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Project Gutenberg's North American Stone Implements, by Charles Rau
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Title: North American Stone Implements
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<div class="hugeskip"></div>
<h1>
NORTH AMERICAN STONE IMPLEMENTS.</h1>
<div class="hugeskip"></div>
<h2><small>BY</small><br /><br />
CHARLES RAU.</h2>
<div class="hugeskip"></div>
<hr style="width: 35%;" />
<div class="center">REPRINTED FROM THE REPORT OF THE SMITHSONIAN
INSTITUTION FOR 1872.</div>
<hr style="width: 35%;" />
<div class="hugeskip"></div>
<div class="center">WASHINGTON:<br />
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.<br />
1873.
</div>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<h2>NORTH AMERICAN STONE IMPLEMENTS.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">By Charles Rau.</span></h3>
<p>The division of the European stone age into a period of chipped stone,
and a succeeding one of ground or polished stone, or, into the palaeolithic
and neolithic periods, seems to be fully borne out by facts, and is
likely to remain an uncontroverted basis for future investigation in
Europe. In North America chipped as well as ground implements are
abundant; yet they occur promiscuously, and thus far cannot be referred
respectively to certain epochs in the development of the aborigines
of the country. Archæological investigation in North America,
however, is but of recent date, and a careful examination of our caves
and drift-beds possibly may lead to results similar to those obtained in
Europe. When in the latter part of the world man lived contemporaneously
with the now extinct large pachydermatous and carnivorous
animals, he used unground flint tools of rude workmanship, which were
superseded in the later stages of the European stone age, comprising
the neolithic period, by more finished articles of flint and other stone,
many of which were brought into final shape by the processes of grinding
and polishing. In North America stone implements likewise have
been found associated with the osseous remains of extinct animals; yet
these implements, it appears, differed in no wise from those in use among
the aborigines at the period of their first intercourse with the whites.</p>
<p>In the year 1839, the late Dr. Albert C. Koch discovered in the bottom
of the Bourbeuse River, in Gasconade County, Missouri, the remains
of a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mastodon giganteus</i> under very peculiar circumstances. The
greater portion of the bones appeared more or less burned, and there
was sufficient evidence that the fire had been kindled by human agency,
and with the design of killing the huge creature, which had been found
mired in the mud, and in an entirely helpless condition. The animal's
fore and hind legs, untouched by the fire, were in a perpendicular position,
with the toes attached to the feet, showing that the ground in
which the animal had sunk, now a grayish-colored clay, was in a plastic
condition when the occurrence took place. Those portions of the skeleton,
however, which had been exposed above the surface of the clay,
were partially consumed by the fire, and a layer of wood-ashes and
charred bones, varying in thickness from two to six inches, indicated
that the burning had been continued for some length of time. The fire
appeared to have been most destructive around the head of the animal.
Mingled with the ashes and bones was a large number of broken pieces
of rock, which evidently had been carried to the spot from the bank of
the Bourbeuse River to be hurled at the animal. But the burning and
hurling of stones, it seems, did not satisfy the assailants of the mastodon;
for Dr. Koch found among the ashes, bones, and rocks <i>several
stone arrow-heads, a spear-head, and some stone axes</i>, which were taken
out in the presence of a number of witnesses, consisting of the people of
the neighborhood, who had been attracted by the novelty of the excavation.
The layer of ashes and bones was covered by strata of alluvial
deposits, consisting of clay, sand, and soil, from eight to nine feet thick,
which form the bottom of the Bourbeuse River in general.</p>
<p>About one year after this excavation, Dr. Koch found at another
place, in Benton County, Missouri, in the bottom of the Pomme de Terre
River, about ten miles above its junction with the Osage, <i>several stone
arrow-heads</i> mingled with the bones of a nearly entire skeleton of the
Missourium. The two arrow-heads found with the bones "were in such
a position as to furnish evidence still more conclusive, perhaps, than in
the other case, of their being of equal, if not older date, than the bones
themselves; for, besides that they were found in a layer of vegetable
mold which was covered by twenty feet in thickness of alternate layers
of sand, clay, and gravel, one of the arrow-heads lay underneath the
thigh-bone of the skeleton, the bone actually resting in contact upon it,
so that it could not have been brought thither after the deposit of the
bone; a fact which I was careful thoroughly to investigate."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
<div class="figleft" style="width: 235px;">
<img src="images/i-p002.jpg" width="235" height="350" alt="Fig. 1." title="" />
<span class="caption">Fig. 1.</span>
</div>
<p>It affords me particular satisfaction to present in Fig. 1 a
full-size drawing of the last-named arrow-head, which is still in
the possession of Mrs. Elizabeth Koch, of Saint Louis, the widow
of the discoverer. The drawing was made after a photograph, for
which I am indebted to Mrs. Koch. It will be noticed that the
point, one of the barbs, and a corner of the stem of this
arrow-head—if it really was an arrow-head, and not the
armature of a javelin or spear—are broken off; but there
remains enough of it to make out its original shape, which is
exactly that of similar weapons used by the aborigines in
historical times. The specimen in question, which, as I presume,
was found by Dr. Koch in its present mutilated shape, consists of
a light-brown, somewhat mottled flint.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
<p>In referring to these discoveries of Dr. Koch, and some other indications
of the high antiquity of man in America, Sir John Lubbock concludes
that "there does not as yet appear to be any satisfactory proof
that man co-existed in America with the Mammoth and Mastodon."<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
Yet, it may be expected, almost with certainty, that the results of future
investigations in North America will fully corroborate Dr. Koch's
discoveries, and vindicate the truthfulness of his statements. Indeed,
some facts have come to light during the late geological survey of Illinois,
which confirm, in a general way, the conclusions arrived at by the
above-named explorer. According to this survey, the blue clays at the
base of the drift contain fragments of wood and trunks of trees, but
no fossil remains of animals; but the brown clays above, underlying
the Loess, contain remains of the Mammoth, the Mastodon, and the Peccary;
and bones of the Mastodon were found in a bed of "local drift,"
near Alton, underlying the Loess <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">in situ</i> above, and also <i>in the same horizon,
stone axes and flint spear-heads</i>, indicating the co-existence of the
human race with the extinct mammalia of the Quaternary period.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
<p>It must not be overlooked that both Dr. Koch and the Illinois survey
mention flint arrow and spear-heads as well as stone axes as being associated,
directly or indirectly, with the remains of extinct animals.
These stone axes undoubtedly were <i>ground</i> implements; for, had they
differed in any way from the ordinary Indian manufactures of the same
class, the fact certainly would have been noticed by the observers.
Thus far, then, we are not entitled to speak of a North American palaeolithic
and neolithic period. In the new world, therefore, the human
contemporary of the Mastodon and the Mammoth, it would seem, was
more advanced in the manufacture of stone weapons than his savage
brother of the European drift period, a circumstance which favors the
view that the extinct large mammalia ceased to exist at a later epoch
in America than in Europe. The remarks of Lieutenant-Colonel C. H.
Smith on this point are of interest. "Over a considerable part of the
eastern side of the great (American) mountain ridge," he says, "more
particularly where ancient lakes have been converted into morasses, or
have been filled by alluvials, organic remains of above thirty species of
mammals, of the same orders and genera, in some cases of the same
species, (as in Europe,) have been discovered, demonstrating their existence
in a contemporary era with those of the old continent, and under
similar circumstances. But their period of duration in the new world
may have been prolonged to dates of a subsequent time, since the Pachyderms
of the United States, as well as those of the Pampas of Brazil,
are much more perfect; and, in many cases, possess characters ascribed
to bones in a recent state. Alligators and crocodiles, moreover, continue
to exist in latitudes where they endure a winter state of torpidity
beneath ice, as an evidence that the great Saurians in that region have
not yet entirely worked out their mission; whereas, on the old continent
they had ceased to exist in high latitudes long before the extinction
of the great Ungulata."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
<p>Flint implements of the European "drift type," however, are by no
means scarce in North America, although they cannot (thus far) be
referred to any particular period, but must be classed with the other
chipped and ground implements in use among the North American aborigines
during historical times.</p>
<div class="figright" style="width: 366px;">
<img src="images/i-p005.jpg" width="366" height="600" alt="Fig. 2." title="" />
<span class="caption">Fig. 2.</span>
</div>
<p>In the first place I will mention certain leaf-shaped flint implements
which have been found in mounds and on the surface, as well as in deposits
below it. They are comparatively thin, of regular outline, and
exhibit well-chipped edges all around the circumferences. On the whole,
they are among the best North American flint articles which have
fallen under my notice. The specimens found by Messrs. Squier and
Davis in a mound of the inclosure called Mound City, on the Scioto
River, some miles north of Chillicothe, Ohio, belong to this class. Most
of them were broken, but a few were found entire, one of which is represented
in half-size by Fig. 100 on page 211 of the "Ancient Monuments
of the Mississippi Valley." This specimen measures four inches in
length and about three inches across the broad rounded end. I have a
still larger one, consisting of a reddish mottled flint, which was found
on the surface in Jefferson County, Missouri. The annexed full-size
drawing, Fig. 2, shows its outline. The edge on the right side is a little
damaged by subsequent fractures, but for the sake of greater distinctness
I have represented it as perfect. The finest leaf-shaped implements
which I have had occasion to examine, are in the possession of
Mr. M. Cowing, of Seneca Falls, New York. The owner told me he had
more than a hundred of them, which were all derived from a locality in
the State of New York, where they were accidentally discovered, forming
a deposit under the surface. Mr. Cowing, who is constantly engaged
in collecting and buying up Indian relics, refused to give me any information
concerning the place and precise character of the deposit,
basing his refusal on the ground that a few of these implements were
still in the hands of individuals in the neighborhood, and that he would
reveal nothing in relation to the deposit until he had obtained every
specimen originally belonging to it. I am, therefore, unable to give any
particulars, and must confine myself to the statement that the specimens
shown to me present in general the outline of the original of Fig. 2,
though they are a little smaller; and that they are thin, sharp-edged,
and exquisitely wrought, and consist of a beautiful, variously-colored
flint, which bears some resemblance to chalcedony.</p>
<p>Concerning the use or uses of North American leaf-shaped
articles, I am hardly prepared to give a definite opinion, though
I think it probable that they served for purposes of cutting.
They were certainly not intended for spear-heads, their shape
being ill-adapted for that end; nor do I think that they were
used as scrapers, as other more massive implements of a kindred
character probably were, of which I shall speak hereafter.</p>
<p>The aborigines were in the habit of burying articles of flint in
the ground, and such deposits, sometimes quite large, have been
discovered in various parts of the United States. These deposits
consist of articles representing various types, among which I
will mention the leaf-shaped implements in the possession of Mr.
Cowing; the agricultural tools found at East Saint Louis,
Illinois, of which I have given an account in the Smithsonian
report for 1868; and the rude flint articles of an elongated oval
shape, which were found about 1860 on the bank of the
Mississippi, between Carondelet and Saint Louis, Missouri, and
doubtless belonged to a deposit. I have described them in the
above-named Smithsonian report, (p. 405,) and have also given
there a drawing of one of the specimens in my possession. This
drawing has been reproduced by Mr. E. T. Stevens, on page 441 of
his valuable work entitled "Flint Chips," (London, 1870,) with
remarks tending to show that the specimen does not represent an
unfinished implement, as I am inclined to believe, but a
complete one. I must admit that my drawing is not a very good
one. It gives the object a more definite character than it really
possesses, the chipping appearing in the representation far less
superficial than it is in the original, which, indeed, has such a
shape that it could easily be reduced to a smaller size by blows
aimed at its circumference. I have myself scaled off large flat
flakes from similarly-shaped pieces of flint, using a small iron
hammer and directing my blows against the edge, and have thus
become convinced that the further working of objects like that in
question could offer no serious difficulties to a practised
flint-chipper. My collection, moreover, contains several smaller
flint objects of similar shape, which are undoubtedly the
rudiments of arrow and spear-heads, and I may add that I obtained
a few from places where the manufacture of such weapons was
carried on.</p>
<p>Yet the most important deposit of flint implements resembling certain
types of the European drift, is that discovered by Messrs. Squier
and Davis during their researches in Ohio. They have described this
interesting find in the "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley,"
and a <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">résumé</i> of their account was given by me in the Smithsonian report
for 1868, (p. 404.) The implements in question, I stated, occurred
in one of the so-called sacrificial mounds of Clark's Work, on North
Fork of Paint Creek, Ross County, Ohio. This flat, but very broad
mound contained, instead of the hearth usually found in this class of
earth-structures, an enormous number of flint discs, standing on their
edges and arranged in two layers, one above the other, at the bottom of
the mound. The whole extent of these layers has not been ascertained,
but an excavation six feet long and four broad disclosed upward of six
hundred of those discs, rudely blocked out of a superior kind of dark
flint. I had occasion to examine the specimens from this mound, which
were formerly in the collection of Dr. Davis, and have now in my collection
a number that belonged to the same deposit. They are either
roundish, oval, or heart-shaped, and of various sizes, but on an average
six inches long, four inches wide, and from three-quarters to an inch in
thickness. These flint discs are believed to have been buried as a religious
offering, and the peculiar structure of the mound which inclosed
them rather favors this opinion, while their enormous number, on the
other hand, affords some probability to the view that they constituted a
depot or magazine. Many of them are clumsy, and roughly chipped
around their edges; and hence it has been suggested that they are no
finished implements, but merely rudimentary forms, destined to receive
more symmetry of outline by subsequent labor. Many of the discs under
notice bear a striking resemblance to the flint "hatchets" discovered
by Boucher de Perthes and Dr. Rigollot in the diluvial gravels of the
valley of the Somme, in Northern France. The similarity in form, however,
is the only analogy that can be claimed for the rude flint articles
of both continents, considering that they occurred under totally different
circumstances. The drift implements of Europe represent the most
primitive attempts of man in the art of working stone, while the Ohio
discs, if finished at all, are certainly very rough samples of the handicraft
of a race that constructed earthworks of astonishing regularity and
magnitude, and was already highly skilled in the art of chipping flint
into various shapes.</p>
<p>On page 214 of the "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," a
group of the flint articles from Clark's Work is represented. The drawing
exhibits pretty correctly the irregular outline and general rudeness of
these specimens; yet Mr. Stevens states (Flint Chips, p. 440) that "the
representations are not at all satisfactory." The only fault, I think, that
can be found with these drawings is their small scale, a fault which is very
excusable, considering that at the period when Messrs. Squier and Davis
published their work, (1848,) flint articles of such shape were no objects
of particular attention; for just then the results of the researches of
Boucher de Perthes were first laid before the scientific world, which, it
is well known, ignored for a long time the significance of the rude flint
tools discovered by the indefatigable and enthusiastic French savant in
the diluvial gravel-beds of the Somme. It is true, however, that some
of the flint discs of Clark's Work are wrought with more care than those
represented in the "Ancient Monuments." This fact may be ascribed
to a whim of the worker or workers, who gave some of the articles a
greater degree of regularity by some additional blows. Mr. Stevens has
only seen specimens of this better class, for such were those which Dr.
Davis sold to the Blackmore Museum among his collection of Indian
relics, and hence the author of "Flint Chips" seems to attribute to them
a better general character than they really possess. I learn, however,
that Mr. Blackmore, during a recent visit to Ohio, has succeeded in recovering
a considerable number of the implements of Clark's Work, and
thus an opportunity will be afforded again to investigate the true nature
of these relics of a bygone people.</p>
<p>The objects in question consist of the compact silicious stone of "Flint
Ridge," in Ohio, a locality described on page 214 of the "Ancient Monuments."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
A careful comparison has established this fact beyond any
doubt. The flint or hornstone which occurs in that region, is a beautiful
material of a dark color, resembling somewhat the real flint found in
nodules in the cretaceous formations of Europe. It is occasionally
marked with darker or lighter concentric stripes or bands, the centre of
which is formed by a small nucleus of blue chalcedony; and this internal
structure appears particularly distinct in specimens which, by exposure,
have undergone a superficial change of color. The stone, in
general, possesses peculiarities by which it can be recognized at once,
even when met in a wrought state far from its original site. According
to Mr. Squier, arrow-heads made of this hornstone have been found in
Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan. That they occur in Illinois,
I can attest from personal experience.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 529px;">
<img src="images/i-p008.jpg" width="529" height="600" alt="Fig 3." title="" />
<span class="caption">Fig. 3.</span>
</div>
<p>A few years ago, when treating of the flint implements of Clark's
Work, I was not prepared to express a definite opinion concerning the
manner in which they were used. In the mean time, however, I have obtained
additional information in relation to the class of implements under
notice, which enables me, as I think, to point out the purposes for which
those of Clark's Work, as well as similar ones from other localities, were
designed. In the summer of 1869, some children, who were amusing
themselves near the barn on the farm of Oliver H. Mullen, in the neighborhood
of Fayetteville, Saint Clair County, Illinois, dug into the ground
and discovered a deposit of fifty-two disc-shaped flint implements, which
lay closely heaped together. Several of them came into my possession
through the assistance of Dr. Patrick, of Belleville, in the same county.
They consist, like those of Clark's Work, of the peculiar stone of Flint
Ridge. This I noticed at first sight, and so did Messrs. Squier and
Davis, to whom I showed them. They resemble, in general shape, the
objects of Clark's Work, but are somewhat smaller and of perfectly symmetrical
outline, having a well-chipped, though strong edge; in one
word, they are highly finished implements, far superior to those of
Clark's Work. In Fig. 3 I give a full-size drawing of one of my specimens
from Fayetteville, which is twenty millimeters thick in the middle.
The slight irregularities observable in the circumference are owing to
later accidental fractures. In this specimen, as in the others from the
same find, the edge is produced by small, carefully-measured blows.
The edges of my specimens from Fayetteville, moreover, exhibit traces of
wear, being rubbed off to a small degree, and this circumstance, in connection
with their shape, induces me to believe that they were used as
<i>scraping</i> or <i>smoothing implements</i>. The aborigines, it is well known, hollowed
their canoes and wooden mortars with the assistance of fire, and
the implements just described, were, as I presume, employed for removing
the charred portions of the wood. They are well adapted to the grasp
of the hand, and, indeed, of the most convenient form and size to serve
in that operation. Probably they were likewise used in cleaning hides,
and for other purposes. The tools of Fayetteville, however, are much
more handy than those of Clark's Work.</p>
<p>The fact that implements made of the hornstone of Flint Ridge are
found in Illinois—a distance of about four hundred miles intervening—is
of particular interest, as it shows that the material was quarried for
exportation to remote parts of the country. It doubtless formed an article
of traffic among the natives, like copper, sea-shells, and other natural
productions which they applied to the exigencies of common life
or used for personal adornment.</p>
<p>Concerning North American flint implements of the European drift
type in general, Mr. Stevens expresses himself thus: "The legitimate
conclusion at which we may at present arrive, is that implements, in form
resembling some of the European palaeolithic types, were made by the
aborigines of America at a comparatively late period, and that the people
usually termed the 'mound-builders,' were, probably, the makers of
these implements." (p. 443.)</p>
<p>There is no sufficient ground, I think, for attributing these implements
exclusively to the mound-builders, considering that they occur on the
surface, and in deposits below it, in regions where the people designated
as the mound-builders are not supposed to have left their traces. In
the States of New York and New Jersey, for instance, such articles
repeatedly have been met. I will only refer to the leaf-shaped implements
in possession of Mr. Cowing, which were found in New York, and
are the finest specimens of that kind ever brought to my notice. That
the people who erected the mounds made and used tools resembling the
palaeolithic types of Europe, is proved by the occurrence of those tools
in the mounds; but it follows by no means that they are to be considered
as the sole makers of that class of implements. Supposing that
the mound-builders really were a people superior in their attainments
to the aborigines found in possession of the country by the whites, it is
certainly very difficult to draw a line of demarcation between the manufactures
of the ancient and those of the more recent indigenous inhabitants
of North America. The mound-builders—to preserve the adopted
term—certainly did not stow away all their articles of use and ornament
in the mounds, but necessarily left a great many of them scattered over
the surface, which became mingled with those of the succeeding occupants
of the soil. Both the mound-builders and the later Indians lived
in an age of stone, and as their wants were the same, they resorted to
the same means to satisfy them. Their manufactures, therefore, must
exhibit a considerable degree of similarity, and hence the great difficulty
of separating them.</p>
<p>Yet Mr. Stevens goes in this respect farther than any one before him.
He is particularly orthodox in the matter of pipes. Those who have
paid some attention to the antiquities of North America, are aware of
the fact that Messrs. Squier and Davis found in the mounds of Ohio,
especially in one mound near Chillicothe, a number of stone pipes of
peculiar shape, which they have described in the "Ancient Monuments
of the Mississippi Valley." In these pipes the bowl rises from the middle
of a flat and somewhat curved base, one side of which communicates
by means of a narrow perforation, usually one-sixth of an inch (about
four millimeters) in diameter, with the hollow of the bowl, and represents
the tube, or rather the mouth-piece of the pipe, while the other
unperforated end forms the handle by which the smoker held the implement
and approached it to his mouth. In the more elaborate specimens
the bowl is formed, in some instances, in imitation of the human
head, but generally of the body of an animal—mammal, bird, or reptile.
These pipes, then, were smoked either without any stem, which seems
probable, or by means of a very diminutive tube of some kind, the narrow
bore of the base not allowing the insertion of anything like a massive
stem. The authors of the "Ancient Monuments" called these pipes
"mound-pipes," merely to designate that particular class of smoking
utensils; it was not their intention to convey the idea that the mound-builders
had been unacquainted with pipes into which stems were inserted.
On the contrary, they distinctly assign a beautiful pipe of the
latter kind, representing the body of a bird with a human head,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> to the
mound-builders, though this specimen was not found in a mound, but
within an ancient inclosure twelve miles below the city of Chillicothe.
Referring to this pipe, Mr. Stevens says: "Squier and Davis consider
that this object is a relic of the mound-builders; but it does not appear
that any pipe of similar form, or indeed <i>any</i> pipe intended to be smoked
by means of an inserted stem, has been found in any of the Ohio mounds."
Upon inquiry I learned from Dr. Davis that mounds had been leveled
by the plough within the inclosure where the pipe in question was found,
which, he is convinced, belonged to the original contents of one of those
obliterated mounds. In the Smithsonian report for 1868, I published
(on page 399) the drawing of a pipe then in possession of Dr. Davis.
Its shape is that of a barrel somewhat narrowing at the bottom, and its
material an almost transparent rock-crystal. The two hollows, one for
the reception of the smoking material, and the other for inserting a
stem, meet under an obtuse angle. This pipe was taken from a mound
near Bainbridge, Ross County, Ohio. Mr. Stevens suggests it had been
associated with a secondary interment, (p. 524.) Dr. Davis, however,
who is acquainted with the circumstances of its discovery, told me that
it belonged, with various other objects, to the <i>primary</i> deposit of the
mound. Thus it would seem that the mound-builders confined themselves
by no means to the use of one particular class of pipes.</p>
<p>Those who advocate a strict classification of North American relics
according to earlier or later periods, should bear in mind that mound-building
was still in use—if not in Ohio, at least in other parts of the
present United States—when the first Europeans arrived, though the
practice seems to have been abandoned soon after the colonization of
the country by the whites. Yet, even in comparatively modern times,
isolated cases of mound-building have been recorded,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> which fact would
indicate, perhaps, a lingering inclination to perpetuate an ancient,
almost forgotten custom. Many of the earthworks in the Southern
States doubtless were built by the race of Indians inhabiting the country
when the Spaniards under De Soto made a vain attempt to take possession
of that vast territory, then comprised under the name of Florida.
For this we have Garcilasso de la Vega's often-quoted statement relating
to the earth-structures of the Indians. The Floridians, we also
know, erected at the same period mounds to mark the resting-places of
their defunct chieftains. Le Moyne de Morgues has left in the "Brevis
Narratio" a representation and description of a funeral of this kind.
When the mound was heaped up, the mourners stuck arrows in the
ground around its base, and placed the drinking vessel of the deceased,
made of a large sea-shell, on the apex of the pile.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> But even without
such historical testimony, the continuance of mound-building might be
deduced from the fact that articles of European origin are met, though
rarely, among the primary deposits of mounds. The following interesting
communication, for which I am indebted to Colonel Charles C.
Jones, will serve to illustrate one case of mound-burial that can be referred
with certainty to a period posterior to the European occupation
of the country:</p>
<div class="figleft" style="width: 169px;">
<img src="images/i-p012a.jpg" width="169" height="350" alt="Fig. 4." title="" />
<span class="caption">Fig. 4.</span>
</div>
<p>"I have found in several mounds," says my informant, "glass beads
and silver ornaments, and, in one instance, a part of a
rifle-barrel, which were evidently buried with the dead. These,
however, were secondary interments, the graves being upon the
top, or sides, or near the base of the mound, and only a few feet
deep. Never but in one case have I discovered any article of
European manufacture interred with the dead in whose honor the
mound was clearly erected. Upon opening a small earth-mound on
the Georgia coast, a few miles below Savannah, I found a clay
vessel, several flint arrow-heads, a hand-axe of stone, <i>and a
portion of an old-fashioned sword</i> deposited with the decayed
bones of the skeleton. This tumulus was conical in shape, about
seven feet high, and possessed a base diameter of some twenty
feet. It contained only one skeleton, and that lay, with the
articles I have enumerated, at the bottom of the mound, and on a
level with the plain. The oaken hilt, most of the guard, and
about seven inches of the blade of the sword still remained. The
rest of the blade had perished from rust. Strange to say, the oak
had best resisted the 'gnawing tooth of time.' This mound had
never been opened or in any way disturbed, except by the winds
and rains of the changing seasons. I have no doubt but that the
interment was primary, and that all the articles enumerated were
deposited with the dead before this mound-tomb was heaped above
him. This, within the range of my observation, is an interesting
and exceptional case. I am persuaded that mound-building, at
least upon the Georgia coast, was abandoned by the natives very
shortly after their primal contact with the whites."</p>
<div class="figleft" style="width: 277px;">
<img src="images/i-p012b.jpg" width="277" height="350" alt="Fig. 5" title="" />
<span class="caption">Fig. 5.</span>
</div>
<p>From mound-building I turn again to North American flint
implements. Mr. Stevens refers in his work to the absence of
flint scrapers in the series from the United States exhibited in
the Blackmore Museum. Scrapers of the European spoon-shaped type,
however, are not as scarce in the United States as Mr. Stevens
seems to suppose. The collection of the Smithsonian Institution
contains a number of them; and I found myself two characteristic
specimens in the Kjökkenmödding at Keyport, New Jersey, described
by me in the Smithsonian report for 1864. They lay upon the
shell-covered ground, a short distance from each other, and were
perhaps made by the same hand. In Fig. 4 I give a full-size
drawing of one of my specimens, both of which consist of a brown
kind of flint, such as probably would be called jasper by
mineralogists. The figured specimen, it will be seen, possesses
all the characteristics of a European scraper. Its lower surface
is formed by a single curved fracture. The rounded head is
somewhat turned toward the right, a feature likewise exhibited in
the other specimen, which is a little larger, but not quite as
typical as the original of Fig. 4. As the peculiar curve of the
broad part is observable in both specimens, it must be considered
as having been produced intentionally. Indeed, I have among my
flint scrapers from the pilework at Robenhausen one which is
curved in the same direction. In fashioning their implements in
this particular manner, the Indian and the ancient lake-man
possibly had the same object in view.</p>
<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;">
<img src="images/i-p013a.jpg" width="300" height="261" alt="Fig. 6." title="" />
<span class="caption">Fig. 6.</span>
</div>
<p>There is, however, another somewhat different class of North
American flint articles, which, as I believe, were employed by
the aborigines for scraping and smoothing wood, horn, and other
materials in which they worked, or perhaps, also, in the
preparation of skins. They resemble stemmed arrow-heads, which,
instead of being pointed, terminate in a semi-lunar, regularly
chipped edge. It is probable that they were partly made from
arrow-heads which had lost their points. Schoolcraft gives in
Fig. 3, of Plate 18, in the first volume of his large work, the
drawing of an object of this class, calling it "the blunt arrow
or <i>Beekwuk</i>, (Algonkin,) which was fired at a mark." It is
likely enough that these articles served in part the purpose
assigned to them by Mr. Schoolcraft. Yet, I have in my collection
several in which the rounded edge is worn and polished, while the
remaining part retains its original sharpness of fracture, a
circumstance that can only be ascribed to continued use, and
therefore leads me to believe that they were employed in the
manner already indicated. These implements hardly could be used
without handles. Fig. 5 represents, in natural size, one of my
specimens, which was found on the surface near West Belleville,
Saint Clair County, Illinois. The material is a yellowish-brown
flint. The edge, it will be seen, is perfectly scraper-like.
Inserted into a stout handle, this object would make an excellent
scraper. The edge of this specimen is not polished, but it seems
as if small particles of the edge had been scaled off by the
pressure exerted in the use of the implement. In the original of
the above full-size representation, Fig. 6, on the contrary, the
curved edge is rubbed off to a considerable extent and perfectly
polished, while the portion opposite the edge bears not the
slightest trace of friction. This specimen, which consists of a
whitish flint, was found in Saint Clair County, Illinois. In Fig.
7, lastly, I represent, in natural size, a fine large specimen,
which I class among the implements under notice. I formerly
supposed it to be a tool destined for cutting purposes, but the
condition of the edge, which is rather blunt and hardly fit for
cutting, afterward induced me to change my opinion. Originally,
perhaps, one of those unusually large spear-heads, which are
occasionally found, it may have been reduced subsequently, after
having lost the point, to its present shape. Yet, it may never
have possessed a form different from that which it now exhibits.
This specimen is chipped from a fine reddish flint which contains
encrinites. I obtained it from quarrymen near West Belleville,
who found it in the earth while they were engaged in baring the
rock for extending the quarry. In conclusion, I will state that,
since writing the preceding pages, I received a number of stone
implements from Muncy, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, among which
there are some large scrapers of the European type. Their
material, however, is not flint, but either graywacke or a kind
of tough slate.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
<img src="images/i-p013b.jpg" width="500" height="460" alt="Fig. 7." title="" />
<span class="caption">Fig. 7.</span>
<br /></div>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Koch, in Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis, vol. i, (1860,) p. 61, &c.</p></div>
<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> I am well aware that the reality of Dr. Koch's discovery has been doubted by some,
although it is difficult to perceive why he should have made those statements, if not
true, at a time when the antiquity of man was not yet discussed, either in Europe or
here, and he, therefore, could expect nothing but contradiction, public opinion being totally
unprepared for such revelations. Not being a scientific palaeontologist, he certainly
made some mistakes in putting together the bones of the animals exhumed by
him; but these failings, in my opinion, have no bearing on his observations relative to
the co-existence of man with extinct animals in North America. Only a short time
ago some remarks tending to depreciate Dr. Koch's account were made by Dr. Schmidt,
in an article on the antiquity of man in America, published in vol. v, of the <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Archiv für
Anthropologie</i>. I may state here that I was personally acquainted with Dr. Koch, whom
I saw repeatedly at the meetings of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis.</p></div>
<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Prehistoric Times, 1st ed., p. 236.</p></div>
<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Geological Survey of Illinois, by A. H. Worthen, vol. i, (1866,) p. 38; quoted in
Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis, vol. ii, (1868,) p. 567.</p></div>
<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The Natural History of the Human Species, London, 1852, p. 89. The comparative
freshness of the bones of extinct North American animals was noticed by Cuvier.</p></div>
<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> More particularly in Squier's "Aboriginal Monuments of New York," Buffalo, 1851,
p. 126.</p></div>
<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Fig. 147 on p. 247 of the "Ancient Monuments;" Fig. 106 on p. 509 of "Flint Chips."</p></div>
<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Squier, Aboriginal Monuments of New York, p. 112, &c.</p></div>
<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Le Moyne, in De Bry, vol. ii, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Francoforti ad Moenum</span>, 1591, pl. XL.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="transnote"><h3>Transcriber's Note</h3>
<p>Obvious typographical errors repaired.</p>
<p>Illustrations have been moved to paragraph breaks.</p>
</div>
<pre>
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