature
+of his play.
+
+He will also be likely to have the long place-kicking to do. In fact, it
+is proper to practise him at this, because, if he be the best punter
+among the men behind the line, he can be made the longest place-kicker,
+and few realize the great advantage of these long place-kicks to a team
+upon occasion of fair catches.
+
+Tackling, when it does fall to the lot of a full-back, comes with an
+importance the like of which no other player is ever called upon to
+face. It usually means a touch-down if he misses. For practice of this
+kind it is well to play the 'varsity back once in a while upon the scrub
+side. This is likely to improve the speed of his kicking also.
+
+
+
+
+SIGNALS
+
+
+When Rugby football was first adopted in this country, it was against a
+strong feeling that it would never make progress against what had been
+known as the American game. This old-fashioned game was much more like
+the British Association in a rather demoralized state. Not only was
+there no such thing as off-side, but one of the chief features consisted
+in batting the ball with the fist, at which many became sufficiently
+expert to drive the ball almost as far as the ordinary punter now kicks
+it. There was very little division of players by name, although they
+strung out along the field, and one (known as the "peanutter"--why, no
+one knows) played in the enemies' goal. Coming to players accustomed to
+this heterogeneous mingling, it is no great wonder that the first days
+of Rugby were characterized by even less system than that displayed in
+the old game.
+
+The first division of players was into rushers, half-backs, and a
+goal-tend. The rushers had but little regard for their relative
+positions in the line; and as for their duties, one can easily imagine
+how little they corresponded with those of the rusher of to-day when it
+is said that it was by no means unusual for one of them to pick up the
+ball and punt it.
+
+The snap-back and quarter-back play soon defined these two positions,
+and shortly after the individual rush line positions became distinct,
+both as regards location and duties. All this was an era of development
+of general play with but few particular combinations or marks of
+strategy. If a man made a run, he made it for the most part wherever he
+saw the best chance after receiving the ball, and he made it unaided to
+any degree by his comrades. If the ball was kicked, it was at the option
+of the man receiving it, and the forwards did not know whether he would
+kick or run.
+
+It was at this point that the demand for signals first showed itself.
+The rushers began to insist upon it that they must be told in some way
+whether the play was to be a kick or a run. They maintained quite
+stoutly and correctly that there was no reason in their chasing down the
+field when the half-backs did not kick. As a matter of fact, the
+forwards even went so far as to contend that the running-game should be
+entirely dropped in favor of one based upon long kicks well followed up.
+Failing to establish this opinion, they nevertheless brought it about
+that they should be told by some signal what the play was to be, and so
+be spared useless running. This was probably the first of the present
+complicated system of signals, although at about the same time some
+teams took up the play of making a rather unsatisfactory opening for a
+runner in the line, and made use of a signal to indicate the occasions
+when this was to be done. The signalling of the quarter to the
+centre-rush as to when the ball should be played antedated this
+somewhat, but can hardly be classed with signals for the direction of
+the play itself.
+
+To-day the teams which meet to decide the championship are brought up to
+the execution of at least twenty-five different plays, each of which is
+called for by a certain distinct signal of its own.
+
+[Illustration: P. D. TRAFFORD.
+
+Harvard.]
+
+The first signals given were "word signals;" that is, a word or a
+sentence called out so that the entire team might hear it and understand
+whether a kick or a run was to be made. Then, when signals became more
+general, "sign-signals" (that is, some motion of the hand or arm to
+indicate the play) were brought in and became for a time more popular
+than the word signals, particularly upon fields where the audience
+pressed close upon the lines, and their enthusiastic cheering at times
+interfered with hearing word signals. Of late years numerical
+combinations have become most popular, and as the crowd is kept at such
+a distance from the side lines as to make it possible for teams to hear
+those signals, they have proven highly satisfactory. The numerical
+system, while it can be readily understood by the side giving the
+signal, because they know the key, is far more difficult for the
+opponents to solve than either the old word signals or signs. Still, the
+ingenuity of captains is generally taxed to devise systems that shall so
+operate as never to confuse their own men and yet completely mystify the
+opponents throughout the game. Clever forwards almost always succeed in
+interpreting correctly one or two of the signals most frequently used,
+in spite of the difficulty apparent in the solution of such problems.
+The question as to who should give the signals is still a disputed one,
+although the general opinion is that the quarter-back should perform
+this duty. There is no question as to the propriety of the signals
+emanating from that point, but the discussion is as to whether the
+captain or the quarter should direct the play. Of course all is settled
+if the captain is himself a quarter-back, but even when he is not he
+ought to be able to so direct his quarter previous to the actual
+conflict as to make it perfectly satisfactory to have the signals come
+from the same place as the ball. It is in that direction that the eyes
+and attention of every player are more or less turned, and hence signals
+there given are far more certain to be observed. Moreover, it is
+sometimes, and by no means infrequently, necessary to change a play even
+after the signal has been given. This, if the quarter be giving the
+signals, is not at all difficult, but is decidedly confusing when coming
+from some other point in the line.
+
+The important fact to be remembered in selecting a system of signals is
+that it is far more demoralizing to confuse your own team than to
+mystify your opponents. A captain must therefore choose such a set of
+signals as he can be sure of making his own team comprehend without
+difficulty and without mistake. When he is sure of that, he can think
+how far it is possible for him to disguise these from his opponents.
+Among the teams which contest for championship honors it is unusual to
+find any which are not prepared for emergencies by the possession either
+of two sets of signals, or of such changes in the manner of giving them
+as to make it amount to the same thing. Considering the way the game is
+played at the present time, this preparation is advisable, for one can
+hardly overestimate the demoralizing effect it would have upon any team
+to find their opponents in possession of a complete understanding of the
+signals which were directing the play against them.
+
+[Illustration: R. HODGE.
+
+Princeton.]
+
+While it is well for the captain or coach to arrange in his own mind
+early in the season such a basis for a code of signals as to render it
+adaptable to almost indefinite increase in the number of plays, it is by
+no means necessary to have the team at the outset understand this basis.
+In fact, it is just as well to start them off very modestly upon two or
+three signals which they should learn, and of which they should make use
+until the captain sees fit to advance them a peg.
+
+If, for instance, the captain decides to make use of a numerical system,
+he cannot do better to accustom his men to listening and following
+instructions than to give them three signals, something like this:
+One-two-three, to indicate that the ball is to be passed to the right
+half-back, who will endeavor to run around the left end; four-five-six,
+that the left half will try to run around the right end; and
+seven-eight-nine, that the back will kick. The scrub side will probably
+"get on" to these signals in short order, and will make it pleasant at
+the ends for the half-backs; but this will be the best kind of practice
+in team work, and will do no harm. After a day or two of this it will be
+time to make changes in the combination of numbers, not only with an
+idea of deceiving the scrub side, but also to quicken the wits of the
+'Varsity team. Taking the same signals as a basis, the first, or signal
+for the right half-back to try on the left end, was one-two-three--the
+sum of these numbers is six. Take that, then, as the key to this signal,
+and any numbers the sum of which equals six will be a signal for this
+play. For instance, three-three, or four-two, two-three-one--any of
+these would serve to designate this play. Similarly, as the signal for
+the left half at the right end was four-five-six, or a total of fifteen,
+any numbers which added make fifteen--as six-six-three, seven-eight, or
+five-four-six--would be interpreted in this way. Finally, the signal for
+a kick having been seven-eight-nine, or a sum of twenty-four, any
+numbers aggregating that total would answer equally well.
+
+A few days of this practice will fit the men for any further
+developments upon the same lines, and accustom them to listening and
+thinking at the same time. The greatest difficulty experienced by both
+captains and coaches since the signals and plays became so complicated
+has been to teach green players not to stop playing while they listen to
+and think out a signal. By the end of the season players are so
+accustomed to the signals that all this hesitation disappears, and the
+signal is so familiar as to amount to a description of the play in so
+many words.
+
+The other two methods of signalling by the use of words rather than
+numbers, and signs given by certain movements, although they have now
+given way in most teams to numbers, are still made use of, and have
+merit enough to deserve a line or two. The word-signal was usually given
+in the form of a sentence, the whole or any part of which would indicate
+the play. As, for instance, to indicate a kick, the sentence "Play up
+sharp, Charlie." If the quarter, or whoever gave the signals, should
+call out, "Play up," or "Play up sharp," or "Play," or "Charlie," he
+would in each instance be giving the signal for a kick. Sign-signals are
+more difficult to disguise, but are none the less very effective,
+especially where there is a great amount of noise close to the ropes. A
+good example of the sign-signal is the touching of some part of the body
+with the hand. For instance, half-back running would be denoted by
+placing the hand on the hip, the right hip for the left half, and the
+left hip for the right half. A kick would be indicated by placing the
+hand upon the neck. Particular care should be exercised when
+sign-signals are to be used that the ones selected, while similar to the
+acts performed naturally by the quarter in stooping over to receive the
+ball, are never exactly identical with these motions, else there will
+likely enough be confusion.
+
+[Illustration: H. H. KNAPP.
+
+Yale.]
+
+No matter what method of signalling be used, there is one important
+feature to be regarded, and that is, some means of altering the play
+after a signal has been given. This is, of course, a very simple thing,
+and the usual plan is to have some word which means that the signal
+already given is to be considered void, and a new signal will be given
+in its place. There should also be some way of advising the team of a
+change from one set of signals to another, should such a move become
+necessary. It is very unwise not to be prepared for such an emergency,
+because if a captain is obliged to have time called and personally
+advise his team one by one of such a change, the opponents are quite
+sure to see it and to gain confidence from the fact that they have been
+clever enough to make such a move necessary.
+
+
+
+
+TRAINING
+
+
+At the present advanced athletic era there are very few who do not
+understand that a certain amount of preparation is absolutely essential
+to success in any physical effort requiring strength and endurance. The
+matter of detail is, however, not faced until one actually becomes a
+captain or a coach, and, as such, responsible for the condition, not of
+himself alone, but of a team of fifteen or twenty men.
+
+Experience regarding his own needs will have taught him the value of
+care and work in this line; but, unless he differs greatly from the
+ordinary captain upon first assuming the duties of that position, his
+knowledge of training will be confined to an understanding of his own
+requirements, coupled with the handed-down traditions of the preceding
+captains and teams. When he finds himself in this position and considers
+what lines of training he shall lay down for his team, unless he be an
+inordinately conceited man he will wish he had made more of a study of
+this art of preparation, especially in the direction most suited to the
+requirements of his own particular sport.
+
+Many inquiries from men about to undertake the training of a team have
+led me to believe that, even at the expense of going over old ground, it
+will be well in this book to map out a few of the important features of
+a course of training. It should go without saying that there are
+infinite variations in systems of this kind; but if a man will carry in
+mind the reasons rather than the rules, he has always a test to apply
+which will enable him to make the most of whatever system he adopts.
+
+He should remember that training ought to be a preparation by means of
+which his men will at a certain time arrive at the best limits of their
+muscular strength and activity, at the same time preserving that
+equilibrium most conducive to normal health. Such a preparation can be
+accomplished by the judicious use of the ordinary agents of
+well-being--exercise, diet, sleep, and cleanliness.
+
+One can follow out the reasons for or against any particular point in a
+system rather better if he cares to see why these agents act towards
+health and strength.
+
+Exercise is a prime requisite, because the human mechanism, unlike the
+inanimate machine, gains strength from use. Muscular movement causes
+disintegration and death of substance, but at the same time there is an
+increased flow of blood to the part, and that means an increased supply
+of nourishment and increased activity in rebuilding. As MacLaren has
+expressed it, strength means newness of the muscle. The amount and
+quality of this exercise will be treated of later in this chapter.
+
+[Illustration: A. J. CUMNOCK.
+
+Harvard.]
+
+In considering the matter of Diet, a captain or coach should think of
+this question not according to the tradition of his club, nor according
+to his own idiosyncrasies. He should regard the general principle of not
+depriving a man of anything to which he is accustomed and which agrees
+with him. Of course, it is advisable to do without such articles of food
+as would be injurious to the majority of the men, even though there
+might be one or two to whom they would do no harm. Men should enjoy
+their food, and it should be properly served. I remember once being
+asked my opinion regarding a certain team at the time in training, and I
+expressed the conviction that something was wrong with their diet. The
+team, as a whole, were not seriously affected, but some three or four
+were manifestly out of sorts. I heard the coach go over the bill of
+fare, and it sounded all right. I then decided to take dinner with them
+and see if I could discover the trouble. One meal was sufficient, for it
+was a meal! The beef--and an excellent roast it was, too--was literally
+served in junks, such as one might throw to a dog. The dishes were
+dirty, so was the cloth. Vegetables were dumped on to the plates in a
+mess, and each one grabbed for what he wanted. Some of the men might
+have been brought up to eat at such a table, still others were not
+sufficiently sensitive to have their appetites greatly impaired by
+anything, but the three or four who were "off" were boys whose home life
+had accustomed them to a different way of dining, and their natures
+revolted. So, too, did their appetites. As it was then too late to
+correct the manners of the mess, I simply advised sending these men
+elsewhere to board, and they speedily came into shape. I cannot too
+strongly advocate good service at a training table. The men should enjoy
+their dinners, should eat them slowly, and should be encouraged to be as
+long about it as they will. As food is to repair the waste, it should be
+generous in quantity and taken when the man will not, from being
+over-tired, have lost his appetite. Sometimes a team is not overworked,
+but worked too late in the day, so that the men rush to the table almost
+directly from the field, and fail to feel hungry, while within an hour
+they would have eaten with a zest. This course persevered in for several
+days will show its folly in a general falling-off in the strength as
+well as the weight of the men. To train a football team should be, in
+the matter of the diet at least, the simplest matter compared with
+training for other sports, because the season of the year is so
+favorable to good condition.
+
+Crews and ball nines have oftentimes the trial of exceptionally hot and
+exhausting weather to face, while a football team, after the few warm
+days of September are passed, enjoy the very best of bracing
+weather--weather which will give almost any man who spends his time in
+out-door work a healthy, hearty appetite. In order that any captain or
+coach reading this book may feel that, while it offers several courses
+of diet, it would emphatically present the fact that there is no
+hard-and-fast system of diet that must be religiously followed, I submit
+a variety of tables, showing some old as well as new school diets. None
+of them are very bad, several are excellent; and I don't think that a
+captain or coach would be called upon to draw his pencil through very
+many of the items enumerated.
+
+[Illustration: JEREMIAH S. BLACK.
+
+Princeton.]
+
+
+THE OXFORD SYSTEM.--(Summer Races.)
+
+A DAY'S TRAINING.[A]
+
+Rise about 7 A.M. |                            |So as to be in chapel; but
+                  |                            | early rising not compulsory.
+
+Exercise          | A short walk or run        |Not compulsory (walk only, and
+                  |                            | short).
+
+Breakfast, 8.30   |Meat, beef or mutton.       |
+                  |Bread or toast, dry         |The crust only recommended.
+                  |Tea                         |As little as possible
+                  |                            |recommended.
+
+Exercise (forenoon)|  None                     |American football men should
+                   |                           | kick, catch, and pass.
+
+Dinner, 2 P.M.     |Meat; much the same as     |
+                   |  for breakfast.           |
+                   |Bread                      | Crust only recommended.
+                   |Vegetables, none allowed   | A rule, however, not always
+                   |                           | adhered to.
+                   |Beer, one pint             |This is what Americans call
+                   |                           |ale, and not indulged in to
+                   |                           |any great extent except after
+                   |                           |a hard game.
+
+Exercise           |About 5 o'clock start      |
+                   |  for the river, and row   |
+                   |  twice over the course,   |
+                   |  the speed increasing     |
+                   |  with the strength        |
+                   |  of the crew.             |
+
+Supper, 8.30 or 9. |Meat, cold.                |
+                   |Bread; perhaps a jelly     |
+                   |  or watercresses.         |
+                   |Beer, one pint (see above).|
+Bed about 10.
+
+[Footnote A: As has been stated elsewhere, improvements have been made
+in diet since this table was compiled. This will also apply to the
+Cambridge System, page 143.]
+
+
+TORPID RACES.
+
+A DAY'S TRAINING.
+
+Rise about 7.30 A.M. |                          |Early rising not compulsory.
+
+Exercise.            |A short walk or run.      | Not compulsory.
+
+Breakfast, 9.        |As for summer races.      |
+
+Exercise (forenoon). |   None.                  |
+
+Luncheon about 1 P.M.|Bread, or a sandwich.     |
+                     |Beer, half a pint.        |
+
+Exercise.            |About 2 o'clock start     |
+                     | for the river, and row   |
+                     | twice over the course.   |
+
+Dinner, 5.           |Meat, as for summer races.|
+                     |Bread.                    |
+                     |Vegetables, as for summer |
+                     | races.                   |
+                     |Pudding (rice), or jelly. |
+                     |Beer, half a pint.        |
+
+Bed, 10.30.
+
+
+THE CAMBRIDGE SYSTEM. Summer Races (1866).
+
+A DAY'S TRAINING.
+
+Rise at 7 A.M.
+
+Exercise.           |Run 100 or 200 yards as |"The old system of running a
+                    | fast as possible.      | mile or so before breakfast is
+                    |                        | fast going out, except
+                    |                        | in the case of men who
+                    |                        | want to get a good deal of
+                    |                        | flesh off."
+
+Breakfast, 8.30.    |Meat, beef or mutton.
+                    |Toast, dry.
+                    |Tea, two cups, or towards the end of training a
+                    |cup and a half only. Watercresses occasionally.
+
+Exercise (forenoon).| None.
+
+Dinner about 2 P.M. |Meat, beef or mutton.   |
+                    |Bread.                  |
+                    |Vegetables--potatoes,   |Some colleges have baked apples,
+                    |greens                  |or jellies, or rice puddings.
+                    |Beer, one pint.         |
+                    |Dessert--oranges, or    |
+                    | biscuits, or figs;     |
+                    | wine, two glasses.     |
+
+Exercise.           |About 5.30 start for the river, | "Most men get out for a
+                    | and row to the starting-post   | little time before
+                    | and back                       | rowing back."
+
+                    |Meat, cold.
+Supper about 8.30   |Bread.
+  or 9.             |Vegetables--lettuce or watercresses.
+Bed at 10.          |Beer, one pint.
+
+
+H. CLASPER'S SYSTEM.
+
+A DAY'S TRAINING.
+
+Rise between 6 and 7 A.M.
+
+Exercise.        A country walk of four or five miles.
+
+                |Meat, chop or
+Breakfast, 8.   |Couple of eggs.
+                |Bread.
+                |Tea. ("We never drink coffee.")
+
+Exercise.       |Rest for half an hour, and then a brisk walk
+                | or run. If morning exercise has not been heavy,
+                |  a row on the river, terminating about 11 A.M.
+
+Dinner, 12 M.   |Meat, beef or mutton (broiled).
+                |Egg pudding, with currants in it if desired, or other light
+                |  farinaceous pudding.
+                |Ale, one glass.
+                |Wine, one glass (port), or
+                |Ale, two glasses, without wine.
+
+Exercise.       |Rest for an hour, and then on the river again for a hard row.
+                |  "Rowing exercise should be taken twice every day."
+
+Tea.            |"Tea, with toasted bread sparingly buttered, with one egg
+                |  only--more has a tendency to choke the system."
+
+Supper.         |Not recommended. When taken, to consist of new milk and
+                |  bread, or gruel, with raisins and currants and a glass
+                |  of port wine in it.
+
+Bed about 10.
+
+
+C. WESTHALL'S SYSTEM. For Amateurs.
+
+A DAY'S TRAINING.
+
+Rise at 6 A.M.,              | Cold bath and rub down.
+ or earlier in the summer.   |
+
+Exercise.                    | Sharp walk about a mile out, and run home; or a
+                             |  row of a couple of miles at three-parts speed.
+                             | A dry rub-down.
+
+
+Breakfast (time not stated). | Meat, mutton-chop or steak (broiled).
+                             | Bread, stale or toast.
+                             | Tea, half a pint.
+
+Exercise.                    | (Not stated.)
+
+Dinner, 2 P.M.               | Meat (as at breakfast).
+                             | Vegetables, none; "except a mealy potato."
+                             | Bread, stale.
+                             | Beer, one pint.
+
+Exercise (afternoon).        | Rowing.
+
+If dinner be late, luncheon to be taken to consist of
+Meat, beef or mutton, hot or cold. Bread. Beer, one glass.
+(If dinner be early, "tea with viands and liquids as at breakfast" to be
+taken.)
+
+Supper.                      | Half a pint of thin gruel, or dry toast
+                             | and a glass of ale.
+
+Bed.                         | Time not stated.
+
+N.B.--It is added "that the above rules are of course open to alteration
+according to circumstances, and the diet varied successfully by the
+introduction of fowls, either roast or boiled--the latter preferred;"
+and "it must never be lost sight of that sharp work, regularity, and
+cleanliness are the chief if not the only rules to be followed to
+produce thorough good condition."
+
+
+McLAREN'S SYSTEM.
+
+A DAY'S TRAINING.
+
+Rise at about 7 A.M.   (Glass of cold water recommended.)
+
+Exercise.               | The crew meet at 7, walk and run for four or five
+                        | miles; or, in later practice, quick run of two
+                        | miles.
+                        | Wash and dress.
+
+Breakfast, 9.           | Meat (broiled); bread (brown) and butter; tea, two
+                        |  cups. "Cocoa made of the nibs boiled for four hours
+                        |  is better than tea for breakfast."
+                        | Smoking allowed (conditionally). "Smoking is barred,
+                        |  for, though here also a man's habits are to be
+                        |  taken into account, the subjects
+                        |  of training in match-boats are usually too young to
+                        |  have contracted a custom of smoking so inveterate
+                        |  as to have made tobacco indispensable
+                        |  to the body's internal functions, though it is not
+                        |  unfrequently so in older men. After breakfast is
+                        |  the only time allotted to the pipe."
+
+Luncheon at 1.          | Beef sandwich with half a pint of beer, or
+                        | Biscuit and glass of sherry, or egg in sherry.
+
+Exercise.               | At 2.30 go out to row, and row over the whole
+                        | course. "This altogether
+                        |  depends on the state of the crew."
+                        | Wash in tepid water.
+
+Dinner at 6  p.m.       | Meat (roast, broiled, or boiled). "Any kind of
+                        |  wholesome meat thoroughly cooked."
+                        | Vegetables--"The green foods permissible contain in
+                        |  their list spinach--the very best of all; sea-kale,
+                        |  asparagus, but without melted butter; turnip-tops,
+                        |  young unhearted greens, but not solid cabbages;
+                        |  broccoli, carrots, parsnips, and cooked celery.
+                        |  Turnips are also favored, and pease condemned; also
+                        |  cucumbers, and all salad mixtures. But boiled
+                        |  beet-root is good, and Jerusalem artichokes;
+                        |  and French beans stand next to spinach in virtue."
+                        |  The course is varied daily, so that no two days
+                        |  together shall see the same articles on the table.
+                        | Pudding. ("Light puddings may be eaten.")
+                        | Bread. Beer, one pint.
+                        | Wine, two glasses of old port or sherry, or three of
+                        |  claret. Biscuits and dried fruits, as cherries,
+                        |  figs, etc., allowed. ("All fresh fruits are
+                        |  avoided.")
+                        | Jellies. ("Plain jellies are innocuous.")
+                        | Water. ("As much spring water as they have a mind
+                        | to.")
+
+Supper, 9.               Oatmeal gruel if desired.
+
+Bed at 10.               N. B.--On Sundays a brisk walk of three hours or so
+                                is taken.
+
+                               SUMMARY.
+
+Sleep, eight or nine hours.   Exercise, about three hours.   Diet, very
+varied.
+
+
+STONEHENGE'S SYSTEM.
+
+A DAY'S TRAINING.
+
+Rise at 8  A.M.          | According to season and weather.
+                         | Cold bath.
+
+Exercise, 8.30 to 9.     | Walking or running. "Let all take a gentle run
+                         |  or smart walk."
+
+Breakfast, 9 to 9.30.    | Oatmeal porridge, with meat (beef or mutton,
+                         | broiled) and bread.
+                         | Tea or coffee, or table beer, one pint.
+                         | "Tea is preferred to coffee.
+                         |  Cocoa is too greasy."
+
+Exercise, 9.30 to 11.30, |  Billiards, skittles, quoits, or
+                         |  other light exercise.
+
+11.30 to 1.30.           |  Rowing.
+
+1.30 to about 2.30.      | Running. "According to circumstances."
+                         | Rubbed dry and linen changed.
+
+Dinner, 2.30 to 3 or 3.30| Meat--beef (roast) or mutton (boiled mutton
+                         | occasionally), roast fowl, partridges, or pheasants
+                         | (allowed), or venison (nothing better).
+                         | "It is generally directed that the steak or chop
+                         | should be underdone; this, I am sure, is a fallacy."
+                         |--Bread (_ad lib_.).--Puddings occasionally,
+                         | made of bread, eggs, and milk, and served with
+                         | preserved fruits.--Vegetables--potatoes (one or two
+                         | only), cauliflowers, and broccoli (only as an
+                         | occasional change). If training is protracted,
+                         | fish allowed (cod or soles).--Beer, from a pint to
+                         | a pint and a half.--Wine, a glass or two, port or
+                         | sherry.
+
+After dinner,
+ until 5 or 6.           |A gentle stroll or book.
+
+Exercise, 6 to 7.        |Rowing.
+
+Supper, 8.               |Oatmeal porridge with dry toast or chop,
+                         | with glass of port.
+
+Bed at 9 or 10.
+
+
+SYSTEM OF JACKSON AND GODBOLD.
+
+BREAKFAST.--Stale or whole-meal bread, or toast, a little butter, plenty
+of marmalade if you like, but not jam. Bacon and eggs, or chops or
+steaks, with watercress if obtainable. To those who like it, a basin of
+oatmeal porridge, _properly made_, taken with pure milk about an hour
+before breakfast, is an excellent thing, and has a very beneficial
+effect upon the stomach, but it should not be taken every day. It is
+better to miss it every third day, or to take it regularly for a
+fortnight and then omit it from the next week's diet, as the too
+frequent use of it is rather injurious to the skin of some persons.
+Tea--not too strong--is better than coffee. Good ripe fruit is a
+capital adjunct to the breakfast-table, and is an excellent article of
+food.
+
+DINNER.--Lamb, mutton, beef, fowl (tender and boiled), varied by fish,
+of which haddock, whiting, and soles are the best, with potatoes (well
+boiled, and not much of them), and well-cooked vegetables, followed by a
+small allowance of light farinaceous pudding or stewed fruit, will be a
+good, wholesome diet. If you want bread, have it stale. Never eat _new_
+bread. Avoid all sauces, or made dishes, and adhere to plain food only.
+One thing we would particularly impress upon the reader, and that is
+never to take his exercise immediately before or after meals, nothing is
+more injurious, or likely to produce indigestion, and its concomitant
+evils. Some authorities abjure the use of sugar, but taken in moderation
+it is not injurious. A well-known champion of our acquaintance, when
+in the pink of condition, was wont to amuse himself by eating the
+contents of a sugar basin, if one were inadvertently left near him, and
+without feeling any ill effects from so doing. Our readers need not
+follow his example, for although it might suit him, it probably would
+not agree with them. We have said, take sugar in _moderation_. Now, in
+this last word lies all the lectures one can give on this subject. Be
+moderate in all things, one might say, but above all things be moderate
+in the use of all edibles not actually necessary to support the
+increased exertion which a man in training is called upon to perform. No
+liquid should be taken except with, or just after meals, but we would
+not advise stinting the quantity too much. In summer three or four
+pints, and in winter two or three pints per diem would be about the
+quantity. Never drink just before exercise, and it is better not to
+drink just before going to bed. In fact, the less one has to digest when
+retiring for sleep the better, and be sure not to drink tea late at
+night.
+
+[Illustration: C. O. GILL.
+
+Yale.]
+
+TEA, or SUPPER, should be taken at least two hours before bedtime, and
+we would allow a small chop, or some light fish, bread, and very little
+butter, with some ripe fruit. The best meal to take before a race, and
+which should be taken about two hours before starting-time, is the lean
+of mutton-chops and a little dry toast. We have said that no liquids
+should be taken except at meal-times; but we do not intend to state that
+if a man be very thirsty he may not touch them. If he does so, it must
+be a very small quantity. Thirst can often be assuaged by rinsing the
+mouth out with cold water, and this is by far the better plan if it is
+efficacious.
+
+
+A COMMON-SENSE SYSTEM.
+
+One author says: "Rise at six; bathe; take about two ounces (a small
+cup) of coffee with milk: this is really a stimulating soup. Then light
+exercise, chiefly devoted to lungs; a little rest; the breakfast of
+meat, bread, or oatmeal, vegetables, with no coffee; an hour's rest.
+Then the heaviest exercise of the day. This is contrary to rule; but I
+believe the heaviest exercise should be taken before the heaviest meal;
+a rest before dinner. This meal, if breakfast be taken at seven or
+eight, should be at one or two, not leaving a longer interval than five
+hours between the meals. At dinner, again meat, vegetables, bread,
+perhaps a half-pint of malt liquor, no sweets. Then a longer rest;
+exercise till five. Supper light--bread, milk, perhaps with an egg. Half
+an hour later a cup of tea, and bed at nine."
+
+
+J. B. O'REILLY.
+
+Seven o'clock is a good time for an athlete in training to rise. He
+ought to get a good dry-rubbing, and then sponge his body with cold
+water, or have a shower-bath, with a thorough rubbing afterwards. He
+will then go out to exercise before breakfast, not to run hard, as is
+commonly taught, but to walk briskly for an hour, while exercising his
+lungs in deep-breathing. Before this walk, an egg in a cup of tea, or
+something of the kind, should be taken.
+
+The breakfast need not always consist of a broiled mutton-chop or
+cutlet; a broiled steak, broiled chicken, or broiled fish, or some of
+each, may be taken with tea or coffee.
+
+Dinner may be far more varied than is usually allowed by the trainer's
+"system." Any kind of butcher's meat, plainly cooked, with a variety of
+fresh vegetables, may be taken, with ordinary light puddings, stewed
+fruit, but no pastry. A good time for dinner is one o'clock.
+
+An American athlete, when thirsty, ought to have only one drink--water.
+The climate and the custom in England favor the drinking of beer or
+claret; but, beyond question, the best drink for a man in training is
+pure water. After dinner, rest, but no dozing or _siesta_. This sort of
+rest only spoils digestion, and makes men feel slack and "limp."
+
+Supper, at six o'clock, should not be a second dinner; but neither
+should it consist of "slops" or gruel. The athlete ought to be in bed by
+ten o'clock, in a room with open window, and a draught through the room,
+if possible, though not across the bed.
+
+[Illustration: E. C. PEACE.
+
+Princeton.]
+
+The American football captain or coach should bear in mind, when reading
+these various systems, that the use of ale and port seems to be much
+better borne by those who live in the English climate than upon this
+side of the water.
+
+Also, that stiff exercise before breakfast has not been proven
+advantageous to our athletes except as a flesh-reducer, and then only in
+exceptionally vigorous constitutions.
+
+Also, that tea is not as popular with us as with the men who train in
+England.
+
+
+SLEEP AND CLEANLINESS.
+
+To come to the third agent of health enumerated some pages back, Sleep.
+As a rule, it is not a difficult matter to see that members of a
+football team take the requisite amount of sleep. There are occasions,
+as in college, when some society event of unusual importance tempts the
+men to sit up late, but with such exceptions as these there is no great
+difficulty experienced in making the majority of the men keep good
+hours. And this is growing more and more simple as athletics become more
+general, for they take the place of much of the dissipation which was
+formerly the only outlet for the superabundant animal spirits of young
+men. In the case, however, of the occasional candidate for the team who
+comes under the captain's eye as inclined to late hours, there must be
+the strictest kind of discipline shown. Such a man is the very one whose
+stamina will be affected after a while by lack of sleep, and that too at
+a time when the rest of the men are nearing the perfection of condition.
+Thus he will be found falling off at the very time when it is a most
+serious matter very likely to fill his position with a new man. Eight or
+nine hours sleep should be insisted upon, and that sleep should be taken
+with regularity. In fact, not only the sleep, but the meals and the
+exercise, should all be made as nearly regular, regarding hours, as
+possible. Men should have separate rooms, and particularly when off upon
+trips they should not sleep together. Plenty of fresh air should be
+admitted to the sleeping-room, but draughts are to be avoided. This is
+not because every time the air blows upon a man he is liable to contract
+a severe cold, for the chances are against this, but because there are
+times when he is particularly prone to such an accident, and if he is in
+the habit of sleeping without regard to draughts it is not likely that
+he will take precautions then. If a man has, for instance, played an
+especially stiff game and upon a muggy and exhausting day, he will
+undoubtedly turn in thoroughly tired out, and perhaps still somewhat
+heated. Now if he, when in that state, sleeps in a draught, he will
+probably find himself very lame in the morning, even though he escape
+other more serious consequences. Just one more word of caution regarding
+sleep, and that is in the matter of obtaining a good night's rest just
+before the important match of the season. To insure this is to do much
+towards securing the best work of which the men are capable from the
+team upon the following day.
+
+[Illustration: W. HEFFELFINGER.
+
+Yale.]
+
+First and foremost, they should not be allowed to talk about the game or
+the signals or anything connected with football during that evening. If
+possible, they should do something to entirely divert their minds from
+all thought of the game. Nor should they be hustled off to bed an hour
+or two earlier than usual. Rather ought it to be a half-hour later, for
+then the chances are that the men drop off to sleep immediately instead
+of tossing about, thinking of the exciting event of the morrow.
+
+Finally, as to overtrained men, and that restlessness and inability to
+sleep that almost always comes with the worst cases of this kind. There
+is but one thing to do with a man when he "goes fine" to this extent,
+and that is to sever his connection with the team for a time. If it is
+early in the season, there is some chance of his recuperating rapidly
+enough to still become serviceable. If it is late, there is no hope of
+this. In either case he must neither play, eat, nor spend his time with
+the members of the team. He can do almost anything else; he can go and
+watch the crew row or the ball nine play; he can study or read; he can,
+and in fact should, do everything possible to disassociate himself from
+football and violent exercise for a time, and, unless the trouble has
+gone too far, it will only be a couple of weeks before he will find
+himself coming out of it all right, and among the first signs will be
+good, refreshing sleep.
+
+To pass now to the fourth of our agents for health, Cleanliness. It is
+fortunately seldom necessary to argue the advantages of the "tub" or
+"sponge bath" to our football players, because they are usually
+accustomed to it. A daily splashing has been their ordinary habit. It is
+well to mention also that a fortnightly warm bath may be indulged in to
+advantage. But with the present understanding of all these advantages,
+the wisest remarks that can be made are cautions as to indiscretions in
+the use of baths. In the first place, one bath a day is enough, and any
+other should be a mere sponging and rubbing. Men who indulge in a tub in
+the morning and then spend another fifteen minutes in a plunge after
+practice in the afternoon get too much of it. Again, the habit of
+spending a long time under the shower every day is a mistake. It feels
+so refreshing after a hard practice that a man is tempted to stay too
+long, and it does him no good. The best and safest plan is to take a
+light, quick sponge bath in the morning immediately upon rising, and
+then, after practice in the afternoon, to take just a moment under the
+shower, and follow it by a good rubbing. This, with the fortnightly warm
+bath, will be all that a man may do to advantage.
+
+
+
+
+A CHAPTER FOR SPECTATORS
+
+
+To those who have never played the game of football, but who chance to
+open the covers of this book, a short explanation of the divisions and
+duties of the players will not be out of place. For these this chapter
+is added.
+
+The game is played by two teams, of eleven men each, upon a field 330
+feet long and 160 feet wide, at either end of which are goal-posts with
+a cross-bar.
+
+The ball, which is like a large leather egg, is placed in the centre of
+this field, and each team endeavors to drive it in the direction of the
+opponents' goal-line, where any scoring must be done. Goals and
+touch-downs are the only points which count, and these can be made only
+as follows:
+
+A goal can be obtained by kicking the ball in any way except a punt (a
+certain kind of kick where the ball is dropped by a player and kicked
+before touching the ground) over the cross-bar of the opponents' goal. A
+touch-down is obtained by touching the ball to the ground behind the
+line of the goal. So, in either case, the ball must cross the end of the
+field in some way to make any score. The sole object, then, of all the
+struggles which take place in the field is to advance the ball to a
+position such that scoring is possible. A firm grasp of this idea
+usually simplifies matters very much for the casual spectator.
+
+The object of the white lines which cross the field at every five yards
+is merely to assist the referee in determining how far the ball moves at
+a time; for there is a rule which states that a team must advance the
+ball five yards in three attempts or retreat with it twenty. If they do
+not succeed in doing this, the other side take possession of the ball,
+and in their turn try to advance it.
+
+[Illustration: R. M. APPLETON.
+
+Harvard.]
+
+There are certain rules which govern the methods of making these
+advances, any infringement of which constitutes what is called _a foul_,
+and entails a penalty upon the side making it.
+
+Any player can run with the ball or kick it if, when he receives it, he
+is "on side"--that is, between the ball and his own goal-line. He may
+not take the ball if he is "off-side"--that is, between the ball and his
+opponents' goal-line--until an adversary has touched the ball.
+
+Whenever a player running with the ball is held, he must cry "down," and
+a man of his side then places the ball on the ground and snaps it back.
+This puts it in play, and is called a scrimmage, and this scrimmage is
+the most commonly recurring feature of the game.
+
+For the purposes of advancing the ball or repelling the attack of the
+opponents it has proved advisable for a captain to divide his eleven men
+into two general divisions: the forwards and backs. The forwards, of
+whom there are seven, are usually called rushers, and they make
+practically a straight line across the field when the ball is put in
+play on a "down." Next behind them is the quarter-back, who does the
+passing of the ball to one or another of the players, while just behind
+him are the two half-backs and the back, usually in something of a
+triangle in arrangement, with the last named nearest the goal which his
+team is defending.
+
+The following definitions will also aid the spectator in understanding
+many of the expressions used by the devotees of the sport:
+
+     A _drop-kick_ is made by letting the ball fall from the hands, and
+     kicking it at the very instant it rises.
+
+     A _place-kick_ is made by kicking the ball after it has been placed
+     on the ground.
+
+     A _punt_ is made by letting the ball fall from the hands, and
+     kicking it before it touches the ground.
+
+     _Kick-off_ is a place-kick from the centre of the field of play.
+
+     _Kick-out_ is a drop-kick, or place-kick, by a player of the side
+     which has touched the ball down in their own goal, or into whose
+     touch-in-goal the ball has gone.
+
+     _In touch_ means out of bounds.
+
+     A _fair_ is putting the ball in play, from touch.
+
+     A _foul_ is any violation of a rule.
+
+     A _touch-down_ is made when the ball is carried, kicked, or passed
+     across the goal-line and there held, either in goal or
+     touch-in-goal.
+
+     A _safety_ is made when a player, guarding his goal, receives the
+     ball from a player of his own side, and touches it down behind his
+     goal-line, or carries the ball across his own goal-line and touches
+     it down, or puts the ball into his own touch-in-goal.
+
+     A _touch-back_ is made when a player touches the ball to the ground
+     behind his own goal, the impetus which sent the ball across the
+     line having been received from an opponent.
+
+     A _fair catch_ is a catch made direct from a kick by one of the
+     opponents, provided the catcher made a mark with his heel at the
+     spot where he made the catch.
+
+     _Interference_ is using the hands or arms in any way to obstruct or
+     hold a player who has not the ball.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The _penalty_ for fouls and violation of rules, except otherwise
+provided, is a down for the other side; or, if the side making the foul
+has not the ball, five yards to the opponents.
+
+The following is the value of each point in the scoring:
+
+    Goal obtained by touch-down,      6
+
+    Goal from field kick,             5
+
+    Touch-down failing goal,          4
+
+    Safety by opponents,              2
+
+The rules which bear most directly upon the play are:
+
+The time of a game is an hour and a half, each side playing forty-five
+minutes from each goal. There is ten minutes' intermission between the
+two halves, and the game is decided by the score of even halves.
+
+The ball is kicked off at the beginning of each half; and whenever a
+goal has been obtained, the side which has lost it shall kick off.
+
+A player may throw or pass the ball in any direction except towards
+opponents' goal. If the ball be batted or thrown forward, it shall go
+down on the spot to opponents.
+
+If a player having the ball be tackled and the ball fairly held, the man
+so tackling shall cry "held," the one so tackled must cry "down," and
+some player of his side put it down for a scrimmage. If, in three
+consecutive fairs and downs, unless the ball cross the goal-line, a team
+shall not have advanced the ball five or taken it back twenty yards, it
+shall go to the opponents on spot of fourth.
+
+If the ball goes into touch, whether it bounds back or not, a player on
+the side which touches it down must bring it to the spot where the line
+was crossed, and there either bound the ball in the field of play, or
+touch it in with both hands, at right angles to the touch line, and then
+run with it, kick it, or throw it back; or throw it out at right angles
+to the touch line; or walk out with it at right angles to touch line,
+any distance not less than five nor more than fifteen yards, and there
+put it down.
+
+A side which has made a touch-down in their opponents' goal _must_ try
+at goal.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BLAIKIE'S HOW TO GET STRONG.
+
+How to Get Strong, and How to Stay So. By WILLIAM BLAIKIE. Illustrated.
+16mo, Cloth, $1 00.
+
+Mr. Blaikie has treated his theme in a practical common-sense way that
+appeals at once to the judgment and the understanding. A complete and
+healthful system of exercise is given for boys and girls; instructions
+are set down for the development of every individual class of muscles,
+and there is sound advice for daily exercise for children, young men and
+women, business men and consumptives. There are instructions for home
+gymnastics, and an easy routine of practice laid out.--_Saturday Evening
+Gazette_, Boston.
+
+Every word of it has been tested and confirmed by the author's own
+experience. It may be read with interest and profit by all.--_Christian
+Instructor_, Chicago.
+
+A successful performance, everything in the line of gymnastic exercise
+receiving copious illustrations by pen and pencil. The authors aim is
+genuinely philanthropic, in the right sense of the word, and his work is
+a useful contribution to the cause of physical culture.--_Christian
+Register_, Boston.
+
+Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York.
+
+_The above work will be sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of
+the United States, Canada, or Mexico, on receipt of the price._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BLAIKIE'S SOUND BODIES.
+
+Sound Bodies for our Boys and Girls.
+
+     By WILLIAM BLAIKIE. With Illustrations. 16mo, Cloth, 40 cents. A
+     manual of safe and simple exercises for developing the physical
+     system.
+
+Mr. William Blaikie's new manual cannot fail to receive a warm welcome
+from parents and teachers, and should be introduced as a working
+text-book into thousands of schools throughout the country.--_Boston
+Herald._
+
+A book which ought to be placed at the elbow of every
+school-teacher.--_Springfield Union._
+
+The directions are so simple and sensible that they appeal to the reason
+of every parent and teacher.--_Philadelphia Press._
+
+The influence of judicious exercise upon mind as well as body cannot be
+overestimated, and this will be a safe guide to this end, requiring no
+costume nor expensive apparatus.--_Presbyterian_, Philadelphia.
+
+Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York.
+
+_The above work will be sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of
+the United States, Canada, or Mexico, on receipt of the price._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOOKS FOR ANGLERS.
+
+     Fly-Rods and Fly-Tackle. Suggestions as to their Manufacture and
+     Use. By HENRY P. WELLS. Illustrated. Square 8vo, Cloth, $2 50.
+
+The book is one of great value, and will take its place as a standard
+authority, and we cannot commend it too highly.--_Forest and Stream_,
+New York.
+
+An illustrated volume, elegantly presented, that will make all anglers
+jealous of possession until upon their shelf or centre-table.--_Boston
+Commonwealth._
+
+Mr. Wells's competence to expound the somewhat intricate principles and
+delicate processes of fly-fishing will be plain to any reader who
+himself has some practical acquaintance with the art discussed. The
+value of the author's instructions and suggestions is signally enhanced
+by their minuteness and lucidity.--_N. Y. Sun._
+
+     The American Salmon-Fisherman. By HENRY P. WELLS. Ill'd. Square
+     8vo, Cloth, $1 00.
+
+The success of Mr. Wells's "Fly-Rods and Fly-Tackle" has made his name
+familiar to thousands of American anglers. "The American
+Salmon-Fisherman," like the former work, is the fruit of the author's
+long experience and practical knowledge of this subject. The text is
+illustrated throughout.--_Boston Traveller._
+
+A practical, interesting guide to the sport of salmon-fishing. The tyro
+will read it through profitably; the old hand will not be offended by it
+as too elementary. The author is alert and companionable.--_Atlantic
+Monthly_, Boston.
+
+Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York.
+
+_Either of the above works will be sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any
+part of the United States, Canada, or Mexico, on receipt of the price._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. C. C. ABBOTT'S WORKS.
+
+     Upland and Meadow. A Poaetquissings Chronicle. By CHARLES C.
+     ABBOTT, M.D. 12mo, Cloth, $1 50.
+
+Delightful reading for students and lovers of outdoor nature.... Here
+the author discourses with the greatest charm of style about wood and
+stream, marsh-wrens, the spade-foot toad, summer, winter,
+trumpet-creepers and ruby throats, September sunshine, a colony of
+grakles, the queer little dwellers in the water, and countless other
+things that the ordinary eye passes without notice.... The book may be
+heartily commended to every reader of taste, and to every admirer of
+graceful and nervous English.--_Saturday Evening Gazette_, Boston.
+
+     Waste-Land Wanderings. By CHARLES C. ABBOTT, M.D. 12mo, Cloth, $1
+     50.
+
+There is a freshness about his anecdotes of fishes and birds, and his
+descriptions of unfamiliar scenery, that must make the book delightful
+to every lover of similar sports. To those who have not the leisure nor
+the enterprise for similar expeditions the reading of it will charm many
+an idle hour, besides imparting in the most agreeable manner possible a
+large fund of interesting information.--_St. Louis Republican._
+
+It is a charming book, introducing the reader to the interesting guests
+and dwellers in the forests, upon the downs, and by the river-side. All
+lovers of nature will find an abundant source of instruction and
+pleasure in it.--_Zion's Herald_, Boston.
+
+Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York.
+
+_Either of the above works will be sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any
+part of the United States, Canada, or Mexico, on receipt of the price._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of American Football, by Walter Camp
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