diff options
Diffstat (limited to '39688-h/39688-h.htm')
| -rw-r--r-- | 39688-h/39688-h.htm | 7454 |
1 files changed, 7454 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/39688-h/39688-h.htm b/39688-h/39688-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f2420e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/39688-h/39688-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,7454 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Balkan Peninsula, by Frank Fox. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; } + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5 { text-align: center; clear: both; } + +.deep {margin-bottom: 3em; } +.high {margin-top: 3em; } + +p {margin-top: .51em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .49em; } + +.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} +.p2tb {margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;} +.p4b {margin-bottom: 4em;} +.p2b {margin-bottom: 2em;} +.px {margin-top: 1.5em;} +.pxc {margin-top: 1.5em; text-align:center;} + +.ralign {text-align:right;} + +hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +hr.r20 {width: 20%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 3em;} +hr.r33 {width: 33%; margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 3em;} +hr.r65 {width: 65%; margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 3em;} + +ul.index {list-style-type: none; } +li.indx {margin-top: .2em; } +li.isub1 {text-indent: -1em; list-style-type: none;} + +table { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } +.tdl {text-align: left;} +.tdr {text-align: right;} + +.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; color: #ACACAC; } + +.center {text-align: center;} +.centerb {text-align: center; font-weight: bold;} +.center2 {text-align: center; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;} +.centerb3 {text-align: center; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 3em;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +.figcenter { margin: auto; text-align: center; } + +.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; color: black; font-size:smaller; padding:0.5em; margin-bottom:5em; font-family:serif,sans-serif} + + </style> + </head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Balkan Peninsula, by Frank Fox + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: The Balkan Peninsula + +Author: Frank Fox + +Release Date: May 13, 2012 [EBook #39688] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BALKAN PENINSULA *** + + + + +Produced by Bruce Albrecht, Margo Romberg and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 372px;"> +<img src="images/title.png" width="372" height="550" alt="" /> +</div> + +<hr class="r65" /> + +<h1>THE BALKAN PENINSULA</h1> + +<hr class="r65" /> + +<p class="center"><b>AGENTS</b></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">America</span> <span class="smcap">The Macmillan Company + 64 & 66 Fifth Avenue, New York</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Australasia</span> <span class="smcap">The Oxford University Press + 205 Flinders Lane, Melbourne</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Canada</span> <span class="smcap">The Macmillan Company of Canada, Ltd. + St. Martin's House, 70 Bond Street, Toronto</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">India</span> <span class="smcap">Macmillan & Company, Ltd. + Macmillan Building, Bombay + 309 Bow Bazaar Street, Calcutta</span> +</p> + +<hr class="r65" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii"></a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 243px;"> +<img src="images/img_004.jpg" width="243" height="500" alt="A Balkan peasant" /> +<span class="caption">A BALKAN PEASANT</span> +</div> + +<hr class="r65" /> + +<h2>THE BALKAN PENINSULA</h2> + +<p class="center">BY</p> + +<p class="centerb">FRANK FOX</p> + +<p class="centerb3">AUTHOR OF<br /> + +"AUSTRALIA," "BULGARIA," "SWITZERLAND," ETC.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 78px;"> +<img src="images/img_005a.png" width="78" height="89" alt="badge" /> +</div> + +<p class="centerb3">PUBLISHED BY A. & C. BLACK, LTD.<br /> +4, 5, & 6 SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W.<br /><br /> + +1915</p> + +<hr class="r65" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p> + +<h2>PREFACE</h2> + +<p><span class="smcap">This</span> book was written in the spring of 1914, just +before Germany plunged the world into the +horrors of a war which she had long prepared, +taking as a pretext a Balkan incident—the +political murder of an Austrian prince by an +Austrian subject of Serb nationality. Germany +having prepared for war was anxious for an +occasion which would range Austria by her side. +If Germany had gone to war at the time of the +Agadir incident, she knew that Italy would +desert the Triple Alliance, and she feared for +Austria's loyalty. A war pretext which made +Austria's desertion impossible was just the thing +for her plans.</p> + +<p>It would be impossible to reshape this book +so as to bring within its range the Great War, +begun in the Balkans, and in all human probability<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span> +to be decided finally by battles in the +Balkans. I let it go out to the public as impressions +of the Balkans dated from the end of +1913. It may have some value to the student +of contemporary Balkan events.</p> + +<p>My impressions of the Balkan Peninsula were +chiefly gathered during the period 1912-13 of +the war of the Balkan allies against Turkey, +and of the subsequent war among themselves. +I was war correspondent for the London <i>Morning +Post</i> during the war against Turkey and penetrated +through the Balkan Peninsula down to +the Sea of Marmora and the lines of Chatalja. +In war-time peoples show their best or their +worst. As they appeared during a struggle in +which, at first, the highest feelings of patriotism +were evoked, and afterwards the lowest feelings +of greed and cruelty, the Balkan peoples left +me with a steady affection for the peasants and +the common folk generally; a dislike and contempt, +which made few exceptions, for the +politicians and priests who governed their +destinies. Perhaps when they settle down to +a more peaceful existence—if ever they do—the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span> +inhabitants of the Balkan Peninsula will +come to average more their qualities, the common +people becoming less simple-minded, obedient, +chaste, kind: their leaders learning wisdom +rather than cunning, and getting some sense +of the value of truth and also some sense of +ruth to keep them from setting their countrymen +at one another's throats. But at the +present time the picture which I have to put +before the reader, with its almost unbelievable +contradictions of courage and gentleness on the +one side and cowardly cruelty on the other, is +a true one.</p> + +<p>The true Balkan States are Bulgaria, Serbia, +Montenegro, and Albania. Roumania is proud +to consider herself a Western State rather than +a semi-Eastern Balkan State, though both her +position and her diplomacy link her closely with +Balkan developments. Turkey, of course, cannot +be considered in any sense as a Balkan State +though she still holds the foot of the Balkan +Peninsula. Greece has prouder aspirations than +to be considered one of the struggling nationalities +of the Balkans and dreams of a revival of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span> +the Hellenic Empire. But in considering the +Balkan Peninsula it is not possible to exclude +altogether the Turk, the Greek, the Roumanian. +My aim will be to give a snapshot picture of the +Balkan Peninsula, looking at it as a geographical +entity for historical reference, and to devote more +especial attention to the true Balkan States.</p> + +<p class="p2tb"> +<span style="margin-left: 10em;">FRANK FOX.</span> +</p> + +<hr class="r65" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="table of contents"> +<tr><td class="tdr">CHAP.<br /></td><td></td><td>PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdr">I. </td><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Vexed Balkans</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdr">II. </td><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Turk in the Balkans</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdr">III. </td><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Fall of the Turkish Power</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdr">IV. </td><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Wars of 1912-13</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">53</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdr">V. </td><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">A Chapter in Balkan Diplomacy</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdr">VI. </td><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Troubles of a War Correspondent in the Balkans</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdr">VII. </td><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Jottings from my Balkan Travel Book</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_124">124</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdr">VIII. </td><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Picturesque Balkans</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">149</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdr">IX. </td><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Balkan Peoples in Art and Industry</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdr">X. </td><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Future of the Balkans</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdr"></td><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_207">207</a> </td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr class="r20" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span></p> + +<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="list of illustrations"> +<tr><td></td><td class="tdr">FACING PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">A Balkan Peasant</td><td class="tdr"><i><a href="#Page_ii">Frontispiece</a></i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Trajan's Column in Rome</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">The Walls of Constantinople from the Seven Towers</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#language">10</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Sancta Sophia, Constantinople</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">King Peter of Serbia </td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Monarchy">28</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">King Nicolas of Montenegro</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Montenegrin Troops: Weekly Drill and Inspection of Weapons</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#soldiers">35</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">The King of Roumania</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">The Shipka Pass</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#fields">42</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">King Ferdinand of Bulgaria</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Salonica">46</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">King Ferdinand's Bodyguard</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#save_him">48</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Bulgarian Infantry</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_53">53</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Bulgarian Troops leaving Sofia</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#designed">60</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">General Demetrieff, the Conqueror at Lule Burgas</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Adrianople: A General View</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#interests">76</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Roumanian Soldiers in Bucharest</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_85">85</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Adrianople: View looking across the Great Bridge</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#value">88</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">General View of Stara Zagora, Bulgaria</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#diplomats">92</a> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Sofia: Commercial Road from Commercial Square</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Bucharest: The Roumanian House of Representatives</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Matrem">108</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">General Savoff</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_117">117</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Bulgarian Infantry</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_124a">124</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Ox Transport in the Balkans</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">A Balkan Peasant Woman</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">A Bagpiper</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#causes">140</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Some Serbian Peasants</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">General View of Sofia</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#dear">156</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Bucharest</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">A Bulgarian Farm</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Albanian Tribesmen</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#answer">176</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Greek Infantry</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_181">181</a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Podgorica, upon the Albanian Frontier</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#peoples">188</a> </td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="center2"><i>Sketch Map on page <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>.</i></p> +<hr class="r65" /> +<p class="p4b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/img_014.jpg" width="500" height="584" alt="sketch map of the Balkan peninsula" /> +<span class="caption">SKETCH MAP OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA</span> +</div> + +<hr class="r65" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> + +<h2>THE BALKAN PENINSULA</h2> + +<h2>CHAPTER I</h2> + +<h4>THE VEXED BALKANS</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Fates were unkind to the Balkan Peninsula. +Because of its position, it was forced to stand in +the path of the greatest racial movements of the +world, and was thus the scene of savage racial +struggles, and the depositary of residual shreds +of nations surviving from great defeats or Pyrrhic +victories and cherishing irreconcilable mutual +hatreds. As if that were not enough of ill fortune +imposed by geographical position, the great Roman +Empire elected to come from its seat in the +Italian Peninsula to die in the Balkan Peninsula, +a long drawn-out death of many agonies, of many +bloody disasters and desperate retrievals. For +all the centuries of which history knows a blood-mist +has hung over the Balkans; and for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +centuries before the dawn of written history one +may surmise that there was the same constant +struggle of warring races.</p> + +<p>It seems fairly certain that when the Northern +peoples moved down from their gloomy forests +towards the Mediterranean littoral to mingle +their blood with the early peoples of the Minoan +civilisation and to found the Grecian and the +Roman nations, the chief stream of these fierce +hordes moved down by the valley of the Danube +and debouched on the Balkan Peninsula. Doubtless +they fought many a savage battle with the +aborigines in Thessaly and Thrace. Of these +battles we have no records, and no absolute +certainty, indeed, that the Mediterranean shore +was colonised by a race from the North, though +all the facts that we are learning now from the +researches of modern archaeologists point to that +conclusion. But whatever the prehistoric state +of the Balkan Peninsula, the first sure records +from written history show it as a vexed area +peopled by widely different and mutually +warring races, and subject always to waves of +war and invasion from the outside. The Slav +historian Jireček concludes that the Balkan +Peninsula was inhabited at the earliest times<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> +known to history by many different tribes +belonging to distinct races—the Thraco-Illyrians, +the Thraco-Macedonians, and the Thraco-Dacians. +At the beginning of the third century, the Slavs +made their first appearance and, crossing the +Danube, came to settle in the great plains between +the river and the Balkan Mountains. Later, they +proceeded southwards and formed colonies among +the Thraco-Illyrians, the Roumanians, and the +Greeks. This Slav emigration went on for several +centuries. In the seventh century of the Christian +era a Finno-ugric tribe reached the banks of the +Danube. This tribe came from the Volga, and, +crossing Russia, proceeded towards ancient Moesia, +where it took possession of the north-east territory +of the Balkans between the Danube and the +Black Sea. These were the Bulgars or Volgars, +near cousins to the Turks who were to come +later. The Bulgars assumed the language of +the Slavs, and some of their customs. The +Serbs or Serbians, coming from the Don River +district had been near neighbours of the Volgars +or Bulgars (in the Slav languages "B" and "V" +have a way of interchanging), and were without +much doubt closely allied to them in race originally. +Later, they diverged, tending more to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> +Slav type, whilst the Bulgars approached nearer +to the Turk type.</p> + +<p>There may be traced, then, in the racial history +of the Balkans these race types: a Mediterranean +people inhabiting the sea-coast and possessing a +fairly high civilisation, the records of which are +being explored now in the Cretan excavations; +an aboriginal people occupying the hinterland +of the coast, not so highly cultivated as the +coast dwellers (who had probably been civilised +by Egyptian influences) but racially akin to them; +a Northern people coming from the shores of +the Baltic and the North Sea before the period of +written history and combining ultimately with the +people of the coast to found the Grecian civilisation, +leaving in the hinterland, as they passed +towards the sea, detachments which formed other +mixed tribes, partly aboriginal, partly Nordic; +various invading peoples of Semitic type from +the Levant; the Romans, the Goths and the +Huns, the Slavs and the Tartars, the Bulgars and +the Serbs, the Normans, Saracens, and Turks. +Because the Balkan Peninsula was on the natural +path to a warm-water port from the north to the +south of Europe; because it was on the track +of invasion and counter-invasion between Asia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> +and Europe, all this mixture of races was forced +upon it, and as a consequence of the mixture a +constant clash of warfare. There was, too, a +current of more peaceful communication for +purposes of trade between the Levant and the +Black Sea on the one side and the peoples of the +Baltic Sea on the other side, which flowed in part +along the Balkan Peninsula.</p> + +<p>In <i>Italy and her Invaders</i> Mr. T. Hodgkin +suggests:</p> + +<blockquote><p>During the interval from 540 to 480 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> there was a +brisk commercial intercourse between the flourishing +Greek colonies on the Black Sea, Odessos, Istros, Tyras, +Olbia and Chersonesos—places now approximately +represented by Varna, Kustendjix, Odessa, Cherson, +and Sebastopol—between these cities and the tribes to +the northward (inhabiting the country which has been +since known as Lithuania), all of whom at the time of +Herodotus passed under the vague generic name of +Scythians. By this intercourse which would naturally +pass up the valleys of the great rivers, especially the +Dniester and the Dnieper, and would probably again +descend by the Vistula and the Niemen, the settlements +of the Goths were reached, and by its means the Ionian +letter-forms were communicated to the Goths, to +become in due time the magical and mysterious Runes.</p> + +<p>One fact which lends great probability to this theory +is that undoubtedly, from very early times, the amber +deposits of the Baltic, to which allusion has already +been made, were known to the civilised world; and thus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +the presence of the trader from the South among the +settlements of the Guttones or Goths is naturally +accounted for. Probably also there was for centuries +before the Christian Era a trade in sables, ermines, and +other furs, which were a necessity in the wintry North +and a luxury of kings and nobles in the wealthier South. +In exchange for amber and fur, the traders brought +probably not only golden staters and silver drachmas, +but also bronze from Armenia with pearls, spices, rich +mantles suited to the barbaric taste of the Gothic +chieftains. As has been said, this commerce was most +likely carried on for many centuries. Sabres of Assyrian +type have been found in Sweden, and we may hence +infer that there was a commercial intercourse between +the Euxine and the Baltic, perhaps 1300 years before +Christ.</p></blockquote> + +<p>A few leading facts with dates should give a +fairly clear impression of the story of the Balkan +Peninsula. About 400 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> the Macedonian +Empire was being founded. It represented the +uprise of a hinterland Greek people over the +decayed greatness of the coast-dwelling Greeks. +At that time the northern part of the Balkan +Peninsula was occupied by the Getae or Dacians. +Phillip of Macedon made an alliance with the +Getae. Alexander the Great of Macedonia +thrashed them to subjection and carried a great +wave of invasion into Asia from the Balkan +Peninsula.</p> +<p class="p2b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 347px;"> +<img src="images/img_022.jpg" width="347" height="500" alt="Trajan's column in Rome" /> +<span class="caption">TRAJAN'S COLUMN IN ROME<br /> +Commemorates the victories which brought all the Balkan Peninsula under +the Roman sway</span> +</div> + +<p class="p2">About the year 110 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> the Romans first came +to the Balkan Peninsula, finding it inhabited as +regards the south by the Greek peoples, as +regards the north by the Getae or Dacians. The +southern people were quickly subdued: the +northern people were never really subdued by +the Romans until the time of Trajan (the first +century of the Christian era). He bridged the +Danube with a great military bridge at the spot +now known as Turnu-Severin, and Trajan's +Column in Rome commemorated the victories +which brought all the Balkan Peninsula under the +Roman sway. Trajan found that the manners +and customs of the Dacians were similar to those +of the Germans. These sturdy Dacians were +conquered but not exterminated by the Romans. +Dacia across the Danube was made into a Roman +colony, and the present kingdom of Roumania +is supposed to represent the survival of that +colony, which was a mixture of Roman and +Dacian blood.</p> + +<p>In the third century of the Christian era the +Goths made their first appearance in the Balkan +Peninsula. The Roman Empire had then entered +into its period of decline. The invasions of the +Visigoths, the Huns, the Vandals, the Ostrogoths,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +and the Lombards were to come in turn to overwhelm +the Roman civilisation. The Gothic invasion +of the Balkan Peninsula was begun in +the reign of the Roman Emperor Phillip. Crossing +the Danube, the Goths ravaged Thrace and laid +siege to Marcianople (now Schumla) without +success. In a later invasion the Goths attacked +Philippopolis and captured it after a great defeat +of the Roman general, Decius the younger. Then +the Roman Emperor (Decius the elder) himself +took the field and was defeated and killed in +a great battle near the mouth of the Danube +(<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 251). That may be called the decisive +date in the history of the fall of the Roman +Empire. It was destined to retrieve that defeat, +and to shine with momentary glory again for +brief intervals, but the destruction of the Emperor +and his army by the Goths in 251 was the +sure presage of the doom of the Roman Power.</p> + +<p>One direct result of the battle in which Decius +was slain was to bring the headquarters of the +Roman Empire to the Balkan Peninsula. It +was found that a better stand could be made +against the tide of Gothic invasion from a new +capital closer to the Scythian frontier. Constantinople +was planned and built, and became<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +the capital of the Roman Empire (<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 330), and +thus brought to the Balkan stage the death throes +of the mightiest world-power that history has +known. From that date it is wise for the sake +of clearness to speak of the Roman Empire as +the Greek Empire, though it was some time after +its settlement in Constantinople before it became +rather Greek than Roman in character.</p> + +<p>With the issue between the Goths and the +Greek Empire, in which peaceful agreements often +interrupted for a while fierce campaigns, I cannot +deal here at any length. It soaked the Balkan +Peninsula deep in blood. But it was only the +first of the horrors that were to mark the death +of the Empire. Late in the fourth century of +the Christian Era there burst into the Balkans +from the steppes of Astrakhan and the Caucasus—from +very much the same district that was afterwards +to supply the Bulgars and the Serbs—the +Tartar hordes of the Huns. Of these Huns there +is a vivid contemporary Gothic account.</p> + +<blockquote><p class="p2b">We have ascertained that the nation of the Huns, +who surpassed all others in atrocity, came thus into +being. When Filimer, fifth king of the Goths after +their departure from Sweden, was entering Scythia, +with his people, as we have before described, he found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +among them certain sorcerer-women, whom they called +in their native tongue Haliorunnas (or Al-runas), whom +he suspected and drove forth from the midst of his +army into the wilderness. The unclean spirits that +wander up and down in desert places, seeing these +women, made concubines of them; and from this union +sprang that most fierce people [of the Huns], who were +at first little, foul, emaciated creatures, dwelling among +the swamps, and possessing only the shadow of human +speech by way of <a id="language"></a>language.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/img_027.jpg" width="550" height="399" alt="the walls of Constantinople from the seven towers" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"> +<i>Sébah & Joaillier</i></span><br /> +</p> +<p class="center"><b>THE WALLS OF CONSTANTINOPLE FROM THE SEVEN TOWERS</b></p> +</div> +<p class="p2">With the Alani especially, who were as good warriors +as themselves, but somewhat less brutal in appearance +and manner of life, they had many a struggle, but at +length they wearied out and subdued them. For, in +truth, they derived an unfair advantage from the intense +hideousness of their countenances. Nations whom +they would never have vanquished in fair fight fled +horrified from those frightful—faces I can hardly call +them, but rather—shapeless black collops of flesh, with +little points instead of eyes. No hair on their cheeks +or chins gives grace to adolescence or dignity to age, but +deep furrowed scars instead, down the sides of their +faces, show the impress of the iron which with characteristic +ferocity they apply to every male child that +is born among them, drawing blood from its cheeks +before it is allowed its first taste of milk. They are +little in stature, but lithe and active in their motions, +and especially skilful in riding, broad-shouldered, good +at the use of the bow and arrows, with sinewy necks, +and always holding their heads high in their pride. To +sum up, these beings under the form of man hide the +fierce nature of the beast!</p></blockquote> + +<p>Not a lovable people the Huns clearly:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +and the modern peoples who have some slight +ancestral kinship with them hate to be reminded +of the fact. I remember the fierce indignation +which a French war correspondent aroused in +Bulgarian breasts by his description—which had +eluded the censor—of the passage of a great +Bulgarian train of ox wagons because he compared +it to the passage of the Huns.</p> + +<p>The Huns were, with the exception of the +Persians who had vainly attacked the Greek +States at an earlier period, the first successful +Asiatic invaders of Europe. For a full century +they ravaged the Empire, and the Balkan +Peninsula felt the chief force of their barbarian +rage. By the fifth century the waves of the Hun +invasions had died away, leaving distinct traces of +the Hunnish race in the Balkans. The Gepidae, +the Lombards, and later the Hungarians and the +Tartars then took up the task of ravaging the +unhappy land which as the chief seat of power of +the Greek Empire found itself the first objective +of every invader because of that dignity and yet +but poorly protected by that power. Constantinople +was never taken by these barbarians, but +at some periods little else than its walls stood +secure against their ravages.</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> + +<p>Meanwhile the first Saracens had appeared +in the Peninsula, curiously enough not as invaders +nor as enemies, but as mercenary soldiers in the +army of the Greek Empire fighting against the +Goths. To a Gothic chronicler we are again +indebted for a vivid picture of these Saracens, +"riding almost naked into battle, their long +black hair streaming in the wind, wont to spring +with a melancholy howl upon their chosen victim +in battle and to suck his life-blood, biting at his +throat." Perhaps the Gothic war correspondent +of the day studied picturesqueness more than +accuracy, like some of his modern successors. +But, without a doubt, the first contact with +Asiatics, whether Huns or Saracens, gave to the +European peoples a horror and a terror which +had never been inspired by their battles among +themselves—battles by no means bloodless or +merciful. As the Asiatic waves of invasion later +developed in strength the unhappy Balkan +Peninsula was doomed to feel their full force as +they poured across the Bosphorus from Asia +Minor, and across the Danube from the north-eastern +Asiatic steppes.</p> + +<p>It would be vain to attempt to chronicle even +in the barest outline all the horrors inflicted upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +the Balkans from the date of the first invasion +of the Huns in the fourth century to the first +invasion of the Turks in the fourteenth century. +To say that those ten centuries were filled with +bloodshed suffices. But they also saw the +development of the Balkan nationalities of to-day, +and cannot therefore be passed over without +some attention. Let us then glance at each +Balkan nation during that period.</p> + +<p><i>Roumania</i>, inhabited by the people of the old +Roman-Dacian colony, stood full in the way of +the Northern invasions of Goths, of Huns, of +Hungarians, of Tartars. It was almost submerged. +But in the thirteenth century the +country benefited by the coming of Teutonic +and Norman knights. The two kingdoms or +principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (which, +combined, make up modern Roumania) were +founded in this century.</p> + +<p><i>Bulgaria.</i>—In the seventh century Slavs had +begun to settle in Bulgaria. The Bulgars or +Volgars followed. They were akin to the Tartars +and the Turks. Together Slavs and Bulgars +formed the Bulgarian national type and founded +a very robust nation which was almost constantly +at war with the Greek Empire (with its capital<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +at Constantinople). At times Bulgaria seriously +threatened Constantinople and the Greek +Empire. A boastful inscription in the Church +of the Forty Martyrs at Tirnovo, the ancient +capital of Bulgaria, records:</p> + +<blockquote><p>In the year 1230, I, John Asên, Czar and Autocrat +of the Bulgarians, obedient to God in Christ, son of the +old Asên, have built this most worthy church from its +foundations, and completely decked it with paintings +in honour of the Forty holy Martyrs, by whose help, +in the 12th year of my reign, when the Church had just +been painted, I set out to Roumania to the war and +smote the Greek army and took captive the Czar Theodore +Komnenus with all his nobles. And all lands have +I conquered from Adrianople to Durazzo, the Greek, the +Albanian, and the Serbian land. Only the towns round +Constantinople and that city itself did the Franks hold; +but these too bowed themselves beneath the hand of +my sovereignty, for they had no other Czar but me, and +prolonged their days according to my will, as God had +so ordained. For without him no word or work is +accomplished. To him be honour for ever. Amen.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The wars were carried on under conditions +of mutual ferocity which still rule in Bulgarian-Grecian +conflicts. An incident of one campaign +was that the Greek Emperor, Basil, the Bulgar-slayer, +having captured a Bulgarian army, had +the eyes torn out of all the men and sent them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +home blinded, leaving, however, one eye to every +centurion, so that the poor mutilated wretches +might have guides. In the early part of the +fourteenth century a Bulgarian Czar, Michael, +almost captured Constantinople. He formed a +league with the Roumanians and the Greeks +against the Serbs, who were at the time promising +to become the paramount power of the peninsula. +But Czar Michael was defeated by the Serbs and +Bulgaria became dependent upon Serbia, which +was the position of affairs at the time of the +first serious Turkish invasion of the Balkan +Peninsula.</p> + +<p><i>Serbia.</i>—Invading tribes of Don Cossacks began +to come in great numbers to the Balkan Peninsula +in the sixth century. In the seventh century +they were encouraged by the Greek Empire to +settle in Serbia, on condition of paying tribute +to Constantinople. They set up a kind of aristocratic +republic of a Slav type. In the ninth +century they began to fight with the neighbouring +and kindred Bulgarians. Early in the tenth +century (<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 917) the Bulgarians almost effaced +Serbia from the map; but the Serbs recovered after +half a century, only to come shortly afterwards +under the sway of the Greeks. In the eleventh<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +century the Serbians held a very strong position +and were able to harass the Greek Empire at +Constantinople. They entered into friendly +relations with the Pope of Rome, and for some +time contemplated following the Roman rather +than the Eastern Church. In the twelfth century +King Stephen of Serbia was a valued ally of +the Greek Empire against the Venetians. He +established Serbia as a European "Power," and +the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa visited his +court at Belgrade. This king was the first of +a succession of able and brave monarchs, and +Serbia enjoyed a period of stable prosperity and +power unusually lengthy for the Balkans. Except +for the strife between the Eastern and Roman +Catholic Churches for supremacy in Serbia, the +nation was at peace within her own borders, and +enjoyed not only a military but an economic +predominance in the Balkans. Mining and handicrafts +were developed, education encouraged, +and the national organisation reached fully to +the average standard of European civilisation +at the time. By 1275 the Serbs were the chief +power in the Balkans. They defeated the Greeks, +marched right down to the Aegean and reached +the famous monastery of Mount Athos, to which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +the first King Stephen (Nemanya) had retired +in 1195 when he abdicated.</p> + +<p class="p4b">In 1303 the Serbians forgot their quarrel with +the Greeks and helped them against the Turks, +undertaking an invasion of Asia Minor. In 1315 +they again saved the Greek Empire from the +Turks. When in 1336 Stephen Dushan, the +greatest of Serbian kings, who has been compared +to Napoleon because of his military genius and +capacity for statesmanship, came to the throne, +Bulgaria was under the suzerainty of Serbia, and +the Serb monarch ruled over all that area comprised +within the boundaries of Bulgaria, Serbia, +Albania, Montenegro, and Greece by the recent +treaty of Bucharest (1913). King Stephen +Dushan was not only a great military leader, he +was also a law-maker and a patron of learning. +His death on December 13, 1356, at the Gates of +Constantinople—he is said to have been poisoned—opened +the way for the Turkish occupation +of the Balkan Peninsula. That occupation was +made possible in the first instance by the mutual +jealousies of the Christian peoples of the Balkans. +It was kept in existence for centuries by the same +weaknesses arising from jealousy. In 1912 it +was swept away in a month because in a spasm<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +of common sense the Balkan Christian peoples +had united. In 1913 it was in part restored +because internecine strife had broken out again +among the Balkan natives recently allied. It +will probably continue until the lesson of unity +is learned again.</p> + +<hr class="r33" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="high">CHAPTER II</h2> + +<h4>THE TURK IN THE BALKANS</h4> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">It</span> seems to be difficult to speak without violent +prejudice on the subject of the Turk in the +Balkans. One school of prejudice insists that +the Turk is the finest gentleman in the world, +who has been always the victim and not the +oppressor of the Christian peoples by whose side +he lives, and whose territories he invaded with +the best of motives and with the minimum of +slaughter. The other school of prejudice credits +the Turk with the most abominable cruelty, +treachery, and lust, and will hear no good of +him. In England the issue is largely a political +one. A great Liberal campaign was once founded +on a Turkish massacre of Bulgarians in the +Balkans. That made it a party duty for Liberals +to be pro-Bulgarian and anti-Turk, and almost +a party duty for Conservatives to find all the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +Christian and a few ex-Christian virtues in the +Turk. Before attempting to judge the Turk of +to-day, let us see how he stands in the light of +history. It was in the fourth century that the +first Saracens came to the Balkan Peninsula as +allies of the Greek Empire against the Goths. +They were thus called in by a Christian Power +in the first instance. It was not until the +fourteenth century that the Turks made a serious +attempt to occupy the Balkan Peninsula. They +were helped in their campaign considerably by +the Christian Crusaders, who, incidentally to +their warfare against the Infidel who held the +Holy Sepulchre, had made war on the Greek +Empire, capturing Constantinople, and thus weakening +the power of Christian Europe at its +threshold. Bulgaria, too, refused help to the +Greeks when the Turkish invasion had to be +beaten off. The Turks' coming to the Balkans +was thus largely due to Christian divisions.</p> +<p class="p2b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/img_040.jpg" width="550" height="400" alt="Sancta Sophia, Constantinople" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"><i>Sébah & Joaillier</i></span></p> + +<p class="centerb">SANCTA SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE</p> + +<p class="centerb">Built by Justinian I, consecrated 538, converted into a Mohammedan +mosque 1453. It is now thought that the design of its famous architect, +Anthemius of Tralles, was never completed. The minarets and most of the +erections in the foreground are Turkish</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2">Without being able at the time to capture +Constantinople, the invading Turks occupied +soon a large tract of the Balkan Peninsula. By +1362 they had captured Philippopolis and Eski +Zagora, two important centres of Bulgaria. It +was not a violence to their conscience for some +of the Bulgarian men after this to join the Turkish +army as mercenaries. When the sorely-beset +Greeks sent the Emperor John Paleologos to +appeal for help to the Bulgarians, he was seized +by them and kept as a prisoner.</p> + +<p>A united Balkan Peninsula would have kept +off the Turks, no doubt. But a set of small +nations without any faculty of permanent cohesion, +and hating and distrusting one another +more thoroughly than they did the Turk, could +do nothing. The Balkan nations of the time, +though united they would have been really +powerful, allowed themselves to be taken in +detail and crushed under the heels of an invader +who was alien in blood and in religion. In 1366 +the Bulgarians became the vassals of the Turks, +and the Serbians were defeated at Kossovo. The +fall of the Greek Empire and the subjugation of +Roumania followed in due course, and by the +seventeenth century the Turks had penetrated +to the very walls of Vienna. At one time it +seemed as if all Europe would fall under the +sway of Islam, for, as elsewhere than in the +Balkans, there were Christian States which were +treacherous to their faith. But that happily was +averted. For the Balkan Peninsula, however,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +there were now to be centuries of oppression +and religious persecution. It will be convenient +once again to set forth under three national +headings the chief facts regarding the Turkish +conquest of the Balkans.</p> + +<p><i>Bulgaria.</i>—By 1366 weakness in the field and +civil dissensions had brought Bulgaria to the +humiliation of becoming the vassal of the Turk. +In 1393 the Turks, not content with mere suzerainty, +occupied Bulgaria and converted it into +a Turkish province. In 1398 the Hungarians +and the Wallachians (Roumanians) made a gallant +attempt to free Bulgaria from the Turkish yoke, +but failed. Some of the Bulgarians joined in +with their Turkish conquerors, abandoned the +Christian religion for that of Islam, and were the +ancestors of what are known to-day as the +Pomaks. The rest of the people gave a reluctant +obedience to the Turkish conqueror, preserving +their Christian faith, their Slav tongue, and their +sense of separate nationality. The Greeks, who +had come to some kind of terms with the Turkish +invaders, assisted to bring the Bulgarian people +under subjection. The Greek church and the +Greek tongue rather than the Turkish were +sought to be imposed upon the Bulgarians. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +subject people accepted the situation with occasional +revolts, but more tamely than some other +Balkan nations. It was not a general meek +acquiescence, though it was—possibly by chance, +possibly because of the fact that a racial relationship +existed between conqueror and conquered—not +so fierce in protest as that of the Serbians. +In writing that, I do not follow exactly the Bulgarian +modern view, which represents as much +more vivid the sufferings and the protests of the +Bulgarian people, and ignores altogether the +racial relationship which existed between Bulgarian +and Turk, and enabled a section of the +Bulgarian nation to fall into line with the conqueror +and embrace his religion and his habits +of life, a relationship which to this day shows +its traces in the Bulgarian national life. But in +Balkan history as written locally, there is usually +a certain amount of political deflection from +the facts. A modern Balkan historian, giving +what may be called the official national account +of the times of the Turkish domination, says +(<i>Bulgaria of To-day</i>):</p> + +<blockquote><p>Had the rulers been of the same race and religion as +the vanquished, the subjection might have been more +tolerable. Ottoman domination was not, however, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +simple political domination. Ottoman tyranny was +social as well as political. It was keenly and painfully +felt in private as well as in public life; in social liberty, +manners and morals; in the free development of national +feeling; in short, in the whole scope of human life. +According to our present notions, political domination +does not infringe upon personal liberty, which is sacred +for the conqueror. This is not the case with Turkish +rule. The Bulgarians, like the other Christians of the +Balkan Peninsula, were, both collectively and individually, +slaves. The life, possessions, and honour of +private individuals were in constant peril. The bulk +of the people, after several generations, calmed down +to passivity and inertia. From time to time the more +vigorous element, the strongest individualities, protested. +Some Bulgarian whose sister had been carried +off to the harem of some pasha would take to the +mountains and make war on the oppressors. The +haidukes and voivodes, celebrated in the national songs, +kept up in mountain fastnesses that spirit of liberty +which later was to serve as a cement to unite the new +Bulgarian nation.</p> + +<p>But it is a noteworthy fact that the Osmanlis, being +themselves but little civilised, did not attempt to assimilate +the Bulgarians in the sense in which civilised +nations try to effect the intellectual and ethnic assimilation +of a subject race. Except in isolated cases, where +Bulgarian girls or young men were carried off and forced +to adopt Mohammedanism, the government never took +any general measures to impose Mohammedanism or +assimilate the Bulgarians to the Moslems. The Turks +prided themselves on keeping apart from the Bulgarians, +and this was fortunate for our nationality. Contented +with their political supremacy and pleased to feel themselves<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +masters, the Turks did not trouble about the +spiritual life of the <i>rayas</i>, except to try to trample out +all desires for independence. All these circumstances +contributed to allow the Bulgarian people, crushed and +ground down by the Turkish yoke, to concentrate and +preserve its own inner spiritual life. They formed religious +communities attached to the churches. These +had a certain amount of autonomy, and, beside seeing +after the churches, could keep schools. The national +literature, full of the most poetic melancholy, handed +down from generation to generation and developed by +tradition, still tells us of the life of the Bulgarians under +the Ottoman yoke. In these popular songs, the memory +of the ancient Bulgarian kingdom is mingled with +the sufferings of the present hour. The songs of this +period are remarkable for the oriental character of +their times, and this is almost the sole trace of Moslem +influence.</p> + +<p>In spite of the vigilance of the Turks, the religious +associations served as centres to keep alive the national +feeling.</p></blockquote> + +<p>A conquered people which was allowed to +keep up its religious institutions (with "a certain +amount of autonomy"), and later to found +national schools ("to keep alive the national +feeling"), was not exactly ground to the dust. +And truth compels the admission that Bulgaria +under Turkish rule enjoyed a certain amount +of material prosperity. When the Russian +liberators of the nineteenth century came to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> +Bulgaria they found the peasants far more +comfortable than were the Russian peasants of +the day. The atrocities in Bulgaria which +shocked Europe in 1875 were not the continuance +of a settled policy of cruelty and rapine. They +were the ferocious reprisals chiefly of Turkish +Bashi-Bazouks (irregulars) following upon a Bulgarian +rising. The Turks felt that they had been +making an honest effort to promote the interests +of the Bulgarian province. They had just satisfied +a Bulgarian aspiration by allowing of the +formation of an independent Bulgarian church, +though this meant giving grave offence to the +Greeks. Probably they felt that they had a real +grievance against the Bulgars. After the Bulgarian +atrocities of 1875 there ended the Turkish +domination of the country.</p> + +<p><i>Serbia.</i>—In December 1356 the great Serbian +king, Stephen Dushan, soldier, administrator, and +economist, died before the walls of Constantinople, +and the one hope of the Balkan Peninsula making +a stand against the Turks was ended. Shortly +after, the Turks had occupied Adrianople, their +first capital in Europe, defeating heavily a +combined Serbian and Greek army. Later the +Serbian forces were again defeated by the great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> +Turkish sultan Amurath I., and the Serbian king +was killed on the battle-field. King Lazar, who +succeeded to the Serbian throne, made some +headway against the invaders, but in 1389, at +the Battle of Kossovo, the Serbian Empire came +tumbling to ruins. The Turkish leader, Amurath, +was killed in the fight, but his son Bajayet +proved another Amurath and pressed home the +victory. Serbia became a vassal state of Turkey.</p> + +<p>But there was to be still a period of fierce +resistance to the Turk. In 1413 the Turks, +dissatisfied with the attitude of the Serbs, entered +upon a new invasion of the territory of +Serbia. In 1440 Sultan Amurath II. again overran +the country and conquered it definitely, +imposing not merely vassalage but armed occupation +on its people. John Hunyad, "the White +Knight of Wallachia," came to the rescue of the +Serbs, and Amurath II. was driven back. An +alliance between Serbs and Hungarians kept the +Turk at bay for a time, and in 1444 Serbia could +claim to be free once again. But the respite was +a brief one. In 1453 Constantinople fell to the +Turks, and the full tide of their strengthened +and now undivided power was turned upon +Serbia. A siege of Belgrade in 1457 was repulsed, +but in 1459 Serbia was conquered and annexed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +to European Turkey. Lack of unity among the +Serbs themselves had contributed greatly to the +national doom, but on the whole the Serbs had +put up a gallant fight against the Turks. And +even now a section of them, the Montenegrins, +in their mountain fastnesses kept their liberty, +and through all the centuries that were to follow +never yielded to the Crescent.</p> + +<p class="p2b">The condition of the Serbs in the fifteenth and +sixteenth centuries was very unhappy. They +could come to no manner of contentment with +Turkish rule, and sporadic revolts were frequent. +At times the Hungarians from the other side of +the Danube came to the aid of the revolters, but +never in such strength as to shake seriously the +Turkish power. Very many of the Serbs left +their country in despair and sought refuge under +the Austrian flag. To-day a big Serb element, +under the flag of Austro-Hungaria, is one of the +racial difficulties of the Dual <a id="Monarchy"></a>Monarchy.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img_049.jpg" width="400" height="500" alt="King Peter of Serbia" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"><i>Underwood & Underwood</i></span></p> + +<p class="centerb">KING PETER OF SERBIA</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2">The Serb exiles carried to their new homes +their old sympathies, and largely because of +their efforts Austria in 1788 went to the rescue +of Serbia, and for a brief while the land again +was free. But the Turkish power returned and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +Serbia stumbled blindly, painfully through years +of reprisals, which culminated in the great +massacre of Serbs by Turks in 1804, which, like +the Turkish massacre of Bulgarians in 1875, +really declared the doom of the Turkish power +in the country. Following this massacre George +Petrovic, "Black George," or "<i>Kara</i> George," +as the Serbians knew him, raised the standard +of revolt among his countrymen. He was a fierce +blood-stained man, this first liberator of the Serbs, +a man on whose head was the blood of his father +and his brother. His grim character was fitted +for his grim task. The story of that task will +come better within the scope of a following +chapter, which will tell of the liberation of the +Balkans from the Turks.</p> + +<p><i>Roumania.</i>—It was not until 1391 that the +Turks crossed the Danube and attacked the +kingdoms of Wallachia and Moldavia, and reduced +Wallachia to the position of a tributary +state. King Mirtsched made a gallant fight +against the invaders, but the Turks proved too +strong. That was the beginning of a Turkish +dominance of Roumania, which was never so +complete as that exercised over Bulgaria and +Serbia, but left the two Roumanian kingdoms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +of Wallachia and Moldavia as vassal states. +Mutual jealousy between them prevented effective +operations against the Turk, and helped to make +their vassalage possible. In the fifteenth century +both kingdoms had great rulers. Wallachia was +ruled by Vlad the Impaler, an able but cruel man, +who seems to have earned the infamy of inventing +a form of torture still practised in the Balkans +as a matter of religious proselytising, that of +sitting the victim on a sharp stake, and leaving +him to die slowly as the stake penetrated his +body. Moldavia had as king Stephen the +Great, who has no such ghastly reputation of +cruelty. But able princes could effect little with +communities weakened by the luxury of the +nobles and the helpless poverty of the serfs. +Still, the Roumanians had intervals of victory. +In the sixteenth century Michael the Brave +(whose memory is commemorated by a statue in +Bucharest) drove the Turks back as far as +Adrianople, liberating Roumania and Bulgaria. +He annexed Moldavia and Transylvania to Wallachia, +and was in a sense the founder of modern +Roumania. But the union thus effected was +not enduring and the Turkish ascendancy grew +stronger. The Turkish suzerain forced upon the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +Roumanian peoples governors of the Greek race, +who carried on the work of oppression and +spoliation with an industrious effectiveness quite +beyond the capacity of the Turk, who at his worst +is a fitful and indolent tyrant.</p> + +<p>In the last quarter of the seventeenth century +the Russian Power began to take a close interest +in Roumania. In 1711 there was a definite +Russian-Roumanian alliance. By this time the +Roumanians were resolutely hostile to the Turkish +domination. True, they had been spared most +of the cruelties which were in Servia a customary +and in Bulgaria an occasional concomitant of +Turkish rule. But they were deeply injured by +the corrupt, the luxurious, the exacting administration +of the Greek rulers forced upon them by +the Turkish government. Though they suffered +little from massacre they suffered much from +"squeeze." There was not only the greed of +the Turk but the greed of the intermediate Greek +to be satisfied. From 1711 until the final +liberation of Roumania, Roumanian sympathies +were generally with the Russians in the frequent +wars waged by them against Turkey. In 1770 +the Russians occupied Roumania and freed it +for a time from the Turk, but in 1774 the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +Roumanians went back to the Turkish suzerainty. +During the Napoleonic wars Russia gave Roumania +some reason to doubt the disinterestedness +of her friendship by annexing the rich province +of Bessarabia, a part of the natural territory of +the Roumanian people. The year 1821 saw the +outbreak of the Greek war of independence, in +which Roumania took no part, having as little +love for the Greek as for the Turk. She won one +advantage for herself from the war, the right to +have her native rulers under Turkish suzerainty. +In 1828, as a result of a Russo-Turkish war, +Roumania won almost complete freedom, conditional +only on tribute being continued to be +paid to the Sultan. She found a new master, +however, in Russia, and was forced to keep up a +Russian garrison within her borders, nominally +as a protection against Turkey, really as a safeguard +against the growth in her own people of +a spirit of national independence. The Crimean +War (1853) freed Roumania from this Russian +garrison, and in 1856 the Treaty of Paris declared +Roumania to be an independent principality +under Turkish suzerainty.</p> +<p class="p2b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 378px;"> +<img src="images/img_056.jpg" width="378" height="500" alt="King Nicolas of Montenegro" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"><i>Underwood & Underwood</i></span></p> + +<p class="centerb">KING NICOLAS OF MONTENEGRO</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2"><i>Montenegro.</i>—The existence of Montenegro +as a separate Balkan state dates back to the +Battle of Kossovo. The Montenegrin is a Serbian +Highlander, and whilst the Serbian Empire +flourished, claimed for himself no separate national +entity. When, however, the rest of Serbia was +subjugated by the Turks, "the Black Mountain" +held out, and there gathered within its little area +of rocky hill fastnesses the free remnants of the +Serbian race. The story of that little nation is +quite the most wonderful in all the world. It +transcends Sparta, and makes the fighting record +of the Swiss seem tame. At the height of its +power Montenegro had a population of perhaps +8000 males, and little source of riches from mines, +from trade, or even from fertile agricultural +land. Yet Montenegro kept the Turks from her +own territory, and was able at times to give +valuable help to the rest of Europe in withstanding +the invasion of Islam.</p> + +<p>The system of government instituted was +that of a theocratic despotism: the head of the +nation was its chief bishop, and he had the right +to nominate a nephew (not a son—as a bishop of +the Greek Communion he would be celibate) +to succeed him. The Montenegrin dynasty was +founded in 1696 by King Danilo I., and has +endured to this day, though recently the functions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +of the chief priest and king have been separated, +and the present monarch is purely a civil ruler.</p> + +<p class="p2b">It is not possible here to give even the barest +mention of the leading facts in the proud history +of little Montenegro. In the seventeenth century +she was the valued friend of Venice against the +Turks; in the eighteenth century she was aided +by Peter the Great of Russia; later she met without +being subdued the warlike power of Napoleon. +All the time, during every century, every year +almost, there was constant warfare with the Turks. +One campaign lasted without interruption from +1424 to 1436, and was marked by over sixty +battles. The little population of the patch of +rocks in the mountains was worn down by this +incessant fighting, but was recruited by a steady +flow of exiles from other parts of the Balkan +Peninsula, anxious for freedom and for revenge +on the Turk. Sometimes the tide of battle went +sorely against the mountaineers, and almost all +their country was put under the heel of the +Moslem. But always one eyrie was kept for the +free eagles, and from it they swooped down with +renewed strength to send the invader once again +across their borders. Repeatedly the Turk levied +great armies for the conquest of Montenegro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +(once the Turkish force reached to the number +of 80,000). Repeatedly great European Powers +which had proffered help or had been begged for +help failed little Montenegro at a crisis. But never +were the stout hearts of the Black Mountain +quelled. In 1484, when Zablak had to be +evacuated and the whole nation was confined to +the little mountain fortress of Cettinje, Ivan the +Black offered to his people the choice of ending +the war and making peace with the Turks. They +rejected the idea, and swore to stand by the +freedom of Montenegro until the last. The oath +was never broken. Right down to 1832 a free +Montenegro faced Turkey. In that year the +Turks, despairing of an occupation of the country, +suggested that Montenegro should agree at least +to pay tribute. That offer was rejected and yet +another war entered upon. A war against Austria +followed, in which the desperate Montenegrins +used the type of their printing presses to make +bullets for the <a id="soldiers"></a>soldiers.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 398px;"> +<img src="images/img_060.jpg" width="398" height="500" alt="Montenegrin troops" /> +<p class="center"><span class="caption">MONTENEGRIN TROOPS</span></p> + +<p class="centerb">Weekly Drill and Inspection of Weapons</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2">That there was lead type to be so used +shows that the Montenegrins had not altogether +neglected the arts of peace. In 1493 a printing +press had been set up in Cettinje and the first +Montenegrin book printed in the Cyrillic character.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> +During the next century this printing +press was kept busy with the issue of the Gospels +and psalters under the rule of the brave Bishop +Babylas. The state of Montenegro at this time +aroused the admiration of the Venetians, and +there is extant a book in praise of Montenegro +written in 1614 by a Venetian noble, Mariano +Bolizza.</p> + +<p>When the time came for the other Balkan +States to throw off the Turkish yoke Montenegro +was not reluctant to join in the movement for +liberation, and she was later first in the field +in the campaign of 1912.</p> + +<p class="p2b">This very brief record of the leading facts of +Balkan history has now brought each of the +peoples up to the stage at which the final and +successful effort was made with the help of +Russia to drive the Turks out of Balkan territory. +The story of that effort will be told in the succeeding +chapter.</p> + +<hr class="r33" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER III</h2> + +<h4>THE FALL OF THE TURKISH POWER</h4> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">In</span> the nineteenth century the Turkish dominion +was pushed back in all directions from the +Balkan Peninsula. At the dawn of that century +Montenegro was the only Balkan state entirely +free from occupation, vassalage, or the duty of +tribute to the Sublime Porte. At the close of +that century Montenegro, Serbia, Roumania, +Greece, and Bulgaria were all practically free +and self-governing.</p> + +<p>In 1804, as has been recorded, Kara George +in Serbia raised the standard of revolt against +Turkey. In 1806 the Serbs defeated the Turks +in a pitched battle, and for a moment Serbia was +free. But in 1812 when the Turkish power +resolved upon a great invasion of Serbia, the heart +of Kara George failed him and he left his country +to its fate, taking refuge in Austria. Thus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +deserted by their leader, the Serbs did not abandon +the struggle altogether. Milosh Obrenovic stepped +to the front as the national champion, and though +he could make no stand against the Turkish +troops in the open field he kept up an active +revolt from a base in the mountains. The +contest for national liberty went on with varying +fortune. Troubles at this time were thickening +around Turkey, and whenever she was engaged +in war with Russia the oppressed nationalities +within her borders took the opportunity to strike +a blow for liberty. By 1839—it is not possible +to make a record of all the dynastic changes +and revolutions which filled the years 1812-1839—Serbia +was practically free, with the payment +of an annual tribute to Turkey as her only bond. +During the Crimean War she kept her neutrality +as between Russia and Turkey. The Treaty of +Paris (1856) confirmed her territorial independence, +subject to the payment of a tribute to +Turkey. In 1867 the Turkish garrisons were +withdrawn from Serbia; but the tribute was +still left in existence until the date of the Treaty +of Berlin.</p> +<p class="p2b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 353px;"> +<img src="images/img_066.jpg" width="353" height="500" alt="The King of Roumania" /> + +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"><i>Exclusive News Agency</i></span></p> + +<p class="centerb">THE KING OF ROUMANIA</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2"> +Roumania in 1828 (then Wallachia and +Moldavia) had won her territorial independence +of Turkey subject only to payment of a tribute. +The Treaty of Paris (1856) left her under a +nominal suzerainty to Turkey. In 1859 the +two kingdoms united to form Roumania, and in +1866 the late King Charles, as the result of +a revolution, was elected prince of the united +kingdom.</p> + +<p>Bulgaria had remained a fairly contented +Turkish province until the rising of 1875, and its +cruel suppression by the Bashi-Bazouks. As a +direct consequence of that massacre European +diplomacy turned its serious attention to the +Balkan Peninsula, and at a Conference demands +were made upon Turkey for a comprehensive +reform applying to Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, +Herzegovina, and Bulgaria. The proposed +reform was particularly drastic as applied +to Bulgaria, which was still in effect Turkish +territory, whilst all the other districts had +achieved a practical freedom. It was proposed +to create two Bulgarian provinces divided into +Sandjaks and Kazas as administrative units, +these to be subdivided into districts. Christian +and Mohammedans were to be settled homogeneously +in these districts. Each district was +to have at its head a mayor and a district council,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> +elected by universal suffrage, and was to enjoy +entire autonomy in local affairs. Several districts +would form a Sandjak with a prefect (<i>mutessarif</i>) +at its head who was to be Christian or Mohammedan, +according to the majority of the population +of the Sandjak. He would be proposed by +the Governor-General, and nominated by the +Porte for four years. Finally, every two Sandjaks +were to be administered by a Christian Governor-General +nominated by the Porte for five years, +with consent of the Powers. He would govern +the province with the help of a provincial assembly, +composed of representatives chosen by the district +councils for a term of four years. This assembly +would nominate an administrative council. The +provincial assembly would be summoned every +year to decide the budget and the redivision of +taxes. The armed force was to be concentrated +in the towns and there would be local militia +besides. The language of the predominant +nationality was to be employed, as well as +Turkish. Finally, a Commission of International +Control was to supervise the execution of these +reforms.</p> + +<p class="p2b">The Sublime Porte was still haggling about +these reforms when Russia lost patience and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +declared war upon Turkey on April 12, 1877. +Moving through the friendly territory of +Roumania, Russia attacked the Turkish forces +in Bulgarian territory. In that war the Russians +found that the Turks were a gallant foe, and +the issue seemed to hang in the balance until +Roumania and Bulgaria went actively to the +help of the Russian forces. The Roumanian +aid was exceedingly valuable. Prince Charles +crossed the Danube at the head of 28,000 foot +soldiers and 4000 cavalry. He was appointed +Commander-in-Chief of the forces against Plevna, +and his soldiers were chiefly responsible for the +taking of the Grivica Redoubt which turned the +tide of victory against the Turks. The Bulgarians +did but little during the campaign: it was not +possible that they should do much seeing that +they could only put irregulars in the field. Nevertheless +some high personal reputations for courage +were made. During my stay with the Bulgarian +army in 1912 I noted that there were of the +military officers three classes, the men who had +graduated in foreign military colleges—usually +Petrograd,—very smart, very insistent on +their military dignity, speaking usually three or +four languages; officers who had been educated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +at the Military College, Sofia; and the older +Bulgarian type, dating sometimes from before +the War of Liberation. Of these last the outstanding +figure was General Nicolaieff, who as captain +of a Bulgarian company rushed a Turkish battery +beneath Shipka after the Russians had been held +up so long that they were in despair. A fine +stalwart figure General Nicolaieff showed when +I met him at Yamboli, a hospital base town of +which he was military commandant. Another +soldier of the War of Liberation, a captain in rank, +I travelled with for a day once between Kirk +Kilisse and Chorlu. We chummed up and shared +a meal of meat balls cooked with onions, rough +country wine (these from his stores), and dates +and biscuits (from my stores). He spoke neither +English nor French, but a Bulgarian doctor +who spoke French acted as interpreter, and the +old officer, who after long entreaty at last had +got leave to go down to the front in spite of his +age, yarned about the hardships and tragedies of +the fighting around Stara Zagora and the Shipka +Pass. Some of the Bulgarians, he said, took +the field with no other arms than staves and +knives, and got their first rifles from the dead of +the battle-<a id="fields"></a>fields.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 405px;"> +<img src="images/img_071.jpg" width="405" height="500" alt="The Shipka Pass" /> +<span class="caption">THE SHIPKA PASS</span> +</div> + +<p class="p2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +Serbia took a hand in this campaign, too, +though she hesitated for some time, going to the +aid of Russia through fear of Austria. Beginning +late, at a time when the mountains were covered +in the winter snows, the Serbians suffered severely +from the weather, but won notable victories +at Pirot, at Nish, and at Vranga. The Turks +were in full retreat on Constantinople when the +armistice and Treaty of San Stefano put an end +to the war.</p> + +<p>It seems to be one of the standing rules of +Balkan wars and Balkan peace treaties that +those who do the work shall not reap the reward, +and that a policy of standing by and waiting is +the wisest and most profitable. In this Russo-Turkish +war the Roumanians had done invaluable +work for the Russian cause. In return the +Treaty of San Stefano robbed them shamefully. +The Bulgarians had done little, except to stain +the arms of the allies with a series of massacres +of the Turks in reprisal for the previous atrocities +inflicted upon them by the Bashi-Bazouks. The +Bulgarians were awarded a tremendous prize +of territory. If the grant had been confirmed +it would have made Bulgaria the paramount +power of the Balkan Peninsula. By the Treaty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +of San Stefano, Bulgaria was made an autonomous +principality subject to Turkey, with a Christian +government and national militia. The Prince +of Bulgaria was to be freely chosen by the people +and accepted by the Sublime Porte, with the +consent of the Powers. As regards internal +government, it was agreed that an assembly of +notables, presided over by an Imperial Commissioner +and attended by a Turkish Commissioner, +should meet at Philippopolis or Tirnova +before the election of the Prince to draw up a +constitutional statute similar to those of the +other Danubian principalities after the Treaty +of Adrianople in 1830. The boundaries of +Bulgaria were to include all that is now Bulgaria, +and the greater part of Thrace and Macedonia.</p> + +<p>The European Congress of Berlin which revised +the Treaty of San Stefano recognised that the +motive of Russia was to create in Bulgaria a +vast but weak state, which would obediently +serve her interests and in time fall into her hands: +and that the injury proposed to be done to +Roumania was inspired by a desire to limit the +progress of a courageous but an unfortunately +independent-minded friend. The Congress was +suspicious of the Bulgarian arrangement, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +clipped off much of the territory assigned to the +new principality. The injury done to Roumania +was allowed to stand. Then, as in 1912-1913, +when Balkan boundaries were again under the +discussion of an inter-European Conference, the +vital interests of the great Powers surrounding +the Balkan Peninsula were to keep its peoples +divided and weak. Both Russia and Austria +had more or less defined territorial ambitions in +the Balkans: and it suited neither Power to see +any one Balkan state rise to such a standard +of greatness as would enable it to take the lead in +a Balkan Union. Especially was it not the wish +of Austria that any Balkan state should grow +to be so strong as to kill definitely the hope she +cherished of extending down the Adriatic and +towards the Aegean.</p> + +<p>By the Treaty of Berlin, which followed the +Congress of Berlin, the greater part of the Balkan +Peninsula was freed altogether from Turkish +rule. Roumania and Serbia were relieved from +all suggestion of tribute or vassalage. Bulgaria +was left subject to a tribute (which was very +quickly afterwards repudiated). Where the +Turkish power was left in existence in European +Turkey it was a threatened existence, for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> +newly freed Christian peoples began at once to +conspire to help to freedom their nationals left +still under Turkish rule. The war of 1912 began +to be prepared in 1878.</p> + +<p>There was, however, a period of comparative +peace. Roumania, though discontented, decided +to bide her time. Her prince was crowned king +with a crown made from the metal of Turkish +cannon taken at Plevna. That was the only hint +that she gave of keeping in mind the greatness of +her services which had been so poorly rewarded.</p> + +<p class="p2b">Montenegro, whilst deprived of the great and +the well-deserved expansion which the Treaty of +San Stefano offered, had some benefit from the +Treaty of Berlin. The area of the kingdom was +doubled and it won access to the Adriatic. A +little later the harbour of Dulcigno was ceded to +Montenegro by Turkey under pressure from the +Powers, and she was left with only one notable +grievance, that of being shut off from Serbia by +the Sanjak of Novi-Bazar, which Austria secured +for Turkey, apparently with the idea of one day +seizing it on her way down to <a id="Salonica"></a>Salonica.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 349px;"> +<img src="images/img_077.jpg" width="349" height="500" alt="King Ferdinand of Bulgaria" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"><i>Chusseau Flaviens</i></span></p> +<p class="centerb">KING FERDINAND OF BULGARIA</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2">Serbia increased her territory by one-fourth +under the Treaty of Berlin, but was not allowed +to extend towards the Adriatic, and, nurturing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +as she did a dream of reviving the old Serbian +Empire, was but poorly satisfied.</p> + +<p>Bulgaria, if it had not been for the promises +of the Treaty of San Stefano, might have been +fairly content with the provisions of the Treaty +of Berlin. She had been the first nation in the +Balkans to yield to the Turks. She had allowed +her sons to act as mercenary soldiers to aid the +Turks against other Christians: and during the +period of oppression she had suffered less than +any from the rigours of the invader, had protested +less than any by force of arms. Yet now she +was given freedom as a gift won largely by the +sacrifices of others. But, though having the +most reason to be content, Bulgaria was the +least contented of all the Balkan States. The +restless ambition of the people guiding her +destinies was manifested in an internal revolution +which displaced the first prince (Alexander of +Battenberg) and put on the throne the present +king (Ferdinand of Coburg). Bulgaria, too, +repudiated the friendly tutelage which Russia +wished to exercise over her destinies.</p> + +<p class="p2b">The territorial settlement made by the Berlin +Treaty was first broken by Bulgaria. That +treaty had cut the ethnological Bulgaria into two,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +leaving the southern half as a separate province +under the name of Eastern Rumelia. In 1885 +Eastern Rumelia was annexed to Bulgaria with +the glad consent of its inhabitants, but in spite +of the wishes of Russia. Serbia saw in this the +threat of a Bulgarian hegemony in the Balkans, +and demanded some territorial compensation for +herself. This was refused. War followed. The +Bulgarians were victorious at the Battle of +Slivnitza, an achievement which was in great +measure due to the organising ability of Prince +Alexander. The victory secured Rumelia for +Bulgaria. But no sense of gratitude to Prince +Alexander survived, and the Russian intrigue +which secured his abdication and flight was +undoubtedly aided by a large section of the +Bulgarian people. Stambouloff, a peasant leader +of the Bulgarians and its greatest personality +since the War of Liberation, was faithful to +Alexander, but was not able to <a id="save_him"></a>save him.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_081.jpg" width="600" height="403" alt="King Ferdinand's Bodyguard" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"> +<i>Underwood & Underwood</i></span> +</p> + +<p class="centerb">KING FERDINAND'S BODYGUARD</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2">The Bulgarian throne after Alexander's abdication +was offered to the King of Roumania. The +acceptance of the offer would possibly have led +to a real Balkan Federation. The united power +of Roumania and Bulgaria, exercised wisely, +could have gently pressed the other Balkan +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> +peoples into a union. That, however, would +have suited the aims neither of Russia nor of +Austria, the two Empires which guided the +destinies of the Balkans, chiefly in the light of +their own selfish ends. The Roumanian king +refused the throne of Bulgaria, and in 1887 +Prince Ferdinand of Coburg became Prince of +the State. It was not long before he fell out +with Stambouloff, the able but personally unamenable +patriot who chiefly had made modern +Bulgaria. In the conflict between the two Prince +Ferdinand proved the stronger. Stambouloff +was dismissed from office, and in 1895 was assassinated +in the streets of Sofia. No attempt was +made to punish his murderers.</p> + +<p>In 1908 Bulgaria shook off the last shred of +dependence to Turkey. The bold action was the +crown of a clever diplomatic intrigue by Prince +Ferdinand. Since the murder of Stambouloff +the Prince had been sedulously cultivating in +public the friendship of Russia: but that had +not prevented him carrying to a great pitch of +mutual confidence a secret understanding with +Austria. The Austrian Empire was anxious to +annex formally the districts of Bosnia and +Herzegovina, of which it had long been in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +occupation. Objection to this would surely have +come from Russia; but Russia was impotent for +the time being after the disastrous war with +Japan. Just as surely it would come from Serbia +which would see thus definitely pass over to the +one Power, which she had reason to fear, a section +of Slav-inhabited country clearly connected to +the Serbs by racial ties. Serbia, it might be +expected, would have the support of France and +England as well as Russia. For Bulgaria the +offer to neutralise Serbia made to Austria all the +difference between an action which was a little +risky and an action which had no risk at all. +Bulgaria supported Austria in the annexation, +and, as was to have been expected, Serbia found +protest impossible, since Russia, France, and +England swallowed the affront to treaty obligations +to which they were parties. It was +Bulgaria's reward to have the support of the +Triple Alliance in throwing off all fealty and +tribute to the Sublime Porte. Prince Ferdinand +became the Czar Ferdinand of Bulgaria.</p> + +<p>Nor was that the end of Bulgarian ambition. +The "big" Bulgaria of the San Stefano treaty +floated before the eyes of her rulers constantly, +and she began to prepare for a war against<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +Turkey, of which the prize should be Thrace and +Macedonia. An obstacle in Macedonia was not +only that the Turks were in occupation, but +that the Greeks considered themselves entitled +to the reversion of the estate. Rivalry between +the three nations was responsible for the +Macedonian horrors, which went on from year to +year, and made one district of the Balkans a +veritable hell on earth. These horrors have been +set at the door of the "Unspeakable Turk." +The Turk has quite enough to answer for in the +many hideous crimes which he has undoubtedly +committed. It is not quite just to hold him +wholly responsible for the terrible state of +Macedonia during the last few years. Greek +and Bulgarian were alike interested in making +it appear to the world that Turkish rule in +Macedonia was impossible. To effect this they +insisted that rapine and massacre should become +normal. If the Turk did not wish for massacres +he was stirred up to massacres. Christian pastors +were not prevented by their Christian faith from +murders of their own people, if it could be certain +that the Turks would have the discredit of them. +Side by side with the atrocities which were committed +by Turks against Christians and Christians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> +against Turks, the two sets of warring Christians, +the Bulgarian Exarchates and the Greek Patriarchates, +attacked one another with a fiendish relentlessness, +which equalled the most able efforts of the +Turks in the way of rape, murder, and robbery.</p> + +<p>In excuse for part of this, <i>i.e.</i> that part which +stirred up the Turks to atrocities even when they +wished to be peaceful, there could be pleaded the +good object of striving for the end of all Turkish +rule in Christian districts of the Balkans. The +excuse will serve this far: that without a doubt +a Christian community cannot be governed justly +by the Turk, and the very strongest of steps are +warranted to put an end to Turkish domination +of a district largely inhabited by Christians. +But no consideration, even that of exterminating +Turkish rule, could justify all the Christian +atrocities perpetrated in Macedonia: and there +is certainly no shadow of an excuse for the +atrocities with which Bulgarian sought to score +against Greek and Greek against Bulgarian. The +era of those atrocities has not yet closed. The +Turk has been driven from Macedonia, but +Greek and Bulgarian continue their feud. For +the time the Greek is in the ascendant, whilst +the Bulgarian broods over a revenge.</p> +<p class="p2b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_088.jpg" width="600" height="378" alt="Bulgarian Infantry" /> +<span class="caption">BULGARIAN INFANTRY</span> +</div> + +<hr class="r33" /> + +<h2 class="high"><a id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV</h2> + +<h4>THE WARS OF 1912-13</h4> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">By</span> 1912, Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro +had contrived, in spite of any past quarrels, in +spite of the mutual jealousies even then being +displayed in the recurring Macedonian massacres, +of Christians by Christians as well as by Turks, +to arrive at a sufficient degree of unity to allow +them to make war jointly on Turkey. Bulgaria +and Serbia concluded an offensive and defensive +alliance, arranging for all contingencies and +providing for the division of the spoils which it +was hoped to win from the Turks. Between +Bulgaria and Greece there was no such definite +alliance, but a military convention only. The +division of the spoil after the war was left to +future determination, both Greek and Bulgarian +probably having it clearly in his head that +he would have all his own way after the war or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +fight the issue out subsequently. A later Punch +cartoon put this peculiarity of a Balkan alliance +with pretty satire. Greece and Serbia were +discussing what they should do with the spoils +they were then winning from Bulgaria. "Of +course we shall fight for them. Are we not +allies?" said one of the partners.</p> + +<p>I was through the war of 1912 as war correspondent +for the London <i>Morning Post</i>, and +followed the fortunes of the main Bulgarian +army in the Thracian campaign. In this book +I do not intend to attempt a history of the war +but will give some impressions of it which, whilst +not neglecting any of the chief facts in any +part of the theatre of operations, will naturally be +mainly based on observations with the Bulgarians.</p> + +<p>First, with regard to the political side of the +war, one could not but be struck by the exceedingly +careful preparation that the Bulgarians had made +for the struggle. It was no unexpected or sudden +war. They had known for some time that war +was inevitable, having made up their minds for +a considerable time that the wrongs of their +fellow-nationals in Macedonia and Thrace would +have to be righted by force of arms. Attempts +on the part of the Powers to enforce reforms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> +in the Christian Provinces of Turkey had, in the +opinion of the Bulgars, been absolute failures, +and they had done their best to make them +failures, wishing for a destroyed Turkey not a +reformed Turkey. In their opinion there was +nothing to hope for except armed intervention +on their part against Turkey. And, believing +that, they had made most careful preparation +extending over several years for the struggle. +That preparation was in every sense admirable. +For instance, it had extended, so far as I could +gather, from informants in Bulgaria, to this +degree: that they formed military camps in +winter for the training of their troops. Thus +they did not train solely in the most favourable +time of the year for manœuvres, but in the +unfavourable weather too, in case that time +should prove the best for their war. The excellence +of their artillery arm, and the proof +of the scientific training of their officers, prove +to what extent their training beforehand had +gone.</p> + +<p>When war became inevitable, the Balkan +League having been formed, and the time being +ripe for the war, Bulgaria in particular, and the +Balkan States in general, were quite determined<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +that war should be. The Turks at this time +were inclined to make reforms and concessions; +they had an inclination to ease the pressure on +their Christian subjects in the Christian provinces. +Perhaps knowing—perhaps not knowing—that +they were unready for war themselves, but +feeling that the Balkan States were preparing +for war, the Turks were undoubtedly willing to +make great concessions. But whatever concessions +the Turks might have offered, war would +still have taken place. I do not think one need +offer any harsh criticism about the Balkan nations +for coming to that decision. If you have made +your preparation for war—perhaps a very expensive +preparation, perhaps a preparation which +has involved very great commitments apart from +expense—it is not reasonable to suppose that at +the last moment you will consent to desist from +making that war. The line which you may have +been prepared to take before you made your +preparations you may not be prepared to take +after the preparations have been made. And, +as the Turks found out afterwards, the terms +which were offered to them before the outbreak +of the war were not the same terms as would +be listened to after that event.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> +To a pro-Turk it all will seem a little +unscrupulous. But it is after the true fashion +of diplomacy or warlike enterprise. The simple +position was that Turkey was obviously a decadent +Power; that her territories were envied and that +if there had not been a real grievance (there was +a real grievance) one would have been manufactured +to justify a war of spoliation. It not +being necessary to manufacture a grievance, the +existing one was carefully nursed and stimulated: +and when the ripe time came for war the unreal +pretext that war was the alternative to reform +and could be avoided by reform was put forward. +No reform would have stopped the war just as +no "reform" would stop, say, San Marino +attacking the British Empire if she wanted something +which the British Empire has got and felt +that she could get it by an attack.</p> + +<p>I do not think that the Balkan League would +have withdrawn from the war supposing the +Turks before the outbreak of the war had offered +autonomy of the Christian provinces. I was +informed in very high quarters, and I believe +profoundly, that if the Turks had offered so much +at that time the war would still have taken +place.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +There is another interesting lesson to be +gleaned from the political side of this war. +At the outset, the Powers, when endeavouring +to prevent hostilities, made an announcement +that, whatever the result of the war, no territorial +benefit would be allowed to any of the +participants; that is to say, the Balkan States +were informed, on the authority of all Europe, +that if they did go to war, and if they won +victories they would be allowed no fruits from +those victories. The Balkan States recognised, +as I think all sensible people must recognise, +that a victorious army makes its own laws. +They treated this <i>caveat</i> which was issued by +the Powers of Europe as a matter to be politely +set aside; and ignored it.</p> + +<p>Political experience seems to show that if a +nation, under any circumstances, wishes its +international rights to be respected, it must be +ready to fight for them. There is proof from +contemporary history in the respective fates of +Switzerland and Korea. Both nations once stood +in very much the same position internationally; +that their independence was, in a sense, guaranteed. +Korea's independence was guaranteed by both +the United States and Great Britain. But the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> +independence of Korea has now vanished. Korea +could not fight for herself, and nobody was going +to fight for a nation which could not fight for +herself. The independence of Switzerland is +maintained because Switzerland would be a very +thorny problem for any Power in search of territory +to tackle. In case of an attack on Switzerland, +that country would be able to help herself and +her friends.</p> + +<p>On the opposite side of the argument, we see +the Balkan League entering upon a desperate +war, warned that they would be allowed no +territorial advantage from that war, but engaging +upon it because they recognised that a victorious +army makes its own laws.</p> + +<p class="p2b">It was of wonderful value to the Bulgarian +generals entering upon this war that the whole +Bulgarian nation was filled with the martial +spirit—was, in a sense, wrapped up in the colours. +Every male Bulgarian citizen was trained to +the use of arms. Every Bulgarian citizen of +fighting age was engaged either at the front or +on the lines of communication. Before the war, +every Bulgarian man, being a soldier, was under +a soldier's honour; and the preliminaries of the +war, the preparations for mobilisation in particular,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +were carried out with a degree of secrecy that, +I think, astonished every Court and every +Military Department in Europe. The secret +was so well kept that one of the diplomatists +in Roumania left for a holiday three days before +the declaration of war, feeling certain that there +was to be no war. Bulgaria is not governed +altogether autocratically, but is a very free +democracy in some respects. It has a newspaper +Press that, on ordinary matters, for delightful +irresponsibility, might be matched in London. +Yet not a single whisper of what the nation was +designing and planning leaked abroad. Because +the whole nation was a soldier, and the whole +nation was under a soldier's honour, secrecy +could be kept. No one abroad knew anything, +either from the babbling of "Pro-Turks," or +from the newspapers, that a great campaign +was being <a id="designed"></a>designed.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_097.jpg" width="600" height="427" alt="Bulgarian troops leaving Sofia" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"> +<i>Topical Press</i></span></p> + +<p class="centerb">BULGARIAN TROOPS LEAVING SOFIA</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2">The Secret Service of Bulgaria before the war +evidently had been excellent. They seemed to +know all that was necessary to know about the +country in which they were going to fight. This +very complete knowledge of theirs was in part +responsible for the arrangements which were made +between the Balkan Allies for carrying on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> +war. The Bulgarian people had made up their +minds to do the lion's share of the work, and to +have the lion's share of the spoils. They knew +quite definitely the state of corruption to which +the Turkish nation had come. When I reached +Sofia, the Bulgarians told me they were going +to be in Constantinople three weeks after the +declaration of war. That was the view that +they took of the possibilities of the campaign. +And they kept their programme as far as Chatalja +fairly closely.</p> + +<p>The view of the Bulgarians as to the ultimate +result of the war, and what they had designed +should be the division of spoil after the war, +I gathered from various classes in Bulgaria, +speaking not only with politicians but with +bankers, trading people, and others. They concluded +that the Turk was going to be driven out +of Europe, at any rate, as far as Constantinople. +They considered that Constantinople was too +great a prize for the Bulgarian nation, or for the +Balkan States, and that Constantinople would +be left as an international city, to be governed +by a commission of the Great Powers. Bulgaria +was, then, to have practically all Turkey-in-Europe—the +province of Thrace, and a large<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +part of Macedonia as far as the city of Salonica. +Constantinople was to be left, with a small +territory, as an international city, and the +Bulgarian boundary was to stretch as far as +Salonica. Salonica, they admitted, was desired +very much by the Bulgarians, and also very +much by the Greeks; and the Bulgarian idea +in regard to Salonica before the war was that it +would be best to make it a free Balkan city, +governed by all the Balkan States in common, +and a free port for all the Balkan States. Then +the frontier of Greece was to extend very much +to the north, and Greece was to be allowed all +the Aegean Islands. The Serbian frontier was +to extend to the eastward and the southward, +and what is now the autonomous province of +Albania (the creation of which has been insisted +on by the Powers) was to be divided between +Montenegro and Servia.</p> + +<p>That division would have left the Bulgarians +with the greatest spoil of the war. They would +have had entry on to the Sea of Marmora; they +would have controlled, perhaps, one side of +the Dardanelles (but I believe they thought +that the Dardanelles might also be left to a +commission of the Powers). It needed great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> +confidence and exact knowledge as to the state +of the Turkish Army to allow plans of that sort +to have been not only formed, but to be generally +talked about.</p> + +<p>It must be tragical now for a patriotic Bulgarian +to compare these high anticipations with the +actual results of the war, and to reflect that at +one time he had three-fourths of his hopes secure +and then sacrificed all by straining after the +remainder.</p> + +<p>The Bulgarian mobilisation—effected after +lengthy preparation with perfect success and +complete secrecy—was a triumph of military +achievement. It emphasises a point often urged, +that when a whole nation is wrapt up in the +colours, when every citizen is a soldier and taught +the code of patriotic honour of the soldier—then +at a time of crisis, spies, grumblers, critics are +impossible. Bulgaria, as I have said, is very +democratic. Unlike Roumania, where a landed +aristocracy survived Turkish rule, the whole +nation is of peasants or the sons and grandsons +of peasants. The nobles, the wealthy, the intellectuals +were exterminated by the Turk. Yet +the strategy of the war suffered nothing from +the democracy of the people. They acted with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +a unity, a secrecy, and a loyalty to the flag that +no despotism could rival.</p> + +<p>The mobilisation was effected on very slender +resources. Official statistics—perhaps for a +reason—are silent regarding the growth of railway +material since 1909. But in that year there +were only 155 locomotives in the country. As +soon as war was anticipated these provident +and determined people set to amassing railway +material, and one railway official, without giving +exact figures, talked of locomotives being added +by "fifties" at a time. I doubt that. But +perhaps there were between 200 and 225 locomotives +in Bulgaria in October 1912, though one +military attaché gave me the figure at 193. It +was a slender stock, in any case, on which to +move 350,000 men and to keep them in supplies. +But the people contributed all their horses, +mules, and oxen to the war fund. Soldiers +were willing and able to walk great distances, +and within a few days all the armies were over +the frontier.</p> + +<p>The Bulgarians, by the way, began the war +with a <i>moratorium</i>. (The week of the declaration +of hostilities, meeting some personages notable +in European finance, they ridiculed for this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +reason the idea of the war being anything but +a dismal failure from the point of view of the +Balkan States.) It was necessary to win in a +hurry if they were to win at all. They could +take the field only because of the magnificent +spirit of their population. They could not keep +the field indefinitely under any circumstances.</p> + +<p>The main line of communication was through +Yamboli, and here the chief force was massed +whilst exploratory work was carried on towards +Adrianople and Kirk Kilisse. I believe that +originally the capture of Adrianople was the +first grand object of the campaign, and that a +modification was made later either for political +or military reasons, or for a mixture of both. +Up to the point at which Adrianople was invested +from the north, Kirk Kilisse captured, and the +cavalry sent raiding south-west to attack the +Turk's lines of communication and to feel for +his field army, an excellent plan of campaign +was followed. If the main Bulgarian army had +then swung over from Kirk Kilisse and had +made a resolute—and, under the circumstances, +almost certainly victorious—effort to rush +Adrianople the natural course, from a military +point of view, would have been followed. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +one risk involved was that the Turkish field army +would come up from the south and force a battle +under the walls of Adrianople, aided by a sortie +from the garrison. But the experience of Kirk +Kilisse and the following battles argued against +this. There would have been, one may judge, +ample time allowed to subdue Adrianople with +an army flushed by its success at Kirk Kilisse, +operating against a garrison thoroughly despondent +at the moment.</p> + +<p>Kirk Kilisse, it must be noted in passing, +was a vastly overrated fortress. The Turks, +I believe, valued it highly. The Bulgarians +triumphantly quoted a German opinion that it +could withstand a German army for three months. +As a matter of fact, whilst it was a valuable +base for an enterprising field army, surrounded +as it was by natural features of great strength, +it was not a real fortress at all. Still, the moral +effect of its capture was great, and on the flood +of that success the Bulgarian army could have +entered Adrianople if it had been willing to make +the necessary great sacrifice of infantry.</p> + +<p>A second sound—and more enterprising, and +therefore probably better course—was that which +I thought at the time was being followed, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +pursue the Turks fleeing from Kirk Kilisse, to +search out their field army, give it a thrashing, +and then swing back to subdue Adrianople. But +neither of these courses was followed. Kirk +Kilisse was not followed up vigorously in the +first instance. After its capture the Bulgarian +army rested three days. During that time the +fleeing Turks had won back some of their courage, +had come back in their tracks, recovered many +of the guns they had abandoned, and the battles +of Ivankeui and Yanina—battles in which the +Bulgarian losses were very heavy—were necessary +to do over again work which had been already +once accomplished. This criticism must be read +in the light of the fact that I am totally ignorant +of the transport position in the Bulgarian Third +Army at the time. General Demetrieff had made +a wonderful dash over the wild country between +Yamboli and Kirk Kilisse, carrying an army +over a track which took a military attaché six +days to traverse on horseback, and a hospital +train seven days to traverse by ox wagon. He +might at the time have been seriously short +of ammunition, though Kirk Kilisse renewed +his food and forage supplies.</p> + +<p>After three days the Bulgarians moved on.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +Ivankeui and Yanina were won, and the pursuit +continued until Lule Burgas, where the Turkish +army in the field was decisively defeated and +driven with great slaughter towards Chorlu, +where its second stand was expected. That +expectation was not realised. The flight continued +to Chatalja. This was the turning-point +of the campaign. Up to now the Bulgarian +success had been complete. If now Adrianople +had been made the main objective, with a small +"holding" force left at Chorlu, the entry into +Constantinople would possibly have been realised. +But the decision was made to "mask" Adrianople +and to push on with all available force towards +Constantinople.</p> + +<p>In considering this decision it is easy to be +misled by giving Adrianople merely the value of +a fortress in the rear, holding a garrison capable +of some offensive, necessitating the detachment +of a large holding force. But that was not the +position. Actually Adrianople straddled the only +practical line of communication for effective +operations against the enemy's capital. The +railway from Bulgaria to Constantinople passed +through Adrianople. Excepting that line of +railway, there was no other railroad, and there +was no other carriage road, one might say, for +the Turk did not build roads. Once across the +Turkish frontier there were tracks, not roads.</p> +<p class="p2b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 336px;"> +<img src="images/img_108.jpg" width="336" height="500" alt="General Demetrieff" /> +<span class="caption">GENERAL DEMETRIEFF, THE CONQUEROR AT LULE BURGAS</span> +</div> + +<p class="p2">The effect of leaving Adrianople in the hands +of the enemy was that supplies for the army in +the field coming from Bulgaria could travel by +one of two routes. They could come through +Yamboli to Kirk Kilisse, or they could come +through Novi Zagora to Mustapha Pasha by +railway, and then to Kirk Kilisse around +Adrianople. From Kirk Kilisse to the rail-head +at Seleniki, close to Chatalja, they could +come not by railway, but by a tramway, a very +limited railway. If Adrianople had fallen, the +railway would have been open. The Bulgarian +railway services had, I think, something over +100 powerful locomotives at the outset of the +war, and whilst it was a single line in places, +it was an effective line right down to as near +Constantinople as they could get.</p> + +<p>But, Adrianople being in the hands of the +enemy, supplies coming from Yamboli had to +travel to Kirk Kilisse by track, mostly by bullock +wagon, and that journey took five, six, or seven +days. The British Army Medical Detachment, +travelling over that road, took seven days. If +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> +one took the other road you got to Mustapha +Pasha comfortably by railway. And then it +was necessary to use bullock or horse transport +from Mustapha Pasha to Kirk Kilisse. That +journey I took twice; once with an ox wagon, +and afterwards with a set of fast horses, and the +least period for that journey was five days. +From Kirk Kilisse there was a line of light railway +joining the main line. But on that line the +Bulgarians had only six engines, and, I think, +thirty-two carriages; so that, for practical purposes, +the railway was of very little use indeed +past Mustapha Pasha. Whilst Adrianople was +in the hands of the enemy, the Bulgarians had +practically no line of communication.</p> + +<p>My reason for believing that it was not the +original plan of the generals to leave Adrianople +"masked" is, that in the first instance I have +a high opinion of the generals, and I do not think +they could have designed that; but think rather +it was forced upon them by the politicians saying, +"We must hurry through, we must attempt +something, no matter how desperate it is, something +decisive." In the second instance, after +Adrianople had been attacked in a very half-hearted +way, and after the main Bulgarian army<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> +had pushed on to the lines of Chatalja, the +Bulgarians called in the aid of a Serbian division +to help them against Adrianople. I am sure they +would not have done that if it had not been their +wish to subdue Adrianople. To be forced to invoke +Serbian aid was a serious wound to their vanity.</p> + +<p>The position of the Bulgarian army on the +lines of Chatalja, with Adrianople in the hands +of the enemy, was this: that it took practically +their whole transport facilities to keep the army +supplied with food, and there was no possibility +of keeping the army properly supplied with +ammunition. So if the Bulgarian generals had +really designed to carry the lines of Chatalja +without first attacking Adrianople, they miscalculated +seriously. But I do not think they +did; I think it was a plan forced upon them +by political authority, feeling that the war must +be pushed to a conclusion somehow. Why the +Bulgarians did not take Adrianople quickly in +the first place is to be explained simply by the +fact that they could not. But if their train of +sappers had been of the same kind of stuff as +their field artillery, they could have taken +Adrianople in the first week of the war. The +Bulgarians, however, had no effective siege train.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +A Press photographer at Mustapha Pasha was +very much annoyed because photographs he +had taken of guns passing through the town +were not allowed to be sent through to his paper. +He sent a humorous message to his editor, that +he could not send photographs of guns, "it being +a military secret that the Bulgarians had any +guns." But the reason the Bulgarians did not +want photographs taken was that these guns were +practically useless for the purpose for which they +were intended.</p> + +<p>In short, whilst Adrianople stood it was +impossible to keep 250,000 men in the field at +Chatalja with the guns and ammunition necessary +for their work. Therefore the taking of +Adrianople should have followed the Battle of +Lule Burgas.</p> + +<p>A reservation is perhaps necessary. If after +Lule Burgas the victorious Bulgarians had been +able to push on at once, the fleeing Turks might +have been followed to the very walls of Constantinople. +If even the flower of the force to the +extent of 50,000 men had gone on with all the +guns, ammunition, and food possible, the enterprise +would probably have succeeded. But one +may judge that that too was impossible, in view<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +of the transport position. There was a long +pause. Then an attempt was made to do +deliberately against an entrenched army what it +was thought impossible to do against a fleeing +rabble. Reasons of humanity were given to me +to explain the hesitation to assault Adrianople. +The Bulgarians shrank from the great expenditure +of men necessary, from the sacrifice of the Christian +population involved. Such reasons would be +admirable if truthful; but they are not war.</p> + +<p>When the action against the lines of Chatalja +was at last opened the Turks had had time to +entrench strongly, to recover their wind, to +recognise that they had come to the last ditch. +On November 17, after the artillery reconnaissance +of the position by the Bulgarians, I +had slight hope that success would be possible; +it looked as if they were short of ammunition, +and not well supplied with food. Shells were +used very sparingly. When a storm was necessary +there was a shower. Even on that day infantrymen +were asked to do the work of shrapnel, and +valuable lives paid for very slight information. +Still, the Turkish artillery work was so poor; +their sticking to their trenches was so persistent, +that I half anticipated that the night would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +see a big Bulgarian success on the left flank, +making an effective attack on the centre possible +with the morning. But by next morning little +had been done. That day was spent in a heroic +display of infantry courage. Men rushed out +from trenches against forts the strength of which +was unknown, with practically no artillery backing. +Certainly the day was misty, and artillery +work could not have been properly effective. If +the position was—as I guess it was—that there +was no adequate supply of ammunition, the +choice of the day was good. If it were possible +to succeed with infantry alone it would have been +possible on that day and with those men. But +it was impossible. That night operations were +suspended, and negotiations for peace followed.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile in other quarters of the theatre +of war the Balkan Allies had been doing as well +or even better. True, the Montenegrins were +not very successful against Scutari (it did not +fall until the second phase of the war), and the +Greeks had been held up at Janina. But the +Serbians had swept the Turks from Old Serbia +and from Northern Macedonia in fine style, and +had carried through an expedition of great +gallantry over the mountains to the Adriatic.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +As the Bulgarians and Turks stood at bay on +opposite ranges of hills within 25 miles of Constantinople, +all that was left of Turkish territory +in Europe was the little peninsula on which +Constantinople stood, the peninsula of Gallipoli, +and the towns of Adrianople, Scutari, and +Janina. It was certainly high time for the Turk +to talk of peace.</p> + +<p>War was now interrupted for a time to allow +the Balkan Allies who had shown themselves +so gallant in war to show their mettle as statesmen +and negotiators. It is one of the established +facts of history that warlike prowess alone has +never made a nation securely great. Within the +Balkan Peninsula that was made plain during +the invasions of the Goths and the Huns. There +was now to be a melancholy modern proof. At +the end of 1912 the Balkan States, united and +victorious, were in the position to take the Balkan +Peninsula for themselves and keep out European +interference for the future. They had soon +dissipated all this advantage with mutual jealousies +and blundering negotiations. Already, before the +Peace Conference had actually begun its work, +charges and counter-charges of atrocities were +bandied about between Bulgar and Greek. A<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +Greek official account set forth the following +accusations:</p> + +<blockquote><p>The detailed inquiry with regard to excesses and +crimes committed by the Bulgarian army shows that +they constitute a cause for the disturbances reported +during the first days after the surrender of Salonica. +According to this inquiry, the excesses of the Bulgarians +can be divided into three categories: (1) damage to +property; (2) crimes against the life and honour of +private persons, especially Turks; and (3) offences—and +these were the less frequent—due to misconceived +political interest. In the majority of cases Bulgarian +soldiers and peasants gave themselves up to pillaging. +At Vassilika, Agiaparaskevi, Apostola, Alihatzilar, Serres, +Langada, Asvestohori, Baroritza, Tohanli, Karaburnu, +Vardar, Doiran, and Salonica pillaging and thefts of +all kinds were committed, the stolen articles including +horses, goats, sheep, barley, hay, jewels, and other +articles of value, large sums of money, carpets, furniture, +clothes, and arms. Attacks were made on Austrian +subjects, and the Austrian Consulate in consequence, +lodged an energetic protest. Unspeakable outrages +were committed at Serres and at the other towns and +villages mentioned above. At Doiran, despite the +protests of the municipality, the Bulgarians seized and +imprisoned the rich Turkish residents, who after having +secured their liberty by the payment of enormous +ransoms, were ambushed by the Bulgarians and massacred, +sixty of them being killed.</p> + +<p class="p2b">The political crimes were of little importance, as the +greater number of the Bulgarians ardently desire the +maintenance of the Balkan Alliance, especially a Greco-Bulgarian +<i>entente</i>, safeguarding their political <a id="interests"></a>interests.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_117.jpg" width="600" height="410" alt="Adrianople: a general view" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"><i>Exclusive News Agency</i></span><br /> +</p> + +<p class="centerb">ADRIANOPLE</p> +<p class="centerb">A general view, showing the Mosque of Sultan Selim on the left and the +Old Mosque on the right</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2tb"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +On the Bulgarian side just as positive charges +against the Greeks were made. It is not my +province to attempt to judge as to the truth of +the Salonica events, but I quote this official +charge as illustrative of the spirit which had +come over the Balkan League before the close +of 1912.</p> + +<hr class="r33" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER V</h2> + +<h4>A CHAPTER IN BALKAN DIPLOMACY</h4> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Watching</span> through many exciting weeks the +course of a Balkan Peace Conference, I had the +opportunity of seeing another phase of the Near +Eastern character in its various sub-divisions—the +Turkish, the Grecian, the Roumanian, the +Bulgarian, and the Serbian. It was in certain +general characteristics the same character with +certain points of difference, ranging from almost +purely Oriental through various grades until it +reached to a phase which was rather more than +half European. In various aspects it was naïve, +wily, deceitful, vainglorious, truculent, servile, +stubborn, supple. At times it was very trying. +Usually it was distinctly amusing. There were +some exceptions among the Balkan statesmen, +but as a rule they were men of very ordinary +ability and very extraordinary conceit. Close<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> +association with them dissipated for a time the +extremely good impression that Bulgarian, +Serbian, Grecian, and Roumanian peasants and +officials and traders had made on me, meeting +them as soldiers or as wayside hosts.</p> + +<p>When the Bulgarian progress towards Constantinople +was stopped at Chatalja, the Bulgarian +authorities favoured negotiations for peace. To +this Greece very strenuously, and Serbia more +gently, objected. They offered as an alternative +suggestion to send aid to the Chatalja lines to +help Bulgaria to force things to a conclusion +there. But by this time the Balkan Allies were +at least as much suspicious of one another as +they were hostile to the Turk. The troubles +after the fall of Salonica had given a picturesque +illustration of the hollowness of the Balkan +League. Greece and Bulgaria had raced armies +down for the capture of that city, and the Greeks +had won in the race by bribing the Turkish +commander to surrender to them—the Bulgarians +said sourly (an absurd accusation!). Now +Bulgarian and Greek were at the point of open +war in Salonica, and were doing a little odd +killing of one another to keep their hands in +practice. Around Adrianople Bulgarian and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> +Serbian were growling at one another, the +Bulgarians treating their friends rather badly, +so far as I could judge. Both racial sections of +the army of siege were inclined to do very little, +because each was waiting for the other to begin. +Bulgaria, too, was extremely anxious to have no +more friendly allied troops in the areas which +she had marked out for herself. She was aware +that the Greek population of Thrace was agitating +for an autonomous Thrace instead of a Bulgarian +annexation, and feared that the presence of a +Greek army in the province would strengthen +this movement.</p> + +<p>In the upshot Serbia and Montenegro supported +Bulgaria in the signing of an armistice. Greece +refused to sign an armistice, but joined in the +negotiations for a final peace which opened +at the Conference of St. James's, London, in +December 1912. This Conference quickly resolved +itself into a wonderful acrobatic display +of ground and lofty fiction, of strange childish +"bluffs," of complicated efforts at mystery +which would not deceive a Punch-and-Judy show +audience.</p> + +<p>In the East and the Near East, the man who +wants to buy a horse goes to the market-place<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +in the first instance, and curses publicly all +horses and thoughts of horses. He proclaims +that he will see his father's tomb defiled before he +will ever touch a horse again. Hearing of this, +a man who wishes to sell a horse appears in public, +and proclaims that the horse he has in his stall +is the sun and the moon and the stars of his life: +that sooner than part with it he would eat filth +and become as a dog. At this stage the negotiations +for a bargain are in fair progress. After +some days—the East and the Near East is not very +thrifty with time—a satisfactory bargain is struck.</p> + +<p>The Balkan Peace Conference was carried +on very much on those lines. In a London +winter atmosphere, among the unimaginative +and matter-of-fact London population, the effect +was strangely fantastic. In an early stage of +the negotiations the Turkish delegates (who were +out to gain time in the desperate hope that something +would turn up) said one day that they must +ask for instructions on some point, about which +they were as fully instructed as it was possible +to be: said the next sitting day that unfortunately +their instructions had not arrived: +and the next sitting day that their instructions +had arrived but unfortunately they could not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> +decipher some of the words, and must refer to +Constantinople again! With all this it was +difficult to believe that we lived in a civilised age +of telegraphs and newspapers and railway trains. +The mind was transported back insensibly to the +times of the great Caliph of Bagdad.</p> + +<p>Whilst the Turks dallied in the hope that something +would turn up, and devoted a painstaking +but painfully obvious industry to the task of +trying to sow dissensions among the Balkan +Allies, these Balkan Allies engaged among themselves +in a vigorous Press campaign of mutual +abuse and insinuation. The seeds of dissension +which the Turk was scattering refused to +germinate, because already the field which was +sown had a full-grown crop. But the Balkan +Allies had one point of elementary common +sense. They were resolved to take from the Turk +all that was possible before they fell out among +themselves as to the division of the spoil. (As +it happened, they forgot to take into account +the contingency that after the division it would +still be within the power of the Turk to seek +some revenge if they abandoned their League +of Alliance, which alone had made the humiliation +of the Turkish Empire possible.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> +The first squabble between the Allies was +over the appointment of a leader or chief spokesman +of the Balkan delegates. If there had been +a touch of imagination and real friendliness +between them they would have selected the +senior Montenegrin delegate in acknowledgment +of the gallantry which had kept Montenegro +during all the centuries unsubdued by the Turkish +invader. Or there were reasons why the chief +Greek delegate should have been chosen, as he +was Prime Minister in his own country, and +therefore the senior delegate in official position. +But there was not enough good feeling among +the Allies to allow of any such settlement. The +delegation was left without an official spokesman +and there had to be a roster of Presidents in +alphabetical order as the only way to soothe the +embittered jealousies of rival allies. That was +the first of a series of childish incidents.</p> + +<p>Some of the delegates talked with the utmost +freedom to the Press: and if what they told was +not always accurate it was nearly always interesting. +The loathsome wiles of the other Balkan +fellow and his black treachery were explained +at length. It seemed seriously to be thought +that British and European opinion would be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +influenced by this sort of fulmination in the +more irresponsible Press.</p> + +<p>Diplomacy under these conditions was bound +to fail. The Turkish position was at the time +plainly desperate if only military considerations +were taken into account. A united front on the +part of the Balkan delegates, combining firmness +with some suavity, would have convinced even +the procrastinating Turkish mind that the game +was up and the only thing to do was to make +a peace on lines of "cutting the loss." But the +constant quarrels of the Balkan States' representatives +between themselves encouraged the Turks +day by day to think that a definite split must +come between the Allies, and with a split the +chance for Turkey to find a way out of her +desperate position. As it happened, Turkey +played that game too long: and the war was +resumed and further heavy bloodshed caused. +Then the Peace Conference resumed with Turkey +and Bulgaria, apparently very anxious for peace +on terms dictated by the Powers: and Greece +and Serbia anxious now for delays because they +had made up their minds that it was necessary +to defend themselves against Bulgaria, and they +wished time for their preparations.</p> +<p class="p2b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 378px;"> +<img src="images/img_128.jpg" width="378" height="500" alt="Roumanian soldiers in Bucharest" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"> +<i>Underwood & Underwood</i></span></p> + +<p class="centerb">ROUMANIAN SOLDIERS IN BUCHAREST</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2"> +Throughout both Conferences Roumania +hovered about in the offing waiting confidently +for an opportunity for pickings. Roumania had +learned well the lesson taught her by European +diplomacy after the War of Liberation. Then +she had done great work, made enormous sacrifices, +and won not rewards but robberies. In the +Balkan Wars of 1912-13 she stood apart, risking +nothing, and waiting for the exhaustion of the +combatants to put in her claims.</p> + +<p>The second session of the Balkan Peace Conference +came to an abrupt end through practically +an ultimatum from the British Foreign Secretary, +Sir Edward Grey, that peace with Turkey on +the lines determined by the Powers must be +signed at once. The Grecian and Serbian +delegates saw then that the game of delay +could no longer be played, signed the Peace of +London, and hurried away to their homes expecting +an attack from Bulgaria.</p> + +<p>Some strange infatuation drove the Bulgarian +leaders at that time to a fit of madness. They +had just wrung the last atom of concession from +Turkey, and had an enormous undisputed access +of territory in Thrace and in eastern Macedonia, +with a good coastal frontage on the Aegean.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> +True, they were faced with a demand for a small +territorial concession by Roumania, and Greece +disputed the right of Bulgaria to an area of +northern Macedonia, and Serbia disputed with +her over her Macedonian area. It would have +been quite within the rules of Balkan diplomacy +for Bulgaria to have sought the help of one of +her neighbours, so that she might withstand +the others. With proper adroitness she might +have robbed each in turn with the help of the +others. But Bulgaria elected to fight all of them +at once. To Roumania she was rude, to Serbia +stiff, to Greece provocative. By joining hands +with Serbia, which had helped her very gallantly +at Adrianople, and was now much injured by the +decision of the Powers that she was not to keep +the Adriatic territory which she had won in the +war, Bulgaria might have coerced Greece and +Turkey at least, and perhaps have struck a +better bargain with Roumania. But she had +conciliation for none.</p> + +<p>The events that followed are as tragical as +any that I can recall in history. Bulgaria had +within a few weeks raised herself to a position +which promised her headship of a Balkan Confederation. +She might have been the Prussia of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> +a new Empire. Within a few days her blunders, +her intolerance, and her bad faith had humbled +her to the dust. As soon as she attacked Greece +and Serbia—to attack such a combination was +absurd—Roumania moved down upon her +northern frontier, and the Turk moved up from +the south. Neither Roumanian nor Turk were +opposed. The whole Bulgarian strength was +kept for her late Allies: and yet the Bulgarian +forces were decisively routed by both Serbians +and Greeks.</p> + +<p>Of the dark incidents of that fratricidal war +no history will ever tell the truth. No war +correspondents nor military <i>attachés</i> accompanied +the forces. From the accusations and counter-accusations +of the combatants, from the eloquent +absence of prisoners, from the ghastly gaps in +the ranks of the armies when they returned from +the field, it is clear that the war was carried on +as a rule without mercy and without chivalry. +There was no very plentiful supply of ammunition +on either side. That fact enabled the combatants +to approach one another more closely and to +inflict more savage slaughter. During the course +of the war with Turkey the Balkan Allies lost +75,000 slain. During the war between themselves, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> +though it lasted only a few days, it is said that +this number was exceeded.</p> + +<p class="p2b">Roumania, whose army though invading +Bulgaria engaged in no battle, finally dictated +terms of peace. The Peace of Bucharest supplanted +the Peace of London. Bulgaria, beaten +to the ground, had to give up all that Roumania +demanded, and practically all that Greece and +Serbia demanded. It was a characteristic incident +of Balkan diplomacy that the unhappy +Bulgarians, having the idea of conciliating +Roumania, conveyed the territory to that state +with expressions of joy and gratitude, to which +expressions the wily Roumanians gave exactly +their true <a id="value"></a>value.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_133.jpg" width="600" height="437" alt="Adrianople: View looking across the Great Bridge" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"> +<i>Exclusive News Agency</i></span> +</p> + +<p class="centerb">ADRIANOPLE</p> + +<p class="centerb">View looking across the Great Bridge</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2">Turkey, meanwhile, had taken full advantage +of the opportunity given to her by Bulgaria. +Beaten decisively she had had to agree to give +up all her European possessions with the exception +of those beyond a line drawn from Enos on +the Black Sea to Midia on the Aegean. She +saw now Bulgaria powerless and calmly marched +back, and seized again practically all Thrace, +including Adrianople, over which had been fought +such great battles, and Kirk Kilisse. The +Bulgarians protested, appealed to Europe, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> +Roumania in vain, then accepted the situation +and professed a warm friendship for Turkey. +There seemed to be a movement for a joint Turkish-Bulgarian +attack upon Greece, which would have +put the last touch upon this tragic comedy of +the Balkans. But the Powers vetoed this enterprise +if ever it were contemplated, and the +Balkans for a while, except for a little massacring +in Macedonia and Albania, enjoyed an unquiet +peace. But the forces of hate and revenge waited +latent.</p> + +<p>The city which figured most prominently in +the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 and the intervening +diplomacy was Adrianople, the city founded by +the Emperor Adrian. It has seen more bloodshed +probably than any other city of the world. +It was before Adrianople that the Roman Emperor +Valerius and his army were destroyed by the +Goths, and the fate of the Roman Empire sealed +(a.d. 378). It was Adrianople that was first +captured by the Turkish invaders of the Balkans +to serve as their capital until they could at a later +date capture Constantinople. Many sieges and +battles it saw until 1912, when the Bulgarians +and Serbians gathered around its marshy plains, +and after several months of siege finally carried<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +it by assault. Finally it was re-captured by a +mere cavalry patrol of the Turks.</p> + +<p>Adrianople has its beauties seen from afar. +The great mosque with four slender minarets +shines out from the midst of gardens and picturesque +villas over the wide plain which marks the +confluence of the Maritza and the Tchundra +Rivers. But on nearer examination Adrianople, +like all other Turkish towns, is dirty, unkempt, +squalid. Most Turkish towns in the Balkans—Mustapha +Pasha on the Maritza was an exception, +looking dirty and unattractive from any point +of view—have a certain enchantment when they +first catch the eye of the traveller. It is the +custom of the richer Turks to build their villas +on the high ground around a town if there is +any, and to surround them with gardens. These +embowered houses and the slender fingers pointing +skyward of the minarets, give a first impression +of ample space, of delicacy in architecture. +Closer knowledge discloses the town as a herd of +hovels, irregularly set in a sea of mud (in dry +weather a dirty heap of dust), with the hilly +outskirts alone tolerable.</p> + +<p>I regret the wild Balkan diplomacy which +doomed that Adrianople should go back to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> +Turks. The Bulgarians would have made a fine +clean city of it: and had a project to canalise +the Maritza and bring to the old city of Adrian +all the advantages of a seaport. Possibly, that +will come in the near future if, in renewing their +strength, the Bulgarian nation learn also some +sense of diplomacy and moderation in using it.</p> + +<p>Now the position is that for the first time for +very many years the old principle has been broken +that the Turkish tide may retreat but must +never advance in Europe. During the negotiations +of the first session of the Balkan Peace +Conference, the Balkan Committee—a London +organisation which exists to befriend the Balkan +States—urged:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Any district which should be restored to Turkish rule would be not only +beyond the possibility of rehabilitation, but would suffer the second +scourge of vengeance.... It would be intolerable that any such +districts should meet the fate meted out to Macedonia in 1878. There is +no ground for such restoration except the claim arising from the +continued Turkish possessions of Adrianople. But compensation for the +brief period during which Adrianople may still be defended would be +represented by a district adjoining Chatalja, not exceeding, at all +events, the vilayet of Constantinople....</p> + +<p>It is clearly our duty to call attention to the governing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> +principle laid down by Lord Salisbury that any +district liberated from Turkish rule should not be restored +to misgovernment.... The ostensible ground +for the action of Europe, and particularly of England in +1878, was that the Powers themselves undertook the +reform of Turkish government in the restored provinces. +They have since that day persistently restrained the +small States from undertaking reform or liberation, +while notoriously neglecting the task themselves. The +promise to undertake reform was regarded in 1878 in +many quarters as sincere. But renewed restoration of +Christian districts to Turkey to-day would, after the +experiences of the past, be devoid of any shred of +sincerity....</p> + +<p>The restoration of European and civilised populations +to Turkish rule would be resented now, not merely by +those who have sympathised with the Balkan Committee, +but by the entire public, which recognises that the +Allies have achieved a feat of arms of which even the +greatest Power would be proud.</p></blockquote> + +<p class="p2b">In 1914 no more was heard of "Lord Salisbury's +principle," and in public repute the Balkan +States were in a position worse than any they had +occupied for half a century. Coming after a +successful war such a result condemns most +strongly Balkan statesmen and <a id="diplomats"></a>diplomats.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_139.jpg" width="600" height="400" alt="General view of Stara Zagora, Bulgaria" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"> +<i>Exclusive News Agency</i></span> +</p> +<p class="centerb">GENERAL VIEW OF STARA ZAGORA, BULGARIA</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2tb"> +Roumanian diplomacy during 1912-13 was +subtle, wily, and unscrupulous, enough to delight +a Machiavelli. With all its ethical wickedness +it was the most stable element in the wild disorders +of 1913; was efficacious in insisting upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> +peace: and imposed a sort of rough justice on +all parties. Grecian diplomacy was of the same +character as the Roumanian, but not so supremely +able. The difference, it appeared to me, was +that the Roumanian sought a grand advantage +with a humble air: the Greek would seek an +advantage, even a humble one, with a grand +air. A lofty dignity sits well on the diplomacy +which is backed by great force: there should +be something more humble in the bearing of the +diplomat relying upon subtle wiles. The Greek +is a little too conscious of his heroic past not to +spoil a little the working of his otherwise very +pliant diplomacy. The Serbian in diplomacy +was not so childish as the Bulgarian and a great +deal more amiable and modest. Europe has long +given the Serbian a bad reputation for bounce +and bluster. In the events of 1912-13 he did +nothing to earn such ill-repute. His work in the +field was done excellently and with little <i>réclame</i>. +In Conference he was not aggressive, but moderate, +and, in my experience, more truthful than other +Balkan types.</p> + +<hr class="r33" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER VI</h2> + +<h4>THE TROUBLES OF A WAR CORRESPONDENT IN THE BALKANS</h4> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Being</span> a war correspondent with the Bulgarian +army gave one far better opportunities of studying +Balkan scenery and natural characteristics than +war operations. After getting through to Staff +headquarters at Stara Zagora and to Mustapha +Pasha, which was about twelve miles from the +operations against Adrianople, I found myself +a kind of prisoner of the censor, and recall putting +my complaint into writing on November 7:</p> + +<blockquote><p>It is the dullest of posts, this, at the tail of an army +which is moving forward and doing brave deeds whilst +we are cooped up by the censor, thirsting for news, and +given an occasional bulletin which tells us just what it +is thought that we should be told. True, we are not +prisoners exactly. We may go out within a mile radius. +That is the rule which must be faithfully kept under +pain of being sent back to headquarters. Perhaps, now +and again, a desperate correspondent, thinking that it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +would not be such a sad thing after all to be sent back +to headquarters, takes a generous view of what a mile +is. (Perhaps he has been used to Irish miles, which are +of the elastic kind; short when you pay a car fare, long, +very long, at other times.) But, supposing, with great +energy and at dread risk of being sent back to headquarters +a correspondent <i>has</i> walked one mile and one +yard; or his horse, which cannot read notices, has +unwittingly carried him on; and supposing that he has +made all kinds of brilliant observations, analysing a +speck of shining metal showing there, a puff of smoke +elsewhere, a flash, or a scar on the earth, still there remains +the censor. A courteous gentleman is the censor, +with a manner even deferential. He cuts off the head +of your news with the most malignant courtesy. "I +am sorry, my dear sir, but that refers to movements of +troops; it is forbidden. And that might be useful +to the enemy. Ah, that observation is excellent; but +it cannot go."</p> + +<p>Afterwards, there remains in your mind an impression +of your wickedness in having troubled so amiable a +gentleman, and on your telegraph form nothing, just +nothing. Of course, if you like, you can pass along the +camp chatter, the stories brought in by Greeks anxious +to curry favour, the descriptions of the capture of +Constantinople by peasants whose first cousins were +staying at the Pera Hotel the day it happened. The +censor is too wise a gentleman to interfere with the +harmless amusement of sending that on. It does not +harm; it may entertain somebody.</p> + +<p>So at the rear of the army, which is making the +Christian arm more respected than it has been for some +time in this Balkan Peninsula, we sit and growl. Those +of us who are convinced that we possess that supreme<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> +capacity of a general "to see what is going on behind +the next hill" are particularly sad. There are so many +precious observations being wasted, theories which +cannot be expressed, sagacious "I told you so's" which +are smothered. We are at the rear of an army, and +endless trains of transport move on; and if we can by +chance catch the sound of a distant gun we are happy +for a day, since it suggests the real thing. Some of us +are optimists, and feel sure that we shall go forward +in a day or two; that we shall be allowed to see the +bombardment of Adrianople; if not that, then its +capture; if not that, then something. Others are +pessimists, and have gone home.</p> + +<p>It is easy to understand the anxiety of the Bulgarians. +They are engaged in a big war. They know that some +of the Great Powers are watching its progress with something +more than interest and something less than +sympathy. It is their impression that they can beat +the Turks; but that afterwards they may have to meet +an attempt to neutralise their victory. So they are +anxious to mask every detail of their organisation. +Secrecy applies to the past as well as to the present and +the future. But it is very irritating; and one goes +home, or holds on in the hope that something better +will come after a time.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile one may learn a little of the country and +its people—this country which has been riven by many +wars. The map—with its names in several languages—gives +indications of the wounds they inflicted. In +Bulgaria, too, it shows how determined is the nationality +of the people who have within a generation reasserted +their right to be a nation. They permit no Turkish +names to remain on their maps. Not only do the Arabic +characters go, but also the Turkish names. Eski<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> +Sagrah, for example, gives place to the title it has on +the best English maps. "Sagrah" means in Turkish +a "dell," a place sheltered by a wood. "Eski" means +"old." The Bulgarian has changed that to Stara +Zagora, Bulgarian words with exactly the same significance. +He wishes to wipe away all traces of the defiling +hand of the Turk from his country, though tolerant of +his Turkish fellow-subjects.</p> + +<p>Almost completely he succeeds, but not quite completely. +The Turkish sweetmeats, the Turkish coffee +keep their hold on the taste of the people, and away +from the towns, among the peasants who till rich fields +with wooden ploughs, there remain traces of the Eastern +disregard for time. But even in the country the people +are waking up to modern ideas, aroused in part by the +American "drummer" selling agricultural machinery. +But in his city of Sofia, "the little Paris," as he likes to +hear it called, and in his towns the Bulgarian has become +keen and bustling. He rather aspires to be thought +Parisian in manner. A "middle class" begins to grow +up. The Bulgarian prospers mightily as a trader, and +when he makes money he devotes his son to a profession, +to the staff of the army, the law, to public life. Also +the Bulgarian is keen to add manufacturing industries +to his agricultural resources, and there are cotton mills +and other factories springing up in different places. The +Bulgarian has a great faith in himself. Thinking over +what he has done within forty years, it is easy to share +that belief and to think of him one day with a great +seaport on the Mediterranean aspiring to a place in the +family council of Europe.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Afterwards, when by dint of hard begging,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> +hard travelling, hard living, and some hard +swearing, I had forced my way through to the +front, I concluded that with the exception of +Mustapha Pasha—where the Second Army had +failed at its task and was set to work on a dull +siege, and was consequently very bad-tempered—the +famous censorship of the Bulgarian Army +was not so vexatious to the correspondents as +to their editors. The censors were usually polite, +and tried to make a difficult position agreeable.</p> + +<p>When the correspondents were despatched +it was thought that the Balkan States, needing +a "good Press," would be fairly kind. The +expectation was realised in the case of the +Montenegrins and the Greeks. The Serbians +allowed the correspondents to see nothing. The +Bulgarian idea was to allow nothing to be seen +and nothing to be despatched except the "Te +Deums." It was an aggravation of the Japanese +censorship, and if it is accepted as a model for +future combatant States the "war correspondent" +will become extinct. I am not disposed to claim +that an army in the field should carry on its +operations under the eyes of newspaper correspondents; +and there were special circumstances +in regard to the campaign of the Bulgarian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> +army (which was a desperate rush against a +big people of a little people operating with the +slenderest of resources) that made a severe +censorship absolutely necessary. But, that +allowed, there are still some points of criticism +justified.</p> + +<p>One correspondent, and one only, was exempted +from censorship, and he was not at the front +but at Sofia. His special position as an informal +member of the Cabinet led to a concession which, +to a man of honour, was more of a responsibility +than a privilege. At the outset the Russian +and French correspondents were highly favoured, +and two English correspondents—who were +working jointly—were granted passes of credit +to all the armies. That privilege was afterwards +granted to me towards the end of the war. It +should have been granted to all or none. A +censorship which is harsh but has no favouritism +may be criticised, but it cannot be held suspect. +Throughout the campaign there was some +favouritism, the Russians having first place, the +French next, the English and Americans next, +the Italians, Germans, Austrians, and others +coming last. The differentiation between nations +was comprehensible enough, in view of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> +political situation in Europe, but differentiations +between different papers of equal standing +of the same country cannot be defended. As +I ended the campaign one of the three favoured +English correspondents, I speak on this point +without bitterness. Indeed, I found no valid +grounds for abusing the censorship until just as +I was leaving Sofia, when I found that some of +my messages from Kirk Kilisse to the <i>Morning +Post</i> had been seriously (and, it would seem, +deliberately) mutilated <i>after</i> they had passed the +censor. They were of some importance as sent—one +the first account from the Bulgarian side +of the battle of Chatalja, the other a frank +statement of the position following that battle, +which I did not submit to the censor until after +close consultation with high authority, and which +was passed then with some modifications, and, +after being passed, was mutilated until it had +little or no meaning.</p> +<p class="p2b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_150.jpg" width="600" height="397" alt="Sofia" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"> +<i>Exclusive News Agency</i></span> +</p> + +<p class="centerb">SOFIA</p> + +<p class="centerb">Commercial Road from Commercial Square</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2">In lighter vein I may record some of the +humours of the censorship, mostly from Mustapha +Pasha, where the Second Army was held up and +everybody was in the worst of tempers. Mustapha +Pasha would not allow ox wagons to be +mentioned, would not allow photographs of +reservists to be sent forward because they were +not in full uniform, would not allow the fact +that Serbian troops were before Adrianople to +be recorded. Indeed, the censorship there was +full of strange prohibitions. Going down to +Mustapha Pasha I noticed aeroplane equipment. +The censor objected to that being recorded +then, though two days after the official bulletin +trumpeted the fact.</p> + +<p>At Mustapha Pasha the custom was after the +war correspondent had written a despatch to +bring it to the censor, who held his court in a +room surrounded by a crowd of correspondents. +The censor insisted that the correspondent should +read the despatch aloud to him. Then the censor +read it over again aloud to him to make sure that +all heard. Thus we all learned how the other +man's imagination was working, and telegraphing +was reduced to a complete farce. Private letters +had to pass through the same ordeal, and one +correspondent, with a turn of humour, wrote an +imaginary private letter full of the most fervent +love messages, which was read out to a furiously +blushing censor and to a batch of journalists, +who at first did not see the joke and tried to look +as if they were not listening. I have described<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> +the early days of Mustapha Pasha. Later, when +most of the men had gone away, conditions +improved.</p> + +<p>The "second censorship"—the most disingenuous +and condemnable part of the Bulgarian +system—was applied with full force to Mustapha +Pasha. After correspondents, who were forbidden +to go a mile out of the town and forbidden to +talk with soldiers, had passed their pitiful little +messages through the censor, those messages were +not telegraphed, but posted on to the Staff headquarters +and then censored again, sometimes +stopped. Certes, the treasures of strategical +observation and vivid description thus lost were +not very great, but the whole proceeding was unfair +and underhand. The censor's seal once affixed +a message should go unchanged. Otherwise it +might be twisted into actual false information.</p> + +<p>In almost all cases the individual censors were +gentlemen, and personally I never had trouble +with any of them; but the system was faulty +at the outset, inasmuch as it was not frank, and +was made worse when it became necessary to +change the plan of campaign and abandon the +idea of capturing Adrianople. Then the Press +correspondents who had been allowed down to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> +Mustapha Pasha in the expectation that after +two days they would be permitted to follow the +victorious army into Adrianople, had to be kept +in that town, and had to be prevented from knowing +anything of what was going on. The courageous +course would have been to have put them +under a definite embargo for a period. That +was not followed, and the same end was sought +by a series of irritating tricks and evasions. +The facts argue against the continuance of the +war correspondent. An army really can never +be sure of its victory until the battle is over. If +it allows the journalists to come forward to see +an expected victory and the victory does not +come, then awkward facts are necessarily disclosed, +and the moving back of those correspondents +is tantamount to a confession of a +movement of retreat. If I were a general in +the field I should allow no war correspondents +with the troops except reliable men, who would +agree to see the war out, to send no despatches +until the conclusion of an operation, and to observe +any interdiction which might be necessary then. +Under these circumstances there would be very +few correspondents, but there would be no deceit +and no ill-feeling.</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span></p> + +<p>The holding up of practically all private +telegraphic messages by the authorities at the +front was a real grievance. It was impossible +to communicate with one's office to get instructions. +One correspondent, arriving at Sofia at +the end of the campaign, found that he had been +recalled a full month before. The unnecessary +mystery about the locality of Staff headquarters +added to the difficulty of keeping in touch with +one's office.</p> + +<p>The Bulgarian people made some "bad +friends" on the Press because of the censorship; +but the sore feeling was not always justifiable. +The worst that can be said is that the military +authorities did in rather a weak and disingenuous +way what they should have had the moral +courage to do in a firm way at the outset. The +Bulgarian enterprise against the Turks was so +audacious, the need of secrecy in regard to +equipment was so pressing, that there was no +place for the journalist. Under the circumstances +a nation with more experience of affairs and more +confidence in herself would have accredited no +correspondents. Bulgaria sought the same end +as that which would have served secrecy by +an evasive way. Englishmen, with centuries of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> +greatness to give moral courage, may not complain +too harshly when the circumstances of this +new-come nation are considered.</p> + +<p>When the army of Press correspondents were +gathered, it was seen that there were several +Austrians and Roumanians, and these countries +were at the time threatening mobilisation +against the Balkan States. It was impossible +to expect that the Bulgarian forces should allow +Roumanian journalists and Austrian journalists +to see anything of their operations which might +be useful to Austria or Roumania in a future +campaign. Yet it would not have been proper +to have allowed correspondents other than the +Austrians and Roumanians to go to the front, +because that would perhaps have created a +diplomatic question, which would have increased +the tension. It certainly would have given +offence to Austria and to Roumania. It would +have been said that there was an idea that +war was intended against those nations; and +diplomacy was anxious to avoid giving expression +to any such idea. The military attachés +were in exactly the same position.</p> + +<p>There were the Austrian attaché and the +Roumanian attaché, and their duty was to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> +report to their Governments all they could +find out that would be to the advantage of +the military forces of their Governments. The +Bulgarians naturally would not allow the +Roumanian nor the Austrian attaché to see anything +of what went on. The attachés were even +worse treated than the correspondents, because, +as the campaign developed, the Bulgarians got +to understand that some of us were trustworthy, +and we were given certain facilities for seeing. +But we were still without facilities for the despatch +of what we had seen. But the military attachés +were kept right in the rear all the time. They +were taken over the battle-fields after the battles +had been fought, so that they might see what +victories had been gained by the Bulgarians.</p> + +<p>The Bulgarians were much strengthened in +their attitude towards the war correspondents +by the fact that they admitted receiving much +help in their operations from the news published +in London and in French newspapers from the +Turkish side. The Turkish army, when the period +of rout began, was in the position that it was able +to exercise little check on its war correspondents; +and the Bulgarians had everything which was +recorded as being done in the Turkish army<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> +sent on to them. They said it was a great help +to them. I think the outlook for war correspondents +in the future is a gloomy one, and the +outlook for the military attaché also. In the +future, no army carrying on anything except +minor operations with savage nations, no army +whose interests might be vitally affected by information +leaking out, is likely to allow military +attachés or war correspondents to see anything +at all.</p> + +<p>The Balkan War probably will close the book +of the war correspondent. It was in the wars of +the "Near East" that that book was first opened +in the modern sense. Some of the greatest +achievements of the craft were in the Crimean +War, the various Turco-Russian wars, and the +Greco-Turkish struggle. It is an incidental proof +of the popularity of the Balkan Peninsula as a +war theatre that the history of the profession +of the war correspondent would be a record +almost wholly of wars in the Near East.</p> + +<p>Certainly if the "war correspondent" is to +survive he will need to be of a new type. I +came to that conclusion when I returned to Kirk +Kilisse from the Bulgarian lines at Chatalja, +and had amused myself in an odd hour with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> +burrowing among a great pile of newspapers in +the censor's office, and reading here and there +the war news from English, French, and Belgian +papers.</p> + +<p class="p2b">Dazed, dismayed, I recognised that I had +altogether mistaken the duties of a war correspondent. +For some six weeks I had been following +an army in breathless anxious chase of facts: +wheedling censors to get some few of those facts +into a telegraph office; learning then, perhaps, +that the custom at that particular telegraph +office was to forward telegrams to Sofia, a ten +days' journey, by bullock wagon and railway, +to give them time to mature. Now here, piping +hot, were the stories of the war. There was the +touching prose poem about King Ferdinand +following his troops to the front in a military +train, which was his temporary palace. One +part of the carriage, serving as his bed-chamber, +was taken up with a portrait of his mother, and +to that picture he looked ever for encouragement, +for advice, for praise. Had there been that day +a "Te Deum" for a great victory? He looked +at the picture and added, "Te <a id="Matrem"></a>Matrem."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_159.jpg" width="600" height="437" alt="Bucharest: The Roumanian House of Representatives" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"> +<i>Exclusive News Agency</i></span> +</p> + +<p class="centerb">BUCHAREST</p> +<p class="centerb">The Roumanian House of Representatives</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2">It was a beautiful story, and why should any +one let loose a brutal bulldog of a fact and point<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> +out that King Ferdinand during the campaign +lived in temporary palaces at Stara Zagora and +Kirk Kilisse, and when he travelled on a visit +to some point near the front it was usually by +motor-car?</p> + +<p>In a paper of another nationality there was +a vivid story of the battle of Chatalja. This +story started the battle seven days too soon; +had the positions and the armies all wrong; +the result all wrong; and the picturesque details +were in harmony. But for the purposes of the +public it was a very good story of a battle. Those +men who, after great hardships, were enabled +to see the actual battle found that the poor +messages which the censor permitted them to +send took ten days or more in transmission to +London. Why have taken all the trouble and +expense of going to the front? Buda-Pest, on +the way there, is a lovely city; Bucharest also; +and charming Vienna was not at all too far away +if you had a good staff map and a lively military +imagination.</p> + +<p>In yet another paper there was a vivid picture—scenery, +date, Greenwich time, and all to give +an air of artistic verisimilitude—of the signing +of the Peace armistice. The armistice had not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> +been signed at the time, was not signed for some +days after. But it would have been absurd to +have waited, since "our special correspondent" +had seen it all in advance, right down to the +embrace of the Turkish delegate and the Bulgarian +delegate, and knew that some of the conditions +were that the Turkish commissariat was to feed +the Bulgarian troops at Chatalja and the Bulgarian +commissariat the Turkish troops in Adrianople. +If his paper had waited for the truth that most +charming story would never have seen the +light.</p> + +<p>So, in a little book I shall one day bring out +in the "Attractive Occupations" series on "How +to be a War Correspondent," I shall give this +general advice:</p> + +<p>1. Before operations begin, visit the army +to which you are accredited, and take notes of +the general appearance of officers and men. Also +learn a few military phrases of their language. +Ascertain all possible particulars of a personal +character concerning the generals and chief +officers.</p> + +<p>2. Return then to a base outside the country. +It must have good telegraph communication with +your newspaper. For the rest you may decide<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> +its locality by the quality of the wine, or the +beer, or the cooking.</p> + +<p>3. Secure a set of good maps of the scene of +operations. It will be handy also to have any +books which have been published describing +campaigns over the same <i>terrain</i>.</p> + +<p>4. Keep in touch with the official bulletins +issued by the military authorities from the scene +of operations. But be on guard not to become +enslaved by them. If, for instance, you wait +for official notices of battles, you will be much +hampered in your picturesque work. Fight +battles when they ought to be fought and how +they ought to be fought. The story's the thing.</p> + +<p>5. A little sprinkling of personal experience +is wise: for example, a bivouac on the battle-field, +toasting your bacon at a fire made of a broken-down +gun carriage with a bayonet taken from a +dead soldier. Mention the nationality of the +bacon. You cannot be too precise in details.</p> + +<p>Ko-Ko's account of the execution of Nankipoo +is, in short, the model for the future war correspondent. +The other sort of war correspondent, +who patiently studied and recorded operations, +seems to be doomed. In the nature of things +it must be so. The more competent and the more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> +accurate he is, the greater the danger he is to +the army which he accompanies. His despatches, +published in his newspaper and telegraphed +promptly to the other side, give to them at a +cheap cost that information of what is going on +<i>behind</i> their enemy's screen of scouts which is +so vital to tactical, and sometimes to strategical, +dispositions. To try to obtain that information +an army pours out much blood and treasure; +to guard that information an army will consume +a full third of its energies in an elaborate system +of mystification. A modern army must either +banish the war correspondent altogether or subject +him to such restrictions of censorship as to veto +honest, accurate, and prompt criticism or record +of operations.</p> + +<p>Some of the correspondents—one in particular—overcame +a secretive military system and a +harsh censorship by the use of a skilled imagination, +and of a friendly telegraph line outside the +area of censorship. At the Staff headquarters +at Stara Zagora during the early days of the +campaign, when we were all straining at the leash +to get to the front, waiting and fussing, he was +working, reconstructing the operations with maps +and a fine imagination, and never allowing his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> +paper to want for news. I think that he was +quite prepared to have taken pupils for his new +school of war correspondents. Often he would +come to me for a yarn—in halting French on +both sides—and would explain the campaign as +it was being carried on. One eloquent gesture +he habitually had—a sweeping motion which +brought his arms together as though they were +gathering up a bundle of spears, then the hands +would meet in an expressive squeeze. "It is +that," he said, "it is Napoleonic."</p> + +<p>Probably the censor at this stage did not +interfere much with his activities, content enough +to allow fanciful descriptions of Napoleonic +strategy to go to the outer world. But, in my +experience, facts, if one ascertained something +independently, were not treated kindly.</p> + +<p>"Why not?" I asked the censor vexedly +about one message he had stopped. "It is +true."</p> + +<p>"Yes, that is the trouble," he said,—the +nearest approach to a joke I ever got out of a +Bulgarian, for they are a sober, God-fearing, and +humour-fearing race.</p> + +<p>The idea of the Bulgarian censorship in regard +to the privileges and duties of the war correspondent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> +was further illustrated to me on another +occasion when a harmless map of a past phase +of the campaign was stopped.</p> + +<p>"Then what am I to send?" I asked.</p> + +<p>"There are the bulletins," he said.</p> + +<p>"Yes, the bulletins which are just your bald +official account of week-old happenings which are +sent to every news agency in Europe before we +see them!"</p> + +<p>"But you are a war correspondent. You +can add to them in your own language."</p> + +<p>Remembering that conversation, I suspect +that at first the Bulgarian censorship did not +object to fairy tales passing over the wires, though +the way was blocked for exact observation. An +enterprising story-maker had not very serious +difficulties at the outset. Afterwards there was +a change, and even the writer of fairy stories +had to work outside the range of the censor.</p> + +<p>The Mustapha Pasha censorship would not +allow ox wagons, reservists, or Serbians to be +mentioned, nor officers' names. The censorship +objected, too, for a long time to any mention of +the all-pervading mud which was the chief item +of interest in the town's life. Yet you might have +lost an army division in some of the puddles.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> +(But stop, I am lapsing into the picturesque ways +of the new school of correspondents. Actually +you could not have lost more than a regiment +in the largest mud puddle.)</p> + +<p>Let the position be frankly faced that if one +is with an army in modern warfare, common +sense prohibits the authorities from allowing +you to see anything, and suggests the further +precautions of a strict censorship and a general +hold-up of wires until their military value (and +therefore their "news" value) has passed. If +your paper wants picturesque stories hot off the +grill it is much better not to be with the army +(which means in effect in the rear of the army), +but to write about its deeds from outside the +radius of the censorship.</p> + +<p>Perhaps, though, your paper has old-fashioned +prejudices in favour of veracity, and will be +annoyed if your imagination leads you too palpably +astray? In that case do not venture to be a +war correspondent at all. If you do not invent, +you will send nothing of value. If you invent +you will be reprimanded.</p> + +<p>Here is my personal record of "getting to the +front" and the net result of the trouble and the +expense. I went down to Mustapha Pasha with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> +the great body of war correspondents and soon +recognised that there was no hope of useful +work there. The attacking army was at a stand-still, +and a long, wearisome siege—its operations +strictly guarded from inspection—was in prospect. +I decided to get back to Staff headquarters (then +at Stara Zagora) and just managed to catch the +Staff before it moved on to Kirk Kilisse. By +threatening to return to London at once I got +a promise of leave to join the Third Army and to +"see some fighting."</p> + +<p>The promise anticipated the actual granting +of leave by two days. It would be tedious to +record all the little and big difficulties that were +then encountered through the reluctance of the +military authorities to allow one to get transport +or help of any kind. But four days later I was +marching out of Mustapha Pasha on the way to +Kirk Kilisse by way of Adrianople, a bullock +wagon carrying my baggage, an interpreter +trundling my bicycle, I riding a small pony. +The interpreter was gloomy and disinclined to +face the hardships and dangers (mostly fancied) +of the journey. Beside the driver (a Macedonian) +marched a soldier with fixed bayonet. Persuasion +was necessary to force the driver to undertake +the journey and a friendly transport officer had, +with more or less legality, put at my command +this means of argument. A mile outside Mustapha +Pasha the soldier turned back and I was left to +coax my unwilling helpers on a four days' journey +across a war-stricken countryside, swept of all +supplies, infested with savage dogs (fortunately +well-fed by the harvest of the battle-fields), +liable to ravage by roving bands.</p> +<p class="p2b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 334px;"> +<img src="images/img_170.jpg" width="334" height="500" alt="General Savoff" /> +<span class="caption">GENERAL SAVOFF</span> +</div> + +<p class="p2">That night I gave the Macedonian driver +some jam and some meat to eke out his bread +and cheese.</p> + +<p>"That is better than having a bayonet poked +into your inside," I said, by pantomime. He +understood, grinned, and gave no great trouble +thereafter, though he was always in a state +of pitiable funk when I left the wagon to +take a trip within the lines of the besieging +forces.</p> + +<p>So to Kirk Kilisse. There I got to General +Savoff himself and won not only leave, but a +letter of aid to go down to the Third Army at +the lines of Chatalja. But by then what must +be the final battle of the war was imminent. +Every hour of delay was dangerous. To go by +cart meant a journey of several days. A military<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> +train was available part of the way if I were +content to drop interpreter, horse, and baggage, +and travel with a soldier's load.</p> + +<p>That decision was easy enough at the moment—though +I sometimes regretted it afterwards +when the only pair of riding breeches I had with +me gave out at the knees and I had to walk the +earth ragged—and by train I got to Chorlu. +There a friendly artillery officer helped me to get +a cart (springless) and two fast horses. He insisted +also on giving me a patrol, a single Bulgarian +soldier, with 200 rounds of ammunition, as +Bashi-Bazouks were ranging the country.</p> + +<p>It was an unnecessary precaution, though the +presence of the soldier was comforting as we +entered Silviri at night, the outskirts of the town +deserted, the chattering of the driver's teeth +audible over the clamour of the cart, the gutted +houses ideal refuges for prowling bands. From +Silviri to Chatalja there was again no appearance +of Bashi-Bazouks. But thought of another +danger obtruded as we came near the lines and +encountered men from the Bulgarian army suffering +from the choleraic dysentery which had then +begun its ravages. To one dying soldier by the +roadside I gave brandy; and then had to leave<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> +him with his mates, who were trying to get him +to a hospital. They were sorely puzzled by his +cries, his pitiful grimaces. Wounds they knew +and the pain of them they despised. They +could not comprehend this disease which took +away all the manhood of a stoic peasant and +made him weak in spirit as an ailing child.</p> + +<p>From Chatalja, the right flank of the Bulgarian +position, I passed along the front to Ermenikioi +("the village of Armenians"), passing the night +at Arjenli, near the centre and the headquarters +of the ammunition park. That night at Arjenli +seemed to make a rough and sometimes perilous +journey, which had extended over seven days, +worth while. The Commander, an artillery +officer, welcomed me to a little mess which the +Bulgarian officers and non-commissioned officers +(six in all) had set up in a clean room of a village +house. We had dinner, "Turkish fashion," +squatting round a dish of stewed goat and rice, +and then smoked excellent cigarettes through the +evening hours as we looked out on the Chatalja +lines.</p> + +<p>Arjenli is perched on a high hill, to the west +of Ermenikioi. It gave a view of all the Chatalja +position—the range of hills stretching from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> +Black Sea to the Sea of Marmora, along which +the Bulgarians were entrenched, and, beyond the +invisible valley, the second range which held the +Turkish defence. Over the Turkish lines, like +a standard, shone in the clear sky a crescent +moon, within its tip a bright star. It seemed +an omen, an omen of good to the Turks. +My Australian eye instinctively sought for the +Southern Cross ranged against it in the sky in +sign that the Christian standard held the Heavens +too. I sought in vain in those northern latitudes, +shivered a little and, as though arguing against +a superstitious thought, said to myself: "But +there is the Great Bear."</p> + +<p>Now there had been "good copy" in the +journey. At Arjenli I happened to be the witness +of a vivid dramatic scene (more stirring than +any battle incident). It was a splendid incident, +showing the high courage and <i>moral</i> of these +peasant soldiers at an anxious time. To have +witnessed it, participated in it, was personal +reward sufficient for a week of toil and anxiety. +To my paper, too, the reader might say, it was of +some value, if properly told and given to the +London reader the next morning, the day before +the battle of Chatalja.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> +Yes. But it was the next afternoon before I +could get to a telegraph office within the Bulgarian +lines. Then the censor said any long message +was hopeless. I was allowed to send a bare +100 words. They reached London eight days +later, a week after the battle had been fought, +when London was interested no longer in anything +but the armistice negotiations. The reason +was that the single telegraph line was monopolised +for military business. My account of the +battle of Chatalja reached London a full fortnight +after the event, though I had the advantage +of the highest influence to expedite the +message.</p> + +<p>Thus from a daily-newspaper point of view +all the expense, toil, danger were wasted.</p> + +<p>Summing up, an accurate and prompt Press +service as war correspondent with the Bulgarian +army was impossible, because—</p> + +<p>1. The Bulgarian authorities were keen that +correspondents should see nothing.</p> + +<p>2. A rigid first censorship checked a full +record of what little was seen.</p> + +<p>3. The first censorship being passed, despatches +often had still to pass a second censorship at +Staff headquarters, a third censorship at Sofia.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> +4. Despatches passing through Roumania +underwent another censorship there, and yet +another in Austria, possibly yet others in other +European countries.</p> + +<p>5. In addition to these censorship delays the +Bulgarian authorities made newspaper messages +yield precedence to military messages, and at +the front this meant that Press messages were +sent on by mail (ox transport most of the +way) to the Staff headquarters or the capital.</p> + +<p>6. In the meanwhile the imaginative accounts +written nearer Fleet Street had been published, +and the accurate news was "dead" from a point +of public interest.</p> + +<p class="p2b">Most of these conditions will rule over all +future wars. Therefore I conclude that the day +of the war correspondent—in the sense of a +truthful observer of a campaign—has gone, and +he died with the Balkan War. He can only +survive if newspapers are willing to incur the +very great expense of sending out war correspondents +not for the news, day by day, but for +what observation and criticism they could supply +after the campaign was over. To a daily newspaper +such matter is almost valueless, especially +as during the progress of the campaign the correspondents<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> +of the "new" school would be at work +with their many inventions, raising the hair of +the public and the circulation of their journals +with bright feats of imagination.</p> + +<hr class="r33" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER VII</h2> + +<h4>JOTTINGS FROM MY BALKAN TRAVEL BOOK</h4> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">These</span> observations I will quote from my diary +during 1912 in illustration of phases of Balkan +character, dating them at the time and place +that they were made.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Belgrade</span>, <i>October 21</i>.—The declaration of +war has not set the Serbians singing in the streets. +In the chief café there is displayed a great war +map. Young soldiers not yet sent to the front +lounge about in all the cafés and are lionised +by the older men. They are the only signs of +war.</p> +<p class="p2b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124a" id="Page_124a"></a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_179.jpg" width="600" height="430" alt="Bulgarian Infantry" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"> +<i>Underwood & Underwood</i></span> +</p> + +<p class="centerb">BULGARIAN INFANTRY</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2">The patriotic Serbian illustrates his case +against the Turk by taking you for a ramble +around his capital. The old Turkish quarters +of the town are made up of narrow unpaved +muddy lanes lined with low hovels. The modern +Serbian town has handsome buildings markedly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> +Russian in architecture, electric trams, and wood-blocked +pavements. Near the railway station +one side of a street is as the Turks left it and +shows a row of hovels: the other side is occupied +by a great school. The shops, because it is war-time +and business is largely suspended, are +mostly closed. But a few remain open with +reduced staffs. The goods displayed are as a +rule woefully expensive when they are not of +local origin. Landlocked Serbia, surrounded by +commercially hostile countries, finds imports expensive. +British goods are very much favoured, +but are hard to obtain.</p> + +<p>The Serbians speak bitterly of the efforts of +Austria "to strangle them commercially." +"Whenever they wish to put diplomatic pressure +upon us," said one Serbian to me, "they discover +that swine fever has broken out in our country +and stop our exports of pigs and bacon—our +chief lines of export. What can we do? Once, +in retaliation, we found that we suspected a +consignment of Austrian linen goods of carrying +swine fever and stopped it on the frontier. It +almost caused war."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nish</span> (Serbia), <i>October 22</i>.—A military train +carrying some members of the army and Staff<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> +has brought also a band of war correspondents +this far. We were a merry but rather a hungry +lot. The train has been sixteen hours on the +journey, and as we started at 6 a.m. most of us +did not bring any stores of food except such as +were packed away and inaccessible in the big +baggage. The wayside refreshment rooms are +swept clean of all food. Finally we manage to +obtain some bread, and five hungry correspondents +in one carriage eat at it without enthusiasm, +whilst in a corner sits a Serbian officer having +a good meal of sausage and onions and bread. +We make remarks, a little envious, a little jocose, +in English, on his selfishness. "He is a greedy +pig, anyhow," said one, putting the final cap +on our grumbles. The Serbian officer had not +betrayed by a smile or a frown that he understood +but now in good English he remarked: "Perhaps +you gentlemen will be so kind as to share this +with me." We all laughed and he laughed then: +and we took a little of the sausage, and liked +that Serbian rather well: and no reference was +made to what had gone before. At nightfall +we stop at Nish and all my Press comrades leave +the train to go on in the rear of the Serbian +army. I push on to Sofia. Clearly these Balkan<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> +peoples are not quite so savage as I had thought +once.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sofia</span>, <i>October 24</i>.—The position of the +Bulgarian nation towards its Government on +the outbreak of the war is, I think, extremely +interesting as a lesson in patriotism. Every +man has gone to fight who could fight. But +further, every family has put its surplus of goods +into the war-chest. The men marched away to +the front; and the women of the house loaded +up the surplus goods which they had in the house, +and brought them for the use of the military +authorities on the ox wagons, which also went to +the military authorities to be used on requisition. +A Bulgarian law, not one which was passed on +the outbreak of the war—they were far too +clever for that,—but a law which was part of the +organic law of the country, allowed the military +authorities to requisition all surplus food and all +surplus goods which could be of value to the +army on the outbreak of hostilities.</p> + +<p>The whole machinery for that had been provided +beforehand. But so great was the voluntary +patriotism of the people that this machinery +practically has not had to be used in any compulsory +form. Goods were brought in voluntarily,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> +wagons, cart-horses and oxen, and all the surplus +flour and wheat, and—I have the official figures +from the Bulgarian Treasurer—those goods which +were obtained in this way totalled in value some +six million pounds. That represented the surplus +goods, beyond those necessary for consumption +by the Bulgarian people, at the outset of the war. +The numbers of the Bulgarian people represent +half the population of London. The peasant +population is very poor. Their national existence +dates back only half a century. But they are +very frugal and saving; that six millions which +the Government signed for represented practically +all the savings which the Bulgarian people had at +the outbreak of the war. I am told that the gold +supply in the Bulgarian Treasury at the declaration +of war was only three million pounds. So +that there was an army of 350,000 men put into +the field, and only three million pounds as the +gold supply.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Kirk Kilisse</span>, <i>November 7</i>.—The extraordinary +simplicity of the commissariat has helped the +Bulgarian generals a great deal. The men have +had bread and cheese, sometimes even bread +alone; and that was accounted a satisfactory +ration. When meat and other things could be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> +obtained, they were obtained; but there were +long periods when the Bulgarian soldier had +nothing but bread and water. The water, unfortunately, +he took wherever he could get it, +by the side of the route at any stream he could +find. There was no attempt to ensure a pure +water supply for the army. I do not think that, +without that simplicity of commissariat, it would +have been possible for the Bulgarian forces to +have got as far as they did. There was an entire +absence of tinned foods. As I travelled in the +trail of the Bulgarian army, I found it impossible +to imagine that an army had passed that way, +because there was none of the litter which is +usually left by an army. It was not that they +cleared away their rubbish with them; it simply +did not exist. Their bread and cheese seems to +be a good fighting diet.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Seleniki</span>, <i>November 13</i>.—The transport was, +naturally, the great problem which faced the +generals. I have seen here (Seleniki, which is +the point at which the rail-head is), within 30 +miles of Constantinople as the crow flies, ox +wagons which have come from the Shipka Pass +in the north of Bulgaria. I asked one driver +how long it had been on the road; he told me<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> +three weeks. He was carrying food down to the +front. The way the ox wagons were used for +transport was a marvel of organisation. A +transport officer at Mustapha Pasha, with whom +I became very friendly, was lyrical in his praise +of the ox wagon. It was, he said, the only thing +that stuck to him during the war. The railway +got choked, and even the horse failed, but the +ox never failed. There were thousands of ox +wagons crawling across the country. They do +not walk, they crawl, like an insect, with an +irresistible crawl. It reminds you of those armies +of soldier ants which move across Africa, eating +everything which they come across, and stopping +at nothing. I had an ox wagon coming from +Mustapha Pasha to Kirk Kilisse, and we went over +the hills and down through the valleys, and stopped +for nothing—we never had to unload once. And +one could sleep in those ox wagons. There is +no jolting and pulling at the traces, such as +you get with a harnessed horse. The ox wagon +moved slowly; but it always moved. If the +ox transport had not been as perfectly organised, +and if the oxen had not been as patiently enduring +as they proved to be, the Bulgarian army +must have perished by starvation. And yet, at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> +Mustapha Pasha, a censor would not allow us +to send anything about the ox wagons. That +officer thought the ox cart was derogatory to the +dignity of the army. If we had been able to +say that they had such things as motor transport +or steam wagons, he would have cheerfully +allowed us to send it.</p> + +<p>But after Lule Burgas, the ox transport has +had to do the impossible. It is impossible for it +to maintain the food and the ammunition supply +of the army at the front, which I suppose must +number 250,000 to 300,000 men. That army +has got right away from its base, with the one +line of railway straddled by the enemy, and with +the ox as practically the only means of transport.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Arjenli</span> (Turkey), <i>November 15, 1912</i>.—It +is Friday, and we expect to-morrow the Battle +of Chatalja. In the little Turkish village of +Arjenli, situated on a high hill a little to the +rear of the Bulgarian lines, is the ammunition +park of the artillery, guarded by a small body +of troops under Lieutenant-Colonel Tchobanoff. +Coming towards the front from Chorlu, the fall +of night and the weariness of my horses have +compelled me to halt at Arjenli, and this officer +and Dr. Neytchef give me a warm welcome to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> +their little mess. There are six members, and for +all, to sleep and to eat, one room. Three are +officers, three have no commissions. With this +nation in arms that is not an objection to a common +table. Discipline is strict, but officers and soldiers +are men and brothers when out of the ranks. +Social position does not govern military position. +I found sometimes the University professor and +the bank manager without commissions, the +peasant proprietor an officer. The whole nation +has poured out its manhood for the war, from +farm, field, factory, shop, bank, university, and +consulting-room.</p> + +<p>Here, at Arjenli, on the eve of the decisive battle, +I think over early incidents of the campaign. It +is a curious fact that in all Bulgaria I have met +but one man who was young enough and well +enough to fight and who had not enlisted. He +had become an American subject, I believe, and +so could not be compelled to serve. In America +he had learned to be an "International Socialist," +and so he did not volunteer. I believe he was +unique. With half the population of London, +Bulgaria had put 350,000 trained men under +arms. But there was in the nation one good +Socialist who knew that war was an evil thing, +and that it was better to sit down meekly under +tyranny than to take up arms.</p> +<p class="p2b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 376px;"> +<img src="images/img_190.jpg" width="376" height="500" alt="ox transport in the balkans" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"> +<i>Underwood & Underwood</i></span> +</p> +<p class="centerb">OX TRANSPORT IN THE BALKANS</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2">I followed in the track of the victorious Third +Army as it came down through the border +mountains on to Kirk Kilisse, then to Lule Burgas, +then past Chorlu to the Chatalja lines. At +Arjenli I had overtaken them in time to see the +final battle, and now sat looking out on the entrenched +armies, talking over the position with +a serene and cheerful artillery officer. The past +week had been one of hardship and horrors. +From Chorlu the road was lined with the bodies +of the Turkish dead, still awaiting burial. Entering +the Bulgarian lines on their right flank that +morning, I had tried in vain to succour a soldier +dying of the choleraic dysentery which had begun +its ravages. But here in the middle of the battle +line the atmosphere of noble confidence is inspiriting. +The horrors of war vanish; only its +glory shows. The men around me feel that they +are engaged in a just war. They know that +everything that man can do has been done. +Proudly, cheerfully, they await the issue.</p> + +<p>During the evening, a Turk suspected of being +a spy is brought in for trial. He had attempted +to rush past one of the sentries guarding the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> +ammunition wagons. He is given a patient +hearing, is able to establish his innocence, and +is allowed to go. There is no feeling of panic +or injustice among these Bulgarians. I see the +trial and its end (having been asked to act as +friend of the accused).</p> + +<p>It is to-day forty days since the mobilisation. +At the call this trained nation was in arms in a +day. The citizen soldiers hurried to the depots +for their arms and uniforms. In one district +the rumour that mobilisation had been authorised +was bruited abroad a day before the actual +issue of the orders, and the depot was besieged +by the peasants who had rushed in from their +farms. The officer in charge could not give out +the rifles, so the men lit fires, got food from the +neighbours, and camped around the depot until +they were armed. Some navvies received their +mobilisation orders on returning to their camp +after ten hours' work at railway-building. They +had supper and marched through the night to +their respective headquarters. For one soldier +the march was twenty-four miles. The railway +carriages were not adequate to bring all the men +to their assigned centres. Some rode on the +steps, on the roofs of carriages, on the buffers even.</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span></p> + +<p>At Stara Zagora, early in November, I noted +a mother of the people who had come to see some +Turkish prisoners just brought in from Mustapha +Pasha. To one she gave a cake. "They are +hungry," she said. This woman had five men +at the war—her four sons in the fighting line, her +husband under arms guarding a line of communication. +She had sent them proudly. It +was the boast of the Bulgarian women that not +a tear was shed at the going away of the soldiers.</p> + +<p>Later, at a little village outside Kirk Kilisse, +a young civil servant, an official of the Foreign +Office, spoke of the war whilst we ate a dish of +cheese and eggs. "It is a war," he said, "of +the peasants and the intellectuals. It is not a +war made by the politicians or the soldiers of +the Staff. That would be impossible. In our +nation every soldier is a citizen and every citizen +a soldier. There could not be a war unless it +were a war desired by the people. In my office +it was with rage that some of the clerks heard +that they must stay at Sofia, and not go to the +front. We were all eager to take arms."</p> + +<p>At Nova Zagora, travelling by a troop train +carrying reserves to the front, I crossed a train +bringing wounded from the battle-fields. For +some hours both trains were delayed. The men +going to the front were decorated with flowers +as though going to a feast. They filled the +waiting time by dancing to the music of the +national bagpipes, and there joined in the dance +such of the wounded as could stand on their feet. +There was no daunting these trained patriots.</p> + +<p>These and a score of other pictures pass through +my mind and explain Kirk Kilisse and Lule +Burgas, and give confidence for the battle to +come. Here was a people ranged for battle with +the steady nerves and the stolid courage that +come from tilling the soil, with the skill and the +discipline that come from adequate training, +with the fervent faith of a great patriotism. I +have talked with Turkish prisoners and found +infantrymen who had been sent to the front after +two days' training, gunners who had been drafted +into a battery after ten days' drill. Such soldiers +can only march to defeat.</p> +<p class="p2b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 352px;"> +<img src="images/img_195.jpg" width="352" height="500" alt="a Balkan peasant woman" /> +<span class="caption">A BALKAN PEASANT WOMAN</span> +</div> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">Ermenikioi</span> (Headquarters of the Third +Bulgarian Army), <i>November 17 (Sunday)</i>.—The +Battle of Chatalja has been opened. To-day, +General Demetrieff rode out with his Staff to the +battle-field whilst the bells of a Christian church +in this little village rang. The day was spent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> +in artillery reconnaissance, the Bulgarian guns +searching the Turkish entrenchments to discover +their real strength. Only once during the day +was the infantry employed; and then it was +rather to take the place of artillery than to complete +work begun by artillery. It seems to me +that the Bulgarian forces have not enough big +gun ammunition at the front. They are ten days +from their base, and shells must come up by ox +wagon the greater part of the way.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ermenikioi</span>, <i>November 18</i>.—This was a wild +day on the Chatalja hills. Driving rain and mist +swept over from the Black Sea, and at times +obscured all the valley across which the battle +raged. With but slight support from the artillery, +the Bulgarian infantry was sent again and again +up to the Turkish entrenchments. Once a fort +was taken but had to be abandoned again. The +result of the day's fighting is indecisive. The +Bulgarian forces have driven in the Turkish right +flank a little, but have effected nothing against +the central positions which bar the road to +Constantinople. It is clear that the artillery +is not well enough supplied with ammunition. +There is a sprinkle of shells when there should be +a flood. Gallant as is the infantry, it cannot win<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> +much ground faced by conditions such as the Light +Brigade met at Balaclava.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ermenikioi</span>, <i>November 19</i>.—Operations have +been suspended. Yesterday's cold and bitter +weather has fanned to an epidemic the choleraic +dysentery which had been creeping through the +trenches. The casualties in the fighting had been +heavy. "But for every wounded man who +comes to the hospitals," Colonel Jostoff, the +Chief of the Staff, tells me, "there are ten who +say 'I am ill.'" The Bulgarians recognise +bitterly that in their otherwise fine organisation +there has been one flaw, the medical service. +Among this nation of peasant proprietors—sturdy, +abstemious, moral, living in the main on whole-meal +bread and water—illness was so rare that +the medical service was but little regarded. Up +to Chatalja confidence in the rude health of the +peasants was justified. They passed through +cold, hunger, fatigue, and kept healthy. But +ignorant of sanitary discipline, camped among +the filthy Turkish villages, the choleraic dysentery +passed from the Turkish trenches to theirs. There +are 30,000 cases of illness, and the healthy for +the first time feel fear as they see the torments +of the sick. The Bulgarians recognise that there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> +must be a pause in the fighting whilst the hospital +and sanitary service is reorganised.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Kirk Kilisse</span>, <i>December 1</i>.—It seems certain +now that peace must be declared, and that the +dream of driving the Turk right out of Europe +must be abandoned. These peasant peoples of +the Balkans have done wonderful things, but +they have stumbled on one point—the want of +knowledge of sanitary science. I have seen only +one attempt at a clean camp since I have been in +the field, and that was a Serbian camp, north +of Adrianople.</p> + +<p>With the Bulgarian army there was not, at +any stage of the campaign up to the Battle of +Chatalja—that is, until after the outbreak of +cholera—any precaution, to my knowledge, taken +to secure a clean water supply, or clean camping-grounds, +or to take the most elementary precautions +against the outbreak of disease in the +army. The medical service was almost as bad. +I have seen much of the hospital work at Kirk +Kilisse after the armistice; and it has been +deplorable to see the fine fellows whose lives were +sacrificed, or whose limbs were sacrificed, through +neglect of medical knowledge. I am sure the +Bulgarians would have saved many hundreds of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> +lives if there had been anything like a proper +medical service at the front.</p> + +<p>At Chatalja the chief reason given for the +stoppage of operations was the ravages of disease +in the Bulgarian lines. The illness was of a +choleraic type; it had, as usual, a profound +moral as well as physical effect. The courage +of the men broke down before this visitation. +The victims howled with pain and terror, though +the same men would withstand serious wounds +without a complaint or a wincing.</p> + +<p class="p2b">The Turks are blamed for the outbreak in the +Bulgarian lines. It is more than probable that +their villages, inexpressibly filthy; the prisoners +taken from their ranks; the infection of the soil +abandoned by them, were contributing <a id="causes"></a>causes.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 343px;"> +<img src="images/img_201.jpg" width="343" height="500" alt="a bagpiper" /> +<span class="caption">A BAGPIPER</span> +</div> + +<p class="p2">But it must be stated frankly that the almost +complete absence of any sanitary discipline or +precaution in the Bulgarian lines at this place +earned for them all the diseases that afflict mankind. +So far as I can ascertain after careful +investigation, there were no sanitary police; no +attempts to secure and safeguard a pure water +supply; no latrine regulations. I have seen the +Bulgarian soldiers drinking from streams running +through battle-fields, though a few feet away were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> +swollen carcases. I have seen no attempt in +the field at a proper latrine service. Some +hundreds of thousands of peasant soldiers, +accustomed to the simplest life on their own +farms, were collected together and left practically +without sanitary discipline. The details can be +filled in without my setting them forth in print. +There is one fact, however, to be recorded of +a pleasant character. In all investigations of +the hospital services I never found a case of any +malady arising from vice. There was also a +complete absence of drunkenness. This might +be ascribed to the want of means to obtain +alcohol. But in Turkey there was an abundance +of wines and spirits, and some beer in the +captured villages and towns; it led, however, +to no orgies.</p> + +<p>Naturally, the Bulgarian peasant is wonderfully +healthy. His food is rough whole-meal +bread and cheese; his occasional luxuries, a +dish of the sour milk which is so well known in +London, a little alcohol on Sunday, some sweet +stuff, and, rarely, grilled meat or meat soup with +vegetables. It is possible to judge that his +alimentary tract differs widely from that of the +Western European. I should say he was almost<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span> +immune from enteric, unless attacked by a very +virulent infection. He can live on bread and +water alone without serious inconvenience for +lengthy periods. His blood is very pure, and +ordinarily heals in a way that astonished the +British surgeons.</p> + +<p>Here, then, was the best of material from an +army medical point of view. Given the roughest +food, the simplest sanitary precautions, and +ordinarily good field dressing, and the army +would have marched without disease and the +wounded would have dropped out of the firing +line for a few days only. But there were no +sanitary precautions; hence disease. The hospital +service as regards the first aid in the +field was pitiably deficient; hence serious and +unnecessary losses of wounded. Without seeking +to pile up a record of horrors, I cite a few individual +instances to illustrate bad methods. At the +front, punctured bayonet wounds were closely +bandaged—in some cases stitched up—without +provision for irrigation, without even proper +cleansing. This led to gangrene and often caused +the sacrifice of a life or of a limb (which, to these +peasants, was almost as great a loss as that of +life: their feeling against amputations was very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> +strong, and if they understood that amputation +was intended, they sometimes begged to be +"killed instead"). Bullet wounds also were +often plugged up on the field. When proper +treatment was at last available, it was sometimes +too late to avoid death or amputation. No +treatment at all on the field would have been +preferable to this well-intentioned but shocking +ignorance.</p> + +<p>Of the purely Bulgarian hospitals those at +Kirk Kilisse are very deficient: at Philippopolis, +however, there were excellent Bulgarian hospitals, +and also at Sofia. The Russian hospital at Kirk +Kilisse is very good. The British Red Cross +Hospital, under Major E. T. F. Birrell, of the +R.A.M.C., is excellently organised, has the fullest +possible equipment, and tries to specialise in +serious cases. It is subjected locally (as is the +Russian hospital) to the criticism that by insisting +on perfection of system it unduly restricts its +salvage work: that, in short, it could deal with +far more patients if it consented to more "rough-and-ready" +methods. I record this criticism, +and acknowledge that it is based on facts. Yet +it may be urged on the other side that it was +ultimately far more useful to have a model<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> +hospital to show how things should be done than +to sacrifice that valuable lesson for the sake of +striving to cope in rough-and-ready fashion with +the flood of wounded. This hospital gives interesting +proof that Great Britain is an Empire, not +an island nation. I first encountered three of +its doctors in a café. One was from the Mother +Country, one from the West Indies, one an +Australian friend, who set at once to talking of +gum trees and of Melbourne University. Then +a non-commissioned officer attached to the +hospital—most of its Staff are army men—is a +Canadian, who had had war experience in South +Africa. His comments on the Bulgarian wounded +are full of sympathy. "These chaps," he said, +"take their gruel better even than the Tommies. +The Tommy takes his all right, but he 'grouses' +about it. These chaps never grumble. One of +them had to have a very painful dressing. He +winced a little. A comrade at once laughed +at him. 'Ah,' he said, 'you learn new kinds of +dancing here.'" Nurses endorse this evidence +about the Bulgarian soldiers' patience, though +one stated that she found the officers sometimes +to be rather neurasthenic.</p> + +<p>On the whole, the Bulgarian army is not strong<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> +on science. In spade work it was not good. I +saw no perfect trenches—never a drained trench. +Undrained trenches caused some increase of +mortality and of sickness. It is uncomfortable +to stay for days, or even hours, in a trench which +the rain has partly filled with water. In no case +that I saw were there trenches with overhead +protection against howitzer fire. Except at the +Chatalja lines and around Adrianople the trenches +were, of course, intended to be of a very temporary +use, and would naturally not be elaborate. Gun-pits +and emplacements were usually fairly good. +It was the custom to dig a pit, or to put up a little +sod wall for the gun-limber (most of the artillery +work was from concealed and prepared positions). +At Chatalja the trenches were masked with the +stalks of the Turkish tobacco plants—about the +only instance I saw of masking. It was rare to +see a trench zigzagged as a precaution against +enfilading fire. The Turkish trenches I saw were +hopelessly bad.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sofia</span>, <i>December 6, 1912</i>.—Sofia, in spite of +the great victories which have been won, is +neither joyous nor contented. The failure of +the siege of Adrianople seems to rest heavy upon +the people: and there are gloomy stories of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> +extent of the losses of the nation's manhood. +So far no lists of killed and wounded have been +published. "The Mass at St. Sofia," which was +the battle-cry of the first days of the war, is clearly +not a possibility now. Some mystery attaches +to the movements of the king. It is said that +he had made a vow that he would not return +to Sofia until a victorious peace was signed. The +embittered relations with the Greeks, the signs +of disagreement with the Serbians, suggest gloomy +possibilities of future troubles.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Belgrade</span>, <i>December 8, 1912</i>.—With the exception +of the army before Adrianople, the Serbians +have finished their share of the war with Turkey. +Belgrade is satisfied, but not over-elated. +Across the Danube, a broad gloomy waste of +dun waters under the winter mists, a division +of the Austrian army is mobilised. There is a +fear, almost an expectation, that Austria will +make war. But there seems neither panic nor +war-fever in the city.</p> + +<p>Business is creeping back to the normal state. +At the Ministry for War there are to be seen +pathetic scenes as parents and other relatives +seek tidings of the soldiers. An old father, himself +a captain of reserves, hears that his only son, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> +lieutenant, has been killed, and bursts into tears +and tells to all around his sorrow. But generally +tragic news is received stoically. Amid the congratulations +on the results of the Allies' efforts +there is an under-current of resolution to make a +better bargain with Bulgaria than the <i>ante bellum</i> +partition treaty proposed. Reports of envious and +rude treatment of the Serbian army before Adrianople +are current in the street: and there is some +talk of recalling the men. This is the irresponsible +talk of men in the street only: the authorities +are very correct in their attitude towards "our +friend and ally," and express themselves as confident +that Bulgaria of her own volition will suggest +better terms for her partner in the war.</p> + +<p>A Serbian politician, who patiently endures +my bad French or makes a brave effort to talk +in English, a tongue which he is learning to speak +and can read quite well, politely excuses the +English for being such bad linguists. "For you +English who have all the poetry, all the romance, +all the science, all the philosophy a man may +want in your own language, it is not necessary to +learn any other. For us in the Balkans, we must +learn other languages or remain ignorant of much +that goes on in the world."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> +In truth the Balkan peoples are astonishing +linguists. It is not at all a rare thing to find +that a man can speak Bulgarian, Serbian, Greek, +Turkish, and French. Often he adds either English +or German to this list. Bulgarian and Serbian, +of course, are but differing dialects of Russian—a +Russian can make himself understood in both +tongues though he knows only Russian. But +the grammar of one differs from that of the +other, and many of the words are different. The +Balkan people who know Turkish know it usually +in its colloquial and spoken form and not the +literary language, which is very difficult to understand +thoroughly because it is really a blending +of three languages.</p> +<p class="p2b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_212.jpg" width="600" height="425" alt="some Serbian peasants" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"> +<i>Underwood & Underwood</i></span></p> + +<p class="centerb">SOME SERBIAN PEASANTS</p> +</div> + +<hr class="r33" /> + +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII</h2> + +<h4>THE PICTURESQUE BALKANS</h4> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">It</span> is difficult to dissociate the Balkans with +bloodshed and disorder. Insensibly the mind +is tempted at every turn to direct attention to +the last battle or the future campaign which +can be seen threatening. But if the storm-racked +peninsula could be granted a term of +peaceful development, there is no doubt at all +but that it would be much favoured by voyagers +seeking picturesque beauty and wishing to go +over the fields which have been the scenes of +some of the greatest events in history. Mountain +resorts to rival those of Switzerland, spas to match +those of Germany and Austria, autumn and +winter seaside beaches of great beauty and fine +sunny climate—all these exist in the Balkan +Peninsula, and need only to be known, and to be +known as peaceful, to attract tourists.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> +The Adriatic coast has charms of rugged +coast-lines and bright waters; the Black Sea +littoral, though flat and sandy, has a warm sunny +summer or autumn climate; the Aegean is a sea +of brilliant purples and rosy mists, in which air, +rock, and water mingle to greet the eye with a +great opal jewel. A November sunset on the +Sea of Marmora gave to my eyes such a feast of +suffused colour as I had not seen since I left the +shores of the southern Pacific. The rocky hills +had the rich red of the Jersey cliffs, but the sea +and sky were incomparably warmer and deeper +in tone. Across the sea the shores of distant +Asia shone dimly through two veils of mist, one +of the tenderest rose, the other of the palest gold. +The greater part of the Greek coast has the same +deliciousness of colour in autumn and in summer.</p> + +<p>A few travellers bolder than the ordinary +search out nowadays the shores of the Adriatic, +the beautiful coast of Greece, and even the margin +of the Sea of Marmora in quest of beauty and +relief from the tedium of civilisation. But they +must face poor means of communication (though +to Constantinople and to Trieste there is an +excellent train service) and scanty accommodation +of any kind—almost none of good quality.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> +Within a very few years, if the Balkans could +settle down to peace and the legalised plunder +of foreign visitors—a pursuit which is as profitable +as brigandage and far more comfortable,—the +seaside resorts that would spring up within +Balkan territories would of themselves provide +a handsome revenue. The shores of the Aegean +and of the Sea of Marmora in particular would +attract tourists wearied of the air of hackneyed +sameness which comes after a while to pervade +seaside haunts in Italy and France.</p> + +<p>From another attraction the Balkan States +could hope for a great tourist traffic. I have +caught but fleeting glimpses of the Balkan range +and of the Rhodopes and the Serbian mountains, +but have seen enough to know that they offer +boundless delights to the climber, to the seeker +after winter sports, and to the lover of the +picturesque; and the Swiss Alps in these days are +overcrowded, and the Tyrolean mountains and +the Carpathians begin to receive a big overflow +of people who have a taste for heights that are +not covered with hotels and funicular railways. +But the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula +offer prospects, I believe, of greater beauty, +certainly of greater wildness, than any other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> +ranges of Europe. Of the Rhodope mountains, +in particular, one gets the most alluring accounts +from the rare travellers who have explored them. +Seen by the passing voyager as they stand guard +with their farthest spurs over Philippopolis, they +suggest that no account of their charm could be +too glowing. I have promised myself one autumn +or summer a month in this range, exploring its +flower-filled valleys and its wild cliffs, shining +through an air which seems now of rose and now +of violet.</p> + +<p>For winter sports the Serbian, Montenegrin, +and Albanian mountains, as well as the chief +Balkan range, promise well. I believe that it +was part of the plan of Bulgarian reorganisation +after the war, which King Ferdinand had in his +mind, to set up great winter hotels in the mountains +of his kingdom. The other Balkan States could +with advantage give hospitality to similar plans. +Provided that security is assured—and the Balkan +peasant is in my experience the gentlest-mannered +kind who ever cut throats in a wholesale way +at the call of a mischief-maker—visitors to the +mountains of the Balkan Peninsula would find +the wildness, the uncouthness of the surrounding +national life, very attractive. The picturesque<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> +national costumes, the national music, wild and +uncanny, the strange national dances, all add to +the fascination of the savage scenery. In an +age when a fog of dreary sameness comes over all +the civilised world, the Balkans have a great +asset in their primitivism. Theirs is not a wholly +European civilisation; indeed, except in the +capital cities, it is not chiefly a European civilisation. +Everywhere there is a touch of the mystery, +the fatalism, the desert-bred wildness of the +Asiatic steppes. For centuries the hand of the +Turk has been heavy on the land, and a strong +stream of his blood courses still through the veins +of most of the Balkan peoples. It is not the +East this Balkan Peninsula, but it is not the +West, nor will be for some generations.</p> + +<p>There is yet another possible means of attracting +great streams of visitors to the Balkan regions. +Throughout the mountains there are numberless +medicinal springs. In Serbia and Bulgaria the +water of two springs is being exploited for table +use, and in Bulgaria the warm medicinal springs +are being developed for bathing resorts. At +Sofia there are now in course of erection great +public baths which will be equal to any in Europe +when they are completed. In the mountains<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> +above Sofia warm springs are being utilised, and +quite a large spa village has grown up. King +Ferdinand, who has a fine commercial instinct +whatever the failures of his war diplomacy, has +done good service to his kingdom by developing +its baths and springs.</p> + +<p>The plain country of the Balkan Peninsula +is but little attractive. Under the Turkish rule +nearly all plantations of trees were destroyed, +and a general air of desolation was maintained. +Since the Turk left, cultivation and development +have been on strictly utilitarian lines, and there +has been little chance for gardens or woods. The +eye of the voyager misses them, and misses also +the sight of castles, churches, or great buildings. +The dreariness of the plain is unrelieved by +forests. The rivers flow sullenly along without a +bordering of trees. The Thracian plain—the +greater part of which has now gone back to +Turkey and thus lost hope of a redemption of its +really fertile soil—is in particular desolate and +forbidding. But even there, and more frequently +in the plain country of Bulgaria and Serbia, there +is now and again a charming village in some +dell with adornment of trees and gardens. The +average village, however, is a collection of hovels,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> +their roofs lying so close to the ground that they +seem to be rather burrows than huts, their aspect +suggesting that they are hiding themselves and +their inhabitants from the eye of a possible +ravager.</p> + +<p>Desolate as this plain country is, it has its +attractions at dawn and sunset in the clear colourfull +air of the Balkan Peninsula; and where the +hill slopes, denuded of their forests, have been +covered over by a dense oak scrub the autumn +aspect of the plain at sunset is incomparably +lovely. The scrub, when the first of the autumn +frosts come, blazes out in such scarlet and gold +as cannot be imagined in the moist and soft +climate of England. With the setting of the sun +and the coming of the violet night the earth's +carpet seems to be here smouldering, there burning, +a sea of lambent fire so bright that you look to +see its burgeoning reflected in the sky.</p> + +<p>I should advise the tourist wishing to see the +Balkan Peninsula at its best to choose the fall +of the year for a visit. In the summer there is +great heat and dust and plague of flies. In the +winter travel is impossible with any comfort +except along the railway lines, and the whole +Peninsula is frost-bound. The spring is a beautiful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> +season at its later end, but not at the time of the +thaw.</p> + +<p class="p2b">As to the route for a voyage there are several +alternatives. One may take the Oriental Express +through to Constantinople and work a way up the +Balkan Peninsula from there: or take train to +Trieste and approach the Balkans by the Adriatic +side: or, taking the Oriental Express, leave it at +Bucharest and journey from there to Sofia: or, +taking the Oriental Express, leave it at Belgrade, +making that the starting-point for a riding trip. +Certainly to enjoy the country one must leave +the railways and journey on horseback or by +cart over the wilder tracks. An interpreter who +speaks English can be engaged in any one of the +capitals. The hire of horses, oxen, and carts is +very cheap, if you are properly advised by your +interpreter and pay the local rates only. Forage, +too, is cheap: and so is "the food of the country," +i.e. bread, cheese, bacon, and goat and sheep +flesh. Most civilised luxuries of food can be +obtained in the capitals and bigger towns, but +they are <a id="dear"></a>dear.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/img_221.jpg" width="550" height="299" alt="Sofia: general view" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"><i>Exclusive News Agency</i></span> +</p> + +<p class="centerb">SOFIA</p> + +<p class="centerb">General view, looking towards the Djumala Pass (45 miles away). Taken +from the front of Parliament House, showing monument of Alexander II, +known in Bulgaria as the "Tsar Liberator"</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2">Let me suggest a few typical Balkan tours.</p> + +<p>Take train to Belgrade: then go by Danube +steamer to Widdin. From Widdin to Sofia go<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> +by rail, and then back to Belgrade on horseback, +sending on heavy luggage by rail, but making at +Nish on the way a depot of provisions and linen.</p> + +<p>Take train to Bucharest. Go from there +to Stara Zagora on horseback, crossing the +Roumanian frontier at Roustchouk, going over +the trail of the Russian Army of Liberation and +seeing the Balkan mountain passes.</p> + +<p>Take train to Sofia, and from there to Yamboli. +At Yamboli go on horseback (in the track of the +Bulgarian Third Army of 1912) to Kirk Kilisse, +Lule Burgas, Chorlu, Silivri (on the Sea of +Marmora), and Constantinople. A somewhat wild +trip this would be, but quite practicable. The +most comfortable way to travel would be to +take ox wagons for the luggage and the camping +outfit. That would restrict the day's march to +twenty miles. The horses—(diverging to look +at scenery and battle-fields)—would do about +thirty miles a day.</p> + +<p>Take train to Constantinople, and from there +boat to Salonica. Go on horseback from Salonica +to Belgrade. This would show the most disturbed +part of the Balkan Peninsula and some of its +wildest scenery.</p> + +<p>Take train to Philippopolis, and from there go<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> +on horseback and with ox wagons for a tour of +the Rhodope mountains.</p> + +<p>Of course it is possible to take much tamer +tours of the Balkans. Practically all the big towns +are connected with the European railway systems. +But you would see, thus, towns and not the +country. The Balkan towns are to my eye very +dreary. There are practically no fine old buildings, +for in the Turkish occupation the greater +number of these were destroyed. The modern +buildings have rarely any character. The +churches, usually of the Slav school of architecture, +alone relieve the monotony of economical imitations +of French and British buildings. In +Belgrade, it is true, there has been an effort to +carry the Slav note farther, and some of the +commercial and public buildings show a Moscow +influence.</p> + +<p>Mr. Noel Buxton, M.P., that most enthusiastic +admirer of the Bulgarians, can carry his enthusiasm +so far as to admire Sofia. He wrote recently +(<i>With the Bulgarian Staff</i>):</p> + +<blockquote><p>Few sights can be more inspiring to the lover of +liberty and national progress than a view of Sofia from +the hill where the great seminary of the national church +overlooks the plain. There at your feet is spread out<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> +the unpretentious seat of a government which stands +for the advance of European order in lands long blighted +with barbarism. Here resides, and is centred, the virile +force of a people which has advanced the bounds of +liberty. From here, symbolised by the rivers and roads +running down on each side, has extended, and will +further extend, the power of modern education, of +unhampered ideas, of science, and of humanity. From +this magnificent view-point Sofia stretches along the +low hill with the dark background of the Balkan beyond. +Against that background now stands out the new +embodiment of Bulgarian and Slavonic energy, genius, +and freedom of mind, the great cathedral, with its vast +golden domes brilliantly standing out from the shade +behind them. In no other capital is a great church +shown to such effect, viewed from one range of hills +against the mountainous slopes of another. It is a +building which, with its marvellous mural paintings, +would in any capital form an object of world interest, +but which, in the capital of a tiny peasant State, +supremely embodies that breadth of mind which</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left:6em">... rejects the lore</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left:4em">Of nicely calculated less or more.</span> +</p></blockquote> + +<p>But I think that that is a too kindly view. +What makes the Balkan capitals additionally +dreary is that there is no "society" in the +European sense. The Turkish idea of keeping +the womenfolk in the harem survives to the +extent that woman is not supposed to frequent +places of entertainment, to receive or to pay<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> +visits. In Bulgaria the women are secluded +with an almost Turkish strictness: in Serbia, +not quite so strictly, but still strictly.</p> + +<p>Bucharest is quite another story; but Bucharest +would rather resent being called a Balkan city. +There is no seclusion of the very charming +Roumanian women, and the atmosphere of the +city is a little more than gay. Plant a section +of Paris, a section including Montmartre, into +the middle of an enlargement of the old quarter of +Belgrade, and that is Bucharest. It is the one +Balkan city which has a luxurious and to an +extent polished aristocracy.</p> + +<p>Some of the smaller towns are slightly more interesting—Philippopolis, +for instance, in a position of great natural +beauty—but the average Balkan town must be set down as squalid. +Its centres of social interest are the cafés, where men who have the +leisure assemble to drink coffee made in the Turkish fashion, tea made +in the Russian fashion, and occasionally <i>vodka</i>, which is the usual +alcoholic stimulant. Tobacco is smoked mostly in the form of cigarettes. +Excellent (and cheap) cigarettes are supplied by the government <i>Régies</i> +in Serbia and Bulgaria.</p> +<p class="p2b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/img_228.jpg" width="550" height="398" alt="Bucharest" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"><i>Exclusive News Agency</i></span></p> + +<p class="centerb">BUCHAREST</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2">The wise tourist will keep clear of the Balkan +towns apart from the actual capitals, and will +carry his food and lodging with him. Under +these circumstances a good standard of ease +can be maintained if a train of ox wagons +sufficient to the size of the party is enlisted. +Ladies can travel with fair comfort in an ox +wagon. As regards the danger of Balkan travel, +in my experience—and that was during war-time—there +is none. Serbian peasant, Bulgarian +peasant, Greek peasant, Turkish peasant, alike +are amiable and obliging fellows, if they do not +feel in duty bound to cut your throat on some +theological or political point. Being strangers, +tourists would have no theology and no politics. +So much for the inhabitants. The officials, +provided passports are clear and the precaution +is taken of getting letters at the capital from the +authorities of the country you are travelling +through, will be helpful. The one district that +might be a little dangerous is that corner of +Macedonia where Greek and Bulgar are always +playing against one another the old game of +massacre.</p> + +<hr class="r33" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER IX</h2> + +<h4>THE BALKAN PEOPLES IN ART AND INDUSTRY</h4> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">The</span> five centuries of Turkish domination, during +which all the arts and most of the crafts were +neglected in the Balkan Peninsula, killed nearly +completely the ancient civilisations of the Greeks, +the Serbs, and the Bulgars. But a few traces of +the old culture survive to this day as mournful +and tattered relics of the greatness of those +departed Empires. The old Bulgarian Empire, +combining a Slav with a Turconian element; +the old Serbian Empire, almost purely Slav but +influenced a little by Italian and Grecian influence, +evolved in the days of its greatness the beginnings +of a national literature and national architecture. +In Serbia particularly was there a strong +and promising growth of humane culture, and the +greatest of the Serbian rulers, Stephen Dushan +(14th century), whose death before the walls of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> +Constantinople at the beginning of the Turkish +invasions gave up the Balkan Peninsula to the +Crescent, left as one monument to his name a +well-reasoned code of laws. He was throughout +his reign a sincere friend of learning. In Bulgaria +during the 10th century, under the Czar Simeon, +there was a brief efflorescence of learning. +Montenegro, which alone of the Balkan States +kept its head unbowed before the Turk, was a +busy centre of literary effort in the 16th century. +Under the stress of constant war, however, the +arts of peace died down almost completely in the +Balkans until the Liberation of the peoples in +the 19th century. During the interval, however, +the peasants in their homes kept up some little +knowledge of the traditions of their forefathers' +greatness. Legends were passed down from father +to son in chants set to a rough music. In these +chants, too, were recorded the deeds of heroism +which marked the ever-recurring revolts against +the Turk.</p> + +<p>What survives to-day from this period of +oppression is a very characteristic national music, +melancholy usually, as might be expected, but of +arresting sweetness; and an art of peasant-applied +decoration, which recalls the earlier and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> +more primitive forms of Byzantine Art. Balkan +tapestries, Balkan carpets, Balkan embroideries, +woven or stitched by the peasant women, have +a note of barbaric boldness in design and colour +which distinguishes them at once from the +peasant work of other countries.</p> + +<p>This applied art in decoration is wisely +fostered by the various governments, and there is +liberal encouragement also given to modern art. +Especially is this the case in Bulgaria. The +impression I have got from seeing picture collections +in the Balkans is that the local artists have +learned foreign methods without adding any +national bent of their own, and contrive to give +a native character to their pictures only when +they make the choice of some particularly horrible +subject. Yet there should come a vigorous art +as well as a vigorous literature one day from +these Balkan States. There the mysticism, the +melancholy, the transcendentalism of the Slav +is mixed with the fatalism of the Turk, and the +vivacity of the Greek and the Roumanian in the +national types. Byzantine traditions, Slav traditions, +classic Greek traditions, Roman traditions +mingle to influence this composite character, +the two former predominating, but the two latter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span> +having a very definite power. It should be rich +soil for talent, even for genius.</p> + +<p>Interesting opportunities were given in the +Southern Slav Art Exhibitions of 1904 and 1906 +(the first at Belgrade, the second at Sofia) to note +the trend of art in the Balkans. At those +Exhibitions Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, and +Slavonian arts were represented. The Croatian +pictures—I follow a trustworthy guide in stating +this—showed a high degree of technical skill, not +distinguishable from Austrian art in character: +the Slavonian pictures were also technically +good, but of a more impressionist character: +the Serbian pictures imitated in technique the +Old Masters, but took their subjects almost +exclusively from Serbian history: the Bulgarian +pictures had no national characteristic in style, +but usually sought to be transcriptions of some +form of Bulgarian life of the day.</p> + +<p>Summing up the art position in the Balkans, +it can be fairly said that before the outbreak of +the last great war very good progress had been +made for the few years since the Liberation from +the Turks. A wise policy for the future would be +to encourage as much as possible the peasant arts +and crafts which are distinctive, and not to seek +to impose too much of modern art education, +which may stifle national influences and inflict a +sterile sameness.</p> +<p class="p2b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;"> +<img src="images/img_235.jpg" width="402" height="500" alt="a Bulgarian farm" /> +<span class="caption">A BULGARIAN FARM</span> +</div> +<p class="p2">Balkan industry varies greatly with the height +of the country, as well as with the racial type. +The mountaineers are usually lacking in steady +industry: the peoples of the plain are usually exceptionally +hard workers. Very many emigrants +from the Balkans go to the United States to work +there in the mines, and on works of railway construction, +for a term of years. The Bulgarian will +come back from the United States with £300 saved +up, and settle down in his native village as farmer +or trader. The Serbian will come back with £200 +saved up, but with a wider knowledge of United +States life, and he will settle down as pastoralist or +farmer, but not as trader. The Albanian or Montenegrin +will come back with little or no money, +but with a wonderful armoury of silver-adorned +weapons and much other personal decoration. +So graced, the mountaineer will have no difficulty +in marrying the girl of his choice, and she will +do most of the work that is needed thereafter, +whilst he attends to the hunting and the fighting. +The Greek and the Roumanian go abroad, +preferably as traders, and afterwards elect to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> +stay abroad, though it is to be recorded in proof +of modern Greek patriotism that in 1912 there +was a steady flow of Greeks from all parts of +the world coming back to their native land to +fight in the army.</p> + +<p>Considered industrially the Bulgarian is the +best type in the Balkans. He is a steady, tireless +worker on the soil; takes to factory life amiably; +and has in a very strongly marked degree "the +road-making talent."</p> + +<p>A very valuable index to national character is +provided by a people's roads. The most successful +Imperial governors, the Romans, were also +builders of the finest roads the world has known. +The British people have been good road-builders +as well as good Empire-makers; the French +people, too, and every other people who at any +time have done big enduring work in the government +of the world. If a nation is not a good +road-building nation it will not go far: and the +converse is probably true. On this road-building +test the Bulgarians have a prosperous future +indicated, for they are very pertinacious and +skilful road-builders. During the 1912 war I +noticed that despite all other pre-occupations they +were pushing roads forward at every possible<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> +opportunity. The Turks going back to Adrianople +and Kirk Kilisse found a great number of roads +built or building—the first serious efforts in that +direction since the downfall of the Roman +Empire.</p> + +<p>The Bulgarian's chief occupation is agriculture. +The system of land tenures is that of peasant +ownership. There are no large estates and +very few non-occupying landlords. The chief +crops are wheat, barley, maize, rice (around +Philippopolis), tobacco, and roses. The tobacco +is of as good quality, almost, as that of Turkey. +The Bulgarian Government encourages the culture +of tobacco by distributing seed, free of cost, +among the planters, by setting a bounty on the +export tariff, and by authorising the Bulgarian +National Bank to consent to loans on the surety +of certificates granted to the planters until they +are able to dispose of their crops advantageously.</p> + +<p>Tobacco culture is carried on chiefly in the +south and in the provinces of Silistria and +Kustendil. The area of the plantations is +estimated at 3000 hectares. The province of +Haskovo has the greatest yield; then follows +Philippopolis, with 300,000 kilograms; Kustendil +and Silistria, 210,000 kilograms. According to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> +approximate calculations based on various +statistics, three-fourths of the tobacco crop of +Bulgaria is consumed by the inhabitants and +only a quarter is exported.</p> + +<p>The rose crop is next in importance after +tobacco. The roses are used exclusively for the +distilling of attar of roses. The rose gardens +are limited to 148 parishes of the provinces of +Philippopolis and Stara Zagora, and occupy a +total area of 5094 hectares. The quantity and +quality of the attar depend very much on the +weather at the time of bloom and gathering. +The roses most cultivated in Bulgaria are the red +rose (<i>Rosa damascena</i>) and the white rose (<i>Rosa +alba</i>). The best gardens are at Kazanlik, Karlovo, +Klissoura, and Stara Zagora. The distilling of +the attar is now a Government monopoly. The +cultivation of beetroot has been introduced +recently and is confined to the province of Sofia. +The sugar refinery near Sofia utilises the whole +crop for local consumption.</p> + +<p>It is interesting to note in connection with +Balkan agriculture that as far back as 1863 the +much-abused Turk had actually adopted the +very modern idea of an agricultural <i>Credit Foncier</i> +system in the Balkans! In that year Midhat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> +Pasha, Governor of the Danubian Vilayet, prepared +a scheme for the creation of banks, to +assist the rural population. The scheme having +been approved by the Turkish Government, +several of these banks were established. The +peasants were allowed to repay in kind the +loans which were advanced to them, the banks +themselves selling the agricultural products. +With the object of increasing the capital of the +banks, a special tax was introduced obliging the +farmers to hand every year to these institutions +part of their produce in kind.</p> + +<p>When it was realised that these banks were +of great service to the rural population, to which +they advanced money at 12 per cent interest—instead +of 30-100 per cent, as the usurers generally +did—the Turkish Government extended the +reform to the whole Turkish Empire, and obliged +the peasants to create similar banks in all the +district centres. According to their statutes +one-third of the net profits of these banks was +destined for works of public utility, such as +bridges, roads, fountains, schools, etc., while +the remaining two-thirds went to increase the +capital of the banks.</p> + +<p>During the Russo-Turkish war several of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> +these banks lost their funds, the functionaries +of the Turkish Government having carried away +all the cash, as well as the securities and other +property belonging to the banks' clients. After +the war the debtors refused to pay, and only part +of the property of the banks was restored, by +means of the issue of new bonds. For that +unfortunate end the war is rather to be blamed +than the Turk. This <i>Credit Foncier</i> system is +pretty clear proof that the Turkish power was +not always cruel and rapacious, since so sensible +a reform was set on foot in one of the Christian +provinces under the Sublime Porte.</p> + +<p>Apart from the industries of the soil, Bulgaria +has a small mining population and an increasing +factory population. The Protective tariff is used +freely to encourage young industries, and there +is an effort just now to set up cotton-spinning +as a national enterprise.</p> + +<p>Serbia had a mixed pastoral and agricultural +population up to the outbreak of the war of +1912, with pig-raising as the greatest of the +national industries. By the Treaty of Bucharest +she has, however, acquired much new territory, +and is now probably predominantly an agricultural +country. She has, too, great mineral<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> +resources at present, but they are little developed, +and fine forests which only need an improvement +of the means of communication to be commercially +a big asset. The Serbian is not so steadily +devoted to his work as the Bulgarian: his is +the pastoral as opposed to the agricultural +character. Nevertheless he has a reasonable +faculty of industry. As is the case in Bulgaria +the bulk of the land is held by peasant proprietors. +These are organised into communes very much +on the Russian system. It is an interesting +fact that though in Serbia there is almost the +same degree as in Bulgaria of seclusion of the +women of the nation, a Serbian woman may be +the head of the village commune, and, as such, +exercise a very real authority.</p> + +<p>Both in Bulgaria and Serbia the rights of the +commune are very jealously safeguarded. The +central government must take no part in the +administration of the communes, or maintain +any agents of its own to interfere with their +affairs. The commune forms the basis of the +State fabric and enjoys a complete autonomy. +It is the smallest unit in the administrative +organisation of the country. Every district is +subdivided into communes, which are either<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> +urban or rural. The commune is a corporation. +Every subject must belong to a commune and +figure in its registers, the laws not tolerating the +state of vagrancy. The members of the Commune +Council are elected by universal suffrage, +in the same way and subject to the same precautions +as the members of the National Assembly. +In passing it may be observed that theoretically +the governments of the Balkan States are free +democracies. Practically they are oligarchies +tempered by assassination, which is still a +favoured political weapon.</p> + +<p>The Serbian has not much of the commercial +faculty: and people of other nations manage +very many of the businesses in Serbia.</p> + +<p>The Montenegrin is willing to be a worker +if it does not interfere with his manly amusements +of warfare. His occupations are pastoral +and agricultural pursuits and the chase. The +Albanian is not content to be a worker at all under +any conditions. His occupations are dancing and +swaggering whilst his womenfolk carry on the +bulk of the primitive pastoral and agricultural +work.</p> + +<p class="p2b">It is not possible to hope for much industrial +or commercial progress in Albania. But in Serbia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> +and Bulgaria there are rich opportunities for +enterprise and capital provided that an era of +peace could be reckoned upon. It is the uncertainty +on that point that will stand in the +way of future Balkan development. When after +the Treaty of London the Balkan League fell to +pieces there was incurred, in addition to other +sacrifices, a serious loss of confidence on the part +of European capital.</p> + +<hr class="r33" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER X</h2> + +<h4>THE FUTURE OF THE BALKANS</h4> + +<p class="p2"><span class="smcap">We</span> have seen that a blood-mist has hung over +the Balkans during all the centuries that history +knows. Nature set up there lists for the great +contests of races—on the path from the cold north +of Europe to the warm south; on the path from +Asia to Europe; and each great campaign left +behind it shreds of devastated peoples. These +shreds of peoples dwelling in the Balkans to-day +have a blood-thirst as an inescapable heritage. +Turk, Bulgar, Serb, Roumanian, Greek—they +may hold the peace for a time, and some may +try to think that they are friends with others; +but all have something of hate or fear or contempt +for the others, and all prepare in peace +for the next fight.</p> + +<p class="p2b">The Fates making the Balkan Peninsula the +battle-ground of empires and races, the field of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span> +last stands, the refuge of residual fragments of +peoples, imposed upon it its bloody tradition. +Under other conditions, Serb or Bulgar or Greek +or Turk or Roumanian left to themselves might +have made happier history. For all these races +can be human, reasonable, companionable. I +have seen something of all of them in following +a Balkan campaign as a war correspondent (not +following always as the sheltered guest of an +army, but forcing a solitary path through the +peasant population), and in watching the wonderful +acrobatic lying of a Balkan Peace Conference +have seen thus the best and the worst of them. +I have been an unofficial member of a Bulgarian +court-martial; the guest of a dozen and more +Bulgarian and Serbian army outposts, dependent +often for food and shelter on the kindness of +peasant soldiers; for days have held at the mercy +of Balkan peasants my life and my property; +have been mistaken for a wandering Turk twice, +and have never suffered violence, rudeness, or +the loss of a pennyworth. For the peasants, +the commonfolk of all the Balkan peoples, I +have come thus to a hearty liking; their priests +and politicians (with a few exceptions), a different +feeling. Knowing that the massacre is the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> +national sport in many districts of the Balkans; +that at the outbreak of the 1912 war the death-rate +by violence actually decreased in some +quarters because the killing was systematised a +little and put under a sort of regulation; that +always Turks and Exarchate Christians and +Patriarchate Christians are plotting against one +another new raids and murders, still I maintain +that, if left to themselves, if freed from the +prompting of priests and politicians the Balkan +peasants of any race are quite decent folk. +So I wish heartily that there was fair reason to +hope for peace and happiness for them. Is there +fair reason? To that question a study of the races +and the personalities can give clues for an <a id="answer"></a>answer.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_247.jpg" width="600" height="427" alt="Albanian tribesmen" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"><i>Underwood & Underwood</i></span> +</p> + +<p class="centerb">ALBANIAN TRIBESMEN</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2">The Bulgarian is dour, dull, a little greedy, +honest, very industrious. He is almost as much +a Turk as a Slav. (I was told that during the +Turkish occupation a Bulgarian mother finding +herself with child after violence by a Turk +brought up the child with her family, whilst a +Serbian mother under the same circumstances +killed the infant at birth.) The Bulgarian is +very moral, marrying at an early age.</p> + +<p>The Bulgarian peasant soldiers were very +honest and loyal. At Mustapha Pasha one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> +night, being short of food, I tried to get bread +at the military bakery (all bread and flour having +been requisitioned for the army). I offered a +soldier up to five francs for a loaf without tempting +him to sell it. Finally I had to get bread as a +charity by declaring that I was actually in want +of it for food. Later, travelling between Silivri +and Chatalja, I encountered four Bulgarian foot +soldiers who had become separated from their +regiment and were starving. They asked for +food and I gave them all I could spare, enough +for two meals. One of the men produced a +purse and took out some coppers wishing to pay.</p> + +<p>Travelling across Thrace (then in Bulgarian +occupation), I often put up at some military +post, being invited to become a member of the +little mess—usually an official or two and four +or five non-commissioned officers. Nearly always +I had the same experience, that I was made free +of the stewed goat and rice, or the dish of eggs +and flour, or the bread and cheese of the Bulgarians, +and when I wished to add from my stores chocolate +and biscuits and dates, just a scrap or two would +be taken. I could see the men's eyes hungering +for the delicacies, but nothing would induce them +to take anything material from my stores.</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Bulgarian peasant soldier and officer I +found, in short, to be a gentleman. Yet nationally +Bulgaria is not "a gentleman," and has come +to its present sorry state, I believe, largely on +that account. The old Bulgarian aristocracy +was exterminated by the Turks. The surviving +Bulgarian peasantry has not yet been able to +produce another aristocracy. It is the more +cunning rather than the more worthy son of the +peasant who wins to a sort of an education—often +abroad—and becomes the lawyer, politician, +official. In very many cases he carries with him +into a higher stratum of society few of his peasant +virtues and all of his peasant faults. He gets +an overweening pride in his own acuteness. He +becomes arrogant, "too-clever-by-half," and +intrigue teaches him cruelty. I can contrast +vividly two Bulgarian types in a noted diplomat, +who fancied himself a Bismarck and had about +the wits of an office boy, and an old peasant +captain with whom I travelled from Kirk Kilisse +to Chorlu. Generalising, the "leading men" in +Bulgaria are of a poor type (there are exceptions), +the leading priests of a still poorer type; +the people themselves are a sound people, and +when the ambitious among them contrive to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> +preserve their peasant virtues through the +ordeal of education they will become a great +people.</p> + +<p>The Bulgarian did not seem to me naturally +cruel. All the time that I was with the main +army I saw no trace of outrage or cruelty. I +did see several instances of curt and merciful +justice.</p> + +<p>I arrived one night at the Tchundra River +alone, having gone forward from my ox cart because +the miserable Macedonian driver and the still +more miserable Bulgarian servant I had (I suspect +he was in training for the diplomatic service) +could not be induced to do a fair day's march. +A vedette outpost of five men held the bridge. +They took me—as I judged from their gestures +rather than from their language, of which I +understood only one word, "Turc"—for a Turk. +But they let me stay unmolested at their camp +fire for an hour until an officer who spoke French +appeared. I could give several similar instances. +Never did I feel nervous in the least when making +my way alone through the country in Bulgarian +occupation (most of the time I was alone, for +after a while I dropped my Macedonian and my +Bulgarian servant).</p> +<p class="p2b"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_254.jpg" width="600" height="471" alt="Greek infantry" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"><a href="#Page_190"><i>See page</i> 190</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="centerb">GREEK INFANTRY</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2"> +The Turk I found disappointing. I had +pictured a romantic individual with a Circassian +harem, a stable of Arab steeds, and a fierce and +warlike manner. I found the Turk to be rather +a shabby individual; monogamous usually (but +with the free and easy ideas as to his rights over +Christian women which are almost consequent +upon his philosophy of life, and cause most of +the trouble when the Turk lives by the side of a +Christian population); much addicted to sweetmeats—his +shops were full of Scotch lollies and +English biscuits. Certainly most of the Turks +I have encountered were prisoners or dwelling +in conquered country. But, making all allowance +for that, the traditional fiery Turk of martial +fame no longer exists, I should say, in European +Turkey. The Turkish prisoners in the hands of +the Bulgarians seemed to be glad to have arrived +at a fate which meant regular food. In old +Bulgaria I found Turks living quite contentedly +under Christian rule, and in many cases following +menial occupations. The boot-blacks +in the streets were Turks, the porters were +Turks.</p> + +<p>I had a Turkish driver for five days once from +Kirk Kilisse to Mustapha Pasha. The first hour<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span> +of our acquaintance he won my heart by telling +me (through an interpreter) that since his horses +had been requisitioned by the Bulgarians, he had +not been able to get proper food for them, and +he embraced his ponies, which were really in +rather good condition. I applauded the noble +Turk and his love for horses, and bought tobacco +for him which he welcomed with tears of joy, +as he had been without it for long. The horses +carried the cart a gallant thirty miles that day, +and we camped at a burned-out village. Mr. +Turk set himself to enjoy a smoke over the fire. +My own supper I prepared, and gave him some +to eke out his bread and cheese, and then told +him to water and feed the horses. Because the +well was 400 yards away and the tobacco was +sweet and the fire comforting, the Turk had +no wish to do this, but was ready to let them +go through the night without food or water. I +had to threaten to flog him (and to start to do +it) before he would attend to the horses. Yet +after that incident I slept in the cart without +a thought that the Turk would consider himself +offended and cut my throat. As a matter of +fact the touch of the whip did not rankle with +him, and at Mustapha Pasha when, the journey<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span> +ended, I gave him a little money for himself, Mr. +Turk prostrated himself in gratitude.</p> + +<p>I believe that the warlike virtues have died +out of the Turk in Europe. Of other nation-making +and nation-maintaining qualities he has +none. In all Turkey from the borders of Bulgaria +to the lines of Chatalja, I found no roads, no street +lamps, no drainage, no water supply (I was not +in Adrianople). Except for a few agricultural +peasants I found nowhere the Turk doing any +useful work. In a characteristic Turkish town +the shops were kept by Greeks, the industries +carried on by Greeks, Macedonians, and Bulgarians. +The Turk was the tax-collector, the official, the +soldier, and did none of these things well. +That acute observer of the Turkish character, +Mr. L. March Phillips, in his book <i>In the Desert</i> +upholds that the Turk is impossible as a civilising +force:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Or, for a third example, come to the craggy hills of +Southern Albania, and mix, if but for half an hour, with +the armed shepherds, as wild and intractable as their +own crags, or as the gaunt dogs which guard their flocks +from the wolves, and whose attentions to strangers you +are apt to find such a nuisance. You will understand +from the first glance at the men more of the interminable +Balkan difficulty than newspapers and books can ever<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> +teach you. These are the fellows who swoop down +from their peaks on the mixed races of the plains and +carry fire and slaughter through village and valley. +Their natural aptitude for fighting and foraging, for +bearing things with a strong hand, for cowing the weak +and feeble, for vindicating the old "might is right" +theory, is written all over them. You see it in their +gait, glance, walk, and manner, you hear it in every +accent of their voice, you feel it in their individuality +and presence.</p> + +<p>These are specimens of the Moslem type, the type +that stops short at the virile virtues, that makes the best +host and worst neighbour in the world, that has many +splendid qualities to recommend it, but to which all +that makes life profound and inexhaustible is a dead +letter. It is the most strongly marked and salient type +I have ever met with. There is the Moslem walk, the +Moslem scowl, the Moslem courtesy, the Moslem dignity, +the Moslem carriage and attitudes and features, the +Moslem composure, and the Moslem fury. All these +traits and characteristics, inspired by the same temper, +expressing the same ideal, conspire to depict a figure +so notable that you must be a dull observer indeed if +you cannot pick him out from a mixed crowd as you +would pick out a Chinaman in the London streets.</p> + +<p>Some people say it is the religion that creates the +type. "There," they say of Mohammedanism, "is a +religion that breeds men." It would be truer, I think, +to say that Mohammedanism recommends itself to men +at a certain stage of their development, and has for that +stage a natural affinity. Every race goes through a +time when the virile estimate of life and the splendour +of self-assertion seem the finest things possible. It is +at this time it is open to the attack of El Islam. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span> +Moslem religion answers all its needs at this stage, and +lays good hold of it, and having once laid hold of it, it +sanctifies the ideas belonging to this stage, and so tends +to restrict the race to it. There is no instance on record +of a people having embraced Mohammedanism and +afterwards achieving a complete, or what gives promise +of ever becoming a complete, civilisation.</p></blockquote> + +<p>During my stay in the Balkans I found no +certain evidence of Turkish cruelty. There was +plenty of evidence offered by the Bulgarians, +but it usually smelt of the lamp of some patriotic +journalist of Sofia. Once near Mustapha Pasha—when +all the war correspondents were cooped up +under strict censorship, prevented from seeing +any of the operations around Adrianople—the +Bulgarians found it necessary to burn a village +for strategic reasons. The chance was offered +to the Press photographers of seeing this, if it +were represented in their pictures as the atrocious +burning of a village by the Turks. I believe +that the offer was accepted by some. The +"atrocities" by Turks, regularly recorded by +the Bulgarian Press Bureau were, as far as the +main theatre of operations was concerned, founded +on similar evidence. During its first phase I +believe that the war was very humanely conducted +on all sides. In Macedonia, of course, there were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> +some deplorable atrocities, but I believe the +normal massacre conditions there were rather +bettered than otherwise by the outbreak of war.</p> + +<p>To sum up the Turk, I do not think he will +survive for long in Europe. As a matter of +hard fact there really are not many real Turks +left in Europe.</p> + +<p>The Serbian, with his highlander the +Montenegrin, is a far more engaging personality +than the Bulgarian. He lacks the stubborn, +dour courage of his neighbour, but he has more +<i>élan</i>. In military life the Bulgarian would +supply incomparable infantry, the Serbians be +superior in artillery and cavalry. In social life +the Serbian is convivial and hospitable. Whilst +the Bulgarian wishes to go to bed early that he +may get up early and push the road he is making +along a little farther, the Serbian will keep you +at his dinner-table drinking and singing until +far into the morning. He is not troubling about +a road.</p> + +<p>When the Serbian army came to help the +Bulgarians in the siege of Adrianople, the contrast +between the two armies and the two camps was +great. The Serbian men were smarter, better +equipped, their quarters cleaner, and from their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span> +mess tents would come by night the sound of +revelry. One might imagine Roundheads and +Cavaliers camping side by side.</p> + +<p>The Allies did not fraternise. For that I +blamed the Bulgarians. The positions in regard +to the Serbian aid at Adrianople, as I understood +it, was this: that originally the Bulgarians +engaged to help the Serbians in their campaign, +but this was found not to be necessary: that the +Bulgarians, later, asked for aid against Adrianople, +and it was promptly given without any conditions +being imposed, though there then already existed +in the Serbian mind a desire to modify the +territorial partition arrangement they had with +Bulgaria and this request for aid might have been +taken as a good opportunity for raising that +question. I believe those to be the facts, but +since in Balkan diplomacy it is always a matter +of finding out the truth of comparing and weighing +and deducing from a series of lies, I cannot state +them with absolute certainty. If they are true, +the Serbians behaved like gentlemen in not +raising against an ally an awkward question at +a time when help was asked. Quite certainly +the Bulgarian authorities behaved like boors +to their Serbian friends. Things were made as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> +unpleasant as was reasonably possible for them +in all kinds of niggling ways around Adrianople. +The Serbians behaved well under great provocation.</p> + +<p class="p2b">During the first sessions of the Balkan Peace +Conference I had opportunities of observing the +same good behaviour on the part of the Serbians. +Bulgarian diplomacy was, as usual, very exasperating. +It was not only that Bulgaria was +insisting on having the hide, horn, and hoofs of +Turkey, but also on rubbing salt into her bare +carcase. The Turkish delegates approached the +Serbians—whose territorial demands as far as +Turkey was concerned were satisfied, but who +had a pending controversy with the Bulgarians—hoping +to get some moral support against Bulgaria +and being prepared to offer something in return. +The Serbian attitude was sharply loyal, to stand +by Bulgaria absolutely in regard to the Turkish +frontier. Serbians have not been always popular +in Great Britain, I know; but I am not alone +among those who have come into recent contact +with Balkan affairs who found them to be the +best of the Balkan <a id="peoples"></a>peoples.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_263.jpg" width="600" height="471" alt="Podgorica, upon the Albanian frontier" /> +<p class="ralign"><span class="caption"><i>See page</i><a href="#Page_194"> 194</a></span></p> + +<p class="centerb">PODGORICA, UPON THE ALBANIAN FRONTIER</p> +</div> + +<p class="p2">The Greek is even more engaging and hospitable +than the Serbian; but his fluent, flexible,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> +subtle nature does not inspire full confidence. +At the outset of the last Balkan war there was one +thing that all were sure of: that the Greeks would +not fight. All were wrong. The Greeks did +exceedingly well in the field, even allowing that +they sometimes shaped their campaign quite +as much by considerations of jealousy of their +allies as of hostility to the common enemy. But +it is a fact that the Greek has usually more stomach +for politics than for fighting, and that his subtle +nature allows him to live comfortably in a state +of subjection, which would irk a more robust +mind. He is by instinct a trader: and a trader +is not an uncompromising patriot as a rule.</p> + +<p>The Greeks live side by side with the Turks +in Turkey with fair comfort. At Kirk Kilisse, +after the Bulgarian occupation, a deputation +came to me from the Greeks to assure me that +they would much prefer to live under the Turk +than under the Bulgar: and asking that England +should be urged to support autonomy for Thrace. +Well, the Turks are back at Kirk Kilisse, and I +suppose my Greek friends are happy. Eloquent, +courteous, kind folk they were. I stayed in the +house of one for some days, and will remember +always the gracious kindness of the man and his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> +wife. I had to leave one morning at four to catch +a troop train which would carry me a few miles +towards the front. The couple were up and had +a fire and tea ready for me. As I had a fever at +the time, and a long laborious journey ahead, the +whole Greek race seemed good that morning.</p> + +<p>Later at Chorlu after I had got permission +from the military commandant to go forward to +Chatalja, and he had helped me to hire a cart +and horses and to stock up my provisions, the +permission was withdrawn because Bashi-Bazouks +were raiding along the line of communication. +I might go later, he said, when a body of troops +was moving. I objected that time was precious; +and I had my revolver, and there was the driver.</p> + +<p>"Ah," he said sweetly, "he is a Greek. He +will run away."</p> + +<p>After that manner the Bulgarians always +spoke of the Greeks. In this case the Bulgarian +was possibly right. I finally coaxed permission +to go forward, on condition that I took a patrol +of one Bulgarian soldier, and I was allowed to +borrow a rifle and some ammunition. We met +no Bashi-Bazouks: but whilst the Bulgarian +palpably was quite content to enter into a plan +to give the Bashi-Bazouks a chance of showing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span> +themselves at nightfall, the Greek liked the +adventure not at all. (Perhaps on the whole +he was justified. But I was desperately eager +for a "story," and with the Turkish regulars +running away so consistently, to encounter +irregulars suggested no real danger.)</p> + +<p>On that journey, at a little village which I +cannot name between Silivri and Chatalja, the +population was largely Greek. Some of the +Greeks, after the Turks had fled before the +Bulgarians, had discarded the fez and were +wearing Bulgarian caps. Others held to the +fez, but had marked on it with white chalk a +cross. I formed the opinion that if by the +fortune of war the Turks came back, those crosses +would be rubbed out. The Greek can be very +pliant undoubtedly, when he is in contact +with a dominant people. The other side to +his character—that of a hot-headed, argumentative, +boisterous Donnybrook Fair patriotism—is +developed in his own country where it is fed +with memories of the historic greatness of his +race.</p> + +<p>The Roumanian—the fourth national type +in the Balkans to which I shall refer—very +closely resembles the Greek in most respects.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> +Like the Greeks the Roumanians are subtle, +flexible, engaging. They are a singularly good-looking +race, and Roumanian girls are sought +after in marriage a great deal. A Serbian politician +explaining to me what he called "a nice national +balance," pointed out that the Serbians rather +despised trade and finance. The Roumanian, +therefore, came into Serbia to make money as +shopkeeper and financier. Then the young +Serbian man married the rich Roumanian's +daughter and thus the Serbian money was still +kept in the country.</p> + +<p>The instinct for trade has a very marked +effect on the politics of the Balkans. The Serbian +has no love for trade: the Montenegrin despises +it quite. The Greek and the Roumanian are +very keen traders with an inclination to escape +from manual work as soon as they can. The +Bulgarian is a trader and also fond of productive +industry. So "as two of a trade never agree," +neither Greek nor Roumanian can get on as well +with the Bulgarian as with the Serbian.</p> + +<p>The Roumanian national polity differs greatly +from the Greek, though the two racial types are +very similar. Whilst Greece has a stormy and +disorderly democracy, Roumania is ruled practically<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> +by an oligarchy—an oligarchy which during +the past twelve months has won to an achievement +which would have delighted the old +Florentine Republic. Without losing a soldier, +almost without spending a crown, Roumania has +won a great tract of territory and established +herself as the paramount power of the Balkans. +It was a victory of unscrupulous and patient +resoluteness which is a classic of its kind, and it +was made possible by the oligarchic system of +Roumania. The Montenegrin does not need to +be considered separately: he is the "Highlander" +of the Serbian and shares Serbian language, +customs, and character with such modifications +as the conditions of his mountain life impose. +But the Albanian, the largely Mohammedan +mountain type to which the jealousies of Europe +have agreed to give a separate nationality and +a separate kingdom, calls for some attention. +The Albanian is the wildest of the Balkan types, +and his country the most primitive. It has had +no period of civilisation, and can hardly be said +to promise to have. Its existence as a nation in +1914 was due to the fact that the German Powers +wished to have a footing in the Balkans for +intrigue. "The creation of Albania dealt a death-blow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span> +to the Balkan League," said a cynical +Austrian diplomatist recently. He was right: and +the creation of Albania undertaken at the instance +of Austria had no other purpose from the first, +though it was disguised under the plea of anxiety +for the national rights of the Albanians, wild +catamarans of the hills, odd specimens of whom +one may encounter in many parts of the Balkans +acting as dragomans. The Albanian has many +savage virtues. He is a picturesque fellow as he +swaggers about with a silver-decorated armoury +stuck in his waist-belt: and he is truly faithful +to a master. But he has not the barest elements +of a national organisation; and the Austrian +Prince of Albania did not find a single house +within all his dominion which would satisfy the +housing needs of a respectable London clerk.</p> + +<p>Describing the march across Albania to the +Adriatic coast during the recent war a Serbian +officer wrote:</p> + +<blockquote><p>It is only by travelling as we did that real facts can +be learned. We who had only known the Turks by +hearsay had a certain respect for them. At present +I feel but contempt and disgust. To think that they +should have held these lands for five hundred years, +and kept them absolutely wild and uncultivated! +Prishtina, Jakovitsa, and Prizrend are in every respect<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span> +behind Mirigevo [a village some miles outside Belgrade]. +There are neither bridges nor roads, nor decent dwellings +to be met with in the Sanjak. Of the dirt I cannot +trust myself to speak. The "Ujumat" (Prefecture) +of Prizrend, residence of the Mutessarif, is in such a +filthy condition that I could not sit there for more than +five minutes together. All around the sofras (tables) +were rags, remnants of food, tufts of dogs' hair, etc., for +these ate and slept with their masters....</p> + +<p>The people are humble, cowed, moving out-of-doors +rarely, and then huddled together like a herd of cattle.... +The peasants run to kiss our hands, and bow down +to the ground, but they are too frightened to give a +sensible answer to a plain question. They speak +Serbian, it is true, and cross themselves as Christians, +but otherwise bear little resemblance to our peasant +folk. They have lived no better than their masters, +for themselves and their pigs share the same apartment! +If the pigs were let loose the Turks were sure to kill +them, so they were hidden indoors. The first use they +made of the liberty we gave them was to hunt the pigs +into the open air, and how the poor beasts enjoyed it! +One could not help laughing at their antics as they +chased each other, while the children ran to keep them +from escaping to the woods. But the cows and oxen +defy description. They are like our calves, only the +shape is queer. I saw no vegetables anywhere. The +staple diet is maize. From our frontier to the sea it is the +same tale of misery, helplessness, and dirt. In Prizrend, +after every rainfall, the people drink muddy water in +which none of our soldiers would care to wash. When +we boiled it a thick scum came on the top, which we +skimmed off! This is the water used by a town of 40,000 +citizens; and really one felt that authorities like the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span> +Turks should not be allowed to live any longer. Now +we feel that it is a disgrace to us to have delayed so long +in coming to the deliverance of our brothers in bondage +just outside our doors. Better late than never.</p> + +<p>As for the independence of Albania, it would be a +comical, if it were not a sinister, idea. Whoever speaks +of a national sense in these savage hordes is either untruthful +or ignorant. The Serbians of this region make +no distinction, as we do, between the Turks and the +Mohammedan Albanians. I could not get them to +understand that the latter were in reality brethren of the +Christian Albanians with whom they live in amity. I +pointed out that these Mohammedans could not speak +a word of Turkish, but that did not help. The Serbians +insist that they are Turks all the same. And for +all practical purposes they are right. The Christian +Albanians are called by their race brethren "Catholics," +and are hated and persecuted by them just as the Serbians +are hated and persecuted. The "Catholics" loathe +the Mohammedans and deny that they are of the same +nationality. But the fact remains that they speak the +same language. The Catholics welcomed us with joy, +rendered us every possible service, and often refused to +accept payment. They are eager to assist in our operations, +acted as scouts for us, and brought us precious +information. Sometimes they acted on their own +initiative, captured, and killed their Mohammedan +co-nationalists without first consulting us.... The +priests are the most embittered. These jealous "fratres" +told us they longed for a Christian Government, and +that the project of a united Albania was insensate.... +Ismail Kemal's proclamation has irritated the priests +about here. They will not for a moment consider a +union with the Mohammedan tribes or submission to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span> +a Moslem leader like Ismail. On the other hand, if +we evacuate this country, a terrible fate awaits the +Catholics....</p> + +<p>Here I have made acquaintance with the Montenegrin +troops, rather different from ours! They get leave to +go home and see after their wives and children whenever +they ask it, and lax discipline does not seem to affect +their heroism. They fight like lions, but do nothing +else except shoot birds and fish in the interval. Every +ship that touches here is greeted with a volley, though +ammunition is sometimes scarce, but the Montenegrin +can better spare bread than shot. He will do nothing +but fight, and ships often remain unladen here for days, +because there are few Albanians in the place to do the +work. My soldiers carry sacks and burdens of all kinds +to and from the ships, and the Montenegrins laugh at +them and say: "Is that how you fight, Brother Shumadinats?" +[Shumadia is a forest in the centre of the +Kingdom of Serbia.] They are amused to see our men +one day unshaven; they are most particular themselves +to shave each day whatever happens. The priests alone +wear a beard, for they are not supposed to fight.... +The Montenegrin soldiers' wives come once a week to +look after their husbands, wash the linen, and help to +clean up....</p></blockquote> + +<p>There is, of course, a certain amount of Serb +intolerance in that letter, but it represents on the +whole the truth.</p> + +<p>So much for the different nations of the +Balkans. The personalities of the Peninsula +might provide a happy solution for the problems<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span> +which the conflict of these mutually antipathetic +racial elements create: for there is no fact more +clear than that the general interest of the countries +could best be served by a wise policy of compromise +and co-operation, bringing its different elements +together as the Swiss were brought together by +a geographical rather than a racial reason. But +unfortunately there are no personalities alike +honest in outlook and great in power.</p> + +<p>Four able and far-seeing men I have met in the +Balkans: M. Nikolitch, President of the Serbian +Parliament; General Demetrieff, Commander of +the Third Army (which won the most notable +Bulgarian victories), now commanding a Russian +army; M. Venizuelos, Prime Minister of Greece; +M. Take Jonescu, of the Roumanian Cabinet. +All men of power, none seemingly has sufficient +strength to impose his will not alone on his +own country, but on the other Balkan States, +and weld them into a Confederation which would +be held together by a sense of common interests +and common dangers.</p> + +<p>King Ferdinand of Bulgaria has kept for years +the centre of the Balkan stage to the European +onlooker; and is still a great enough figure to +give pause to those Bulgarian Nationalists who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span> +would exact from him reprisal for the terrible +misfortunes of their country. But he is a man +of audacity rather than of courage, and his +ambition has been always more personal than +national—to be Czar of the Balkans rather than +to be the maker of a Balkan nation. Gifted with +a great deal of diplomatic ability and with a +soaring imagination, King Ferdinand has a +serious obstacle in his personal timidity. To +play a gambler's game one must be prepared +at times to take the great risk. But King +Ferdinand has many fears. He fears, for instance, +infectious diseases morbidly, and the thought of a +germ in the track could turn him from the highest +of enterprises. Perhaps it was the fear of disease +rather than of wounds that kept him so much in +the rear of his army during the 1912 campaign +against Turkey. But whatever the cause, his +absence from the front showed a serious weakness +of character in a man who aspired to carve out +an empire for himself. The Bulgarian authorities, +deceiving the Press almost as assiduously +for the purpose as for the false representation +that all the destruction of the Turkish forces +was ascribable to the Bulgarian arms, gave to +Europe inspiriting pictures of His Majesty following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span> +close on the heels of his soldiers in a military +train which served him as a palace. The fact +was that the ambitious but timid king kept very +well to the rear, at Stara Zagora first and afterwards +at Kirk Kilisse, with a great entourage of +secret police. And when armistice negotiations +were in progress he kept separate from his +Cabinet as well as from his army. Affable in +manner, industrious, pertinacious, well aware of +the advantage of advertisement (my first meeting +with His Majesty was due to the fact that he +mistook my map case for a camera, and sent +for me to photograph him while he stood on the +bridge over the Maritza at Mustapha Pasha), +of high ability, King Ferdinand did great things +for his adopted country, but showed a fatal +weakness of character when he had drunk deep +of the wine of success. It is the fashion to blame +him wholly now for the wild attack on Serbia +and Greece. He may have been in part the +victim of his advisers' folly in that. But without +much doubt he could have vetoed the fatal +move, if he had known his army from personal +observation, if he had been down to the lines at +Chatalja, and had looked closely into the besieging +forces around Adrianople. Common sense would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span> +have told him that the attack on his allies was +hopeless, if strength of character had not told +him that it was wicked. But he neither knew the +facts nor understood the ethics of the position.</p> + +<p>General Demetrieff, Commander of the Third +Bulgarian Army, the victor of Kirk Kilisse and +of Lule Burgas, the reluctant attacker at Chatalja, +impressed me as a man of fine character. For +some few days I was a member of the officers' +mess at Erminekioi, which was the headquarters +of the Staff before the lines of Chatalja, and had +the chance of seeing much of the general. He +struck one as a frank, courageous man. He +answered questions truthfully or not at all, and +was notably kind to the very small group of +correspondents who had got through to the +front. His personal staff worshipped him, and +told with pride that most of the staff work with +him on the battle-field was under fire. When +it was clear that the attack at Chatalja had +failed, General Demetrieff neither attempted to +tell falsehoods nor shut himself off from visitors. +He ascribed the cessation of the attack to the +outbreak of cholera in the Bulgarian lines (and +the statement was probably in his mind not only +the truth but all the truth: in any case one could<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span> +not expect him to disclose the shortage of big +gun ammunition): was avowedly disconsolate +but not in the least discouraged. I cannot imagine +General Demetrieff having any hand in the making +of the second Balkan war against the Serbians +and Greeks, and think that the Bulgarians had +in him a man of honesty and courage as well +as of great military skill. No other general of +the Bulgarian Army impressed me in the same +way, certainly not General Savoff.</p> + +<p>Of the Bulgarian politicians, M. Gueshoff, +Prime Minister at the outbreak of the first war, +and M. Daneff, chief Bulgarian delegate at the +Peace Conference and Prime Minister at the +outbreak of the second war, had the chief parts +in the glories and tragedies of 1912-13. M. +Gueshoff seemed a well-meaning but weak man. +He was fond of insisting upon his English education +and of advancing that as a proof of his +complete candour. I imagine that he played +no directing part in the drama of his country's +sudden rise to power and more sudden fall, but +did just as his king directed, sometimes probably +under protest. M. Daneff was a more virile man, +and his force of character, with little guidance +from experience, of liberal education, or from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span> +wise purpose, had much to do with the downfall +of Bulgaria. Of the Balkan Peace Conference +which met first in London in December 1912, +M. Daneff attempted from the outset to be +dictator. He never lost a chance of being rude +to an opponent or fulsome to a supporter. He +diplomatised by pronunciamento and made a +vigorous use of the minor newspaper Press with +the idea of overawing the chancelleries of Europe. +I am sure that the British Foreign Secretary, +Sir Edward Grey, had nearly as much amusement +as chagrin from the incidents of the Conference. +Just when the Turkish delegates were +being gently coaxed up to drink the hemlock, +Bulgaria would publicly dance a wild triumph +of joy, and announce that the very last drop +had to be absorbed or Bulgaria would not be +satisfied. When the Turkish delegates were thus +startled away and all the pressure of European +diplomacy was being brought to bear upon the +Turkish Government to bring them back to the +point, Bulgaria threatened publicly to break +up the Conference and resume the war. Europe +was given a short time-limit in which to act.</p> + +<p>M. Venizuelos, Prime Minister of Greece, +has proved in his own country a great capacity<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> +for good government and wise diplomacy. There +was a strong movement made at the outset of the +Balkan Peace Conference to have him appointed +head of the Balkan delegation. Success in that +would have made the chances of peace better; +and probably he had an expectation of being +chosen as being the senior in official rank of all +those present. But the jealousy and distrust +of Greece was great: and M. Venizuelos did not +prove himself the man of genius who could overcome +the handicap which his nationality imposed. +True, the task was almost impossible. But still +nearer to the impossible would it be now to +unite again the warring factions in the Balkans. +M. Venizuelos, of the highest talent though he +be, will not be the maker of a Balkan Confederation.</p> + +<p>M. Nikolitch, President of the Serbian Parliament, +is an amiable and clever man with far +more culture than is usual in the Balkans. He +has translated English classics into the Serbian +tongue, and is an industrious student of social +and political philosophy. But he has nothing +of the brute force that is needed to control the +warring passions of the Balkan States. As the +Minister of a Balkan Union to a great Power he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span> +would be admirable, for he has tact and wit, +and a knowledge of the value of truth. When +it was made plain that Austria was to have her +way and Serbia no territory on the Adriatic, +the disappointment of Serbia was bitter: and +there was some special blame of Great Britain +that she "had not considered her obvious +interests," and brought this friendly little state +to the sea. M. Nikolitch had the diplomat's +faculty of taking a defeat smilingly. "The most +unhappy thing about it," he said to me, "is that +now Serbia will not have England on her frontier." +It was a neat touch to speak of the sea as British +territory.</p> + +<p>There remains to be considered M. Take +Jonescu, who is credited with the chief share +in the unscrupulous diplomacy which has made +Roumania for the while paramount in the Balkans. +It was certainly a masterpiece of Machiavellianism, +applying the tenets of "The Prince" with +cold precision, and marks its author as the master +mind of the Balkans to-day. Give such a man +a good soldier people to follow him and an honest +purpose, and a Balkan Confederation might be +achieved, with some further blood-letting perhaps. +But it is not possible to believe that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span> +Roumanians, frivolous, pleasure-loving, untenacious, +could impose their will for long upon +the coarser-fibred but more virile Slavs of the +Peninsula.</p> + +<p>No, there is not a personality in the Balkans +to-day at once forceful enough, honest enough, +and skilful enough to give the Peninsula a union +which would enable it by means of a bold decision +now to ensure internal peace and freedom from +outside interference. A great man could build +up a greater Switzerland, perhaps, of the Slavs, +the Greeks, and the Roumanians in the Balkan +Peninsula with Great Britain, Russia, and France +as joint sponsors for the freedom of the new +Federation. But one hardly dares to hope for +such a happy ending to the long miserable story +of the Balkans.</p> + +<hr class="r65" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span></p> + +<h2>INDEX</h2> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Adrian, Emperor, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li class="indx">Adrianople, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a> + <ul class="isub1"> + <li class="isub1">description of, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Turkish occupation of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Adriatic coast, <a href="#Page_150">150</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">Sea, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Aegean Islands, <a href="#Page_62">62</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">Sea, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Alani, the, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li class="indx">Albania, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">condition of, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Albanian character, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">massacres, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + <li class="isub1">mountains, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Alexander of Battenberg. <i>See</i> <a href="#Alexander_King_of_Bulgaria">Alexander of Bulgaria</a></li> +<li class="indx"><a id="Alexander_King_of_Bulgaria"></a>Alexander, King of Bulgaria, <a href="#Page_47">47</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">abdication of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Alexander the Great, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li class="indx">American war correspondents, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li class="indx">Amurath I., Sultan of Turkey, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li class="indx">Amurath II., Sultan of Turkey, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li class="indx"><a id="Architecture"></a>Architecture, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li class="indx">Arjenli, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li class="indx">Armenia, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li class="indx">Art, applied, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">modern, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Arts and crafts, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li class="indx">Asia Minor, invasion of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> +<li class="indx">Asiatic invasions, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +<li class="indx">Assyria, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li class="indx">Astrakhan, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li class="indx">Austria, <a href="#Page_28">28</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">and Serbia's trade, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Austrian ambitions in the Balkans, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">war correspondents, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Autonomy of the Christian Provinces, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Bajayet, Sultan of Turkey, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li class="indx"><a id="Balkan_Alliance"></a>Balkan Alliance, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">possibilities of, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Balkan casualties in the war, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">character, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Committee, the, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + <li class="isub1">development, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> + <li class="isub1">diplomacy, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + <li class="isub1">disunion, <a href="#Page_75">75-77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + <li class="isub1">mountains, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx"><a id="Balkan_Peace_Conference"></a>Balkan Peace Conference, 1912, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">second phase, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + <li class="isub1">spokesman, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Balkan peasants, <a href="#Page_176">176</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">peoples as linguists, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + <li class="isub1">politicians, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + <li class="isub1">priests, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + <li class="isub1">statesmen, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + <li class="isub1">War of 1912, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + <li class="isub1">War resumed, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + <li class="isub1">women, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Baltic Sea, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li class="indx">Banking, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li class="indx">Bashi-Bazouks, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li class="indx">Basil, the Bulgar-slayer, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +<li class="indx">Beetroot cultivation, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li class="indx">Belgrade, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">siege of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Bessarabia, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li class="indx">Birrell, Major E. T. F., R.A.M.C., <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li class="indx">Bishop Babylas of Montenegro, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> +<li class="indx">Black Sea, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">littoral, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Blood-mist, the, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li class="indx">Bosnia, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li class="indx">British Army Medical Detachment, <a href="#Page_69">69</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">opinion, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Red Cross Hospital, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + <li class="isub1">surgeons, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Bucharest, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li class="indx">Buda-Pest, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li class="indx">Bulgaria, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">an autonomous principality, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + <li class="isub1">beaten, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + <li class="isub1">boundaries of (1830), <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + <li class="isub1">foreign influences in, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + <li class="isub1">government of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + <li class="isub1">liberation of, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + <li class="isub1">under Serbian rule, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + <li class="isub1">a Turkish province, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + <li class="isub1">and universal suffrage, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + <li class="isub1">at war, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx"><i>Bulgaria of To-day</i>, extract from, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> +<li class="indx">Bulgarian ambitions, <a href="#Page_61">61</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">aristocracy, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> + <li class="isub1">army of 1912, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + <li class="isub1">atrocities, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + <li class="isub1">atrocities in Macedonia, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + <li class="isub1">autonomy, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + <li class="isub1">blunders, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + <li class="isub1">censorship. <i>See</i> <a href="#Censorship">Censorship</a></li> + <li class="isub1">character, <a href="#Page_177">177-180</a></li> + <li class="isub1">church, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + <li class="isub1">commissariat, <a href="#Page_69">69-73</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + <li class="isub1">crops, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + <li class="isub1">diplomacy, <a href="#Page_85">85-87</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> + <li class="isub1">diplomatic intrigues, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Exarchates, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + <li class="isub1">finance, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + <li class="isub1">generals, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + <li class="isub1">hegemony, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + <li class="isub1">hospitals, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + <li class="isub1">industry, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + <li class="isub1">medical service, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + <li class="isub1">military tactics, <a href="#Page_66">66-71</a></li> + <li class="isub1">mobilisation, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + <li class="isub1">peace negotiations, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + <li class="isub1">peasants, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + <li class="isub1">preparedness for war, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Press Bureau, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> + <li class="isub1">revolt of 1875, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Secret Service, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + <li class="isub1">system of land tenures, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + <li class="isub1">War of Liberation, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + <li class="isub1">women, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx"><a id="Bulgars"></a>Bulgars, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li class="indx">Buxton, Mr. Noel, M.P., <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li class="indx">Byzantine art, <a href="#Page_164">164</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">traditions, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + </ul></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Cafés, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li class="indx">Carpets, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li class="indx">Caucasus, the, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li class="indx"><a id="Censorship"></a>Censorship, the, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">humours of the, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + <li class="isub1">the second, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Cettinje, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li class="indx">Charles, King of Roumania, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li class="indx">Chatalja, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li class="indx">Cherson, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Chersonesos, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Choleraic dysentery, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li class="indx">Chorlu, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li class="indx">Churches. <i>See</i> <a href="#Architecture">Architecture</a></li> +<li class="indx">Congress of Berlin, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li class="indx">Constantinople, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">fall of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Cotton-spinning, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li class="indx"><i>Credit Foncier</i> system, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li class="indx">Cretan excavations, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="indx">Crimean War, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li class="indx">Crusaders, the, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li class="indx">Cyrillic characters, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx"><a id="Dacians"></a>Dacians, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> +<li class="indx">Daneff, M., <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> +<li class="indx">Danilo I., King of Montenegro, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li class="indx">Danube, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li class="indx">Dardanelles, the, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li class="indx">Decius the elder, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li class="indx">Decius the younger, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li class="indx">Demetrieff, General, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li class="indx">Disease, ravages of, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li class="indx">Dnieper River, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Dniester River, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Don Cossacks, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> +<li class="indx">Don River, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li class="indx">Dual Monarchy, problems of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li class="indx">Dulcigno, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li class="indx">Durazzo, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Eastern Church, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li class="indx">Eastern Rumelia, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li class="indx">Egyptian influences, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="indx">Embroideries, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li class="indx">Emigration, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li class="indx">English war correspondents, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li class="indx">Enos, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li class="indx">Ermenikioi, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li class="indx">Eski Sagrah, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li class="indx">Eski Zagora, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li class="indx">European capital, <a href="#Page_174">174</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">diplomacy, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + <li class="isub1">diplomacy and Roumania, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + <li class="isub1">finance, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + <li class="isub1">policy, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + <li class="isub1">policy in 1912-13, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Powers, interest of, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Powers, intervention of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Euxine, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li class="indx">Exarchate Christians, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx"><a id="Ferdinand_Czar_of_Bulgaria"></a>Ferdinand, Czar of Bulgaria, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">his character, <a href="#Page_198">198-201</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Ferdinand of Coburg. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ferdinand_Czar_of_Bulgaria">Ferdinand of Bulgaria</a></li> +<li class="indx">Filimer, King of the Goths, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li class="indx">Finno-ugric tribe, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li class="indx">Forty Holy Martyrs of Bulgaria, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +<li class="indx">Fratricidal war, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li class="indx">Frederick Barbarossa, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li class="indx">French war correspondents, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Gallipoli, Peninsula of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> +<li class="indx">Geographical position, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> +<li class="indx">Gepidae, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li class="indx">German Powers, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li class="indx">German war correspondents, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li class="indx">Getae. <i>See</i> <a href="#Dacians">Dacians</a></li> +<li class="indx"><a id="Goths"></a>Goths, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">invasions of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Greco-Bulgarian disunion, <a href="#Page_79">79</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1"><i>entente</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Greco-Turkish wars, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li class="indx">Greece, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li class="indx">Greek atrocities in Macedonia, <a href="#Page_51">51</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">character, <a href="#Page_188">188-191</a></li> + <li class="isub1">church, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + <li class="isub1">civilisation, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + <li class="isub1">coast, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + <li class="isub1">diplomacy, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Empire, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Empire, fall of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + <li class="isub1">governors in Roumania, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + <li class="isub1">official report, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Patriarchates, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + <li class="isub1">patriotism, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Prime Minister. <i>See</i> <a href="#Venizuelos">Venizuelos</a></li> + <li class="isub1">traditions, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + <li class="isub1">war of independence, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Greeks, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li class="indx">Grey, Sir Edward, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> +<li class="indx">Grivica Redoubt, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li class="indx">Gueshoff, M., <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> +<li class="indx">Guttones. <i>See</i> <a href="#Goths">Goths</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Haskovo, province of, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li class="indx">Health resorts, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li class="indx">Herodotus, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Herzegovina, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li class="indx">History, Early, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="indx">Hodgkin, Mr. T., <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Hospital services, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li class="indx">Hungarians, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li class="indx">Huns, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">invasions of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + <li class="isub1">origin of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +</ul></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">"International Socialist," <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li class="indx">Ionian letter-forms, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Istros, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Italian Peninsula, <a href="#Page_1">1</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">war correspondents, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Ivan the Black, of Montenegro, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +<li class="indx">Ivankeui, battle of, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Janina, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> +<li class="indx">Japanese censorship, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li class="indx">Jireček, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li class="indx">John Asên, Czar of Bulgaria, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +<li class="indx">John Hunyad, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li class="indx">John Paleologos, Emperor of Greece, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> +<li class="indx">Jonescu, M. Take, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +<li class="indx">Jostoff, Colonel, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li class="indx">Journalism, <a href="#Page_108">108-110</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">"Kara George." <i>See</i> <a href="#Petrovic">Petrovic</a></li> +<li class="indx">Kirk Kilisse, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li class="indx">Korea, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li class="indx">Kossova, <a href="#Page_21">21</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">battle of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Kustendil, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li class="indx">Kustendjix, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Lazar, King of Serbia, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li class="indx">Levant, the, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Liberation, progress since the, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li class="indx">Lithuania, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Lombards, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li class="indx"><a id="London"></a>London Morning Post, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li class="indx">"Lord Salisbury's principle," <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> +<li class="indx">Lule Burgas, <a href="#Page_68">68</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">battle of, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + </ul></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Macedonia, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">atrocities in, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Empire of, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li class="isub1">massacres in, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Marcianople. <i>See</i> <a href="#Schumla">Schumla</a></li> +<li class="indx">Mariano Bolizza, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> +<li class="indx">Maritza River, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> +<li class="indx">Marmora, Sea of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li class="indx">"Mass at St. Sofia," <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li class="indx">Massacre, the national sport, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li class="indx">Medicinal springs, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li class="indx">Mediterranean littoral, <a href="#Page_2">2</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">Sea, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Michael, Czar of Bulgaria, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> +<li class="indx">Michael the Brave, of Roumania, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li class="indx">Midhat Pasha, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li class="indx">Midia, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li class="indx">Military attachés, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li class="indx">Milosh Obrenovic of Serbia, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> +<li class="indx">Mineral resources in Serbia, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li class="indx">Minoan civilisation, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li class="indx">Moesia, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li class="indx">Mohammedanism, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li class="indx">Moldavia, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> +<li class="indx">Montenegrin character, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">printing press, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + <li class="isub1">resistance of Turks, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + <li class="isub1">war with Austria, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + <li class="isub1">war with Turkey, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Montenegro, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">government of, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx"><i>Morning Post</i>, the. <i>See</i> <a href="#London">London</a></li> +<li class="indx">Mount Athos, monastery of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li class="indx">Music, national, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Napoleon, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li class="indx">Napoleonic strategy, <a href="#Page_113">113</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">wars, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Near East, the, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li class="indx">Near Eastern character, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> +<li class="indx">Neytchef, Dr., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li class="indx">Nicolaieff, General, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li class="indx">Niemen River, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Nikolitch, M., <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> +<li class="indx">Nish, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li class="indx">Nordic tribes, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="indx">Norman knights, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li class="indx">Normans, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="indx">Northern invasions, <a href="#Page_13">13</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">peoples, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">North Sea, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="indx">Nova Sagora, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li class="indx">Novi-Bazar, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Odessa, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Odessos, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Olbia, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Old Serbia, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> +<li class="indx">Oriental Express, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li class="indx">Ostrogoths, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> +<li class="indx">Ottoman. <i>See</i> <a href="#Turks">Turks</a></li> +<li class="indx">Ox wagons, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Patriarchate Christians, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li class="indx">Peace Conference. <i>See under</i> <a href="#Balkan_Peace_Conference">Balkan</a></li> +<li class="indx">Peace of Bucharest, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li class="indx">Peace of London, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li class="indx">Persians, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li class="indx">Peter the Great of Russia, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li class="indx"><a id="Petrovic"></a>Petrovic, George, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li class="indx">Philip of Macedon, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li class="indx">Philippopolis, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">capture of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Phillip, Roman Emperor, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li class="indx">Pig-raising, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li class="indx">Pirot, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li class="indx">Plevna, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li class="indx">Pomaks, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> +<li class="indx">Prehistoric state, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li class="indx">Press influence, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li class="indx">Protective tariff, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li class="indx"><i>Punch</i> cartoon, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Religious proselytising, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li class="indx">Rhodopes, the, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li class="indx">Roads, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li class="indx">Roman Church, <a href="#Page_16">16</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">civilisation, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Empire, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Roman Empire, decline of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">fall of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + <li class="isub1">traditions, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Romans, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> +<li class="indx">Rose cultivation, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li class="indx">Roumania, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">Greek governors in, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + <li class="isub1">an independent principality, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + <li class="isub1">King of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + <li class="isub1">liberation of, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Russian garrison in, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + <li class="isub1">subjugation of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + <li class="isub1">a Turkish province, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Roumanian character, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">diplomacy, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + <li class="isub1">independence, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + <li class="isub1">war correspondents, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + <li class="isub1">women, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx"><a id="Roumanians"></a>Roumanians, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li class="indx">Runes, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Russian ambitions in the Balkans, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">garrison in Roumania, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + <li class="isub1">hospital at Kirk Kilisse, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + <li class="isub1">intrigue in Bulgaria, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + <li class="isub1">liberators of Bulgaria, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Power, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + <li class="isub1">war correspondents, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Russo-Japanese War, effect of, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li class="indx">Russo-Roumanian alliance, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li class="indx">Russo-Turkish War of 1828, <a href="#Page_32">32</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">of 1877, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + </ul></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Salonica, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li class="indx">Sanitary arrangements, absence of, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li class="indx">Saracens, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li class="indx">Savoff, General, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> +<li class="indx"><a id="Schumla"></a>Schumla, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li class="indx">Scutari, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> +<li class="indx">Scythia, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li class="indx">Seaside resorts, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li class="indx">Sebastopol, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Seleniki, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> +<li class="indx">Semitic invasions, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="indx">Serbia, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">as a European Power, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li class="isub1">local government in, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Turkish garrisons withdrawn, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + <li class="isub1">a Turkish province, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Serbian character, <a href="#Page_186">186-188</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">contest for liberty, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + <li class="isub1">diplomacy, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> + <li class="isub1">emigration to Austria, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Empire, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Empire, fall of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + <li class="isub1">forests, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Highlanders, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + <li class="isub1">increase of territory, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + <li class="isub1">liberation, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + <li class="isub1">mineral resources, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + <li class="isub1">mountains, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + <li class="isub1">trade, Austria and, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + <li class="isub1">women, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx"><a id="Serbians"></a>Serbians, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li class="indx">Serbo-Hungarian Alliance, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li class="indx">Servians. <i>See</i> <a href="#Serbians">Serbians</a></li> +<li class="indx">Shipka Pass, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> +<li class="indx">Silistria, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li class="indx">Simeon of Bulgaria, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li class="indx">Slav traditions, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li class="indx">Slavs, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="indx">Slivnitza, battle of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li class="indx">Sofia, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">the Military College, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Southern Slav Art Exhibition, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li class="indx">Stambouloff, <a href="#Page_48">48</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">assassination of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Stara Zagora, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li class="indx">Stephen Dushan, King of Serbia, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li class="indx">Stephen the Great, of Moldavia, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li class="indx">Sweden, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li class="indx">Switzerland, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Tapestries, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li class="indx">Tartars, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li class="indx">Tchobanoff, Lieutenant-Colonel, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li class="indx">Tchorlu, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li class="indx">Tchundra River, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> +<li class="indx">Teutonic knights, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li class="indx">Theodore Komnenus, Czar of Greece, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +<li class="indx">Thessaly, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li class="indx">Thrace, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">an autonomous, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Thracian campaign, <a href="#Page_54">54</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">plain, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Thraco-Dacians, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li class="indx">Thraco-Illyrians, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li class="indx">Thraco-Macedonians, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li class="indx">Tirnova, <a href="#Page_44">44</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">Church of the Forty Martyrs, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Tobacco cultivation, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li class="indx">Tourist possibilities, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li class="indx">Trade, Early, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Trajan, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> +<li class="indx">Transylvania, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li class="indx">Travel facilities, <a href="#Page_155">155-158</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">risks, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Treaty of Adrianople (1830), <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li class="indx">Treaty of Berlin, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li class="indx">Treaty of Bucharest (1913), <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li class="indx">Treaty of London, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> +<li class="indx">Treaty of Paris (1856), <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> +<li class="indx">Treaty of San Stefano, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li class="indx">Trenches, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li class="indx">Triple Alliance, the, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li class="indx">Turco-Russian wars, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li class="indx">Turkey-in-Europe, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li class="indx">Turkish Army, <a href="#Page_106">106</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">atrocities, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + <li class="isub1">character, <a href="#Page_181">181-186</a></li> + <li class="isub1">corruption, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + <li class="isub1">cruelty, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> + <li class="isub1">delegates at the Conference, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> + <li class="isub1">domination in Bulgaria, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + <li class="isub1">entrenchments, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + <li class="isub1">invasion, first, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + <li class="isub1">occupation, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + <li class="isub1">offer of reform, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Power in Europe, decline of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + <li class="isub1">prisoners, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + <li class="isub1">procrastination at the Peace Conference, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + <li class="isub1">rally, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + <li class="isub1">rule in Bulgaria, end of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + <li class="isub1">rule in Serbia, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + <li class="isub1">spy incident, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + <li class="isub1">tyranny, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + <li class="isub1">villages, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx"><a id="Turks"></a>Turks, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">before Vienna, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Turnu-Severin, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> +<li class="indx">Tyras, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Unity of Balkans. <i>See</i> <a href="#Balkan_Alliance">Balkan Alliance</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Valerius, Emperor, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li class="indx">Vandals, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> +<li class="indx">Varna, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Venetians, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li class="indx">Venice <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li class="indx"><a id="Venizuelos"></a>Venizuelos, M., <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> +<li class="indx">Vienna, <a href="#Page_109">109</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">siege of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">Villages, the, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> +<li class="indx">Visigoths, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> +<li class="indx">Vistula River, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li class="indx">Vlad the Impaler, of Wallachia, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li class="indx">Volga River, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li class="indx">Volgars. <i>See</i> <a href="#Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> +<li class="indx">Vranga, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Wallachia, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> +<li class="indx">Wallachians. <i>See</i> <a href="#Roumanians">Roumanians</a></li> +<li class="indx">War correspondent, the, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a> + <ul class="index"> + <li class="isub1">advice to, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + <li class="isub1">new school, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + <li class="isub1">passing of the, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + <li class="isub1">a personal record, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li class="indx">War of Liberation, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li class="indx">Winter sports, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Yamboli, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> +<li class="indx">Yanina, battle of, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="indx">Zablack, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> +</ul> + +<h3>THE END</h3> + +<hr class="r5" /> + +<h5><i>Printed by</i> <span class="smcap">R. & R. Clark, Limited</span>, <i>Edinburgh</i>.</h5> + +<hr class="r65" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1a" id="Page_1a">[1]</a></span></p> +<h2>A NEW SERIES OF COLOUR BOOKS</h2> + +<h4>EACH CONTAINING 32 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOUR</h4> + +<p class="center"><i>Large Square Demy 8vo.</i> <span class="smcap">Price <b>7/6</b> net each.</span> <i>Bound in Cloth.</i></p> + +<p class="center">(<i>By Post</i>, 8/-)</p> + +<h3 class="high">BULGARIA. By Frank Fox.</h3> +<blockquote> +<p>This book will give to the reader an adequate idea of a wild and little-known corner of Europe, but +to those who look upon Bulgaria as a place of endless massacres and savage inhospitality the book will +bring many surprises. The Bulgarian artist shows us a land in which civilisation is evident and art not +unknown. The Australian author (who was with the Bulgarian Army as correspondent for the London +<i>Morning Post</i> during the former Balkan War) writes of a people whom he found usually courteous, gentle, +and worthy. His personal experiences of the Bulgarian peasantry are vividly interesting, and hardly +less interesting is the brief sketch of the early history of Bulgaria, the country where the Roman +Empire met its doom.</p></blockquote> + +<h3 class="high">ITALY. By Frank Fox.</h3> +<blockquote> +<p>Messrs. A. & C. Black have published many books on the various cities of Italy with colour +illustrations. But before this they have not offered to the public a handy volume giving a general +idea of the country which was the cradle of Christian civilisation. Whether to tourists who contemplate +a visit to Italy or to those who cannot hope for that pleasure, <i>Italy</i> will be welcome. The +author has left to the vivid pictures the main task of describing Italian scenery, and devoted most of +his text to telling of the spirit of the people and showing how the Italy of to-day is linked up with the +Italy of the Roman Republic and the Italy of the Renaissance.</p></blockquote> + +<h3 class="high">SWITZERLAND. By Frank Fox.</h3> +<blockquote> +<p>This volume will give to the reader a good knowledge not only of the scenery of Europe's playground +but of the Swiss people and their life. A little nation which has supplied Europe at various times with +bands of both heroes and waiters, which is celebrated alike for generous hospitality to refugees and +the most strictly commercial hospitality to tourists, has a paradoxical aspect whatever way it is regarded. +The author seeks to describe rather than to explain the Swiss, but gives a closely compressed record of +their early history as some key to the curiously contradictory elements of their national character.</p></blockquote> + +<h3 class="high">ENGLAND. By Frank Fox.</h3> + +<blockquote><p>The task of describing England was for good reason given to a visitor to the Mother Country. It +will be found that Mr. Frank Fox has done his work well. A stranger to England will have his +attention drawn to the features of her life which are most characteristic: residents in England will +find interest in studying an impression of their country from a sympathetic Australian observer. +Within a very small compass there is a bright living picture of England, her history, her institutions, +her people, her green country-side, her historic monuments.</p></blockquote> + +<h3 class="high">FRANCE. By Gordon Home.</h3> +<blockquote> +<p>Mr. Gordon Home's chapters cover many aspects of French life, and give the reader a comprehensive +vision of the land from Boulogne to Mentone and Bayonne. Political life, home life in town and country, +the duel, marriage arrangements, the navy, architecture, the doctor, the priest, the <i>midinette</i>, the +constitution, the great rivers, the watering-places, hunting, vine-growing, and school life are a few of +the many topics that come in orderly sequence in the book. After reading the volume and studying +the pictures, even those who know France well will probably understand some aspects of it more +clearly, and those who have yet to cross the English Channel will go there understanding much that +might otherwise puzzle them.</p></blockquote> + +<h3 class="high">AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. By G. E. Mitton.</h3> +<blockquote> +<p>It was through Austria-Hungary that the great crisis in Europe arose. Yet how few people know +anything about the country, although both in the matter of national history and scenery Austria-Hungary +is well worth considering. Its story of romance, its scenery is not behind any in Europe, +though, except for the Tyrol and the Dolomites, it is far from well known. In the reconstruction of +political frontiers which will necessarily follow the War, the races of the Dual Monarchy will have to +be taken into account, and it is essential to know something of them if we would be abreast of the times. +</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Published by A. & C. BLACK, Ltd., 4, 5, & 6 Soho Square, London, W.</span></p> +<hr class="r65" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2a" id="Page_2a">[2]</a></span></p> + +<h2>OTHER BOOKS ON</h2> + +<h2>THE BALKAN PENINSULA</h2> + +<h3 class="high">CONSTANTINOPLE</h3> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Painted by WARWICK GOBLE</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Described by Prof. ALEXANDER VAN MILLINGEN, D.D.</span></p> +<p class="center">CONTAINING 62 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOUR</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Published at</i> <b>20/-</b> <i>net, now offered at</i> <b>7/6</b> <i>net</i> (<i>by post</i>, 8/-)</p> + +<blockquote><p>"Mr. Goble has succeeded in a difficult task. He has 'caught the glory' of the Queen of Cities, +and, in the wealth of material for choice, has seized on those features which, though the most skilful +pencil can convey them only inadequately, best represent their wonderful variety to those who have +never seen them."—<i>Daily Chronicle.</i></p></blockquote> + +<h3 class="high">GREECE: MONTENEGRO: TURKEY</h3> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">In the "Peeps at Many Lands" Series</span></p> + +<p class="center">EACH CONTAINING 12 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOUR</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Large Square Crown 8vo, bound in Cloth.</i></p> + +<p class="center">(<i>By post</i>, 1/11) +<span class="smcap">Price</span> <b>1/6</b> <span class="smcap">net each</span> (<i>By post</i>, 1/11)<br /> +</p> + +<blockquote><p>This series of little travel books for young people who are of an age to be interested +in the countries of the world and their peoples has steadily grown on account of its wide +popularity. Each book is written in a simple and very attractive style, and thus the child +gains valuable instruction and a vivid interest in countries, great cities, and peoples through +the sheer pleasure of reading and by examining the beautiful illustrations. The youthful +reader becomes absorbed in descriptions of how children work and play, and in the way +of living, in the various countries of the world.</p> + +<p class="center">The volumes are handsomely bound and splendidly illustrated in colour.</p></blockquote> + +<h3 class="high">THE SPIRIT OF THE ALLIED NATIONS</h3> + +<p class="center">A SERIES OF ESSAYS BY</p> + +<p>PAUL STUDER, M.A., Professor of the Romance Languages in the University of Oxford.</p> + +<p>ALEXIS ALADIN, Ex-member of the Russian Duma.</p> + +<p>PAUL HAMELIUS, D. és L., Professor of English Literature in the University of Liège.</p> + +<p>J. H. LONGFORD, B.A., Professor of Japanese in the University of London.</p> + +<p>R. W. SETON-WATSON, D. Litt., New College, Oxford; Author of <i>The Southern +Slav Question</i>, etc.</p> + +<p>SIDNEY LOW, M.A., Balliol College, Oxford, Lecturer on Imperial and Colonial +History, King's College, London University; Author of <i>The Governance of England</i>, +<i>A Vision of India</i>, etc.</p> + +<p class="px"><span class="smcap">Edited, with an Introduction and Appendix, by SIDNEY LOW</span></p> + +<p class="pxc"><i>Crown 8vo.</i> +<span class="smcap">Price</span> <b>2/6</b> <span class="smcap">net</span> <i>Cloth.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p class="center">(<i>By post</i>, 2/10)</p> + +<blockquote><p>"No student, or even casual lover of books, and certainly no patriot, should hesitate to read this +remarkable little volume."—<i>Daily Express.</i></p> + +<p>"A valuable supplement to the books relating to the negotiations preceding the war and to the +campaign itself."—<i>Aberdeen Journal.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p class="pxc"><span class="smcap">Published by A. & C. BLACK, Ltd.</span>, 4, 5, & 6 <span class="smcap">Soho Square</span>, <span class="smcap">London</span>, W.</p> + +<hr class="r65" /> + +<div class="transnote"> +<h2>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES</h2> + +<p>Both "Serbia" and "Servia", "country-side" and "countryside" are found +in this text.</p> + +<p>At p. 54, the phrase "I was through the war" may be an error for "I went +through the war", but has been left unchanged.</p> + +<p>There is only one typo: "howevre" (on p. 21) has been changed to +"however".</p> + +<p class="p2b">Four words in the index have a different spelling from that used in the +text. Kossovo, Nova Zagora, Chorlu and Zablak are indexed as "Kossova", +"Nova Sagora", "Tchorlu" and "Zablack" respectively. These spellings +have been left unchanged.</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Balkan Peninsula, by Frank Fox + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BALKAN PENINSULA *** + +***** This file should be named 39688-h.htm or 39688-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/6/8/39688/ + +Produced by Bruce Albrecht, Margo Romberg and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> |